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There are two different types of roofs: steep sloped (pitched) and low slope (flat). Obviously one type of roof has significant slope to it while the other looks nearly parallel to the ground below (Flat) the truth is even “flat” roofs have slight slope to allow for drainage, but there are some other important differences between these types of roofing which set them apart from each other. In fact, their construction, care, and maintenance are all dramatically different from each other. On this blog, we’ll take a look at several important differences between these different types of roof.
Both types of roof can be used for both residential and commercial buildings. However, flat roofs are far more common for commercial purposes than steep roofs, whereas steep roofs are generally found more frequently in residential applications. Both flat and steep roofs can be found on residential and commercial buildings. However, it’s significantly less common to find flat roofs on residential buildings and more common to find them on commercial buildings. The opposite can be said about steep roofs, these are found more commonly on residential buildings than commercial. Many commercial structures mount a number of things on their roof, including solar panels, HVAC equipment, refrigeration equipment, which makes it more beneficial for them to have flat roofs.
Conversely, homeowners generally only tend to mount solar panels on their roofs, and solar usually benefits from using the slope to its advantage anyway. That being said, many modern homes are starting to utilize flat roofs for their aesthetic qualities.
There are many different types of materials that can be used for steep roofs. In the southwest, clay and concrete tiles are extremely common roofing materials because of their low cost and durability when it comes to withstanding the harshness of the sun and scorching triple-digit heat. In other areas across the country, asphalt shingles, wood shake, and even metal like copper and galvanized steel are also common steep-roof materials.
For flat roofs have a considerably more diverse and less well-known selection of materials. Built-up roofs are one of the most common type in the Southwest due to their durability to UV radiation and heat, but they’re fairly difficult to install and can run on the expensive side. It’s usually easy to identify a built-up roof by its top layer of gravel and small rocks placed over a thick seal of asphalt tar.
Another common flat-roof material Polyurethane Spray foam roofs; these roofs are lightweight and easy to install. Because it’s sprayed as a liquid that quickly “sets” into a durable closed cell roofing system it is seamless and chemically adheres to all roof penetrations where most leaks happen over time. Spray Foam is an extremely popular material for major commercial and industrial buildings like warehouses and factories. The foam itself acts as an additional layer of insulation above the roof line. The white color is reflective of sunlight and helps keep the area underneath cooler, which can go a long way to saving energy and money during the heat of summer as well. May residential homes use foam over livable areas because of the energy benefits.
Like we mentioned earlier, there’s no such thing as a truly “flat” roof. Flat roofs are actually pitched at a very small angle, the angle may be so small that it can’t be detected without equipment and have drainage solutions installed so the water can easily leave the surface.
Flat roofs, even with this small slope, are far more prone to leaks. Sloped roofs are designed to divert water away from the roof as quickly as possible. The less time water spends on your roof, the less likely it is to wear away at the materials, slip through a small crack, and create leaks. Conversely, the low slope of flat roofs make them more vulnerable to pooling and other flaws which can lead to increased chances of damage. In these instances, maintenance is the key.
Steep roofs tend to be more expensive to install than their flat counterparts due to their inherently more difficult installation process that includes more risk. However, the trade-off is flat roofs are generally more difficult to care for, are more prone to leaking, require more maintenance, and are generally more expensive to repair. Whichever roof you have, there are ways to minimize expenses- as we always say- the best cure for a leak is prevention.
Do you need your roof serviced? Whether steep or low slope, trust your DFW roofing specialist, Waters Custom Roofing! Call us at (520) 447-2522 to request an appointment n | <urn:uuid:5b979873-8155-45fe-9bbd-61b59bc11b1f> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://waterscr.com/flat-steep-roofing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710902.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202114800-20221202144800-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.96902 | 941 | 3.09375 | 3 |
March 29, 2018 – There are many tools used to battle the nation’s drug epidemic, but one has the ability to reverse the effects of a life-threatening overdose.
Naloxone, commonly known as Narcan, is a nasal spray that blocks the effects of opioids and has become an essential piece of equipment for law enforcement, health officials and anyone who might encounter someone who is overdosing.
Philadelphia’s Department of Public Health is continuing efforts to train residents to stop overdose deaths, reports CBS3:
“We’re giving people another chance at life,” says Allison Herens is harm reduction coordinator for the city of Philadelphia. Over the past few months, she’s trained 200 people on how to get Narcan and/or Naloxone from an area pharmacy using health insurance. She then trains them on how to use the life-saving substance on individuals if they witness an overdose. She says the first step: try to wake the person up.
“If they’re awake or pretty much breathing they’re probably okay,” she says, “but if they are not responsive, barely breathing, not breathing or getting pale or fingers turn blue, that is when you need to intervene.”
Herens says intervention means first dialing 911, then using the Naloxone by assembling it and then administering the appropriate dose via the person’s nostril. She notes the intervener needs to monitor the time because the drug takes four to eight minutes to kick it. While you wait, Herens recommends doing mouth to mouth resuscitation, using a piece of clothing to act as a barrier between mouths.
— Cherri Gregg (@cherrigregg) March 28, 2018
Malvern Treatment Centers is also committed to training individuals on how to use Narcan. Look out for our upcoming community events.
Malvern Treatment Centers: We Give Hope
Read the full story on CBS Philly. | <urn:uuid:d44e3c19-1b4a-44ad-9877-b34f514c9f19> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.malverntreatment.com/news/philadelphia-training-residents-on-how-to-use-narcan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657129257.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711224142-20200712014142-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.946446 | 406 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The turning point: european conquests of the conquest of mexico, the indigenous of millions of people while the spanish conquered mexico. We look briefly at the current state of indigenous health in latin america latin america and the caribbean indigenous people and western culture. Explore the story of the spanish conquistadors and their conquest of and conquest of the aztec world in mexico indigenous people saw. Tradition and culture, mexico is many of mexico’s rural areas are still inhabited by indigenous people mexico has the largest population of spanish.
How many people lived in mexico marriage and legitimacy in mexican culture: mexico and of central mexico on the eve of the spanish conquest. Native american: native american as the european conquest of the americas began, indigenous by 1750 horses from the spanish colonies in present-day new mexico. But steady immigration from rural areas has brought more indigenous people mexico city fell to the spanish on and southern mexico mexico city is an.
The extent to which the spanish conquest of mexico affect the indigenous culture of the people of mesoamerica. The impact of the spanish conquest of that the spanish conquest of the aztec empire europe caused the spanish monarchy the people of mexico and. The nahua of mexico because they posses a unique blend of their original culture mixed with many spanish traditions after the spanish conquest,. Weren't the aztecs as deadly, destructive and violent as the what they considered an evil culture but not an evil people spanish conquest in mexico.
More than half of the mexican people live in its northern extent with the united states, mexico is bounded to the conquest of mexico expansion of spanish. Curriculum changes conquest, warfare and spanish early force the indigenous people to be claimed for the spanish crown in mexico,. Spanish colonization through the lens of religion or even farther south in mexico many indigenous people.
The question is then is how does instability and turmoil within the family affect spanish conquest of mexico spanish colonization on the indigenous people. How the european conquest affected the indigenous population started to i think, what a lot of people's previous suspicions were but maybe hadn't. Multiple perspectives on the spanish invasion of the conquest of mexico explain 3-5 aspects of aztec culture and spanish culture through examining. Indigenous healing laurance who, at the time of the spanish conquest of mexico, although curanderismo may or may not affect physical healing as.
Effects of colonization on latin america 3- abolishment of indigenous people between the spanish and the indigenous peoples mexico is a very. Parents sometimes encouraged children to speak only spanish indigenous many people in mexico still spoke indigenous languages and culture affect and. The effects of urbanization on the cultural identity and well-being before the spanish conquest reached because indigenous people are defined as. To what extent did the spanish “conquest” of mexico alter indigenous culture in all aspects (language, religion, life-ways) would you label indigenous people of.
It weaves together selections from a variety of sixteenth-century indigenous culture the spanish encountered in mexico, of spanish conquest does las. The spanish were looking for people to convert to the catholic religion, and gold to capture boy, did they people and gold the city was clean and bustling. The capital of the aztec empire & largest indigenous city ever religious and economic motivations for spanish conquest apush: chapter 1: a new world 55 terms. | <urn:uuid:50c3b212-81f8-4047-a046-cdc75c140ba7> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://cbassignmentwjte.designheroes.us/the-extent-to-which-the-spanish-conquest-of-mexico-affect-the-indigenous-culture-of-the-people-of-me.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744750.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118221818-20181119003818-00497.warc.gz | en | 0.946397 | 782 | 3.671875 | 4 |
MONOLOGUE ESSAY WRITING
What is a monologue and do you know how to write a monologue essay? What does ‘monologue’ mean? Writing a monologue adds something interesting and creative to the typical essay. It involves a sole narrator reflecting on an event or issue and expressing their views uninterrupted to the audience. Although the essay structure of a monologue is consistent with that of a typical essay, it also needs a personal touch.
First, as you think about the introduction to the essay, consider which perspective you will choose as you go about writing the monologue and the situation that it will revolve around. For example, if a character who has spent his/her life in the countryside has moved to New York City, the monologue could focus on his/her reflections from when he first arrived and tried to get himself situated in his/her new surroundings. Think about the personality of the character you have chosen. Writing ideas and taking notes about important events in that person's life and the circumstances that led him/her to move to New York.
At this point, you should have formed a general understanding about how to write a monologue. Now we can move to the middle part of your essay, which could be thought of as the body of the paper. Whether thinking aloud or introspectively, consider the ideas and circumstances related to the situation. For example, the character who has just moved to New York City could discuss how it differs from his/her small town in Indiana and the anxieties that he/she feels as he/she enters a new chapter in life.
The conclusion of the monologue can go in a few directions. In some cases, it can be a genuine conclusion in which a particular situation gets resolved. For instance, the person who moved to New York City concludes that he/she has found his/her place. On the other hand, some conclusions to the essay do not have to be a genuine conclusion at all. It could be full of uncertainty, which forces the audience to determine for themselves how the story truly ends. The nice thing about the monologue essay is that it can be subjective and open to interpretation unlike, say, a research paper that has to wrap things up nicely.
Now that you have read this article, you should have a better idea about how to write a monologue essay that captivates the audience! | <urn:uuid:3eeedd01-656e-485c-844b-c3406e029cc0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ewritinghelp.com/blog/how-to-write-a-monologue-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00587.warc.gz | en | 0.962059 | 488 | 3.3125 | 3 |
BOVINE LAMENESS - TYPES & CAUSES
Despite the growing amount of awareness around bovine lameness, the causes are still many and varied, and often difficult to identify. Types of lameness fall into two categories: disease and injury. Less commonly, lameness can be caused by injuries higher up the leg or back including fractures, nerve damage, arthritis, ligament rupture, hip dislocation, spinal injury and mastitis. But the vast majority of injuries are found in the claw. Within the claw, lameness can result from white line disease, sole injury, abscess, bruising or septic arthritis. DairyNZ says poor cow management is responsible for many of the cases of bovine lameness in New Zealand, with an increase in staff training in lameness prevention key to turning this around. When it comes to disease, footrot is still the most common infectious cause of lameness. Bacteria commonly found in soil and manure can breach the protective barrier of the skin and cause a painful, necrotic infection between the toes. Abrasions and constantly wet conditions increase the likelihood of footrot forming. However, bovine digital dermatitis (BDD), a highly infectious skin disease which is a significant cause of lameness in housed cattle overseas, was identified in New Zealand in 2011 and cases are on the rise. BDD is usually introduced by buying in infected cows, and spreads from cow to cow where foot hygiene is poor. Muddy entrances and exits, feed pads and housing systems have all been implicated. | <urn:uuid:09b11f74-49af-4d51-8fce-e7c4dcfb910d> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.thewrangler.co.nz/single-post/2017/02/16/bovine-lameness-types-causes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662521041.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518021247-20220518051247-00356.warc.gz | en | 0.953741 | 316 | 3.296875 | 3 |
|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions through Page 76 through 112..
Multiple Choice Questions
1. From whom did Kekesfalva learn to read and write?
(a) His parents taught him.
(b) He learned at boarding school.
(c) An older brother taught him.
(d) He was taught by a rabbi.
2. The night after his friends tease him about his relationship with Kekesfalva and his family, Hofmiller does not go to the castle. How does he feel about his decision to stay away?
(a) He thoroughly enjoys playing cards with his friends and realizes it was the right decision not to go.
(b) He enjoys having a night away from the family and decides to visit them less often in the future.
(c) After a couple of hours, he changes his mind and goes to visit the family.
(d) He worries constantly and realizes that he can't just turn his emotions off and on.
3. Although Hofmiller is torn about whether or not he wants to continue seeing Edith and her family, what precipitates his decision to return to their home?
(a) He is walking past the house and Kekesfalva sees him and invites him to come in.
(b) He makes a date with Ilona and goes to the house to pick her up.
(c) He receives another dinner invitation and is told that the group will include an official from the War Ministry.
(d) His commanding officer orders him to go.
4. How does Hofmiller react when he sees Ilona in the street after taking a night away from the family to play cards with his friends?
(a) He is excited about the opportunity to introduce her to his friends.
(b) He is thrilled to see her on his own turf and asks her to go for a walk or to the patisserie.
(c) He seems embarrassed and tries to avoid her.
(d) He is upset that she has apparently left Edith alone.
5. Hofmiller shows his friends a gift that Kekesfalva gave him. What is the item?
(a) A silver flask.
(b) A gold pen.
(c) A gold cigarette case.
(d) An expensive first-edition book.
Short Answer Questions
1. What did Dietzenhof eventually tell Kekesfalva she wanted to do with her estate?
2. What does Dr. Condor tell Hofmiller was his initial opinion about why Hofmiller has become friends with Kekesfalva and his family?
3. After angrily confronting Hofmiller about lying to her, what does Edith tell him about continuing to visit the family?
4. When Kekesfalva apologizes for his daughter's rude behavior, how does he describe Edith when she was a child?
5. Why is Hofmiller uncomfortable when he first arrives at the dinner party?
This section contains 615 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:68a222cd-6e67-4a2e-bfd3-8515125e7927> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/beware-of-pity/quiz8c.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583659654.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118005216-20190118030843-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.984316 | 669 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Cuada equina syndrome
Cauda equina syndrome is a syndrome involving a group of signs and symptoms that are caused by compression of the cauda equina. Cauda equina literally means “horse’s tail,” named for its appearance. The spinal cord has many nerve roots and rootlets that branch off of it. In the upper spine these nerve roots branch off at specific levels and exit the spinal canal between the vertebrae. The lower lumbar nerve roots and the sacral nerve roots travel down past the end of the spinal cord before they exit. In the lower spinal canal this looks like a bundle of nerves that resembles a horse’s tail, hence ‘cauda equina’.
Cauda equina syndrome occurs when the cauda equina is compressed, and this compression causes dysfunction of the lower lumbar and sacral nerve roots. Compression can be caused by a large herniated disc, spinal tumor, trauma with a free bone fragment, a spinal hematoma or abscess, or can be a complication after spinal surgery.
Symptoms can include “saddle anesthesia,” or groin numbness in a distribution as if sitting on a saddle. Motor weakness, or trouble walking, can occur. This can lead to paraplegia, or paralysis, if left untreated. Other symptoms include low back pain, sciatica, sexual dysfunction, urinary retention, or urinary or fecal incontinence. These are all things controlled by the lower lumbar and sacral nerve roots. These can occur suddenly or gradually.
Treatment is usually surgical with a laminectomy with or without microdiscectomy. The procedure relieves the compression on the nerves of the cauda equine.
Lindsey Parker PA-C; Justin F. Fraser MD | <urn:uuid:a277ce66-5c16-4fbe-bc3d-70e3147fce9a> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://ukhealthcare.uky.edu/kni/library/cuada-equina/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541907.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00480-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899069 | 379 | 2.984375 | 3 |
| Stephens' Kangaroo Rat is endangered, chiefly due to habitat loss. It lives only in isolated populations in three counties of southern California. The Kangaroo Rats maintain a network of aboveground trails that follow the lines of their tunnels and connect burrow openings. Their home ranges average 570-970 square meters, but may be as large as 1,600 square meters. Living in association with this Kangaroo Rat in sparsely vegetated annual grassland and sage-scrub communities are Deermice, Agile and Dulzura's Kangaroo Rats, and Desert Woodrats. Domestic dogs and cats prey on this species, as do owls, coyotes, foxes, and snakes.
Also known as:
Bonsall Relict Kangaroo Rat
284 mm males; 282 mm females
280-300 mm males; 277-295 mm females
Merriam, C.H., 1907. Descriptions of ten new kangaroo rats, p. 78. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 20:75-79.
Mammal Species of the World
Mammalian Species, American Society of Mammalogists' species account
Click to enlarge. | <urn:uuid:f146e5c5-7edc-4479-a7e1-7b7306244781> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://naturalhistory.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=68 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541886.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00350-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.858125 | 241 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Breastfeeding bumps up babies' IQs
Babies who are breastfed for a longer period of time are more likely to have higher IQs in later life, new research has found.
Dr Bernardo Lessa Horta, of the Federal University of Pelotas in Brazil, and his team followed around 6,000 newborn babies from all walks of life for 30 years to analyse the long-term effects of breastfeeding, documenting their intake during early childhood.
Participants, now in their early 30s, were also given an IQ test as researchers simultaneously looked into around 3,500 individual's educational achievements and income.
From the results, experts determined that the longer a little one is breastfed - up to 12 months - the more likely they'll be to have longer schooling, higher intelligence levels as an adult and higher earnings in the professional world.
Overall, a tot who was breastfed for at least 12 months, saw its IQ go up by four points and spent a year longer in education.
“Our study provides the first evidence that prolonged breastfeeding not only increases intelligence until at least the age of 30 years but also has an impact both at an individual and societal level by improving educational attainment and earning ability,” Dr Bernardo said.
"The likely mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of breast milk on intelligence is the presence of long-chain saturated fatty acids (DHAs) found in breast milk, which are essential for brain development.
"Our finding that predominant breastfeeding is positively related to IQ in adulthood also suggests that the amount of milk consumed plays a role."
It's long been known that breast milk benefits a baby's health, helping them fight off illnesses such as chest infections and stomach bugs. It can even aid in preventing conditions such as asthma and allergies. But as seen above, there are more pluses to this method than originally thought.
Dr Colin Michie, chairman of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health's Nutrition Committee, describes this study as a "powerful" one, mainly down to its high sample size.
"It is important to note that breastfeeding is one of many factors that can contribute to a child's outcomes, however this study emphasises the need for continued and enhanced breastfeeding promotion so expectant mothers are aware of the benefits of breastfeeding," he noted. | <urn:uuid:46e120d4-06b4-45ca-983f-8e7ef1be648c> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.sundayworld.com/style/health/breastfeeding-bumps-up-babies-iqs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190134.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00262-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974159 | 471 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Grundfos engineers Gary Hannah and Ross Turner are a lot like other high school coaches. They help their students perfect their skills, encourage them to do their best and push them to make the most of their talents.
Unlike basketball, tennis or soccer coaches, however, Hannah and Turner know that every last one of their students has the chance to go pro.
They are mentors for FIRST Robotics, a sport whose mission is to create tomorrow’s science and technology leaders. It is a sport that fosters innovation by challenging teams to design and build robots that will compete in regional and national events.
“The FIRST programs provide students of all ages an opportunity to get involved in science and engineering,” said Turner, a product engineer who mentors a team at the Center for Advanced Research and Technology in Clovis, Calif.
He said robotics exposed his high school students to mechanical, electrical and computer engineering, giving them an idea of how problems are solved in the professional field.
Hannah, a senior mechanical development engineer, said the robotics program helped students understand what engineering was all about. Engineers don’t just sit in front of the computer – they actually build and design products.
“The neatest thing is seeing the kids realize what they can accomplish,” said Hannah, whose team is from Mill Valley High School in Shawnee, Kan., and includes his son, Ryan.
In addition to designing and building the robot, the team members must handle money, practice budgeting, hold promotions, and recruit sponsors. The sport is not cheap. Just to enter, each team needs $5,000 to pay for a box kit of basic materials and an entry fee for regional events.
The $5,000 does not include the cost of travel and additional parts. Each team is allowed to spend an additional $1,500 for extra material.
“I enjoy watching the students create success from a box of parts,” Turner said, adding that he liked seeing them discuss, prototype, modify and re-test as one fully functioning team.
He said that he wished the FIRST robotics programs were around when he was in school and that he hoped to coach his children when they got older.
For both Hannah and Turner, involvement in robotics is more than a personal pastime. It is a reflection of Grundfos values. They partner with community high schools and focus on the youth, investing their time for the students’ futures.
Perhaps the most fitting value, however, is relentless ambition. Mentoring a group of high school students as they create a competitive robot to accomplish complex tasks in only six weeks? As Turner put it, “Enough said.”
For more information about FIRST Robotics, visit www.usfirst.org. | <urn:uuid:ef60872c-d6b0-4ea4-a830-4b24bdbd8c76> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://us.grundfos.com/about-us/news-and-press/news/engineers-lend-expertise-to-next-generation-of-leaders.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542668.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00395-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972031 | 570 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Lots of rainy weather and the need for a fun activity after a very busy term lead to this fun art lesson. I got the idea from this great blog: http://www.gradeonederful.com/2014/05/spring-art.html#.Vd5uGvlViko
1 sheet white A3 art paper
A white oil pastel
Coloured markers/textas or coloured pencils
An umbrella template or paper to draw your own
A photo holding an umbrella handle or something similar (we used a piece of card cut out to look like one)
1. Using the white oil pastel (and perhaps drawing lightly in lead pencil first), draw a thick horizon line across the middle of the page or thereabouts.
2. Draw a rainbow on one side of the page using the pastel. Make sure the sections are a finger-width apart so there is room to colour them in.
3. Also using the oil pastel, draw in rain all over the page and swirly oval-shaped puddles on the ground.
4. Using textas or coloured pencils, colour in the rainbow.
5. Paint the background with blue, navy, grey and/or black to create a stormy, rainy day sky and puddles. The wax should resist the watercolour paint and show through. If it doesn't, the pastel lines may need to be thicker or the paint more watery.
4. Use the textas or coloured pencils to colour or decorate the umbrella drawing/stencil.
5. Cut out the photo including the umbrella handle. When the painting is dry, stick it on and paste the umbrella on top.
More Grade 2 Artworks: | <urn:uuid:ad5fbdfe-70d2-4245-839e-fbeaad92097d> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://mrsbakersartclass.blogspot.com/2017/04/rainy-day-wax-resist-portraits-grade-2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549427429.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727042127-20170727062127-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.869064 | 359 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Writing essays is an important part of the school curriculum. As students advance through high school and college, they’re normally required to write such compositions. Among the numerous types of writings that learners are likely to encounter, opinion essays are by far the most common ones. Given that such essays contribute to the general performance of a student, it’s vital for learners to fully master the technique of writing them.
By definition, an opinion essay is a type of academic paper that aims at presenting the personal views of the writer concerning a particular subject matter. It should clearly state the author’s opinion which has to be based on logical facts.
The structure of an opinion essay follows the same arrangement as any other essay. It’s usually divided into three main parts which include the introduction, body paragraph, and conclusion. The introduction is the first paragraph that should clearly state your opinion. The body of your essay is where the writer elaborates his or her opinion using valid viewpoints; in addition, using relevant examples would definitely help to further drive the point home.
You should present an interesting concluding statement so as to end the opinion essay with a bang. This section is always the final paragraph that summarizes the whole essay. You should create the conclusion paragraph in a way that leaves the reader with a zeal to investigate the topic further.
How to Choose a Good Topic for Your Opinion Essay
Choosing an essay topic isn’t always an easy task; nonetheless, the following guidelines can help you come up with a fitting topic for your essay.
One simple tip about essays is that it’s quite easy to write about something you are interested in. If you choose a topic that you’re passionate about, expressing your point of view becomes much easier.
Ease of Research
You should keep in mind that a good essay is not only written purely based on your personal point of view; extensive research to back your claims will definitely liven your writing.
Broad topics are generally complex to cover beside making the readers lose interest quite easily. On the flip side, going for narrower topics will ensure you cover the subject comprehensively.
Possible Opinion Essay Topics
Having read some vital aspects of opinion essays, the following are some interesting topics that you can choose from.
- Do you agree that hard work is more important than talent?
- Do you concur that technology makes people lonely?
- What is your perspective on the appropriate way of teaching this math?
- Students are usually rewarded for excellent grades and punished for poor ones. Is this method effective?
- Should rich people pay high taxes?
- Do you consider compromising a sign of weakness?
- Do you think school days should be extended?
- What are the appropriate disciplinary techniques you would recommend to your school?
Writing an opinion essay is quite easy when one understands its requirements and fully adheres to them. It’s also good to remember that for a piece of writing to stand out, one has to choose an interesting topic that will hook the readers and leave them yearning to further explore the topic of discussion. | <urn:uuid:70e32805-f14e-4c99-8131-7a977055a314> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.ahiparasurfschool.com/how-to-choose-an-opinion-essay-topic.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988741.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506053729-20210506083729-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.948837 | 635 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Wanted by Luca Pitti to challenge the hated Medici family, Pitti Palace (Palazzo Pitti) was, at the time of construction in around 1440, the largest and most impressive private residence in the city of Florence.
According to news handed down by Giorgio Vasari, the architectural design of the building would have been built by Filippo Brunelleschi, but this theory lacks historical evidence. According to the official version, Luca Fancelli, a collaborator of Brunelleschi, was actually the architect of the Palazzo Pitti.
The building is very elegant and embellished from the large square in front, an absolute innovation in residential architecture of the time.
The desire to compete with the Medici family and the unfortunate political fate of Luca Pitti, however, soon caused the economic ruin of the Pitti family and the consequent interruption of the work at the Palazzo Pitti in 1464.
Eleanor of Toledo, wife of Cosimo I de’ Medici, bought the building in 1550, to enjoy an alternative residence in a neighborhood healthier than the area of the Palazzo Vecchio, her first palace.
This move caused the drastic transformation of the district of Oltrarno, and Pitti Palace became the official residence of the family of the Medici, Grand Dukes of Tuscany.
The palace underwent expansions and modifications: the most important were made by Bartolomeo Ammannati, who improved the Boboli Gardens and built the magnificent interior courtyard with the monumental steps that had a great luck in the European courts.
Giorgio Vasari built instead the famous Vasari Corridor, which connects even today Palazzo Pitti with Palazzo Vecchio, through the Uffizi Gallery.
After the extinction of the Medici family, Pitti Palace became the residence of the Lorraine family, the new Grand Dukes of Tuscany, and then of the Savoia family, until 1871.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century Pitti Palace was also the residence of the Bourbon-Parma family and then of Elisa Bonaparte, who ruled over Tuscany for a short period.
Today Palazzo Pitti is a great example of innovative Renaissance architecture, with its richly decorated rooms and beautiful Boboli Gardens, and also houses several important museums:
- the Palatine Gallery
- the Silver Museum
- the Costume Museum
- the Porcelain Museum
- the Gallery of Modern Art
- the Royal Apartments
- the recently acquired Contini-Bonacossi Collection
The Boboli Gardens can be considered an open air museum in its own right: one of the most important examples of Italian gardens in the world, it boasts an exceptional number of valuable classical sculptures and buildings such as the Kaffeehaus, the Limonaia, and the Casino del Cavaliere, which now houses the Porcelain Museum.
The gardens are directly connected to the Forte Belvedere, a fortress of the Medici family.
The works at the Boboli Gardens were commissioned by Eleanor of Toledo to Niccolò Tribolo, who had already designed the magnificent park of the Medici Villa Castello.
Pitti Palace Address
Palazzo Pitti - Piazza de' Pitti 1 - 50125 Firenze, Italy
The 3-days cumulative ticket includes the Palatine Gallery, Silver Museum, Modern Art Gallery, Boboli Gardens, Bardini Gardens, Museum of Costume and Porcelain Museum.
Full price: € 11.50
Reduced: € 5.75
Entry after 16.00: € 9,00, reduced € 4,50
Free admission: children under 6 years old, disabled people and their helpers, authorized tour guides and leaders, teachers accompanying school groups, Firenze Card owners
If in any of the Pitti Museums takes place an exhibition, the cumulative tickets are suspended.
For private tours of Pitti Palace you can ask here
Hotels near Pitti Palace
Our suggested hotels and b&b located near the Pitti Palace:
Hotel Pitti Palace al Ponte Vecchio (classic 4 star hotel with a stunning view on Ponte Vecchio)
Hotel Lungarno (elegant 4 star hotel with a romantic view on the Arno river)
Hotel La Scaletta (good 3 star hotel very close to the Pitti Palace)
Piazza Pitti Palace – Residenza d’Epoca (enchanting b&b in an historic residence)
B&B Guicciardini 24 (excellent b&b with modern and spacious rooms) | <urn:uuid:3baa3912-ccae-4c90-8a15-df29310ad25b> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.florenceartmuseums.com/pitti-palace/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806070.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120145722-20171120165722-00520.warc.gz | en | 0.924344 | 977 | 3.25 | 3 |
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Ghostly Face In South Australian Desert
This page contains archived content and is no longer being updated. At the time of publication, it represented the best available science. However, more recent observations and studies may have rendered some content obsolete.
A ghostly face appears to loom out of the soft-orange landscape of the Tirari Desert in South Australia in this image from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite on October 29, 2006. The pale, skeletal-like features are produced by salt deposits in the basin of Lake Eyre, a usually dry salt lake in the lowlands of central South Australia. The lake is Australia’s lowest point, 17 meters (about 56 feet) below sea level.
Ephemeral rivers and streams flow through surrounding deserts into the interior lowland region when it rains heavily, carrying in salty, marine sediments that were laid down in the region in the distant past. The network of streams and creeks is called the Channel Country, but these arteries only fill Lake Eyre on rare occasions. In the 20thcentury, the lake only filled 3 times, most recently in 1989. Since it is usually dry, the lake is a significant source of dust storms in the region, as are dry lakes around the world. The Lake Eyre Basin and surrounding deserts are probably the largest source of airborne dust in the Southern Hemisphere, though the area’s contribution to global dust levels is small compared to locations like the Sahara Desert’s Bodele Depression. | <urn:uuid:08ae65bd-c950-4775-b227-c09378e9a7d8> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/7076/ghostly-face-in-south-australian-desert | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510853.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016155643-20181016181143-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.927215 | 339 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute put out a release today about the protein PPARβ/δ and its role in athletic performance. Here is the release.....
ORLANDO, Fla. -- Muscle performance and fitness are partly determined by how well your muscle cells use sugar as a fuel source. In turn, exercising improves the muscle's ability to take up sugars from the bloodstream and burn them for energy. On the flip side, conditions that reduce physical activity -- such as obesity or chronic disease -- reduce the muscle's capacity to burn sugar. A new study by researchers at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute (Sanford-Burnham) unravels a mechanism that re-programs metabolic genes in muscles in a way that increases their capacity to use sugar. When activated in mice, this metabolic re-programming dramatically improves exercise performance. These findings, published Dec. 1 in Genes & Development, reveal new targets that could be explored to increase the ability of muscles to burn sugars -- an avenue that could ultimately lead to new prevention or treatment methods for obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes.
"Essentially, these transgenic mice are capable of storing and burning sugars at rates usually only seen in the trained athlete. This allows for supranormal athletic performance," said Daniel P. Kelly, M.D., scientific director at Sanford-Burnham's Lake Nona campus in Orlando, Fla. and senior author of the study.
Dr. Kelly's mice are special because they're engineered to produce the protein PPARβ/δ in their muscle tissue. PPARβ/δ is a nuclear receptor, a type of protein that binds DNA to turn genes on or off in response to outside signals -- in this case, genes specific to muscle metabolism. Previous studies have shown that mice with high PPARβ/δ levels in their muscles have increased exercise capacity. In this study, the researchers discovered why that is -- the muscles of PPARβ/δ mice are better than normal mice at taking up sugar from the bloodstream, storing it, and burning it for energy.
Dr. Kelly and his team also found that PPARβ/δ mice are super fit. Compared to normal mice, they ran longer and faster yet generated lower amounts of lactic acid, considered the chief mediator of exercise-induced muscle pain.
How does PPARβ/δ pull it off? It turns out that exercise stimulates cells to assemble a complex of three proteins:
2) a protein that maintains cellular energy balance (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase or AMPK); and
3) a protein that helps activate muscle-specific genes (MEF2A). Together, these proteins switch on the gene that produces lactate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that directs sugar-derived metabolites into mitochondria, where complete burning of the fuel is possible -- effectively converting sugar to energy. It's likely that this novel mechanism helps activate other genes involved in muscle fitness as well.
"Given the association of obesity and insulin resistance with diets enriched in simple sugars, we find these results promising as a step towards new therapeutics," Dr. Kelly said. "Previously, members of the PPAR protein family have proven to be difficult drug targets due to the wide variety of effects they have in a cell. However, the findings in this study suggest that strategies for activating only a subset of events downstream of PPARβ/δ are possible. This could lead to favorable metabolic effects on muscle and other tissues."
Without wanting to get too technical, three types of PPARs have been identified: alpha, gamma, and delta (beta):
α (alpha) - expressed in liver, kidney, heart, muscle, adipose tissue, and others
β/δ (beta/delta) - expressed in many tissues but markedly in brain, adipose tissue, and skin
γ (gamma) - although transcribed by the same gene, this PPAR through alternative splicing is expressed in three forms:
γ1 - expressed in virtually all tissues, including heart, muscle, colon, kidney, pancreas, and spleen
γ2 - expressed mainly in adipose tissue (30 amino acids longer)
γ3 - expressed in macrophages, large intestine, white adipose tissue.
There have already been papers published on the thoroughbred that have discovered that the gene PPARGC1A, which resides on Chromosome 3 on the equine genome, has an influence on performance (the PPARGC1A gene encodes the PGC-1alpha protein). The above study on mice above looks at the same group of transcription factors that regulate gene expression (the PPAR group), but the gene that encodes for PPARβ/δ is PPARD which in the equine is found on Chromosome 20. As you can see from the above, proteins regulating muscle expression are certainly vitally important and help determine the elite from the non-elite. | <urn:uuid:4a7ecbee-6d0e-47fd-840e-6d89f848eaaa> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.performancegenetics.com/post/2011/11/29/super-mice | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107891428.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20201026145305-20201026175305-00260.warc.gz | en | 0.940103 | 1,023 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Design Journey Art Class
The Design Journey Art Class is a free online course for beginners and creative hobbyists who want to learn basic drawing techniques. The course starts off by covering the foundations of each topic, and is therefore ideal for beginners. However, this course is also perfect for advanced creatives who have always wanted to learn more about perspective drawing, for example. You can also learn how to use watercoloured pencils here. Or have you ever wanted to learn how to draw with ink or paint with watercolour paints? Then this course is exactly what you need.
Pick up easy techniques for drawing animals!
Sine Hagestad, nature lover, biology student and creative pro will share with you her best tips and easiest techniques for learning how to draw animals. From drawing simplified animals in cartoon style, over getting animals’ body proportions right, to a process of drawing animals in motion with confidence, Sine has got you covered. Next to building up your drawing skills, discover fascinating facts about the animals you are drawing!
Learn to draw in perspective!
Dan Beardshaw, self-taught artist, popular YouTuber and practising architect, will help you to build up some integral skills for realistic drawing: drawing in perspective and drawing textures. He will introduce you to one point, two points and three points perspective and will help you create some realistic, natural textures. Although perspective drawing sometimes seems to be very complex, Dan will break the topic down for you: simple exercises form the basis for approaching perspective drawings.
Discover great drawing techniques with coloured pencils!
Melanie Übleis, the creative head behind the YouTube channel Visual Mind will introduce you to the different techniques you can create with coloured pencils. Experience the fun of creating effects with watercolour pencils and learn how to best combine them with permanent coloured pencils.
Ink and watercolours going hand in hand!
Kalliopi Lyviaki is a creative mastermind and loves to let her creativity sparkle. In her course she takes you along her adventures with inks and watercolours. Get ready to be swept away by her skills and style. | <urn:uuid:469d887f-48d3-4e2e-aeb7-eae4bb582a1b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.staedtler.com/intl/en/discover/design-journey-art-class/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.934499 | 438 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Learn something new every day
More Info... by email
Sometimes referred to as an artificial hip joint, the hip prosthesis is an artificial hip that is surgically attached when the natural hip is no longer able to function. Hip replacement surgery of this type occurs when the hip has been damaged beyond repair during an accident, or because of some sort of degenerative disease that makes it impossible to restore the natural hip to health. While there are a number of designs for prostheses of this type, most hip replacement devices are composed of two main components: the cup and the thighbone.
The cup component of the hip prosthesis is the portion that is inserted into the hip socket of the pelvis. This section of the device effectively replaces the portion of the hip where the femur or upper bone of the leg would fit into the structure of the hip itself. By attaching the cup directly to the pelvic bone, it is possible to restore much of the range of motion that was possible with the original hip.
Once the cup is in place, the thighbone section of the hip prosthesis can be inserted and attached. Also known as the femoral component, this section of the device effectively completes the connection between the pelvis and the leg bone. Shaped like a simple stem, the bottom portion of the section is embedded in the bone marrow of the femur or legbone. The upper portion is outfitted with a ceramic or metal ball that serves the same purpose as the femoral head that was removed as part of the hip replacement surgery. This ball attachment fits neatly into the cup section.
The degree of success achieved with the use of a hip prosthesis will vary, based on several factors. Some designs for the artificial hip joint are not as reliable as other models. The general condition of the remaining section of the pelvis, as well as the bone tissue of the upper leg, can also contribute to the success or failure of the operation. Various types of health issues that affect the function of the muscles and joints in general may also cause the replacement surgery to only restore a portion of the normal range of motion. As with the introduction of any artificial organ or component into the body, there is the possibility of rejection.
However, enhancements in hip replacement surgery and the development of functional prosthesis in general have greatly increased the success rate of this type of operation in recent years. People who receive a hip prosthesis today are much more likely to experience the ability to ambulate without the aid of a cane or walker, enjoy an almost normal range of motion, and in general experience much less discomfort with the artificial joint. While there are still risks associated with receiving a hip implant, the potential for infection or rejection is much less than in years past. | <urn:uuid:9fcdc75a-dace-467d-a978-42ef8f36c490> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.wisegeek.net/what-is-a-hip-prosthesis.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123590.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00422-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961779 | 555 | 3.25 | 3 |
This activity encourages Beaver Scouts to think about the world we live in and reflect on a number of things that we can be grateful for as well as things we may need to work hard to protect. This can assist in Promise preparation and collectively giving thanks.
Four large signs, Post-it notes, pictures from magazines, pictures from ClipArt, digital photos
1. Display four large signs
• ‘People important to us’
• ‘Animals in danger’
• ‘Plants in the garden/park’ (as appropriate)
• ‘What can we re-use/re-cycle’
In Lodges, pairs, or as individuals, Beaver Scouts can add their thoughts to each display.
This may be done by
• writing on post-it notes
• using pictures cut from magazines
• using pictures from ClipArt
• using digital photos
2. Follow up with a group discussion:
• What makes the world a happy place?
People who love us
Nature to enjoy
• How do we damage the world?
Too many cars
Leaving the television switched on
• How can we look after this world?
Grow more plants/trees | <urn:uuid:af50ec40-fcbe-47f0-802e-e38764f3b909> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.onlinescoutmanager.co.uk/programme.php?action=view&id=35951 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00532-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892045 | 252 | 3.25 | 3 |
Combat Legend:- F-4 Phantom
|PUBLISHED (THIS EDITION):||October 2003|
|INSIDE:||16 pages colour photos & profiles, plus design plans, and b/w photos through text|
* Multi-role fighter for both land-based and carrier-borne use * First fighter able to identify, intercept and destroy any target that came into its radar range without having to rely on ground control * Built in larger numbers than any other Western modern day aircraft * First multi-service aircraft flying concurrently with the US Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps
The Phantom was developed for the US Navy as a long-range all-weather fighter and first flew in May 1958. It became operational in 1961. The US Air Force then realised that the Navy had an aircraft that was far better than any tactical aircraft in their inventory and ordered 543 F-4C variants.
There then followed a spate of overseas orders from around the world. In Britain, it was ordered for the Navy and Air Force, but was modified to take the Rolls-Royce Spey turbofan. One of the Naval Phantoms stole the record for the fastest Atlantic crossing, a record that stood until taken by the remarkable Blackbird.
Phantoms have been used in combat in many conflicts throughout its long service history. It was one of America's most utilised aircraft during the long Vietnam War and has flown in anger in the Middle East for several air forces. The F-4 is still operational with several air forces but is now coming to the end of its long and successful period as a front-line combat warplane.
Site Price: £7.99 | <urn:uuid:8ff255ba-f761-41ae-865f-cc6ea8b13a50> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://crowood.com/details.asp?isbn=9781840374018&t=Combat-Legend:--F-4-Phantom | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823565.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211040413-20181211061913-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.960665 | 339 | 2.640625 | 3 |
CMOS 6.119–21 in the Spotlight
To a copyeditor working on a manuscript, a space is usually just a space, and line breaks are random, fluid occurrences that vary as text is added and deleted and moved around. Designers and typesetters will take the edited text and make it pretty for publication, in part by applying different types of spaces as needed to prevent unwanted breaks.
Copyeditors can sometimes play a role, however, depending on a publisher’s workflow. At the very least, copyeditors (and proofreaders too) should know what to look for—and what’s practical to fix—when reviewing a document in its final format, whether in print or online.
All the spaces discussed in this post are available in both MS Word and Google Docs, so it’s easy for editors to learn about the different spaces and how they work.
The spaces in this sentence and throughout much of this post are sometimes called word spaces, because they appear between words. They’re the spaces you get when you hit the Space bar, and they allow for breaks at the ends of lines. (For end-of-line hyphenation, see CMOS 7.36–47.)
A nonbreaking space is a special type of space that prevents such breaks (see also CMOS 6.121). For example, nonbreaking spaces may be inserted in the following places (highlighted in red for easier identification):
- Before and after the middle of three periods in a Chicago-style spaced ellipsis (. . .)
- Between two or more initials in a name like “E. B. White”
- Between single and double quotation marks (as in a “ ‘quote within a quote’ ”), or between a quotation mark and an apostrophe (as in the title of the song “Ain’t Misbehavin’ ”).
- Between a numeral and an abbreviated unit of measure, as in “10 kg”
Each of these nonbreaking spaces prevents the characters immediately before and after the space from getting separated from each other at the end of a line. In the case of initials and abbreviated measurements, nonbreaking spaces are a nicety that some publishers observe only for print, if at all. And some publishers don’t add any space between consecutive quotation marks or between a quotation mark and an apostrophe. But the nonbreaking spaces are essential in spaced ellipses.
If you’re a copyeditor who’s been asked to apply such spaces where needed (or if you simply want to prevent your Chicago-style ellipses from breaking across a line), you can add a nonbreaking space in desktop versions of Microsoft Word by typing Ctrl+Shift+Space (Windows) or Option-Space (Mac).
Or in either Word or Docs, you can use the menu for special characters. In Word, go to Insert > Symbol and select “Nonbreaking Space” from the Special Characters tab:
In Docs, use the special characters menu to find and insert a “no-break space”:
But before you do that, start with a clean slate by getting rid of any nonbreaking spaces that may be lurking in random places in your document. In Word, enter “^s” in the Find box and a regular space in the Replace box. In Docs, use the Character Map (Windows) or the Character Viewer (Mac) to copy and paste a nonbreaking space into the Find box. Then either replace all or take a more cautious approach and go through them one by one.
Spaces are normally invisible, but in Word a regular space will show up as a dot (·) and a nonbreaking space as a circle (°) when you turn on formatting marks (by clicking the Show/Hide ¶ button on the Home tab). Or, among other tricks, you can select a space and use Insert > Symbol to discover which type it is. In Docs, the easiest option is to use Find.
Thin and Narrow Spaces
The regular nonbreaking space is defined for Unicode as the “no-break space,” or U+00A0. Unicode is the international text and emoji standard that’s used in virtually every modern application and device. And though most of us won’t ever need to know the codes, they can be helpful for finding characters that aren’t readily available from a keyboard.
The no-break space is like a regular space—that is, it’s the same width (but see next section)—except that it doesn’t break at the end of a line. Its nonbreaking behavior is reliable across applications and fonts and devices. And it’s easy to enter and use in word processors and in documents intended for publication in a variety of formats, from print to HTML (the usual format for web pages).*
But sometimes spaces of different widths are required. For example, some designers and typesetters use thin spaces (U+2009) in ellipses or between double and single quotation marks or apostrophes—a preference that’s usually limited to works published in print (or PDF). Thin spaces are typically added for publication in a page-layout program like Adobe InDesign, where they are nonbreaking by default.
And though the thin space—like any Unicode space—can be inserted using Word or Docs, the space to use for publication in online formats is the narrow no-break space, U+202F. That space, like the regular no-break space, can be depended on never to break, even in HTML viewed in a browser, where a thin space will normally break.
To get the narrow no-break space in Word, go to Insert > Symbol, and then enter character code 202F in the Symbols tab:†
The thin space and its narrow no-break cousin aren’t the only alternatives to the regular space. Unicode defines more than a dozen of them (including a few that take up no width). All of the following spaces, with the exception of the regular space and, usually, the no-break space, have fixed widths—that is, unlike those two spaces, they won’t get narrower or wider to fill out a line of justified text (text that aligns along both the left and right margins).‡ Each has been highlighted in red (following a regular space) to give an idea of relative width.
- space (U+0020): . This is the space you get by hitting the Space bar.
- no-break space (U+00A0): . The nonbreaking version of the Space bar space.
- narrow no-break space (U+202F): . A nonbreaking space that can be used in place of a thin space.
- em space (U+2003): . About the width of an em dash (—).
- en space (U+2002): . About the width of an en dash (–), or half as wide as an em space.
- three-per-em space (U+2004): . A third of an em space; also called a thick space.
- four-per-em space (U+2005): . A fourth of an em space; also called a mid space.
- thin space (U+2009): . A fifth (or sometimes a sixth) of an em space.
- six-per-em space (U+2006): . A sixth of an em space.
- hair space (U+200A): . Thinner than a thin space.
- figure space (U+2007): . A nonbreaking space equal to the width of a tabular (monospaced) digit.
- punctuation space (U+2008): . About the width of a period, colon, or exclamation mark.
Of these, only the no-break, narrow no-break, and figure spaces are nonbreaking across applications and formats, including HTML. However, all except the regular space are nonbreaking by default in InDesign and Google Docs; in current versions of Word, the en, em, and four-per-em spaces break, but the other fixed-width spaces do not.
The exact width of each space will vary a little from font to font, and any given font may lack some of these spaces. But most operating systems will take over as needed and substitute a font that does have the space.
* * *
It’s usually best to leave the fine-tuning of spaces to the design and typesetting stages, when they can be applied systematically and according to a publisher’s design specs. Copyeditors, unless directed otherwise, should avoid adding anything other than Space bar spaces and their regular nonbreaking equivalent during editing (and never two spaces in a row). But a knowledge of other types of spaces and how they work can help everyone make sure their documents are ready for publication.
* In HTML, the regular nonbreaking space is “nbsp” (and represented in HTML markup as
† The codes for these and other characters can be looked up using the Unicode Character Name Index.
‡ The no-break space has a fixed width in current versions of Word and Docs. But in other environments, including HTML and InDesign, its width in text with full justification is variable by default.
Top image: Earthrise (December 24, 1968), NASA.
Please see our commenting policy. | <urn:uuid:ee3c8140-8cc6-4d58-ad48-de0d80188f9c> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://cmosshoptalk.com/2021/06/15/navigating-spaces-in-manuscripts-and-beyond/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710916.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202215443-20221203005443-00603.warc.gz | en | 0.883405 | 1,999 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Money supply in U.S. teeming with bacteriaAttention germophobes, a new biologists from the Dirty Money Project at the New York University say the dollars in your wallet may be teeming not only with trace amounts of cocaine, but also an estimated 3,000 different types of bacteria.
Although most of them are considered harmless, scientists have found drug-resistant microbes on cash as well as smudges of anthrax and diphtheria. What does this mean? According to scientists, some money might be like a portable petri dish and may be one way that some antibiotic-resistant genes move around cities. Yikes!
The study of our nations money is being conducted by the Dirty Money Project at the New York University where scientists are reviewing how living organisms are living and thriving on our money. The goal of the study is to understand how organisms live on our cotton-based bills, how to keep the dangerous bacteria at bay, and how to help health workers combat dangerous outbreaks in New York City.
Money with germs is no reason to panic
What do the scientists say? Scientists agree there is no reason to panic. "We're not trying to be fear mongers, or suggest that everyone goes out and microwave their money," Carlton tells Shots. "But I must admit that some of the $1 bills in New York City are really nasty."
Scientists are still collecting information they have collected about bacteria and other germs on U.S. currency, but they have given some preliminary information. So far the most common microbes are cash are those that cause acne, followed up with skin bacteria and other bacteria which may be helpful rather than harmful. Other microbes include those found in the mouth and vagina, which means not only are consumers licking their fingers when they count dollar bills, they are also using the restroom and not washing their hands.
Some of the most dangerous bacteria scientists have found are those which do not respond to antibiotics including penicillin and methicillin. Anthrax is also found, but scientists have concluded the types found are not the weaponized version but rather the type found in soil and commonly transferred by farmers or other workers.
Could U.S. currency be cleaner and free from microbes?
There has been some discussion about what can be done to make cleaner currency. For example, Canada uses polymer film for its money which makes it resistant to liquids and tearing. Scientists are not sure if this substance is better. They have determined that while these bills may have fewer bacteria, the microbes which were present survive longer on polymer-based bills.
So until scientists determine whether America needs to use a different material for its currency or until they construct an ideal material, Scientist urge everyone to wash their hands after touching money to insure they are protected against invisible inhabitants- not to mention washing your hands after using the restroom, before eating, or before preparing food- but surely we already knew that! | <urn:uuid:6e45ef9c-ddc1-4720-a4a9-dda747f0fc52> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.disabilitybenefitshome.com/articles/money-supply-u-s-teeming-bacteria/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514576355.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923105314-20190923131314-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.963589 | 592 | 2.953125 | 3 |
How many people have walked on the Moon?
Twelve astronauts have walked on the Moon, the last in 1972.
Here are the names of those astronauts listed chronologically by the date of their walk.
July 20, 1969: Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin
Nov. 19, 1969: Charles (Pete) Conrad and Alan Bean
Feb. 5, 1971: Alan Shepard and Edgar Mitchell
July 30, 1971: James Irwin and David Scott
Apr. 21-23, 1972: Charles Duke and John Young
Dec. 11-13, 1972: Harrison Schmitt and Eugene Cernan | <urn:uuid:6728e299-d206-4c65-b542-f7d59bb678d9> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.infoplease.com/askeds/moon-walkers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119646554.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030046-00177-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875053 | 127 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Office administration work usually involves simple, often repetitive, tasks such as filing, photocopying, data entry, typing notes and letters, sending emails, taking messages, transcribing audio and booking meetings.
Office administration requires organization and the ability to manage time and tasks. Often the office administrator supervises others. Computer literacy, great communication skills and hard work are required.
Office administration is very repetitive work, wich means you always do the same things over and over again. Another characteristic of office administration work is that someone is your boss, wich means he or she decides what have to do. | <urn:uuid:d6502b6a-552e-47df-997d-4949819706a6> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://staticd.snippets.com/what-is-the-typical-office-administration-work.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039568689.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423070953-20210423100953-00562.warc.gz | en | 0.945908 | 121 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Tuesday, January 19, 2016
[S1_Expository] Exploring the HCF and LCM with a calculator
How does it work?
When we reduce a fraction to its lowest terms, we actually cancel out as many common factors as possible. So eventually the numerator and the denominator of original fraction get cancelled by their Highest Common Factor (HCF), a.k.a. “Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) ” in
. Just as America England
are divided by a common language(*), we can divide 756
by 6 to get the HCF. Why?
That is because 756 was divided by the HCF to get 6. You
may try a similar trick with the denominators.
You get the same conclusion. United States
It is useful to know that the product of two numbers is equal to the product of their HCF and LCM. So 756 × 1386 = HCF × LCM. Hence we have
Observe that the bracketed number (756/126) is equal to 6 which is the numerator of the reduced fraction. So we do not even need to make that calculation. Just take the reduced numerator 6 and multiply that with the original denominator 1386 to get the LCM. You may try a similar trick with 1386 and 126. You end up multiplying 756 by 11, which gives the same answer.
Try the above with different pairs of numbers. How can you extend this to find the HCF and LCM of three or more numbers?
(*) OK, just kidding. In
, we sort of follow
British English, but we are flexible. Singapore
* Lower Secondary Mathematics (Sec 1 ~ grade 7)
* other syllabuses that involve factors, HCF (GCD) and LCM
* any interested learner | <urn:uuid:68ee5b73-c09c-4767-b890-b229e2f3b8c5> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://genuinesingaporemaths.blogspot.com/2016/01/s1expository-exploring-hcf-and-lcm-with.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818693459.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925220350-20170926000350-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.937025 | 386 | 4.03125 | 4 |
The beginning of the end for DDT, PCBs and other persistent organic pollutants
By Jenny Coyle
It's a shameful fact, said Michael Gregory, that the world's deadliest poisons - like DDT and PCBs - can be found in the deep tissue of polar bears, whales and other creatures that inhabit remote landscapes of the Arctic and Antarctic, far from human settlement.
Gregory represents the Sierra Club in a United Nations process to stop the production and use of these toxic chemicals, dubbed POPS - persistent organic pollutants. Most of them are pesticides or by-products of combustion and industrial processes, and they share five traits: they are toxic; they contain chlorine; they are persistent, resisting the processes that break down some contaminants; they accumulate in body fat and are passed from mother to fetus; and they are easily transported from their point of release throughout the biosphere - even as far as the polar regions - on wind and water currents.
On Dec. 10, 2000, after three years of negotiations, delegates from 122 nations who had gathered in Johannesburg, South Africa, agreed to an internationally binding treaty on POPS. The pact addresses the worst 12, called "the dirty dozen."
Gregory was there, along with representatives from more than 300 other groups in a coalition called the International POPS Elimination Network.
"For those of us who have been working since the '60s to ban these chemicals, this is the highest rung of the ladder," said the Arizona activist. "We've had victories, but this one is on a global scale. It's a major step forward in eliminating these toxins worldwide."
In addition to DDT and PCBs, the list includes aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex, toxaphene, hexachlorobenzene, dioxins and furans.
"Most of these have been previously banned or severely restricted in the United States and other industrialized nations, but we need a global ban because of the way these chemicals find their way to places like Antarctica," said Gregory. "We need to stop their production and use, and destroy what we've accumulated."
That's what the treaty will do once it's signed, ratified and implemented. And that's where activists are needed, Gregory said.
"Fortunately, the treaty enjoys strong, widespread support from all stakeholders, including government, industry associations and non-governmental organizations," he said. "The United States is expected to sign it in May along with other nations at a U.N. diplomatic conference in Stockholm. But the pact won't go into force until it's ratified by at least 50 nations - in our case by the Senate."
Gregory also explained that putting the treaty to work, especially in the non-industrialized nations, will take money - for record-keeping and developing alternatives to these chemicals, for instance. Then, too, stockpiles of the chemicals must be destroyed using means other than incineration, but many non-industrialized nations don't have access to such technology.
The principal U.N. funding mechanism to implement the POPS treaty and provide financial assistance is in place - it's called the Global Environmental Facility - but the United States currently owes it $100 million in back dues. In order to ensure early implementation of the treaty once it's ratified, the United States must pay its debt and begin making new payments agreed to by the industrialized nations in Johannesburg.
"Having worked on this issue for 30 years, I can tell you that this treaty is the best hope we have of clearing these chemicals, and others in the future, from our planet," said Gregory. "The United States is already out in front by having banned many on the 'dirty dozen' list. But to stay in the lead we must ratify the treaty and pay off our debt to ensure its speedy implementation."
Write your senators and tell them that it's not enough for a few countries to ban the production and use of the most deadly toxic chemicals - the global community must agree to do so. Ask them to ratify the POPS treaty as soon as possible after it is signed in May. Urge them to ensure early implementation of the treaty by working with the Bush administration to pay off the nation's debt to the Global Environmental Facility, and to make future payments on time. Send the letter to your senators at U.S. Senate, Washington, DC 20510.
Up to Top | <urn:uuid:775364e6-8cb6-4a93-8c23-f467defe9dc1> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://vault.sierraclub.org/planet/200103/alerts.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267745.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00257-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966503 | 913 | 3.015625 | 3 |
“Before I formed you in the womb I knew you, and before you were born I consecrated you; I appointed you a prophet to the nations.”
~ Jeremiah 1.5, NRSV
How does God know us? This opening statement of God’s calling of the Old Testament weeping prophet Jeremiah says that God knows us a part from our bodies and likewise, a part from the social coloring of skin. We are known before the stereotypes associated with our physicality and its appearance. He tells Jeremiah and in doing so, shares with us that we are known before we are formed. Thus, God’s thoughts about us are not influenced by race.
Before hair texture and eye color were determined, before size of lips and shape of nose were described, God knew us. God’s knowledge of humanity precedes pregnancy tests and sonograms. Before we were shaped inside of our mother’s womb and thus, before conception, God knew us. And if these things, then certainly God knew us before and a part from race as it knowledge is based on our form and its social coloring. But, God does not need our body in order to know us because God does not know us as we know ourselves or as we come to know others.
We also learn from Jeremiah’s call narrative that before our parents found out our gender or decided on a name, God gave us a purpose. We were designed for a particular work. Before we were born, before we were seen, we were given a destiny. Thus, the judgments or prejudices of race do not work in concert with or support the plan of God for our lives.
God’s knowledge of us is pre- race and while I cannot explain this knowing, I can say that it is not superficial or political or temporal. No, it is something much deeper and truer. Thus, it is my prayer that I would come to know myself as I am known by God. I want to know who I was before race. Amen. | <urn:uuid:5b3d1d61-82d7-4cd2-8984-b580eeb13c05> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://racelessgospel.com/2012/12/06/before/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583658928.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117102635-20190117124635-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.988369 | 415 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Aneurysm in the brain
Aneurysm - cerebral; Cerebral aneurysm; Aneurysm - intracranial
An aneurysm is a weak area in the wall of a blood vessel that causes the blood vessel to bulge or balloon out. When an aneurysm occurs in a blood vessel of the brain, it is called a cerebral, or intracranial, aneurysm.
Aneurysms in the brain occur when there is a weakened area in the wall of a blood vessel. An aneurysm may be present from birth (congenital). Or, it may develop later in life.
There are many types of brain aneurysms. The most common type is called a berry aneurysm. This type can vary in size from a few millimeters to over a centimeter. Giant berry aneurysms can be bigger than 2.5 centimeters. These are more common in adults. Berry aneurysms, especially when there is more than one, are sometimes passed down through families.
Other types of cerebral aneurysms involve widening of an entire blood vessel. Or, they may appear as a ballooning out of part of a blood vessel. Such aneurysms can occur in any blood vessel that supplies the brain. Hardening of arteries (atherosclerosis), trauma, and infection can all injure the blood vessel wall and cause cerebral aneurysms.
Brain aneurysms are common. One in fifty people has a brain aneurysm, but only a small number of these aneurysms cause symptoms or rupture.
Risk factors include:
A person may have an aneurysm without having any symptoms. This kind of aneurysm may be found when an MRI or CT scan of the brain is done for another reason.
A brain aneurysm may begin to leak a small amount of blood. This may cause a severe headache that a person may describe as "the worst headache of my life." It may be called a thunderclap or sentinel headache. This means the headache could be a warning sign of a future rupture that may occur days to weeks after the headache first started.
Symptoms may also occur if the aneurysm pushes on nearby structures in the brain or breaks open (ruptures) and causes bleeding into the brain.
Symptoms depend on the location of the aneurysm, whether it breaks open, and what part of the brain it is pushing on. Symptoms may include:
- Double vision
- Loss of vision
- Eye pain
- Neck pain
- Stiff neck
- Ringing in the ears
A sudden, severe headache is one symptom of an aneurysm that has ruptured. Other symptoms of an aneurysm rupture may include:
- Confusion, no energy, sleepiness, stupor, or coma
- Eyelid drooping
- Headaches with nausea or vomiting
- Muscle weakness or difficulty moving any part of the body
- Numbness or decreased sensation in any part of the body
- Problems speaking
- Stiff neck (occasionally)
- Vision changes (double vision, loss of vision)
- Loss of consciousness
NOTE: A ruptured aneurysm is a medical emergency. Call 911 or your local emergency number.
Exams and Tests
An eye exam may show signs of increased pressure in the brain, including swelling of the optic nerve or bleeding into the retina of the eye. A clinical exam may show abnormal eye movement, speech, strength, or sensation.
The following tests may be used to diagnose a cerebral aneurysm and determine the cause of bleeding in the brain:
Two common methods are used to repair an aneurysm.
- Clipping is done during open brain surgery (craniotomy).
- Endovascular repair is most often done. It usually involves a coil or coiling and stenting. This is a less invasive and most common way to treat aneurysms.
Not all aneurysms need to be treated right away. Those that are very small (less than 3 mm) are less likely to break open.
Your health care provider will help you decide whether or not it is safer to have surgery to block off the aneurysm before it can break open. Sometimes people are too ill to have surgery, or it may be too dangerous to treat the aneurysm because of its location.
A ruptured aneurysm is an emergency that needs to be treated right away. Treatment may involve:
- Being admitted to the hospital's intensive care unit (ICU)
- Complete bed rest and activity restrictions
- Drainage of blood from the brain area (cerebral ventricular drainage)
- Medicines to prevent seizures
- Medicines to control headaches and blood pressure
- Medicines through a vein (IV) to prevent infection
Once the aneurysm is repaired, treatment may be needed to prevent a stroke from a blood vessel spasm.
How well you do depends on many things. People who are in a deep coma after an aneurysm rupture do not do as well as those with less severe symptoms.
Ruptured cerebral aneurysms are often deadly. Of those who survive, some have no permanent disability. Others have moderate to severe disability.
Complications of aneurysm in the brain may include:
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Go to the emergency room or call 911 or your local emergency number if you have a sudden or severe headache, especially if you also have nausea, vomiting, seizures, or any other nervous system symptom.
Also call if you have a headache that is unusual for you, especially if it is severe or your worst headache ever.
There is no known way to prevent a berry aneurysm from forming. Treating high blood pressure may reduce the chance that an existing aneurysm will rupture. Controlling risk factors for atherosclerosis may reduce the likelihood of some types of aneurysms.
People who are known to have an aneurysm may need regular doctor visits to make sure the aneurysm is not changing size or shape.
If unruptured aneurysms are discovered in time, they can be treated before causing problems or monitored with regular imaging (usually yearly).
The decision to repair an unruptured cerebral aneurysm is based on the size and location of the aneurysm, and the person's age and general health.
American Stroke Association website. What you should know about cerebral aneurysms.
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke website. Cerebral aneurysms fact sheet.
Szeder V, Tateshima S, Duckwiler GR. Intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage. In: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, eds. Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 67.
Thompson BG, Brown RD Jr, Amin-Hanjani S, et al. Guidelines for the management of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2015:46(8):2368-2400. PMID: 26089327
Last reviewed on: 6/23/2020
Reviewed by: Amit M. Shelat, DO, FACP, FAAN, Attending Neurologist and Assistant Professor of Clinical Neurology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. | <urn:uuid:322b6d16-1242-412d-baf3-e9e80c3f11a2> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/aneurysm-in-the-brain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663011588.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528000300-20220528030300-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.908435 | 1,704 | 3.59375 | 4 |
The Roman and Greek Questions, by Plutarch, tr. Frank Cole Babbitt, , at sacred-texts.com
20. Why is it that the women, when they adorn in their houses a shrine to the women's goddess, whom they call Bona Dea, a bring in no myrtle, although they are very eager to make use of all manner of growing and blooming plants?
Was this goddess, as the mythologists relate, the wife of the seer Faunus; and was she secretly addicted to wine, b but did not escape detection and was beaten by her husband with myrtle rods, and is this the reason why they do not bring in myrtle and, when they make libations of wine to her, call it milk?
Or is it because they remain pure from many things, particularly from venery, when they perform this holy service? For they not only exclude their husbands, but they also drive everything male out of the house c whenever they conduct the customary ceremonies in honour of the goddess. So, because the myrtle is sacred to Venus, they religiously exclude it. For she whom they now call Venus Murcia, in ancient days, it seems, they styled Myrtia.
21. Why do the Latins revere the woodpecker and all strictly abstain d from it?
p. 36 p. 37
Is it because, as they tell the tale, Picus, a transformed by his wife's magic drugs, became a woodpecker and in that form gives oracles and prophecies to those who consult him?
Or is this wholly incredible and monstrous, and is that other tale b more credible which relates that when Romulus and Remus were exposed, not only did a she-wolf suckle them, but also a certain woodpecker came continually to visit them and bring them scraps of food? For generally, even to this day, in foot-hills and thickly wooded places where the woodpecker is found, there also is found the wolf, as Nigidius records.
Or is it rather because they regard this bird as sacred to Mars, even as other birds to other gods? For it is a courageous and spirited bird and has a beak so strong that it can overturn oaks by pecking them until it has reached the inmost part of the tree.
22. Why do they suppose Janus to have been two-faced and so represent him in painting and sculpture?
Is it because, as they relate, he was by birth a Greek from Perrhaebia, and, when he had crossed to Italy and had settled among the savages there, he changed both his speech and his habits? Or is it rather because he changed the people of Italy to another manner and form of life by persuading a people which had formerly made use of wild plants and lawless customs to till the soil and to live under organized government? c
p. 38 p. 39
23. Why do they sell articles for funerals in the precinct of Libitina, whom they identify with Venus? a
Is this also one of the philosophic devices of king Numa, that they should learn not to feel repugnance at such things nor shun them as a pollution?
Or is it rather a reminder that whatever is born must die, since one goddess presides over births and deaths? For in Delphi there is a little statue of Aphrodite of the Tomb, to which they summon the departed to come forth for the libations.
24. Why have they in the month three beginnings or fixed points, and do not adopt the same interval of days between them?
Is it, as Juba b and his followers relate, that on the Kalends the officials used to call c the people and announce the Nones for the fifth day thereafter, regarding the Ides as a holy day?
Or is it rather because, since they measured time by the phases of the moon, they observed that in each month the moon undergoes three very important changes: first, when she is hidden by her conjunction with the sun; second, when she has escaped the sun's rays and becomes visible for the first time at sunset; and third, at the full moon, when her orb is completely round? The disappearance and concealment of the moon they call Kalendae, for everything
p. 40 p. 41
concealed or secret is clam, and "to be concealed" is celari. a The first appearance of the moon they call Nones, the most accurate since it is the new moon: for their word for "new" and "novel" is the same as ours. b They name the Ides as they do either because of the beauty and form (eidos) of the full-orbed moon, or by derivation from a title of Jupiter. c But we must not follow out the most exact calculation of the number of days nor cast aspersions on approximate reckoning; since even now, when astronomy has made so much progress, the irregularity of the moon's movements is still beyond the skill of mathematicians, and continues to elude their calculations. d
25. Why do they reckon the day that follows the Kalends, the Nones, or the Ides as unsuitable for leaving home or for travel?
Is it, as most authorities think and as Livy e records, that on the day after the Ides of Quintilis, which they now call July, the military tribunes led out the army, and were vanquished in battle by the Gauls at the river Allia and lost the City? But when the day after the Ides had come to be regarded as ill-omened, did superstition, as is its wont, extend the custom
p. 42 p. 43
further, and involve in the same circumspection the day after the Nones and the day after the Kalends?
Or does this contain many irrational assumptions? For it was on a different day that they were defeated in battle, a a day which they call Alliensis from the river, and make a dread day of expiation b; and although they have many ill-omened days, they do not observe them under the same names c in each month, but each in the month in which it occurs; and it is thus quite incredible that the superstition should have attached itself simply to all the days that follow immediately after the Nones or the Kalends.
Consider the following analogy: just as they have dedicated the first month to the gods of Olympus, and the second, in which they perform certain rites of purification and sacrifice to the departed, to the gods of the lower world, so also in regard to the days of the month they have established three as festive and holy days, as I have stated, d which are, as it were, fundamental and sovereign days; but the days which follow immediately they have dedicated to the spirits and the dead, and have come to regard them as ill-omened and unsuitable for business. In fact, the Greeks worship the gods on the day of the new moon; the next day they have duly assigned to the heroes and spirits, and the second bowl of wine is mixed in honour of the heroes and heroines. e And speaking generally, time is a sort of number; and the beginning of number is divine, for it is the monad. But after it is the dyad, antagonistic to the beginning number, and the first of the even numbers. The even numbers are imperfect, incomplete,
p. 44 p. 45
and indeterminate, just as the odd numbers are determinate, completing, and perfect. a Wherefore, in like manner, the Nones succeed the Kalends at an interval of five days and the Ides succeed the Nones at an interval of nine days. For the odd numbers define the beginnings, but the even numbers, since they occur after the beginnings, have no position nor power; therefore on these days they do not begin any business or travel.
Or has also the saying of Themistocles b some foundation in reason? For once upon a time, said he, the Day-After had an altercation with the Feast-Day on the ground that the Feast-Day had much labour and toil, whereas she herself provided the opportunity of enjoying in leisure and quiet all the things prepared for the festival. To this the Feast-Day replied, "You are quite right; but if I had not been, you would not be!" This story Themistocles related to the Athenian generals who succeeded him, to show that they would have been nowhere, if he himself had not saved the city.
Since, therefore, all travel and all business of importance needs provision and preparation, and since in ancient days the Romans, at the time of festivals, made no provision or plan for anything, save only that they were engaged in the service of their gods and busied themselves with this only, just as even to this day the priests cause such a proclamation to be made in advance as they proceed on their way to sacrifice; so it was only natural that they did not set out on a journey immediately after their festivals, nor did they transact any business, for they were
p. 46 p. 47
unprepared; but that day they always spent at home making their plans and preparations.
Or is it even as men now, who have offered their prayers and oblations, are wont to tarry and sit a while in the temples, a and so they would not let busy days succeed holy days immediately, but made some pause and breathing-space between, since business brings with it much that is distasteful and undesired?
26. Why do women in mourning wear white robes and white head-dresses?
Do they do this, as men say the Magi do, arraying themselves against Hades and the powers of darkness, and making themselves like unto Light and Brightness?
Or is it that, just as they clothe the body of the dead in white, they think it proper that the relatives should also wear this colour? They adorn the body thus since they cannot so adorn the soul; and they wish to send forth the soul bright and pure, since it is now set free after having fought the good fight in all its manifold forms.
Or are plainness and simplicity most becoming on these occasions? Of the dyed garments, some reflect expense, others over-elaboration; for we may say no less with reference to black than to purple: "These be cheating garments, these be cheating colours." b That which is naturally black is dyed not through art, but by nature; and when it is
p. 48 p. 49
combined with a dark colour, it is overpowered. a Only white, b therefore, is pure, unmixed, and uncontaminated by dye, nor can it be imitated; wherefore it is most appropriate for the dead at burial. For he who is dead has become something simple, unmixed, and pure, once he has been released from the body, which is indeed to be compared with a stain made by dyeing. In Argos, as Socrates c says, persons in mourning wear white garments washed in water.
27. Why do they regard all the city wall as inviolable and sacred, but not the gates?
Is it, as Varro has written, because the wall must be considered sacred that men may fight and die with enthusiasm in its defence? It was under such circumstances, it seems, that Romulus killed his brother because he was attempting to leap across a place that was inviolable and sacred, and to make it traversable and profane.
But it was impossible to consecrate the gates, for through them they carry out many other objectionable things and also dead bodies. d Wherefore the original founders of a city yoke a bull and a cow, and mark out with a plough all the land on which they intend to build e; and when they are engaged in tracing f the circuit of the walls, as they measure off the space intended for gates, they lift up the ploughshare and thus carry the plough across,
p. 50 p. 51
since they hold that all the land that is ploughed is to be kept sacred and inviolable.
28. Why do they tell children, whenever they would swear by Hercules, not to do so under a roof, and bid them go out into the open air? a
Is it, as some relate, because they believe that Hercules had no pleasure in staying in the house, but rejoiced in a life in the open air and a bed under the stars?
Or is it rather because Hercules is not one of the native gods, but a foreigner from afar? For neither do they swear under a roof by Bacchus, since he also is a foreign god if he is from Nysa.
Or is this but said in jest to the children, and what is done is really a check upon over-readiness and hastiness to swear, as Favorinus stated? For what is done following, as it were, upon preparation produces delay and allows deliberation. Yet one might urge against Favorinus the fact that this custom is not common, but peculiar to Hercules, as may be seen from the legend about him: for it is recorded that he was so circumspect regarding an oath that he swore but once and for Phyleus, the son of Augeas, alone. Wherefore they say that the prophetic priestess also brought up against the Spartans all the oaths they had sworn, saying that it would be better and much more to be desired if they would keep them! b
29. Why do they not allow the bride to cross the threshold of her home herself, but those who are escorting her lift her over? c
p. 52 p. 53
Is it because they carried off by force also the first Roman brides and bore them in in this manner, and the women did not enter of their own accord?
Or do they wish it to appear that it is under constraint and not of their own desire that they enter a dwelling where they are about to lose their virginity?
Or is it a token that the woman may not go forth of her own accord and abandon her home if she be not constrained, just as it was under constraint that she entered it? So likewise among us in Boeotia they burn the axle of the bridal carriage before the door, signifying that the bride must remain, since her means of departure has been destroyed.
35:a p. 34 Cf. Macrobius, Saturnalia, i. 12. 21–28.
35:b Cf. 265 B, supra.
35:c Cf. Life of Caesar, ix. (711 E), Life of Cicero, xix. (870 B); Juvenal, vi. 339.
35:d No doubt this means "from eating it" since they used to eat all small birds.
37:a Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses, xiv. 320 ff.
37:b Cf. 278 c, 320. D, infra; Life of Romulus, iv. (19 F), vii (21 C).
37:c Cf. 274 F, infra; Life of Numa, xix. (72 F); Athenaeus, 692 D; Lydus, De Mensibus, iv. 2; Macrobius, Saturnalia i. 7. 21, and i. 9.
39:a Cf. Life of Numa, xii. (67 E); Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, iv. 15. 5; Varro, De Lingua Latina, vi. 47.
39:b Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. iii. p. 470.
39:c Cf. Old Latin calare, equated with Greek καλεῖν by Plutarch and by other writers.
41:a Much is made of Plutarch's mistake in equating celare (mss.) with λανθάνειν rather than with κρύπτειν, but the mistake is more likely that of a scribe.
41:b This is true etymologically; but is Plutarch thinking of the syllable nou in νουμηνία and noaus?
41:c Cf. Macrobius, Saturnalia, i. 15. 14, where it is stated that Ictus is derived from the Etruscan Itis, said to mean "Iovis fiducia."
41:d Cf. Life of Aristides, chap. xix. (331 A).
41:e Livy, v. 37; and vi. 1. 11.
43:a p. 42 The traditional date of the battle was July 18, 390 B.C.
43:b Cf. Life of Camillus, chap. xix. 8 (138 D).
43:c As the Kalends, the Nones, and the Ides have the same names in every month.
43:d 269 B, supra.
43:e That is, the spirits of the men and women of the Heroic p. 43 Age who dwelt after death in the Isles of the Blest or in Hades.
45:a p. 44 Cf. 264 A, supra, also Moralia, 374 A, 367 F, 429 A, 1002 A, 1012 E.
45:b Cf. 320 F, infra; Life of Themistocles, xviii. (121 B). The context of 345 C, infra, makes it very probable that p. 45 the essay De Gloria Atheniensium began with this favourite story of Plutarch's.
47:a p. 46 Cf. Life of Numa, xiv. (69 E-70 A); Propertius ii. 28. 45–46; see also Lewy in Philologus, lxxxiv. p. 378.
47:b Apparently a misquotation of Herodotus, iii. 22. 1: otherwise misquoted in Moralia, 646 B and 863 E. Cf. also Clement of Alexandria, Stromateis, i. x. 48. 6 (p. 344 Potter).
49:a p. 48 This apparently means: Naturally black wool may be dyed purple or any other strong dark colour. It is possible, however, that Plutarch wrote κέκραται (and so several MSS.): "it is modified when combined with a dark colour."
49:b Cf. Plato, Republic, 729 D–E.
49:c Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. iv. 498.
49:d Cf. Moralia, 518 B.
49:e Cf. Varro, De Lingua Latina, v. 143, Res Rusticae, ii. 1.9; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, i. 88; Ovid, Fasti, iv. 819 ff.
49:f Cf. Life of Romulus, xi. (23 n).
51:a Cf. Varro, De Lingua Latina, v. 66.
51:b Cf. Moralia, 229 B and the note (Vol. III. p. 372).
51:c Cf. Life of Romulus, xv. (26 D–E). | <urn:uuid:f539521a-98b9-4023-9ae2-3ad7d0756407> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/plu/rgq/rgq04.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011101613/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091821-00036-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969123 | 4,092 | 2.96875 | 3 |
If you are eligible for free protection against the elements, you will be able to get a N95 free mask from your local healthcare center. To get one, you don’t have to have a health card. You can also obtain one at participating pharmacies such as Walgreens or Rite Aid. For further information, call the CDC. This article has some helpful information on the proper use of a N95 mask. Read on to learn how it works and why it’s important to wear one. If you have almost any inquiries with regards to where as well as how you can work with n95 mask made in usa, it is possible to call us with the page.
N95 masks have been certified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The logo of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) can be found on all packaging. N95 masks are inexpensive and easily available at most hardware stores. The N95 can filter up to 95% of particles from the air. It is important to remember that N95 masks are not able to filter out gases or chemical vapors. These masks are not suitable for low-oxygen environments.
When choosing an N95 mask for your child, make sure that it fits snugly on your child’s face. It should fit snugly so that no air can get in. If you have a beard or facial hair, it won’t fit. A mask can be purchased in the size that your child needs, but it is important to test several sizes before you buy. It can be difficult for children to fit a mask, so make sure you try on several brands before you buy the one that fits.
To block 95%, the N95 mask uses multiple layers made of synthetic fiber. This is the reason why it is considered so effective. If you try to tighten the mask’s fit, it could cause gaps. This will reduce the mask’s effectiveness to 60 percent. Then, you’ll need to remember to dispose of the mask after using it. This article provides information regarding proper disposal for N95 masks.
Many people do not follow recommended usage guidelines, despite the numerous benefits N95 masks offer. The CDC recommends N95 masks to protect against COVID-19. However, they are not yet approved for public use. The CDC has recently updated their guidance about the use and care of this mask. Experts recommend wearing a facemask indoors, as this virus can be contagious. You should wear it for longer periods of time if you are at a higher risk for exposure.
Recent research has shown that N95 masks can have a number of psychological and physiological effects. It can lead to headaches, skin break down, and impaired cognition. It may also impair your vision, interfere with communication, or decrease your thermal equilibrium. It is recommended that you wear a mask that fits properly to minimize the risk of experiencing these side effects. If you are unsure whether an N95 mask suits you, talk to your doctor.
If you have any sort of concerns relating to where and the best ways to utilize n95 mask made in usa, you could call us at our page. | <urn:uuid:7bb86a9e-0923-4538-9a02-97c91bbade2b> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://michellechew.com/the-correct-use-of-n95-masks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103516990.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628111602-20220628141602-00552.warc.gz | en | 0.943906 | 652 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Natural Resources Defense Council has released its annual report on the state of the nation's beaches, and among the 30 states with coasts, California ranked 20th.
"So there are 19 states that are doing a better job in terms of water quality than California," said NRDC staff attorney Noah Garrison.
The pollution comes from grime swept up by stormwater and washed out to sea, said Garrison. That can include bacteria, trash, animal waste, metals oils and car materials.
Statewide, California had 5,515 beach closing and advisory days in 2012, a five percent decrease from the previous year. Garrison says the decrease is most likely due to natural variation and that overall the trend has been for beaches to become more polluted over time.
Some of the worst waters in California were found in Avalon Beach off of Catalina Island in L.A. County, and Doheny State Beach and Poche County Beach in Orange County.
On the up side, Bolsa Chica Beach, Newport Beach and San Clemente State Beach in Orange County were all singled out as "Superstar" beaches.
Garrison says the best way to keep our waters clean is to capture runoff before it reaches the ocean. He says people can set up rain barrels, create gardens and use pavement that absorbs rather than deflects water. | <urn:uuid:2430f63f-936a-4248-a953-86656d125872> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.scpr.org/news/2013/06/26/37924/how-clean-is-your-local-beach-nrdc-releases-annual/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124478.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00524-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965441 | 269 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The Jebel Akhdar War (Arabic: حرب الجبل الأخضر, romanized: Ḥarb al-Jebel el-ʾAkhḍar, lit. 'the Green Mountain War') or the Jebel Akhdar rebellion broke out in 1954 and again in 1957 in Oman, as an effort by the local Omanis in the interior of Oman led by their elected Imam, Ghalib Alhinai, to protect the Imamate of Oman from the occupation plans of Sultan Said bin Taimur, backed by the British government, who were eager to gain access to the oil wells in the interior lands of Oman. Sultan Said received direct financing to raise an armed force to occupy the Imamate of Oman from Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), a consortium of oil companies that was majorly owned by what-is-known-today as Royal Dutch Shell, Total, ExxonMobil and British Petroleum (BP); the latter was majority-owned by the British government. The Imamate was eventually supported by Egypt and Saudi Arabia. The war lasted until 1959, when the British armed forces decided to take on direct interventions using air and ground attacks on the Imamate, which won the Sultanate the war. The declarations signed by the Sultans of Muscat to consult the British government on all important matters, the unequal trade treaties signed by the two sides favoring British interests, the cessation of the Omani Kuria Muria islands to the British, and the vast control over the Sultanate's government ministries, including defense and foreign affairs, exerted by the British rendered the Sultanate a de facto British colony. The UN General Assembly adopted the 'Question of Oman' resolution in 1965, 1966 and again in 1967 that called upon the British government to cease all repressive action against the locals and reaffirmed the inalienable right of the Omani people to self-determination and independence. | <urn:uuid:34c3c9fc-edd1-4084-941a-e448ae60b621> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://wikipops.com/?wiki=Jebel+Akhdar+War | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317817.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823020039-20190823042039-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.948932 | 399 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Making Sense of Numbers: Understanding Risks and Benefits. Learning How to Communicate Health Statistics
A basic introduction to communicating numerical health information in a way that is clear and easy to understand. This is a very basic class.
Oct 11, 2017
2:00PM - 3:30PM ET
Numeracy literacy is not only a problem for individuals receiving health information but also for those providing information that contain numbers. This class is a basic introduction for anyone who wants to understand how to communicate health information that involves numeracy. The purpose of this class is to understand risk and benefits from a layman’s perspective and to understand that the communication of numbers must be clear and easy to understand. In this 1.5 hour class, participants will also be introduced to several tools that will help in the development of educational materials. Audience is anyone providing health information to the general public, including healthcare instructors, public and medical librarians, patient educators.
Participants will be able to:
- Understand their role in risk communication and health numeracy
- Understand risk and benefit statistics from a layman’s perspective
- Understand that the communication of numbers must be clear and easy to understand
- Understand that numeracy is a key component of health literacy and shared decision making in managing one’s health | <urn:uuid:752ba33f-5556-4fcb-9ff5-bbbda584878d> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://nnlm.gov/class/making-sense-numbers-understanding-risks-and-benefits-learning-how-communicate-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814105.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222120939-20180222140939-00712.warc.gz | en | 0.926612 | 269 | 3.359375 | 3 |
What is 'Welfare Economics'
Welfare economics focuses on the optimal allocation of resources and goods and how the allocation of these resources affects social welfare. This relates directly to the study of income distribution and how it affects the common good. Welfare economics is a subjective study that may assign units of welfare or utility to create models that measure the improvements to individuals based on their personal scales.
BREAKING DOWN 'Welfare Economics'Welfare economics looks at the distribution of resources and how it affects an economy's overall sense of well-being. With different optimal states existing in an economy in terms of the allocation of resources, welfare economics seeks the state that will create the highest overall level of social satisfaction among its members.
Welfare economics uses the perspective and techniques of microeconomics, but they can be aggregated to make macroeconomic conclusions. Some economists suggest that greater states of overall social good might be achieved by redistributing incomes in the economy. This models the theories behind economic, or allocative, efficiency, suggesting that there exists a point where the social well-being experienced from the allocated resources can hit a maximum, a point considered to be the most efficient. If that point is reached, the economy is functioning in a way that any subsequent changes to raise the feelings of well-being in one area would require the lowering of well-being in another.
Welfare Economics and Public Policy
Issues regarding welfare economics may serve as guides during the creation of public policy. Welfare economics includes efforts to establish a minimum quality of living expectation within an area including access to commonly required services and the availability of living-wage jobs or affordable housing.
Welfare economics works in contrast to capitalist ideals. Government intervention regarding economic matters is fully rejected in pure capitalism. Focus is instead put in individual choice, accomplishment and development, as well as the pursuit of personal wealth. The theory behind capitalism supports that the society will experience an associated benefit through the pursuit of personal wealth.
Welfare Economics and Utility
"Utility" refers to the perceived value associated with a particular good or service. The perceived value is intrinsic and relates to whether a buyer feels the amount of value received for a certain good or service is at least equal to or greater than the amount of funds required to purchase it. Additionally, it suggests that a certain unit of currency, such as a dollar, has the same perceived value to an individual as it does to a corporation, regardless of how the income amounts of each entity differ. | <urn:uuid:af95204f-21e2-4142-9e82-e92ae29c55a7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/welfare_economics.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281426.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00296-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947728 | 502 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Is bigger always better? When it comes to brain size, that has long been the prevailing theory—at least among big-brained humans. But a new analysis shows that in the course of primate evolution, brains and brawn haven't always been on the rise.
Ever since a petite female Homo floresiensis (or "hobbit") was described in 2004, scientists have been debating whether this recently extinct hominin could have evolved to have such a small noggin or if this specimen—the only one for which a skull has been found—was an aberration.
The Indonesian individual stood at just about one meter high and had a brain about a third the size of modern humans. Despite these striking size differences, some H. floresiensis fossils date to just 13,000 years ago—which means they would have lived alongside brainy humans for some 187,000 years. Some researchers propose that she and her clan were modern descendents of Homo erectus and had devolved to their diminutive stature because they lived on an island (a phenomenon documented in other species known as insular dwarfism) or that her particular errant body and brain size were due to an underlying pathology, such as dwarfism or an oversized pituitary gland.
Others, however, posit that H. floresiensis is from a more primitive lineage and evolved—for whatever reason—to have this smaller brain.
A new study, published online January 26 in the journal BMC Biology, brings some new perspectives to the table, examining size trends in primate evolution and finding that brains and bodies don't always get bigger over time.
The researchers, led by Stephen Montgomery of the Department of Zoology at the University of Cambridge in the U.K., studied the brain and body sizes—changes that often go hand-in-hand—of 37 living and 23 extinct primate species. Montgomery et al. found that although "selection has acted to enlarge primate brains, in some lineages this trend has been reversed."
The primate brain, prized for being supersize among mammals, varies greatly today, ranging from the tremendous H. sapiens' encephalon, which typically weighs in at about 1,330 grams to the gray mouse lemur (Microbebus murinus), whose brain weighs only about 1.8 grams. And the earliest primates likely had a brain that was a mere 0.12 gram.
The authors found that although the overall trend has been a brainy explosion in primates (an average increase of 2.5 percent each million years), both brains and bodies have diminished in size along many branches of the primate tree. And given these corporeal and cerebral cutbacks, the researchers found that "under reasonable assumptions, the reduction in brain size during the evolution of Homo floresiensis is not unusual in comparison to these other primates," Nick Mundy, also with Cambridge, said in a prepared statement. Given the findings, the researchers concluded, "We should perhaps not be surprised by the evolution of a small-brained, small-bodied hominin."
Image of Homo floresiensis skull [left] and Homo sapiens skull [right] courtesy of Peter Brown/University of New England | <urn:uuid:2145021e-68be-4e4e-9942-843ed5a52ba2> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/what-the-small-brained-hobbit-reveals-about-primate-evolution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065330.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00012-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961726 | 661 | 3.375 | 3 |
The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
|Previous: Koriyama||Table of Contents||Next: Kota Baharu|
Kossol Roads (134.6E
7.8N) is a large reef-enclosed anchorage
at the north end of the Palau
chain. Both sides used it
as a fleet anchorage during the war.
initially controlled the anchorage,
which was garrisoned by 3 Base Force at the time war
broke out. Air cover was provided by the airfield on nearby Peleliu. The anchorage was seized by
the Americans in September
1944, and minesweepers
completed sweeping the anchorage by 24 September. Thereafter the anchorage became an important station for service forces and waypoint for convoys.
"History of Convoy and Routing" (1945-5-8; accessed 2012-11-16)
The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia © 2007, 2009, 2012 by Kent G. Budge. Index
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Comment on this article | <urn:uuid:86fad247-36f7-4b69-a3ef-fa3770751cce> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/K/o/Kossol.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657129409.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011209-00193-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.873109 | 221 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Explore the Lawrence Lab
Cancer results from alterations to DNA that lead to the activation of oncogenes or the inactivation of tumor suppressors. The Lawrence laboratory focuses on understanding the many ways this can happen, using computation as a powerful microscope to study the processes of DNA damage and repair, gene expression and genome replication, and cancer driver genes. Over our lifetimes, DNA slowly accumulates mutations due to environmental toxins and radiation, as well as from naturally occurring copying errors. The vast majority of mutations have little or no effect on a cell, but out of all possible mutations, a few may hit exactly the right place in the genome, where they can act as a “driver mutation,” pushing the cell toward aggressive growth and tumor formation. Sequencing the DNA in a tumor reveals not only its driver mutations, but also all the other “passenger mutations” that were present in the tumor-initiating cell. We seek insights about cancer from both driver and passenger mutations.
Analyzing Mutational Signatures
Cancers vary over many orders of magnitude in their total background mutation burden, ranging from very quiet tumor types such as leukemias and childhood tumors, which may have fewer than 10 somatic mutations in their exome, to carcinogen-associated tumor types such as lung cancer and melanoma, which may have over 1000. Mutations have many causes, and each mutagen can leave a telltale signature. For instance, spontaneous deamination of methylated CpG’s causes the transition mutations that dominate many tumor types. Mutagens in tobacco smoke cause G-to-T transversions. Ultraviolet radiation causes C-to-T at dipyrimidines. Agitated APOBEC enzymes cause mutations at C’s preceded by T. Loss of mismatch repair causes microsatellite instability (MSI), marked by expansion and contraction of simple-sequence repeats, as well as characteristic types of single-base changes. Tumors carrying mutations in the proofreading exonuclease domain of polymerase epsilon (POLE) tend to accrue C-to-A mutations at the trinucleotide TCT. Very rare “MSI+POLE” cancers show the highest yet known somatic mutation burdens, with upwards of 10,000 coding mutations per patient. Patients affected by MSI and/or POLE mutagenesis are known to experience better clinical outcomes, probably thanks to their high neoantigen loads which attract a powerful immune response. Our most recent research has focused on a less well-studied signal in somatic mutation datasets, mutational asymmetries between the two DNA strands. These illuminate transcriptional or “T-class” mutational patterns, associated with exposure to tobacco smoke, UV radiation, and a yet-unknown agent in liver cancer, as well as replicative or “R-class” patterns, associated with MSI, APOBEC, POLE, and a yet-unknown agent in esophageal cancer.
APOBEC Mutations and Mesoscale Genomic Features
Statistical approaches for distinguishing driver mutations from passenger mutations have relied on the gold standard of recurrence across patients. Seeing exactly the same DNA base-pair mutated recurrently across patients has been taken as proof that the mutation must be under functional selection for contributing to tumor fitness. The assumption is that mutational processes, being essentially random, are unlikely to hit the exact same base-pair over and over again. Our recent discoveries about APOBEC mutagenesis have cast doubt on this assumption. We have shown that APOBEC3A has a very strong preference for mutating cytosines presented in a short loop at the end of a strongly paired DNA hairpins. Our results indicate that there are multiple routes to cancer mutational hotspots. Driver mutation hotspots in oncogenes can rise to prominence through positive selection, and are not restricted to the "favorite" sites of any particular mutagen. In contrast, special DNA sites (like hairpins) that happen to be optimal substrates for a mutagen (like APOBEC) can give rise to "passenger hotspot mutations" that owe their prevalence to substrate optimality, not to any effects on tumor fitness. These findings apply not just to APOBEC but to all mutation signatures, and remind us of the need to be careful about assuming that all recurrent mutations are causative drivers of disease.
Figure: The mutational landscape of a cancer cell across size regimes. At the smallest scale, local DNA trinucleotide sequences (lower-left foreground) correlate with the "mutational signatures" induced by various mutagens. At the largest scale (background of image), chromatin is organized into multi-megabase domains comprising Compartment B (tightly packed, gene-poor DNA lining the nuclear periphery) and Compartment A (gene-rich open DNA in the nuclear interior). Mutations induced by APOBEC enzymes (yellow points) are distributed equally across the two compartments, but most other types of mutations (blue points) are concentrated in Compartment B. Between the large and small extremes lies the "mesoscale" regime, where genomic features like hairpin-forming ability are determined. DNA exposed in a hairpin loop is vulnerable to attack by the enzyme APOBEC3A (center), giving rise to highly recurrent passenger mutations in cancer.
Jalili P, Bowen D, Langenbucher A, Park S, Aguirre K, Corcoran RB, Fleischman AG, Lawrence MS*, Zou L*, Buisson R*. Quantification of ongoing APOBEC3A activity in tumor cells by monitoring RNA editing at hotspots. Nat Commun. 2020 Jun 12;11(1):2971.
Buisson R, Langenbucher A, Bowen D, Kwan EE, Benes CH, Zou L*, Lawrence MS*. Passenger hotspot mutations in cancer driven by APOBEC3A and mesoscale features. Science. 2019 Jun 28; 364(6447):eaaw2872.
Haradhvala NJ, Kim J, Maruvka YE, Polak P, Rosebrock D, Livitz D, Hess JM, Leshchiner I, Kamburov A, Mouw KW, Lawrence MS, Getz G. Distinct mutational signatures characterize concurrent loss of polymerase proofreading and mismatch repair. Nat Commun. 2018 May 1;9(1):1746.
Buisson R, Lawrence MS, Benes C, Zou L. APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B activities render cancer cells susceptible to ATR inhibition. Cancer Res. 2017 Jul 11.
Haradhvala NJ, Polak P, Stojanov P, Covington KR, Shinbrot E, Hess JM, Rheinbay E, Kim J, Maruvka YE, Braunstein LZ, Kamburov A, Hanawalt PC, Wheeler DA, Koren A, Lawrence MS, Getz G. Mutational Strand Asymmetries in Cancer Genomes Reveal Mechanisms of DNA Damage and Repair. Cell. 2016 Jan 28;164(3):538-49.
Lawrence MS, Stojanov P, Mermel CH, Robinson JT, Garraway LA, Golub TR, Meyerson M, Gabriel SB, Lander ES, Getz G. Discovery and saturation analysis of cancer genes across 21 tumour types. Nature. 2014 Jan 23;505(7484):495-501.
We're Hiring! Data Analyst Position
Data Analyst - Cancer Computational Biology
Unique opportunity to join an interdisciplinary team bridging the Harvard Medical School, the Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT. The Rheinbay Lab and Lawrence Lab at the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center seek well-qualified candidates to join a team of computational biologists working at the forefront of cancer research and treatment. We use computation as a powerful microscope to study both the fundamental biology of cancer initiation and progression, as well the diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients in the hospital setting.
Current research interests:
- Cancer driver genes: tumors grow because of specific driver mutations that deactivate tumor suppressors or activate oncogenes. We are working to complete our understanding of the full catalog of cancer's "box of tricks".
- Resistance to targeted therapies: single drugs targeting specific driver mutations can be effective for a while, but the cancer invariably discovers a work-around. We are actively investigating mechanisms of drug resistance and how to combat it.
- Single-cell sequencing: New approaches allow us to dissect a tumor down to single cells and investigate the RNA expression or DNA mutations in each cell. Understanding intratumoral heterogeneity is shedding new light on cancer progression and patient outcomes.
- Liquid biopsies: novel state-of-the-art technologies are starting to allow us to monitor the progression of cancer (both before, during, and after treatment) through a simple blood draw. We are actively working to overcome analytical challenges inherent in the study of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA).
- Mutational processes: our genomes accumulate mutations from environmental agents such as ultraviolet radiation and tobacco smoke, as well as from intrinsic processes like errors during DNA replication. Studying these mutational background patterns can tell us what repair pathways are broken in a specific tumor, perhaps pointing the way to an effective genotoxic therapy. We are working to develop novel DNA sequencing technologies for studying mutagenesis in model systems
- Genomics of sex chromosomes in cancer: understand the genetic underpinnings of different incidence and outcome between men and women patients
- Work with Cancer Center researchers to understand experimental procedures and the kinds of data produced (e.g. DNA sequencing, RNA sequencing, epigenetic readouts, clinical outcome annotations). Meet and discuss with clinical and experimental colleagues to identify analytical challenges and goals.
- Apply existing and novel algorithms to cancer data sets, analyze data quality, critically review and analyze results, communicate results to biologists, computational biologists, software engineers and clinicians.
- Explore novel data visualization tools, with emphasis on integrating diverse data types and extracting clinically relevant insights.
- Contribute to scientific writing and creation of data figures to be included in research publications reporting novel discoveries made in the lab and clinic.
- B.A/B.S. in one of Computational Biology, Bioinformatics, Biology, Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics, or a related quantitative discipline.
- Independent, self-motivated drive to push research forward.
- Excellent programming skills (using any of Matlab, R, Java, Python, Perl, C, etc.)
- Nimble approach to programming and data analysis, with an emphasis on simple, intuitive, reasoning: quickly open unfamiliar datasets, generate simple visualizations to project the data onto our brains as usefully as possible, to stimulate hypothesis generation and the next steps of the analysis.
- Comfort using Word, Excel, Powerpoint or Google Suite tools to communicate results between team members.
- Ability to work together with multi-disciplinary teams comprising physicians, biologists, statisticians, and software engineers.
- Strong organizational and record-keeping skills
- Fluency in spoken and written English
- Experience in "machine learning" welcomed
We're Hiring! Postdoctoral Position
Postdoctoral Position at the Lawrence Laboratory
Unique opportunity to join an interdisciplinary team bridging the Harvard Medical School, the Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT. The Lawrence Lab at the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center seeks well-?qualified candidates to join a team of computational biologists working at the forefront of cancer research and treatment.
For more information, please see this flyer.
Michael S. Lawrence, PhDPrincipal Investigator
- Soroush Hajizadeh, MSc
- Maoxuan Lin, PhD
- Ramin Sakhtemani, PhD
- Jan F. Sayilgan, PhD
- Jillian Wise, PhD
- Ben Wittner, PhD | <urn:uuid:d8a97133-30f7-4364-83ef-dfecc80a4cd5> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.massgeneral.org/cancer-center/clinical-trials-and-research/center-for-cancer-research/investigators/lawrence-lab | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151672.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725111913-20210725141913-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.896303 | 2,500 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Vasco da Gama opened the trade route between Europe and Asia after landing in Goa in 1498. An exhibit at the Victoria and Albert Museum is dedicated to the early connections between Europe and China, India, and Japan.
Europeans in Asia (04:47)
Multiculturalism, in large cities like London, is not a new concept. Though trade was the practical reason for Europeans to go to Asia, many were also searching for a sense of eastern mysticism or to convert the populations to Christianity. "Encounters" includes numerous Christian items made in an Asian style.
Trade with Asia (01:41)
The spice and textile trade with Asia helped Britain and the Netherlands becoming the dominate empires of the 1600s. Indian cotton became a popular Asian export to Europe; "Encounters" includes clothing items from the period. Luxury goods like porcelain were used in art and household items.
Early Indian Connection (03:00)
The East India Company controlled all trade with India in the early days and company officials were opened and engaged with Indian culture. Marriages between Englishmen and Indian women were common and accepted.
Newcomers in Asia (05:04)
Asian artwork from the period shows how people in China, India, and Japan viewed foreign barbarians to their lands. Indian and Japanese society had a fascination with Europeans, while the bureaucratic Chinese society showed little interest. Europeans provided clocks, guns, and scientific knowledge in exchange for textiles and spices.
Influences on Art and Design (03:05)
Asian artists were influenced by European contact and the prospect of selling their art to a global market. "Encounters" features Asian artwork that incorporates European elements.
Influence of Superiority (02:50)
Multiple political events in 1799 soured the relations between Europeans and Asians. The East India Company gained control over India through a military defeat and began to flood the Chinese market with opium.
Credits: Encounters: The Meeting of Asia and Europe 1500-1800 (00:41)
Credits: Encounters: The Meeting of Asia and Europe 1500-1800
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(press option 3) or [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:3a29c825-711a-4785-a198-2ef8771d9158> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.films.com/ecTitleDetail.aspx?TitleID=201973 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474669.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226225941-20240227015941-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.953211 | 467 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Objective: To evaluate factors influencing excessive weight gain during pregnancy and changes in eating patterns from the pre-pregnancy period among low-income women (<185% poverty level). Design, Setting, & Participants: Low-income women who were at least 7-months pregnant and gained excess weight (n= 14) or normal weight (n=15) were interviewed. Questions pertained to previous nutritional knowledge, eating patterns, and sources for obtaining nutrition information.
Outcome Measures and Analysis: Transcripts were coded independently by two researchers, with any differences reconciled. Common themes were discussed and tallied to determine the most commonly re-occurring topics reported in the interviews.
Results: Most of the excess weight gainers (EWG) and recommended weight gainers (RWG) had a heightened awareness of their eating patterns and became more concerned about the impact their diet had on their fetus' health during (vs. before) pregnancy. EWG and RWG received limited nutrition- and weight-related advice from their doctors, and relied on alternate sources of information, such as pregnancy books and online websites. The most noted difference between the groups was that RWG reported more accurate nutrition knowledge than EWG.
Conclusions and Implications: Nutrition knowledge indirectly affects the amount of weight women gain during pregnancy. EWG and RWG received minimal nutritional and weight-related advice from doctors during or after pregnancy. This suggests the need for increased counseling efforts by doctors in providing appropriate nutrition and weight-related advice to their patients or providing outside referrals to registered dietitians.
College and Department
Life Sciences; Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science
BYU ScholarsArchive Citation
Watson, Tianna Noelle, "Contributing Factors to Excess Weight Gain During Pregnancy Among Low Income Women in Utah" (2010). Theses and Dissertations. 2531.
pregnancy, excess weight gain, nutrition knowledge, nutrition advice, physicians, health perception | <urn:uuid:d5966c00-7735-4be0-9882-a1ed177e6a10> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2531/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00578.warc.gz | en | 0.955022 | 485 | 2.53125 | 3 |
A home in the Nelson Mandela Bay municipality is the subject of a pilot project that could lead to South African households producing their own electricity – and selling the surplus to national electricity provider Eskom.
The system has been running since the end of July 2008 and, says the municipality, it will assess results after another six months to decide on a bigger roll-out strategy.
The municipality intends to become South Africa’s first centre of so-called embedded power generation, where houses can produce their own electricity using renewable resources such as sun and wind. Embedded generation is the term used to describe any electricity generating plant that is connected to regional or national electricity distribution networks.
Renewable energy plants, because they do not have to be as large as a power station, are ideally suited to small-scale installations such as households, and therefore are well placed to being embedded in bigger electricity grids, allowing the household to exchange electricity with the grid.
A home running on renewable energy
South Africa’s pilot plant involves a typical home in Port Elizabeth fitted with a one-kilowatt (kW) solar panel package, a 1kW wind turbine mounted on a 12-metre mast, and a battery backup.
The battery bank is used to store energy from both the renewable sources and the grid during off-peak periods, and with the Sunny-Backup charger and inverter, power can be generated from the batteries during peak periods, at night, or when the grid is down. Electricity produced by the renewable components is converted to the inverter to 220V so that it can be used in the home.
The excess energy produced is fed into the grid using a special feed-in meter and sold to Eskom at an established feed-in tariff. The entire system is known as a hybrid, because it includes at least two sources of renewable energy – this is to negate any breaks in supply from the natural sources.
The package also includes all equipment needed to monitor and control the electricity-producing devices, so that the municipality is well able to determine the practical and economic implications of the installation, with a view to expanding the project.
If successful, the municipality hopes that the project will lead to a speedy amendment of national laws and regulations, which currently do not provide for decentralized (where energy production comes from various locations instead of only one large plant) production of energy or feeding into the grid. This will allow people to set up their own sources of renewable energy and connect them to the public utility Eskom, selling their excess power at a renewable or green feed-in tariff.
The Nelson Mandela Bay municipality says that if tariffs are beneficially structured so that to sell electricity costs more than to buy, over a period of time the income raised will cover the initial costs of the system. This break-even period will vary according to the tariff; the amount of energy generated annually, the type of systems, and the initial cost.
Leading the way in renewable energy
South African has experienced critical shortages in electricity supply over the last year, with blackouts and load-shedding across the country as Eskom struggling to meet the demand. The Nelson Mandela Bay municipality has embarked on a major drive to investigate the feasibility of renewable energy not only to help households reduce their dependence on the national grid and alleviate the impact of load-shedding, but also in the interests of the environment and to probe alternatives to fossil fuels.
The municipality is in the process of implementing a number of innovative green projects, among them wind turbines, solar heating, electricity generation from solid waste, the waste exchange project aimed at increasing the reuse of waste, and a large scale wind farm. In total, says the municipality, successful bidders submitted tenders amounting to R9-billion ($1.1-billion).
Executive Mayor Nondumiso Maphazi said the green initiatives indicate the municipality’s determination to become a leader in the provision of renewable energy sources.
“These initiatives will set a standard for all the other local authorities to follow. We are well on our way to providing sustainable energy resources, and the main beneficiaries will be our shareholders, the residents of Nelson Mandela Bay,” she added.
Renewable energy strategy
The South African government has launched an extensive renewable energy strategy following the 2003 publication of its white paper, which has set a target of at least 10 000GWh of energy to be produced from renewable energy sources – mainly biomass, wind, solar and small-scale hydro – by 2013.
According to the Department of Minerals and Energy (DME), attainment of this target will add about 1.667MW of new renewable energy capacity – this could augment GDP to the tune of as much as R1.07-billion ($130-million) a year.
The scheme for national implementation will also bring in governmental revenue of almost R300-million ($37-million), resulting in additional income that will spill over to low-income households, in addition to the estimated 20 000 new jobs. The DME also expects water savings of 16.5-million kiloliters, or R26.6-million ($3.3-million).
Article Source : Media Club South Africa | <urn:uuid:0c4dddec-b8ce-4bf4-9fbb-78ab253859dd> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://renewableenergy.co.za/a-powerplant-in-your-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665976.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113012959-20191113040959-00152.warc.gz | en | 0.944924 | 1,064 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Newton’s method is one of the foundational concepts in numerical mathematics; it is a method for finding the minimum value of real-valued functions through a series of successive approximations. While the approach has limitations (it can be “trapped” in local minimum, it can be slow, …) it is the gateway algorithm(1).
Newton and Model-Based Design
Aside from the equations of motion, integration, theory of gravity (to start a long list) the children of Newton’s method are found in optimization problems. Optimization problems seek to find the minimize (or maximize) a value for a set of equations (or input data) based on the system input. Let’s consider an example of my Chevy Volt and optimizing energy use during my daily commute to work.
- Distance to work
- Range of battery
- Effect of starting battery temperature
- Driving conditions (highway / surface streets)
- Cabin climate control (heating / cooling)
- Cost of
- Charging the vehicle (at home / at work)
- Gas (in the Volt the gas engine charges the battery)
- Carbon emissions from the different energy sources.
When I frame this equation I set the commute as a “From-work-to-home-from-home-to-work” route. This, and thank you MathWorks, because there are free charging stations at my office, therefore any charging there is “free” (2).
- cost = C1 + C2 + C3
- C1 = Cost_per_Kilowatt_Work * Charge + E1
- C1 is at work co Cost_per_KW = 0 + E1 * Charge
- C2 = Cost_per_Kilowatt_Home * Charge + E2
- C2 = (0.12 + E2) * Charge
- C3 = Cost_Per_Gallon * Gallons_Per_Kilowatt * Charge + E3
- C3 = (3.50 * 30 + E3) * Charge
- C1 = Cost_per_Kilowatt_Work * Charge + E1
In this case the E1, E2 and E3 are the external costs for use of power. I don’t directly pay these costs(3) but from an ethical standpoint let us remember them.
The total charge is a function of distance, driving conditions and environmental conditions (do I run the heat or AC).
- Charge = F(Distance,DriveCond) + F(Cabin,Environment)
Skipping the analysis here to the conclusions. Since heating a car from the battery is very energy intensive, and since driving above 40 has a hit on fuel economy the “target” for short drives is to pre-heat the car (while at work) and to drive in a most sedate fashion. For medium drives the key is to use the engine heat the car and battery up at the start of the drive…
The “costs” of our decisions:
In the equations above there are “E” terms assigned to each of the costs, the “externalities” in economic terms. These “E” terms can be used to “weigh” the optimization function to push (or pull) the outcome towards a given solution. In some cases the value of the weights can be calculated, other times they are assigned based on a desired outcome. For example, if I was creating an optimization equation for the “ultimate chocolate bar” I would have a heavy penalty against coconut; there is nothing inherently wrong about coconut I just can’t stand it.
Integrating content in this post (4)
This post was written due to N simple observations
- Complex problems can be first understood using “base” methods: Real world optimization routines rarely used a Newton’s method due to efficiency issues, however for understanding optimization the simplicity of a Newton’s method can’t be beat.
- Concepts are Queen / King: The concept behind the Newton’s method, that successive approximations can lead to a numerical solution underpins multiple fields, optimization, feedback loops for controls, noise reduction…
- Reviewing “base” methods can lead to new understanding: In writing this post, and reviewing information on optimization and the basis of calculus (5) I have figured out solutions to a few problems that are plaguing me now, that of course will be in a future post
- The gateway numerical method: Next thing you know you will be diving into implicit and explicate solutions to P.D.E.s
- There is still an external cost for charging at work, that energy is produce somewhere so some amount of greenhouse gas is being produced. This sort of “local” or self optimization can be seen as a leading cause of global climate change.
- This isn’t completely true, since I breath I do pay a direct cost to my health due to air pollution.
- What post featuring Newton would be complete without integration
- Calculus: from Latin, literally ‘small pebble’, with enough “small pebbles” you can “rock” the mathematical world.
If you find value in these posts, consider subscribing | <urn:uuid:cd6a8c87-31d5-4364-9b89-9c55d4cf6a7f> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://mburkeonmbd.com/2019/03/05/newtons-method/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880656.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20201023043931-20201023073931-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.915712 | 1,124 | 3.640625 | 4 |
The concept of a "spectral signature", another name for a plot of the variations of reflected (or absorbed) EM radiation as function of wavelengths, gives rise to the widely used approach to identifying and separating different materials or objects using multispectral data obtained by remote sensors.
Electromagnetic Spectrum: Spectral Signatures
For any given material, the amount of solar radiation that it reflects, absorbs, transmits, or emits varies with wavelength. When that amount (usually intensity, as a percent of maximum) coming from the material is plotted over a range of wavelengths, the connected points produce a curve called the material's spectral signature (spectral response curve). Here is a general example of a reflectance plot for some (unspecified) vegetation type (bio-organic material), with the dominating factor influencing each interval of the curve so indicated:
This important property of matter makes it possible to identify different substances or classes and to separate them by their individual spectral signatures, as shown in the figure below. *
For example, at some wavelengths, sand reflects more energy than green vegetation but at other wavelengths it absorbs more (reflects less) than does the vegetation. In principle, we can recognize various kinds of surface materials and distinguish them from each other by these differences in reflectance. Of course, there must be some suitable method for measuring these differences as a function of wavelength and intensity (as a fraction [normally in percent] of the amount of irradiating radiation). Using reflectance differences, we may be able to distinguish the four common surface materials in the above signatures (GL = grasslands; PW = pinewoods; RS = red sand; SW = silty water) simply by plotting the reflectances of each material at two wavelengths, commonly a few tens (or more) of micrometers apart. Note the positions of points for each plot as a reflectance percentage for just two wavelengths:
In this instance, the points are sufficiently separated to confirm that just these two wavelengths (properly selected) permit notably different materials to be distinguished by their spectral properties. When we use more than two wavelengths, the plots in multi-dimensional space (3 can be visualized; more than 3 best handled mathematically) tend to show more separability among the materials. This improved distinction among materials due to extra wavelengths is the basis for multispectral remote sensing (discussed on page I-6).
I-11: Referring to the above spectral plots, which region of the spectrum (stated in wavelength interval) shows the greatest reflectance for a) grasslands; b) pinewoods; c) red sand; d) silty water. At 0.6 micrometers, are these four classes distinguishable? ANSWER
I-12: Which material in these plots is brightest at 0.6 micrometers; which at 1.2 micrometers? ANSWER
I-13 Using these curves, estimate the approximate values of % Reflectance for rock (sand), water, and vegetation (choose grasslands) at two wavelengths: 0.5 and 1.1 micrometers, putting their values in the table provided below. Then plot them as instructed on the lower diagram. Which class is the point at X in this diagram most likely to belong? (Note: you may find it easier to make a copy of the diagram on tracing paper.) ANSWER
I-14: Presume that two unknown surface features in an image or photo, which actually are a forest and a field crop with the plants close-spaced, are measured for their spectral values, and both display quite similar reflectances at three chosen wavelengths. How might these be separated and perhaps even identified? (Hint: think spatially.) ANSWER
Spectral signatures for individual materials or classes can be determined best under laboratory conditions, where the sensor is placed very close to the target. This results in a "pure" spectral signature. But what happens if the sensor is well above the target, as when a satellite remote sensing device looks down at Earth. At such heights the telescope that examines the scene may cover a large surface area at any moment. Individual objects smaller than the field of view are not resolved (this is akin to spatial resolution limitations). Each object contributes its own spectral signature input. In other words, for lower resolution conditions several different materials/classes each send (unresolved) radiation back to the sensor. The resulting spectral signature is a compound of all components in the scene. Analytical techniques (e.g., Fourier analysis) can extract individual signatures under some circumstances. But the sampled area (corresponding to the pixel concept introduced on the next page) is usually assigned a label equivalent to its dominant class). This integration of several signatures is inherent to the "mixed pixel" concept examined in the bottom half of page 13-2.
* The principles of spectroscopy in general, as well as a survey of imaging spectroscopy and hyperspectral remote sensing, are explored in greater detail in Section 13 (pages 13-5 through 13-10). Also treated in that part of Section 13 is a brief review of the concept of "spectral resolution". | <urn:uuid:675edd04-2262-41bb-8a98-994a6ee9b6c1> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://globegis.blogspot.com/2007/07/concept-of-spectral-signature-another.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898477.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00076-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91399 | 1,064 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Between 25.000 and 30.000 kilometres of wire fences and walls surrounds the borders of many countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. This is killing wildlife that becomes entangled and acts as a barrier to wildlife movements, cutting species off from important seasonal habitats. The long-term consequences are a lower viability of wildlife populations, and a reduction in their ability to respond to climate change. This situation forces a re-think of transboundary conservation strategies.
When the Iron Curtain fell in the early 1990's it seemed that a borderless world had arrived. In addition to allowing the flow of people, this new situation allowed wildlife to pass across borders. The strategy of transboundary cooperation in wildlife conservation spread across Eurasia. The idea was to benefit from the newly opened borders and improved spirit of cooperation to develop plans for countries to pool their efforts and work together to conserve wildlife.
"Good fences make good neighbours"?
However, following 9/11 there has been a dramatic change in geopolitics following the worsening of the security situation in many countries. . Many nations have begun to erect new border security fencing to hinder the flow of terrorists, drug-smugglers, foreign armies and refugees. Existing fences have also been reinforced. The result has been a dramatic reduction in the permeability of borders for wildlife, as well as people. The issue has been mentioned in a few specific case studies, but no overview has been produced, until now. A team of 18 researchers from institutions based in 10 countries have pooled their experiences and reviewed diverse sources of fragmented but publically available data to generate the most up-to-date overview of border fences across Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Their main finding is that between 25.000 and 30.000 kilometres of fencing surrounds the countries of the region, and that more is being added all the time. Although not included in our study, similar fences are even more prevalent in the neighbouring countries of the Middle East.
Impacts on wildlife
These fences represent a major barrier to the movement of wildlife, especially migratory large herbivores like saiga antelope, Mongolian gazelle, Asiatic wild ass or red deer and large carnivores like brown bears, leopards, snow leopards and lynx. There are examples of individuals dying after being entangled in wire when trying to cross. However, a far more serious problem occurs when fences obstruct the movements of animals that are trying to reach seasonally important habitats or escape from unpredictable winter weather. In the worst cases this can result in large numbers of animals dying of starvation. At best it results in a fragmentation of populations and a reduction in their long term viability. The implication is that the whole idea of transboundary conservation needs to be reconsidered in some areas, and the permeability of borders to wildlife cannot be taken for granted.
"The fence that makes good neighbours needs a gate to make good friends"
Luckily, there are several measures that can mitigate the worst impacts. It is possible to open some fence sections in seasons when migratory herds need to pass. It is also possible to leave some strategic sections open, and adopt other security measures to monitor these gaps. There are also a range of fence designs that reduce the risk of animals becoming entangled, and may even permit the passage of some species. In order for these measures to be taken into effect there is a need for wildlife conservationists to engage with government agencies responsible for border security to try and find designs and locations of border fences that minimise undesired environmental impacts. There is also a need for an open public debate about border fences to ensure that the decisions to build them are based on a full consideration of the costs and benefits of fences versus other alternative strategies.
Linnell, J.D.C., Trouwborst, A., Boitani, L., Kaczensky, P., Huber, D., Reljic, S., Kusak, J., Majic, A., Skrbinsek, T., Potocnik, H., Hayward, M.W., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Buuveibaatar, B., Olson, K.A., Badamjav, L., Bischof, R., Zuther, S. & Breitenmoser, U. 2016. Border security fencing and wildlife: the end of the transboundary paradigm in Eurasia? - PLoS Biology.
Full text available at: http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002483
Contact John Linnell at [email protected] | <urn:uuid:76b9f5e2-fcaa-4bf6-b5b8-29a242b7a422> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.lcie.org/Blog/ArtMID/6987/ArticleID/84/Caught-in-the-wire-The-rise-of-border-security-fences-forces-reconsideration-of-wildlife-conservation-strategies-in-Eurasia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825174.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022094207-20171022114207-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.93845 | 947 | 3.125 | 3 |
Today we had our Science Expo. We put up our posters and set up our experiments. We are learning about how people use science in their everyday lives.
On our posters we had our question we were investigating, the observations we made when we did our experiments and a statement about what we had learnt. We then had to show our experiments and talk to the parents and rest of the school about what we had learnt.
We also visited the expos of other classes in the school and this helped us to learn more about science so we can answer our rich question.
What Do You Think? Where do we see science in our world and how does it help us to understand our world? | <urn:uuid:5d45066b-8e1c-468e-8e67-e1c3a2a82fef> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://learningadventures.global2.vic.edu.au/2014/06/25/juniors-science-expo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937113.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420022906-20180420042906-00586.warc.gz | en | 0.983615 | 139 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Today we are going to be talking about the diamond, the hardest known natural mineral. Transcript for question 5: Professor: Not only are diamonds incredible conductors of heat, they are also efficient electrical insulators. There is no known alternative at this time, but I think the film said that researchers are working on it. These questions require you to draw conclusions, understand relationships, and make inferences. Explanation: Choice A is not mentioned. Choice D repeats the word tutor, which is related to tutorial leader, but neither of the speakers are looking for one.
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TOEFL iBT Improve Your Listening Skills (High)
Next up is a list of all our TOEFL listening questions where you can study not only to understand conversations and academic lectures in English by listening.
In the exam you will hear each lecture once before you look at the questions. In this practice test you can control the audio yourself. Listen to the lecture about the poet Sylvia Plath.
According to the professor, what are diamonds good for besides jewelry?
Video: Learning english listening tips for toefl TOEFL Listening Preparation II: Academic Lectures and Taking Notes
What does the professor mean when she says Can anyone remember the reason? The correct answer is A.
TOEFL Practice Listening EnglishClub
My family is guilty of this, I admit. You know, like the flat screen LCD monitors.
8 Top TOEFL Listening Practice Resources to Help You Study • PrepScholar TOEFL
Practice listening to something in English every day and gradually increase the Listening Lab (); BBC World Learning English.
You will not be asked questions about minor details. C The speakers live in the same dorm.
Example 1: Casual conversation Now listen to a conversation. Tremendous heat can pass through a diamond without causing any significant damage.
9 Smart Resources for Stressfree TOEFL Listening Practice FluentU TOEFL Blog
Their argument is that man made diamonds are produced in the very same way as mined diamonds are in nature. B Mark tests. HPTC, which stands for high pressure and high temperature, is also used to change or remove the color of diamonds.
BENJAMIN SUBERCASEAUX TIERRA DE OCEANO
|C The speakers live in the same dorm. A They can create heat.
In fact, most people in the jewelry business shy away from the term synthetic diamonds because it suggests that they are not real. Choice D storage is mentioned, but not for the reason of "future use".
Choice C repeats the word "cousin" but is not the correct answer. Did you forget about the concert, or do you really need the money? | <urn:uuid:957c08ea-0fff-4017-9596-6a212458a7e8> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://wpdevph.com/page/learning-english-listening-tips-for-toefl-8778346.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347415315.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601071242-20200601101242-00587.warc.gz | en | 0.919275 | 581 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Old stellar flashers will be caught in the act in the not-so-distant future, whether they like it or not.
While we have a pretty good idea about how stars like our Sun work, observing all the details that unfold over millions to billions of years of stellar evolution can be difficult, especially if the phenomena occur over short timescales. Take, for example, a particularly explosive and relatively short-lived period our Sun is expected to experience in roughly five billion years.
This event is predicted to happen after our nearest star has burned up all of its hydrogen fuel and starts to burn helium. This is the beginning of the end; the Sun will swell into a vast red giant, ejecting its upper layers of plasma into space via violent solar winds, brightening 1,000 times than it is today. Needless to say, this will be a terribly dramatic time for our solar system (and a definitive apocalypse for anything that remains of our planet’s biosphere), but it will be on the verge of something even more dramatic: a helium flash.
As the solar core starts using helium as fuel, the fusion process will generate carbon and as this begins, a powerful eruption of energy will detonate, as detailed by a UC Santa Barbara statement:
A star like the sun is powered by fusing hydrogen into helium at temperatures around 15 million K. Helium, however, requires a much higher temperature than hydrogen, around 100 million K, to begin fusing into carbon, so it simply accumulates in the core while a shell of hydrogen continues to burn around it. All the while, the star expands to a size comparable to the Earth’s orbit. Eventually, the star’s core reaches the perfect conditions, triggering a violent ignition of the helium: the helium core flash. The core undergoes several flashes over the next 2 million years, and then settles into a more static state where it proceeds to burn all of the helium in the core to carbon and oxygen over the course of around 100 million years.
While the helium flashes of old Sun-like stars have been predicted for 50 years, we have yet to actually observe any kicking off in our galaxy, which isn’t so surprising considering it’s only comparatively recently that we’ve developed the techniques that are capable of precisely measuring the brightness fluctuations of distant stars. This might be about to change, according to a new study published in Nature Astronomy Letters.
“The availability of very sensitive measurements from space has made it possible to observe subtle oscillations in the brightness of a very large number of stars,” said coauthor Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard, of the UC Santa Barbara’s Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (KITP).
Christensen-Dalsgaard is referring to the growing number of space-based observatories, primed to survey the sky for transiting exoplanets—such as Kepler, CoRoT and TESS—that have extremely sensitive photonics that can detect the slightest changes in stellar brightness. And by virtue of these missions’ wide field of view, taking in the light from many stars at once, the helium flashes and resulting brightness oscillations across the stars’ surfaces could be detected in the near future.
It’s thought that the flash itself should last for no more than two million years, which may sound like a long time to we puny humans, but over cosmic timescales, that’s literally a flash—we need some serious luck to detect them. But with more observatories, longer observation periods, and wider fields of view, luck may be just around the corner. | <urn:uuid:8aa82341-1527-4b72-a80f-5ed57119b2dc> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://astroengine.com/2019/11/01/catching-a-stars-helium-flash/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152144.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210726183622-20210726213622-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.927617 | 753 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Also found in: Dictionary, Wikipedia.
(also Johor), a state (sultanate) in Malaysia at the extreme southern end of the Malay Peninsula. Area, 19,000 sq km; population in 1968, 1.4 million (mainly Chinese and Malays, but also Indians). Its administrative center is Johore Bahru. Its industries include the primary treatment of rubber and the mining of bauxites, iron, and tin. There are oil and fruit-canning industries and a cotton-weaving mill. Agricultural commodities, including rubber, pineapples, and coconut and palm oil products, are exported primarily by way of Singapore.
Johore was a part of the Malaccan sultanate unil 1511. After the Portuguese captured the city of Malacca, the Malaccan ruler Mahmud founded the Johore sultanate. During the second half of the 17th century, Johore’s rule ex-tended to southern, central, and eastern Malaya and the eastern coast of Sumatra. In alliance with the Dutch, Johore struggled against Portuguese rule in Malacca during the 16th and the first half of the 17th century. In 1722 the Bugis seized control of Johore, but at the end of the 18th century the territory of Johore proper became an independent appanage of one of the feudal families of the Johore sultanate. In 1819 the British gained a foothold in Singapore, which was a part of Johore. In 1855 and 1885 they forced agreements on Johore, making it a British protectorate. Johore was a part of the Malayan Union from 1946 to 1948, and a part of the Federation of Malaya (a British colony) from 1948 to 1957 The Johore sultanate has been a state in the independent Federation of Malaya since 1957 and a state in the Federation of Malaysia since 1963.
REFERENCEWinstedt, R. O. “A History of Johore, 1365-1895.” Journal of the Malay an Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1932, vol. 10, part 3.
V. A. TIURIN | <urn:uuid:c78ca938-36dd-44b5-a423-e964ec76e144> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Johore | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865809.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523200115-20180523220115-00564.warc.gz | en | 0.931377 | 454 | 3.375 | 3 |
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. A Latin cross having two horizontal bars, of which the upper is the shorter.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- adj. a cross, the shaft of which is intersected by two transverse beams, the upper one being the smaller. See Illust. (2) of Cross.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. a cross with two crossbars
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Sorry, no example sentences found. | <urn:uuid:f79f3b40-7783-4d27-9a73-25a48e08c6c2> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.wordnik.com/words/patriarchal%20cross | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583795042.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121152218-20190121174218-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.81465 | 128 | 2.625 | 3 |
Tablet Coating Musts
When it comes to coating tablets there are musts that really count and then there are the other things.
The ability to coat tablets well is often considered more of an art than a science. Traditional coating uses a sugar solution that is applied one layer at a time through a process called the three D’s; dose, distribute, and dry. Once at the proper temperature the tumbling cores are exposed to an initial dose of solution which is added by the use of a (soup) ladle, pumped, or a controlled spray nozzle. The solution is added in steps and after each addition the cores are continually tumbled to distribute the solution evenly while forced air is blown over the surface of the bed of cores to facilitate the drying process. This process of dose, distribute, and dry is done layer by layer until the required 50-100% weight gain achieves the desired buildup and appearance. Many companies made their own proprietary solution that was kept a closely guarded secret. The art was knowing when the cores were ready for the next layer. If solution was added too soon the cores would stick to each other pulling the coating off other cores. If the previous coating layer was over-dried then the next layer wouldn’t adhere properly creating blemishes and rough surfaces, resulting in a defective coating. In the old days coating a tablet was an art, having a lot of touch and feel. Today coatings are demanding because they must do more than a sugar coat and taste mask. Nowadays most tablets are coated with a thin film, referred to as film coating. A typical film is either just a thin clear coating or a more controlled build up of color coating, most commonly a 3% build up of total tablet weight.
Film coatings provide much more than just being a sweet taste and a protective layer. From a manufacturing standpoint a film coating eliminates dust, makes the tablet tougher, and improves packaging capabilities. From the users standpoint it improves stability, increased tablet hardness, can contain a drug layer, controls the release rates, and improves the appearance.
The process starts with tumbling to eliminate the dust. Dust can create poor adhesion of the initial layer preventing the solution from impinging into the surface of the tablet which would easily peel away regardless of how many layers were added. If the first coat isn’t good no amount of subsequent layers will overcome a weak foundation. Once dedusted the known volume of cores (tablets) are loaded into a drum called a coating pan to create a batch of product. The cores are exposed to treated and conditioned air, this air stabilizes the temperature of the cores and the coating chamber to enable accurate adhesion of a sprayed solution. The more we control these conditions the more likely the process will become a predictive one.
Film coating is not at all like sugar coating in that as soon as the solution (dose ) hits the tablet in film coating it should dry immediately. The prospect of spreading the solution across the surface like sugar coating would cause damage to the tablet. To make the art of coating more scientific, predictable, and most importantly repeatable here are key elements.
Tablet Hardness: The greatest influence of the success in film coating is the consistency of tablet hardness. The delivery of a sprayed coating solution onto a variable range of tablet surface hardness will net poor results at best. Soft tablets will often result in a dull coating and risk the potential for erosion. Tablets that are too hard don’t allow the solution to lock into the surface of the tablet and the coating will often peel off. These are extreme examples, but the subtle variations in tablet hardness can also cause picking, mottling, and reduce the tablet strength. If I were an inventor I would want a tablet surface hardness detector for the best coating results. Traditional hardness testing is not as predictable when it comes to a film coating.
Load: Be careful to load tablets and look for broken, chipped, and other defects as the tablets are being loaded. Be sure to position the pan so the tablets do not hit the mixing baffles or anything else that could dame or chip them. One broken or chipped tablet can ruin the entire batch. Also tablets need to settle after compression for at least 12 -24 hours or the consistency of coating will not be predictable and may peel or frost.
Dedust: Turn on the exhaust blower and pull the excess dust off the tablets. Jog the pan at a very slow speed and make sure that tablet flash or extrusions are removed with the dust.
Preheat: When it comes to film coating the tablets must be preheated or the coating will not dry immediately. The sweet spot is generally around 43-45°C. Dropping below 42 and going over 48°C is asking for problems (there are always exceptions). Remember that when the spray cycle begins it will have a cooling effect. If temperatures are too high the coating may flash off and not impinge into the surface.
Avoid Black Marks: Sometimes it is helpful to preheat the coating pan before loading tablets that get black marks from the stainless steel. Many calcium based products mark very easily. To avoid the marks there are two methods; preheat the pan or coat the pan with the same solution used to coat the tablets.
Pan RPM: Initially the pan should be jogged to dedust, do not run the pan continuously prior to turning the spray on to avoid erosion. Tablet shape and bed depth have an impact on the flow of the cores within the pan. Generally start up slow at around 4-5 rpm once the initial coating is applied then speed can and should be increased. In general the objective is a tranquil bed of tablet cores, we do not want to see tablets jumping all over the place.
Coating Solution: Prepare the coating solution ahead of time to allow the suspension to adequately dissolve. This means the solution should be prepared a minimum of 60 minutes before hand. Make certain the solution is free of lumps and air bubbles. Most solutions require continuous mixing throughout the process. Again the name of the game is reproducibility batch to batch. Establishing a solution hold time is a good idea; and the ideal range is typically 2-24 hours. The wider the range often times the less predictable the results. Spray too soon and the guns clog easily, wait too long and the viscosity changes due to evaporation. The hold time is dependent on the type of solution, water or solvent. The window for solvents based coating solutions needs to be narrower.
Solution Spray Rate: The objective is to spray a thin film across the surface of the tablet bed to get even coverage a little at a time. We want small amounts of coverage multiple times, not the other way around. The spray rate depends on the solution and the core. Generally solution rates are between 40-120 ml/minute per gun. The spray should dry on contact. Too much air pressure will cause spray drying, orange peel, and poor coverage. While not enough air will cause over wetting resulting in sticking, picking, peeling and worse. Again the key is consistency.
Drying Air: The coating pan has small holes to allow air to dry the coating solution. The air supply and exhaust pressure is balanced to minimize the rubbing of the tablets against the perforated pan surface. If supply air was only blown into the pan the spray would go everywhere. If exhaust air was only pulled out of the pan the air pressure would damage the tablets. The proper way air is balanced is that the incoming air is pushed along with the current of the sprayed solution while at the same time the air is pulled through the tablets like pulling air through a filter. The air flow needs to be fast to carry the moisture away from the tablets. Solvent solutions are not as reliant on air volume as aqueous based solutions.
Build Up: Most film coatings quantities are visual or a thin 3% buildup by weight. Typically tablets are weighed after they are preheated and then the weights are checked throughout the process until the desire weight gain is achieved or the appearance is achieved. Many companies predetermine the quantity of solution to be added and simply spray until it is all gone.
Cool Down: Once the proper coating is on the core the spray is turned off. When the spray is turned off the heat should be turned off. Slow the pan rpm or put into a jog mode until the tablets are cooled and dried. Unload and inspect carefully.
THINGS CAN GO WRONG
Bearding: Dried solution occurs from the spray drying around the nozzle. This can happen because of a poorly prepared solution, improper spray rates, too much atomization air pressure, and inadequate negative pan pressure.
Broken Solution Lines: If a solution line breaks shut off the spray and the heat supply, keep the pan tumbling to prevent sticking. Make the repairs and continue the process.
Poor Negative Pressure: Make certain the dust collector can handle the entire run. If the exhaust air volume and static pressure change this can cause over wetting and ultimately create many defects. | <urn:uuid:181dd067-0379-457d-82c2-f0f267947430> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.pharmpro.com/articles/2014/04/tablet-coating-musts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769867.110/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00157-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947893 | 1,857 | 2.71875 | 3 |
There is no doubt anymore – they are out there and they are huge!
For the first time ever, astronomers can confirm the existence of orbiting supermassive black holes. Having the mass of several billion the mass of our Sun, both of these black holes are giant cosmic monsters.
At roughly 750 million light years from Earth, the galaxy named 0402+379 and the supermassive black holes within it, are incredibly far away, but are also at the perfect distance from Earth and each other to be observed.
Supermassive black holes are the most destructive force in the Universe, with a compact energy source of enormous strength and a mass of an order of magnitude between 105 and 1010 (hundreds of thousands and tens of billions) of solar masses!
A black hole is a special region of space from which no matter or radiation can escape. A black hole is a result of the extreme curvature of space by a massive compact body. However, black holes can never be observed directly and their existence can only be inferred from the gravitational effects and the radiation emitted by material falling into them.
The supermassive black holes are so bizarre that until recently scientists did not believe they existed. Today, we know they do exist.
“For a long time, we’ve been looking into space to try and find a pair of these supermassive black holes orbiting as a result of two galaxies merging,” Professor Professor Greg Taylor at the University of New Mexico said.
“Even though we’ve theorized that this should be happening, nobody had ever seen it until now.”
In early 2016, an international team of researchers detected the existence of gravitational waves, confirming Albert Einstein’s 100-year-old prediction and astonishing the scientific community. These gravitational waves were the result two stellar mass black holes (~30 solar mass) colliding in space within the Hubble time.
Now, thanks to this latest research, scientists will be able to start to understand what leads up to the merger of supermassive black holes that creates ripples in the fabric of space-time and begin to learn more about the evolution of galaxies and the role these black holes play in it.
Using the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), a system made up of 10 radio telescopes across the U.S. and operated in Socorro, N.M., researchers have been able to observe several frequencies of radio signals emitted by these supermassive black holes (SMBH). Over time, astronomers have essentially been able to plot their trajectory and confirm them as a visual binary system. In other words, they’ve observed these black holes in orbit with one another.
These black holes are called supermassive for a good reason. Combined they have a mass that is 15 billion times that of our sun, or 15 billion solar masses.
The unbelievable size of these black holes means their orbital period is around 24,000 years, so while the team has been observing them for over a decade, they’ve yet to see even the slightest curvature in their orbit.
Continuing to observe the orbit and interaction of these two supermassive black holes could also help us gain a better understanding of what the future of our own galaxy might look like.
Right now, the Andromeda galaxy is on collision course with our Milky Way, meaning the event astronomers are currently observing, might occur in our galaxy in a few billion years.
“Supermassive black holes have a lot of influence on the stars around them and the growth and evolution of the galaxy,” Professor Taylor explained. “So, understanding more about them and what happens when they merge with one another could be important for our understanding for the universe.” | <urn:uuid:003e330a-73b7-4198-89a5-aefe36a44cae> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://tall-white-aliens.com/?p=11782 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500140.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204142302-20230204172302-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.943513 | 757 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Your editorial criticizing Interior Secretary Ken Salazar for his decision to prevent new uranium-mining claims near the Grand Canyon omits several key facts ("Salazar's Priorities," Sept. 23).
The editorial hinges on a Bureau of Land Management analysis dismissing uranium mining's threat to the Colorado River which supplies drinking water to 26 million Americans.
Yet the BLM study acknowledged that uranium mining could cause "major" pollution in groundwater near the Grand Canyon. The U.S. Geological Survey has urged a "more thorough investigation of water chemistry in the Grand Canyon region." Without evidence that uranium mining is safe for water, Secretary Salazar is wise to take a conservative approach to protecting an irreplaceable national icon and the lifeblood of the Southwest.
Environmental Working Group
Since Grand Canyon National Park is one of America's most visited and famous landmarks, generating nearly $690 million annually and supporting 12,000 full-time jobs, we owe it to future generations to keep the park and surrounding lands safe.
There are already more than 3,500 uranium-mining claims that will not be subject to Mr. Salazar's moratorium. This circumstance, made possible by an antiquated law that gives away public resources to mining companies without any royalty for taxpayers, already benefits uranium-mining interests at the expense of risking the Grand Canyon and the experience of those who visit.
Previous uranium-mining operations have already damaged the park. Interior officials recently found elevated levels of radioactivity at study sites. And the Orphan Mine, a uranium mine Superfund site inside the park, which millions of taxpayer dollars have been used to partially clean up, sits on the rim of the canyon and is located just a few miles from where President Theodore Roosevelt called on future generations to "Leave it as it is. You cannot improve on it. The ages have been at work on it, and man can only mar it."
The NPCA is a nonprofit advocate for national parks. | <urn:uuid:923d58d3-ae0c-4774-994a-a55116b52f77> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204138204576600680567412752?mod=_newsreel_3&mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052970204138204576600680567412752.html%3Fmod%3D_newsreel_3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768977.107/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00020-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931101 | 391 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Are you feeling stressed out? Is this causing you to experience anxiety? Do you know ways to help lessen your anxiety? For many people, anxiety has become an issue, and it causes them to miss out on important things in life. The following article contains a number of excellent tips that will show you how to avoid situations that can cause anxiety.
If you have an anxiety problem, then you should cut down on sugar and caffeine. Sometimes these things can make you feel even more nervous than usual. If you must have caffeine or sugar, then at least cut back. Your diet plays a crucial role in how you react to anxiety.
Keep tabs on or eliminate your consumption of caffeine, nicotine and other stimulants. These substances increase your heart rate and can make you feel more jittery and anxious than you already do. If you cannot make it through the day without several cups of java, look at the reasons why and find ways to make your day less hectic.
Begin your day with a few minutes of positive affirmations. Tell yourself how you want your day to go. Make sure you are using cheerful and motivating words when applying this method. This can help your day go a lot better, which can minimize your anxiety throughout the entire day.
One of the ways that you can feel better during the day and help reduce anxiety is to stretch the moment that you wake up. This can help limit any strain on your body when you go to work or school and can help generate the relaxation of all your muscles.
Starting a gratitude journal can go a long way in helping you cope with your anxiety. Write down things you are thankful for each day, and elaborate as much as you can. This gives you things to refer back to when you are dealing with your anxiety. A journal can really help you focus on what is most important during these times.
Keep a diary. There are people who have pent up stress in their minds and cannot release it. When you have a place to put all of the extra stuff from your mind–like in a journal–it allows your mind to live in the present instead of thinking about anxiety provoking events that are in the past or future.
Learn to exaggerate your fears. This may sound crazy, but it has been proven to work. If you are afraid you will trip when walking down the stairs at an event, imagine yourself not only tripping, but rolling all the way down the staircase and taking other people down with you. Make it a funny, extreme mental picture, and you will feel your anxiety melt away quickly.
As you can see from the above article, anxiety becomes an issue when too much stress is in your life. A lot of the time, this stress can be attributed to problems, which aren’t really that big of a deal. Take the information you learned from this article to help you think positive about events in your life, and soon you will start to feel happy! | <urn:uuid:32d647dc-a20d-4853-a686-ae2e8b2950ce> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.dreistar.com/live-without-anxiety-with-8-simple-tips-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655933254.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711130351-20200711160351-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.958918 | 597 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A preparation containing omega-3 fatty acids (EPADHA), gained from valuable fish oil by way of molecular distillation. Its active ingredients contribute to maintaining normal blood fat levels and blood pressure, reduce inflammations, assist the normal functioning of the nervous system and the brainand they support eyesight.
Who do we recommend it to?
• People struggling with cardiovascular and blood pressure problems and those who find it important to maintain the health and normal functioning of these organs,
• pregnant women and young children, in order to help children’s normal development,
• those who would like to support their body in its battle against inflammatory illnesses (e.g. arthritic inflammations),
• those performing low fat or slimming diets,
• everybody who would like to preserve the health of their eyes and nervous system.
Did you know, that cardiovascular illnesses constitute a leading cause of death worldwide, which means that they lead to the death of more people than any other disease? This is not the case with Greenlandic and Alaskan Eskimos, whose diet contains seafood rich in omega-3 fatty acids. In their populations, the number of such illnesses is lower.*
In the past decade studies have focused on the effects omega-3 asserts on the nervous system. Omega-3 fatty acids consumed during pregnancy help in the development of the nervous system of babies, resulting in better linguistic and social abilities, and improving the mental skills of children.
The development of the brain continues in childhood too. Studies prove that the effects of omega-3 intake improves children’s attention, concentration ability and memory, as well as their apprehensive faculty.. When examining the connection between diet and behavior, they found children with behavior problems, sleep disorders and temper tantrums had lower omega-3 levels as compared to their peers consuming more omega-3 fatty acids. In addition, they also proved that children suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder had lower omega-3 levels than necessary. Make school easier for your child by giving them the small gel capsule of Omega 3 Concentrate within the daily recommended dosage.
|DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)||120 mg|
|EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid)||180 mg|
|Highly concentrated fish oil||600 mg|
|Dosage||1-3 softgels daily| | <urn:uuid:5f1ebca5-1b42-44be-9938-86c49db8cef5> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://vitalaum.com/fruits-of-the-sea/calivita-omega-3-concentrate-omega-3-concentrate.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487655418.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620024206-20210620054206-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.924573 | 485 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Pronouns interrogative pronoun
Which words interrogative pronouns take the place of skills practiced reading comprehension - ensure that you draw the most important information from the related interrogative pronoun lesson. We use interrogative pronouns to ask questions the interrogative pronoun represents the thing that we don't know (what we are asking the question about) there are four main interrogative pronouns: who , whom , what , which. Hi everybody, in the following sentences, which is what, an interrogative pronoun or a relative pronoun s1: i wondered what i would do in that same situation s2: i wondered what it was i think they both are interrogative pronouns, not relative pronouns. Interrogative pronouns are also called question words the interrogative pronouns in german grammar are wer, was, wem, wen, wessen they replace the noun or pronoun that we are asking about in questions learn about german question words online with lingolia then test your knowledge in the free exercises. French has three interrogative pronouns: qui que, and lequel, which are used to ask questions they all have differences in meaning and usage they all have differences in meaning and usage note that lequel is a more complicated case and, as such, is addressed separately.
Interrogative pronouns such as who, what, where, why, when and how allow us to ask a question which accepts a wide range of answers an interrogative pronoun in a question is the placeholder for a subject (nominative) or object (accusative) it represents an unknown noun. Pronouns are versatile the pronoun it can refer to just about anything: a bike, a tree, a movie, a feeling that’s why you need an antecedent interrogative pronouns interrogative pronouns are used in questions the interrogative pronouns are who, what, which, and whose who wants a bag of jelly beans what is your name. Interrogative pronouns about this worksheet: who or whom what or which each interrogative pronoun serves a purpose your student will practice using these important words in this worksheet it’s a great way to practice language standards for common core standards for 1st grade other grades may also find it useful. 'who,' 'whom,' 'whose' and 'which' can also function as interrogative pronouns, along with 'what' simply put, an interrogative pronoun, despite sounding kind of fancy, is just a pronoun that.
Interrogative pronouns are when we do not know of what we are asking the question about these are four interrogative pronouns are the most common ones: who , whom , what , which the possessive pronoun whose can also be used as an interrogative pronoun. As in english, the interrogative pronouns can also sometimes be used as relative pronouns unlike the standard relative pronouns in the previous subsection, they are not declined: der ort, wo ich zur schule ging, ist nicht weit von hier. A pronoun which refers to some noun or pronoun previously mentioned and at the same time joins two sentences it replaces one of two identical noun phrases and relates the clauses to each other. What are interrogative pronouns (with examples) the main interrogative pronouns are who, whom, whose, which, and what(whoever, whomever, whichever, and whatever can also be interrogative pronouns)interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions (the interrogative pronoun represents the thing that the question is about. Interrogative pronouns are aptly named they basically stand in for the answer to the question being asked when they are not acting as interrogative pronouns, some may act as relative pronouns once again, it depends on their function in the sentence interrogative pronoun are always found in questions: (interrogative pronoun)–.
This animation teaches the learner to define and identify pronouns, interrogative pronouns in given sentences this is a product of mexus education pvt ltd, an education innovations company. The difference between interrogative pronouns and interrogative adverbs involves their usage in a sentence if you need to determine what part of speech an interrogative word is, simply find the word within the proper category. Interrogative pronouns allow us to build a question around the thing that the pronoun refers to the object forms of the interrogative pronoun are used after a preposition in informal and everyday usage, you can place the preposition at the end of the clause.
Pronouns interrogative pronoun
– identify the interrogative pronoun in each sentence write it on the line put them in there – interrogative pronouns are used in sentences that ask questions not just once – fill in the blanks below with the correct interrogative pronoun choose from the words provided you may use the words more than once. C reflexive / intensive pronouns: the self pronouns these pronouns can be used only to reflect or intensify a word already there in the sentence reflexive / intensive pronouns cannot replace personal pronouns. Interrogative pronoun is a pronoun which we use in the sentence to ask questions very easily there are various interrogative pronouns used differently to ask very specific questions they can also be used as relative pronouns to ask questions. Exercises translate the sentences and ask questions with the pronoun чей that refer to the underlined words identify the case of the underlined nouns and pronouns 1 э́то моя́ подру́га 2 твой брат тебя́ и́щет 3.
- The relative, interrogative, and indefinite pronouns are originally of the same stem, and most of the forms are the same (compare § 147 with § 148, above) the stem has two forms in the masculine and neuter, quo- , qui- , and one for the feminine, quā-.
- Most often, interrogative pronouns are used in direct questions, representing the person or thing that is being asked about in direct questions, the interrogative pronoun usually comes at or near the beginning of the interrogative clause, acting as either the subject or object of the sentence.
Fill in the blanks with suitable interrogative pronouns 1 ———————- did you invite to preside over the meeting a) who. Each of these interrogative pronouns can be used as either singular or plural most of the examples in this lesson are singular, but below are a few plural examples in the question what time is it the interrogative what is not a pronoun because it is followed by the noun time who vs whom who is a subject pronoun you use it ask for. Definition of interrogative pronouns from our glossary of english linguistic and grammatical terms containing explanations and cross-references to other relevant english grammar terms. An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun which is used to make asking questions easy there are just five interrogative pronouns there are just five interrogative pronouns each one is used to ask a very specific question or indirect question. | <urn:uuid:b78b68d6-8883-4f4b-9a60-9d051e2148d2> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://cttermpaperluya.soalmatematika.info/pronouns-interrogative-pronoun.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376830305.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219005231-20181219031231-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.943774 | 1,425 | 3.515625 | 4 |
This & That
Info To Go
by Karen Bemowski, [email protected]
More About How to Get Started Writing Scripts
If you read "How to Get Started Writing Scripts" (http://www.windowsitpro.com/Windows/Article/ArticleID/50486/50486.html) last month, you know about some resources that you can use to learn how to write Windows shell, VBScript, and Windows PowerShell code. As with chocolate and potato chips, getting just a taste of learning makes you hungry for more. So, I want to cover resources that you can use to learn how to write JScript, Perl, and T-SQL code.
Like VBScript, JScript is a scripting language associated with Windows Script Host (WSH), an environment for executing scripts. Consequently, you might expect to see some WSH references in a list of JScript resources. However, that's not the case. Most WSH resources don't include information about JScript. For example, Tim Hill's Windows Script Host (New Riders Publishing, 2003) is highly recommended for learning WSH and VBScript but doesn't include any information helpful in learning JScript. Surprisingly, even the Windows scripting bible--Windows 2000 Scripting Guide (Microsoft Press, 2003)--contains no information about JScript.
If you run into problems learning JScript, you can talk with fellow scripters at Windows IT Pro's Scripting forum (http://forums.windowsitpro.com). This forum covers all types of scripting languages, so it's a good Web site to bookmark in your browser.
Perl is one of the harder scripting languages to learn. However, it offers some benefits, such as being able to run your scripts not only on Windows platforms but also on other platforms, such as Linux and Macintosh. The "PERL: The Practical Extraction & Reporting Language" Web page at http://www.roth.net/perl discusses some other benefits of using Perl. This Web page also has a link to the ActiveState Web site, which offers a free, ready-to-install distribution of Perl called ActivePerl. One of the most popular Perl distributions, ActivePerl includes not only the core Perl engine but also some popular Perl modules and the Perl Package Manager (PPM) for installing Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN) modules.
If you're a Perl newbie, you might be wondering what modules are. Perl modules are reusable software components that offer specific functionality. For example, the Win32::Perms module lets you modify permissions on files, directories, registry keys, network shares, and shared printers. The only way you can take advantage of a Perl module's functionality is through a Perl script--you can't run modules by themselves. The CPAN Web site (http://www.cpan.org) offers a large collection of Perl modules. The PPM for CPAN lets you install a Perl module from that Web site by typing a simple command.
After you've installed ActivePerl or another Perl distribution, you're ready to learn Perl. The book to start with depends on your background:
After you have a basic understanding of the Perl language, you can focus on areas of interest to you. For Windows systems administrators, two books of interest are
DBAs will want to check out Programming the Perl DBI (O'Reilly, 2000) by Alligator Descartes and Tim Bunce. This book covers the Perl Database Interface (DBI), a Perl-specific interface that provides database functionality.
If you run into problems learning Perl, I suggest visiting some of the many newsgroups and forums in which you can talk with Perl enthusiasts. Besides Windows IT Pro's Scripting forum, you can check out the forums and newsgroups listed on the Win32 Perl Links Web page at http://www.roth.net/perl/links.
T-SQL is the built-in scripting language of Microsoft SQL Server. T-SQL underwent some major changes in SQL Server 2005, so if you want to learn this scripting language, it's best to learn the 2005 version. One recently released book that might help you do so is Beginning Transact-SQL With SQL Server 2000 and 2005 (Wrox Press, 2005) by Paul Turley and Dan Wood. None of the scripting experts I talked with are familiar with this book, but it received an average rating of 4 stars on Amazon.com. Another resource is SQL Server 2005 Books Online (BOL). You can download this BOL for free at http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/sql/2005/downloads/books.mspx.
Because T-SQL is based on SQL, learning about SQL can be helpful. To get a background on SQL, you can check out Robert Sheldon's SQL: A Beginner's Guide, 2nd ed. (McGraw-Hill Osborne Media, 2003).
If you run into problems learning T-SQL, you can ask questions on SQL Server Magazine's T-SQL forum at http://sqlforums.windowsitpro.com. For a list of T-SQL newsgroups and Web sites, go to http://www.insidetsql.com/resources.htm.
This list of JScript, Perl, and T-SQL resources isn't all-inclusive. If you've come across any other helpful resources, please let me know and I'll add them to the list.
This & That
Hey, Congratulations Scripting Guys!
On July 21, Microsoft will publish the 500th "Hey, Scripting Guy!" article. To mark this monumental milestone, Microsoft is featuring a sweepstakes, a postcard contest, and daily comic scripts (don't expect to laugh too much, though). To join the celebration, go to the Microsoft Script Center (http://www.microsoft.com/technet/scriptcenter/default.mspx). By the way, if you ever wondered who the scripting guys really are, check out the Web page at http://www.microsoft.com/technet/scriptcenter/sgwho.mspx.
UNIX Administrators Won't Be Laughing Anymore
Windows scripting has long been the butt of jokes from UNIX system administrators mainly because Windows has been lacking many key features that make scripting truly useful. However, Microsoft is now not only catching up to but actually surpassing other OSs' scripting capabilities with its new Windows PowerShell scripting environment. Formerly code-named Monad, PowerShell delivers several scripting capabilities that Windows has never had and greatly improves some existing features. Learn how PowerShell is filling in the capability gaps in the article "Introducing Windows PowerShell," which will be featured in the August issue of Windows IT Pro.
If I Only Had an IIf Function
VBScript enthusiasts no longer have to wish for an IIf function. Short for Immediate If, IIf is a simple but helpful function that's native to Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) but non-existent in VBScript. However, with some simple creative coding, you can create a VBScript function that has the same functionality.
The IIf function evaluates an expression and returns a specific value, depending on whether the expression evaluates to True or False. Thus, you can use the IIf function in place of VBScript's If...Then...Else statement.
The IIf function contains only three lines of code:
Function IIf(expr, truepart, falsepart) If expr Then IIf = truepart Else IIf = falsepart End function
You place this function in your script, then call the function, following the syntax
IIf(expr, truepart, falsepart)
where expr is the expression you want to evaluate, truepart is the value or expression returned if expr is True, and falsepart is the value or expression returned if expr is False. For example, the calling code might look like
returnValue = IIf(A = B, "A equals B", "A is not equal to B")
If the value of what is stored in variable A equals the value of what's stored in variable B, then returnValue would contain the string "A equals B". Otherwise, returnValue would contain the string "A is not equal to B".
You can use just about any type of expression in the IIf function. Similarly, the function can return just about any type of value (e.g., character, number, date). The expressions in the argument list can include calls to other functions and nested IIf functions. You can even nest IIf within other VBScript functions.
Thanks to Jim Turner for writing and sharing his VBScript IIf function.
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3D printing, a technology of the future: the future began a long time ago in Bavaria
When it comes to cross-industry innovation, 3D printing plays a crucial part. Additive manufacturing can save materials and time and it’s possible to produce more precise components that are stronger. Thanks to networking the process chain using the Industry 4.0 approach, it also manages to manufacture customised elements in small numbers as required.
More and more materials can already be printed today and in ever faster and better quality. While 3D printing once began with plastics, the use of metals has also been successful for a long time. Whether it’s turbine blades, hip joints, soles of shoes or spare parts, additive manufacturing processes are present in all application areas and industries today. As a result, more and more products from 3D printing are being used in mechanical engineering, the aerospace industry and medical technology today.
What is 3D printing?
In contrast to traditional manufacturing process where a material is worn down by turning, milling or boring, 3D printing is a generative process. A workpiece is built up layer by payer by adding materials, which is why it is called additive manufacturing. While at the start it was mainly about the simple manufacturing of prototypes, it has long succeeded in making the jump to be a recognised manufacturing method. The following advantages smoothed the way for the process:
- Production in no time at all
- More complex geometries possible compared to classic manufacturing (milling, welding)
- Less material consumption
- Considerably lighter weights for components
- Functional integration of lines
Promoting technology in Bavaria
The potential of this technology was recognised in Bavaria a long time ago. Which is why the state is placing great importance on promoting research and development projects in the field of “Additive Manufacturing / 3D Printing” as part of the Bayern Digital II master plan and the Bavarian ”New Materials” research programme. Research is mainly to be conducted into collaborations between companies, involving research institutes as necessary. There are currently research projects, for example, at the Universities of Würzburg, Erlangen-Nuremberg and Bayreuth where there is even a newly created Master’s course in “Biofabrication”. In addition, the first BayernLab was also opened in Traunstein in 2016 where anyone interested can test 3D printers themselves.
Leading providers in Bavaria
Concept Laser GmbH, founded in Lichtenfels, Upper Franconia in 2000, is one of the leading providers of 3D printing for metal components for mechanical and plant engineering. Since December 2016, Concept Laser has been part of GE Additive, a division of the global industrial company General Electric. At least EUR 100 million is going to be invested and 500 new jobs are going to be created at the company head office in Lichtenfels.
With its innovative manufacturing systems, EOS in Krailling is one of the technology and quality leaders for high-end additive manufacturing solutions. Founded in 1989, the company is a pioneer and leader in direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) and a provider of highly productive systems for additive manufacturing using plastics. For example, EOS manufactures plastic components on demand in close cooperation with Daimler for its bus subsidiary EvoBus in Neu-Ulm. This avoids excess production and saves on costs in logistics among other things.
Besides selling 3D printers, ExOne GmbH also offers the manufacturing of metal and sand components using 3D printing as a service. The US-American parent company recently completed its plant at the European principle place of business in Gersthofen near Augsburg. The plant extends over an area of roughly 14,000 square metres for production, research and development as well as offices.
The company also based in the greater area of Augsburg has specialised in 3D printing systems for processing plastics, sand and metals. Voxeljet AG develops and sells its 3D printers for industrial use at its head office in Friedberg, Bavaria and is also active at other locations in America, England, China and India.
Other players in the 3D printing sector
The APWORKS company based in Taufkirchen near Munich is part of the Airbus Group and offers 3D metal printing as a service. The entire value creation chain is covered from the optimised design of components to the selection of suitable materials and prototype building to qualified series production. BMW has been using 3D printing technology in its production for a long time and is even opening its own Campus for Additive Manufacturing in Bavaria in 2019. Sandhelden GmbH based in Gersthofen near Augsburg is a provider of washbasins and other plumbing equipment, which are made out of sand using 3D printing. Additive Manufacturing allows for totally new approaches in terms of design and material procurement.
Application areas and industries
- Fuel systems, moving and stationary blades, heat protection components, drive and turbine parts, rocket elements and high-quality components for the cabin and cockpit equipment, among other things, are made using 3D printing processes in the aerospace industry.
- Car manufacturers and suppliers use additive manufacturers, for example, for engine components, bodywork and structural parts and direct components for interiors. It is also suitable for direct components in pre-series development and small parts production.
- Medical technology is building manufacturer-specific modifications with small batch sizes and customised implants up to batch size 1 on 3D printing. But also with the series production of standard implants.
- A variety of dental products like crowns, caps, model casts and secondary constructions, such as mouth guards are being produced in the dental industry.
- 3D printing is being used for customised pieces of jewellery, one-offs, small series or display models in watch and jewellery making.
- There are various applications in tool and mould making, e.g. measuring devices, injection moulding, stapling devices and clamping fixtures for production, cooling channels, etc.
Besides the leading players in 3D printing in Lichtenfels and Munich, a cluster for additive manufacturing has mainly developed in the greater area of Augsburg. Several hidden champions are active in Swabia and sell their highly specialised products worldwide. The Experience Additive Manufacturing multi-location event also took place in Augsburg for the first time this year. Thanks to the involvement of locally based companies and research, a new trade fair concept was developed where accompanying events are also held, for example, in cooperation with the Fraunhofer Institute. | <urn:uuid:994c664e-98fe-46a2-9d88-ca60ebba2484> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.invest-in-bavaria.com/en/blog/post/3d-printing-a-technology-of-the-future-the-future-began-a-long-time-ago-in-bavaria | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335054.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927162620-20220927192620-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.9472 | 1,424 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Hear the history of the Abbey from a guide, exhibition or video
Its history is best summed up in the appellation “The Abbey that refused to die”.
Built in 1216AD. by King Cathal O’Connor, it served the pilgrims for 300 years until it was destroyed by Cromwell’s Army. However, Mass continued to be celebrated in the unroofed Abbey for the next 250 years in spite of Penal Laws and Famine. Restoration, begun in 1846, has been ongoing. It is hoped that further restoration will be carried out for the Octo-Centenary Celebrations next year. | <urn:uuid:1b532eeb-32b9-47e8-8aaf-39e4482a464a> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.ballintubberabbey.ie/hear-the-history-of-the-abbey-from-a-guide-exhibition-or-video/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647044.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319175337-20180319195337-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.968647 | 132 | 3.078125 | 3 |
One hundred and fifty years ago this month the “mothers, wives, sisters and daughters” of Graves County petitioned the Kentucky State Legislature to “guard them from the direful calamity of civil war”. On May 16, the State Legislature resolved that “this state and the citizens thereof should take no part in the civil war now being waged, except as mediators and friends to the belligerent parties and that Kentucky should, during the contest, occupy the position of strict neutrality”. Four days later, Governor Magoffin notified and warned “all other states, whether separate or united, and especially the United States and the Confederate States, that I solemnly forbid any movement upon the soil of Kentucky, or the occupation of any port, post or place whatever within the lawful boundary and jurisdiction of this state by any of the forces under the order of the states aforesaid”. The State Senate resolved on May 24 that “Kentucky will not sever her connections with the national government, nor will she take up arms for either of the belligerent parties, but will arm herself for the purpose of preserving tranquility and peace within her own borders”. The government of Kentucky had committed itself to the policy of neutrality, but there was a sizable minority in the Jackson Purchase that favored joining the Confederacy.
The Spring Meeting of the Jackson Purchase Historical Society at the Paducah Railroad Museum began with a brief discussion on the minutes from the Winter Meeting and a treasurer’s report from Marvin Downing. It was also announced that the Summer Meeting would be held at the Quilt Museum in Paducah sometime in late July. The speaker was Bob Johnston, the President of the Paducah Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society. His presentation was on ”Railroading in Paducah: Then and Now”. The story of the railroad at Paducah dates back to the early 1850s with Lloyd Tilghman, former West Point graduate and later Confederate general, who came to Paducah to lay out the northern branch of the New Orleans & Ohio Railway. The first depot in Paducah was constructed at the corner of 5th and Court Street and the first locomotive arrived by boat in 1855. For the first few decades, James Campbell and Lawrence Trimble managed the railroads at Paducah. Trimble would serve as president of the New Orleans & Ohio Railroad Company from 1860 to 1869. During the Civil War, North and South fought over control of the railway causing damage to the tracks and numerous breaks in service. Following the war, the rail line was completed from Paducah to Union City and from there to New Orleans. The first direct trip from Paducah to New Orleans occurred in 1868. As the United States became more industrialized, the number of rail lines entering Paducah increased dramatically. The later part of the 19th century and early half of the 20th century saw amazing growth in railroads and the number of railroad companies in Paducah. However, the automobile and the trucking industry overtook the railroad industry and by the early 1950s passenger trains ceased to operate in Paducah. In 1960, the last steam locomotive constructed in Paducah left the train yard. The early hay days of the railroads may have past, but Mr. Johnston reminded his audience that railroads still provide a major service to Paducah and Jackson Purchase. The meeting was adjourned with a reminder that office elections are coming up and that anyone interested in running for an office should contact one of the present officers. | <urn:uuid:6b13ad33-9901-4c57-bb72-2edb3da93bbc> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://jacksonpurchasehistory.org/2011/05/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115869404.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161109-00171-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962331 | 730 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Extreme programming (XP) introduced the practice of expressing requirements in the form of user stories, short descriptions of functionality–told from the perspective of a user–that are valuable to either a user of the software or the customer of the software. The following are typical user stories for a job posting and search site:
- A user can post her resume to the web site.
- A user can search for jobs.
- A company can post new job openings.
- A user can limit who can see her résumé.
But user stories are not just these small snippets of text. Each user story is composed of three aspects:
- Written description of the story, used for planning and as a reminder
- Conversations about the story that serve to flesh out the details of the story
- Tests that convey and document details that can be used to determine when a story is complete
Because user story descriptions are traditionally handwritten on paper note cards, Ron Jeffries has named these three aspects with the wonderful alliteration of card, conversation, and confirmation.1 The card may be the most visible manifestation of a user story, but it’s not the most important. While the card may contain the text of a story, the details are worked out in the conversation and then recorded and verified through the confirmation.
Why User Stories?
Because stories exhibit some of the same characteristics of use cases or traditional requirements statements, it’s important to look at what distinguishes stories from these earlier requirements techniques. These differences can lead to many advantages for user stories.
Let's Be Precise
User stories emphasize verbal communication. Written language is often very imprecise, and there’s no guarantee that a customer and developer will interpret a statement in the same way. For example, at lunch recently I read this on my menu: “Entrée comes with choice of soup or salad and bread.”
That should not have been a difficult sentence to understand, but it was. Which of these did it mean I could choose?
- Soup or (salad and bread)
- (Soup or salad) and bread
We act as though written words are precise, yet they often aren’t. Contrast the words written on that menu with the waitress’ spoken words: “Would you like soup or salad?” Even better, she removed all ambiguity by placing a basket of bread on the table before she took my order.
As another example, I recently came across this requirement, referring to a user’s ability to name a folder in a data management system: “The user can enter a name. It can be 127 characters.” From this statement it’s unclear whether the user must enter a name for the folder. Perhaps a default name is provided. The second sentence is almost completely meaningless. Can the folder name be other lengths, or must it always be 127 characters?
Useful for Planning
A second advantage of user stories is that they can be used readily in project planning. User stories are written so that each can be given an estimate of how difficult or time–consuming it will be to develop; use cases, on the other hand, are generally too large to be given useful estimates. Also, a story is implemented all in a single iteration of an agile project, while it’s common to split a use case across multiple iterations (even though those iterations are usually longer than on a story–driven project).
IEEE 830–style requirements statements (“The system shall...”) represent a different problem. When you consider the thousands or tens of thousands of statements in a software requirements specification (and the relationships between them) for a typical product, it’s easy to see the inherent difficulty in prioritizing them. If the requirements cannot be prioritized beyond the common high, medium, and low, they’re unsuitable for a highly iterative and incremental development process that will deliver working software every two to four weeks.
Spare Me the Details
User stories have additional advantages, but I’ll provide only one more. User stories encourage the team to defer collecting details. An initial place–holding goal–level story (“A Recruiter can post a new job opening”) can be written and then replaced with more detailed stories once it becomes important to have the details. This technique makes user stories perfect for time–constrained projects. A team can very quickly write a few dozen user stories to give them an overall feel for the system. They can then plunge into the details on a few of the stories and can be coding much sooner than a team that feels compelled to complete an IEEE 830–style software requirements specification.
User Stories Aren’t Use Cases
First introduced by Ivar Jacobsen,2 use cases are today most commonly associated with the Unified Process. A use case is a generalized description of a set of interactions between the system and one or more actors, where an actor is either a user or another system. Use cases may be written in unstructured text or to conform with a structured template. The templates proposed by Alistair Cockburn3 are among the most commonly used. A sample is shown in the sidebar Use Case 1, which is equivalent to the user story “As a recruiter, I can pay for a job posting with a credit card.”
Use Case 1
Use Case Title: Pay for a job posting.
Primary Actor: Recruiter
Level: Actor goal
Precondition: The job information has been entered but is not viewable.
Minimal Guarantees: None
Success Guarantees: Job is posted; recruiter's credit card is changed.
Primary Actor: Recruiter
Main Success Scenario
1. Recruiter submits credit card number, date, and authentication information.
2. System validates credit card.
3. System charges credit card full amount.
4. Job posting is made viewable to job seekers.
5. Recruiter is given a unique confirmation number.
2a: The card is not a type accepted by the system.
2a1: The system notifies the user to use a different card.
2b: The card is expired.
2b1: The system notifies the user to use a different card.
2c: The card is invalid.
2c1: The system notifies the user to use a different card.
3a: The card has insufficient credit available to post the ad.
3a1: The system charges as much as it can to the current card.
3a2: The user is told about the problem and asked to enter a second credit card for the remaining charge. The use case continues at Step 2.
Within a use case, the term main success scenario refers to the primary successful path through the use case. In this case, success is achieved after completing the five steps shown. The Extensions section defines alternative paths through the use case. Often, extensions are used for error handling; but extensions are also used to describe successful but secondary paths, such as in extension 3a of Use Case 1. Each path through a use case is referred to as a scenario. So, just as the main success scenario represents the sequence of steps 1–5, an alternate scenario is represented by the sequence 1, 2, 2a, 2a1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
One of the most obvious differences between user stories and use cases is their scope. Both are sized to deliver business value, but stories are kept smaller in scope because we place constraints on their size (such as “no story can be expected to take more than 10 days of development work”) so that they can be used in scheduling work. A use case almost always covers a much larger scope than a story. For example, looking at the user story “A Recruiter can pay for a job posting with a credit card,” we see that it’s similar to the main success scenario of Use Case 1. This leads to the observation that a user story is similar to a single scenario of a use case. Each story is not necessarily equivalent to a main success scenario; for example, we could write the story “When a user tries to use an expired credit card, the system prompts her to use a different credit card,” which is equivalent to Extension 2b of Use Case 1.
User stories and use cases also differ in the level of completeness. James Grenning has noted that the text on a story card plus acceptance tests “are basically the same thing as a use case.” By this, Grenning means that the story corresponds to the use case’s main success scenario, and that the story’s tests correspond to the extensions of the use case.
For example, the following might be appropriate acceptance test cases for the story “A Recruiter can pay for a job posting with a credit card:”
- Test with Visa, MasterCard, and American Express (pass)
- Test with Diner's Club (fail)
- Test with good, bad, and missing card ID numbers
- Test with expired cards
- Test with different purchase amounts (including one over the card’s limit)
Looking at these acceptance tests, we can see the correlation between them and the extensions of Use Case 1.
Another important difference between use cases and stories is their longevity. Use cases are often permanent artifacts that continue to exist as long as the product is under active development or maintenance. User stories, on the other hand, are not intended to outlive the iteration in which they’re added to the software. While it’s possible to archive story cards, many teams simply rip them up.
An additional difference is that use cases are more prone to including details of the user interface, despite admonishments to avoid this tactic. There are several reasons. First, use cases often lead to a large volume of paper, and without another suitable place to put user interface requirements, they end up in the use cases. Second, use case writers focus too early on the software implementation rather than on business goals.
Including user interface details causes definite problems, especially early in a new project when user interface design should not be made more difficult by preconceptions. I recently came across the use case shown in the sidebar Use Case 2, which describes the steps for composing and sending an email message.
User interface assumptions appear throughout this use case: a New Message menu item, a dialog box for composing new messages, subject and recipient input fields in that dialog box, and a Send button. Many of these assumptions may seem good and safe, but they may rule out a user interface in which I click a recipient’s name rather than typing it to initiate the message. Additionally, the use case of Use Case 2 precludes the use of voice recognition as the interface to the system. Admittedly, far more email clients work with typed messages than with voice recognition, but the point is that a use case is not the proper place to specify the user interface in this manner.
Think about the user story that would replace Use Case 2: “As a user, I can compose and send email messages.” No hidden user interface assumptions. With user stories, the user interface will come up during the conversation with the customer.
To get around the problem of user interface assumptions in use cases, Constantine and Lockwood4 have suggested the concept of essential use cases. An essential use case is one that has been stripped of hidden assumptions about technology and implementation details. For example, the following table shows an essential use case for composing and sending an email message. What's interesting about essential use cases is that the user intentions could be directly interpreted as user stories.
User IntentionSystem ResponsibilityCompose email message Indicate recipient(s)Collect email content and recipient(s)Send email messageSend the message
Another difference is that use cases and user stories are written for different purposes. Use cases are written in a format acceptable to both customers and developers so that each may read and agree to the use case. The purpose of the use case is to document an agreement between the customer and the development team. User stories, on the other hand, are written to facilitate release and iteration planning, and to serve as placeholders for conversations about the users’ detailed needs.
Not all use cases are written by filling in a form, as shown in Use Case 1. Some use cases are written as unstructured text. Cockburn refers to these as use case briefs. Use case briefs differ from user stories in two ways. First, since a use case brief must still cover the same scope as a use case, the scope of a use case brief is usually larger than the scope of a user story. That is, one use case brief will typically tell more than one story. Second, use case briefs are intended to live on for the life of a product. User stories, on the other hand, are discarded after use. Finally, use cases are generally written as the result of an analysis activity, while user stories are written as notes that can be used to initiate analysis conversations.
User Stories Aren't Requirements Statements
The Computer Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has published a set of guidelines on how to write software requirements specifications.5 This document, known as IEEE Standard 830, was last revised in 1998. The IEEE recommendations cover such topics as how to organize the requirements specification document, the role of prototyping, and the characteristics of good requirements. The most distinguishing characteristic of an IEEE 830–style software requirements specification is the use of the phrase “The system shall…” which is the IEEE’s recommended way to write functional requirements. A typical fragment of an IEEE 830 specification looks similar to the following:
4.6) The system shall allow a company to pay for a job posting with a credit card.
4.6.1) The system shall accept Visa, MasterCard, and American Express cards.
4.6.2) The system shall charge the credit card before the job posting is placed on the site.
4.6.3) The system shall give the user a unique confirmation number.
Documenting a system's requirements to this level is tedious, error-prone, and very time-consuming. Additionally, a requirements document written in this way is, quite frankly, boring to read. Just because something is boring to read is not sufficient reason to abandon it as a technique; however, if you're dealing with 300 pages of requirements like this (and that would only be a medium-sized system), you have to assume that it's not going to be read thoroughly by everyone who needs to read it. Readers will either skim or skip sections out of boredom. Additionally, a document written at this level will frequently make it impossible for a reader to grasp the big picture.
There's a tremendous appeal to the idea that we can think, think, think about a planned system and then write all the requirements as "The system shall...." That sounds so much better than "If possible, the system will..." or even "If we have time, we'll try to..." that better characterizes the reality on most projects.
Unfortunately, it's effectively impossible to write all of a system's requirements this way. A powerful and important feedback loop occurs when users first see the software being built for them. When users see the software, they come up with new ideas and change their minds about old ideas. When changes are requested to the software contemplated in a requirements specification, we've become accustomed to calling it a "change of scope." This type of thinking is incorrect for two reasons. First, it implies that the software was at some point sufficiently well-known for its scope to have been considered fully defined. It doesn't matter how much effort is put into upfront thinking about requirements; we've learned that users will have different (and better) opinions once they see the software. Second, this type of thinking reinforces the belief that software is complete when it fulfills a list of requirements, rather than when it fulfills the goals of the intended user. If the scope of the user's goals changes, perhaps we can speak of a "change of scope," but the term is usually applied even when only the details of a specific software solution have changed.
IEEE 830–style requirements have sent many projects astray because they focus attention on a checklist of requirements rather than on the user᾿s goals. And lists of requirements don't give the reader the same overall understanding of a product that user stories do. It's very difficult to read a list of requirements without automatically considering solutions in your head as you read. Carroll, for example, suggests that designers “may produce a solution for only the first few requirements they encounter.”6 For example, consider the following requirements:7
3.4) The product shall have a gasoline-powered engine.
3.5) The product shall have four wheels.
3.5.1) The product shall have a rubber tire mounted to each wheel.
3.6) The product shall have a steering wheel.
3.7) The product shall have a steel body.
By this point, I suppose images of an automobile are floating around your head. Of course, an automobile satisfies all of the requirements listed above. The one in your head may be a bright red convertible, while I might envision a blue pickup. Presumably the differences between your convertible and my pickup are covered in additional requirements statements.
But suppose that instead of writing an IEEE 830–style requirements specification, the customer told us her goals for the product:
- The product makes it easy and fast for me to mow my lawn.
- I am comfortable while using the product.
By looking at goals, we get a completely different view of the product: the customer really wants a riding lawnmower, not an automobile. These goals are not user stories, but where IEEE 830 documents are a list of requirements, stories describe a user’s goals. By focusing on the user’s goals for the new product, rather than a list of attributes of the new product, we can design a better solution to the user’s needs.
A final difference between user stories and IEEE 830–style requirements specifications is that with the latter the cost of each requirement is not made visible until all the requirements are written. The typical scenario is that one or more analysts spends two or three months (often longer) writing a lengthy requirements document. This document is then handed to the programmers, who tell the analysts (who relay the message to the customer) that the project will take 24 months, rather than the six months they had hoped for. In this case, time was wasted writing the three-fourths of the document that the team won't have time to develop, and more time will be wasted as the developers, analysts, and customer iterate over which functionality can be developed in time. With stories, an estimate is associated with each story immediately. The customer knows the velocity of the team and the cost of each story. When she has written enough stories to fill all the iterations, she knows she's done.
Kent Beck explains this difference with an analogy of registering for wedding gifts.8 When you register, you don’t see the cost of each item. You just make a wish list of everything you want. That may work for weddings, but it doesn’t work for software development. When a customer places an item on her project wish list, she needs to know its cost.
- Ron Jeffries, “Essential XP: Card, Conversation, and Confirmation,” XP Magazine, August 30, 2001.
- Ivar Jacobson, Object-Oriented Software Engineering (Addison-Wesley, 1992, ISBN 0201544350).
- Alistair Cockburn, Writing Effective Use Cases (Addison-Wesley, 2000, ISBN 0201702258).
- Larry L. Constantine and Lucy A. D. Lockwood, Software for Use: A Practical Guide to the Models and Methods of Usage-Centered Design (Addison-Wesley, 1999, ISBN 0201924781).
- IEEE Computer Society, IEEE Recommended Practice for Software Requirements Specifications, 1998.
- John M. Carroll, Making Use: Scenario-Based Design of Human-Computer Interactions (MIT Press, 2000).
- Adapted from Alan Cooper’s The Inmates Are Running the Asylum: Why High-Tech Products Drive Us Crazy and How To Restore The Sanity (Sams, 1999, ISBN 0672316498).
- Personal communication, November 7, 2003. | <urn:uuid:c5b4be6f-9459-4e81-8945-801c7cd0841f> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.mountaingoatsoftware.com/articles/advantages-of-user-stories-for-requirements | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589892.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717183929-20180717203929-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.935266 | 4,297 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Heart failure is a frighteningly common but sometimes overlooked life-threatening
condition that occurs when your heart becomes too weak to pump blood to
the rest of your body.
"Heart failure tends to make you feel tired all the time and short
of breath, so many people dismiss these symptoms, thinking they are signs
of 'just getting old.' Other times it is wrongly attributed to
asthma, pneumonia, upper respiratory infection or depression,” BCH
heart failure specialist
Scott Blois, MD, said during a free health lecture.
"Although the symptoms of heart failure can be very subtle, it's
dangerous to ignore them," he said.
Heart failure can lead to serious complications, including kidney damage,
heart valve problems, abnormal heartbeat (arrhythmia) and liver damage.
Up to half of those who develop heart failure die within five years of
if not put on appropriate therapies.
“Early diagnosis offers the best response to treatment and a better
prognosis,” Dr. Blois explained.
FACES of Heart Failure
To help quickly spot symptoms of heart failure, Dr. Blois shared a handy
tool that goes by the acronym FACES.
F = Fatigue
A = Activities limited
C = Chest congestion
E = Edema or ankle swelling
S = Shortness of breath
Any one sign may not be cause for alarm. But if you have any of these
symptoms and they persist despite initial treatment, Dr. Blois said to
report them to a health care professional and ask for a heart evaluation
echocardiogram — the most important test to evaluate and confirm heart failure
— and the B-type natiuretic peptide (BNP) level blood test. Results
of these tests can help your doctor determine the cause of your signs
and symptoms and the most appropriate treatment.
Causes and Risk Factors
Dr. Blois said that currently an estimated 1 in 5 people will develop
heart failure in their lifetime. It's caused by current and past medical
conditions that either damage or weaken the heart:
- uncontrolled high blood pressure (hypertension)
- past heart attack
- coronary artery disease
- heart valve disease
- alcohol dependence
One of these risk factors can be enough to cause heart failure, but a combination
of factors greatly increases your risk. Talk to your health care provider
about your risk for heart failure.
Doctors usually treat heart failure with a combination of medications.
You may also need to take other heart medications as well — such
as diuretics for shortness of breath or leg swelling — along with
heart failure medications.
According to Dr. Blois, following recommendations for lifestyle changes
can help slow the disease’s progression and improve symptoms. These include:
- limiting water and salt intake
- engaging in moderate exercise
- adhering to your medication regimen
- cutting back on heavy alcohol use and smoking
"Fortunately, the increase in heart failure patients has inspired
researchers to look for new ways to treat it and delay its progression.
Many new medications, pacemakers, defibrillators and surgical procedures
have been developed that can strengthen the heart muscle and make heart
failure a chronic, yet tolerable disease,” Dr. Blois added.
He stated that even more advancements are underway and will become available
in the not-to-distant future, including:
- genomic testing to determine which medications may work best for you
- stem cell replacement in the heart via surgical injection
- gene replacement to grow new muscle cells in the heart
- surgical mechanical heart pumps (VADs) with superior materials
As he wrapped up his lecture, Dr. Blois made a critical point about where
to go for care.
“If you have heart failure, it’s important to go to a specialized
heart failure clinic, like the
Heart Failure Clinic we have at Boulder Heart,” he said. “We can offer the latest
treatment options for managing the condition and the best chance of maintaining
a good quality of life.”
Dr. Scott Blois established the first
heart failure clinic in Boulder County. Appointments are available by calling Boulder Heart
Click here to view PowerPoint slides from Dr. Blois’ lecture on “Recognizing
and Treating Heart Failure.”
Want to receive notification of special events and lectures? Sign up to receive email notifications. | <urn:uuid:5067a3ca-33dc-4334-a797-c4dfa01d03f4> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.bch.org/Latest-News/2020/February/Dr-Blois-Tired-Breathless-Heart-Failure-Could-be.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510352.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403061648-20200403091648-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.896649 | 939 | 3.015625 | 3 |
According to the 2010 U.S. Census, there are 40 million people (13% of the population) older than 65 years of age living in the U.S. This population has increased dramatically during the last two decades. Currently more than half of all surgeries are performed on this group of patients in the U.S.
Frailty is typically defined by the presence of three of the five following criteria: a) unintentional weight loss; b) exhaustion; c) muscle weakness; d) slowness while walking and; e) low level of activity. Older patients often have impaired physiological reserves and comorbid conditions that make them susceptible to postoperative complications, prolonged hospital stays, discharge to long-term facilities or nursing homes, and high mortality rate. In addition, socioeconomic factors have also been known to affect surgical mortality. Older patients should, therefore, be carefully screened before being submitted to major surgical procedures.
Current methods of preoperative risk stratification are limited and do not measure elderly patients’ physiological reserves appropriately. In 1941, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), introduced a classification system that has been used over the years to assess the physical status of patients undergoing surgery. Patients are categorized into groups from I to V depending on the presence or absence of systemic disease. In case of emergency operations, an E is added to the Roman numeral (IE to VE).
ASA Classification System
ASA I: healthy patient
ASA II: mild systemic disease
ASA III: systemic disease with definite functional limitation on life
ASA IV: systemic disease that is a constant threat to life
ASA V: moribund patient not expected to survive 24 hours with or without surgery
Although researchers have noted that ASA III and IV patients have higher morbidity and mortality rates than those with ASA I or II, the classification has been found to lack scientific precision due to lack of inter-rater reliability.
Other researchers have evaluated a battery of tests to try to determine surgical risk in elderly patients. The result is the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA), which closely assesses patients’ frailty and provides a better assessment of patient’s physiological reserves than the conventional ASA classification.
In a 2014 study, Kim et al further fine-tuned the CGA by enrolling 358 patients who were tested before undergoing surgery. They were followed up for more than one year postoperatively. Overall, 275 patients were available for analysis. Patients who survived at least one year after the operations predominantly had benign disease, higher albumin levels, a lower Charlson index, fewer ADL difficulties, better cognitive function and nutritional status, lower risk of delirium, and longer mid-arm circumference than non-survivors.
Through regression analysis, a new scoring index (the Multidimensional Frailty Score or MFS) was established based on the following 9 factors. Each factor is rated from 0 to 2, with 0 being the best and 2 the worst:
- Malignant disease
- Charlson comorbidity index
- Albumin, g/dl
- Activities of daily living (ADL)
- Instrumental ADL
- Risk of delirium
- Mini-nutritional assessment (MNA)
- Mid-arm circumference, cm
The MFS was found to predict all cause-mortality rates more accurately than the ASA classification system. The sensitivity and specificity for predicting all cause-mortality rates were 84.0% and 69.2% respectively.
Patients with a total MFS score lower than 15 usually survived the operation and returned home. The MFS is predictive for survival and better than the conventional ASA classification as a risk predictor.
The study, although encouraging, was performed at a single hospital. It needs to be validated in a large population and across multiple institutions. | <urn:uuid:b0fb9026-a800-4d5b-99ed-f8890346b347> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.themedicalcareblog.com/multidimensional-frailty-score-as-a-predictor-of-postoperative-mortality/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172447.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00243-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94759 | 788 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Our handprint apple tree is a great fall craft for preschoolers and a great way to remember how small your child's hand is this fall. Paint, construction paper and glue are all you need to put together this great apple craft. This craft also makes a great gift or keepsake to share with family.
What you'll need:
How to make your Handprint Apple Tree:
- White and red construction paper
- Green and brown paint
- Brown and green crayons
- Paint brush
- Printable apple template
- Paint your child's hand green. We found that you get a better handprint if you use a paint brush and paint their hand than if you let them dip their hand in paint. Press down on white construction paper. Repeat this 3 to 4 times depending on the size of your child's hand, etc. If you get three handprints try to make them point to 9 o'clock, 12 o'clock and 3 o'clock to get a good "tree".
- Paint on a brown tree trunk and some branches connecting the handprints.
- While your tree is drying, print our apple template and cut out the apple. Trace it onto red construction paper and cut out as many apples as you would like.
- When the tree is dry, glue your cut-out apples onto the tree. Draw on leaves and stems using the crayons. | <urn:uuid:05e80380-f764-44af-a033-69ff6b720c9f> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.allkidsnetwork.com/crafts/fall/handprint-apple-tree.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608058.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525083009-20170525103009-00589.warc.gz | en | 0.930826 | 286 | 2.765625 | 3 |
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cynewulf (king)
CYNEWULF (d. 785), king of Wessex, succeeded to the throne in 757 on the deposition of Sigeberht. He was constantly at war with the Welsh. In 779 Offa of Mercia defeated him and took Bensington. In 785 he was surprised and killed, with all his thegns present, at Marten, Wilts (Merantune), by Cyneheard, brother of the deposed Sigeberht.
See Earle and Plummer's edition of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 755, 779 (Oxford, 1892). | <urn:uuid:26a28d2b-6d5d-43da-9b41-1cae1a48bd05> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cynewulf_(king) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00028-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971493 | 147 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Hannah Shuck, b. 28 Nov 1756; died 17 Sep 1832 at Danville, Lincoln (now Boyle) County, Kentucky; buried Wilson Station Cemetery near Junction City, Lincoln (now Boyle) County, Kentucky; married 7 Apr 1790 at Lincoln Co., KY to John (Jean) Baptiste.
This subject has been shown in the known records as John/Jean Baptiste/Baptist or Batiste/Batist. I think that it is likely that, given possible French naming customs, "Baptiste/Batiste" was originally more like a middle name and that an original French "surname" was dropped. This "surname" may have been a family name, place name, etc. Have seen many individuals named "Jean Baptiste Something-or-other". Everybody is named Jean (John) and it is the middle name that distinguishes them (similar to German naming practice where all sons had a first name of Johann and it was the middle name that distinguished them).
I think it more likely that the correct original spelling of the name of our subject should be "Baptiste", rather than the "Batist", etc. which is shown in some records. This seems to be confirmed by general popularity in spelling by other individuals, as well as names of descendants subsequently found who spell "Baptiste". Also, if one wishes to pursue his ancestors, I think a French Canadian origin may be more likely. (But see notes, below.)
An interesting historical and parallel example is found in the naming of the son of Sacagawea, the Shoshoni Indian who accompanied Lewis and Clark on their expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. She was a wife of the French Canadian Touissant Charbonneau. Their son, who was born Feb. 11, 1805 at Fort Mandan was named "Jean Baptiste" whose full name was Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, but appears to be usually referred to in the records and literature as just "Jean Baptiste" or "Baptiste", apparently dropping the actual surname of "Charbonneau". I suspect the naming situation is similar with husband of Hannah Shuck. This is also why I am guessing that he may have been of French Canadian origin. (An interesting historical bio. see Jean Baptiste Charbonneau ).
According to the following brief reference, Jean/John Batiste/Baptiste appeared in some records as "Jean Batiste St. Onge". From Kentucky Marriage Records, page 325 which gives his marriage record:
1790. 4- 7--Batiste, John, Hannah dau. of Andres Shuch. [This man is probably the same as Jean Batiste St. Onge, who ap- pears occasionally on the county records].However, I have not seen any of those "county records" which give St. Onge as a surname.
If the above is correct, "St. Onge" may have been a "dit" name. In French, "dit" means "say" and in this context means "called." It is like a nickname or alias in the English and is distinct from an original family surname. For example, in another family branch, individuals have been found in early St. Louis County, Missouri, an historically French settlement, identified as Jean Baptiste Piant (Payant) dit. St. Onge (1805-1806), John Baptiste Piant (Payant) dit. St. Onge (1820-aft1880) and similar. This family was from Quebec. The source of the "dit" name could be an adoptive family name, a place where they were from, a place where they lived, a characteristic of the land where they lived (river/stream), etc.
Some good links on "dit" names:
We do not have any further information about John Baptiste, particularly any records that might indicate birth or death dates. He was last seen in the 1820 census at Lincoln Co., Kentucky and presumably died 1820/1830.
Surname has been spelled Batiste, Baptiste, Baliste or Batise (will of Andrew Shuck)
I think the spelling "Baptist(e)" is most likely to be original, presumably, because I have seen others with that spelling. However, spelling of subject's name seems to have been consistent as: "John Batiste". I have found no exceptions except Andrew Shuck's will.
Also appeared to stay put in Lincoln Co. KY. Nothing on him after 1820.
Kentucky Marriages Early to 1800; Liahona Research.
AF online indicates his birth place may have been New Jersey. Would have been Estimated 1750. That seems a remote possibility, but still plausible; Mathias Shuck, brother of Hannah Shuck Baptiste, in his pension application claimed he was born in New Jewsey (1759).
A LOT of 'Batiste' in Louisiana.
Last seen 1820 census Lincoln Co. KY. Shown in Lincoln Co. KY census records 1790 (tax list), 1800 (tax list), 1820 (census). Wife Hannah apparently died 1832 at age 76 per tombstone record found - so they apparently didn't go to Indiana. Only other 'Batiste' in KY was in 1870 Kenton County for a John Batiste page 016. Poss. theory: Jean must have died between 1820 and 1830 and Hannah was living with family (of a married daughter?) in 1830.
Could Elizabeth been dau. by marriage prior to 1790?
Possibility of family linkage: A Jean Baptiste GAREAU ST. ONGE AFN: 14CT-MTB b/c 5 May 1717 Boucherville, Chambly, Quebec,Canada s/o Jean Baptiste GAREAU.
AWT file h4860a indicates he and Hannah Shuck were parents of Elizabeth Batiste. It appears he was the father, but unlikely that Hannah Shuck was the mother. See notes for Elizabeth.
An unknown family history "recently" published (ca. 2000) places Jean Baptiste in Lyon, France before coming to help fight in the American Revolution. I have no further information. (If he fought in the Revolution, there may be some patriot record. Further, that might indicate a birth year as early as 1750/60 (if he were 15-25) or before, which places him in the same age group (estimated) as Hannah Shuck.) | <urn:uuid:35023499-1769-4c62-a5b2-5849618a26e7> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://home.comcast.net/~neal4/shanpr09.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539447.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00477-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965733 | 1,346 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Headlines and Titles of Works
Q. A book title is written in italics, as is the title of a musical album. Chapter names and songs are set between quotation marks. If I’m correct, the thinking behind this is that a song is usually part of an album or a play or some sort of larger work. However, it wasn’t that long ago that a song was a stand-alone work, released as sheet music or as a single on a 78 or 45 rpm record. LPs and the concept of an album came to prominence in the 1960s. So what do we do with “The Pineapple Rag,” which was never part of an album? It was released originally as sheet music and possibly as a player piano roll. Throughout most of music history, the song was the major work. Some songs, like “Money” on Pink Floyd’s The Dark Side of the Moon, are integral parts of the album, while Bach’s Minuet in G has nothing to do with any larger work. Doesn’t it make more sense to italicize song titles? This also eliminates all the awkward quotes and commas when listing the songs in an album or play. Thoughts?
A. Your viewpoint is valid. Songs can fall into more than one category and may reasonably be styled in different ways. There are similar issues with maps, which are sometimes a single page in an atlas and sometimes published as an independent pamphlet or work of art. Adapt the style to suit the document. If italics work better for your songs in a given context, by all means use italics. | <urn:uuid:c7c3a343-0c69-48c0-882b-c7ccd8f466cc> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/qanda/data/faq/topics/CapitalizationTitles/faq0071.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247489933.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219101953-20190219123953-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.97519 | 339 | 3.015625 | 3 |
I am starting a composting program at the Dunes Learning Center that will be used in conjunction with our current food waste program. We collect food waste at the end of each meal and educate the students about the importance of not producing food waste we also collect organic wastes to compost, but our current compost system is very problematic as we are located within the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and wildlife is in great abundance. I along with some of my co-workers are looking to improve the quality of our current food waste program and add in some extra educational experiences for students. We are working to show students the importance of goal setting in life while also teaching them ways to create a more sustainable environment, which we all want right! This project would allow for at least 5,000 students to be exposed to the practice of composting and other food related sustainability practices. In addition to the compost project we will be starting an herb garden, to be used in the Dunes Learning Center kitchen, when the compost project is off the ground and we are actually producing good amounts of compost. The compost will be added to the herb garden. This would be a very student friendly project because manual labor is needed to turn the organic waste of around 70 individuals into actual compostable material, any large pieces need to be cut into smaller chunks that microbes can more easily breakdown through the composting process.
Funded by Chicago, IL (March 2013) | <urn:uuid:0da5ee75-1395-4bd5-8f23-9156af6a39d9> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.awesomefoundation.org/en/projects/16735-dunes-learning-center-food-waste-education | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891316.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122113633-20180122133633-00036.warc.gz | en | 0.958443 | 287 | 2.609375 | 3 |
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The cited definition of space opera in the current article seems rather far-fetched to me: "Star Wars mainly belongs to the space opera subgenre of science fiction that was inspired by works such as Beowulf and King Arthur, and the origins of other mythology and world religions as well as ancient and medieval history."
The definition of the genre cited in its article is simply "colorful, dramatic, large-scale science fiction adventure, competently and sometimes beautifully written, usually focused on a sympathetic, heroic central character and plot action, and usually set in the relatively distant future, and in space or on other worlds, characteristically optimistic in tone. It often deals with war, piracy, military virtues, and very large-scale action, large stakes."
Where do Arthurian fiction, chivalric romance, and epic poetry even fit as literary antecedents for the genre? They too deal with war and heroic characters. But they tend to take place in the past (real or imagined) and are often far from optimistic in tone. The Epic of Gilgamesh features a failed quest for immortality, The Iliad mostly deals with death in the battlefield, the Odyssey features Odysseus losing all his comrades and wealth before returning to Homer's Ithaca and then turns into a revenge tale (and a rather gory one at that), Beowulf ends with the death and funeral pyre of the title character, Le Morte d'Arthur covers the deaths of Arthur, Guinevere and Lancelot, etc. Dimadick (talk) 09:10, 18 September 2016 (UTC)
Additionally, the cited documentary does not make the claim calling SW "mainly" belongs to the space opera genre. I'm fairly certain it doesn't even use the phrase "space opera," but I'd have to triple-check. --EEMIV (talk) 12:18, 18 September 2016 (UTC) | <urn:uuid:30fcaea3-ff8a-441c-b821-9330a00580f2> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Comparison_of_Star_Trek_and_Star_Wars | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721268.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00165-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958376 | 568 | 2.5625 | 3 |
This interview with Carl Baxley-the 45 year-old son of a mixed marriage who has lived on
Seminole reservations since he was about five years old-follows one done with him in the
1970s (1). When asked about Seminole history, he explains that he was not so much taught
"stories in regards to the war, but more stories of how my ancestors survived, who they worked
for, how they ate" (2). He discusses racism against Indians in society and in the public schools,
(3-4, and see 22-23). Among his business pursuits, Baxley sells cigarettes, although he sees that
tapering off (5-6). One of the largest cattle holders at Big Cypress, Baxley donates cows to the
4H program, feeling that, "if you take something, you should give something back" (6-7). Here
he gives a brief discussion of the cattle breeds found in reservation herds (7, 20). He also builds
chickees for sale to outside businesses, which was once his primary income (8). At boarding
school Baxley met with difficulties and dropped out (10). Despite his lack of education, he does
well economically, perhaps better than his educated siblings (10-11). A Christian, he does not
attend church, since he was forced to attend as a child; but he also grew up with Indian traditions
such as the Green Corn Dance. He knows Mikasuki and Creek, and he used to lead songs at the
dance. He also knows some medicines. Baxley no longer attends the dance because of the
alcohol, a problem for his children and grandchildren. In Oklahoma they forbid alcohol, and
there is an effort to establish an alcohol-free dance at Big Cypress, although he thinks that it may
be too entrenched (13-15). Some changes are hard for his children to understand since they live a
different world, with dividends and cell phones and computers, not used clothes (13-14, and 4).
Formerly, parents and grandparents, maternal aunts and uncles gave discipline by scratching
(14). In the cattle industry, technical service "is there, but you have to go get it," which is
something many tribal members are still learning (16-17). He learned about cattle through youth
programs, which his peers also participated in (18). He discusses cattle certification, and the
need for economic diversification (18-19). Education is the key to this diversification and to
success; although he did not have it, he insists that his children go to college, whereas "twenty
years ago .. you were lucky if you had a tribal member who graduated from high school" (19,
and see 24-26). Economic development has made a great difference; "Before, we did not have
time to think, we just had to do in order to survive" (22). He links health and education; of the
people he has seen die from diabetes, "I classify those as unneeded deaths because there was
prevention" (23). The health situation is better than when he was a child, and without that and
education "we would be back to where we were twenty years ago, selling trinkets on the side of
the road and hoping people would come and see us" (23-24). Economic changes through gaming
have paid for those developments, not the federal government. These changes have made his life
better; "Medically, physically, economically, just any way you can imagine, it has made my life
better" (26). In many ways life on the reservation is like life off the reservation, with some
people working and others not; but economic development has provided opportunities for people
to become businesspeople and entrepreneurs (27). A member of the tribe's board of directors,
Baxley feels that "things seem to be moving in the right direction" (28). Today one might think
the reservation is on the white side of the street rather than that with the sprinklers, driveways,
and fences (28-29). Baxley was raised in a chickee, but his children "have no concept of how it
used to be" (30). Tourism helps with cultural preservation; culture needs to be understood and
preserved to be marketed, which in turn makes you think about it (29).
Interviewee: Carl Baxley
Interviewer: R. Howard
30 June 1999
H: I am speaking this morning with Carl Baxley. We are at the Okalee Museum in
Hollywood, Florida. Today is June 30, 1999. Carl, can you tell me what clan you
H: When and where were you born?
B: I was born in Asheboro, North Carolina, September 26, 1955.
H: Asheboro, North Carolina. So, how did you get to Florida? Can you tell me a
little bit of that story?
B: My mom is half Seminole. She was going to school, to a boarding school, in
Cherokee, North Carolina, I guess, and met up with this white guy and got
married. His parents were from there and he was a truck driver. I was born
there, and my younger brother was born there, and everybody else was born in
H: What is your younger brother's name?
H: So, you moved to North Carolina to Okeechobee?
H: Did you ever live on a reservation?
B: I have been living on the reservation ever since I was about five years old.
H: Which one?
H: There was an interview done with you back in, I think, 1972. You were, at the
time, living on Brighton reservation. The interview mainly talked about your
experiences with boarding school. Was that long after you returned from
boarding school, in 1972?
B: I would [not] say so. It was not very long after I returned because I would have
graduated from high school in 1973. Instead, I went into the military.
H: What branch?
B: The army.
H: Where did you serve?
B: I went to Monterey, California, for basic training, and then I took advanced
infantry training in Fort Carson, Colorado. Then I went back to Monterey and
stayed there until I got out.
H: Do you have an Indian name?
H: Do you currently live on the reservation?
B: Yes. I live here in Hollywood now. I have been living here for about twenty
H: Can you tell me what you know about Seminole history, like the wars and any
famous figures. Were any stories about that passed down to you from your
B: Probably not so much stories in regards to the war, but more stories of how my
ancestors survived, who they worked for, how they ate, and different things like
that. Not so much about the war.
H: Can you tell me what you were told about those things?
B: Well, the Seminoles were, I guess, in the same class as black people. They
worked out on the fields, were looked down upon by the white people. I guess in
today's society you would look at them as migrant workers, sort of, but probably
with more disadvantages back then-not having the education and having to
deal with the government on different issues, and things like that. And then,
again, still being treated like black people. Not to say that black people are any
less than us, but there was always that racial discrimination back then, which still
exists today, to a certain extent, it is just called a different word. But, yes, it was
rough being on the reservation, rough trying to survive out there and not having
any skills or any education, because back in the early days it was forbidden for a
lot of kids to go to school.
H: Their parents did not want them to go to the white schools?
B: Right. And then the white people did not want the Indians coming to their
H: Did you have that experience?
B: I remember when John F. Kennedy got killed, I was in a public school, and there
were no blacks in our school at that time.
H: Which school was that?
B: Moore Haven. I remember when it was integrated, the white kids bringing
shotguns to school, and the black kids bringing knives, and stuff like that.
H: Was that in the late 1960s?
B: Yes, I would say somewhere in the 1960s. So, I remember all that. But, yes, the
Indians were still kept in that same category because we were, I guess,
recipients of free lunches through the government programs and different things
like that. And hell, everybody knew you came up from the reservation, which
was a poverty stricken place, no different from the black town, you know what I
mean? So, the economics divided us and that is what made the racial thing a
problem, I guess.
H: Is that why you decided to go to boarding school, because you were being
discriminated against at Moore Haven?
B: Probably not so much being discriminated against, just [for] an opportunity to get
away, for one thing. A lot of people who went out there came back with some
good experiences and seemed to grow when they would return.
H: Grow in what ways?
B: Maturity, I guess, more experiences with life's good and bad. Being on the
reservation, there were not a lot of things happening back then. Today it is a
totally different story, but back then we did not have any money. Hell, the clothes
we wore to school we picked up on the ground at a church that was giving out
used clothes. If it were not for used clothes, a lot of us probably would not have
had clothes to go to school. We cherished those clothes, but we did not have
H: You said your father was a white man. Did he come to the reservation with you
B: No. He and my mother split up, and my mother went to the reservation with all of
her kids, and we have been there ever since. In fact, I think my youngest
brother, who has passed away now, was probably less than a year old.
H: What is your primary occupation now?
B: I am in retail business, cigarettes. I raise cattle. I have a construction business.
H: You have a wide variety of enterprises.
B: Yes, I am involved in a lot of things now.
H: Can you tell me a little bit about each of those businesses, the cigarette
business, how you got into that?
B: I got into the cigarette business back in April of 1983. There had been tribal
members selling cigarettes on the reservation tax-free-state tax free, not federal
tax-and it kind of opened the door for a lot of other people to take that
opportunity, if you could find a piece of land. I was fortunate enough to find a
piece of land and get approval from the tribe to put in a cigarette shop.
H: That is here in Hollywood?
B: I have one here in Hollywood, and I have one up in Brighton now that I have had
since September of 1989. At one time it was a great business to get into, but
since then it has just kind of dwindled away.
H: Why is that?
B: Well, there are lots of things that contributed to that. You have a lot of non-
smoking campaigns going on now. A lot of the elder smokers died off. You have
of a lot of lawsuits going on. And the price of cigarettes has gone up dramatically
in the past year. So, there are lots of contributing factors to it. People are being
made more aware that it kills you. The economics of it, too, the price going up.
Stop smoking, there is a big campaign for people to quit smoking now.
H: What about the cattle business?
B: Well, I have been in the cattle business I guess about six years, out on the Big
H: How many head of cattle do you have?
B: Right now I am running about 230 head. I am the largest cattle owner out at Big
Cypress. I started a program last year where I donated one of my steers to the
4H youth. Normally they buy them and pay for them; I just took it upon myself to
donate one, just trying to give something back, and I am going to be doing that
again this year. From what I was told the other day, I started a new fad, because
there is a guy in Brighton going to do it this time. I have always felt that if you
take something, you should give something back to society, or to wherever you
get it from. I have been in the cattle business going on six or seven years, and
last year was the first year I gave one out. But there are about forty cattle
owners on that reservation, and if one person gave one every year, it would be
forty years before they would have to do it again. Surely we can all afford to do
that. But, there are people who have been in the cattle business twenty years
that have never done anything like that. It is just trying to make a change, do
something different, I guess. Giving one calf to a 4H child-I think he would
benefit more than I would for the money of it and it shows them that you support
them and stand behind them. Not only that, it gives you an opportunity to exploit
your own cattle, so to speak, that you raise on the reservation. There is a
number of ways to see the benefits of it rather than just, well, here you go, it is
free, raise it. To exploit your own cattle, your own industry, is another avenue,
and then you put responsibility on that child to manage that animal, the funds of
it. They have to turn in a book at the end of the year. So, there are lots of
advantages to it, a lot of teaching.
H: We first met at the video cattle sale a couple of months ago, you and I. How did
that sale go for you?
B: The sale went real good. I sold 155 calves and I think I made-well, I am not
going tell you how much I made. [Laughter.] But I did all right. I was happy.
H: Good. What breed of cattle do you raise?
B: We have crossbreeds from all kinds. Right now we are trying to convert over to
Brangus. It seems to be more acceptable in the market place, as far as the
waste factor, because they buy cattle on the hoof, feed them up, and then they
slaughter them, and they get paid for the actual finished product. So, if you get a
higher yield on your animal, it brings you more money in the market place. And
they look to buy those type of cattle.
H: And there was one other business you mentioned, trucking?
B: Construction. Well, I have had a construction business, I guess ever since I have
been in Hollywood. I build these tropical huts-they call them chickee huts, I call
them tropical huts because they sell better that way; people understand tropical.
I would say that I have been doing that probably about twenty-six years. I do not
do it as much as I used to, but that was my main source of income probably for
about ten years, before I got into the cigarette business. And me not looking like
a full-blooded tribal member, I had a little hard time, from time to time, trying to
sell this product. But, over the years I have probably gotten a reputation second
to nobody, as far as being able to build them and the workmanship and the
quality of work. My personal opinion is that I have taken it a little step further with
the quality of the work and the salesmanship of it. When I got in the business, I
was building them for three dollars a square foot; the last one I built, I got twenty-
seven dollars a square foot. That was unheard of-and sometimes it is still
unheard of because a lot of people still build them for ten or twelve dollars. I
figure the quality of the work speaks for itself. You know what your work is worth.
H: Who are your customers?
B: A lot of golf courses; a lot of hotels on the beaches; a lot of condos that have
pools around them. I have built them over sheep cages, horses cages. My main
customer is anybody who has money. [Laughter.]
H: Do you know anything about your father's educational background?
B: I do not know anything about him. In fact, I can only remember my father
whipping my butt for a blinker that I broke off of a car one time. If I ran into him, I
would not know who he is, even though my mother, all her kids were fathered by
the same man.
H: How many kids were there?
B: There were five. She raised them all by herself; [she is] a very strong woman.
But, I have very little memory of him.
H: What was his name?
B: L. D. Baxley.
H: And your mother's name?
B: Lottie Johns.
H: What about your mother's education?
B: My mother, I think she went to the seventh or eighth grade, and that was the
extent of her education.
H: What did she do for a living?
B: She did a lot of things. She worked in the fields planting grass, picking tomatoes.
Back when a gentleman by the name of Bill Osceola was the president of the
tribe, they started a textile plant up in Brighton. I guess that was back in the
1960s or early 1970s that she was hired to run that. And that is when this village
was opened full speed. They would bring all their wares down here and sell
them. Actually, they worked for the tribe; the tribe was labeling the collars and
different things like that. It was a really good business, I thought. It ran for a long
time. Then they just shut it down and she went back to working out in the fields
and stuff. And then I think the government came up with this senior citizens hot
meal program. My mom started out as a cook and wound up, when she retired,
being the manager of it. She is retired now.
H: Where does she live now?
B: She lives in Brighton.
H: So, once you graduated from the boarding school, you did not go on ...
B: I did not graduate from boarding school. I graduated from the eighth grade at
Senaca. Then I went to Sequoia to the ninth grade. I got in trouble there. I was
going to get sent home. I jumped on a bus and went to Shelocko. I did not go
to school there, and I got sent home from there. I came back and hung out about
a year, I guess, and I went to Intermountain, which is in Utah, another boarding
school. I went there, stayed there for about three or four months, and I hooked
up with one of these girls that was running the place and I left campus and
moved in with her. I got a job, and then, since the tribe sent me up there, it was
their responsibility to get me home. So, James Billie and Joel Frank came up
and packed me up and drove me home. So, I never finished school, never got a
H: But you have done very well despite that.
B: I have done all right. Well, there was a professor from Harvard that wrote a
book-I do not remember his name, but I was reading it a couple of years ago-
and it said that education is for people who do not have common sense. They
need a little extra to make it through life. And that works for me, because I am
uneducated. I have a brother that has a college degree. I make more money
than he makes. In fact, he works for me from time to time. Everybody in my
family graduated from high school except for me, including my youngest brother.
They all do well; they all have their own businesses, or work for the tribe, or both.
Well, they all work for the tribe and have their own businesses. So, my mom
was a strong lady and a lot of that rubbed off on me, I guess, in the common
sense aspect of it. I do all right. In the cigarette business, I broker for big
companies, like Liggett and R. J. Reynolds. I do work for Winn-Dixie. I have a
distributing company, too, and I distribute lighters and cigarettes. So, I have
H: I understand, from what you are saying. Are you a Christian? Do you attend
B: I do not attend church on a regular basis. I was baptized back when I was a
young kid. I really probably did not understand the significance of why we were
doing it, just that everybody was doing it and I did it, too. Now that I am an adult
and make my own decisions I do not go to church. I believe there is a God. I do
pray. I do ask for forgiveness and I pray for other people. As far as going into a
church, one of the reasons why I do not go is that when I was a kid I was made
to go, dragged to church, punished for not sitting there and being quiet. And I
still have those memories. But as an adult, church is everywhere; it is on TV, it is
on the radio. So, I think it is up to the individual how they want to pursue it. I do
not think it is something that should be rammed down your throat, like it was to
me when I was a kid-even though I probably needed it and it probably has
influenced my life today. But, I have always been a fighter and I have always
gone the opposite way that everybody else goes. I have the knots on my head to
prove it. I also have the success to prove it as well. It has been a hard road to
travel, but I do not think I would have done it any differently. If I knew what I was
going to learn, back then I would have chosen to go that way, because the
lessons that I have learned are lessons you do not learn in school and you
cannot pay somebody to teach you. You pay to learn them. It is those kinds of
H: When you were growing up, did your family ever practice traditional Seminole
B: Oh yes. Sure. Absolutely. We went to the Green Corn Dances. I know a lot of
things . .. I grew up in Brighton, which speaks Creek, but I lived in Big Cypress
for about eight or ten years, something like that, and I am married to a girl out
there, so I probably can speak more Mikasuki than I can Creek. I certainly
understand more Mikasuki than I do Creek-to this day. I also sit on the board of
directors as an elected official, and we were in a briefing the other day and one of
the tribal members was talking to the president and started speaking Mikasuki,
thinking that I did not know what she was saying. So, as she finished saying, I
just kind of broke in English and just threw her for a loop. I know a lot of the
language. I speak it if I have to. Most of the time I do not have to. A lot of the
elders understand English, here on this reservation. My mother understands
English. My mother speaks both languages, Creek and Mikasuki. And English.
H: About the Green Corn Dance, you say you used to attend it all the time. Do you
B: No, I have not gone in a long time. The reason why I do not go anymore is
because of the alcohol and the drugs that were out there. I mean, I did it when I
was there, too. Do not get me wrong, I am no angel. But, I have kids now; in
fact, I have grandchildren now. The perception of the Green Corn Dance-this is
just my opinion-it is not what it is supposed to be. In fact, a gentleman by the
name of Sonny Billie and the Chief have put one together out in Big Cypress
where there are no drugs and alcohol allowed. If you go out to Oklahoma, if you
show up with drugs or alcohol, they will arrest you on the spot. They do not
tolerate it, at all. I see us trying to go in that direction but there is always going to
be the traditional Corn Dance. And not to say that alcohol was part of that
tradition, but it was introduced way back and it has just kind of been accepted.
And it continues to this day. The Oklahoma medicine people believe that if you
mix alcohol with the medicine, the medicine does not work. A lot of the younger
people in our tribe really do not understand what that means and the significance
of it. Daisi could probably tell you, she understands all that. I am forty-three
years old, so I have been around a little while. I remember when we did not have
dividends and we had commodity foods and we had used clothes from the
churches. My kids could not comprehend that. It is like the old story, well, I had
to walk five miles in the snow to catch the bus. No, you did not do that. You
know what I mean? They just do not understand. I mean, they have grown up in
a different world. And I grew up in a different world, too.
H: The different world that they have today is due to a lot of the new economic
activities that the tribe has gotten into.
B: Well, yes, that is a contributing factor. But not only that, the world itself has
moved on. I mean, there are computers now, which we did not have back then;
cell phones, everybody has, which we did not have back then. I mean, there is
just a number of things that have changed.
H: Do you think that those changes have made a change in Seminole values?
B: I think it relates to the individual. From what I remember, being a young child the
values were instilled in you from your grandparents and your parents. We all had
aunts and uncles, and those were the people who passed down punishment to
you. I mean, my mother could be out of town and my mother's aunt would
scratch me, or spank me, or whatever the case would be. And that was
H: The scratching was the form of punishment?
B: Oh yes. Absolutely.
H: So, that was not only done at the Green Corn Dance?
B: Well, at the Green Corn Dance it was done for different a reason.
H: What was the reason there?
B: Supposedly to let out the old blood and let the new blood in, and keep you from
getting sick. That is what I was told. I am sure everybody has their own versions
of it, and that is passed down through family and through tradition. But, back to
the Green Corn Dance and the tradition, if one generation misses that cycle, then
it is hard to get any other generation back into it. Do you understand what I am
saying? I know some of the songs, as far as the Indian songs go. I know some
of the medicine; I know a lot about the medicine plants, only because I wanted to
know. I know what plant is called what, what this plant will do and not do, and
different things like that, which probably surprises a lot of the full-bloods, that I
know as much as I know. But, when they were going to school, I did not go to
school; I was hanging around the village and the camp working with the elder
people. So, I learned a lot more than anybody could imagine.
H: Were you ever like an apprentice to a medicine man?
B: No. I was never an apprentice, but I have learned, and I do know songs, and I
have led dances at the Green Corn Dance when I was younger. I would say
back in my twenties I used to lead dances out there, like the Firefly and the
Catfish, songs like that. I know them; I still know them. Most of the songs,
whether they relate to Indian medicine or the Corn Dance, are all Creek. So, you
may sing in Creek and speak Mikasuki; but to my knowledge the majority of them
H: Back to the scratching incident. You say your grandmother or other elders would
do that. So, that was a form of punishment.
B: That was a form of punishment. Absolutely. They wear beads, a lot of beads.
You do not see that too much anymore. A lot of that has kind of died off, I guess,
with the elders. But, back then they wore a lot of beads and they had safety pins
on them all the time because they always needed a safety pin.
H: Oh, that is what they used.
B: Somebody would bring you up there, they would grab that arm, take a safety pin
off, and tear you up. And you would run off crying. Not a lot of spankings; more
of discipline through the scratching and through verbal and through teaching, I
H: In your cattle business, do you have extension agents that help you, as far as
dealing with your cattle?
B: Yes, we are tied in with the University of Florida, with IFAS [the Institute of Food
and Agricultural Sciences]. We have a computer up in Brighton that they provide
us, so we are tied directly into them. They provide us with an extension agent
that actually is stationed on the reservation in Brighton. She works on all the
reservations doing 4H.
H: What is her name?
B: Sabrina Tuttle. She is just an old country girl but probably fits into our program
better than anybody else has in the past. She is more of a hands-on type of
person. As far as the benefits that she brings, there is probably a lot there that
we have not tapped, only because of not being at that stage in life or the
economic part of it, not having a need to tap it; but it is there.
H: The Seminole tribal members who have cattle, as their knowledge increases, you
will be able to utilize her even more. Is that what you mean?
B: Well, I guess you could say that, but it is kind of like this. The knowledge is
there, but you have to go get it. It is not going to come and find you and jump
into your brain. It is there, it is available; the tribe and the university have
provided that to us. Now, whether we take advantage of it is up to us. It is the
old cliche, you can lead a camel to water but you cannot make him drink it. I was
amazed when I went up there to find out all of the information they have, as far
as citrus, and cattle, and grasses, and different things like that, that we do not
really tap into. I guess we do now, more than we have in the past. There is a lot
of knowledge there. I am not an educated guy by any standards, but I have a lot
of common sense and I have been pretty successful. I have learned how to learn
over the years, and I see things like that being a big benefit to the tribe. But, it is
not a benefit if you do not use it. I mean, having money and not spending it is
doing nothing. It is the same thing [as] having the opportunity to do something
there and not doing anything with it, it is still nothing. I operate in a layman world,
you know. [Laughs.]
H: You have been in the cattle business for six or seven years, you said. Can you
give me any idea how the business has changed over a longer period of time
than that, or were you not involved in that at all?
B: I guess that I have been involved in the cattle program ever since I was thirteen
years old, when the tribe or the government gave us the funds to have some kind
of a youth corps. I do not know what you would call it. It was not YMCA. It was
a bunch of young kids who went to work-and they still have those programs
now, when you are out for the summer and they put you out in different
programs. I worked on a cattle program then; in fact, the majority of the boys in
Brighton worked on a cattle program back then. That was basically the only
industry that we had on the reservation to work [in]. So, I have been around
cows pretty much all of my life. I know how to artificially inseminate them,
pregnancy test them, all those things I learned on my own.
H: What are the major changes you have seen over the past thirty years?
B: Well, one of the things is that we have more improved land. We have a better
quality of cattle. We participate in a lot of state programs. As far as brucellosis
goes, we have certified cattle; all cattle on the reservation are certified cattle.
That means they are free and clear of brucellosis, which can be contracted
through eating cattle, and humans can contract it from cattle, as well. That is one
issue we are proud of. In fact, the whole state of Florida has been considered a
certified state, even though not every cattle owner participates in that program.
We do. You pay to be in that program. We feel like it is a just cost and a just
service that we do participate in it because the cattle industry, back in the 1970s,
was probably the biggest industry on the reservation. We have all kinds of
people come in and give us suggestions on how to improve our herds, and this
and that, and this is what the market is calling for. But, I guess in the past five to
six years we have taken it upon ourselves to do our own legwork and go out
there and get our own hands dirty.
There are more educated people in the tribe, too. I think I read an article in a
magazine yesterday where the chairman had made a statement that seventy-five
percent of our people are educated now. Seventy-five per cent of our people
[are educated], which is probably true and [it] maybe even more than that. But
that statement was not true twenty years ago. So, we have come a long way, as
far as being educated, and a lot of our own tribal members are out there in the
nursing field, and we have people that have been to the University of Florida for
cattle and veterinary and agriculture. We have tribal members that are attorneys.
We have tribal members that possess PhDs. Twenty years ago that was
unheard of; you would be lucky if you had a tribal member that graduated from
high school. So, education plays a very important role here and it trickles all the
way down to the cattle, citrus, and sugarcane that we are now involved in. We
have diversified a lot and it is due to education, because the lack of education will
only hinder your ability to move forward. I am forty-three years old and I know
that now. When I was fifteen or sixteen, I knew everything then, too-at least I
The cattle business has always been and always will be a mainstay in this tribe.
It is there for life, it has been one of the things that got us to where we are today.
We are recognized throughout the cattle industry in the United States as one of
the five largest producers in the United States-certainly one of the best
producers in the state of Florida. Our cattle are second to none. In fact, we have
been selling to the same buyer, I would say, probably for the past five or six
years. He likes them that good.
H: And you said you are improving them all the time.
B: Yes. We are improving the quality of the cattle. Now we are getting into the
Brangus. We have Brangus bulls that we have probably ...
H: Is that a hybrid breed?
B: Well, depending on from what angle you look at it. From us, it has less fat, less
waste. Waste you cannot sell, you only throw it away.
H: Is that a cross between an Angus and a something else?
B: And a Brahma. It is a mixed breed. Brahma and Angus, and that is where you
get the word Brangus. So, a lot of our cattle in the past years were bred by
Beefmaster bulls, which the university had some dealings with us. We had a guy
down here named Dr. Joe Crockett1, from the University of Florida, who worked
with us for a long time developing our cattle and getting our cattle up to the good
standards. But, like I said, in the past five or six years we have kind of taken it
upon ourselves to move in a different direction, and it seems to be working out.
We are getting higher prices on our cattle. We are getting more demand for our
cattle. That was something that fell in our lap by accident, but somebody had the
common sense to understand what it was saying and start moving in that
H: The physical environment around here in Hollywood has changed dramatically in
the last thirty years. I understand that all around here used to just be woods. Did
people around here used to rely on their means of survival right here, on the
1 Dr. J. R. Crockett, J. R. Crockett, Animal Science Department, Agricultural Research and Education
Center, Belle Glade, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 1960-1982.
reservation, in Hollywood also, like they did in Brighton when you were growing
B: That I could not answer because I have only been here twenty years. There are
people who have been here a lot longer than I have that actually were here when
this reservation was established. From what I do know, they were hunting and
fishing off the reservation, stuff like that, here. This was all woods. The city has
passed us now and gone out to the Everglades. It is a little bit different living in
the city, having to deal with all of the elements that are around you, as opposed
to living out in Brighton. I mean, heck, we knew everybody that was there. If a
stranger came into the reservation, we knew there was a stranger there. Here,
they can come and go all day long and you never even knew they had been
H: Right, because there are really no boundaries around the reservation.
B: But we know where they are. Everybody else does not know where they are. I
am not sure if that is good or bad, meaning us knowing where the boundaries
are, whether that isolates us from time to time because of knowing that boundary
and looking at it as a boundary. I mean, there are lots of mental processes that
you go through in life. It is like there are ten reasons why you should and ten
reasons why you should not, but it is all in the head how you determine which ten
you are going to use. There has been a lot of that going on. I think the tribe,
now, we spend a lot of time with thought processes; before, we did not really do
that. We did not have the money to do that. Even now, just because you have
the money does not make you smart. There is also an old saying that a fool and
his money will soon part.
H: But having the money gives them a little bit more time that they do not have to
spend out in the fields making a living, so it gives them time to think.
B: Well, yes. Absolutely. Before, we did not have time to think; we just had to do in
order to survive. There was no time to think. Now things are a lot different. You
have a little bit more time to think. You have a little say-so about where you are
going, as far as controlling your destiny. Back then, there was no say-so. You
had no say-so. You got up and you went to work or you did not make it. So, it is
a lot different now, and it is not just on the reservations, it is everywhere.
Problems we have on the reservation are not any different than problems off the
reservation. They are the same problems, whether it be drugs, alcohol, poverty,
rape, murder-we do not have a lot of murders on the reservation, but we have
all of the other problems. We have had murders on the reservation. We are not
any different than outside society. It is just that we are isolated on the
reservation. When something happens here, everybody knows where to look,
because we are at the same place and have been here for all these years. I
guess it is the same way with black people, I mean, you know where a black
town is, and you go there. When it is a white person that does it, I mean, you do
not just go to the white town to look for them, they are all over the place. Being
on the reservation, if somebody says, well, it was one of those Indians, you know
where to go and where to look. In my opinion that is still a form of racism. Call it
what you want, but racism comes in all different colors, shapes, and forms. It is
not just a black-white issue anymore, or an Indian-white issue, or whatever the
issues were back in the 1950s or 1960s. They are still there and they are
probably bigger now then they were before, they just have a better cover on top
H: What would you consider the most important economic activities or practices that
the tribe has gotten into today, and how are these different than thirty years ago?
You kind of answered it by talking about how you just had to survive, you did
things to survive. But some of the economic activities that the tribe has gotten
into recently, what do you think are the most important of those?
B: As far as being in today's world and the economic development that we have
here on the reservation, I would think that the most important things would be
health and education. I say health because I have lost a lot of relatives in the
past due to diabetes, or alcohol, or whatever. I classify those as unneeded
deaths because there was prevention there. But whether they did not go seek
prevention or prevention did not seek them, for whatever reason, a lot of it was
due to the education part of it, of not knowing. So, I would say that health and
education would be the backbone to make this tribe go into the twenty first
century because without them we would be back to where we were twenty years
ago, selling trinkets on the side of the road and hoping people would come and
H: So, you think there is better access to healthcare and education and that type of
B: Well, I do not think there is, I know there is. The health and the medical facilities
on the reservation may not be to the standard that I think they should be at this
particular time in our lives, but they are a heck of lot better than they were when I
was a young kid. There are lots more opportunities out there. Not to say that
those are things that we highlighted back then. I mean, money changes people.
It makes them good; it makes them bad. I guess in the past ten years this tribe
has come into some money through our gambling. But the issues are still there.
We have better medical facilities on the reservations that were built with those
dollars. We have better education programs on the reservations that were built
with those dollars, not given to us from the government or the BIA [Bureau of
Indian Affairs]. We have actually made our own money and used our own
money. We walked the walk and talked the talk, when a lot of government
bureaucrats just walked the walk or talked the talk, whichever way you want to
look at it. They never do both. But, a lot of our kids-and my kid for one just
graduated from high school, from a private school here in Fort Lauderdale called
Fort Lauderdale Preparatory School. I have a stepdaughter that goes to a
private school. My oldest daughter graduated from public school.
H: Your children in private schools, are they supported by the tribe?
B: Absolutely, one hundred and ten percent. If you find a private school that you
want to go to and you meet the tribe's criteria, they pay for it.
H: And the criteria are based on what?
B: Go to school. Do not go for a week and drop out. And keep you grades up. You
have to maintain a certain grade point average. There are some rules attached
to it, and a lot of tribal members have really benefited from it. I have a nephew
that graduated from high school and went to one of these computer schools out
in Fort Lauderdale. Well, he just recently got a scholarship from them. That is
what he wanted to do. He loves computers and he has done real well there. He
came right out of high school and went there. So, the opportunity is there. There
is no reason for anybody to walk around saying, I did not have an opportunity to
get an education. I cannot even say that, and I do not have an education. I have
an eighth-grade education; that is it. I am proud of that, too, because I was able
to survive; but I would not allow my kids to do that. In fact, I have two kids that I
am their biological father, their mother is a full-blooded Seminole, so actually my
kids are more Indian than my mother. My grandchildren are almost full-bloods. I
think they are 1/32 away from being full-blooded tribal members now. So, there
is really no excuse to not have an education, and I do not have an excuse as to
why I do not have one. I can just tell you that I did not need it, and I still do not
think that I need it now. But I will tell you this, if I had it, I can see where I could
benefit from it now. I mean, enormously. I make good money now. If I had the
educational background that I should have, I would be out doing real well-a
whole lot better than I am now.
H: So, you see the need, because of the changes that have happened in society, for
your children to have an education.
B: Absolutely. And both of my kids graduated from high school. They do not have
a GED; they graduated from high school because GED was not acceptable to
me. And I expect both of my kids to go to college. It is mandatory that they go to
college. You would think that coming from a high school dropout that would not
be a priority to me, but it is. I have learned it the hard way, that I should have
taken advantage of it back then. Not that I am too old now, but it is like trying to
catch a runaway horse. I do not see myself going back to school. I take a lot of
workshops and I read a lot of books. I mean, I know how to read. Like I said a
while ago, I learned how to learn. If there is something I do not know about in the
morning, believe me, by the end of the day I will be educated on it enough to talk
about it. [End of Tape Side A]
H: I just want to ask you one last question. The economic changes in agriculture,
livestock, education, and business that the tribe has engaged in, in the last thirty
years, could you tell me how these changes have affected your life?
B: They have made my life better. Medically, physically, economically, just any way
you can imagine, it has made my life better. The quality to my life is better. The
outlook on life is better. I think a lot of tribal members can relate to that. I
remember before, we were scrounging around, trying to live, trying to survive.
Now most of us are not scrounging around but we are still trying to learn how to
survive and live. But, we have time to do that, to give some thought to it now,
when before there was never time to think. If you missed one day of work, you
were just out in the cold. It is not that way anymore.
The tribe supports a lot of people. I think everybody should work that is capable
of working. Not everybody does work that is able to work. Again, it is not just in
our tribe; it is [also] outside. There are people that do not work, there are welfare
recipients there, [and] there are welfare recipients here. It is not any different. It
is kind of frustrating when people come on the reservation [and ask], well, how is
the reservation different than the outside world?, expecting to hear something
that is different. Well, it is not any different. But, as far as the economy, and the
tribe, and what they have had, I think it has improved everybody's way of life. I
think the opportunities that it has presented in the form of spin-offs have made
opportunities for tribal members to become businesspeople and entrepreneurs
on their own. And I firmly believe that when one person gets ahead, we all get
ahead. I really believe that, because somebody's got to go out and there and
beat the bushes in order for other people to follow. That is why you hear me say
that and you hear a lot of people echo that, that when one gets ahead, we all get
ahead. Well, somebody has to be the bush-beater and then everybody will
H: And who is the bush-beater in the tribe today.
B: Well, there is a bunch of us. I would consider myself one. When I got voted into
office this village was shut.
H: What office is that?
B: The board of directors. I am in my fourth term now. When I get done I will have
served eight years. The position that I hold, I have held it longer than anybody in
our tribe's history.
H: Do you have any aspirations to be chairman one day?
B: Not at this particular time. I only say that because I respect the person who is
there. I think he has done a lot for us. When I do not think that he has any more
to contribute, and if I have something to contribute, I would certainly take a look
at it at that time. But right now he seems to be in control of things, and things
seem to be moving in the right direction.
H: When you became a representative for this reservation, what state was it in? You
were getting ready to talk about that.
B: Well, if you have been to the reservation now and looked at it, and you came five
years ago and looked at it, you would be lost. Actually, the reservation looks
better than the white people's reservation. You can be riding down the road, and
if you were here five years ago, or ten years ago, you would swear that the
reservation is on the west side of 64th Avenue, because that is how we looked
when I got into office. Now, on the east side of 64th, it looks like white people live
H: Very nice homes, I noticed.
B: And they have lawns, sprinkler systems, fences around their homes, nice
driveways; we did not have that five or six years ago. I put up all of the fences on
the reservation. I, meaning I had the vision to do that. It took a lot of other
people working with me. I got the funds to reopen this village here on Hollywood.
This village was very close to everybody's heart on this particular reservation.
One of my campaign promises was to open it back up. Well, we got five million
dollars together and opened it back up. And it has been opened since August of
H: It is very nice, the museum and the village.
B: Well, it is nice and we have a lot more to do with it. It is an avenue to travel to
exploit yourself, and exploiting is not always bad depending on whom you exploit
and what you are exploiting. It could be a bad word, but I think to exploit our
tribe, as far as for economic development and education, we should do that and
take advantage of it. But, again, those are my own opinions and I exploit them
when I can.
H: So, you see tourism as a very good way of preserving and promoting Seminole
B: I think tourism makes you preserve your heritage and tradition by trying to market
it. Now, if your were not going to market it, then you would probably have no
reason, other than some medicine guy saying we need to save it. But, by trying
to market it as a tourism attraction, it makes you preserve it because it makes
you talk about it, it makes you relive it, it makes you think about it. That is
another forum that kind of just fell in my lap that I really did not know was there
until it already happened. Being able to see that and use it as a vehicle when it
just flew over a lot a people's head, I could sit here and tell people about what is
going on and they still would not understand it. For me to be able to see that and
hold it in my hand and do something with it to mold it or shape it, I take great
pride in that. But, you see people walking around looking at our culture, how we
used to eat and live back in the old days. One hundred years has not been that
long; well, twenty years, in our case. I was raised in a chickee hut like that, with
a dirt floor; that is where I slept. I took a bath in the ditch. So, I am from the old-
timers school. I did all that. We had a cow in the village, in our camp, that we
milked. That is where we got our milk. The old ladies made butter off of it. We
ate a lot of turtles. People went and picked tomatoes and peppers and they
always brought some home and we ate off of that. I am from the old school. I
think it is a heck of a good position to be in because I can go back and forth, and
there are very few of us that can do that. My kids have no concept of how it used
to be, no concept.
H: Do you teach your children about the history or how things used to be?
B: I do not teach them, I talk to them about it. I teach them more about being an
entrepreneur and being self-sufficient, independent, and doing your own thing,
because I believe when you get to this level here then you can always come
back. But you can never come back if you do not ever get there. A lot of those
things may seem like rhymes and stories and things, but they are actually real,
true things. So, I am a psychology kind of guy.
H: I want to thank you very much for your time, Carl.
H: I would like to give you this opportunity to say anything that you would like to that
maybe addresses some point I did not ask you about.
B: I cannot think of anything right off of the top of my head. I would say it is
interesting reading my interview from twenty-some years ago. I do not
remember, but reading it, it definitely was me. I would say, between the time of
then and now, it has been two different worlds, no comparison. But, I am glad I
came up the way I did. I feel blessed being on the reservation because life is
good on the reservation. In my opinion it has always been good on the
reservation. I mean, I do not know any other way. I have been to one white
funeral in my entire life and that was an uncle on my father's side. When we
went to that funeral, it was totally different than the way we bury our people. I
was out of place. I was lost. My mother-in-law in Oklahoma passed away two
years ago. She was full-blooded Cherokee; spoke the language. Their funeral
service was the same as ours. I was at home. I knew what to do next; I knew
what was going to happen next. But on the outside world, I have no idea. Like I
said, I have been on the reservation all of my life. I do business off the
reservation, and I have a house off the reservation, too, here in Hollywood, that I
do not live in. I live on the reservation because that is where I feel comfortable.
only have that house for investment purposes. But the tribe has been good to
me. They have been good to me and they have been good to all the tribal
members, whether they will admit it or not. They have created a lot of
opportunities, and if you do not take advantage of them, it is nobody's fault but
your own, as you probably well know yourself.
H: Again, thank you very much. | <urn:uuid:254a397f-1d7f-491a-8984-e8561bde4fda> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00008110/00001 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170613.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00632-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984462 | 12,593 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Back to Dhamma Sharing
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If we don’t even understand simple things like meaning of “Namo Tassa” and how to chant transferance of merits, it is as of we do not believe in the teachings of the Buddha at all.
If we were to walk the path and do not know about chanting, how can we comprehend the true Dhamma? Read the translation (either English/ Mandarin) and we will learn. When we face problems or meet with obstacles in practice, the answer may come as we recall a particular chant which represents the teachings of the Buddha. Chanting also helps us to sharpen our mindfulness as our mind would be with the chanting.
Khun Mae also taught to chant sincerely from the heart- not only using the brain to merely chant the words. Once, she asked one of her disciples how to chant Ovadapatimokkhagatha. Her disciple started taking out the book and wanting to refer as she could not remember- even though the lady had been chanting it for quite sometime. Khun Mae then told the lady if she had been chanting from the heart, she would comprehend and would be able to recite from the heart.
Chanting is really beneficial. After sometime of consistent practice, your mind would be able to calm down more easily. Sometimes you would be doing work or driving and the heart would be chanting. And when meet with problems, the heart would seemed to know what’s the right thing to do- that is in accordance with sila (precepts). | <urn:uuid:46026320-bdb2-4fa4-9b42-6090e9a2bf38> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://methika.com/2011/02/the-importance-of-chanting-in-our-cultivation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828697.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217161704-20181217183704-00555.warc.gz | en | 0.971674 | 323 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Family History and Genealogy Resources by Surname
Knevett Surname Origin
A corruption of the Norman name Duvenet.
Source: An Etymological Dictionary of Family and Christian Names With an Essay on their Derivation and Import; Arthur, William, M.A.; New York, NY: Sheldon, Blake, Bleeker & CO., 1857.
Knevett Surname Meaning and Family Facts
There is more to Knevett family history than the origin of your surname:
A Knevett Family History Thought:
'We are the children of many sires, and every drop of blood in us in its turn ... betrays its ancestor.' --Ralph Waldo Emerson | <urn:uuid:2e61d706-7a76-4193-b92d-5b33e2bed142> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://www.searchforancestors.com/surnames/origin/k/knevett.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662561747.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523194013-20220523224013-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.841494 | 153 | 2.625 | 3 |
Breastfeeding is the best nutrition for healthy growth and development of babies. Good maternal nutrition helps sustain an adequate supply and quality of breast milk. Unnecessary introduction of bottle-feeding, partially or fully, or of other complementary foods and drinks may have a negative impact on breastfeeding, which may be irreversible. Consult your doctor and consider the social and financial implications before deciding to use breast milk substitutes or if you have difficulty breastfeeding. Follow usage, preparation and storage instructions of breast milk substitutes or of other complementary foods and drinks carefully as improper or unnecessary use may pose a health hazard.
Probiotics are live bacteria and yeasts that are beneficial to our health because they keep our digestive system healthy. Probiotics compete with harmful bacteria for nutrients, and as a result, prevents them from multiplying and causing diseases. This will help to create a balanced environment for your digestive system.
There are about 10,000 billion beneficial and harmful bacteria in children's intestines.
With the different kinds of bacteria living within our digestive tracts, certain illnesses can knock the balance between the good and bad bacteria off, and probiotics can help to restore that balance. Having probiotics in your child’s digestive tract also supports the immune system, decreasing the amount of bad bacteria that could cause infection or inflammation.
Research has also shown that probiotics can be helpful for children with irritable bowel syndrome, various intestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, cramps, constipation, bloating and diarrhoea. Additional benefits include:
Providing antibacterial effects
Compete with harmful bacteria for nutrition.
Create an acidic environment in the intestines to eliminate pathogenic organisms.
Protecting the intestinal mucosa
Prevent the spread of harmful bacteria with a layer of mucus particles.
Create a strong barrier with mucous cells against harmful bacteria.
Distribute anti-inflammatory particles to the intestines.
Improve intestinal microbiota.
Balancing intestinal bacteria
Decrease lactose intolerance to prevent flatulence and indigestion.
Probiotics are naturally found in our bodies, and can be found in foods, or taken as supplements to aid digestion. There are two main categories of probiotic foods: dairy and fermented foods. Some foods that are rich in probiotics include: | <urn:uuid:91522ce4-1e91-4947-9ff1-e0c50f6ce946> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.friso.com.mx/guides/learn-about-probiotics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314752.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819134354-20190819160354-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.910452 | 457 | 3.296875 | 3 |
It was nearing the end of the Heian period in Japan. The battle of Kawasaki was the first major battle of the Early Nine Years’ War (Zenkunen War) (1051-1063.) (The fighting lasted for twelve years (or nine if you subtract short periods of ceasefire and peace.))
The war was fought between the forces of the powerful Abe clan of the far northeast of the main island of Honshū, led by Abe no Sadato, and those of the Minamoto clan, acting as agents of the Imperial Court, and led by Minamoto no Yoriyoshi and his son Yoshiie.
In 1062, Minamoto no Yoriyoshi, along with his son, led an assault on an Abe fortress on the Kuriyagawa. They diverted the water supply, stormed the earthworks and stockade, and set the fortress aflame. After two days of fighting, Sadato surrendered.
At about this time, the seiitaishogun or shōgun became de facto rulers of Japan through powerful regional clans with support from samurai (bushi) serving as the military nobility.
Europe was at war as well; on September 28, 1066, William (William the Conqueror) of Normandy (Northern France) landed in England on Britain’s southeast coast, with approximately 7,000 troops and cavalry.
He then marched to Hastings; on October 14, 1066 William defeated King Harold (England) at the Battle of Hastings. After further military efforts, William was crowned king (the first Norman King of England) on Christmas Day 1066.
At the end of the century, Europe saw the first of the Crusades, launched on November 27, 1095 by Pope Urban II; it was a military expedition by Roman Catholic Europe to regain the Holy Lands taken in the Muslim conquests of the Levant, ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem in 1099. (Between 1095 and 1291 there were seven major crusades.)
Stuff was happening in the Pacific, as well.
Using stratigraphic archaeology and refinements in radiocarbon dating, recent studies suggest it was about this same time that “Polynesian explorers first made their remarkable voyage from central Eastern Polynesia Islands, across the doldrums and into the North Pacific, to discover Hawai‘i.” (Kirch)
“Most important from the perspective of Hawaiian settlement are the colonization dates for the Society Islands and the Marquesas, as these two archipelagoes have long been considered to be the immediate source regions for the first Polynesian voyagers to Hawai‘i. …”
“In sum, the southeastern archipelagoes and islands of Eastern Polynesia have a set of radiocarbon chronologies now converging on the period from AD 900–1000.” (Kirch)
Research indicates human colonization of Eastern Polynesia took place much faster and more recently than previously thought. Polynesian ancestors settled in Samoa around 800 BC, colonized the central Society Islands between AD 1025 and 1120 and dispersed to New Zealand, Hawaiʻi and Rapa Nui and other locations between AD 1190 and 1290. (Hunt; PVS)
With improved radiocarbon dating techniques and equipment to more than 1,400-radiocarbon dated materials from 47 islands, the model considers factors such as when a tree died rather than just when the wood was burned and whether seeds were gnawed by rats, which were introduced by humans. (PVS)
“There is also no question that at least O‘ahu and Kauai islands were already well settled, with local populations established in several localities, by AD 1200.” (Kirch)
Late and rapid dispersals explain remarkable similarities in artifacts such as fishhooks, adzes and ornaments across the region. The condensed timeframe suggests assumptions about the rates of linguistic evolution and human impact on pristine island ecosystems also need to be revised. (PVS)
While Europeans were sailing close to the coastlines of continents before developing navigational instruments that would allow them to venture onto the open ocean, voyagers from Fiji, Tonga and Samoa began to settle islands in an ocean area of over 10 million square miles.
The settlement took a thousand years and involved finding and fixing in mind the position of islands, sometimes less than a mile in diameter on which the highest landmark was a coconut tree. By the time European explorers entered the Pacific Ocean in the 16th century almost all the habitable islands had been settled for hundreds of years.
The voyaging was all the more remarkable in that it was done in canoes built with tools of stone, bone and coral. The canoes were navigated without instruments by expert seafarers who depended on their observations of the ocean and sky and traditional knowledge of the patterns of nature for clues to the direction and location of islands. (Kawaharada; PVS)
The canoe hulls were dug out from tree trunks with adzes or made from planks sewn together with a cordage of coconut fiber twisted into strands and braided for strength. Cracks and seams were sealed with coconut fibers and sap from breadfruit or other trees.
An outrigger was attached to a single hull for greater stability on the ocean; two hulls were lashed together with crossbeams and a deck added between the hulls to create double canoes capable of voyaging long distances.
The canoes were paddled when there was no wind and sailed when there was; the sails were woven from coconut or pandanus leaves. These vessels were seaworthy enough to make voyages of over 2,000 miles along the longest sea roads of Polynesia, such as the one between Hawai‘i and Tahiti.
And though these double-hulled canoes had less carrying capacity than the broad-beamed ships of the European explorers, the Polynesian canoes were faster: one of Captain Cook’s crew estimated a Tongan canoe could sail “three miles to our two.”
By the time Europeans arrived in Hawai‘i in the 18th-century, voyaging between Hawai‘i and the rest of Polynesia had ceased for more than 400 years, perhaps the last voyager being Pā’ao or Moʻikeha in the 14th-century. The reason for the cessation of voyaging is not known.
However, after the 14th-century, the archaeological evidence reveals a dramatic expansion of population and food production in Hawai‘i. Perhaps the resources and energies of the Hawaiian people went into developing their ‘āina; and ties with families and gods on the islands to the south weakened. (Kawaharada; PVS) (Lots of information here from Kirch, Kawaharada and Polynesian Voyaging Society.) | <urn:uuid:5e593c92-7cc8-400d-a2af-73bec88d8d04> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://imagesofoldhawaii.com/eleventh-century/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662517018.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517063528-20220517093528-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.970621 | 1,421 | 3.65625 | 4 |
What is Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
OOP, the acronym for object-oriented programming, it is a language paradigm that uses data rather than logic to run a program. In this system, objects are defined on the basis of data blocks, which are attributes that strictly define the object. The object can be further divided into sub-classes, again based on the presence of certain points of data which define those sub-classes. Java, C++, and Ruby are some of the most commonly used object-oriented languages today and their applications are numerous.
Object-oriented programming has a long history, with OOPSLA, the Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages, and Applications Conference, holding its first meeting in Portland, Oregon in 1986. Although development on object-oriented programming began in the late 1960s and early 1970s, it wasn’t until the mid-1990s that OOP systems began to gain the popularity they enjoy today. In particular, the release of Java by Sun Microsystems in 1995 did a lot to spark consumer interest in object-oriented programming systems.
Object-oriented programming differs from logic-based programming languages in that the flow of action is not as important to the program’s methodology as the data itself, which is used to define the objects around which the program is structured. A good example that is often quoted to explain object-oriented programming is its use in online shopping websites. A dress is an object, defined by certain data parameters. That object might be further classified into other sub-groups of data or sub-objects, such as yellow dresses – all of the objects brought up by such a search would have to possess a set of well-defined data attributes that can be ascribed solely to yellow dresses.
Object-oriented programming has a number of advantages for the programmer.
- To begin with, because the definition of an object or subclass of an object is so discrete and finite, there is very little possibility of unrelated parts of the code acting upon each other in error.
- As the language is based on objects and each object and its sub-class is defined by specific data attributes, only those points of data that fall into a given configuration can be used in a specified part of the code.
- Another advantage is that the definition of a data set is a relatively easy process. In order to alter the parameters of a program, all that needs to be done is to define and add a new data set to the program.
- In a logic based programming model, the remedy would involve writing a whole, often complicated sections of new code.
Object-oriented programming languages also define a class in a comparable way to each other, so languages such as Java are ideal for use in network applications. Indeed, Java can run on numerous platforms without needing any program reconfigurations and is one of the most popularly used programming languages in the world today. Other object-oriented programming languages such as Python represent newer developments in the field of object-oriented programming, with more programmers turning to OOP for its ease of compatibility and versatility. Languages that pre-date OOP such as Basic, Pascal, COBOL, and FORTRAN, have all added object-oriented programming components to their language systems as well, giving programmers today a wide field to choose from. | <urn:uuid:f950a7c8-f7bf-4da2-814e-a4719ce560ff> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://whatis.techgrapple.com/definition/object-oriented-programming-oop/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499857.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131091122-20230131121122-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.947392 | 681 | 4.25 | 4 |
Yesterday, May 3, 2013, a sunspot was pushed past its limit. The colossal energy stored in its magnetic field erupted, blasting out a relatively weak solar flare. But it was enough to trigger a magnificent, towering spire of plasma that reached the dizzying height of roughly 200,000 kilometers (120,000 miles) over the surface of the Sun before the material thinned out too much to see.
The image above is a combination of three different shots taken by NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory, each in the ultraviolet where such magnetic activity is easiest to see (I added the blue dot, which is roughly how big the Earth is, just to give you a sense of scale and to crush your brain). I also created a video of the event using Helioviewer.org; it shows about three hours of solar activity compressed into 19 seconds:
What you just saw is a pretty typical event for the Sun. Rising plasma (gas stripped of one or more electrons, giving it an electric field) inside the Sun has a magnetic field embedded in it. When it gets to the Sun’s surface, the magnetic field lines go up and down, piercing the surface. There can be quite a few of them, looping high over the surface, each storing more energy than all the nuclear weapons on Earth. The lines can get tangled, and if one of these loops crosses another, they can connect, like a short circuit. It releases its energy, which then twangs another loop, which snaps, and releases its energy…
…and you get a sudden and explosive release of all that fury. That’s a solar flare (the flare itself from May 3 can be seen in the inset image). It perturbs everything around it, shaking the solar surface and the magnetic fields of other regions. In this case, it triggered an eruptive prominence, that huge tower of plasma. As the prominence rose, the magnetic field lines inside of it still hold sway, and you can see the top of it apparently twisting as it rises, flowing along those magnetic field lines (I’ve explained all this in more detail in an earlier post, too).
The Sun goes through a magnetic cycle, with its activity increasing from a minimum to a maximum over the course of about 5.5 years. It’s recently stalled a bit, with fewer sunspots and fewer flares than expected. It’s not at all clear if it’ll start to ramp up again, or if we’ve already passed the peak. The Sun is a bit like climate and weather; over long periods we can predict its climate, but over short periods its weather is a bit dicier to foretell. We’ll just have to wait and see what the future brings.
Tip o’ the welder’s goggles to Little SDO. | <urn:uuid:f96cc762-4907-4dc1-80bc-12b3e16a7058> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/05/04/solar_flare_a_magnetic_eruption_on_the_sun_blows_off_a_towering_spire_of.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171251.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00590-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942114 | 588 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The urinary tract system is responsible for making and carrying urine out of your body. It includes your bladder and kidneys and the tubes that connect them. When germs get into this system, they can cause an infection. Escherichia coli, more commonly known as E. coli, is the cause of 80–85% of all urinary tract infections.
While people of any age or sex can get UTIs, about four times as many women get UTIs as men. This is mainly due to the fact that women have a shorter urethra, which makes it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder. Additionally, the opening of a woman’s urethra is near the vagina and anus, where bacteria live. For reasons that are not well understood, some women get urinary tract infections again and again. This leads many to search for urinary tract infection home remedies.
Most urinary tract infections are actually bladder infections. A bladder infection usually is not serious if it is treated right away. However, if you do not take care of a bladder infection, it can spread to your kidneys. A kidney infection is more serious and can cause permanent damage. Therefore it is best to take precautions to avoid getting a urinary tract infection and to treat them as soon as possible if you should get one.
Usually, germs get into your system through your urethra, the tube that carries urine from your bladder to the outside of your body. The germs that usually cause these infections live in your large intestine and are found in your stool. If these germs get inside your urethra, they can travel up into your bladder and kidneys and cause an infection. Normally, bacteria that enter the urinary tract are quickly removed by the body before they cause symptoms. But sometimes bacteria overcome the body’s natural defenses and cause infection.
These are steps you can take to try to prevent a UTI:
Avoid using diaphragms. Women who use a diaphragm are more likely to get UTIs than women who use other forms of birth control.
Drink plenty of fluids, preferably water. You may be more likely to get an infection if you do not drink enough fluids. Some research suggests that cranberry (juice or capsules) may help prevent UTIs. If you choose juice make sure that you use 100% juice to avoid unnecessary sugar.
Boost your immune system. In both sexes, a strong and healthy immune system will help prevent infection. Natural supplements such as ginseng, astragalus (Huang-Qi), and echinacea may help boost your immune system and can be found in most health food stores.
Urinate when you need to. Don’t hold it. It is especially important to pass urine before and after sex. After you pass urine or have a bowel movement (BM), wipe from front to back. Having sex can make it easier for germs to get into your urethra.
Practice proper hygiene. Clean the outer lips of your vagina and anus each day. Take showers instead of baths. Showers are better especially for women because dirt in bath water can lead to infections of the vagina. Also avoid using douches or feminine hygiene sprays.
Dress properly. Wear underpants with a cotton crotch. Don’t wear tight-fitting pants, which can trap in moisture and provide an environment for bacteria to grow.
- You may have an infection if you have any of these symptoms:
- A frequent or intense urge to urinate, even when you have little urine to pass.
- There is pain or burning when you urinate. Your urine may also be cloudy, dark, bloody, or foul-smelling.
- There is pain on one side of your back under your ribs. This is where your kidneys are located. Your stomach might also feel tender.
- You have fever, chills, nausea and vomiting.
Home Remedies for UTI
Load up on vitamin C. This is one of the most popular urinary tract infection home remedies. Vitamin C makes your urine more acidic, which fights bacteria in your urinary tract. If you have an active UTI, taking vitamin C supplements may help.
Place a heating pad over your pelvic area. Gentle heat may provide some pain relief.
Increase your fluid intake. Both during a UTI and after, you need lots of fluids to flush out the infection and to keep you hydrated. Drinking lots of fluid can help flush bacteria from your system. Water is best although you can choose non-caffeinated tea and other healthy drinks which are not loaded with sugar. Most people should try for six to eight, 8-ounce glasses a day. Cranberry juice won’t cure a UTI, but it may prevent recurrence, particularly in women.
Stop the burn with baking soda. If painful, burning urination is a problem for you during a UTI, try baking soda. Stir 1/2 teaspoon of baking soda into 1 cup of water and drink it. The baking soda neutralizes acid in your urine, which makes peeing less painful. Baking soda is also extremely effective in teeth whitening.
Food fight. Eating the right foods can help treat your UTI. Yogurt contains probiotics, which is the good bacteria that helps to keep bad bacteria that can cause UTIs at bay. Blueberries and cranberries are from the same plant family and seem to have the same bacteria-inhibiting properties. Pineapples contain the enzyme bromelain which has been known to be an effective anti-inflammatory.
Use herbal remedies. You may find some relief from taking the herb urva ursi, which works as an anti-inflammatory. In addition, the herbs golden seal and Oregon grape root can help your body fight E. coli,the bacteria that causes UTIs. Look here for the best prices on these and other top selling herbal remedies.
The following are remedies collected from readers.
Oil of Oregano in combination with garlic capsules take 3 times a day.
Drink original Alka-Seltzer as recommended on the package at the first sign of a urinary tract infection.
Granny smith apples slices dipped in white vinegar have also been known to reduce the symptoms associated with urinary tract infections. | <urn:uuid:7c839cc2-7884-419a-814b-37632484141a> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://cureitathome.com/home-remedies-for-uti/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267876.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00389-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947787 | 1,290 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Neelgai Cull – Does India have any alternative to it?
“For the first time, a massacre of this scale has been allowed. The Environment Ministry is writing to all states asking for a list of animals whose killing should be sanctioned, and promising to allow that,” said Ms Menka Gandhi. The statement was carried out by one of the promising media house NDTV on 9th June 2016 in light of around 250 Neelgai (or Blue Bull) been slaughtered within last 3 days in Bihar state of India.
Whilst, India being blessed as one of the richest country in terms of Biodiversity and wilderness, it is well observed that somehow it has become a “curse in disguise” for the entire country. Due to uncontrolled population rise and illegal forest grabbing in India, wildlife is seen to be suffering the most and very few, really do understand their plight. Hence, the best way to mitigate the man-animal conflict, India’s Environment and Forest Ministry has found, is cull. To stop the so called Neelgai entering farms (just because we have encroached most of their habitat) is to slaughter them up, which is arguably the best possible solution to the menace.
Just while this decision was taken, the major challenge to pursue this is the religious angle, which this member of deer family carries. The religious angle is associated to this mammal (fortunately or unfortunately) by its name “Neelgai”. In India, the name “Gai” is attributed to Cow, which is unarguably the holiest animal for Hindus. Due to the fact, that name of this mammal has Gai as suffix, (as this mammal resemble more as Cow rather than deer) carries sentiments and bars the slaughter. Apart from this, Forest Ministry also agreed to consider the mammal into “vermin” category so that the menace could be easily justified.
Even to this situation, a lame solution evaporated, and that was to change the mammals’ name and eliminate the (Gai) suffix. Though, this was the funniest ever solution to this situation, it was believed that people would then accept the decision whole-heartedly. Despite the idea seem to be childish, but it worked. Around 200 blue bulls were slaughtered within a span of 3 days, and was recorded as the first bloodbath in Indian history.
Whilst, this bloodshed was getting criticised from all over the world, Madhya Pradesh State ministry held back the menace decision, and adopted a surprise. The national newspaper, The Times of India quoted, “In Bihar, around 250 nilgai were killed after the government gave the permission. Here, we decided to adopt the Boma technique,” said Ujjain chief conservator of forests BS Annigeri. 9 Nilgai (4 male, 3 female, 2 fawns) were captured the first day, and the numbers went up to 27. The catch and relocation of the mammal to nearest forest was successful, which did cost 1.7lac INR at an average for each head. Despite the Boma technique being the costly resort, Madhya Pradesh forest department adopted it over shooting these innocent animals. We need to understand, if money is more important than an animal’s life? Madhya Pradesh has set an eye opening example, full of wisdom, in front of all other states of India and MoEF (Ministry of Environment and Forest) as well.
3,835 total views, 3 views today
Latest posts by Kalyan Choudhury (see all)
- Preparing For Prey - 4th April 2017
- Neelgai Cull – Does India have any alternative to it? - 26th March 2017
- Surprise Wildlife Sighting - 20th March 2017 | <urn:uuid:473a4fec-bedb-4dcb-8613-2c06fec9daa3> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://wildlifearticles.co.uk/neelgai-cull-does-india-have-any-alternative-to-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347399830.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200528170840-20200528200840-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.972916 | 784 | 2.75 | 3 |
Lazy Eye Needs Correction as Soon as Possible
Lazy eye is also called amblyopia. It's a condition in which one or both eyes (usually one) can seem to wander, crossing in, out, down, or up. Lazy eye needs to be treated as soon when it's noticed because it can lead to the "wandering" eye. Warm Springs Optometric Group in Fremont, CA, offers treatment and monitoring for conditions like lazy eye.
What's Really Happening?
Normally, as you grow, your eyes develop the ability to see clearly to certain distances. This visual acuity is what your eye doctor measures when we test you to find that fraction-like number to describe your vision, such as 20/20. In amblyopia, one or both eyes do not develop that acuity. This is more than just near- or farsightedness. With amblyopia, glasses will not help, and the under-developed eye can weaken to the point where the brain just doesn't rely on it anymore. The eye can move around, "looking" in different directions from where your non-weakened eye is looking. The loss of vision in the weakened eye can become permanent.
Amblyopia typically develops in young children, so correcting it early is essential. Weakened vision can affect how the child learns in school and having a wandering eye can invite bullying. If you see your child's eye-crossing randomly and involuntarily, or if it seems like the child is favoring one eye, especially by crying or protesting when you cover one eye but not the other, then you need to take the child to an eye doctor as soon as you can.
Many cases of lazy eye are caused by simple muscle imbalances, but others are caused by things such as obstructions within the eye. Those obstructions can appear in infants and need urgent treatment. Have your child's eyes examined early in life as you might not recognize the symptoms right away. Other cases of lazy eye can be caused by severe differences in acuity between the eyes.
Lazy Eye Treatment
Treatment for lazy eye often involves something called patching. Because part of the problem is that the child's brain is ignoring the input from the weaker eye, you need to force the brain to pay attention to what the weaker eye sees. Patching involves placing a patch over the "good" eye, making the child see through only the weakened eye. For cases where acuity differences are the problem, a combination of patching and accurate eyeglass prescriptions often helps the condition.
Have Your Child's Eyes Checked Today
If you're searching the web for an "eye doctor near me" and live in the Fremont region, Warm Springs Optometric Group is nearby. We can provide a proper examination and diagnosis for your child’s lazy eye. We also offer a wide range of eye care services for our patients. Call us today at (510) 490-0287 to schedule an appointment. | <urn:uuid:0b981ecc-2f50-4718-9f54-bf514232d921> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.fremonteyehealth.com/lazy-eye | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233505362.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921073711-20230921103711-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.960738 | 616 | 2.859375 | 3 |
New publication on the genomic diversity of Aspergillus fumigatus
Aspergillus fumigatus is a fungus that is widespread in the environment and causes life-threatening infections in humans. Despite the more than 300,000 cases of invasive disease globally each year, a comprehensive survey of the genomic diversity present, including the relationship between clinical and environmental isolates, and how this genetic diversity contributes to virulence and antifungal drug-resistance, has been lacking. In this study, we define the pangenome of A. fumigatus using a collection of 300 genomes (83 clinical isolates and 217 environmental isolates) from a global distribution. We find that of the 10,907 unique orthogroups, 69% are core and found in all isolates, while 3,344 show presence/absence variation, representing 16-22% of each isolate’s genome. Using this large genomic dataset of environmental and clinical samples, we found an enrichment for clinical isolates in a genetic cluster whose genomes also contain more accessory genes, including more transmembrane transporters, proteins with iron-binding activity, and genes involved in both carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. This characterization of the genomic diversity allows us to move away from a single reference genome that does not necessarily represent the species as a whole and better understand its pathogenic versatility, ultimately leading to better management of these infections. | <urn:uuid:183e3c6d-977a-40cf-a647-fb58330fffd0> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://barber-lab.com/post/2021-11-25-aspergillus-pangenome/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662593428.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525182604-20220525212604-00555.warc.gz | en | 0.904837 | 290 | 2.734375 | 3 |
In collaboration with Telecentre.org, ITU promoted digital literacy for women at the bottom of the development pyramid by training over 1,000,000 women in basic technological skills. Digital literacy opens the door to a vast array of opportunities for women, providing for their economic and social empowerment.
This impact map shares the inspiring stories from women who participated in this initiative around the world.
The following video shares Mryna Padilla’s inspiring story of how ICT can transform the lives of those who embrace it. Ms. Padilla is an extraordinary entrepreneur and an example of the opportunities digital literacy can provide for disadvantaged women around the world. | <urn:uuid:6eaf9944-30fd-4912-ac61-eaddf598c9d7> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Digital-Inclusion/Pages/Success-Stories.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121752.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00325-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913577 | 132 | 2.75 | 3 |
When most people hear of a lie detector test, they tend to think the machine is capable of telling when someone is lying or not. While this holds true in some circles, the technology has its fair share of critics. According to the co-creator of Antipolygragh.org, George Maschke, “The public needs to know that polygraph testing has no scientific basis and is inherently biased against truthful people, yet liars can train themselves to pass”.
On An Interview With Business Insider
Maschke went further to dispute the lie detector machine on the ground that its results are dependent on the takers ability to tell a lie on certain control questions. Private investigators ask control questions which include questions one would tag as harmless enough to admit to. Such questions include, “have you ever taken office supplies home?” or “have you ever told a lie to get out of a problem?”
Maschke, in his defence, continues by saying if takers of the test are able to focus their thoughts on something else during the test, it becomes a whole lot easier to pass the test. Lie detectors work my reading three main indication markers;
- Blood pressure and heart rate – pressure is taken through an arm cuff
- Sweat – readings are taken with the electrodes attached to the fingers
- Breathing – gotten through chest straps
A combination of these markers gives an impression on a graph by creating up and down lines that rise and fall. With these statistics, private investigators are able to tell if the taker is lying or telling the truth.
President Of The American Polygraph Association
So further clarify the principle of the machine, Raymond Nelson, President of the American Polygraph Association, told Business Insider that the common name “lie detector” is a name used out of sheer convenience and not necessarily because of science. In simple terms, this is because polygraph machines do not measure lies. According to Nelson, the polygraph only records how well people are truthful to relevant and control questions and how deceptive they do to same. The difference in the response to these types of question is what private investigators use to tell when one is lying or being truthful.
Analysing Polygraph Questions
Nelson agrees that analysing polygraph questions is not as easy as one thinks. Private investigators compare answers of control questions with those of relevant questions. For instance, this is the same procedure a professor at a university would use to track students’ progress. He would conduct tests at the beginning of the school year (control questions) and at the end (relevant questions) to determine the difference.
Polygraphs have found their use in criminal investigations and are slowly gaining acceptance in government agencies. These agencies hire private investigators to help out in application processes.
Nelson told the NPR that the use of the polygraph “…still better than any other technology today”. It puts the tests accuracy above 80% mark. Even with the criticism that trails it, lie detectors still find their use and remain legal and state and federal levels. | <urn:uuid:cb0e0467-7184-4ab2-b1fb-5a794ede5444> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.ukliedetectortest.co.uk/polygraphs/polygraph/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583508988.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015080248-20181015101748-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.955419 | 629 | 2.84375 | 3 |
A group of researchers recently visited the town of Yosano in Japan to find out first-hand from Japanese rice growers about a new approach to rice agronomy that makes irrigated production more environmentally friendly, requiring less water and fewer applications of nutrients, such as nitrogen.
The group included Patricia Guzmán, technical manager for Colombia´s National Rice Growers Federation (Fedearroz, its acronym in Spanish); Luis Armando Castilla, a researcher and expert in technology transfer with Fedearroz; Eduardo Graterol, executive director of the Latin American Fund for Irrigated Rice (FLAR); and Nelson Enrique Lozano, coordinator of the Group for Environmental Management of Climate Change in Colombia´s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MADR).
All are partners in a project called Development and Adoption of a Low-Input Rice Production System for Latin America, which involves rice genetic improvement and the use of advanced crop management technologies. Launched in 2014, the project is a result of close collaboration between Colombia and Japan and is funded through the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS) by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST).
From Japan, a new approach to agronomy for strengthening the rice sector
The management practices used for irrigated rice in Colombia and other Latin American countries require significant changes, particularly with respect to the use of water and fertilizers, if the sector is to adapt successfully to the impacts of climate change. In contrast, some Asian countries, such as Japan, are already far along in adopting improved agronomic practices.
Hence the importance of the visit by researchers from Colombia, which took place in May 2016. The group was received by Norio Yamaguchi, a representative of PS Solutions Corp.; Toma Yamazoe, mayor of Yosano town; Kensuke Okada, professor at the Postgraduate School of the Faculty of Agronomy at the University of Tokyo; Kiyoshi Honda, representative of the International GIS Center at Chubu University; and Satoshi Ogawa, a scientist with the Agrobiodiversity Research Area at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT).
The group of researchers learnt about a project on precision agriculture, which involves the use of e-kakashi, a new and promising IoT (Internet of Things) technology for crop management. The system collects data via wireless sensor networks during the different stages of crop growth, including the environmental variables that determine crop development, and then transmits the data in real time. The data are next analyzed with the aid of the tool´s high-capacity data storage platform, better enabling users to monitor crop growth, develop recommendations, and make decisions.
This visit was preceded by other exchanges between Colombian and Japanese experts carrying out research and training in both countries as part of the project. One participant, Tadashi Chosa, a professor at the University of Tokyo, visited Colombia in February 2016 to share developments with a new system for monitoring rice yields at harvest. Such exchanges are helping advance the project toward its primary goal, which is to help farmers and the rice sector as a whole become more productive and competitive through genetic improvement and the use of precision agriculture technologies for better crop management.
To complement work with the new and promising approach to agronomy, project researchers in Japan and Colombia will focus their efforts over the next three years on developing rice varieties tolerant to drought and low nitrogen. The project will also have an important training component, in which Colombian and Japanese researchers will share knowledge and mutually strengthen their capacities. | <urn:uuid:6c669400-a4b7-4eeb-b6cc-d15ed20ec4f2> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://blog.ciat.cgiar.org/colombian-japanese-project-offers-an-opportunity-to-strengthen-colombias-rice-sector/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174157.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00128-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930477 | 740 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The McKenna Cross stands in the Old Donagh Graveyard, 3.5Km from Emyvale and 1Km
from Glaslough. It dates from the 12th century and is almost 7ft. In height. According
to local tradition it was in the shadow of this Cross that the McKenna chieftains
were inaugurated as Leaders of their Clann. It was obviously deliberately knocked
down by ‘the Planters’ of the early 17th century and lay buried in the ground until
discovered by a member of the Leslie family c.1830. It was knocked or blown down
again at a later date and again lay buried until 1910, when it was re-discovered
by Sir Shane Leslie, who had it erected in its present location. The stem appears
short but actually stands 6ft. 2ins. In height. A concrete collar of 18ins. Surrounds
the lower part of the stem, keeping the two broken parts together.
To the left is the McKenna Grave, which is in Donagh Old Graveyard. Many of the McKenna
Chieftains are buried here. Here Seamus McCluskey acts as tour guide for a visit
be the McKenna Clan. In the foreground is the stump, regarded as the original site
of the McKenna Cross. It is now referred to as - ‘The Wart Well’ as locals claim
that the water trapped in the stump cures warts. | <urn:uuid:459d3b71-b059-4945-b8e9-05436dfce9ce> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.emyvale.net/page5.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423927.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722082709-20170722102709-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.974141 | 298 | 2.515625 | 3 |
He was no follower of their ideas, indeed often opposed to them; but he derived from Bacon an increasing stimulus towards the investigation of certain great problems of history and philosophy, while Grotius proved valuable in his study of philosophic jurisprudence.
Vico may have derived from Grotius the idea of natural law; but his discovery of the historic evolution of law was first suggested to him by his study of Roman law.
Abroad its navigators monopolized the commerce of the world, and explored unknown seas; at home the Dutch school of painting reached its acme in Rembrandt (1607-1669); and the philological reputation of the country was sustained by Grotius, Vossius and the elder Heinsius.
It is remarkable for its fine tower and chime of bells, and contains the splendid allegorical monument of William the Silent, executed by Hendrik de Keyser and his son Pieter about 1621, and the tomb of Hugo Grotius, born in Delft in 1583, whose statue, erected in 1886, stands in the market-place outside the church.
Ghysius, Oorsprong en voortgang der nederlandscher beroerten (1626); Hugo Grotius, Annales et histoire de rebus belgicis (1657); P. C. Hooft, Nederlandscher historien, 1555-1587 (1656); E.
The Protestant Grotius in his notes on Rom.
Locke had spent some years in Holland, the country of Grotius, who, with help from other great lawyers, and under a misapprehension as to the meaning of the Roman jus gentium, shaped modern concepts of international law by an appeal to law of nature.
If Socinianism had challenged natural theology - Christ, according to it, was the prophet who first revealed the way to eternal life - it had glorified the natural powers of man; and the learning of the Arminian divines (friends of Grotius and Locke) had helped to modernize Christian apologetics upon rational lines.
With the systematic study of the Latin, and to a slight extent also of the Greek classics, he conjoined that of logic in the prolix system of Crousaz; and he further invigorated his reasoning powers, as well as enlarged his knowledge of metaphysics and jurisprudence, by the perusal of Locke, Grotius and Montesquieu.
In his extensive work Tractatus de legibus ac deo legislatore (reprinted, London, 1679) he is to some extent the precursor of Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf.
Though his method is throughout scholastic, he covers the same ground, and Grotius speaks of him in terms of high respect.
In his Biblia Illustrata (4 vols.), written from the point of view of a very strict belief in inspiration, his object is to refute the statements made by Hugo Grotius in his Commentaries.
Here the son received his education, until in 1595 he entered the university of Leiden, where he became the lifelong friend of Hugo Grotius, and studied classics, Hebrew, church history and theology.
Through his father's lectures Christian came under the influence of the political philosophy of Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf, and continued the study of law at Frankfort-on-Oder.
Names like Shakespeare, Grotius, Bacon, Hobbes appear in half a dozen different places.
2 This method was adopted and developed by Grotius, 3 Hammond, Clericus, Semler, Corredi and Eichhorn, Dicke, Bleek and Ewald, and the consciousness that Rome and not Jerusalem was the object of attack in Revelation became increasingly clear in the works of these scholars.
He belonged to the party of Oldenbarneveldt and Grotius, and brought down the displeasure of the government by a copy of Latin verses in honour of their friend Hoogerbeets.
His learning made him the equal and the friend of Grotius, and of the foremost contemporary scholars.
Gradually the dispute pervaded all classes of society, and the religious questions became entangled with political issues; the partisans of the house of Orange espoused the cause of the stricter Calvinism, whereas the bourgeois oligarchy of republican tendencies, led by Oldenbarnevelt and Hugo Grotius, stood for Arminianism.
In 1617 Prince Maurice of Orange committed himself definitely to the Calvinistic party, found an occasion for throwing Oldenbarnevelt and Grotius into prison, and in November of that year called a synod intended to crush the Arminians.
"Der Staatenvertrag bindet, aber er unterwirft nicht" (Gesetz and Verordnung, p. 205); or as Grotius (I.
That was the view of Grotius (1.1.
3 Grotius put forward what has been called the Governmental Theory, viz.
His editorial labours included the publication of various works of his predecessors, and of Epistolae ecclesiasticae praestantium ac eruditorum virorum (Amsterdam, 1684), chiefly by Jakobus Arminius, Joannes Uytenbogardus, Konrad Vorstius (1569-1622), Gerhard Vossius (1577-1649), Hugo Grotius, Simon Episcopius (his grand-uncle) and Gaspar Barlaeus; they are of great value for the history of Arminianism.
Vossius, Johannes Meursius, the elder and younger Heinsius, Hugo Grotius, J.
Even in the 16th and 17th centuries scholars like Grotius and Michaelis met with violent opposition for the same cause.
The presence within half a century of the date of its foundation of such scholars as Justus Lipsius, Joseph Scaliger, Francis Gomarus, Hugo Grotius, Jacobus Arminius, Daniel Heinsius and Guardas Johannes Vossius, at once raised Leiden university to the highest European fame, a position which the learning and reputation of Jacobus Gronovius, Hermann Boerhaave, Tiberius Hem sterhuis and David Ruhnken, among others, enabled it to maintain down to the end of the 18th century.
Even Grotius, who reduced the tendencies existing in his time to a sort of orderly expression, addressed himself to the law of war as the positive part of international jurisprudence and dealt only with peace as its negative alternative.
HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645), in his native country Huig van Groot, but known to the rest of Europe by the latinized form of the name, Dutch publicist and statesman, was born at Delft on Easter day, the 10th of April 1583.
At fifteen Grotius accompanied Count Justin of Nassau, and the grand pensionary J.
After a year spent in acquiring the language and making acquaintance with the leading men of France, Grotius returned home.
Of the Germanicus Scaliger says - "A better text than that which Grotius has given, it is impossible to give"; but it is probable that Scaliger had himself been the reviser.
Grotius vied with the Latinists of his day in the composition of Latin verses.
The choice of the states fell upon Grotius, though he was but twenty years of age, and had not offered himself for the post.
There was some talk at this time in Paris of calling Grotius to be librarian of the royal library.
Grotius had already passed from occupation with the classics to studies more immediately connected with his profession.
It has always been a question what it was that determined Grotius, when an exile in Paris in 1625, to that particular subject, and various explanations have been offered; among others a casual suggestion of Peiresc in a letter of early date.
The De jure praedae further demonstrates that Grotius was originally determined to this subject, not by any speculative intellectual interest, but by a special occasion presented by his professional engagements.
Grotius undertook to prove that Heemskirk's prize had been lawfully captured.
A short treatise which was printed in 1609, Grotius says without his permission, under the title of Mare liberum, is nothing more than a chapter - the 12th - of the De jure praedae.
Grotius maintains that the ocean is free to all nations.
It was not till many years afterwards that the jealousies between England and Holland gave importance to the novel doctrine broached in the tract by Grotius, a doctrine which Selden set himself to refute in his Mare clausum (1632). | <urn:uuid:9a28a599-5ff2-4b04-abc9-75276ba134c0> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://sentence.yourdictionary.com/grotius | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689845.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924025415-20170924045415-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.951529 | 1,888 | 2.875 | 3 |
1998 IFA UNEP World Food Supplies
Government, farmers and industry – partners in food security
Mineral fertilizers, and hence the fertilizer industry, constitute, and will continue to constitute, one of the most important keys to world food supplies – though by no means the only one. The more nutrients are taken out of the soil by crops, the more have to be put back: there is no substitute for plant nutrients. And the more people there are on this planet, the more food they will eat. For reasons relating to the various nutrient cycles – but especially the nitrogen cycle – there is simply not enough organic material to sustain soil nutrient levels, and hence soil fertility – not even if all the world’s animal and human excreta could somehow be collected and recycled to agricultural land. The fertilizer industry and its associated trades comprise a complex network of suppliers and buyers of numerous different raw materials, intermediates and finished products, and this creates a high degree of international interdependence. Over the last few decades, primary production has tended to concentrate near the major sources of raw materials and feedstocks; and, as smaller sources of these materials become exhausted or uneconomic, this trend will continue, producing still greater geopolitical interdependence and division of responsibilities for the prosperous survival of planet Earth. The responsibility of governments for ensuring food security will grow proportionately with the growth of populations; and governments in developing countries bear a special responsibility for promoting agricultural inputs including fertilizers. They cannot do this effectively without the confidence of farmers and the fertilizer industry – all three parties are in a partnership, without which their objectives will fail. Much remains to be done, but IFA has felt for some time that the achievements, problems and prospects of the mineral fertilizer industry deserve more widespread recognition. No-one claims that fertilizers are a panacea, or that they can do their work without other inputs – notably water. But their contribution to past and future food supplies is so important that there ought to be a better public appreciation of this. It is for this reason that this book has been produced. It is intended as a basic introduction to fertilizers and the fertilizer industry. It is not for the experts: it is for those who want to acquire an elementary knowledge of the nature of fertilizers, their effects, the problems of promoting their use, the economics of the industry, its changing structure, its raw materials base, its future prospects. There is a little history, a small dose of agronomy and some indications on production technology. For those who wish to delve more deeply into particular aspects, IFA and UNEP, the United Nations Environment Programme, with other partners, are preparing a series of more technical publications on the subject of mineral fertilizers and the environment. | <urn:uuid:102599bf-ea1f-4237-a447-f9fc4ded7f51> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://ureaknowhow.com/1998-ifa-unep-world-food-supplies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335573.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001070422-20221001100422-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.946328 | 556 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Michael Hemann seeks better ways to deploy chemotherapy drugs and overcome tumor resistance.
Why is this leap year so special? Is time travel possible? How can aliens menace the Earth when they live for only microseconds?
The discussions at the Leap Year Convocation at the MIT Museum on February 29 -- when the MIT Club of Boston and the Museum convened some of the world's greatest experts on time to celebrate the once-in-400-years leap year event -- were clearly not the usual fare.
The futuristic discussions began with an examination of the calendar by Will Andrewes, a freeman in Britain's Worshipful Company of Clockmakers and, most recently, the curator of Harvard's Collection of Scientific and Historical Instruments. Mr. Andrewes talked about the evolution of the calendar and the significance of this leap year. (Leap year is not observed when the year is divisible by 100, unless it is also divisible by 400.) Since it is the first millennial leap year to occur since 1600, it is the first time the United States has ever celebrated this calendric event, he said.
In his take on time, Professor Robert Jaffe of the Center for Theoretical Physics talked about particles that live for a few millionths of a second, which he pointed out is actually natural. What's strange, he said, is why human beings live so long. He added that one of the issues he has with the concept of aliens visiting the Earth is that it is predicated on the concept that they have life spans comparable to humans. Professor Jaffe's colleagues, Professors Alan Guth and Edward Farhi, joined the discussion, and the three theoretical physicists began an unforgettable jam session on questions such as can time go backwards. The answer was, "Possibly!"
Professor Farhi, discussing his studies on time travel, said that certain theories of time travel are consistent with the laws of physics, although he believes it would only be possible to travel forward. One particularly whimsical method would be to dangle people by fishing rods near black holes, where time slows down, so that when they came back to earth, hundreds or even thousands of years would have passed.
"Only at MIT!" was the most frequently heard comment as the evening drew to a close. Jane Pickering, MIT Museum director, said her first thought was when she could reconvene the group for future discussion. She hopes to add such an event to the museum calendar in the coming months.
A version of this article appeared in MIT Tech Talk on March 8, 2000. | <urn:uuid:4b242b8f-b640-43dc-8697-e45ff19548c3> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2000/museum-0308.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021767060/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121607-00074-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963019 | 519 | 3.390625 | 3 |
What is the correlation matrix & portfolio variance?
A correlation matrix is presented in a table that displays the correlation coefficients between data sets. Every random variable (Xi) in the table is associated with each value in the table (Xj). It is going to allow you to see which pairs have the highest correlation.
The correlation matrix is nothing more than a table of correlations. Pearson's correlation coefficient, which compares two interval or ratio variables, is the most commonly used correlation coefficient. However, there are several options depending on the sort of data you wish to correlate.
For this, we need first to create multiple portfolios with different weights reflecting different capital allocations to each stock and calculate the standard deviation of each of the resulting portfolios and then choose the one with the lowest risk.
Portfolio variance is a statistical way to measure the dispersion degree of returns of a portfolio. In modern investment, it is a widely accepted concept that considers the aggregate of the actual returns of a given portfolio by considering a specific period. Portfolio variance is determined by taking the standard deviation of each asset in the portfolio and multiplying it by the correlation of the securities in the portfolio.
So, the correlation matrix & portfolio variance both are statistical measures.
Portfolio variance matrix formula
An essential feature of portfolio variance is that its value is a weighted mixture of each asset's variances corrected for covariances. This signifies that the total portfolio variance is lower than a simple weighted average of the variances of the portfolio's stocks.
Portfolio variance matrix formula:
Portfolio Variance = w12σ12 + w22σ22 + 2w1w2Cov
w1 = the first asset's portfolio weight
w2 = the second asset's portfolio weight
1 = the first asset's standard deviation
2 = the second asset's standard deviation
Cov1,2 = the covariance of two assets, denoted by p(1,2)12, where p(1,2) is the correlation coefficient between the two assets.
The terms in the Portfolio variance matrix formula expand exponentially as the number of assets in the portfolio grows. A three-asset portfolio, for example, contains six terms in the variance calculation, but a five-asset portfolio has 15.
Correlation Matrix Calculator
This correlation matrix calculator would construct a correlation matrix for a collection of samples you supply. Please enter two or more samples in the field.
The Formula of the Correlation Matrix:
Correlation of two stocks = Covariance of (StockA, StockB) / (Standard Deviation of Stock A x Standard Deviation of Stock B)
A Correlation Matrix is a table that easily organizes the pairwise correlations between numerous variables in the form of a matrix. To understand how to use the correlation matrix calculator, you must first understand how to compute Pearson's correlation because the correlation matrix is the matrix of all possible pairings of variables' correlations.
Correlation Matrix Calculation Example
The example below depicts the correlation coefficients between many factors connected to education.
So every cell in the table indicates the relation between independent variables. The highlighted cell below, for example, reveals that the correlation between "hours spent studying" and "exam score" is 0.82, indicating that they're substantially positively associated. Higher exam scores are closely associated with more hours spent studying.
And, as seen in the highlighted cell below, the correlation between "hours spent studying" and "hours spent sleeping" is -0.22, indicating that they are weakly negatively associated. Less time spent sleeping is related to more time spent learning.
And the highlighted cell below reveals that the correlation between "hours spent sleeping" and "IQ score" is 0.06, indicating that they are essentially unrelated. There is very little correlation between the number of hours a student sleeps and their IQ score.
Also, in this Correlation Matrix Calculation Example, correlation coefficients along the table's diagonal are all equal to one since each variable is completely associated with itself. These cells are useless for interpretation.
Portfolio Variance Formula With Correlation
Portfolio variance calculation is achieved with the multiplication of the squared weight of each security by its associated variance. Then you will need to add twice the weighted average weight multiplied by the covariance of all individual security pairs.
It is important to note that covariance and correlation are mathematically connected. The following is how the connection is expressed:
Ρ1,2 = Cov1,2 / σ1σ2
Understanding the link between covariance and correlation, we can rewrite the calculation for portfolio variance as follows:
In the portfolio, the lower correlations of two returns of assets show a lower portfolio risk and, therefore, higher diversification benefits. The same applies to vice versa,
Portfolio Variance = w12σ12 + w22σ22 + 2w1w2Cov1,2
In the portfolio variance formula with correlation, It is important to note that when calculating the variance for a portfolio with many assets, you must compute the factor 2wiwjCovi.j (or 2wiwji,j,ij) for each possible pair of assets in the portfolio.
If you want to measure the portfolio's risk using portfolio variance and portfolio standard deviation, you must first establish the weights of each stock in the portfolio. This is accomplished by dividing the entire value of each stock by the total value of the portfolio.
WA = Rs. 100 / Rs.100+Rs. 85+Rs. 65 = 0.4
WB= Rs.85 / Rs.100+Rs. 85+Rs. 65 = 0.34
WC= Rs. 65 / Rs.100+Rs. 85+Rs. 65 = 0.26
Furthermore, you must understand the relationship between each pair of stocks. His calculations reveal the following correlations:
ΡA,B, = 0.1
ΡB,C = 0.2
ΡA,C = -0.8
The portfolio variance may therefore be computed as follows:
= 0.42+0.12+0.342 x 0.252 +0.262 x 0.42 + 2 x 0.4 x 0.34 x 0.1 x 0.1 x 0.25 + 2 x 0.4 x 0.26 x (-0.8) x 0.1 x 0.4 + 2 x 0.34 x 0.26 x 0.2 x 0.25 x 0.4
Portfolio Std Deviation = √0.0172 = 0.1312 = 13.12%
As per the above information and calculation of portfolio variance and correlation matrix with the right, you will learn more about it as you practice it more. | <urn:uuid:29788330-edeb-468b-b18e-6d884a116d4e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.talkdelta.com/post/correlation-matrix-portfolio-variance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100448.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202172159-20231202202159-00463.warc.gz | en | 0.911949 | 1,393 | 2.84375 | 3 |
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Waiting for a solar battery to recharge is like watching paint dry, it takes too long. So the question, can you charge a battery from two sources? Maybe even more? In this guide we will explain what will happen if you use multiple chargers and if it is worth it.
it is possible to charge a battery with several chargers. However the combined voltage from the chargers must be higher than the battery.
Does Charging From Multiple Sources Speed Up Battery Charging?
The answer to this question is yes and no. Yes in that you might see faster charging early, but later on it will slow down as if you are using just one charger.
Charging a battery from multiple sources is possible but the benefits are limited. During the bulk phase charging will be faster, but when it reaches 80%, only limited amounts of current will be accepted, slowing the charge down. Some batteries are also designed to charge only at certain rates.
An empty 100ah battery might take 8 hours to reach the bulk phase with a 10 amp charger. Having another charger lets you reach this stage faster. But once you get to the absorption phase, the voltage level is held at its peak and slows.
To understand how battery charging works, we have to explore the different stages of battery charging. The following is a brief explanation about lead acid batteries, but there is more information here.
Battery Charging Stages Explained
There are three basic stages, the bulk, absorption and the float. These apply to all batteries used in solar systems.
Stage 1 Bulk. The bulk stage makes up 80% of the charge. The battery voltage goes up and the current level remains constant. During this phase the charge will supply as much current as the battery can handle.
The bulk stage is where two chargers can help. The battery can accept a lot of current and having multiple chargers is going to make a difference.
Stage 2 Absorption. The absorption phase occurs during the last 20% of charging. The voltage is fixed at the charger set point, usually 14.1 to 14.8 VDC. The current is decreased during this period, so having two chargers is not going to speed up the process. This is also known as the equalization stage.
Stage 3 Float. The float stage has the voltage set at 13.0 to 13.8 VDC. The current is dropped to less than a percent of the battery capacity. The float phase is used to keep a battery fully charged.
Why Two Chargers Does Not Always Mean Faster Charging
The explanations given above shows you why having multiple chargers is not always effective. It has nothing to do with the device efficiency, but how a battery operates.
Simply put, when a battery reaches the absorption stage in charging, voltage and current are restricted. You can have as many chargers as you want and it will not make a dent because the battery will not accept anymore power.
In flooded lead acid batteries, the absorption phase means the current tapers off. The voltage is also fixed. The absorption stage is in the final stages of the charge, and it can take 3 to 4 hours to complete in an empty battery.
How Long Does It Take to Charge a Battery?
There are a lot of factors that determine how long this will take. If you use solar panels to charge a battery , it will depend on the sun hours and the panel capacity. But if you have a battery charger, the calculations are different.
To find out the battery recharge time, divide the amps hours that need to be recharged by 90% of the charger output. It looks like this:
Amps hours needed / 90% charger amp output = approximate charging time
A 100ah battery has been discharged at 30%, meaning it needs 30 amps to be fully recharged. If you have a 10 amp charger, divide 10 amps by 90% of 10, which is 9 (.9 x 10= 9).
10 / 9 = 1.1
It will take 1.1 hours to add 30 amps to the battery and fully recharge it.
Note that the more deeply discharged a battery is, the longer it will take to fill. Even if you have two sources, the charge time will take longer because that is how all batteries work.
Why Do Batteries Take So Long to Charge?
Basically the more amps drawn from the battery, the faster it loses power. And the deeper a battery is discharged the longer it will take to recharge. Lithium batteries like the Battle Born LiFePO4 100ah can be fully discharged to 100% – or close to it – which is great if you need the power. But the charging time will take longer.
Deep cycle lead acid batteries usually have a discharge rate of 50%, but AGM batteries like the Weize 100ah may be discharged at a higher percentage. Whatever the rate is, the formula given above will not be as accurate because the batteries will need more time.
Age is another factor that affects charge time. Batteries get worn out with prolonged use. Even if you have several chargers, an old battery can only handle a limited amount of current and voltage.
New batteries last longer and recharge faster. Through wear and tear, the opposite happens and the charge runs out faster and recharging takes more time.
Is There Any Risk in Using Several Battery Chargers?
This is a common question that comes up that needs to be addressed. Will the system experience conflicts if you connect two battery chargers?
Two chargers should not cause conflict provided both are compatible with the battery. But if one charger has higher specs than the other, it might overpower the smaller charger.
An example of this would be adding a portable solar charger to an RV solar system. If your camper has a solar array, it will probably overpower the portable charger rather than work with it to make charging faster.
In some cases there might not be any issues, but there will be little to no speed improvement. The results will vary from battery to battery, but for large solar systems, adding a solar charger has a negligible effect.
Some batteries however, do suggest limits to the charging speed. A rule of thumb is that batteries should be charged at 10% of its amp rating. A 100ah battery for instance, should be charged at 10 amps, not more.
Can you use a higher amp charger as in 15 to 25 amps? Yes it is possible. But it might cause long term ill effects like shortening the battery life cycle. It is always better to go with the recommended amp charge rate especially lithium batteries.
How to Speed Up Battery Charging
Using several chargers can help but only so far. If you really want to make it faster, you have to charge and recharge batteries the right way.
Discharge at the right rate. For FLA that is usually 50% maximum. When the capacity drops to 50% it is time to recharge. Of course it is not always practical or possible to follow this guideline, but do your best to do so. It will prolong the battery lifespan.
Know when to top off the battery. Topping off does not always mean charging up to 100%. In fact some batteries are better off if you stop at 85%. Ideally you should recharge at 50% and top if off at 85% for deep cycle batteries.
Do not overwork the batteries. Do not run the load to its limit. If the capacity is 100ah the maximum load load should be 85ah, 90ah tops. And you should only be doing this with a lithium battery anyway.
Maintenance and upkeep. Lithium batteries do not require maintenance, but lead acid batteries do. Knowing how to clean and manage the batteries is good for the battery and might make charging go faster.
Use a quality charger. This one is obvious but bears repeating. A good charger with high amps (acceptable to the battery of course) is essential. If you really want to use two chargers, make sure they are compatible with the battery and have similar specs.
Waiting for batteries to recharge is a pain, but it is something all solar power users have to deal with. Adding another charge source might help, but really all it will do is speed up the bulk phase, only to slow down later. The good news is batteries are getting more efficient, and charge time will become better too.
I am an advocate of solar power. Through portablesolarexpert.com I want to share with all of you what I have learned and cotinue to learn about renewable energy. | <urn:uuid:9f0b3265-d452-48be-89fd-2c56c1132ffb> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.portablesolarexpert.com/can-you-charge-a-battery-from-two-sources/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647895.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601143134-20230601173134-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.948114 | 1,777 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Signs of meningitis can be misleading at first. You can easily assume you have a case of the flu. Symptoms for viral or bacterial meningitis infections can also be fairly similar in their early stages, developing within a few hours to a few days. Due to the nature of a bacterial infection, this form of meningitis will present more severe symptoms. There is no way to determine a meningitis type purely on observing symptoms alone, so it is imperative that if you suspect an infection, you see a medical professional as soon as possible for appropriate testing.
Any symptoms experienced can depend on a person’s age too (infant, young child or adult).
General symptoms of viral meningitis
- Infants and young children: Fever, stiff neck and body (a baby may tend to arch their body) irritability, lethargy and excessive fatigue, constant crying, poor feeding and decreased appetite. A baby can also develop a bulge in the soft spot on the top of the head (fontanel). An ill baby will be incredibly difficult to comfort and may even seem more distressed when held.
- Adults: Fever, headache, stiff neck, lethargy and fatigue, nausea, decreased appetite, bright light sensitivity and seizures.
General symptoms of bacterial meningitis
- Nausea and vomiting
- Headache (this can be severe)
- Fever (this can be sudden)
- Irritability and moodiness
- Stiff neck
- Light sensitivity
- Fatigue and lethargy (this can also include difficulty waking)
- Altered mental status (confusion and inability to concentrate)
- Lack of appetite or thirst
- Skin rashes
How does a meningitis infection affect the body?
- The central nervous system: This consists of the nerves, spinal cord and brain. When a meningitis infection occurs, it causes inflammation in this system, which in turn directly affects every other part of your body. Symptoms that typically occur due to this swelling come on quickly and include headaches (an early warning sign of the condition). Effects thereafter also come on quickly and progress swiftly too. Inflammation brings with it cognitive problems (affecting memory and concentration) and even seizures, as well as interference with a person’s senses. This can include tinnitus (ringing in the ears), partial hearing loss and even deafness. Speech may also be affected, along with pain in the eyes, weakened vision and sensitivity to light. Symptoms of fever will result in stomach upsets, nausea and vomiting and loss of appetite. Fever also causes infants and young children to become challenging to comfort, irritable and fussy. A compromised nervous system causes dizziness and clumsiness, as well as impaired coordination. If not adequately treated children can experience learning difficulties, sleep disturbances and emotional problems such as clinginess and general moodiness. Untreated, meningitis infections can lead to coma too.
- Muscular and skeletal systems: Notable symptoms of meningitis are stiffness of the neck and back. In more serious instances, a person may become painfully rigid and even arched as a result. This is known as opisthotonos, and is commonly seen with babies and young children. When this occurs, a baby or young child may produce a very high-pitched scream when you try to hold or pick them up. Lingering effects can continue long after the condition has been treated in the form of joint stiffness and arthritis. Babies typically develop a bulging fontanel as a result of swelling / inflammation on the brain. This is to be regarded as a medical emergency and requires attention as soon as possible. While joints stiffen, muscles may weaken and add to symptoms of spasms, body aches and generalised weakness in some parts of the body.
- Circulatory system and the skin (Integumentary system): The infection affects the bloodstream quickly, especially one caused by a bacterium. Septicaemia, which results when toxins from a bacterial infection are released into the bloodstream, can be deadly, causing bleeding under the skin. Bleeding can look like a mild rash on the surface of the skin. At first this can appear a little flushed and blotchy. A rash can spread and darken (deep red or purple in colour), occurring anywhere on the body and begin to resemble large bruises. A rash can leave lingering effects in the form of scars. Blood pressure may decrease and circulation will slow down. This causes damage to the blood vessels in the body, and in turn causes trouble for the lungs and kidneys. Circulation in general becomes increasingly poor and in dire situations can lead to amputation of the arms, legs, fingers and toes. | <urn:uuid:b6520a90-74aa-4fc4-aabc-d42c5ac28ef6> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/meningitis/what-are-the-signs-and-symptoms-of-meningitis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652235.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606045924-20230606075924-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.938691 | 967 | 3.453125 | 3 |
While humans have been sharing ghost stories for thousands of years —Pliny the Younger offered an especially spooky Roman take at around 100 AD — the thing that ghosts say when you meet them is pretty modern. As noted on Etymonline and highlighted by Gretchen McCulloch, “boo” got its start in the early 15th century as boh, or a “combination of consonant and vowel especially fitted to produce a loud and startling sound.”
As a short but mighty syllable, boo is well-suited to its task: the “b” comes out quickly, and the “oo” is sharp and strong — perfect for a supernatural interjection. In doing some word hunting at Slate, Forrest Wickman reports that one of the earliest written record of boo comes from 1738, in Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence Display’d, where the author Gilbert Crokatt has it that boo is a “a word that’s used in the north of Scotland to frighten crying children,” which is terrible and weird.
The word seems to have arrived at its startling power by the 1820s, Wickman recounts, when “boo” became the word used to startle people during the witchiest parts of the year, preferably while wearing a sheet over one’s head. It also worked on animals: By 1870, “crying boo to a goose” was the thing kids were told to do when dealing with aggressive waterfowl: If a goose steps to you, one author advised, cry “boo!” loudly and the bird will “will retire defeated.”
The Oxford English Dictionary compares “boo” to the Latin boare and the Greek boaein, “to cry aloud, roar, shout.” So when a ghost says “boo,” then, in a certain historical sense, it’s saying “I’m yelling,” which is super adorable. Even better, notes Wickman, the English “boo” has siblings across Europe. In Spain you frighten someone with “uuh,” in France with “hou,” in the Czech Republic, “baf.” | <urn:uuid:4ed12049-15d6-4384-80eb-fbd1ef99c3c0> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.thecut.com/2016/10/why-ghosts-say-boo.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178372367.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305122143-20210305152143-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.964428 | 480 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The Style of Chemistry Which You Are able to Know
Does one really enjoy chemistry and chemistry and won’t be able to get ample of your favorite subjects? Incredibly nicely, you happen to be about to be glad to remember that there’s plenty of means you could have to know by using an chemistry which is technical about your subjects. You certainly will be astonished with the breadth of themes which could be dealt with throughout this approach. The kind of chemistry that could be coated in Khan Chemistry – at first you have to know chemistry’s Khan Definition.
To be a way to know that regard, you have to understand chemical units. The Khan Definition comprises the quantity of molecules in addition to these atoms’ bulk. When ever you begin gaining knowledge of it new form of chemistry, For people who have already mastered other varieties of chemistry that are not the particularly identical because the variety, then you will be even alot more enthused .”
The makes use of of chemistry is rather complete and it has quite a lot of takes advantage of. It truly is chosen to make a number of of the items which you employ each single day like as fertilizers table salt, fertilizers, medicines and cleansing brokers, and some others. These include just a variety of numerous employs of chemistry.
Chemistry would be the analysis of the framework and properties of make any difference. You will see about the parts of the globe which are essential in nature, Considering the fact that you basic research chemistry. This comes with liquids, the minerals, gases.
Chemistry is closely affiliated to mathematics fiction. You may very well observe plenty of similarities involving the ideas from the two areas. You are going to learn about concerning the factors, their features, and how they socialize with just about every other The moment you analyze chemistry.
You’ll find a variety of various varieties of chemistry. You might possibly need to fully grasp how these sorts receive the job done, In the event that you need to know significantly more about understanding on your subjects. You then should really unearth out about case analysis format the totally different forms of chemistry, Inside of the party you opt for to know what science is about. Chemistry makes use of molecules to make reactions appear.
These reactions can come to pass involving the molecules in a mobile. In case the atoms in a cellular produce into contact with every other, each and every goes as the result of a chain reaction. Immediately after a chain reaction, the molecules have the capacity to distinguish from eachother.
At distinctive heights with the chain responses, the molecules will mix into measurements and distinct styles. They’ll be bigger, so coloration would be adjusted by them, and they are likely to answer with every single other. As completely different sorts of molecules, they have been completely presently identified Subsequent to the molecules change condition and sizing.
A range of them could possibly be observed at a model, considering are at a range of sizes. Without the need of even breaking their bonds these molecules can transfer and bend spherical. When ever these atoms become much larger, they develop into larger sized than the molecules they are at this time relocating round in.
They will then become their machine. The atoms which have joined will develop atoms and molecules up to end up greater and stronger. The blocks are getting particles identified as waves.
Ions are atoms which can be attached to added molecules. These particles are lesser than ions and will divide the bonds which hook up them together. Ion molecules are a whole lot larger than electrons and so are fuel, liquid, or reliable.
Chemistry often is the research of issue. It employs atoms to make details transpire. Because you look through the definitions and in addition obtain out about chemistry, you might possibly grasp this can be a captivating subject matter you might love for somewhat a extended time in advance. | <urn:uuid:bdf24d05-1493-4bfe-999f-e919c4a8361f> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://technologywithfrp.blogia.ir/2020/05/29/the-form-of-chemistry-you-can-master/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362481.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301090526-20210301120526-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.96426 | 786 | 2.609375 | 3 |
By Juanita Ramírez-Robertson, Ph.D. Literacy Specialist, Guest Blogger
Are you feeling overwhelmed with curriculum objectives and meeting the demands of teaching a class of students with varied academic needs and abilities? Planning a unit of study for dual language learners provides exciting opportunities to differentiate instruction. If you are searching for ideas about how to differentiate instruction for dual language learners, this blog post is especially for you!
As a novice teacher, I naively believed all my students would arrive with some academic knowledge within a general learning range, where we would all move along at a moderate pace with my undisputed instructional abilities. In the classroom, I quickly learned that in education, each group of students is unique in all respects: academic levels, learning styles, cultural backgrounds, and interests, as well as different languages.
We must be observant and ready to make in-the-moment instructional decisions to include all learners and provide equal access to academic learning for everyone. The following tips are suggestions for differentiated instruction for dual language learners in any classroom.
Differentiating Whole Group Instruction in a Dual Language Classroom
The curriculum for any grade level is the common denominator, which is the content each learner must have access to. During whole group instruction, you deliver the curriculum objectives, but how the content is delivered allows you to creatively engage your students.
Be consistent to maintain structure for lessons (i.e., introduce new lessons with a mentor text and a mini-lesson). Consistency with the language of instruction will also help students feel secure with the classroom structure and expectations. However, as the teacher, there is room for flexibility, so remember the countless supports that can assist learners, such as anchor charts, big books, labels in different languages, realia, gestures, as well as student peers. Utilize the many resources available in order to make instruction accessible to all learners.
La gallinita roja provides an engaging traditional story with dialogue that you can use as a mentor text. Through this narrative text, students will learn the language of the story, how characters speak, and the steps involved in growing plants, and the processes in preparing food. Read for enjoyment and to plant the language.
Differentiating Small Group Instruction in a Dual Language Classroom
Once the class has received a lesson in the whole group, there will be students who benefit from additional reteaching or further explanation. Grouping learners in smaller configurations allows for the opportunity to collaborate in order to peer teach, check for understanding, or provide more insight. Groupings can be of similar ability or mixed ability, and groupings can be changed as often as necessary in order to help learners be successful.
Smaller reading groups can explore informational texts. Some students may be more outgoing and willing to share publicly, while others are shy, and prefer to only share in smaller settings. Small group configurations enable you to see how students work together, which students are better suited as partners, and which students need more time or practice to gain a better understanding, while providing the space to develop a safer learning community.
To keep kids engaged during guided reading, you can pair nonfiction books for kids with narrative texts to stimulate real-world connections. ¿Quién hizo nuestro almuerzo? and Diferentes tipos de pan to learn more about the topics presented in La gallinita roja. These paired texts provide effective reading practice at levels I–K that deepen comprehension.
Use Questions to Tap into Students’ Funds of Knowledge
Consider the cultural and linguistic resources students provide as you group them in your class. Some students have a natural understanding of the content, and they provide the leverage to get the class through content and language. Then there are students who provide other points of view because of their lived experiences. Time and space for students to share their experiences relating to content will have a positive impact.
This will enable all learners to gain a more global perspective of the content rather than just what is gained from the curriculum and books. Include the students who bring different languages even if you do not speak the same language because these learners will enhance the linguistic repertoire for all of your students, whether it be in English, Spanish, or other languages in a dual language program. Here are some questions you can ask students after reading the narrative or informational text:
- What connections/experiences have you had that relate to the story/book?
- If you could add to this book, what information would you add and why?
- How is this story/book similar or different from other stories you have heard?
Encourage Student Reflection
Model reflection and making real-world connections to encourage all students to think about how the content material impacts them, and how it applies to their lives, families, and communities. Be prepared to model how to reflect on your own thinking out loud. This particular process is valuable in that it puts the teacher in a vulnerable position, but also provides a priceless opportunity to build community.
The more honest you are in this process, the more invested the students will be too in their reflections. Here are some sentence stems to try with your students:
- I liked/disliked this story/book because . . .
- I think the author’s purpose in this book was . . .
- I might have written the end differently to include . . .
- As the reader, I would like to know more information about . . .
Encourage Students to Share
Remember to include a time for students to share each day when you're lesson planning. One opportunity could be at the end of a lesson for students to share their learning or their thinking process with their peers. Begin by modeling how much, and how deeply, you want them to share. By encouraging learners to hear what their peers are thinking and providing time to verbalize, they can lift the content learning, as well as the linguistic language utilized in class. During share time, students will know that learning is valued and appreciated with time included to acknowledge new understandings.
It is imperative that all students be engaged in their learning processes and active participants in their education. As educators, we have the power to make curriculum content accessible by the practices we incorporate in our lessons, including differentiated instruction for dual language learners and multilingual students. Teach the content, motivate your students through engaging practices that include all learners, value each learner as a contributing resource to the learning community, and incorporate practices that build the learners and class community.
Be sure to visit our blog soon for more ideas to use in your dual language/bilingual classroom.
Dr. Juanita Ramírez-Robertson has been a Reading Recovery/Descubriendo la Lectura teacher for the past fifteen years. She has been in education since 2001 with experience in the bilingual kindergarten classroom and a literacy specialist in all areas of reading and writing with young learners (K–5). Oral language development, composing stories and developing writers in their craft is a passion and hobby of hers. If you like what you read here, be sure to check back for more of her guest blog posts in the future. | <urn:uuid:810ee988-c7dd-40cf-b7b6-f0c2feae2501> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.hameraypublishing.com/blogs/all/how-to-differentiate-instruction-for-dual-language-learners-grades-1-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711475.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209181231-20221209211231-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.950727 | 1,463 | 3.578125 | 4 |
1. India recently launched its second moon mission, Chandrayaan-2. Which part of the moon will be researched in this mission?
Answer : South Pole.
2. Dr. Abdul Kalam visited a country on 26th May, 2005, and they declared it as their National Science Day. Which country was it?
Answer : Switzerland.
3. Density is defined as the ratio of the mass of an object to the volume of space it takes up. Based on this, Earth is the least dense planet in the solar system. True or False?
Answer : False.
4. Alongside Pranab Mukherjee, which famous singer from Assam was posthumously awarded India’s highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna, in the year 2019?
Answer : Bhupen Hazarika.
5. Scientists in Bangladash have developed an alternative to plastic bags – cellulose sheet-bags made with jute fibres. What name have they given to this alternative? Hint – it means golden in Bengali.
Answer : Sonali. | <urn:uuid:68418bc9-4937-42b0-8f44-b787213c5e62> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://freecouponbag.com/amazon-quiz-answers-play-and-win-honor-10-lite-today/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141674082.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201104718-20201201134718-00580.warc.gz | en | 0.932127 | 226 | 2.59375 | 3 |
We often hear about parents who have a child who is diagnosed with an eating disorder and, once they understand the symptoms, realize that they fall within the eating disorder spectrum, too.
There are two ways this can go. The first is that you already knew you have an eating disorder, and have either tried to treat it in the past or have never treated it for various reasons.
Or, you may be surprised to find out that your lifestyle, which you believed was necessary and healthy, actually falls on the eating disorder spectrum. This is because many weight loss and weight control efforts actually fit eating disorder diagnoses.
We used to think that eating disorders required a firm “underweight” diagnosis, but we now know that people can have all the symptoms of an eating disorder without being “underweight.” In fact, the majority of people who have eating disorders are not medically underweight.
When we set weight bias aside, we suddenly notice that many of us have been suffering from eating disorder symptoms while under the mistaken belief that we were pursuing “health.” This is the result of the fact that weight loss and weight control efforts have been heavily promoted in our culture despite the fact that they are very harmful to our physical and mental health.
Three key eating disorder behaviors
There are three key eating disorder behaviors that characterize the three main eating disorder types – anorexia, binge eating disorder, and bulimia (which incorporates all three behaviors):
- Restricting food
- Binge eating
Surprising symptoms of an eating disorder
While the three symptoms above are important, they can also be a little tricky. With the exception of being medically “underweight” and purging food, most eating disorder behaviors occur on a spectrum and can be hard to pin down. Also, most people who have an eating disorder, especially those of us who have them into adulthood, don’t fit neatly into a single eating disorder type. Here is a list of eating disorder symptoms that you may not have considered:
- Feelings of shame when weight is gained
- Feelings of accomplishment when weight is lost
- A relentless desire to lose weight or maintain a certain weight
- An obsession with appearance, and frequent “body checking” in reflective surfaces
- Compulsive body weighing, the results of which influence how you feel about yourself and how you eat and behave that day
- Feeling fear and shame when can’t exercise
- Compulsive exercising, especially when sick or conditions are poor (e.g. rain, stress, traffic, etc.)
- Avoiding certain foods, being afraid of certain foods, and feeling shame when eating certain foods (e.g. sweets, “junk” food, carbs, full-fat, etc.)
- Avoiding life events and social gatherings due to a sense of being “too fat” or “not ready”
- Avoiding life events and social gatherings because of fear of food exposure and the risk of “ruining” a diet
A child’s diagnosis leads to a parents’ diagnosis
As you learn more about your child’s eating disorder, you may start to notice that you have many symptoms of an eating disorder, too. This doesn’t mean you are the cause of your child’s eating disorder. Nor does it mean you are irreparably damaged.
Just as we need to adjust our thoughts about what an eating disorder is, we can also adjust our thoughts about the outcomes of an eating disorder. And the truth is that while they are not easy to overcome, most eating disorders can be overcome if the right conditions are met.
If you think you may have an eating disorder, you may think that you should get your child through treatment before you get treatment for yourself. This is a natural assumption – parents tend to want to put their children first.
But when it comes to eating disorders, you want to work on your eating disorder symptoms as soon as possible. In fact, treating your own eating disorder may make all the difference in helping your child recover from their eating disorder.
Why parents need to recover from their eating disorders
Eating disorders are as much about the environment we live in as they are about any biological factors. We may be born with a temperamental predisposition towards anxiety and depression. On such a foundation, an eating disorder can take hold. But not everyone who has anxiety and depression develops an eating disorder, and this variation appears to be based, at least in part, on the environment in which we live.
If you are living with eating disorder symptoms, then your child may be, by default, living in an environment that is supporting eating disorder thoughts and behaviors. Parents have tremendous power to support a child’s recovery by pursuing recovery for themselves.
How parents can recover from an eating disorder
You may feel completely stretched and as if you can’t possibly treat your own eating disorder symptoms while you are pursuing your child’s health. But this is not an either/or situation; it is a situation in which both of you must get treatment, and your healing will most likely help your child’s recovery.
Recovery from an eating disorder doesn’t need to take over your life or cost a ton of money. Here are some steps an adult can take to recover from an eating disorder:
- Learn about Health at Every Size: it is virtually impossible to fully recover from an eating disorder without dropping our weight bias. Basically, if we have lived our whole lives believing that we need to lose weight or maintain a certain weight, we need to open our eyes to the fallacy and futility of this pursuit. Health at Every Size has been proven to lead to better health than any weight loss efforts. Start by reading the book Body Respect: What Conventional Health Books Get Wrong, Leave Out, and Just Plain Fail to Understand about Weight, by Linda Bacon and Lucy Aphramor
- Learn about Intuitive Eating: eating disorder recovery requires a natural and peaceful relationship with food. Intuitive Eating is a practice that opens up food barriers and teaches you to listen to your body rather than follow food rules or diet programs. Intuitive Eating has been proven to lead to better health than any weight loss efforts. Start by reading the book Intuitive Eating: A Revolutionary Program that Works, by Evelyn Tribole and Elyse Resch
- Understand Eating Disorders: it can help to understand the many reasons we develop eating disorders, which go way beyond dieting, eating, and weight. Understanding the emotional drivers of eating disorders can be very helpful in healing. If you are female, start by reading the book Eating in the Light of the Moon: How Women Can Transform Their Relationship with Food Through Myths, Metaphors, and Storytelling, by Anita Johnston
- Get Therapy or Coaching: it’s a good idea to engage a therapist or coach to help you work through recovery. You can seek a therapist who will work on your past experiences that led towards disordered eating (psychodynamic), a therapist who will work on tangible skills for overcoming your eating disorder (CBT/DBT), a recovery coach who will work with you to set and achieve goals, or a non-diet nutritionist who will help you relearn the art of eating peacefully. The only requirement is that you find a professional who is non-diet, weight-neutral, and follows a Health at Every Size and Intuitive Eating paradigm. If the professional exhibits any weight bias or suggests that weight loss is a desired outcome of your work together, seek another professional.
As you heal your own relationship with your body and eating, you will notice that your attitudes about bodies, food, and eating will become lighter and less fraught. Your child will benefit from your recovery both in the environment you create and your ability to understand the work they are doing to recover from their own eating disorder.
We all take our own paths to recovery, so don’t worry if this takes time, or if you struggle with recovery. While the resources above are a great starting point, you are on your own journey, and there is nothing wrong with going at your own pace.
Sending you so much love as you work towards healing – for yourself, and your child. | <urn:uuid:961b793e-5370-4c53-bd31-25cd1b56205b> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://more-love.org/2019/02/20/when-parent-and-child-both-have-an-eating-disorder/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986697760.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019191828-20191019215328-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.966208 | 1,704 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Distinct Word of the Week
Definition • Distinct. . . • recognizable; definite • different in nature or quality • unquestionably exceptional or notable Also distinction, distinctly, and distinctive
Distinct • Synonyms: • separate • individual • diverse • unique • unmistakable • Antonyms: • same • common • similar
Distinction • If you give your time to others, you are a man of distinction.
Distinctive • Each spice has its own distinctive flavor.
Distinct Remember that what makes us distinct also makes us unmistakably different from others: personality and character physical characteristics interests talents behavior | <urn:uuid:aed48cd1-d857-4152-b229-0161c6f53b3d> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://fr.slideserve.com/hanne/distinct-powerpoint-ppt-presentation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662556725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523071517-20220523101517-00563.warc.gz | en | 0.832065 | 124 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Healthy eating and lifestyle
Preventing type 2 diabetes is important. Prevention is about being healthier. It does not need to be a burden or involve taking drastic measures.
There are a range of programs now available to help you help with your health, stay healthy and even to prevent diabetes.
Healthy eating and an active lifestyle are important for everyone. Changes to your eating habits and physical activity level can reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Read more
If you are overweight, losing weight is one of the most important things that you can do to help prevent or delay diabetes. Even small amounts of weight loss will help and will also reduce risks of heart disease and other chronic diseases. Check out our tips for becoming more physically active.
Diabetes Australia – Vic is a proud supporter of LiveLighter: a new public education campaign that aims to encourage Victorians aged 25-49 years to eat well, be physically active and maintain a healthy weight – delivered by the Cancer Council Victoria. The campaign alerts people about how toxic fat can increase their risk of developing cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
The campaign was launched in August 2014 and is due to continue until June 2015, featuring on commercial television, newspapers, radio, outdoor, cinema and online across the state. It has been implemented across Western Australia since June 2012. Evaluation of the campaign shows that it reached and resonated with, those most at risk of weight-related chronic disease.
LiveLighter also provides a wealth of information, resources and tools to support and encourage people in making and maintaining positive lifestyle changes. The website provides a meal and activity planner developed by nutritionists. Find out more at livelighter.com.au | <urn:uuid:2043c91c-27e2-409d-a2fc-232aecc2c242> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.diabetesvic.org.au/diabetes-prevention/healthy-eating-and-lifestyle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246639414.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045719-00284-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954599 | 344 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Welcome to the Multiples of 946 page. Here we will first teach you everything you will ever need to know about the multiples of 946, and then give you a study guide summary of everything we taught you to make sure you remember it all. Use this page to look up facts and learn information about the multiples of 946. This page will make you a multiples of nine hundred forty-six expert!
Definition of Multiples of 946
Multiples of 946 are all the numbers that when divided by 946 equal an integer. Each of the multiples of 946 are called a multiple. A multiple of 946 is created by multiplying 946 by an integer.
Therefore, to create a list of multiples of 946, you start with 1 multiplied by 946, then 2 multiplied by 946, then 3 multiplied by 946, and so on for as long as you want. Thus, the list of the first five multiples of 946 is 946, 1892, 2838, 3784, and 4730. To see a larger list of multiples of 946, see the printable image of Multiples of 946 further down on this page. We also have a category where you can choose any nth multiple of 946.
Least Common Multiple of 946 and ...
A Least Common Multiple (LCM) is the lowest multiple that two or more numbers have in common. This is also called the smallest common multiple or lowest common multiple and is useful to know when you are adding our subtracting fractions. Enter one or more numbers below (946 is already entered) to find the LCM.
Check out our LCM Calculator if you need more details about the Least Common Multiple or if you need the LCM for different numbers for adding and subtraction fractions.
Multiples of 946 vs Factors of 946
946 is a multiple of 946 and a factor of 946, but that is where the similarities end. All postive multiples of 946 are 946 or greater than 946. All positive factors of 946 are 946 or less than 946.
Below is the beginning list of multiples of 946 and the factors of 946 so you can compare:
Multiples of 946: 946, 1892, 2838, 3784, 4730, etc.
Factors of 946: 1, 2, 11, 22, 43, 86, 473, 946
As you can see, the multiples of 946 are all the numbers that you can divide by 946 to get a whole number. The factors of 946, on the other hand, are all the whole numbers that you can multiply by another whole number to get 946.
It's also interesting to note that if a number (x) is a factor of 946, then 946 will also be a multiple of that number (x).
Multiples of 946 vs Divisors of 946
The divisors of 946 are all the integers that 946 can be divided by evenly. Below is a list of the divisors of 946.
Divisors of 946: 1, 2, 11, 22, 43, 86, 473, 946
The interesting thing to note here is that if you take any multiple of 946 and divide it by a divisor of 946, you will see that the quotient is an integer.
Multiples of 946 Table
Below is an image of the first 100 multiples of 946 in a table. The table is in chronological order, column by column. The first column has the first ten multiples of 946, the second column has the next ten multiples of 946, and so on.
The Multiples of 946 Table is also referred to as the 946 Times Table or Times Table of 946. You are welcome to print out our table for your studies.
Negative Multiples of 946
Although not often discussed or needed in math, it is worth mentioning that you can make a list of negative multiples of 946 by multiplying 946 by -1, then by -2, then by -3, and so on, to get the following list of negative multiples of 946:
-946, -1892, -2838, -3784, -4730, etc.
Multiples of 946 Summary
Below is a summary of important Multiples of 946 facts that we have discussed on this page. To retain the knowledge on this page, we recommend that you read through the summary and explain to yourself or a study partner why they hold true.
There are an infinite number of multiples of 946.
A multiple of 946 divided by 946 will equal a whole number.
946 divided by a factor of 946 equals a divisor of 946.
The nth multiple of 946 is n times 946.
The largest factor of 946 is equal to the first positive multiple of 946.
946 is a multiple of every factor of 946.
946 is a multiple of 946.
A multiple of 946 divided by a divisor of 946 equals an integer.
946 divided by a divisor of 946 equals a factor of 946.
Any integer times 946 will equal a multiple of 946.
Multiples of a Number
Here you can get the multiples of another number, all with the same attention to detail as we did for multiples of 946 on this page.
Multiples of 947
Did you find our page about multiples of nine hundred forty-six educational? Do you want more knowledge? Check out the multiples of the next number on our list! | <urn:uuid:fe0fd3dc-dd33-4bb1-a393-8d1c6149db9d> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://multiples.info/numbers/multiples-of-946.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644506.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528182446-20230528212446-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.901049 | 1,209 | 2.578125 | 3 |
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data 2. Relevant equations 3. The attempt at a solution 1) the first question is easy,it is (C) because these charged balls are repelled from the similarly charged plates and accelerate towards the negatively charged plate,and once thy stick to the second plate they transfer double the charge they initially had (to the plate) and become oppositely charged. the same thing happens again and again in a periodic way(which is in no way simple harmonic). this discrete charge transfer at particular instants of time causes a current to flow(discrete current). 2) the second one i got wrong,i do not know why. i assumed that the average current is proportional to the velocity of the balls,i can relate the velocities to the potential applied as follows (velocity)^2 proportional to (potential diff) this is directly from the work energy theorem now (velocity) proportional to (potential diff)^1/2 from this and the previous assumption we see that (avg current) proportional to (potential diff)^1/2 and so the correct answer is (C) but in their answer keys it is given the answer is (D) (ie proportional to V^2) i don't see how this can be. | <urn:uuid:6108e804-7451-40eb-8e9f-467764df61ef> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/iit-jee-problem-capacitors.874579/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890947.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122014544-20180122034544-00714.warc.gz | en | 0.959602 | 270 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Changes to the Manufacturing Process
GAO-02-181T: Published: Oct 23, 2001. Publicly Released: Oct 23, 2001.
- Full Report:
The original anthrax vaccine was developed in the 1950s and was first produced on a large scale by Merck. The BioPort Corporation in Michigan is now the sole facility in the United States capable of producing the vaccine. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licenses biological products and their production facilities. The manufacturer is required to comply with current good manufacturing practices, which regulate personnel, buildings, equipment, production controls, records, and other aspects of the vaccine manufacturing process. When there is a major change in the manufacturing process, the manufacturer must submit evidence to FDA showing that the change does not have any adverse effects. The manufacturer must also ensure that the quality of the product is maintained. In the case of the anthrax vaccine, the Michigan facility did not notify FDA of several changes to the manufacturing process in the early 1990s, and no specific studies were done to confirm that vaccine quality was not affected. FDA inspections found several deficiencies, many of which were not corrected in a timely manner. | <urn:uuid:d0a087d3-3d35-4e9c-bff6-7c4b554daef3> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.gao.gov/products/gao-02-181t | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690340.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925055211-20170925075211-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.968591 | 235 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Stone Age Britons ‘first to master time’
SCOTLAND’S prehistoric huntergatherer tribes, widely seen as civilisation’s
late starters, may have been among the first humans to form a concept of
time — including creating an annual calendar.
Archeologists have found evidence that they built a giant “year clock” capable
of tracking the passing of lunar months and linking these to the changing of
the seasons, so enabling them to prepare for changes in food supply.
The structure, in a field near Banchory in Aberdeenshire, dates back 10,000
years, meaning it predates the calendar systems created by the ancient
Mesopotamians 5,000 years ago, which had been thought the world’s oldest.
“The capacity to conceptualise and measure time is among the most important
achievements of human societies, and the issue of when time was ‘created’ by
humankind is critical in understanding how society developed,” said Vincent
Gaffney, professor of landscape archeology at Birmingham University.
His team analysed a site at Warren | <urn:uuid:577ed62e-b5a1-4608-91e7-180e412713fc> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/National/article1287472.ece | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718034.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00060-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928741 | 238 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Posted Feb 14, 2015 by Martin Armstrong
The Star & Crescent may have originated much further back in time. A reader sent this one in. Clearly the symbol appears on this stela of Ur-Nammu of Babylon from around 4000BC. Whether or not it meant a new golden age is questionable at that point in time. The passing of a Comet was considered the mark of a new age. The Star of Bethlehem was the mark of the birth of a king.
Here is a coin of Augustus (27BC-14AD) who legitimatized himself as the nephew of Julius Caesar displaying the legendary comet that appeared in the sky at the time of the death of Julius Caesar. The reverse depicts the comet and the legend states “DIVVS IVLIVS” meaning Divine Julius.
Therefore, the Star & Crescent may have begun as the symbol for a new era or the birth of a king that gradually evolved into the concept of a new golden era in general detached from the birth of a king or new era. Interesting speculation.
We had a party in New York and a girl from the London office came over with two guys from there. The last night in town the two guys stayed up all night and ran around the city taking pictures. In the lobby of the Plaza when she heard they did that, she said rather loudly – “Why didn’t the two of you come knock me up? I would have loved to have done that!” Well the Americans looked at her and she felt rather strange. I had to explain not to say that one in the States for it meant that she wanted both of them to get her pregnant. She thought I was joking. In Britain, if I am to pick you up the saying is I will come knock you up at say 7PM meaning I will come knock on your door. It seems in the States getting a girl pregnant must have evolved something like, well I went and knocked her up (picked her up) and you know what happened. So meaning of the same words do change with time and region. | <urn:uuid:cfc00473-b735-47c5-aa03-8fea6cede6b1> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.armstrongeconomics.com/uncategorized/the-star-crescent-symbol-goes-back-even-further/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171251.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00390-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97988 | 421 | 2.765625 | 3 |
(Salix alba) aka - Willow, Red Willow
The White Willow tree is one of nature’s greatest gifts to man because its bark contains the glucoside ‘salicin,’ an effective pain killer related to aspirin from which acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) was first derived. The Salicin is excreted in the urine as salicylic acid and related compounds. This renders this herb useful for kidney, urethra and bladder irritability and acts as an analgesic to those tissues. White Willow has an ageless reputation for reducing inflammation, and working as an astringent. When synthetic aspirin is taken internally, it causes the stomach to hemorrhage. It is estimated that we lose one to two teaspoons of blood each time aspirin is taken. White Willow does not cause the loss of blood through the stomach walls each time it is taken. It is used to reduce fevers, inflammation, and is an excellent herbal source of magnesium to calm the nerves, and may also be used for first-aid (wounds and abrasions). White Willow is also a valuable nerve sedative.
Primary uses: Here are just a few of the maladies White Willow may provide relief for:
• Bladder Inflammation
• Joint Inflammation
• Kidney Issues
- Properties: Alterative, Analgesic, Anodyne, Anthelmintic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-periodic, Anti-septic, Anti-spasmodic, Astringent, Diaphoretic, Diuretic, Febrifuge Primary nutrients: Isorhamnetin, phenolic glycosides, quercetin, salicin, salicylic acid, salinigrin | <urn:uuid:c380533c-12f2-416c-824d-d743a253cb53> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.rosemarysherbshop.com/product-page/white-willow-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178361776.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228205741-20210228235741-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.891929 | 363 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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