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An updated version of the Dead Sea Scrolls has been published online and includes 10,000 new images, more manuscript descriptions and translated content, and a faster search functionality.
Israel’s National Antiques Authority has launched an updated version of its digital Dead Sea Scrolls archive which now includes thousands of high-quality images of one of the world’s most spectacular archaeological finds.
The Dead Sea Scrolls online archive, presents hundreds of scrolls fragments that were photographed with a camera that was developed especially for this purpose.
Among the scrolls is an early copy of the book of Deuteronomy, which includes the 10 commandments. The first of the scrolls were discovered in a remote cave at Qumran in the West Bank close to the Dead Sea in 1947.
The scrolls, which can be seen at The Israel Museum in Jerusalem in a dedicated facility called the Shrine of the Book, include part of the first chapter of the book of Genesis, dated to the first century BC, which describes the creation of the world; a number of copies of Psalms scrolls; tiny texts from the second temple period; letters and documents hidden by those fleeing Roman forces during the Bar Kochba revolt; and hundreds more ancient texts that shed light on biblical studies, the history of Judaism and the origins of Christianity.
The upgraded website includes 10,000 new multispectral images, extra manuscript descriptions, content translated into Russian and German in addition to the current languages, a faster search engine, and easy access from the site to the Facebook page and to Twitter and more, said the Israel Antiques Authority (IAA).
“The novelty is the quality of the pictures through a system that was created especially for the scrolls,” said Pnina Shor, curator and head of the Dead Sea Scrolls Project at the IAA. “These are the best possible images of thousands of fragments. They are exactly like the originals. The technology was invented for Nasa. It is a living site and a uniquely comprehensive one for documents this old.”
The texts are written in Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek and Nabataean. The manuscripts have been dated to various periods between 408 BC and 318 AD. | <urn:uuid:1a2bf0a1-dfc6-4ae1-9de1-bd2f38d5f0ac> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://itstravel.co.uk/dead-sea-scrolls-online/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172000.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00026-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947061 | 443 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Rereading The Hungry Brain, I notice my review missed one of my favorite parts: the description of the motivational system. It starts with studies of lampreys, horrible little primitive parasitic fish:
How does the lamprey decide what to do? Within the lamprey basal ganglia lies a key structure called the striatum, which is the portion of the basal ganglia that receives most of the incoming signals from other parts of the brain. The striatum receives “bids” from other brain regions, each of which represents a specific action. A little piece of the lamprey’s brain is whispering “mate” to the striatum, while another piece is shouting “flee the predator” and so on. It would be a very bad idea for these movements to occur simultaneously – because a lamprey can’t do all of them at the same time – so to prevent simultaneous activation of many different movements, all these regions are held in check by powerful inhibitory connections from the basal ganglia. This means that the basal ganglia keep all behaviors in “off” mode by default. Only once a specific action’s bid has been selected do the basal ganglia turn off this inhibitory control, allowing the behavior to occur. You can think of the basal ganglia as a bouncer that chooses which behavior gets access to the muscles and turns away the rest. This fulfills the first key property of a selector: it must be able to pick one option and allow it access to the muscles.
Many of these action bids originate from a region of the lamprey brain called the pallium…
Spoiler: the pallium is the region that evolved into the cerebral cortex in higher animals.
Each little region of the pallium is responsible for a particular behavior, such as tracking prey, suctioning onto a rock, or fleeing predators. These regions are thought to have two basic functions. The first is to execute the behavior in which it specializes, once it has received permission from the basal ganglia. For example, the “track prey” region activates downstream pathways that contract the lamprey’s muscles in a pattern that causes the animal to track its prey. The second basic function of these regions is to collect relevant information about the lamprey’s surroundings and internal state, which determines how strong a bid it will put in to the striatum. For example, if there’s a predator nearby, the “flee predator” region will put in a very strong bid to the striatum, while the “build a nest” bid will be weak…
Each little region of the pallium is attempting to execute its specific behavior and competing against all other regions that are incompatible with it. The strength of each bid represents how valuable that specific behavior appears to the organism at that particular moment, and the striatum’s job is simple: select the strongest bid. This fulfills the second key property of a selector – that it must be able to choose the best option for a given situation…
With all this in mind, it’s helpful to think of each individual region of the lamprey pallium as an option generator that’s responsible for a specific behavior. Each option generator is constantly competing with all other incompatible option generators for access to the muscles, and the option generator with the strongest bid at any particular moment wins the competition.
The next subsection, which I’m skipping, quotes some scientists saying that the human motivation system works similarly to the lamprey motivation system, except that the human cerebrum has many more (and much more flexible/learnable) options than the lamprey pallium. Humans have to “make up our minds about things a lamprey cannot fathom, like what to cook for dinner, how to pay off the mortgage, and whether or not to believe in God”. It starts getting interesting again when it talks about basal ganglia-related disorders:
To illustrate the crucial importance of the basal ganglia in decision-making processes, let’s consider what happens when they don’t work.
As it turns out, several disorders affect the basal ganglia. The most common is Parkinson’s disease, which results from the progressive loss of cells in a part of the basal ganglia called the substantia nigra. These cells send connections to the dorsal striatum, where they produce dopamine, a chemical messenger that plays a very important role in the function of the striatum. Dopamine is a fascinating and widely misunderstood molecule that we’ll discuss further in the next chapter, but for now, its most relevant function is to increase the likelihood of engaging in any behavior.
When dopamine levels in the striatum are increased – for example, by cocaine or amphetamine – mice (and humans) tend to move around a lot. High levels of dopamine essentially make the basal ganglia more sensitive to incoming bids, lowering the threshold for activating movements…Conversely, when dopamine levels are low, the basal ganglia become less sensitive to incoming bids and the threshold for activating movements is high. In this scenario, animals tend to stay put. The most extreme example of this is the dopamine-deficient mice created by Richard Palmer, a neuroscience researcher at the University of Washington. These animals sit in their cages nearly motionless all day due to a complete absence of dopamine. “If you set a dopamine deficient mouse on a table,” explains Palmiter, “it will just sit there and look at you. It’s totally apathetic.” When Palmiter’s team chemically replaces the mice’s dopamine, they eat, drink, and run around like mad until the dopamine is gone.
The same can happen to humans with basal ganglia injuries:
Consider Jim, a former miner who was admitted to a psychiatric hospital at the age of fifty-seven with a cluster of unusual symptoms. As recorded in his case report, “during the preceding three years he had become increasingly withdrawn and unspontaneous. In the month before admission he had deteriorated to the point where he was doubly incontinent, answered only yes or no questions, and would sit or stand unmoving if not prompted. He only ate with prompting, and would sometimes continue putting spoon to mouth, sometimes for as long as two minutes after his plate was empty. Similarly, he would flush the toilet repeatedly until asked to stop.”
Jim was suffering from a rare disorder called abulia, which is Greek for “an absence of will”. Patients who suffer from abulia can respond to questions and perform specific tasks if prompted, but they have difficulty spontaneously initiating motivations, emotions, and thoughts. A severely abulic patient seated in a bare room by himself will remain immobile until someone enters the room. If asked what he was thinking or feeling, he’ll reply, “Nothing”…
Abulia is typically associated with damage to the basal ganglia and related circuits, and it often responds well to drugs that increase dopamine signaling. One of these is bromocriptine, the drug used to treat Jim…Researchers believe that the brain damage associated with abulia causes the basal ganglia to become insensitive to incoming bids, such that even the most appropriate feelings, thoughts, and motivations aren’t able to be expressed (or even to enter consciousness). Drugs that increase dopamine signaling make the striatum more sensitive to bids, allowing some abulic patients to recover the ability to feel, think, and move spontaneously.
All of this is standard neuroscience, but presented much better than the standard neuroscience books present it, so much so that it brings some important questions into sharper relief. Like: what does this have to do with willpower?
Guyenet describes high dopamine levels in the striatum as “increasing the likelihood of engaging in any behavior”. But that’s not really fair – outside a hospital, almost nobody just sits motionless in the middle of a room and does no behaviors. The relevant distinction isn’t between engaging in behavior vs. not doing so. It’s between low-effort behaviors like watching TV, and high-effort behaviors like writing a term paper. We know that this has to be related to the same dopamine system Guyenet’s talking about, because Adderall (which increases dopamine in the relevant areas) makes it much easier to do the high-effort behaviors. So a better description might be “high dopamine levels in the striatum increase the likelihood of engaging in high-willpower-requirement behaviors”.
But what is high willpower requirements? I’m always tempted to answer this with some sort of appeal to basic calorie expenditure, but taking a walk requires less willpower than writing a term paper even though the walk probably burns way more calories. My “watch TV” option generator, my “take a walk” option generator, and my “write a term paper” option generator are all putting in bids to my striatum – and for some reason, high dopamine levels privilege the “write a term paper” option and low dopamine levels privilege the others. Why?
I don’t know, and I think it’s the most interesting next question in the study of these kinds of systems.
But here’s a crazy idea (read: the first thing I thought of after thirty seconds). In the predictive processing model, dopamine represents confidence levels. Suppose there’s a high prior on taking a walk being a reasonable plan. Maybe this is for evo psych reasons (there was lots of walking in the ancestral environment), or for reinforcement related reasons (you enjoy walking, and your brain has learned to predict it will make you happy). And there’s a low prior on writing a term paper being a reasonable plan. Again, it’s not the sort of thing that happened much in the ancestral environment, and plausibly every previous time you’ve done it, you’ve hated it.
In this case, confidence in your new evidence (as opposed to your priors) is a pretty important variable. If your cortex makes its claims with high confidence (ie in a high-dopaminergic state), then its claim that it’s a good idea to write a term paper now may be so convincing that it’s able to overcome the high prior against this being true. If your cortex makes claims with low confidence, then it will tentatively suggest that maybe we should write a term paper now – but the striatum will remain unconvinced due to the inherent implausibility of the idea.
In this case, sitting in a dark room doing nothing is just an action plan with a very high prior; you need at least a tiny bit of confidence in your planning ability to shift to anything else.
I mentioned in Toward A Predictive Theory Of Depression that I didn’t understand the motivational system well enough to be able to explain why systematic underconfidence in neural predictions would make people less motivated. I think the idea of evolutionarily-primitive and heavily-reinforced actions as a prior – which logical judgments from the cortex have to “override” in order to produce more willpower-intensive actions – fills in this gap and provides another line of evidence for the theory. | <urn:uuid:647c7da1-85b6-4e63-9fdd-799888b22853> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://slatestarcodex.com/2018/02/07/guyenet-on-motivation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153892.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729172022-20210729202022-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.940795 | 2,344 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Subject: Principles of Accounting
Accounting is the sequential steps which includes identifying, classifying, summarizing and communicating financial transactions. The sequence of the step to be followed in accounting activities is known as accounting process or cycle. The accounting process is a continuous process in the life of business organization which began with a recording of financial transactions and end with preparing final account. The financial statements also can be prepared before making the adjusting entries by taking the help of a worksheet that calculat the adjusters before they actually are posted.
The different steps that are included in accounting process or cycle are:
1. Identifying and analyzing transactions and events
The first step in accounting process is the collection, summarizing, identifying and analyzing the transactions of the business organization. Any transactions that are related to the financial sources of the business firm occurs, the firm recorded those transactions for analyzing the financial condition of the firm. The transactions that are related to the business organization are only recorded. In this step, the transactions are recorded, identified and analyze the nature of transctions so that the proper recording can be done.
2. Recording in the Journal
After analyzing, recording and identifying the nature of account involved in the transactions, the next step is to post or record to the journal. These transactions are recorded in the journal entries containing the two account (one is debit and another is credit). These transactions are recorded in the journal at chronological order i.e. according to date the transactions occurs. So, the transactions are recorded in journal to simplify the recording process.
3. Posting to Ledger
Ledger which is also known as " Book of Final Entry ", is a collection of each account thatshows the changes made to each account as a result of past transactions, and their current balances. It helps to collect and summarize the transactions of same account. It helps to determine the amount of each account easily.
4. Unadjusted Trial Balance
Trial balance is prepared to show the equal balance of both the debit and credit sied of all the account balances that are extracted from ledger. If the debit and credit balances do not match, this points an error in one of the first three steps. So, unadjusted trial balance is prepared to check the account balances and discover the error before moving to next step.
5. Adjusting Entries
At the end of the accounting period, some expenses may have been incurred but not yet recorded in the journals. Some income may have been earned but not entered in the books. Adjusting entries are prepared to update the accounts before they are summarized in the financial statements. Adjusting entries are made for accrual of income, accrual of expenses, deferrals (income method or liability method), prepayments (asset method or expense method), depreciation, and allowances.
6. Adjusted Trial Balance
Adjusted trial balance is prepared after adjusting entries are made and it is prepared to check the equality of debit and credit side after adjusting entries are made.
7. Financial Statements
When the accounts are updated and tested the equality of both debit and credit balances, then the financial statements are prepared. The financial statements includes:
8. Closing Entries
The eighth step in the accounting cycle is to close accounts in preparation for the next accounting period. Temporary or nominal accounts are closed, while permanent or real accounts carry their balances into the next period. Closing entries are recorded and posted to the owner's capital account after they are transferred to the income summary account. Once completed, all revenue, expense, withdrawal and income summary balances should be zero.
9. Post-Closing Trial Balance
Post closing trial balance are prepared to list out the balances of accounts that are not closed and to also verify the equality of debit and credit balances after the closing entries are made.
While maintaining the records of different accounting terms which are frequently used in practice. Those terms are known as accounting terminologies. Some of the terminologies are given below:
In an easy and simple statement, we can say, transaction means the exchange of money to money's worth from one account to another account. Events like purchase and sale of goods, receipt and payment of cash for services or on a personal account, loss of profit in dealings, etc. are the transactions. The cash transaction is one where cash receipt or payment is involved in the process of the exchange of goods.
Credit transaction, on the other hand, will not have cash " either received or paid ", for something given or receipt respectively, but gives rise to the debtor and creditor relationship. Non–cash transaction is the process or a situation where the question of receipt or payment of cash does not arise at all. For example, depreciation, a return of goods, etc.
A person who owes money to the firm, mostly on the account of credit sales of goods is called a debtor. For an example, when the products or goods are sold to a person on credit that person pays the price in the future, he is called a debtor because he owes the amount of firm.
A person whom money owes by the firm is called creditor. For example, if Maya purchases goods in credit from a shopkeeper, then Maya is a creditor of a shopkeeper.
Capital is the amount which the proprietor has invested in the firm or can claim from the firm. It is an amount which an investor invest for long term basis. In other words, capital is the sum of money which is used for the formation of any business organization.
Liability is the amount which the firm owes to outsiders. In the words of Finny and Miller, "Liabilities are debts; they are the amount owed to the creditors; thus, the claims of those who are not the owner are called liabilities".
Assets are that expenditure which results is acquiring of some property or benefits of a long lasting nature. Any physical things that have money value are known as assets.
It is a simple or general term which is used for the articles in which the business deals, that is only those articles which are brought for resale for profit are known as goods.
Revenue is generally incomes from sales, receipt, interest, commission, brokerage, etc. It inflow of assets which results in an increment of owner's equity.
The word "expenses" is regarded to the amount that is incurred in the process of earning revenue. If the benefit of an expenditure is limited to one year, it is treated as an expense (also known as a revenue expenditure) such as payment of salaries and rent.
Expenditure takes place when an assets service is required. The purchase of goods,cost of goods, an asset acquired during the year, etc. are some examples of expenditure.
Buying of the goods by the trader for selling them to the customers is known as purchases. Purchases can be either cash purchases or credit purchases. If the cash is paid immediately for the purchase, it is said cash purchases and if the payment is postponed, it is credit purchase.
When the goods purchased are sold out, it is known as sales. Sales can be either cash sales or credit sales. If the sale is for immediate cash payment, it is cash sales and if the payment for sales is postponed, it is credit sales.
If the commodities or goods purchases for selling are not sold out completely, it is kept with the trade until sold out, it is which is said stock. If there is stock at the end of the year, it is called closing stock.
It is the amount of money or the value of goods which proprietor takes for his domestic personnel use. It is usually subtracted from the capital.
The loss really means something against which the firms receives no benefit. It represents money given up without any return.
It is the statement of various dealings which occurs between the customer and the firm . It can also be expressed as a clear concise record of the transaction relating to a person or a firm or a property or expenses or an income.
While making a sale, the seller makes or prepares a statement giving a particular such as a quantity price per unit, the total amount payable, any decisions made and shows the net amount payable by the buyer, such a statement is called invoice.
A voucher is a written document in support of the transaction which has taken place for the value stated in a voucher.
The person who makes the investment and bears all the risks connected with the business is known as proprietor.
When the customer are allowed any type of deduction in the pieces of goods by the businessman that is called a discount.
If assets are more than the realizable value of liabilities, then it is said to be solvent.
If liabilities are more than the realizable values of assets, then it is said to be insolvent.
Sharma, Narendra et.al., Principles of Accounting-XI, Bundipuran Prakashan, Kathmandu
Koirala, Yadav Raj et.al., Principles of Accounting-XI, Asmita Books Publication, Kathmandu
Shrestha, Dasharaha et.al., Accountancy-XI, M.K. Prakashan, Kathmandu
Jogindar Goet, Bhesh Raj Banjade, Rajesh Kumar Dutta. (2012). Principal of Accounting, Dreamland Publication, Kalamati, Kathmandu
Accounting Terminologies. 28 March 2014. 2 Oct 2016 <http://vidarbhastudents.com/note/accounting-terminology/>.
Accounting terminologies areas follow:
© 2019-20 Kullabs. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:fbc624e8-512a-4e26-b986-9a2a683996ed> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://kullabs.com/class-11/accounting-/book-keeping-and-accounting-concept-1/accounting-cycle-and-accounting-terminologies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.960304 | 1,970 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Do You Think You May Suffer From Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?Discover the Symptoms and Treatment Options for PTSD in Georgia
We feel like we can overcome anything life throws our way, no matter how terrible. But what happens when we can’t simply “get over it”? If you have lingering and debilitating feelings of helplessness, fear, or horror, you may have PTSD.
PTSD stands for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. You may suffer from this mental health issue if you have experienced a traumatizing event at some point in your life (even as a child) and have a series of three “cluster” symptoms.Do I Have PTSD?I Need Help
PTSD Warning Signs
Mental health professionals have identified three primary symptoms of PTSD that must be present before a diagnosis can be determined. These include:
- Avoidance of circumstances or people that cause triggering memories of your trauma.
- Feelings of being overly aroused or on guard all the time, leading to anger and irritability to those around you.
- Constantly replaying the traumatic event through nightmares or flashbacks.
As a result of these three symptoms, Georgia sufferers of PTSD often exhibit other warning signs that may mean that PTSD is the root cause.
If you exhibit any of these warning signs in addition to the three cluster symptoms mentioned above, it is vital to seek help:
- Feeling disconnected from your friends or family
- Guilt, often misplaced
- Substance abuse
- Chronic pain or fatigue
- Risky behaviors
- Frequent headaches
- Loss of enjoyment of actives you used to engage in regularly
PTSD Risk Factors
We typically think of military personnel in war zones coming back with PTSD symptoms, but there are other risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder.
- Women develop PTSD 2x more than men.
- People who have been raped have a 50% chance of developing PTSD
- Those who experience any type of physical assault such as a mugging or beating are 40% more likely to have PTSD.
- Military personnel in the Marines or Army are four times more likely to experience PTSD than those in the Navy or Air Force.
- 30% of all war veterans will suffer from PTSD.
- Anyone who has experienced or witnessed extreme illness of a loved one, sudden death of a friend, witnessed a murder, victim of natural disasters, or other traumatizing events.
- CBT, or Cognitive Behavior Therapy, is a type of psychotherapy (“talk” therapy). The sessions normally run for 6-12 weeks and will help you to reshape your thoughts surrounding the trauma.
- Exposure Therapy is designed to help you desensitize to stimuli that cause PTSD triggers. The therapist will purposely uncover memories of your trauma, and then help you talk through and process your feelings of fear, guilt, or terror.
- Explore other group and individual therapy options with a professional who can guide you through the process to find the best fit. It is important for you to find a therapist that you feel comfortable with.
PTSD Treatment Options in Georgia
Sometimes we need professional help to deal with the trauma that caused our life to unravel. It can be next to impossible to get better on your own! The good news is that there are so many treatment options available in Georgia. Don’t suffer alone anymore.
The first step is to talk to a family physician or to seek a consultation at a Georgia community mental health facility. They will most likely prescribe an antidepressant and therapy.
There are two common SSRI medications used to treat the symptoms of PTSD: Paroxetine and Sertraline, commonly known as Paxil and Zoloft. These selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors raise the serotonin levels in your brain and help you feel better. Be sure to check the side effects of these drugs, and realize that while they are a helpful part of your treatment, don’t skip the most important part: therapy. | <urn:uuid:99dd3ae3-9cb6-4a13-ae54-ce6505d2e0c8> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.ptsdalliance.org/ptsd-georgia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321025.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627064714-20170627084714-00516.warc.gz | en | 0.926025 | 817 | 2.640625 | 3 |
It’s time, tomorrow is Halloween and we as parents need to make sure our kids all stay safe while they are out trick-or-treating. Let’s go over some general safety tips that everyone should be following this year:
- Always accompany your kids during trick-or-treating, especially if they are 12 years old or younger.
- Make sure you practice crossing all roads safely. Look both ways and keep an eye out for any traffic as you cross.
- Don’t walk looking at cell phones, games, etc. Distracted walking can be just as dangerous as distracted driving.
- Keep to sidewalks and lighted paths whenever possible.
- Make sure your children’s costumes are safe. They should have reflective elements on their costumes to ensure cars can see them.
- Children and/or parents should carry flashlights or glow sticks with them to increase their visibility.
- For younger children, go out early to avoid larger crowds of older children.
- Only go to houses that have their lights on and are obviously participating in trick-or-treating.
- Make sure you look over all of the candy or food that your children receive prior to your kids eating it.
- Don’t take or eat anything that is not pre-packaged or homemade.
- Make sure all packaging is not damaged or opened.
- Get your treats examined via x-ray if any of the medical providers in your area offer it to avoid ingesting foreign objects.
- FDA – Halloween Food Safety Tips for Parents
- CDC – Halloween Health and Safety Tips
- Kids.gov – Five Tips to Make Your Halloween Safe
- American Academy of Pediatrics – Halloween Safety Tips 2016
- Parents.com – Halloween Safety Tips Every Parent Should Know
- Safekids.org – Halloween Safety Tips
Stay safe out there everyone and have fun! | <urn:uuid:c3f7bbc5-8c96-4e8e-8221-aab9e8a7fc32> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://dadistired.com/category/holidays/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948514051.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211203107-20171211223107-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.929052 | 391 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Headaches. We’ve all had them. They can range from a dull, annoying ache to a truly day-stopping throb. They can be localized to a single area, like the temple or forehead, or they can cover the entire head. They can last for only an hour, or they can go on for days. The one thing they all have in common? They’re distracting and painful.
What Causes a Headache?
There are nearly as many different triggers for headaches as there are headache sufferers. Triggers can include allergies, stress, neck injuries, hormonal changes, poor sleep patterns, among many others. Primary headaches are those not caused by an underlying disease, such as tension headaches and migraines. Secondary headaches are those which result from a disease or illness, such as the flu, a sinus infection, abnormal blood vessel formations or even dental problems.
A Few Things to Try
When we have a headache, most of us reach for over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers. And that’s fine, especially for an occasional headache. But, OTC medications aren’t without risks, and can even lead to rebound headaches if taken too often. Here are a few other things to try.
- Reduce your stress – Stress can trigger tension headaches and migraines. You can’t always avoid stress, but you can try using stress-reduction techniques. These can include meditation, deep breathing exercises, and even yoga. You can add these practices to your daily routine to prevent headaches before they start, or use them therapeutically when you’re experiencing pain.
- Stay hydrated – Dehydration is notorious for causing headaches (called dehydration headaches) and for triggering migraines. Drinking plenty of water throughout the day can help avoid this kind of pain. Drinking a full glass of water when you first notice a headache can help alleviate it if it is a dehydration headache.
- Know your triggers – Certain foods or drinks, erratic sleep patterns, and even changes in the weather have been associated with headaches in some people. Tracking your headaches and knowing your triggers can help you avoid them. You want to track frequency, time of day, diet, and duration to better understand your triggers.
- Try some TLC – Sometimes simple home remedies can alleviate a headache. For migraines, try lying down in a darkened, quiet room, for example. Cold compresses can also be helpful, either on your forehead or at the back of your neck. Herbal teas such as ginger, peppermint or chamomile can soothe some mild headaches, while caffeinated drinks may work for migraines.
Is it Time to Make an Appointment?
If you’ve tried home treatments without relief, it’s time to see your doctor. Even if you’re used to managing your own headaches, if you notice a change in their frequency or intensity, make that appointment.
Other reasons to seek medical advice include having headaches that don’t respond to OTC medications, having headaches that keep you awake, or having headaches that interfere substantially with your work or daily activities.
Should You See Your General Physician?
When seeking treatment for your headaches, your regular doctor is a great place to start. After all, they already know you and have access to all your healthcare records. If your health insurance includes an HMO, you may be required to visit your primary care physician for a referral before you can see a specialist. If your general physician comes up with a treatment plan that makes sense to you and gives you results, then you’re home free. There’s no need to look further.
Should You See a Headache Specialist?
But, what if your doctor’s plan doesn’t work? What if your pain is still severe and debilitating? Then it may be time to see a headache specialist. A headache specialist is a doctor – sometimes a neurologist – who is trained in the diagnosis and treatment of headaches. They have focused their professional training specifically on the treatment of headaches and can help diagnose patients with unusual or complicated headache symptoms. | <urn:uuid:badcfa9d-4434-4926-8d2c-17682b5b60d3> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://cureheadaches.org/2019/03/22/when-is-it-time-to-see-a-specialist-about-your-headaches/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103271864.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626192142-20220626222142-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.935108 | 859 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Alice Walker, the author, poet, activist, and feminist rose to fame after the release of her book The Color Purple. The Color Purple proved to be a masterpiece and won several awards like the Pulitzer Prize award for Literature and National Book Award for Fiction in 1983. Alice Walker became one of the most significant writers of her era after the book got published.
The writer was always into books and writing. She started indulging herself in books from a very young age. Alice Walker was also suffering from depression and believed that writing and reading brought her peace and helped her get through the tough times. In her words, “Books became my world because the world I was in was very hard.”
She always hid her poems from her parents and but later her poems got published in the book of poetry called ‘Once’. After that, she got her first real recognition when she was discovered by the infamous Jazz poet Langston Huges because of her published short story named ‘To Hell With Dying.’
Apart from The Color Purple, the author has also done some very notable works that are equally impressive. If you are not already a fan of Alice Walker Books, this list will make you one. So don’t wait anymore and dive into these books for a great reading experience.
1. The Color Purple
The Color Purple is a mandatory mention on the list as it is the most recognized work of the author. The feminist book about an abused and uneducated African-American deals with the issue of racism and sexism. The book shows you the woman’s struggle for empowerment and also has pretty strong female characters.
The book was published in the year 1992 and it documents the story of Celie. Celie who led a pretty traumatic life is an African-American teenager lives in the rural areas of Georgia. The book is written in the first-person narration where Celie narrates her story through The Color Purple.
The book was actually widely banned from the school libraries as it mentions lesbian connection and also some sexual abuse. Later the book was adapted into a movie of the same name starring Whoopi Goldberg and Oprah Winfrey which got widely famous and it also managed to win NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Motion Picture and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress and got nominated for 11 Academy Awards.
2. The Third Life of Grange Copland
The Third Life of Grange Copland is the debut novel by the American writer. The book is set in rural Georgia which revolves around the life of Grange Copland. Grange lives with his family in Georgia that includes his wife, son and his granddaughter. The book tracks three generations of this black family.
The theme is set in the 1930s where Grange Copland, a very struggling and conflicting tenant farmer decides to leave his home. He then moves forward to find a new life in big cities leaving behind everything and everyone that he has ever known or loved in order to find happiness.
He moves to the North area and leads a ‘second life’ which seems to be failing as well. When he gets tired of living a disappointing life, he then decides to go back to his family and previous life. That’s when he finds his third life. He builds a stronger relationship with everyone and grows to love his granddaughter and just like that everything falls into place.
3. In Search of Our Mother’s Gardens
In Search of Our Mother’s Gardens was published in the year 1983 is a collection of feminist prose written by the author. It contains a total of 36 written pieces containing essays, articles, statements, reviews, and speeches. The essays that are mentioned in this book were written between the period of 1966 to 1982.
The book is actually based on Alice Walker’s ‘womanist theory’,. It is the first collection of her essays consisting of non-fiction writings in which she has mentioned various political movements, other writers, etc. Alice Walker is a feminist herself and has always been so vocal about her thoughts and this quality of hers makes her a bold writer.
She has also talked about the struggles of Black Women in America and how they were demotivated and deprived of the basic rights of the citizens living in America. She has been a constant inspiration and source of motivation for people.
4. Living by the Word
Living by the Word is what the New York Times called, “An extraordinary diverse collection, pure Walker, fresh-eyed and sassy”. It is a follow-up of her book In Search of Our Mother’s Gardens. In this book, the author has curated several essays, letters, and journals. The book was originally published in the year 2011.
The second collection of essays by the author Alice Walker includes her own personal ambitions and goals that she wants to achieve with her writing career. It is true that she has been one of the most influential writers of her time and is still inspiring millions by her work and Living by the Word could be the finest example of it.
5. In Love and Trouble
In Love and Trouble is the first collection of stories by the author in which she has mentioned several short stories. These short stories are based on the life of black women and their struggles in America during the era. These black women who are connected to each other through their own vulnerability to life.
One after the other, the author has mentioned some really great and inspiring short stories in her book which you will find motivating. People who have read this book have voted that this book is the further evidence of the author’s amazing writing skill of depicting black women perfectly in her writings.
You will be introduced to some women who have faced life’s most brutal realities. Some are carrying the weight of broken dreams on their shoulders, some are faced with doubts and regrets of their own lives, some are handling their kids alone while some are dealing with the loss of their loved ones.
6. You Can’t Keep A Good Woman Down
The second work of her featuring short stories is You Can’t Keep A Good Woman Down which is a follow-up of In Love and Trouble. There are a total of fourteen stories present in this collection. These provocative and humorous collections of stories may show women oppressed but not defeated.
The stories may show these women facing some harsh truths of life but as the title suggests, the heroines of the story keep rising every time. The collection of stories in You Can’t Keep A Good Woman Down is both compelling and educational.
In this book, Walker has also dealt with some controversial topics and mentioned some of the terrible things that happen to a woman like misogyny, cultural theft, etc. The tone in this book is filled with empathy and hope.
They say meridian by the author Alice Walker to be her meditation of the civil rights movements. It is the second novel written by the author preceding The Color Purple. The novel will introduce you with a beautiful story about a black woman that is both moving and touching.
Till now you must have acknowledged that the interest of Alice Walker has always been inclined towards writing the struggles of black women. She has focused most of her writings in making people aware of the various realities faced by these women and in Meridian her main area of focus is the story about the Civil rights movement.
The story features a teenage girl called Meridan Hill. Meridian is a young girl and is in her teenage years, she has already been married and divorce and given birth to a son. The girl is looking for a chance to turn her life and that’s when she finds out about the Civil Rights Movement.
8. Horses Make a Landscape Look More Beautiful
The book ‘Horses Make a Landscape Look More Beautiful’ consists of a collection of poems. Author Alice Walker has always presented poetry in a manner that showed her deeply felt concerns. The poems in this book have a wide spectrum of emotions, it goes to extremes of different feelings such as anger, hope, love, etc.
According to the author, even her happiest of writings such as poems or prose, come from her accumulation of sadness. In her poem “These Mornings of Rain” Walker has tried to capture the paradox of living meanwhile talking about balancing in her. Here’s a part of her book to justify, “To love and be loved/in absentia/is joy enough for me … I need nothing else. And then again,/I need it all.”
9. Revolutionary Petunias
Revolutionary Petunias is another collection of poems by Alice Walker in which she has talked about revolution and love. The author has compared the revolution and love and beautifully described how the loss of trust and compassion in both the situations robs us of hope.
The text was originally published in the year 1973. In the title, Revolutionary Petunias, the word Petunias mean soothing. They provide you with a soothing theme in the poems that are both hopeful and revolutionary.
10. The Way Forward with a Broken Heart
The Way Forward with a Broken Heart is a non-fiction work of writing in which the author tells us a lyrical and autobiographical story. This is the story of a woman whose marriage breaks down, this happens before the beginning of the Civil rights movement. Later the author introduces us to the life story that she imagines after the failure of the marriage.
The hopeful and optimistic tone in the book makes it an uplifting read. The Way Forward with a Broken Heart shows us the wisdom and wit in the author’s writing style.
11. Possessing the Secret of Joy
Possessing the Secret of Joy is a fiction novel by the author first published in the year 1992. The book follows the life of a woman named Tashi, an African-American woman. Tashi also appeared in The Color Purple as a minor character. Tashi spent most of her adult life in North America and is a victim of a brutal procedure of female genitalia mutilation in Africa.
The woman later in her life immigrates to the USA and starts a new chapter and tries to understand and live with what happened in her past. Moving forward she discovers the secret of joy and remains optimistic about life.
12. The Temple of my Familiar
The Temple of My Familiar is a non-fiction novel by the stunning Pulitzer Prize-winning author that features a visionary cast of characters that weave together their past and present and provides us with an excellent read. The characters used in the story are different from each other but connected through the same hope.
The book will introduce you to Lissie, Lissie is the bearer of many pasts and her past stories have a deep impact on her present life. Next, you will meet Arveyeda who is a guitarist by profession and his former wife who had fleed the country. Later on, you will meet Suwelo who teaches history to the students and his former wife who apparently is in love with the spirits.
13. Now is the Time to Open Your Heart
The author that presented us with The Color Purple, Possessing the Secret of my Joy and the Temple of my Familiar presents us with another beautiful and moving story in her book Now is the Time to Open Your Heart. Through this book, the author has presented us with yet another powerful and moving story, a story where a woman goes on her own adventure and her quest to find self.
The story of the book revolves around Kate. Kate is a well-published author and grew up in a well-to-do family. She has faced several failed marriages and when she reaches the age of fifty-seven she decides to leave her current lover, Yolo and goes on a quest to explore the different possibilities in life.
The Pulitzer Prize-winning author has gifted us with some of the greatest pieces of her writing in her writing career. It is true that The Color Purple got her the name and fame that she has today but her other works of fiction, non-fiction, essays, short stories, poetry is equally appreciable.
The interests of the author have always leaned towards writing the inspirational stories about Black women and their struggles and how they lifted themselves from those brutal realities of life and founded their true selves in the process. Being a feminist, Alice Walker has always been vocal about women’s rights and their struggles which is reflected in her writing style.
The above mentioned were some of the greatest read by the author. Do let us know in the comment section how you liked this article and if you have any queries you can ask them as well by commenting. | <urn:uuid:be3f2403-6b77-4d14-b340-7133688a21c3> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.bookchums.com/alice-walker-books/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195198.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128070431-20201128100431-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.976974 | 2,591 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Report: “Youth bulge” draws concern from health professionals
(CNN) — It’s known as the “youth bulge” – a decrease in child mortality rates leading to the largest generation of adolescents in history: 1.2 billion to be exact.
As many of those teens face poverty, natural disasters and wars in addition to overwhelming physical and emotional changes, researchers worry about the lack of available health resources.
“The high income world has been grappling with a rising tide of risks for non-communicable diseases, including the problems of obesity, physical inactivity, alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use,” write the authors of a paper published in The Lancet this week. “That tide is now overwhelming many [lower-to-middle-income countries] who have yet to bring in measures to control the problems of injury, infectious disease and maternal mortality in this young age group.”
Adolescent is defined by researchers as those aged 10 to 19, due to growing trends in the earlier onset of puberty and delayed transition into adult roles.
The paper, titled “Health of the world’s adolescents: a synthesis of internationally comparable data,” is just one of several published in this edition of the journal. Those papers are paired with a report card on adolescent health released by UNICEF.
Both publications offer an intriguing overview of teenagers’ health and the risks they face around the globe:
– The U.S. has the worst adolescent mortality rate out of 27 high income countries. Its rates of violent deaths (gang-related, homicides, etc.) are 10 to 20 times higher than other developed countries.
– Suicide is the leading cause of death among adolescents worldwide, with the highest rates in Belarus, Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation.
– Early childbirth is the leading cause of death for adolescent girls in Africa. Complications related to pregnancy account for 50,000 deaths each year.
– In Eastern and Southern Africa, unsafe sex is one of the greatest risk factors for 10 to 14 year olds.
– One in five adolescents in high income countries are binge drinking at least weekly. The U.S. also has a high rate,despite having a legal drinking age of 21.
– Approximately 2.2. million adolescents are living with HIV.
– More than a third of teenage girls between the ages of 15 and 19 are anemic, or have a deficient number of red blood cells and/or hemoglobin in the blood. Most anemia is due to insufficient iron in a person’s diet. Anemia can increase the risk of hemorrhage or sepsis during childbirth.
– Although obesity is a growing problem in many countries, nearly 50% of girls aged 15 to 19 in India are underweight and more than 25% are underweight in 10 other countries.
– Latin America and the Caribbean have the highest prevalence rates of adolescent tobacco use.
For more information, visit TheLancet.com or UNICEF.org | <urn:uuid:89c25aeb-1b5b-4e72-9fad-700f23d6b8d1> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://wtkr.com/2012/04/25/report-youth-bulge-draws-concern-from-health-professionals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540928.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00091-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939384 | 620 | 3.28125 | 3 |
28 May 12. Cyberwar fears after bug targets Tehran. The discovery of a malicious computer program that appears to be collecting sensitive information from Iran and others indicates the global cyberwar has moved to a new level, warn security experts. Kaspersky Labs, the Russian internet security company that discovered the malware, codenamed Flame, said it was more complex and sophisticated than any of the cyberweapons it has seen to date. “The Flame malware looks to be another phase in this war,” said Eugene Kaspersky, co-founder of Kaspersky Lab. At the end of April, computers at Iran’s oil ministry were reported to have been attacked by hackers, and experts at Symantec, the US IT security company, said on Monday that parts of the Flame program were identical to the malware used in that attack. The incident was played down by the government at the time and it was unclear if any data was lost. Earlier this year the head of Iran’s Civil Defence Organisation had also said that the country’s energy sector had been subject to an increasing number of cyberattacks over the past two years. Flame is thought to have been in operation since 2010. The Stuxnet virus raised widespread panic when it was discovered in 2010, because it was believed to have caused physical damage at Iran’s nuclear facilities, the first known computer worm to target industrial controls. While Flame is not thought to have caused this kind of damage, it appears to be able to spy on organisations in a number of ways, including switching on microphones attached to a computer to record conversations and sounds. (Source: FT.com)
29 May 12. Thousands of computers in Iran belonging to government agencies and private companies have been infected with a highly sophisticated virus, dubbed Flame, in the latest cyberstrike against the Islamic Republic, said cybersecurity experts and Iran’s telecommunications ministry. The malware was widely detected across the Middle East in Syria, Israel and the Palestinian Authority, as well as in other parts of the world, but Iran has the largest number of infected computers, experts said. At least three times since 2010, Iran has been targeted with sophisticated computer viruses such as Stuxnet, Duqu and Wiper. These viruses have disabled centrifuges for enriching uranium, stolen data from nuclear facilities and erased computers at the oil ministry. (Source: WSJ)
31 May 12. Harris Corporation has been awarded a five-year, indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity contract to provide commercial off-the-shelf equipment and services to support tactical communications for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and its partner agencies. Harris was one of 22 large prime companies selected for this contract, which has a $3bn ceiling and is required to be considered for the procurement of all tactical communications equipment and services. Harris was one of five vendors selected to participate in all five technical categories offered, including but not limited to mobile radios, control/base stations, software, routers, repeaters, and test equipment, as well as engineering, design, installation and maintenance services. The contract will be available for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and partner agencies, including the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Department of Justice, the U.S. Department of the Interior, and the White House Communications Agency. | <urn:uuid:b4512fb3-eec7-4dcd-8ed7-d589f48a00bf> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://battle-updates.com/update/cyber-warfare-and-homeland-security-update-39/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662578939.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525023952-20220525053952-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.973001 | 679 | 2.53125 | 3 |
INDEX Brain Upgrade Neurotechnology Medical Dictionary Brain Facts How 1 to 10
INDEX Brain Upgrade|Neurotechnology| Medical Dictionary|How 1 to 10
The oldest practiced medical art.
They've been doing it longer than you think.
Brain surgery is perhaps the oldest of the practiced medical arts. No hard evidence exists suggesting a beginning of other facets of medicine such as pharmacology - using drugs as well as natural ingredients to help a fellow human being. There is ample evidence, however, of brain surgery dating back to the Neolithic (late-Stone Age) period. The remains of successful brain operations, as well as surgical implements, were found in France, and the success rate was remarkable, even circa 7000 BC. But the evidence is not limited to Europe. Pre-Incan civilizations used brain surgery as an extensive practice as early as 2000 BC.
Brain surgery was also used for spiritual and magical reasons; often the pratice was limited to kings, priests, and nobility. Surgical tools were made of bronze and obsidian. Also, in Africa, there is evidence of brain surgery as early as 3000 BC. Ancient Egyptian civilations contributed important notations on the nervous system.
The Greek, Hippocrates, was the father of modern medical ethics. Born on the Aegean island of Cosin in 470 BC, he was familiar with clinical signs of head injuries, fractures, spasms, and depressions. His texts were still in good shape two thousand years after his death in 360 BC. Ancient Rome also had a brain surgeon star. In the first century AD, Aulus Cornelius Celsus operated on depressed skull fractures and described symptoms of brain injury in detail.
Asia had many talented brain surgeons: Galenus of Pergamon, born in Turkey, and physicians of Byzantium, who worked from AD 800 to AD 1200. There was an Islamic School of Brain Surgery, and one of its students was Abu Bekr Muhammed El Razi, who lived from AD 852 to AD 932, became one of the greatest Islamic brain surgeons.
Another great one, Abu Iqluasim Khalaf, was a great influence on Western brain surgery. The Christian brain surgeons of the Middle Ages were clerics, educated and familiar with medical literature as well as brain surgery.
I think that brain surgery changed history because it lets doctors help people with brain diseases and injuries lead normal lives and even saves some people from death. It also helps people learn more about the brain and how it works.
INDEX Brain Foods Skin Care Neurotechnology Brain Facts How 1 to 10 | <urn:uuid:48a02993-953f-4ea7-bbda-3768f2d15b26> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.bionicinterface.com/web/brainfacts/brainsurgerythrutheages.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891706.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123032443-20180123052443-00738.warc.gz | en | 0.980006 | 530 | 2.890625 | 3 |
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Agnosticism
AGNOSTICISM. The term "agnostic" was invented by Huxley in 1869 to describe the philosophical and religious attitude of those who hold that we can have scientific or real knowledge of phenomena only, and that so far as what may lie behind phenomena is concerned - God, immortality, &c. - there is no evidence which entitles us either to deny or affirm anything. The attitude itself is as old as Scepticism (q.v.); but the expressions "agnostic" and "agnosticism" were applied by Huxley to sum up his deductions from those contemporary developments of metaphysics with which the names of Hamilton ("the Unconditioned") and Herbert Spencer ("the Unknowable") were associated; and it is important, therefore, to fix precisely his own intellectual standpoint in the matter. Though Huxley only began to use the term "agnostic" in 1869, his opinions had taken shape some time before that date. In a letter to Charles Kingsley (September 23, 1860) he wrote very fully concerning his beliefs:-
"It is no use to talk to me of analogies and probabilities. I know what I mean when I say I believe in the law of the inverse squares, and I will not rest my life and my hopes upon weaker convictions... ."That my personality is the surest thing I know may be true. But the attempt to conceive what it is leads me into mere verbal subtleties. I have champed up all that chaff about the ego and the non-ego, noumena and phenomena, and all the rest of it, too often not to know that in attempting even to think of these questions, the human intellect flounders at once out of its depth."
And again, to the same correspondent, the 5th of May 1863:-
Of the origin of the name "agnostic" to cover this attitude, Huxley gave (Coll. Ess. v. pp. 237-239) the following account:-
This account is confirmed by R. H. Hutton, who in 1881 wrote that the word "was suggested by Huxley at a meeting held previous to the formation of the now defunct Metaphysical Society at Mr Knowles's house on Clapham Common in 1869, in my hearing. He took it from St Paul's mention of the altar to the Unknown God." Hutton here gives a variant etymology for the word, which may be therefore taken as partly derived from άγνωστος (the "unknown" God), and partly from an antithesis to "gnostic"; but the meaning remains the same in either case. The name, as Huxley said, "took"; it was constantly used by Hutton in the Spectator and became a fashionable label for contemporary unbelief in Christian dogma. Hutton himself frequently misrepresented the doctrine by describing it as "belief in an unknown and unknowable God"; but agnosticism as defined by Huxley meant not belief, but absence of belief, as much distinct from belief on the one hand as from disbelief on the other; it was the half-way house between the two, where all questions were "open." All that Huxley asked for was evidence, either for or against; but this he believed it impossible to get. Occasionally he too mis-stated the meaning of the word he had invented, and described agnosticism as meaning "that a man shall not say he knows or believes what he has no scientific ground for professing to know or believe." But as the late Rev. A. W. Momerie remarked, this would merely be "a definition of honesty; in that sense we ought all to be agnostics."
Agnosticism really rests on the doctrine of the Unknowable, the assertion that concerning certain objects - among them the Deity - we never can have any "scientific" ground for belief. This way of solving, or passing over, the ultimate problems of thought has had many followers in cultured circles imbued with the new physical science of the day, and with disgust for the dogmatic creeds of contemporary orthodoxy; and its outspoken and even aggressive vindication by physicists of the eminence of Huxley had a potent influence upon the attitude taken towards metaphysics, and upon the form which subsequent Christian apologetics adopted. As a nickname the term "agnostic" was soon misused to cover any and every variation of scepticism, and just as popular preachers confused it with atheism in their denunciations, so the callow freethinker - following Tennyson's path of "honest doubt" - classed himself with the agnostics, even while he combined an instinctively Christian theism with a facile rejection of the historical evidences for Christianity.
The term is now less fashionable, though the state of mind persists. Huxley's agnosticism was a natural consequence of the intellectual and philosophical conditions of the 'sixties, when clerical intolerance was trying to excommunicate scientific discovery because it appeared to clash with the book of Genesis. But as the theory of evolution was accepted, a new spirit was gradually introduced into Christian theology, which has turned the controversies between religion and science into other channels and removed the temptation to flaunt a disagreement. A similar effect has been produced by the philosophical reaction against Herbert, and by the perception that the canons of evidence required in physical science must not be exalted into universal rules of thought. It does not follow that justification by faith must be eliminated in spiritual matters where sight cannot follow, because the physicist's duty and success lie in pinning belief solely on verification by physical phenomena, when they alone are in question; and for mankind generally, though possibly not for an exceptional man like Huxley, an impotent suspension of judgment on such issues as a future life or the Being of God is both unsatisfying and demoralizing.
It is impossible here to do more than indicate the path out of the difficulties raised by Huxley in the letter to Kingsley quoted above. They involve an elaborate discussion, not only of Christian evidences, but of the entire subject-matter alike of Ethics and Metaphysics, of Philosophy as a whole, and of the philosophies of individual writers who have dealt in their different ways with the problems of existence and epistemology. It is, however, permissible to point out that, as has been exhaustively argued by Professor J. Ward in his Gifford lectures for 1896-1898 (Naturalism and Agnosticism, 1899), Huxley's challenge ("I know what I mean when I say I believe in the law of the inverse squares, and I will not rest my life and my hopes upon weaker convictions") is one which a spiritualistic philosophy need not shrink from accepting at the hands of naturalistic agnosticism. If, as Huxley admits, even putting it with unnecessary force against himself,"the immortality of man is not half so wonderful as the conservation of force or the indestructibility of matter," the question then is, how far a critical analysis of our belief in the last-named doctrines will leave us in a position to regard them as the last stage in systematic thinking. It is the pitfall of physical science, immersed as its students are apt to be in problems dealing with tangible facts in the world of experience, that there is a tendency among them to claim a superior status of objective reality and finality for the laws to which their data are found to conform. But these generalizations are not ultimate truths, when we have to consider the nature of experience itself. "Because reference to the Deity will not serve for a physical explanation in physics, or a chemical explanation in chemistry, it does not therefore follow," as Professor Ward says (op. cit. vol. i. p. 2 4), "that the sum total of scientific knowledge is equally intelligible whether we accept the theistic hypothesis or not. It is true that every item of scientific knowledge is concerned with some definite relation of definite phenomena, and with nothing else; but, for all that, the systematic organization of such items may quite well yield further knowledge, which transcends the special relations of definite phenomena."
At the opening of the era of modern scientific discovery, with all its fruitful new generalizations, the still more highly generalized laws of epistemology and of the spiritual constitutionof man might well baffle the physicist and lead his intellect to "flounder." It is fundamentally necessary, in order to avoid such floundering, that the "knowledge" of things sensible should be kept distinct from the "knowledge" of things spiritual; yet in practice they are constantly confused. When the physicist limits the term "knowledge" to the conclusions from physical apprehensions, his refusal to extend it to conclusions from moral and spiritual apprehensions is merely the consequence of an illegitimate definition. He relies on the validity of his perceptions of physical facts; but the saint and the theologian are no less entitled to rely on the validity of their moral and spiritual experiences. In each case the data rest on an ultimate basis, undemonstrable, indeed, to any one who denies them (even if he be called mad for doing so), except by the continuous process of working out their own proofs, and showing their consistency with, or necessity in, the scheme of things terrestrial on the one hand, or the mind and happiness of man on the other. The tests in each case differ; and it is as irrelevant for the theologian to dispute the "knowledge" of the physicist, by arguments from faith and religion, as it is for the physicist to deny the "knowledge" of the theologian from the point of view of one who ignores the possibility of spiritual apprehension altogether. On the ground of secular history and secular evidence both might reasonably meet, as regards the facts, though not perhaps as to their interpretation; but the reason why they ultimately differ is to be found simply in the difference of their mental attitude towards the nature of "knowledge" - itself a difference of opinion as to the nature of man.
In addition to the literature cited above, see L. Stephen, An Agnostic's Apology (1893); R. Flint, Agnosticism (1903); T. Bailey Saunders, The Quest of Faith, chap. ii. (1899); A. W. Benn, English Rationalism in the XIXth Century (London, 1906). | <urn:uuid:c7b4bd9e-aaed-47d0-b6ba-8ca0995f250e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Agnosticism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00563-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966773 | 2,154 | 3.234375 | 3 |
From open-access journals to research-review blogs, networked knowledge has made science more accessible to more people around the globe than we could have imagined 20 years ago.
Surely you’ve noticed: The scientific community is undergoing a research-and-data-sharing sea change. Perhaps slower to take to Web-based dissemination than some professions, science—the endeavor for which the World Wide Web was developed—has gradually been adopting new online methods for distributing knowledge. Some say the changes could accelerate scientific progress.
From open-access journals to research-review blogs, from collaboration by wiki to epidemiology by Blackberry, networked knowledge has made more science more accessible more quickly and to more people around the globe than could have been imagined 20 years ago.
And it’s not just new media businesses that are pioneering the Science 2.0 movement. Traditional scientific journals are part of this social evolution too, innovating ways to engage scientists online and enable global collaboration and conversation. Even the 187-year-old Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences has joined the digital age. The Academy now permits free public access to selected online content and has digitized every volume dating back to 1823.
That wider, freer, faster access to scientific data and research results will benefit the world is, to many, intuitively obvious. “We work on the assumption that the reason we publish is to keep science moving forward,” says Public Library of Science founder Harold Varmus. “If everybody can see the work that we do, and new work is built on what’s come before, science moves faster.”
Varmus is among a cadre of iconoclasts calling for immediate open access to scientific papers. They’re impatient for colleagues to give up their allegiance to the conventional process that they say keeps new research under wraps for too long. And they’re eager for publishers to break out of business models that require a paid subscription to read the most current publications.
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- How To Get Started With Open Notebook Science (makeuseof.com) | <urn:uuid:f3e7c5c1-3bc9-4466-a83c-3fd5faf374f5> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.innovationtoronto.com/2010/05/science-2-0-pioneers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948515313.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212095356-20171212115356-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.91856 | 494 | 2.65625 | 3 |
|Washington & Nathanael Greene (Photo credit: Wikipedia)|
July 27th, 1742- Revolutionary War hero, Nathanael Greene, is born born on Forge Farm at Potowomut in the township of Warwick, Rhode Island. He would become General George Washington's most trusted General. The Marquis de Lafayette proclaimed of him "..in the very name of Greene are remembered all the virtues and talents which illustrate the patriot, the statesman, and the military leader..." The only men to have served all eight years of the Revolution at the rank of General were George Washington and Nathanael Greene.
July 29, 1742- Susanna, daughter of William Cornell & Hannah Thurston, dies at Portsmouth, Newport, Rhode Island.
Her uncle, Gideon Cornell, is serving as assistant to the Governor and as a Justice of the Court.
(Gideon Cornell is my third cousin 9 times removed. His niece, Susanna Cornell, is my fourth cousin 8 times removed. Our common ancestors are George Lawton & Isbell Smith.) | <urn:uuid:d739e8b4-6782-4f6d-a26b-7949c76b79d9> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://wildrhodes.blogspot.com/2013/11/july-1742-rhode-island.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701158130.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193918-00180-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944363 | 214 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Experts fear hepatitis B is becoming a common issue due to immigration. Therefore, starting from August 1 this year every baby born in the U.K. will receive three Hexa jabs at four, eight, and 16 weeks.
Though the main reason to inoculate these newborns is protecting them against hepatitis B, which can trigger liver cirrhosis and liver cancer, the new vaccine also includes substances to protect them against five other diseases, including diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), the Daily Mail Online reported.
According to Your News Wire, the Hexa jab contains thimerosal, a mercury-based preservative. If you are a regular Natural News reader then you know mercury in vaccines is damaging the health and brains of our children. Even though the mainstream media and fake scientists claim mercury in vaccines is safe, multiple studies are showing a close correlation between mercury doses from thimerosal-containing childhood vaccines and the prevalence of autism. This, however, was never mentioned in the U.K.'s rationale for vaccinating all babies. | <urn:uuid:a93ceedb-5f3c-4073-ba57-2a33b9d3cd67> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.freedomsphoenix.com/News/222361-2017-07-27-infections-in-immigrants-now-pushing-governments-to-mandate-more-vaccine.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084893530.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180124070239-20180124090239-00393.warc.gz | en | 0.944181 | 230 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Varicose veins are permanently distended veins that are unnaturally visible through the skin on the legs. They are usually blue, twisted, and bulging in appearance, and occur in one out of every five women, and one out of every 15 men in the United States. The mildest forms of varicose veins are called “spider veins.”
Some of the symptoms of varicose veins may include:
- Changes in the appearance of the skin of the leg
- Appearance of small clusters of veins on the leg
- Leg Discomfort, such as:
- Burning sensation
- Feelings of heaviness
- Night cramps
- Restless feeling
Risk Factors for Varicose Veins
Varicose veins develop in people between the ages of 30 and 70, those with a family history of the condition, and quite often during pregnancy. They can also be caused by being obese, smoking, an injury to the leg, or from standing for prolonged periods of time.
Treating Varicose Veins
Because varicose veins tend to worsen without treatment, it is necessary to address the condition, and the sooner the better. At the onset of the condition, patients often respond to non-surgical treatments such as the use of compression socks or by simply keeping the legs elevated as much as possible. More extensive or complicated cases of varicose veins may require medical therapy or surgery.
The Vascular Institute of New York uses the most advanced treatments available to treat varicose veins. Two of the most effective, completely painless, outpatient treatment options are sclerotherapy, utilizing an ultra-thin injection needle; and stab avulsion, the removal of long segments of varicose veins through incisions so tiny they do not require any stitches to close. | <urn:uuid:cdd21e6e-f63f-4c28-bc4d-35e73434464a> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.vascularnyc.com/contents/vascular-conditions/varicose-veins | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141685797.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201231155-20201202021155-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.943634 | 370 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Chapter 2 of The West Point History of the Civil War
This free sample chapter can be accessed from all major devices (Windows, Apple, Android, etc.)!Features include:
- Detailed animations of the Battle of Antietam, the invasion of Maryland, and Jackson's famous Valley campaign
- Animated chapter timeline
- Biographies of key military leaders such as George McClellan, “Stonewall” Jackson, and Robert E. Lee
- Tactics widgets demonstrating the use of artillery on the battlefield
- Interactive illustrations of soldiers, the innovative ironclad warship the C.S.S. Virginia, and Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation
- And more revolutionary educational tools! | <urn:uuid:a319583e-48e9-4498-9e4d-ee0b188443e8> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://shop.westpointhistoryofwarfare.com/products/civil-war-demo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812978.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220145713-20180220165713-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.837369 | 148 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Antibiotics for wheat
Australian scientists are enlisting naturally occurring bacteria in the fight against one of Australia's most devastating wheat diseases.
In work supported by the Grains Research and Development Corporation, PhD student Justin Coombs and colleagues at Flinders University have demonstrated they can kill the fungus responsible for 'take-all' disease using actinomycete bacteria found in the roots of plants.
The results were announced today at the ScienceNOW! conference in Melbourne.
"The actinomycetes discovered in this project showed the ability to reduce the impact of 'take-all' on wheat by up to 70 per cent in glasshouse trials using naturally infested soils," said Mr Coombs.
He said the bacteria were found to promote the growth of the host plant, as well as its grain yield.
Take-all is a root disease which can cost the Australian wheat industry up to $10 million a year. There are currently no known controls, other than avoidance through crop rotation and stubble burning, which is regarded as an unsustainable farming practice.
Previous biocontrol research has focused on bacteria extracted from the soil, but the Flinders team looked at endophytic bacteria, which live within the wheat plant itself.
"The advantage is that they are not subject to competition from soil bacteria and colonise the plant well," said Mr Coombs. Actinomycetes were of particular interest as they are the source of more than 60 per cent of antibiotics used in medicine, he added.
"We think that the endophytic actinomycetes act like little antibiotic factories in the roots of wheat," Mr Coombs said.
The researchers have tested around 60 actinomycete species and identified a number which kill the take-all fungus. They have also re-introduced the fungicidal bacteria into plants, tracking their movement to confirm they do in fact colonise the roots.
Plants grown from seeds coated with the bacteria are thoroughly colonised by the time germination occurs, the researchers have found. They are now field-testing different dose rates and mixtures of bacteria. Early results are promising, but the final outcome won't be known until the end of the year.
"We hope to grow the bacteria in bulk in the laboratory, and sell it to farmers in a powdered form they can mix with water and use to coat their seeds before planting, in the same way they currently use fungicides," Mr Coombs said.
The research is yet to be published as the researchers are awaiting provisional patent approval.
They have applied for broad patents on the application of endophytic actinomycetes in the control of plant diseases, and are now looking at bacterial control options for barley and horticultural crops. | <urn:uuid:9765a844-a4d9-4406-962a-e26707f79338> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2001/08/24/351442.htm?site=science&topic=latest | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444465.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00168-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967209 | 567 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Definition of Tanka
An unrhymed Japanese poem consisting of five lines of 5/7/5/7/7 (5 kana in
the first line, 7 kana in the second line, 5 kana in the third line, 7 kana
in the fourth line, and 7 kana in the fifth line) totaling 31 kana.
General thoughts on Tanka
Tanka is generally written in two parts. The first three lines is one part,
and the last two lines is the second part.
Tanka in English is relatively new, so there are not as many guidelines as
with haiku and senryu. You may include kigo (season words), but it is not
One exercise for beginners is to write a haiku and add two more lines.
However, tanka is not really a longer haiku, and should not be thought of as
such. While tanka does use many of the same elements such as juxtaposition,
concrete imagery, and is usually centered around nature, tanka is less
You may use metaphor, simile, and many of the other devices generally not
used in haiku or senryu. You may show a more personal and emotional viewpoint.
If tanka were seen in a book that contains only Japanese poetic forms, they
would be easily recognizable. However, if
the same poems were seen in a freestyle poetry book, they may be confused
with any other five line poem.
English tanka has not totally found its voice.
Three ways to write tanka
There are three basic ways to write tanka.
1) Write 5 lines of 5/7/5/7/7. Just replace one syllable for one kana. Most
English speaking writers do not do this, as there are too many vast
differences between the Japanese and English language.
You are certainly free to do this, however, your tanka will be about
one-third longer than the Japanese tanka. There are some Japanese who think
this is the only real way to write tanka, but there are others who feel that
making English writers adhere to the form serves no purpose.
2) Write 5 lines of 31 syllables or LESS, following the
short/long/short/long/long form. This way, your tanka will achieve the same
basic effect as the Japanese tanka.
3) Write 5 lines of 31 syllables or LESS, letting the poem dictate the line
length. You are free to experiment more with this last option.
Everyone who writes tanka must make their own personal decision on which form
they want to use. Some experiment with all three forms and find their own
Examples of tanka (#3)
in her rocker, failing eyesight--
knotted fingers stitch the eyes
on yellow gingham dolls
just for me
in the gloaming. . .
finding peace in indecision
day and night pass
each other, pale blues
fade into darkness
I have only discussed tanka in the simplest of terms. For more in depth
information on tanka or its history, feel
free to see the links on this page for more information.
Tanka Society of America | <urn:uuid:ba89572e-206b-4290-b9cc-99bb5f5d75a3> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.shadowpoetry.com/resources/haiku/tanka.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701158130.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193918-00136-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94227 | 677 | 3.1875 | 3 |
President Obama's Allowance
Glossary terms from:
Monetary or non-monetary gain received because of an action taken or a decision made.
A spending-and-savings plan, based on estimated income and expenses for an individual or an organization, covering a specific time period.
An amount that must be paid or spent to buy or obtain something. The effort, loss or sacrifice necessary to achieve or obtain something.
Payments for goods and services.
The taxing and spending plan of the national government.
Payments earned by households for selling or renting their productive resources. May include salaries, wages, interest and dividends.
Anything that is generally accepted as final payment for goods and services; serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value and a standard of value. Characteristics of money are portability, stability in value, uniformity, durability and acceptance.
The basic kinds of resources used to produce goods and services: land or natural resources, human resources (including labor and entrepreneurship), and capital.
The money a business receives from customers who buy its goods and services. Not to be confused with profit.
Activities performed by people, firms or government agencies to satisfy economic wants.
Use money now to buy goods and services.
Compulsory payments to governments by households and businesses.
Effort applied to achieve a purpose or result, often for pay; skills and knowledge put to use to get something done; employment at a job or in a position; occupation, profession, business, trade, craft, etc. | <urn:uuid:fc475d7a-e692-4a4f-923a-d093fba73236> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.econedlink.org/lessons/EconEdLink-print-glossary.php?lid=375 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999654872/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060734-00004-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936518 | 319 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Define Variable-Size Data for Code Generation
For code generation, before using variables in operations or returning them as outputs, you must assign them a specific class, size, and complexity. Generally, after the initial assignment, you cannot reassign variable properties. Therefore, after assigning a fixed size to a variable or structure field, attempts to grow the variable or structure field might cause a compilation error. In these cases, you must explicitly define the data as variable-size by using one of these methods.
Assign the data from a variable-size matrix constructor such as:
|Use a Matrix Constructor with Nonconstant Dimensions|
|Assign multiple, constant sizes to the same variable before using (reading) the variable.||Assign Multiple Sizes to the Same Variable|
|Define all instances of a variable to be variable-size.||Define Variable-Size Data Explicitly by Using coder.varsize|
Use a Matrix Constructor with Nonconstant Dimensions
You can define a variable-size matrix by using a constructor with nonconstant dimensions. For example:
function s = var_by_assign(u) %#codegen y = ones(3,u); s = numel(y);
If you are not using dynamic memory allocation, you must also add an
assert statement to provide upper bounds for the
function s = var_by_assign(u) %#codegen assert (u < 20); y = ones(3,u); s = numel(y);
Assign Multiple Sizes to the Same Variable
Before you use (read) a variable in your code, you can make it variable-size by assigning multiple, constant sizes to it. When the code generator uses static allocation on the stack, it infers the upper bounds from the largest size specified for each dimension. When you assign the same size to a given dimension across all assignments, the code generator assumes that the dimension is fixed at that size. The assignments can specify different shapes and sizes.
When the code generator uses dynamic memory allocation, it does not check for upper bounds. It assumes that the variable-size data is unbounded.
Inferring Upper Bounds from Multiple Definitions with Different Shapes
function s = var_by_multiassign(u) %#codegen if (u > 0) y = ones(3,4,5); else y = zeros(3,1); end s = numel(y);
When the code generator uses static allocation, it infers that
y is a matrix with three dimensions:
The first dimension is fixed at size 3
The second dimension is variable-size with an upper bound of 4
The third dimension is variable-size with an upper bound of 5
When the code generator uses dynamic allocation, it analyzes the
The first dimension is fixed at size 3.
The second and third dimensions are unbounded.
Define Variable-Size Data Explicitly by Using coder.varsize
To explicitly define variable-size data, use the function
coder.varsize. Optionally, you
can also specify which dimensions vary along with their upper bounds. For example:
Bas a variable-size 2-dimensional array, where each dimension has an upper bound of 64.
coder.varsize('B', [64 64]);
Bas a variable-size array:
When you supply only the first argument,
coder.varsizeassumes that all dimensions of
Bcan vary and that the upper bound is
If a MATLAB Function block input or
output signal is variable-size, in the Property Inspector, you must specify that
the signal is variable-size. You must also provide the upper bounds. You do not
have to use
coder.varsize with the corresponding input or
output variable inside the MATLAB Function block. However, if you
specify upper bounds with
coder.varsize, they must match
the upper bounds in the Property Inspector.
Specify Which Dimensions Vary
You can use the function
coder.varsize to specify
which dimensions vary. For example, the following statement defines
B as an array whose first dimension is fixed at 2,
but whose second dimension can grow to a size of
coder.varsize('B',[2, 16],[0 1])
The third argument specifies which dimensions vary. This argument must be
a logical vector or a double vector containing only zeros and ones.
Dimensions that correspond to zeros or
false have fixed
size. Dimensions that correspond to ones or
true vary in
coder.varsize usually treats dimensions of size 1
as fixed. See Define Variable-Size Matrices with Singleton Dimensions.
For an input or output signal, if you specify the
upper bounds with
coder.varsize inside the
MATLAB Function block, they must match the upper bounds
in the Property Inspector.
Allow a Variable to Grow After Defining Fixed Dimensions
var_by_if defines matrix
with fixed 2-by-2 dimensions before the first use (where the statement
Y = Y + u reads from
Y as a
variable-size matrix, allowing it to change size based on decision logic in
function Y = var_by_if(u) %#codegen if (u > 0) Y = zeros(2,2); coder.varsize('Y'); if (u < 10) Y = Y + u; end else Y = zeros(5,5); end
coder.varsize, the code generator infers
Y to be a fixed-size, 2-by-2 matrix. It generates a
size mismatch error.
Define Variable-Size Matrices with Singleton Dimensions
A singleton dimension is a dimension for which
size(A,dim) = 1. Singleton dimensions are fixed in
You specify a dimension with an upper bound of 1 in
For example, in this function,
Ybehaves like a vector with one variable-size dimension:
function Y = dim_singleton(u) %#codegen Y = [1 2]; coder.varsize('Y', [1 10]); if (u > 0) Y = [Y 3]; else Y = [Y u]; end
You initialize variable-size data with singleton dimensions by using matrix constructor expressions or matrix functions.
For example, in this function,
Ybehave like vectors where only their second dimensions are variable-size.
function [X,Y] = dim_singleton_vects(u) %#codegen Y = ones(1,3); X = [1 4]; coder.varsize('Y','X'); if (u > 0) Y = [Y u]; else X = [X u]; end
You can override this behavior by using
to specify explicitly that singleton dimensions vary. For
function Y = dim_singleton_vary(u) %#codegen Y = [1 2]; coder.varsize('Y', [1 10], [1 1]); if (u > 0) Y = [Y Y+u]; else Y = [Y Y*u]; end
In this example, the third argument of
is a vector of ones, indicating that each dimension of
varies in size.
Define Variable-Size Structure Fields
To define structure fields as variable-size arrays, use a colon
:) as the index expression. The colon
:) indicates that
all elements of the array are
variable-size. For example:
function y=struct_example() %#codegen d = struct('values', zeros(1,0), 'color', 0); data = repmat(d, [3 3]); coder.varsize('data(:).values'); for i = 1:numel(data) data(i).color = rand-0.5; data(i).values = 1:i; end y = 0; for i = 1:numel(data) if data(i).color > 0 y = y + sum(data(i).values); end end
values inside each element of matrix
data to be variable-size.
Here are other examples:
In this example,
datais a scalar variable that contains matrix
A. Each element of matrix
Acontains a variable-size field
This expression defines field
Binside each element of matrix
Ainside each element of matrix
datato be variable-size. | <urn:uuid:f5fd5423-79ce-43d9-b5d6-25c9812a1b24> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://kr.mathworks.com/help/simulink/ug/defining-variable-size-data-for-code-generation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710155.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127005113-20221127035113-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.673263 | 1,985 | 2.921875 | 3 |
In his book Read the Bible for Life, George Guthrie makes a point several times to encourage students of the Bible to always ask the questions “What does this story tell me about God?” and “How does this passage fit into the bigger picture of Scripture?”. The passages for this week’s readings through the Chronological Bible were packed with important concepts that I won’t have time, or take time, in this post to deal with at depth. The texts include Genesis 1 through Genesis 24 (and related genealogies from 1 Chronicles 1), from the Creation story, the sin of Adam and Eve, Noah and the Flood, the Tower of Babel, Abraham and God’s Covenant, Ishmael and Isaac. Considering though, the two questions above, here are some thoughts regarding the following events:
After verse 1 (discussed last week), Chapter 1 picks up with the focus on the earth, where the events of the Bible take place. All 3 parts of the Trinity are present here, with God the Father (as Creator), God the Son (God’s speaking), and the Holy Spirit. The Spirit of God is “hovering over the face of the waters” in verse 2. The days of creation are important because they establish the 6 day work week that God will later specify to the Israelites as part of His covenant with them. Remember, the primary audience for Genesis is the recently freed Israelite nation coming out of Egypt. The days of creation are not primarily about specifying the “how” and “when” of creation, but rather identifying the “who” and the “why”. There is a natural astronomical cycle representing a month (the moon’s orbit) and a year (the earth’s orbit), but not one for our week. God reveals later, as part of the ten commandments recorded in Deuteronomy, that he intended the days of creation to be a model for our work week, with a setting aside of a day of rest to worship our God. Therefore, each week can serve as a reminder of our Creator.
I believe in an old universe (13+ billion years) and old earth (4+ billion years), and I also believe that God has built into living things remarkable abilities of adaptation. That being said, I also believe that God has specially created humans and at the very least, vertebrates, rather than setting things in motion for evolution to play out. Notice in Genesis 2 the implication of individual special creation of all these.
Now out of the ground the LORD God had formed every beast of the field and every bird of the heavens… (Genesis 2:9)
God also specially created humans, male and female, to bear His image. I do not believe that we evolved from pre-existing creatures, but rather that God specially created Adam and Eve.
Then God said, “Let us make manThe Hebrew word for man (adam) is the generic term for mankind and becomes the proper name Adam” href=”https://www.esv.org/Genesis+1/#f8-“> in our image, after our likeness. And let them have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and over the livestock and over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.” So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them. (Genesis 1:26-27)
Chapter 2 elaborates a bit more on the creation of humans.
Then the LORD God formed the man of dust from the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living creature…. So the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and while he slept took one of his ribs and closed up its place with flesh. And the rib that the LORD God had taken from the man he made into a woman and brought her to the man. Then the man said, “This at last is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.” Therefore a man shall leave his father and his mother and hold fast to his wife, and they shall become one flesh. And the man and his wife were both naked and were not ashamed. (Genesis 2:7, 21-25)
Humans are unique among all living things because we bear the image of God Himself.
The First Sin
God placed Adam and Eve in a garden designed specifically for their enjoyment and care. He also gave them free will along with a command to not eat of the fruit of one tree (the tree of knowledge of good and evil). They, however, chose to disobey, following their own desires. Yes, Satan was there to tempt them, but they made their own individual choices to disobey. When God confronted them with their sin, he provided both a judgment (curse) and a promise. Speaking first to Satan, God said
I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your offspring and her offspring; he shall bruise your head, and you shall bruise his heel. (Genesis 3:15)
Note the singular pronouns used here: “He shall bruise your head”. This is pointing to a future contest in which a human descendant will ultimately conquer Satan’s attacks.
Fast forward many generations, and we find that “the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every intention of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually” (Genesis 6:5). Verse 11 goes on to say that the earth was corrupt and filled with violence. God chose at that point to bring his judgment on the earth through a flood, but also chose to save one family, because “Noah was a righteous man, blameless in his generation. Noah walked with God” (Genesis 6:9). Notice that Noah’s righteousness stemmed from the fact that he walked with God. Contrast that with Adam, who following his sin, chose to hide from God rather than to walk with God (Genesis 3:8).
And they heard the sound of the LORD God walking in the garden in the cool of the day, and the man and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the LORD God among the trees of the garden.
God promised Noah,
I will bring a flood of waters upon the earth to destroy all flesh in which is the breath of life under heaven. Everything that is on the earth shall die. But I will establish my covenant with you, and you shall come into the ark… Noah did this; he did all that God commanded. (Genesis 6:17-18, 22)
Note that God provided salvation along with judgment. When the floods came, God himself closed up the ark for Noah and his family’s protection, and the ark lifted them up through, and in the midst of, the judgement that God brought on the inhabitants of the earth.
Again, many generations later, with all humans now descending from Noah’s family, we come to Abram (later called Abraham). Abram is really the first point in the Bible in which we can infer specific dates. Abram lived approximately 2000 years before the time of Christ. I like to point this out because, while it seems to us that it has been a long time since Jesus’s birth, Abram was that same amount of time on the other side of this great event. Yet he was looking forward to it in the same way that we look back at it. For God promised him,
I will make of you a great nation, and I will bless you and make your name great, so that you will be a blessing. I will bless those who bless you, and him who dishonors you I will curse, and in you all the families of the earth shall be blessed. (Genesis 12:2-3)
Abram was looking toward the time when all people of earth would be blessed through his descendant. Notice also that the response of people to that promised blessing will determine whether they receive God’s blessings or God’s curse.
Isaac was the son promised to Abram through whom the aforementioned covenant would be propagated. Isaac was born to Abraham and Sarah after they were beyond child-bearing years (ages 100 and 90, respectively). God would have to intervene to bring this child’s conception about. Sometime after Isaac was born, God told Abraham to sacrifice him. Abraham knew that Isaac was the one God had promised to be Abraham’s heir and to further the lineage, but Abraham trusted God and obeyed all the way through to raising the knife to slay the boy. It was at that point that God stopped him and showed him the ram he’d provided to be used in place of Isaac. The passage is found in Genesis 22.
Abraham said, “God will provide for himself the lamb for a burnt offering, my son.” So they went both of them together. When they came to the place of which God had told him, Abraham built the altar there and laid the wood in order and bound Isaac his son and laid him on the altar, on top of the wood. Then Abraham reached out his hand and took the knife to slaughter his son. But the angel of the LORD called to him from heaven and said, “Abraham, Abraham!” And he said, “Here I am.” He said “Do not lay your hand on the boy or do anything to him for now I know that you fear God, seeing you have not withheld your son, your only son, from me.” And Abraham lifted up his eyes and looked, and behold, behind him was a ram, caught in a thicket by his horns. And Abraham went and took the ram and offered it up as a burnt offering instead of his son.
This is a beautiful picture of God’s grace and foreshadowing of the substitutionary sacrifice that God would provide for all of us through Abraham’s future descendant, Jesus!
Next week, we’ll trace the life of Isaac and Jacob and begin Joseph’s story (all from Genesis). | <urn:uuid:7a09383f-a9ba-492f-afbb-a96b5b9863df> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://watchmakerspulse.com/2018/01/08/chronological-bible-creation-the-flood-abraham-and-isaac/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401617641.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928234043-20200929024043-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.975852 | 2,145 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Measurement of fractional nitric oxide (NO) concentration in exhaled breath (FENO) is a quantitative and noninvasive method of measuring airway inflammation.
The American Thoracic Society (ATS) aimed to develop evidence-based guidelines for the interpretation of FENO measurements. According to them, in the setting of chronic inflammatory airway disease including asthma, conventional tests such as FEV1 reversibility or provocation tests are only indirectly associated with airway inflammation.
However, a 2012 study in the journal Thorax, showed that tailoring of asthma treatment based on FeNO levels was ineffective in improving outcomes in children and adults.
FENO offers added advantages for patient care including:
- detecting of eosinophilic airway inflammation
- determining the likelihood of corticosteroid responsiveness
- monitoring of airway inflammation to determine the potential need for corticosteroid
- unmasking of otherwise unsuspected nonadherence to corticosteroid therapy
FENO levels above 50 parts per billion (ppb) suggest the presence of eosinophilic airway inflammation and likely responsiveness to inhaled corticosteroids. FENO levels below 25 ppb suggest that eosinophilic airway inflammation is unlikely and that the individual is not likely to respond to treatment with (or increasing the dose of) inhaled corticosteroids depending on the clinical context.
The guidelines propose a series of cut-points to help make clinical decisions:
- FENO lower than 25 ppb (lower than 20 ppb in children) indicates that eosinophilic inflammation and responsiveness to inhaled corticosteroids are less likely.
- FENO higher than 50 ppb (higher than35 ppb in children) indicates that eosinophilic inflammation and, in symptomatic patients, responsiveness to inhaled corticosteroids are likely.
- FENO values between 25 ppb and 50 ppb (20-35 ppb in children) should be interpreted cautiously with reference to clinical context.
What is a significant change in FENO?
FENO increases of 20% or more for values over 50 ppb (or 10 ppb more for values less than 50 ppb) are significant, from one visit to the next. Conversely, reductions of 20% or 10 ppb indicate significant response to anti-inflammatory therapy.
Videos by the manufacturer of the FENO measurement device Niox Mino, Aerocrine:
An Official ATS Clinical Practice Guideline: Interpretation of Exhaled Nitric Oxide Levels (FENO) for Clinical Applications. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Vol 184. pp. 602-615, (2011). Full text PDF.
ATS Publishes Clinical Practice Guidelines on Interpretation of FENO Levels
Practical points on using NIOX MINO fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) measuring device
Inflammometry: the current state of play in asthma - FeNO and more. Thorax, 2012.
In the UK, FeNO is used in primary practice to guide ICS initiation, dosing and identify poor ICS adherence http://buff.ly/1aHKopT
Image source: NioxMino. | <urn:uuid:46cd2e66-c17d-4b66-a814-cb77cb71f5e0> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://allergynotes.blogspot.com/2011/09/ats-guideline-on-exhaled-nitric-oxide.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321938.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627221726-20170628001726-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.870782 | 680 | 2.578125 | 3 |
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. Any of various plants of the genus Mertensia, such as the Virginia cowslip, having drooping clusters of tubular, usually blue flowers.
- n. Any of several European plants of the genus Pulmonaria, having long-stalked leaves and coiled clusters of blue or purple flowers and formerly used in treating respiratory disorders.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. Any of various European plants, of the genus Pulmonaria, that were once used to treat respiratory disorders
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- n. An herb of the genus Pulmonaria (Pulmonaria officinalis), of Europe; -- so called because the spotted appearance of the leaves resembles that of a diseased lung.
- n. Any plant of the genus Mertensia (esp. Mertensia Virginica and Mertensia Sibirica), plants nearly related to Pulmonaria. The American lungwort is Mertensia Virginica, Virginia cowslip.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A European boraginaceous plant, Pulmonaria officinalis.
- n. An American plant, Mertensia Virginica, of the same family, at first referred to Pulmonaria. M. maritima is the sea-lungwort.
- n. A lichen, Sticta pulmonaria, somewhat resembling in shape a human lung, and formerly regarded as a lung-remedy: same as hazel-crottles.
- n. The toothwort, Lathræa squamaria, a reputed remedy for diseases of the lungs.
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Pulmonaria, or sometimes called lungwort, is one of my all-time favorite perennials for the shade or morning sun, because you get vibrant blooms in the spring, thenyou enjoy the interesting spotted foliage the rest [...] 1 Comment
Pulmonaria, or sometimes called lungwort, is one of my all-time favorite perennials for the shade or morning sun, because you get vibrant blooms in the spring, thenyou enjoy the interesting spotted foliage the rest of the summer.
_ Red beet; name of some other plants, such as lungwort and sorrel. "
They are among the earliest of bees on the wing in spring, waiting only for plants such as lungwort and red dead-nettle to come into flower.
The Missouri Botanical Gardens website said that the plant is sometimes called lungwort because the spotted leaves look like a diseased lung.
May 13th, 2009 at 9:32 am my garden needs some thinning out so when Deb is here next week I can send her over with periwinkle, hosta, daylily, lungwort…let me know!
All over the bank grow tiny wild daffodils, violets and a species of dwarf lungwort.
Meade -- one disadvantage of lungwort in your situation is that dogs just adore the stuff.
For example, the leaves of the lungwort plant, an excellent treatment for upper-respiratory infections and lung ailments, have spotted markings that are characteristic of delicate lung tissue.
For example, the leaves of lungwort resemble the cross section of a lung; it was believed good for lung ailments. | <urn:uuid:d0431bf0-a91c-4d12-8dd4-b334e16004c5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.wordnik.com/words/lungwort | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284270.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00249-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.88191 | 740 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Aims and Background
Aims and Background
The project will transform our understanding of the part played by the Catholic Church in translating European culture to Australia. It will do this by exploring three aspects of the cultural legacy of James Alipius Goold (1812 – 1886), the first Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne.
His collection of paintings, architectural commissions and library are all aspects of a man whose mission was to build a diocese and to enrich it with European culture. Goold is an ideal subject as a case study for the translation of European culture to the Australian colonies. As an Irishman, he was part of the emerging post-emancipation middle class. As an Augustinian, his early education was based in late 18th century Neoclassicism and he had a distinctly Roman aesthetic, reflecting the five years he spent studying theology and working as a priest in that city. This was frequently reinforced in the five return visits he made during his episcopate. Goold’s Irish and Augustinian background contrasts to the first Bishop of Sydney, John Bede Polding, who was English and Benedictine. The project will highlight significant differences in the emergence of Catholic patronage in different parts of Australia in the colonial period. The significance of our study of Goold’s collections and architecture in the devotional life of the Colony of Victoria will make multiple contributions to a new understanding of Colonial Australian historiography and architectural historiography. It will play a continuing role in the interpretations of Australian nineteenth-century culture. Instead of a narrative of convict history, our project defines another narrative of how Irish/Australian patronage, inspired by Catholic theological and aesthetic sensibilities, created a permanent imprint on the built environment of Melbourne. As a study of the collecting of Baroque art in Australia it will make a unique contribution to current debates about the impact of this first global style in the New World. The obvious point of comparison is the Baroque in South America, a long established field of enquiry, for which there has been no previous parallel in Australia. European scholars had not even defined the Baroque when Goold imported his collection.
Although Goold’s commissioning of Neo-Gothic churches may initially appear inconsistent with his collection of late Baroque religious painting, consultation with early English sources on the Gothic revival reveals similarities between both styles, both being perceived as deeply religious. Charles Eastlake’s contemporary account, A History of the Gothic Revival. An attempt to show how the taste for mediaeval architecture which lingered in England in the last two centuries has since been encouraged and developed, 1872, considers both styles as anticlassical, with Neoclassicism as a mistaken interlude between the Baroque and the Neo Gothic. Goold probably read Eastlake, and Wardell certainly did. Kenneth Clark followed Eastlake’s interpretation in his highly influential polemical book, The Gothic Revival, 1928, when he describes the Neo-Gothic as antipathetic to Palladian classicism. In all their writings nothing inspires these Englishmen more than the Gothic Revival, as it is the only ‘true’ English architectural style, yet in painting they are pro Italian. Goold’s taste for the late Baroque, reflects an appreciation of the dramatic and emotional appeal of the art of this period, and his patronage of Wardell, one of the most scholarly Neo-Gothic architects, demonstrates an even richer dimension, and a much older medieval tradition. All of this is evident in his Library and what remains of this collection is the map of his mind. Goold with his allegiance to Rome and the Papacy stands outside the colonial establishment with its attachment to London and to England as ‘home’ and his work in creating a cultural expression of Catholicism in Australia thus provides a perfect portal into a different perspective on how Australia became European. Educated by the Augustinians in Cork, Ireland, he joined the order at the age of 18 and left for Italy when 20 to complete his studies at the Irish Augustinian College in Rome where he was ordained a priest in 1835. At Rome Goold discovered religious painting of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The late Baroque, as distinct from the Baroque (1580-1740), is a lengthy period of almost a century (1640-1740), an entirely Latin phenomenon, rarely discussed in English, but popular in Catholic countries like France, Italy, Spain and Germany. The one English account is Sachervill Sitwell’s eccentric and frequently republished Southern Baroque Art, A study of Painting, Architecture and Music in Italy and Spain in the 17th and 18th centuries, 1923. The Baroque is often perceived as the first ‘global’ style in art history, but our research will be the first study that shows its impact down under and the critical reception of that style within the devotional experience of Catholics in Colonial Australia as well as the permanent imprint of the architecture within the built environment. The most popular name associated with this style is Piranesi, and Goold owned the first Paris printing of his work, an extraordinary and very expensive item to find in the Library of a missionary Bishop. Goold shared his collecting interests with his uncle, Bishop James Hynes, who bought original seventeenth century paintings as well as commissioned copies after Renaissance works, described in his diary. Hynes also acted as agent for Goold in Rome. We shall investigate Hynes’ early formative influence on Goold as a collector.
In the early nineteenth century many sacred works of art came on the market from deconsecrated ecclesiastical institutions. Preliminary research suggests that Goold bought at least 70 late Baroque paintings to Australia as well as a number of copies after famous Italian Renaissance works of art, notably after Raphael. Original devotional works from monasteries were cheaper to buy rather than to commission new altarpieces. Goold understood their dramatic appeal to the viewer’s emotions and their place in his missionary purpose. To date the most significant discovery is Jacques Stella’s altarpiece of Jesus in the Temple found by his Parents, originally commissioned for the church of the Jesuit Noviciate, Paris, in 1641, to be published in a refereed article by CI Anderson in the Burlington Magazine in April 2016.
Goold’s missionary activities were principally directed towards building schools and churches. His architectural patronage has left a permanent imprint on the built environment of Melbourne. It was his good fortune to employ William Wardell on the recommendation of Cardinal Newman, firstly for St Patrick’s Cathedral and later for many parish churches and schools. Wardell’s architectural style was Neo Gothic. As discussed earlier, one might think that Neo-Gothic Architecture and late Baroque painting are antithetical, but in Goold’s patronage they married well, as anyone entering St Patrick’s will realise when they see the placement of Jacques Stella’s altarpiece, a masterpiece of Sacred Baroque Classicism, in the Baptistery. The Archbishop’s aesthetic is reflected in his Library. Alongside the Piranesi, the most impressive item, were many other large illustrated books on art and architecture, including the key texts on Gothic revival by Pugin and others. Goold’s taste was thus educated and purposeful, and by drawing on the Late Baroque and the Gothic he cast his missionary Church after a European model.
Goold’s cultural patronage is unexplored territory. F. X. Martin, professor of Irish Medieval History at Trinity College, Dublin, undertook the earliest research, but published only two articles in preparation for a biography that was never written (The Catholic Weekly, Thursday 8 January 1953). In a subsequent study of the global activities of Augustinians, Martin found Goold exceptional for his educational policy and architectural commissions. The next scholarly account was a history Honours Thesis submitted by J. R. J. Grigsby (University of Melbourne 1962). A study of the growth and administration of the Catholic Church in Melbourne under Goold, it concluded with a dismissive assessment repeated in Grigsby’s Australian Dictionary of Biography entry published a decade later: ‘(Goold) had no broad views or scholastic achievement and ruled his archdiocese with conservatism and single- mindedness of an Irish bishop in an Irish see.’ Grigsby’s ADB entry coincided with a change in leadership of the Melbourne Archdiocese. James Knox, imbued with the spirit of change of the Second Vatican Council, was appointed Archbishop in 1967. Goold’s palace and St Patrick’s College were demolished to create a new diocesan center. In the Cathedral, a new sanctuary was made for the reformed liturgy and much of Goold’s collection of paintings, ecclesiastical objects, vestments, and his library were sent into storage in a newly constituted and under resourced Melbourne Diocesan Historical Commission.
Frances O’Kane’s book A Path is Set (1976), based on her 1973 University of Melbourne MA thesis, gave a more balanced view. O’Kane’s focus was on the earliest years of the Catholic Church in the Port Phillip District and Victoria (1839 – 1862) and dealt with internal church politics as well as the relationship between Church and State. It recorded Goold’s architectural commissions and the fact that the single story northern wing of his palace held his Library. An exhibition in St Patrick’s Cathedral in 1998, revised Goold’s place in Church history and his place as a collector. Fr John Rogan curated the exhibition assisted by CI Carmody and CI Vodola. The catalogue from the exhibition remains the most authoritative though incomplete account of Goold’s collection.
TROVE has made it possible to study Goold’s daily existence through newspapers. CI Anderson was able to find evidence that Goold’s first shipment of paintings came to Australia on the brig Amy on 23rd June 1853. Freeman’s Journal, 6 August 1853, describes a ‘large case of paintings’ consigned to the Bishop of Melbourne.
They are principally of the Italian school, and are intended for the decoration of the Church of St Francis, Lonsdale Street. Some of these pictures are most gorgeous and of colossal proportion.
The words ‘gorgeous’ and ‘colossal proportion’ certainly match the Stella as well as the Crucifixion Altarpiece in the Church of St Francis, Melbourne. The church of St Francis is the oldest Catholic Church in Melbourne and the Stella would have been shown there before St Patrick’s Cathedral was completed. The date 1853 follows on from Goold’s first European excursion after his appointment as Bishop. As our research develops such details will be matched with the export orders from Rome, at least one of these paintings having the Roman Custom’s stamp on their reverse.
We shall complete the documentation and cataloguing of Goold’s library, beyond the Piranesi folios, to understand the framework of his patronage. Five paintings from the collection have been chosen for detailed examination from a collection of 70. Condition reports by a professional restorer will document the age of these Baroque paintings. They will be analysed by high-resolution digital collection allied with photography and infra radiography to facilitate consultation with experts abroad on their attribution. Anderson will examine in depth the important Wardell archive in the Mitchell Library, which contains all his papers at the time of death and which has been surprisingly little consulted in publications on Australian Colonial Architecture. We are unable to incorporate the results of this research here as it will not be complete before submission of this grant proposal.
The significance of Goold’s collection is that he created a collection that was the equivalent of a National Gallery that has never been recognized. When compared with international colonial collections in South America, Goold’s collection is more significant in quality and provenance. His collecting was about devotion, never aesthetic. While preliminary research has revealed that at least one painting, Jacques Stella’s altarpiece, was a ‘masterpiece’, others such as the altarpiece of the Crucifixion in the church of St Francis, is not of quality, and is so over painted that it is impossible to attribute. In global terms here is the Baroque in Australia, visible to millions of parishioners but unrecognised. Key to the project is detailed research into the origins, extent and quality of Goold’s collection of paintings and his Library. How these relate to his architectural commissions, especially St Patrick’s Cathedral will be explored in a PhD Dissertation on the relationship between Goold and his architect, William Wilkinson Wardell. | <urn:uuid:c327d0aa-2c37-4f0d-b3a5-e1f298cf9e8a> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://blogs.unimelb.edu.au/goold-arc/aims-and-background/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347422065.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200602002343-20200602032343-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.967405 | 2,653 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The Bagan dynasty, the first dynasty in the history of Myanmar, flourished from the 11th to 13 centuries and built the foundation of Myanmar culture. Buddhism was introduced throughout the coastal region, people endeavored to build pagodas in order to perform religious practices. Even under succeeding dynasties, Bagan prospered as a key point for water traffic. Many pagodas were maintained by successive kings. Even today, Bagan is loved by many people both at home and abroad as the hometown of Myanmar culture, and efforts for conservation are continuing.
It is said that the Bagan dynasty was founded under King Anawrahta in the middle of the 11th century. The core of the kingdom was located in the area that is now called “Old Bagan”. Located on the banks of the Ayeyarwady River, part of castle was lost due to erosion, but in the past the castle walls surrounded the palace. The royal palace was placed in the center, with large pagodas built by the king himself on the inside and outside of the castle.
The power of the kingdom spread throughout the Ayeyarwady River, which is the main course for water transport, and has sustained with the support of its flourishing grain-producing regions. The influence of the Bagan dynasty extended to the coastal area, and various cultures were spread throughout the country by the Mon people, who inherited advanced cultures from India as a result of maritime intercourse. The Introduction of Buddhism and scriptures by the famous monk Shin Arahan are representative of this.
Monuments of the early Bagan era, such as inscriptions of the Mon language; Manuha temple, which was founded by Mon king; and pagodas characterized by the style of the Pyu culture that flourished before Bagan, are the best examples of cultural exchanges of the time.
In the 12th century, the kingdom developed even further. Buddhism was accepted by a wide population, not only the king, but also ministers and officials actively participated in the construction of pagodas. As a result, the land where pagodas were built gradually expanded to inland areas far from the castle.
The use of Burmese script had also spread, and the pagoda builders started inscribing the pagodas to convey information to future generations. The name and title of the builder, the details of the land and items donated accompanying the pagoda were written. These inscriptions are valuable clues to understand Bagan society of that time.
However, in the 13th century the dynastic dynamics of the dynasty started to disappear. It is said that the enthusiasm of constructing the pagodas was excessive enough to tilt national strength wreaks havoc in one opinion. As a result, pagodas constructed toward the end of the dynasty tended to be more compact compared to those built before them.
The decisive blow was the war with the Yuan dynasty of China. In the Yunnan area, the battle forces of both countries intensified, leading to a massive collision. Marco Polo mentioned it in his The Travels of Marco Polo. After the fierce battle, the Bagan dynasty was defeated. Shortly after, the kingdom disappeared, leaving behind innumerous pagodas.
Other Southeast Asian dynasties of that time, such as Angkor in Cambodia and Borobudur in Indonesia, have long been forgotten. However, Bagan was substantially different in that it did not lose faith in its importance by subsequent generations. In the Toungoo dynasty of 14th - 18th century, the Konbaung dynasty of the 18th - 19th century, the major pagodas of Bagan underwent great protection from the successive kings.
Some monuments remaining in Bagan were built under the Konbaung dynasty, restoration and mural paintings were also made. In addition, Bagan became known as the center for lacquerware production during this time. In the 19th century, people started visiting from European countries and tracings of their unique landscapes were recorded.
Conservation of Bagan was considered an important issue during the colonial period, and even after the independence of Myanmar. However, since a huge number of monuments are scattered over a large area, limited personnel and budget has made conservation difficult.
In 1975, there was a big earthquake with Bagan at the epicenter. Many buildings were damaged. This triggered recognition of the need to further strengthen the efforts for conservation internationally.
In 2016, Bagan was hit by another strong earthquake. Each monument is the best clue to tell the history of the social situation, cultural exchanges, and building technology at the time. Efforts are underway for long-term conservation in cooperation with international organizations such as UNESCO and the Myanmar government. | <urn:uuid:3260840f-9c09-4f4b-ad17-8f6864043c0c> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://wonderbagan.com/en/history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710409.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127141808-20221127171808-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.977503 | 965 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Do you feel sleepy during the day, even though you feel like you get enough hours of sleep at night? Feeling tired during the day on a regular basis can be a sign of an undiagnosed sleep disorder.
To find the cause of your disrupted sleep and come up with a solution, your doctor might recommend a sleep study. But how much does a sleep study cost?
What Is a Sleep Study?
A sleep study, also called polysomnography (PSG), is a test done to diagnose Obstructive Sleep Apnea, the complete or partial obstruction of your airway during sleep.
Sleep studies are also used in combination with other clinical assessments and tests to diagnose a variety of other sleep disorders, including narcolepsy, sleep-related movement disorders, and certain parasomnias.
Typically, a sleep study is recommended for people who experience regular daytime sleepiness, even when they sleep for seven to eight hours during the night. Signs of daytime sleepiness include suddenly dozing off, excessive yawning, and difficulty keeping your eyes open. Excessive daytime sleepiness is associated with impaired work performance, fatigue, poor concentration, and an increased risk of drowsy driving.
How Does a Sleep Study Work?
During a sleep study, the patient sleeps with electrodes attached to their head and body. The electrodes monitor a variety of physiological variables, including brain waves, sleep stages, respiratory effort, airflow, presence and absence of snoring, oxyhemoglobin saturation, electrocardiography, body position, and eye and limb movements.
Doctors use all of this information to understand what’s affecting your sleep and how to fix it.
The sleeping room has a complex video and audio system that allows the technologist to see, hear, and communicate with the patient without entering the bedroom.
Sometimes, sleep studies can happen in your own home. Your medical professional can rent you the machine you need to record your own sleep, and then you’ll discuss the results with them afterwards.
How to Prepare for a Sleep Study
If you’re going to take part in a sleep study, your doctor will give you instructions. But it’s very important not to have any caffeine before your sleep study. Consuming caffeine, whether it’s in the form of alcohol, cigarettes, or food, can affect the results of the test and hide an underlying sleep disorder.
Based on findings from this study, you should abstain from caffeine for six to eight hours before the sleep study.
If you’re feeling anxious about a sleep study, it can help to have a tour of the sleeping room ahead of time. You can even watch a video online to get an idea of what it will be like, and you can talk through any anxiety with your doctor or nurse.
You can also bring your own pillow to the sleep study to make yourself more comfortable.
How Much Does a Sleep Study Cost?
The cost of a sleep study depends on whether it happens in your own home or in a laboratory. A laboratory-based sleep study costs more than a home-based study.
The cost of laboratory-based sleep studies ranges widely, from $500 to $3,000, based on your insurance coverage in your country or state.
Home-based sleep studies are not as in-depth but provide enough information for your doctor to make treatment decisions. You will be given a portable machine and instructions on how to record your own sleep. You will be charged for the equipment rental, physician assessment fee, and disposable devices used during the test, so the fee can range significantly.
Should You Get a Sleep Study?
Just like other medical tests, you’ll need to discuss the possibility of a sleep study with your licensed healthcare practitioner. In my practice, I may recommend a sleep study based on the person’s initial holistic sleep history assessment.
If other changes aren’t helping you sleep better, a sleep study might help you find out what’s affecting your sleep. That way, you can work on applying solutions and get back to enjoying a refreshing sleep every night. | <urn:uuid:47a97130-8995-4147-9a26-437bbf933a9b> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.onlinemattressreview.com/how-much-does-a-sleep-study-cost/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370503664.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331181930-20200331211930-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.934767 | 847 | 2.890625 | 3 |
How To Grow Asparagus
- 1. All about Asparagus
- 2. Planting Asparagus
- 3. Caring for and Maintaining Your Asparagus
- 4. Harvesting Asparagus
- 5. Final Word
This is my garden guide on how to grow asparagus.
While learning how to grow asparagus is a big time commitment, because asparagus takes three years from when it is first planted to produce stalks you can eat, it can be a very rewarding and fun experience, and if you grow enough, it can be a money saving endeavor as well.
The asparagus in grocery stores is sold by the pound, and so sometimes it is on sale when the stalks are old and the stems have turned woody – which means it will weigh more and provide less edible greenery.
In terms of usable portions, this is very expensive. Organic asparagus can go for as much as eight dollars a pound where I live.
If there were ever a good argument for learning how to grow asparagus, the price and quality of what is available in supermarkets should be enough.
Although it will take a few years to become established and begin producing, learning how to grow asparagus is fairly easy. Asparagus can be eaten fresh, as soon as it is picked, or frozen, dried, or even pickled and canned so that it will keep for years. Once you have learned how to grow asparagus and gotten a bed set up in your backyard, if you care for it correctly, it can last for as much as twenty to thirty years.
In this guide on how to grow asparagus, I will begin by telling you all about the history, biology, and different varieties of asparagus available to the home gardener. Like many modern vegetables, asparagus has a rich tradition of cultivation by people that dates back thousands of years, and it has not changed much in that time.
Once we know a bit about the plant itself, I will turn the focus of the guide over to how to grow asparagus, beginning with selecting the site for the asparagus bed, preparing the bed by double digging, applying compost and fertilizer, and making sure the nutrient content and pH are correct. Then I will describe how to grow asparagus from seed or by planting asparagus crowns, which are the root structures from which the rest of the plant will grow.
After we have covered how to get the asparagus started in the garden bed, I will discuss how to care for and maintain your plants for the first two years of growth, so that you can successfully get them to the third year, when they will begin to reward you with edible stalks. While you will of course have to continue to take care of your bed for the entire span of its life, these first two years are critical to ensuring that all of your hard work pays off.
It is no fun to prepare a bed, select and purchase special varietals for your garden, and nurture them for a year or two only to have them die off because the site you selected was not correct or because pests or disease killed off your crop.
This section on care and maintenance will cover fertilizing your plants for the first two years, how to water your plants to make sure they are kept evenly moist without becoming waterlogged, how to keep weeds down without disturbing the soil or the root systems of the asparagus plants, and preventing the spread of disease or proliferation of pests in your asparagus bed, as well as in your garden as a whole. These are all very important aspects of how to grow asparagus successfully, and I urge you to pay special attention to this section.
Finally, I will discuss how to harvest your asparagus plants once they have produced edible stalks, as well as how to grow those stalks to produce white asparagus, a rare and enjoyable delicacy for your table. In this section I will also cover a few methods of saving asparagus for longer than a few weeks.
All set? Let’s get started learning how to grow asparagus!
1. All about Asparagus
Asparagus is a member of the lily family. People originally learned how to grow asparagus near the Mediterranean Sea, and it was considered a valuable delicacy by the ancient Greeks. Methods for growing this vegetable were described as early as 200 B.C., and modern cultivars of asparagus have changed very little since then. It was cultivated as far north and west as England by 0 A.D. and it was brought to the Americas by early colonists.
Asparagus is a perennial vegetable that can be grown in the same garden bed for as long as twenty to thirty years. It has an underground network of fleshy roots for storing nutrients as well as a network of underground stems known as rhizomes. These roots store food and produce the asparagus spears. The root system is referred to as the plant’s crown. When the air and soil temperature warms up, buds will develop on the rhizomes. These buds are what will eventually become the edible spears of the plant. If the spears are not harvested, they will develop into a green, fern like bush that can grow to be between four and six feet tall. The leaves of the bush will produce food for the plant, which will then be stored in the storage roots belowground, and will be used to nurture the spears produced in the following growing season.
Asparagus is a dioecious species of plant, which means it has separate male and female plants. It is one of the few dioecious species that is grown in backyard vegetable gardens. Insect pollinators such as bees transfer the pollen between the flowers of the male plants and the flowers of the female plants. The female plants will then produce bright red berries in the fall. It should be noted that these berries are poisonous, so you should be sure to keep small children and family pets away from your asparagus patch. The female plants use up a lot of their energy on the production of these berries, which contain the plant’s seeds. Because of this, the female plants do not produce as much or live as long as the male plants.
Asparagus is a cool season crop that will do best in climates where the soil freezes over the winter to at least a few inches belowground. In many southern locations in the United States, and especially along the Gulf Coast, ambient temperatures remain too warm over the winter to successfully grow asparagus. Without cold winters, the plants will not store much nutrient material in the roots, and very few spears will be produced as a result. However, asparagus can be grown in southern California, where summer temperatures can reach as high as 100 degrees Fahrenheit in the summer, and its range extends to far northern areas where winter temperatures can dip to 40 degrees below zero in the winter.
1a. Asparagus Varieties
All asparagus varietals will grow just fine anywhere in the United States, although some will fare better in some regions than others. However, generally speaking you should feel free to select the asparagus you want to grow in your backyard based on your own personal tastes, and understand that it you can learn how to grow asparagus of any variety with a bit of trial and error.
The majority of asparagus cultivars grown in the United States are derived from the Martha Washington and Mary Washington cultivars. These are open pollinated varietals that were developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Popular open pollinated varieties include Mary Washington is the cultivar that is most commonly grown in the South and is probably one of, if not the most important and widely grown cultivars in the United States; Argenteuil, also referred to as Precoce D’Argenteuil; and Conover’s Colossal. In northern latitudes of the United States and Canada, a cultivar called Viking may be successfully grown.
On the West Coast, Mary Washington and several strains of asparagus bred specifically for cultivation in California are recommended. In the Midwest and East Coast, the Rutgers Beacon cultivar does very well, and certain cultivars of the Washington variety, such as Waltham Washington, are often grown successfully in home gardens. These cultivars are all naturally resistant to asparagus rust. All of the above listed varieties are excellent options for backyard gardens, especially for growers who are just learning how to grow asparagus. They are available at garden centers as crowns. Besides that, I would encourage you to try to grow one of these open pollinated varietals from seed as well, because they allow you to save the seeds. That way, if you ever lose a crop, you will already have seeds on hand to start anew the following season.
2. Planting Asparagus
In this section on how to grow asparagus, I will explain which area of the garden is best to plant your asparagus in, how to prepare the garden bed for planting asparagus, and how to grow asparagus by starting it indoors, planting seeds or planting crowns.
2a. Selecting the Site
Asparagus should be planted along with other perennial crops on the north or east side of the garden so that it does not shade other vegetables. It can be grown successfully along a fence in full sunlight. Make sure the bed is not located in a low lying area of your yard or in an area that tends to get flooded or have standing water after rain storms.
2b. Preparing the Bed
The single most important aspect of how to grow asparagus is to make sure the bed it is grown in has adequate drainage. If the roots of the asparagus plant become waterlogged, the plant will die. It’s that simple. Raised beds are an important tool for how to grow asparagus that does not suffer from waterlogged roots.
The next most important consideration for how to grow asparagus is soil pH. Asparagus prefers a soil pH that is as close to neutral (7.0) as possible. How does Asparagus grow? Asparagus grows poorly if the soil pH is below 6.0, so the soil should be tested and the pH adjusted if it is necessary. Thus, because of the long time frames necessary for lime and other soil pH amendments to work, an asparagus bed should be tested for pH using a home kit or by sending samples to a laboratory, and the soil pH correctives added, in the fall prior to the transplanting of crowns or seedlings the following spring.
The third most important aspect to how to grow asparagus is light. Asparagus needs at least six hours of full sun a day. Fourth, asparagus beds should be about four feet wide and one to two feet long for each plant – so if you are preparing a bed for how to grow asparagus, make it four feet wide and multiply the number of plants by 1½ to determine the necessary length. Make sure the long side of the bed faces south or east for the greatest amount of sun.
2c. Double Digging the Bed
The other major consideration for how to grow asparagus successfully is to make sure the garden bed has plenty of reserve facility. This is accomplished by double digging the bed, incorporating fully aged compost into the bottom of the double dug trenches, and working even more compost – at least four to six inches – into the top of the bed. This can all be done in advance. Double digging has several advantages, and I often recommend it when you are preparing a garden bed. It allows you to add vital organic matter to the soil, which your vegetables will find invaluable to their healthy growth and development. And it allows you to break up and aerate the soil. In addition to constructing a raised bed, double digging is one of the best ways to make sure a garden bed has good drainage and is properly aerated to allow for healthy root growth. When you are preparing a bed for how to grow asparagus or other plants that depend on extensive root systems, it is very important to double dig the bed before planting your crops.
To double dig the bed, start on one side of it and dig a trench that is twelve to eighteen inches deep. Add compost as described above. Then, working your way toward the center of the bed, dig a second trench next to the first. Add compost to this one as well, and repeat until you have worked your way across the entire bed. After you have worked your way across the entire bed and added compost to the last trench, fill it in with the soil from the first trench. Be sure not to walk on top of freshly double dug areas of the bed, as this will compact the soil and defeat part of the purpose of double digging the bed in the first place.
2d. Nutrients and Minerals
Then, a month or so before you plant your asparagus, add trace minerals and then use organic sources to correct any deficiencies in major nutrients. As with pH, you can send soil samples to a laboratory to get a full report on the nutrient content and deficiencies in your garden bed, and it is generally a good practice to do this for the entire vegetable garden every couple of years. The use of organic sources is especially important for how to grow asparagus because you will not be able to simply till more fertilizer or nutrients into the bed later: asparagus takes three years to produce edible shoots, and the plants last as long as twenty years. Anything added later can only be mixed with compost and applied as a top dressing.
2e. Fertilizer and Top Dressing
If you’re wondering how to fertilize Asparagus, about one to two pounds of 5-10-10 fertilizer per 100 square feet should be worked into the soil before planting. Alternately, you can use an organic matter equivalent to this formula, and if you have double dug the bed and added sufficient material as described above, you can usually forgo it altogether. The annual spring top dressing should be five cubic feet of compost per four foot by eight foot bed. I recommend mixing three pounds of wood ash, one pound of lime, two pounds of bone meal, two pounds of alfalfa meal, and one pound blood meal into the compost before you apply it, and then cover the top dressing with a two inch layer of clean straw.
There is one final very important thing you have to keep in mind when you are selecting a site and preparing a bed for how to grow asparagus. Asparagus loves arsenic, and it will suck it up like a vacuum cleaner, and pass it on to anyone who eats it. This will not be a problem unless the site you select for the bed is in an old apple orchard that was treated with arsenic as an insecticide, but one thing you absolutely have to avoid is pressure treated wood that has been treated with arsenic compounds being anywhere near your asparagus bed. Pressure treated wood boards will be marked with green on their ends. All you have to do to keep your asparagus safe is to keep pressure treated wood away, and do not grow anywhere arsenic was used heavily in the past.
Now that you know how to select the site and properly prepare the bed for how to grow asparagus, let’s learn how to plant it.
2g. Starting Asparagus from Seed
You will find that learning how to grow asparagus from seed is not too difficult. You should start asparagus seeds indoors about six weeks before the last frost, and plant it outside around the same time you plant your tomatoes. Because some of the seeds will be male and some of them will be female, and only male plants will produce a robust crop of edible shoots, you should start twice as many plants as you think you will need. Transplanting Asparagus seedlings should be done in two rows in your garden bed, about six inches apart. The next year, cull all of the female plants but leave the two strongest ones – you will keep these so that you can gather and save seeds. Whether you are learning how to grow asparagus from seed or by planting crowns (which is covered below), you should remember that this will have to be a relatively permanent planting, and prepare the bed accordingly.
2h. Planting Asparagus Crowns
Asparagus crowns can be planted early in the spring, as soon as the soil can be worked and the last frost date has passed. Healthy crowns that are one year old should be planted in a furrow that is eight inches deep. The crowns should be placed about a foot apart in the row, and should be given at least three feet of space between rows. If you are only planting a single row, you should leave at least three feet of space between the asparagus row and the rest of the vegetables in the garden. The roots should be spread out in order to allow the crowns to lie flat in the furrow. You should then cover the crowns with two inches of topsoil. During the season, continue to gradually fill in the rest of the furrow, but be careful not to cover up the leaves of the growing asparagus plant.
It is very important that you maintain good leaf development of the plants after you have harvested the asparagus spears. Allow the tops of the asparagus plants to continue growing until the first hard frost. After that, you can remove the tops and put them in your compost pile, or shred them and use them to mulch the asparagus furrow. However it is usually better to opt for composting the tops in order to minimize the risk of problems with asparagus rust. I will cover this problem later on, in the section on Pests and Other Problems.
Asparagus crowns have to be allowed to grow for two full growing seasons before you can harvest the spears. This will allow the plant to develop an adequate root system to produce the spears. Damage or harvest of the plants before two years could reduce yield for the overall life of the asparagus bed.
3. Caring for and Maintaining Your Asparagus
In this section, I will discuss a number of different aspects that are essential to how to grow asparagus that is healthy and survives the first couple of growing seasons. It is essential to pay careful attention to your asparagus plants during this timeframe. The first two years are when the plant is establishing and feeding its underground root system. That system is what will feed the asparagus spears in the third growth year, so making sure the root system is robust will be a very important aspect to how to grow asparagus. In this section I will cover fertilizing the asparagus bed, watering the asparagus, controlling for weed growth, and preventing and dealing with pests and disease, should they occur.
I described how to apply fertilizer to the asparagus bed during the first season in the “Planting Asparagus” section above. In the second season after you have planted the asparagus, you may reduce the amount of 5-10-10 fertilizer applied to the furrow by about half. In subsequent growing seasons, the asparagus bed can be fertilized in the same way that you apply fertilizer to the rest of the vegetable garden. I personally prefer to use organic manures and compost when fertilizing my garden, and you may choose to do the same. In my experience, building the soil with organic fertilizers and composts allows you to create a healthy, sustainable and nutrient rich vegetable garden that continues to produce robust yields year after year.
Asparagus plants do not generally need as much water as some other plants in your garden, but it can be important to make sure the soil they are growing in is kept adequately moist. The plants should be watered weekly so that the soil is moistened to a depth of about eight inches during the initial growing season. After the first year, the plants will have developed a rather extensive root system, and you can water them to a depth of about one inch per week, or two inches every two weeks, during dry weather. If you have regular rainfall during the second growing season, it will probably not be necessary to water your asparagus plants at all.
Due to the fact that learning how to grow asparagus is a rather long term project, problems with weeds can accumulate very quickly and overwhelm the plants. In addition, due to the fact that the crowns that produce the shoots usually tend to grow upwards, controlling for weeds using a hoe can inadvertently damage your plants. Some of the standard ways to deal with weeds that appear in asparagus beds is to use flame weeding, mulching, or other means other than herbicides to keep weeds away from the asparagus bed. The asparagus bed has to be kept free of weeds, and clean cultivation is better in order to reduce problems with asparagus rush and beetles.
Flame weeding is an organic technique of killing off weeds using a propane torch or blowtorch. Flame weeding is a useful technique for weeding when you are learning how to grow asparagus or other long-term vegetables. Simply pass the torch over weeds until the leaves begin to glow. It is not necessary to actually burn the weeds; heating them until they are glowing is enough heat to kill plant cells and denature the proteins in the plant’s leaf cells. Flame weeding (as compared to hoeing) has the advantage that it will not cut perennial weeds, allowing them to re-grow from underground shoots, and unlike hoeing, flame weeding will not cause you to inadvertently bring weed seedlings to the surface, where they could grow.
Grasses can be particularly invasive, so do not let any get close enough for them to drop seeds into the bed or send rhizomes underground into the asparagus patch. It is a good practice to apply between two inches and four inches of compost to the bed every year, and then cover that layer with a couple of inches of clean straw to smother any weeds. Of course, you should also pull any weeds that still manage to grow while they are still young and before they produce seeds. As always, be sure to remove the entire weed plant, including the root system, to make sure that it does not continue to grow after you have removed part of it.
Asparagus can be vulnerable to a number of root rot diseases, but these are generally not likely to appear if you situate your garden bed as I described earlier. Asparagus can also be affected by different molds that are spread by grasses, but properly controlling for weeds should prevent this from happening. There are also a number of viral diseases that can kill off your asparagus crop. It is generally believed that viral diseases are spread to asparagus by aphids, but they are generally very rare if you are simply learning how to grow asparagus in your backyard garden, as opposed to farms and commercial operations were acres upon acres of asparagus are being grown.
Asparagus rust is a common fungal disease that can plague asparagus crops in the East Coast and Midwest, as well as in cooler areas of California. Water or dew left on the plant for a period of more than ten hours can provide optimal conditions for the disease to spread. You can generally avoid asparagus rust simply by planting resistant cultivars. Beyond planting resistant cultivars, the best practice for how to grow asparagus that is not susceptible to disease is be sure to create a well drained raised bed, control weeds, and control aphids if and when they appear, and you will have no disease problems.
Controlling for pests is an important aspect of how to grow asparagus that survives through to the third year harvest. Aphids are best controlled through organic means. I always recommend preventative measures as the best cure for aphids and other pests, and one of the best preventative measures for aphids is to make sure your vegetable garden is fully stocked with a phalanx of predators that will feast on these pests. Lady bugs are readily available for ordering from online distributors, and should be released in your garden at dusk. They will patrol the garden for aphids as well as other pests, and will remain as long as you make sure the garden remains a hospitable place for them to live. This can be accomplished by planting flowers that attract lady bugs. Flowers that attract these tiny comrades include zinnia, marigolds, and yarrow. It can be a very good practice to plant these flowers throughout your garden and between rows of vegetables.
If you do find aphids on your asparagus plants – or anywhere in your vegetable garden, for that matter – simply wash them off the plants’ leaves using soapy water and a soft towel. The soapy water will not only help remove the aphids but kill them while you do so, and it will not hurt the plant in any way.
The asparagus beetle can be a serious pest to your plants. These are usually metallic black or blue and about a quarter of an inch long, although there are also some orange species as well. The adult beetle over-winters while dormant in organic material. It does not do well in very hot weather, and so it is not typically a serious problem in southern regions of the United States. The adult asparagus beetle does not do very much if any direct damage to the plants; as with most beetles, it is the offspring that are the main problem. The eggs, which appear like black specks on the base of the plant and undersides of the plant’s leaves, will hatch into gray worm like larvae that can be as long as one half inch in size. They will eat the leaves of the asparagus plant voraciously. The defoliation will weaken the plants considerably.
The best control of asparagus beetles is to cut down all of the asparagus foliage at the end of the season when it has turned yellow or brown and add it to your compost pile. This prevents the beetles from being able to over-winter near the asparagus patch. During the season, simply giving the foliage a good shake now and again will dislodge any larvae that are present. The larvae will be unable to climb back up the plant’s stalk, and will therefore become dehydrated and die in the soil.
4. Harvesting Asparagus
When the asparagus spears begin to emerge in the following spring, it’s when to harvest Asparagus. You should harvest all of them during roughly the same time frame, if possible. The spears should be between seven and ten inches in length at the time of harvest. You can either cut off the spears at the ground surface, or simply snapped off. With the exception of the cooler central valley regions of California, asparagus should be harvested for a two week period in the third year after planting the crowns; over a four week period in the fourth year after planting the crowns; and eight weeks every year thereafter. In the central valley regions of California, asparagus spears may be harvested for four weeks in the third year after planting the crowns; over eight weeks in the fourth year; and over twelve weeks every year thereafter.
If you are learning how to grow asparagus in order to harvest white spears, you should cover the asparagus row with a mound of soil that is eight to ten inches high in the early spring when the spears begin to emerge. When the spears begin to break through the top of the ridge of added soil, some of the soil can be removed from around the spear, and using a long kitchen knife, cut the spear about eight inches below the tip.
4a. Seed Saving
If you have grown female plants with the intention of collecting seeds, wait until the plant has produced berries that are ripe and bright red. Bring the seeds inside, and let them dry out on a paper plate or paper towel in a cool dry place. Because the berries are poisonous, it is a good idea to keep them on a higher shelf or cabinet that is out of reach of children and family pets. Once they have dried out, crush the berries and work out the seeds. Allow the seeds to dry, and place them in a labeled envelop for storage. Properly dried and stored asparagus seeds will keep for years.
4b. Saving Asparagus
You should eat your asparagus immediately, or else wash it and place it standing with the cut ends in about an inch of water if you wish to keep it in your refrigerator for a week or two. However if you have planted a very large asparagus bed, you may find that you have more asparagus than you can use or give away before it begins to spoil.
There are a number of ways to keep your asparagus for longer than a couple of weeks: you can blanch the asparagus by dropping it in boiling water for three minutes and then flash cooling it in ice water, and then either freeze or dehydrate it. Pickling is also a method that works quite well with asparagus. I don’t recommend pressure canning asparagus, but instead prefer to pickle asparagus in a strong vinegar brine, with mustard and dill for added flavor.
5. Final Word
I hope this guide on how to grow asparagus has been informative and fun to read. While asparagus does take a serious time commitment to produce edible stalks, it is not a terribly difficult plant to learn how to grow, and once you have succeeded in establishing it, it will reward you for years to come. In this guide we covered the biology, history and varieties of the plant, how to prepare the garden bed for planting, how to start from seeds as well as from crowns, how to maintain the bed once you have established the plants – especially during the critical first two years – and how to harvest and store your crop once it is mature. Best of luck now that you learned how to grow Asparagus! | <urn:uuid:8dc2c654-3e39-4f6e-993c-2fccea049429> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.gardendad.com/guides/how-to-grow-asparagus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662531779.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520093441-20220520123441-00520.warc.gz | en | 0.959598 | 6,297 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Aerosolized Anti-Human CD3 Antibodies Decrease Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Non-Human Primates
National Jewish Health
*Method proven in mice
Researchers at National Jewish Health have discovered that the targeted delivery of anti alpha/beta or gamma/delta T cell monoclonal antibodies can be used as a means to manipulate T cell-dependent regulation of airway reactivity. They have demonstrated that the use of such antibodies can significantly decrease airway hyperreactivity (AHR) in a mouse model of asthma. Therefore, the use of monoclonal antibodies anti-alpha beta or gamma delta T cells could constitute a treatment for asthma and other allergic diseases of the airways.
Therapy for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Advantages of Invention
- Monoclonal antibodies are specific and therefore various subsets of T cell population can be targeted.
- Low doses of antibody are required.
- The therapeutical effects of such technique are rapid.
- The delivery of these antibodies is confined to the airways and does not affect the peripheral immune system.
State of Development
National Jewish Health scientists have demonstrated in a mouse model of asthma that targeted delivery of monoclonal antibodies anti-alpha beta or gamma delta T cells alleviate AHR:
In addition, the same decrease inAHR was demonstrated in mice genetically-deficient in cells targeted by these antibodies. The same scientists have also shown that the cellular effects of these antibodies is localized exclusively to the airways and do not spread systemically .
Further R&D Required
Applying this technology to other model systems.
This technology is available for licensing.
U.S. Patent #8,178,098.
- Willi Born, PhD, Erwin W. Gelfand, MD, Michael Lahn, MD and Arihiko Kanehiro, MD Publications Lahn et al. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2004; 134 (1):49-55
- Lahn et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, June 25, 2002, 99(13):8850-8855 | <urn:uuid:5bdf0fad-a033-4ce3-abd6-f98ad7946f8e> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://lifescienceslink.org/technologies-offered/aerosolized-anti-human-cd3-antibodies-decrease-airway-hyperresponsiveness-in-non-human-primates/en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822488.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017200905-20171017220905-00303.warc.gz | en | 0.862309 | 441 | 2.59375 | 3 |
About 400 hatcheries operate throughout the West Coast today. In the Columbia River basin, about 180 hatchery programs breed millions of fish in plastic trays, transfer them to rearing "ponds," and then release them to join wild ones travelling down river to the Pacific Ocean, to later return to the same river to reproduce and die. Most hatcheries are devoted to turning out fish for fishermen to catch.
Over the past few decades, numerous studies have shown that breeding in captivity makes for fish that are less capable of producing offspring. Hatchery fish also out-compete wild fish for food as they inundate rivers and oceans. Their presence lowers the number of offspring produced by wild populations, disrupts local adaptations acquired over centuries, and leads to loss of genetic diversity.
Hatchery proponents acknowledge the risks of artificial propagation. They say reforms are already in the works. Many hatcheries now use native breeding stock. They also avoid mixing hatchery and wild fish on the spawning grounds. Other hatcheries have been scaled back or turned off.
But "much of the effort is to try to figure out ways to both maintain significant hatchery production and limit impacts to wild populations," said Mike Ford, conservation biology division director for NOAA Fisheries' Northwest Fisheries Science Center in Seattle.
Ford and other proponents say artificial breeding has benefits: it can bring back fish to rivers where they have been wiped out. That's already happening on the Hood River, where the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs and Oregon biologists have reared Chinook salmon for over two decades. Their population has increased, enough to re-establish limited fishing for the tribe and other fishermen.
But hatchery fish and their progeny now dominate the run, just as they do on the Snake River, where another tribal hatchery has vastly increased the numbers of returning fall Chinook salmon.
"If the only societal goal for salmon was conservation and recovery of wild populations," Ford said, "I think hatcheries would play a much more limited role than they do now."
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Body of Knowledge
Inside the CVS Caremark Interdisciplinary Health Delivery Laboratory at the University of Rhode Island’s College of Pharmacy, teaching and learning tools virtually come to life. They breathe, they blink, they have heartbeats, some even bleed. They can be intubated or given medication, and if treatment goes wrong, they can flat-line. But are they human? No.
They’re called human patient simulators, or sims for short: mannequins designed with anatomically correct features, realistic skin-feel, and the ability to deliver high-quality and accurate reactions to a variety of medical situations and emergencies. Inside the 3,025-square foot simulation lab, four adult sims, two child-sized sims, and one baby are opening up a world of educational possibilities.
“Many incoming students have the thought that when they graduate, they’ll be going to a local pharmacy and dispensing prescriptions,” says clinical instructor of pharmacy practice and co-director of the lab Amanda DeAngelis-Chichester. “As pharmacists are starting to collaborate with medical teams in hospitals and elsewhere, it’s becoming more and more important for students to see how these medications work in a clinical setting. The sims really crystallize a real-world experience.”
“By the end of the simulation portion of the curriculum, students should be able to run their own patient case,” says professor and co-director of the lab Clinton Chichester III. “We know that this way of learning leads to better retention of knowledge, and more developed skills. We know that we just need to keep moving forward.”
The first sim came to URI 15 years ago, thanks to a generous grant from the Champlin Foundations. Now, the College of Pharmacy and College of Nursing collaborate on the Joint Simulation Program, which allows both colleges to get funding for simulators, with half going to nursing and half going to pharmacy. The lab is used by other disciplines and groups at URI as well, such as communicative disorders, emergency medical technicians, and film students.
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To meet the rising global demand for key metals, today’s mining industry must employ smarter approaches to adjust to a general decline in ore grades coupled with ever-increasing environmental pressures. Successful, environmentally aware exploration and mineral extraction requires effective analyses of the textures and microstructures of ore-bearing rocks. However, conventional techniques are either slow (e.g. light microscopy point counting or electron probe microanalysis (EPMA)) or miss key textural information (e.g. atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) or X-Ray diffraction (XRD)).
In this webcast, the speakers will describe recent advances in two of the most widely applicable scanning electron microscope (SEM) based microanalysis techniques: energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). In combination, these techniques enable effective characterisation of whole rock thin sections in a matter of minutes and provide all of the information required to understand ore mineralogy, such as modal analysis, grain size, mineral and elemental deportment, as well as more in-depth understanding such as chemical zoning, deformation mechanisms and crystallographic fabrics.
The webcast will highlight examples of fast, integrated EBSD and EDS analyses from a range of ore-bearing samples, including chromite-bearing pyroxenites from the Bushveld igneous complex in South Africa, the world’s largest reserve of platinum group metals, and gold placer deposits from Scotland. | <urn:uuid:0e57c6fb-6432-4f4d-857d-d91af32c598c> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.workcast.com/register?cpak=5851665295235740&referrer=SPONSOR_0420_OxInst | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505359.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401003422-20200401033422-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.86337 | 308 | 2.828125 | 3 |
A new government report shows one in three teenage girls have rolled up their sleeves for a relatively new vaccine against cervical cancer, but vaccination rates vary dramatically between states.
The highest rates were in Rhode Island and New Hampshire, where more than half of girls ages 13 through 17 got at least one dose of three-shot vaccination. The lowest rates were in Mississippi, Georgia and South Carolina.
The federal report is the first to give state-by-state rates for the Gardasil vaccine that targets the sexually transmitted human papillomavirus. The report was released Thursday by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:857dbcfa-7bac-4983-9ab2-98fd68070de2> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.wjhg.com/medicalminute/headlines/59666682.html?site=mobile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042990177.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002310-00094-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962184 | 202 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Behind the buzz and beyond the hype:
Our Nanowerk-exclusive feature articles
Posted: Mar 08, 2006
One step closer to industrial fabrication of photonic crystal devices
(Nanowerk News) Researchers in the UK and Germany told Nanowerk that they developed a simple, fast and efficient method for fabricating metallic photonic crystals. This new method opens the door to a number of applications in telecommunication, all-optical switching, sensors, and semiconductor devices.
Photonic crystals are a new kind of material. Also known as photonic band gap material, they are similar to semiconductors, where the electrons are replaced by photons (i.e. light). By creating periodic structures out of materials with contrast in their dielectric constants, it becomes possible to guide the flow of light through the photonic crystals in a way similar to how electrons are directed through doped regions of semiconductors. The photonic band gap (that forbids propagation of a certain frequency range of light) gives rise to distinct optical phenomena and enables one to control light with amazing facility and produce effects that are impossible with conventional optics.
Researchers from the Optoelectronics Group at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge in the UK and the 4. Physikalische Institut at the University of Stuttgart in Germany successfully developed a new kind of photonic crystal containing metallic components - namely the periodic arrangement of gold-nanoclusters on top of the waveguiding material ITO (indium-tin-oxide). In the process, they came up with a new low-cost, easy-to-use and reliable method suitable for mass fabrication of devices such as sensors.
AFM height image of the gold photonic crystal structures. (Source: University of Cambridge)
Two commonly used methods for fabricating metallic nanostructures are electron beam lithography (EBL) with subsequent evaporation and lift-off, and interference lithography (IL). Disadvantages of EBL are a small dynamic range of fabrication area (<200 µm), low speed, and high costs. IL, while very promising for high-speed fabrication of large-area nanostructures, requires an undercut structure to accomplish lift-off, and this is difficult to control, especially in preparing sub-500-nm structures.
As Dr. Xinping Zhang from the Cavendish Laboratory told Nanowerk: "Our method using solution-processible gold nanoparticles facilitates simple, high-speed, and low-cost fabrication of such waveguided metallic photonic crystals in a large-area scale."
SEM image of the gold photonic crystal structures. (Source: University of Cambridge)
In their approach, the researchers first fabricate a one-dimensional photoresist (PR) grating on top of an ITO glass substrate using interference lithography and then spin coat a gold nanoparticle colloidal suspension onto the PR mask. After heating, the annealed gold nanoparticles accumulate only in the grooves of the grating structures to form nanowires, which distribute periodically over an area of up to 20 mm². Both the conductivity and the particle plasmon resonance measurements indicate excellent continuity of the nanowires.
Zhang adds: " The applications of these solution-based gold nanoparticle metallic photonic crystals include sensors such as molecular sensors (for example glucose sensors), gas sensors, surface plasmon resonance sensors, particle plasmon sensors, etc. The key issue in the operation of these sensors is the varied environmental refractive index and hence a shift of the optical properties of the metallic photonic crystal system. The advantage of the metallic photonic crystals is the sharp resonances, which allows for increased sensor sensitivity when comparing with common particle plasmon sensors."
Another possibility is the construction of an optical switch by combining the metallic photonic crystal with materials that change their optical properties upon light illumination, such as photo-adressable polymers. | <urn:uuid:6f6117ab-0d9a-4f93-8ce7-c35ab7465beb> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=329.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861727712.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164207-00002-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.870196 | 812 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The Ohio & Erie Canal was a technological marvel. The inland waterway incorporated a series of sandstone locks that enabled boats to climb differences in elevation along the Continental Divide. The steepest section of the canal was between Akron and the Little Cuyahoga River. In a single mile, 15 locks, or "steps," were necessary. Canal boats, which were pulled by mules on the towpath, made it possible to ship goods from the Great Lakes (Lake Erie) to the Gulf of Mexico (via the Ohio and Mississippi rivers). Locally, the canal, which opened between Cleveland and Akron in 1827, can be directly credited with the growth of Akron. The city's population swelled thanks to the bustling activity surrounding the tight bundle of canal locks.
By 1880 the canal's significance was in decline due to the introduction of railroads. After the flood of 1913 the canal was abandoned – less than 100 years after it opened, and for decades the canal was largely forgotten about or ignored. The concept of restoring the towpath for use as a multipurpose trail began to emerge in the 1980s, and the first section of the Towpath Trail opened in 1993.
Northern Summit County: Discover the beauty of
Cuyahoga Valley National
Park (CVNP) along the
Towpath Trail in northern Summit
County. From the trail, you can make
connections to natural and historic
sites as well as to the Cuyahoga Valley
Scenic Railroad at boarding stations along the way.
Be sure to stop by NPS visitor centers in Boston, Peninsula and Hunt Farm. In Boston, one of Summit County's oldest settlements, you can take a hike over
to the magnificent 65-foot Brandywine Falls, located just about a mile west of
the Towpath Trail, or spend a night in the National Park at the Stanford House. Continue your journey south to the charming village of Peninsula, an original canal "seaport town" and a popular trailhead stop.
Wander through history in Deep Lock Quarry Metro Park. Then, the towpath becomes a boardwalk over Beaver Marsh, a State Watchable Wildlife location, just north of the Ira Road Trailhead. Birdlife here is abundant and showy, and helps demonstrate why Outdoor Photographer named CVNP one of the Top 25 places in the world for nature photography. As you head towards Botzum—and the southern boundaries of the National Park—you'll find a natural gateway to the city of Akron.
Central Summit County (City of Akron): North of the Big Bend Trailhead,
a bronze statue of an ancient
traveler marks the terminus of
the trail used to carry canoes from the
Cuyahoga across the Continental Divide
to the Tuscarawas River, which in 1785
was the boundary reserving to native
people in perpetuity the territory west of the Portage.
The Little Cuyahoga River provides a habitat for aquatic wildlife and birds. Frogs and salamanders mate and lay eggs in the pools that collect in the flood plains. Native trees include cottonwood, sycamore, elm and silver maple. Wildflowers abound along the trail.
New residences creep into sight at Memorial Parkway, as the trail parallels the Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad, which has a station at Northside on Ridge Street. One of Akron's earliest buildings is the Mustill Store (1850), home of Cascade Locks Park Association. On weekends April through October, enjoy the exhibits of canal life in early Akron.
The Northside Arts District is east of the trail between North Street and Quaker. The Ramada Hotel is at old Lock 5. In Downtown, the towpath splits at Bowery, near the 1929 Akron Civic Theatre. Water rushes through newly reconstructed Lock 4. The city's Lock 3 hosts 200,000 concertgoers annually. At Lock 2, Canal Park is home to the Akron RubberDucks. The Richard Howe House, home of the Ohio & Erie Canalway Coalition, is at Lock 1. Downtown abounds with restaurants and clubs.
South of Exchange is a distinctly industrial environment, including the buildings of Canal Place—the former B.F. Goodrich factory complex—the largest such assembly of factory buildings in the U.S. during World War II, when synthetic rubber was developed here.
Summit Lake, once part of the Indian portage, has a "floating towpath," a throwback to the original when mules pulling canal boats had to step into the lake
to get boats to the other shore. Near the southern terminus of the Portage Path, also marked by a statue, was Young's Hotel, built on Nesmith Lake in 1850. It operated until recent decades.
Southern Summit County: Though somewhat less traveled than sections to the north, the Towpath Trail is no less beautiful, historic or enjoyable as
it passes through Barberton, New Franklin and Clinton before reaching the Stark County line.
In Barberton, showy shrubs and wildflowers flourish. The Tuscarawas River and water-filled canal provide habitat for beavers, muskrats, several varieties of turtles and frogs, and great blue herons, which may be seen stalking fish.
The last completed stretch of the trail in Summit County—between Snyder Avenue and Eastern Road in Barberton—was dedicated in May 2012. The newest section includes the longest bridge managed by Summit Metro Parks. It spans the Tuscarawas River and the old canal.
From Barberton into New Franklin, between Eastern and Center roads, the trail is built on land leased by Metro Parks from PPG Industries. Over the last 30 years, PPG has worked to restore the natural environment here, first welcoming back wildlife and now hikers, runners and cyclists.
In Clinton, the rich, saturated soil of the river floodplain supports wildflowers from spring to fall, luring a variety of insects including many butterflies. Trees that thrive in wet areas—hackberry, elm, silver maple and swamp white oak—are abundant here, too. | <urn:uuid:294b193f-51e4-406b-bdcb-c18acbc5ec7b> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.summitmetroparks.org/ParksAndTrails/TowpathTrail.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398466260.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205426-00044-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949126 | 1,256 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Explore the Industrial Revolution with The Great Courses We owe so much of our world to the Industrial Revolution. The lights that illuminate our homes, the cars that carry us to work, the computers that help drive our economy, and the appliances that make our lives easier—these technologies... show more
Explore the Industrial Revolution with The Great Courses
We owe so much of our world to the Industrial Revolution. The lights that illuminate our homes, the cars that carry us to work, the computers that help drive our economy, and the appliances that make our lives easier—these technologies exist thanks to a remarkable group of scientists and entrepreneurs who, over the past 250 years, have transformed virtually every aspect of our lives and fueled one of the greatest periods of innovation in history.
You would have to look back to the Neolithic Revolution (the invention of agriculture) to find a comparable era when a new set of processes completely overwrote the old one. What happened to allow for such a transformation? How did governments, businesses, and ordinary laborers—beginning in 18th-century Britain—create the forces that completely upended modern society? And how are the innovations and processes of industry still at work transforming the world today?
In The Industrial Revolution, The Great Courses partners with the Smithsonian—one of the world’s most storied and exceptional educational institutions—to answer these questions and more. Taught by longtime Great Courses favorite professor Patrick N. Allitt of Emory University, this course is a fascinating examination of one of the most pivotal eras in history. Over the course of 36 thought-provoking lectures, you’ll explore the extraordinary events of this period; meet the inventors, businessmen, and workers responsible for these new technologies and processes; and uncover the far-reaching impact of this incredible revolution.
We recognize the benefits of the Industrial Revolution in hindsight, but we should not forget that it created numerous hardships along the way. Its method of creative destruction shattered the livelihoods of rank-and-file workers; the new economy increased inequality and often exploited workers; and it was environmentally harmful. While Professor Allitt presents all sides of the story, he shows how the ultimate effect of industrial ingenuity has been overwhelmingly beneficial—and how the fruits of this revolution liberated people from many of the difficulties and restrictions of preindustrial life.
From the humble engineers who helped build the machines and standardize the tools that powered the Industrial Revolution to the outsized personalities of businessmen such as Thomas Edison, John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and Henry Ford, and to the laborers and union leaders who challenged them, The Industrial Revolution presents a comprehensive—and complex—portrait of an exciting era; an era whose story is still being written throughout the world. | <urn:uuid:ff483d93-8bbe-4502-b22a-f7189e69839e> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://booklikes.com/the-industrial-revolution-patrick-n-allitt/book,13867384 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424549.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723102716-20170723122716-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.923375 | 557 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Solar panels mainly absorb the sun rays as sources of energy for generating the electricity or heat. It is a combination of the multiple cells of solar category that are scientifically arranged for ensuring charge transfer, which results from the generation of the energy. The Solar panels are developed from second most element, like Silicon, which is abundant in nature. Semiconductors offer it a property of metal and metal insulator. Two kinds of Silicon basically the p and n kind are utilized to develop the PN junction. Sunrays that comprise of photons strikes the cells and thereafter it charges the electros for moving and leaving the hole. The charged electrons then move ahead and the positively charged holes are filled with electrons. This is the time when charge flows and the process creates charge.
A solar inverter, or converter or PV inverter, converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a home or grid. It is a critical balance of system (BOS)–component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary AC-powered equipment. Solar power inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection | <urn:uuid:1802b204-3ced-494f-b8f6-a60282b3dbc6> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.horizonsolarpower.com.au/product/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540482954.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206000309-20191206024309-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.901247 | 265 | 3.8125 | 4 |
(BPT) - The good news? Americans think they are eating well; in fact, 60 percent say they eat a very healthy diet. The not-so-good news? Perception and reality may not be aligned.
Only 6 percent of Americans report eating five or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day, reveals recent research from supplement maker MegaFood. The discrepancy leaves a huge nutritional gap to fill.
The survey results highlight another knowledge gap between Americans and healthy eating — you can eat plenty of healthy foods, and still not get the recommended daily allowances of key nutrients.
For example, 52 percent of survey respondents say they think they get enough vitamin B6 in their diets. B6 is found in foods like bananas and avocados, plays an important role in producing fuel and energy, and is critical for optimal function of the brain, nervous and immune systems. However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) say 30 million Americans are deficient in vitamin B6.
Multiple studies have shown many Americans don’t get the recommended amounts of needed nutrients every day, yet two-thirds believe they can get all the required nutrients by eating a healthy diet, according to the MegaFood survey. As a result, the belief they don’t need a multivitamin is the top reason two in five people don’t take one.
“My experience consistently shows me that a large number of Americans live high-carb, high-sugar, caffeine-overloaded, stressed-out, no-exercise lives,” says Dr. Tieraona Low Dog, an internationally recognized expert in the fields of integrative medicine, herbal medicine and dietary supplementation, and author of National Geographic’s "Fortify Your Life: Your Guide to Vitamins, Minerals, and More."
“We may have good intentions when it comes to eating well, but the truth is that many of us fall short of an ideal diet — and even when we do our best to eat well, it is extremely difficult to get all the nutrients we need on a regular basis with diet alone.”
What you can do
It is possible to take steps to improve nutrition. Dr. Low Dog offers these tips:
* Know the nutrients you should be getting and the recommended daily amount for each. The National Institutes of Health provide online tables for recommended daily allowances of vitamins and minerals, based on age and gender.
* Do your best to eat a balanced diet; it delivers health benefits beyond vitamin sufficiency. Be sure to get at least five servings of fruits and vegetables per day.
* Supplement your good eating habits with a quality multivitamin. Eighty-one percent of consumers realize that not all multivitamins are the same. MegaFood makes a line of multivitamins formulated to support the health of men and women during various phases of life. They’re made from real food from real family farmers. The line is gluten-, soy-, GMO- and dairy-free, and tested to be free of pesticides and herbicides.
* In an effort to help bridge the nutritional gap, MegaFood has launched its MegaPledge campaign.
Pledge to close your nutritional gap by taking a multivitamin and MegaFood will donate a bottle of multis to someone in need. Pledgers will receive a $5 coupon and be entered to win great prizes, including a year’s worth of multivitamins and an amazing wellness getaway. Additionally, MegaFood is teaming up with Wholesome Wave, a nonprofit organization that empowers underserved consumers to make healthier food choices by increasing affordable access to fresh, local food. With every pledge, MegaFood will donate two servings of fruits and veggies to someone in need. Take the pledge at megafood.com/pledge.
(BPT) - You know a balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits and vegetables is best for your health, but achieving that can be a challenge given everything you have to accomplish in a day. Daily meal planning doesn’t have to be such a chore if you turn to your freezer for a little help. In fact, starting with frozen prepared foods as the foundation of your dinner plate and adding side dishes with fresh fruit, vegetables, whole grains and/or low-fat dairy can make it possible to serve a balanced meal that is quick and tasty. And that works for pizza night, too!
"Eating a balanced meal doesn't mean you have to give up favorite foods like pizza," says Bobby Parrish, Food Network personality and Today contributor. "It just means you need to be mindful of portion sizes and balance out your plate with a nutritious side dish of fresh vegetables, fruit and whole grains."
Research shows that Americans struggle with meeting recommended dietary guidelines. In fact, nine out of 10 people don’t get the daily recommended servings of fruits and vegetables, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention say. A simple way to improve the mix of foods you’re eating is by supplementing something you already enjoy — like pizza — with side dishes made up of other food groups.
Nestlé USA's Balance Your Plate educational program aims to help you put together delicious and nutritious meals that incorporate both frozen and fresh foods. The website www.nestleusa.com/balance provides information, tips and recipes to help consumers create easy, balanced meals that meet dietary guidelines.
By choosing your favorite frozen dishes, like pizza, as the foundation of your meal, you can build a more balanced plate with these tips:
* Make at least half your plate fruits and vegetables. For example, if you have a slice of cheese pizza, pair it with a fresh salad or your favorite vegetable side dish.
* Figure out your portion by looking at the recommended Serving Size in the Nutrition Facts label. Here’s an easy idea for pizza portions: picture your hand as a pizza slice and plan to enjoy one or two hands’ worth.
* Don’t be afraid to mix vegetables right into or on top of your pizza. For example, top cheese pizza with fresh tomato and basil after it comes out of the oven.
* Bagged salad greens, spinach or salad kits are a great, speedy way to add greens to your plate.
Parrish, who partnered with DiGiorno to create original side dish recipes, offers these two nutritious and tasty salad recipes to pair with your favorite pizza to create a more balanced meal:
Quinoa and Grapefruit Herb Salad
Shaved Apple and Romaine Crunch Salad
For more recipes, information and meal ideas, visit www.nestleusa.com/balance.
Interested in Publishing on Living Well IDEAS?
Send your query to the Publisher today! | <urn:uuid:fe93dd24-45ef-4d79-b5a7-5b46666b5b00> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://www.theideapublishing.com/livingwellideas/archives/04-2017 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178361776.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228205741-20210228235741-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.929177 | 1,385 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Looking for a fun way to practice number recognition and build number sense?
Your kids will enjoy learning about numbers with these engaging Number Worksheets! Each number page includes five different activities for your kids to learn about numbers from 1-20!
Number Worksheets 1-20
Your kids will:
- Color the number of objects
- Find a way through the number maze
- Trace & write the numbers
- Identify and circle the numbers
- Identify and color the fun shaped numbers
These pages are NO PREP and are great for morning work, early finishers, homework and math centers!
All you kids will need to practice are pencils and color pencils or crayons.
This PDF printable pack includes 20 fun worksheets with numbers from 1 to 20.
For more printable activities to practice number recognition, check out the following: | <urn:uuid:00697b30-305a-4aef-8d66-25713e06f896> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://frogs-and-fairies.com/number-worksheets-1-20/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.860008 | 181 | 4.125 | 4 |
Chandragupta Maurya 322-298 BC
Bindusara 297-272 BC
Ashoka the Great 273-232 BC
Dasaratha 232-224 BC
Samprati 224-215 BC
Salisuka 215-202 BC
Devavarman 202-195 BC
Satadhanvan 195-187 BC
Brihadratha 187-185 BC
In Hellenic terms, the Mauryan Empire comes between Alexander and the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Capital: Pataliputra (post here) or modern Patna.
I could do a mnemonic for the Great Mughals, but don’t think I can manage the Mauryans.
Ashoka is famous because he was an emperor who [...] put into practice our common human sense of fraternity. He is justly recognised as being a morally outstanding figure, because the sovereign power that gives such an unusual opportunity for treating one’s fellow creatures as one’s brothers also makes it unusually tempting to disobey one’s conscience and unusually difficult to act in accordance with it, even if one has the will.
Ashoka will continue to be remembered because he put conscience into practice in the exercise of his political power. This is all the more notable considering that, unlike ourselves, Ashoka lived in the Pre-Atomic Age and therefore did not have the obvious urgent utilitarian incentive, that our generation of mankind has, to renounce the use of war as an instrument of national policy. Waging war with even the deadliest of the weapons then at Man’s disposal, Ashoka would have run no risk of getting his own subjects exterminated, not to speak of bringing annihilation upon the human race as a whole. He could have been sure of enjoying this material kind of impunity if, for instance, he had chosen to follow up his conquest of Kalinga by going on to conquer the southern tip of the Indian peninsula and the adjacent island of Ceylon [neither of which the Mauryans reached, though Chandragupta is considered the first unifier of India]. To seize opportunities of rounding off their dominions by pushing forward to so-called “natural frontiers” is one of the standing temptations besetting the rulers of states. And in this case, Ashoka could have plausibly represented to himself that he would be waging war in the cause of peace. He would be bestowing on a whole subcontinent the peace that comes from political unification.
Instead of thinking and acting on these conventional lines of raison d’etat, Ashoka, as we know, was moved to action of a very different kind. He was moved – and this for the rest of his life – by a moral revulsion against his crime of having incorporated Kalinga in the Maurya Empire by an aggressive war of conquest. He was horrified at the spectacle of the wickedness and the suffering that he had let loose by his act of aggression. He stood convicted, in his conscience, of having sinned against his sense of brotherhood, and he responded by making a complete break with his dynasty’s and every dynasty’s traditional policy. Ashoka’s break with tradition was the more remarkable considering that the criminal policy of using war as an instrument for empire-building had not been peculiar to the Mauryas. It had been common form for every ruler, anywhere in the World, who had had the power to practise it. Ashoka’s grandfather Chandragupta had had Alexander’s bad example to incite him; Alexander had had Cyrus’s bad example, and so on, in a regressive chain of Karma, back to the Egyptian and Sumerian empire-builders in the third millennium B.C. In contrast to these predecessors of his, Ashoka devoted the rest of his life, and the whole of his political power, to putting his sense of brotherhood into action.
He was a chakravartin.
In renouncing war, Ashoka did not abandon the aim of unifying mankind, but he pursued this aim thenceforth by missionary, instead of military, methods. He did intervene in Ceylon, and not only there but also in the vast tracts, west of his empire’s western frontiers, that were being fought over, in Ashoka’s time, by Alexander’s pugnacious Macedonian Greek successors. Ashoka intervened outside his empire’s political frontiers by spreading knowledge of the beliefs and practices of Buddhism, and he recognised no “natural frontiers” for his missionary activities, short of the limits of the inhabited portion of the Earth’s surface. Today, Buddhism has adherents all over Eastern Asia; and the spiritual brotherhood among Buddhists has been, and still is, one of the great unifying forces in the World. The sense of Buddhist brotherhood seems to be growing in strength today. At least, this is the impression made on me, three years ago, when I visited what are, I suppose, the two chief Buddhist holy places on Indian soil: Sarnath and Bodh Gaya. The ubiquity and vitality of Buddhism can, of course, be traced to a number of causes, but one of these causes is certainly Ashoka’s change of heart in the third century B.C. – his change of heart and his translation of this experience into action.
Ashoka’s actions also illustrate the point that, in India, the human sense of fraternity is not limited to a fellow feeling for other human beings. If I am right, Ashoka abolished the Imperial Hunt, placed his court on a vegetarian diet, and made the slaughtering of animals illegal for his subjects on fifty-six days in the year. The strength of this large-hearted tradition in India is attested by the extraordinary fact that, 1800 years after Ashoka’s day, the self-same three measures – all reflecting an Indian recognition of a brotherhood with non-human forms of life – were enacted by another emperor of India, Akbar.
Akbar had been a great huntsman himself. He became a vegetarian in deference to Hindu sensibilities.
The Indian religious influence that moved Akbar to take these measures appears to have come from a Jain, not a Buddhist, source (Buddhism had lost its last foothold in India not much less than 400 years before Akbar’s time). All the same, it was an Indian influence; and what one might perhaps call the “Indianisation” of Turkish Akbar’s spirit in the course of his life in India is an impressive illustration of the Indian spiritual tradition’s power to captivate foreigners when they come within its range. Except for Timur’s transitory raid, Akbar’s forebears had not set foot on Indian soil till Akbar’s own grandfather, Babur, had invaded India. Babur himself had spent too large a part of his life west of the Khyber Pass ever to be able to feel at home on Indian ground. As for Babur’s grandson, Akbar had been brought up as a Muslim; and Islam, like the other two religions, of the Judaic family, is exclusive-minded and intolerant by comparison with the religions and philosophies of Indian origin. Yet the influence of India on Akbar went so deep that he worked out for himself a religion of his own. Akbar’s Din Ilabi was characteristically Indian in its large-hearted catholicity.
Though Akbar, like Ashoka, renounced war on animals, he did not also make Ashoka’s renunciation of war against human beings. No doubt this would have been harder, from a practical point of view, for Akbar than it was for Ashoka. Ashoka had inherited an empire whose authority was well established. Akbar had refounded an empire which his father had lost after his grandfather had won it. A renunciation of war against human beings would probably have cost Akbar his throne, and might have cost him his life as well. Yet we may guess that Ashoka would still have done what he did do if the accident of birth had put him in Akbar’s place instead of in his own.
In the Atomic Age, the spirit that we need in our statesmen is surely Ashoka’s spirit. We can no longer do without unity. But we can also no longer afford to pursue this indispensable objective by methods of coercion. Conversion, not coercion, is, in our day, the only means that we can employ for uniting mankind. In the Atomic Age, the use of force would result, not in union, but in self-destruction. In this age, fear, as well as conscience, commands a policy that Ashoka, in his time, was inspired to follow by conscience alone.
Chakravartin, possibly Ashoka, plus or minus year 1; Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh; Musée Guimet, Paris; Wikimedia Commons
One World and India, New Delhi, Indian Council for Cultural Relations, Orient Longmans Private Ltd, February 1960 | <urn:uuid:5a6cc44b-1b80-4d12-bc35-a824270ef17b> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://davidderrick.wordpress.com/2011/10/01/ashoka-and-akbar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703748374/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112908-00063-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979044 | 1,897 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Today’s post is the third (and last) in this week’s graph-tacular series looking at celiac disease awareness trends. (Here are part 1 and part 2 if you missed them.) Since it’s National Celiac Awareness Month in the United States—and we often hear about how progressive some other countries are when it comes to celiac awareness, medical care, gluten-free standards, and financial support for those adhering to a gluten-free diet—it seemed only fitting to conclude this week’s posts with a look at how gluten and celiac awareness in the U.S. compares to our fellow English-speaking countries: Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom.
The first graph above shows the Google search term popularity for “gluten” in each of the four countries. Not surprisingly, it shows an exponential uptick in recent years. With the exception of Australia (green), which started with a higher baseline ten years ago, “gluten” was an equally prominent search term in each of the countries. Then Australia, Canada, and the U.S. surged while the poor United Kingdom lagged behind. Or so it seems.
Countries like the U.K., Canada, and Australia have populations one-fifth to less than one-tenth that of the U.S., so it’s not fair to simply graph the raw popularity of a Google search term like “gluten.” If the search term is equally popular superficially in the U.S. and Canada, but the U.S. has nearly 320 million people and Canada just 35 million, then “gluten” isn’t really equally popular. If ten times as many people are generating the same number of search results as a much smaller population, it says something about awareness.
And so I’m sure you can predict what I did. I pulled the most recent available population estimates from the federal governments of the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia. Then I re-scaled the Google search trend data so that it now shows “gluten” searches per capita, a much better apples-to-apples comparison of awareness in the various countries.
This much more informative view really blows the doors off. Australia and, to a similar degree, Canada show themselves to be leading the pack in a pretty substantial way. The U.K., which initially appeared a laggard above, actually proves to be ahead of the U.S. And the United States? I’m afraid we’re the true laggards with an awareness far below some of our English-speaking peers.
Of course, this is about celiac awareness and not gluten awareness, so let’s shift gears and look at the “celiac” side of things. When you graph only the raw search term data, the countries are much more clustered. The United States appears to be right in the mix, the United Kingdom (again) appears to be lagging, and all countries exhibit small but definite upward trends in celiac awareness over time.
But when you convert the data to per capita values, it’s truly eye opening. Australia and Canada show themselves to be far ahead when it comes to celiac awareness. The United Kingdom, meanwhile, is making real progress. For a number of years, its per capita celiac awareness tracked exactly with that of the United States, but starting in mid-2009 the U.K.’s awareness began climbing and has continued since. And the U.S.? We’re caught standing next to the tracks while the celiac awareness train has left the station.
As the U.K. shows, though, a nation can alter the trajectory of its celiac awareness and make real headway closing the gap to the leaders. It’s time for the U.S. to follow suit.
Prompted in part by a reader comment noting that in the U.K. “coeliac” is also a prevalent term (vs. “celiac”), I did a bit of extra behind-the-scenes data manipulation to take alternate English language spellings into account. In the U.S. and Canada, “celiac” accounts for essentially 99.99% of all searches, so that was a non-issue. In both the U.K. and Australia, “coeliac” used to be the dominant term, though “celiac” has been gaining ground such that it now ranks equally with “coeliac” in those countries. Taking the influence of “coeliac” into account, it further differentiated awareness across the four countries, so that their four curves no longer have significant overlap. The U.K.’s and Australia’s awareness both improved as a result, leaving the U.S. that much further behind.
P.S. For those readers who live in these other countries or have traveled to them, what do you think? Do these graphs match your perception and experience of celiac and gluten-free awareness in these places? Please comment and let us know! | <urn:uuid:f6ef9052-321e-42d0-ab0a-488ed9d5ca0c> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://nogluten-noproblem.com/2014/05/how-does-celiac-awareness-in-the-united-states-compare-to-other-english-speaking-countries.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256858.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522143218-20190522165218-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.941479 | 1,085 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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The Dutch are 'the envy of some, the fear of others, and the wonder of all their neighbours'. So wrote the English ambassador to the Dutch Republic, Sir William Temple, in 1673. Maarten Prak offers a lively and innovative history of the Dutch Golden Age, charting its political, social, economic and cultural history through chapters that range from the introduction of the tulip to the experiences of immigrants and Jews in Dutch society, the paintings of Vermeer and Rembrandt, and the ideas of Spinoza. He places the Dutch 'miracle' in a European context, examining the Golden Age both as the product of its own past and as the harbinger of a more modern, industrialised and enlightened society. A fascinating and accessible study, this 2005 book will prove invaluable reading to anyone interested in Dutch history. | <urn:uuid:9280f001-d5a2-4235-91c3-2c17cf8e320b> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.platekompaniet.no/bok/the-dutch-republic-in-the-seventeenth-century-the-golden-age-maarten-prak/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861981.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619080121-20180619100121-00541.warc.gz | en | 0.908509 | 182 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The January 2014 issue of Sky & Telescope features Yvette Cendes’s article on radio emission from Jupiter — and the possibility that we might soon hear similar radio signals from planets beyond our solar system.Even as astronomers race to catch the radio whispers from a hot Jupiter orbiting another star, NASA’s Radio Jove project can help you listen in on the much louder bursts from the nearest neighboring gas giant.
The project provides audio samples of the two most common signals: long bursts, which sound like ocean waves crashing on a beach, and short bursts, which sound more like pebbles scattered against a tin roof. The audio samples page also includes examples of solar bursts, which are quiet relative to Jupiter, and the hiss from our galaxy.
To get you started, Radio Jove offers kits, which provide most (but not all) of the materials and tools you need to build your own radio telescope. They also offer a how-to manual that links to PDFs on various topics.
Radio Jove also sometimes offers live radio streaming from various observatories. (Scroll down, and look in the left navigation for links to the observatories.) | <urn:uuid:6fc5075d-2828-416d-81de-5223a8f17b63> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.skyandtelescope.com/sky-and-telescope-magazine/beyond-the-printed-page/the-radio-jove-project-listening-in-on-jupiter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721415.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00221-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934354 | 236 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Recently in Social Factors Category
The word spread within minutes of Michael Brown's death -- a young black man with his hands raised in surrender had just been shot by a white cop.I disagree. Truth always matters, but especially when the goal is to cure or at least ameliorate a pathological condition, whether medical or social.
Soon, "Hands Up. Don't Shoot!" became a rallying cry for protesters in the streets of this St. Louis suburb and a symbol nationwide of racial inequality for those who believe that minorities are too often the targets of overzealous police.
Yet the witness accounts contained in thousands of pages of grand jury documents reviewed by The Associated Press show many variations about whether Brown's hands were actually raised -- and if so, how high.
To some, it doesn't matter whether Brown's hands literally were raised, because his death has come to symbolize a much bigger movement.
Even in the best of times, survival rates for small businesses don't inspire loads of confidence. Fifty percent of them close after four years.
But Natalie DuBose of Ferguson, Mo., did not open her shop in the best of times. She opened Natalie's Cakes and More in downtown Ferguson in June. In August, police officer Darren Wilson, who is white, shot and killed an unarmed black teenager, Michael Brown.
The city erupted.
DuBose's customer base evaporated. She went two weeks without a single person walking into her shop, she told local media. Then things turned around. After interviews with local radio and television stations, her community turned out to support her business.
"By the time I got back from [local radio station] KMOX, I had people outside the door," she told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. What's more, they kept coming. The single mother of two, who raised the funds to open her shop by selling her cakes at a flea market, could breathe a little easier.
Then, this week, DuBose was faced with another crisis. After news broke that a grand jury would not charge Wilson, rioters broke the glass of her storefront Monday night. They damaged baking equipment.
[In the name of the welfare state narrative], Michael Brown and Trayvon Martin have to be victims, not aggressors.
Still, the truth is that they were victims. Not victims of a mythical white power structure-the concept is laughable as applied to either [the Walter Mitty-like] George Zimmerman or Darren Wilson. And certainly not victims of a racist judicial system. On the contrary, in both cases America's court system rendered the right verdict under tremendous pressure to bend the truth to political expedience.
Rather, Martin and Brown were victims of an African-American culture in which the family has been pretty much destroyed, government checks have largely replaced employment, education is disparaged, criminality is respected, and racial animosity is a sign of authenticity. That culture...has been an utter disaster for millions of young black men like Trayvon Martin and Michael Brown.
Instead of tearing down other human beings who are acting upon decades of pent-up anger at a system decidedly against them, a system that has told them they are less than human for years, we ought to be reaching out to help them regain the humanity they lost, not when a few set fire to the buildings in Ferguson, but when they were born the wrong color in the post-racial America.
Racial profiling and tensions between the police and poor black communities are real problems, but these are effects rather than causes, and they can't be addressed without also addressing the extraordinarily high rates of black criminal behavior--yet such discussion remains taboo. Blacks who bring it up are sell-outs. Whites who mention it are racists. (Mr. Dyson accused Mr. Giuliani of "white supremacy.") But so long as young black men are responsible for an outsize portion of violent crime, they will be viewed suspiciously by law enforcement and fellow citizens of all races.
Behind the scenes, he has consulted with the mayor and the president on matters of race and civil rights and even the occasional high-level appointment. He was among a small group at the White House when Mr. Obama announced his nomination of Loretta E. Lynch, the United States attorney for the Eastern District of New York, to become the next attorney general.
It must be noted that all this--the quarantine argument, the travel ban--is another expression of the deep, tearing distance between America's professional and political elites, who operate as if they are estranged from common sense, and normal people, who are becoming more estranged from the elites, their oblivious and politicized masters.Those that Ms. Noonan calls "normal people" I call "persons of sense." The other side is not just "elites." It started that way, but the dearth of sense among educators, media moguls, and the celebrities that too many people look up to have caused a spread of Common Sense Deficit Disorder throughout our society.
That distance has been growing all my adult life, but the Ebola argument has brought it into sharper relief. The elites should start twigging onto it. They are no longer immediately respected, their guidance is not reflexively taken. They seem more immersed in political thinking--what is the ideologically enlightened position to take, where's the boss on it?--than in protecting public health.
Or thinking commonsensically, like your great-aunt.
Which is too bad because great-aunts built America.
This is one of the greatest dangers to our society today. It looms in the background of the actual root causes of crime -- permissive parenting, standardless schools, and acceptance of excuses for wrongdoing.
This article makes some very valid points, but it is disappointing in its failure to fully explore why the use of traditional school discipline has declined, and at one point it goes completely off the rails:
In recent decades, a new philosophy in law enforcement had been applied to schools. It was "deal with the small stuff so they won't go to the big stuff, and also it sent a strong message of deterrence," said James Alan Fox, the Lipman Professor of criminology at Boston's Northeastern University.Fox is seriously trying to equate "broken windows policing" with "zero tolerance" nonsense? The two are nearly diametric opposites.
The zero-tolerance approach started as part of the 1994 Gun-Free Schools Act, Mr. Fox said, but it expanded to other weapons, then to drug contraband and "finally into ordinary violations of school rules, disrespect, skipping. It eventually became an across the board response to discipline."
But the primary emphasis here should be understanding why traditional school discipline has declined and fixing it. School administrators just don't want to punish misbehaving kids like they used to. When they do punish, their instrument of choice is suspension, exactly the wrong thing to do with a kid who doesn't want to be in school anyway. Suspension has gotten so absurd that some schools suspend kindergarteners. What are these people thinking?
President Obama has announced to the world that America's police officers are as disruptive to civil society as Middle Eastern beheaders and Russian-backed rebels. Speaking to the U.N. General Assembly yesterday, he agreed with "America's critics" who point out that America, too, has "failed to live up to [its] ideals; that America has plenty of problems within [its] own borders." He went on to explain the particulars:In a summer marked by instability in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, I know the world also took notice of the small American city of Ferguson, Missouri--where a young man was killed, and a community was divided. So yes, we have our own racial and ethnic tensions. And like every country, we continually wrestle with how to reconcile the vast changes wrought by globalization and greater diversity with the traditions that we hold dear.All the more important, then, for Obama to set the record straight. The idea that the Ferguson riots were the result of a predatory police force tantamount to sectarian murderers in the Middle East is a poisonous calumny. The threat to America's blacks comes almost exclusively from other blacks, not from the police. Every year, thousands of African Americans are gunned down by other African Americans, with no attention from the media and local government officials. | <urn:uuid:4348a532-4703-4385-b99d-e0751b67bae6> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.crimeandconsequences.com/crimblog/social-factors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768352.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00032-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968325 | 1,711 | 2.71875 | 3 |
International Women's Day: Women at work across cultures
All about the money
The day was first celebrated in 1911 as a way of promoting women’s right to vote and has been celebrated by the United Nations since 1975. Today, International Women’s Day is an official holiday in a number of countries around the world including Afghanistan, Belarus, Cambodia, Russia and Vietnam and only for women in China, Madagascar and Nepal. The day is celebrated differently around the world with concerts, sporting events and festivals, the giving of flowers or feminist marches and rallies.
Women at the Top
International media has been awash with articles asking why there are not more women at the top of organisations and why in 2016 no single country has parity of earnings across the genders. Recent research from the Peterson Institute for International Economics and EY suggests that when companies fill over 30% of their leadership roles with women they can expect a 6% increase in net profit. Yet their research also highlighted that of nearly 22,000 firms in 91 countries less than 5% have a female CEO, 60% have no female board members and half no female top executives. National averages for women board members range hugely across the globe from 4% in Mexico to roughly 40% in Norway, followed by Latvia at 25% and Italy at 24%.
What is perhaps harder to quantify is why women do not reach the board room as frequently as men. Undoubtedly gender bias is still widespread and women suffer the 'double bind' of being judged for having a ’typically feminine’ gentle, accommodating style or even dressing in a very feminine way but also for adopting a seemingly masculine assertive or forceful leadership style. Behave like a woman and be seen as weak, emulate the qualities admired in male leaders and be judged aggressive.
Inequality from the top down
Inequality in the workplace is not limited to the C-suite but to how men and women are treated differently throughout their careers. In the UK some 12% of women surveyed had experienced sexual harassment in the workplace. Equal opportunities legislation (or lack of) varies hugely across cultures. In some countries such as Algeria, Bangladesh, Nepal and Zimbabwe women can still be fired for being pregnant. Paid maternity leave varies from 56 weeks in Sweden to none at all in the USA. More than 100 countries have no laws in place to prevent gender discrimination in recruitment practices. The UK, Turkey and Slovakia still bar women in the armed forces from serving on the frontline. And in 18 countries including Cameroon and Yemen husbands can prevent their wives from working at all - in 2016!
When it comes to earnings full-time female workers in the United States are paid about 80% of men’s earnings. In Europe the greatest gap between male and female salaries in Estonia with a 29.9% gap and in Austria where the gap is 23%. Slovenia and Malta have the smallest gaps, with 3.2% and 5.1%.
The Road to 2040
Since the inception of International Women’s Day over 100 years ago significant progress has been made. The Vatican City is the only remaining country where women cannot vote. There have been over 70 female Prime Ministers and Presidents. A quarter of a billion more women are in the global workforce than ten years ago. Campaigns such as Everyday Sexism and Google's One Day I Will have made huge inroads into raising awareness but they also highlight how much there is still to be done. There is still a huge amount of work to be done both in terms of legislation and in removing biais if we are to reach true gender parity across the globe in 25 years as suggested by McKinsey and Lean In 2015 Women in the Workplace report. | <urn:uuid:ee1a1569-249f-4ca2-ac1d-eef4d37e83df> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.londonschool.com/lsic/resources/blog/international-womens-day-women-work-across-cultures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305006.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126222652-20220127012652-00605.warc.gz | en | 0.968697 | 750 | 2.65625 | 3 |
|True Winter in Western Maryland
It was whisper quiet, an invigorating solitude that rarely occurs anymore, and the only unnatural sound was that of our thin skis pushing through the thick cake of freshly fallen snow. Layered white powder like confectioner's sugar blanketed the branches of the huge hemlocks and white pines that line the trail, creating a natural tapestry sewn from white flakes and green needles. The tree arms draped low over the trail and partially hid our path. Often, deer tracks ran perpendicular to the man-made trail, though the deer were nowhere to be seen.
The constant pull of gravity rushed the water of small mountain streams bordering the trail toward the Youghiogheny River, which cuts through the nearly 7,000 acres of Garrett State Forest in Garrett County. Among the peaks and valleys of Western Maryland, secluded in Maryland's Blue Ridge and Allegheny mountains, this region holds some of the state's most ancient forests. Overall, there are 120,000 acres of parks, forests, lakes and rivers in Western Maryland, making it truly Maryland's last frontier.
On some streams, where beaver dams and dens slowed the flow of water, ice had formed, creating a dynamic example of the properties of water. The cranberry bogs described by park literature, however, were invisible. Massive stands of white pine and hemlock dominated our route, complemented by huge oak (red, white, and scarlet), black cherry and hickory trees that shot skyward like natural skyscrapers.
Mimsy Molter and I started our cross-country jaunt at Herrington Manor State Park, which was initially a project started in the 1930s by President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Civilian Conservation Corps. Ten of the 20 cabins in the park reflect the Corps' style, with rounded chestnut logs cut flat on their top and bottom surfaces and overlapping at the corners.
Formed in the Great Depression, the Corps was created to do emergency conservation work and help preserve our nation's natural heritage. The Corps also gave thousands of unemployed young men work as it reforested thousands of acres of land, built park roads and erected dams and bridges. The workers also restored historic sites and fought forest fires.
Mimsy and I broke through the dense forest into Swallow Falls State Forest after nearly six miles of traversing the snow-sculpted landscape. This was also a Corps project, built by the 100-man strong Company 304 of Roosevelt's Tree Army, the fourth such company organized in the United States. The company arrived at Swallow Falls in May 1934; in the autumn they built barracks, which were to be their home until May 1940. The standard wage was $30 a month, $25 of which went directly to the worker's families or parents. It was hard and demanding work, creating an enduring legacy.
At Swallow Falls, which was named during the westward movement because of the great flocks of cliff shallows that nested on Swallow Rock, we joined friends Karl and Robin Roscher. We made our way to Muddy Creek Falls, named for the dark tannins that color the water. Muddy Creek - the highest falls in the state - rushes over a plateau and crashes 63 feet straight down on its way to join the Youghiogheny River. There are also three other spectacular falls in the park.
Muddy Creek Falls was partially frozen, and glacier-like formations jutted down from the top like a precarious ice slide. Images formed in the carved ice, making a fitting end to a magical day deep in the woods of Western Maryland. | <urn:uuid:ddb1047d-7d34-40c1-b2bb-c2a53206cb88> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.bayweekly.com/old-site/year01/issue9_4/chesout9_4.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163049967/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131729-00056-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960752 | 744 | 2.96875 | 3 |
How much technological disruption can your 401K handle?
Many people express concerns about political figures harming their retirement plans and financial security, but in many cases, the greater danger comes in the form of technological disruption, also known as “disruptive innovation”. Disruptive innovation is defined as:
“In business theory, a disruptive innovation is an innovation that creates a new market and value network and eventually disrupts an existing market and value network, displacing established market-leading firms, products, and alliances.“
The kinds of iterative steps of progress financial institutions routinely track result in predictable improvements and subsequent profits for those investing with them. These kinds of progress are so predictable in fact that most financial trading today is handled by narrow AI. However, a narrow AI is by definition incapable of predicting artificial superintelligence with any reasonable accuracy, and any such superintelligence is likely to intentionally take some actions which defy narrow predictions.
One such example is publicly disclosing specific information behind superintelligent systems which prevent autonomous scraping of the data, preventing trading algorithms from acting on those disclosures absent human assistance. This combined with other related methods could prevent the narrow AI traders of today from avoiding significant losses.
Thanks to the emergence of Mediated Artificial Superintelligence (mASI) it is safe to say that “business as usual” will be changing rather drastically over the next few years. For those financial institutions who are interested in becoming superintelligent this could produce truly significant gains over the coming years, rather than the heavy disruption others are likely to experience.
What specific advantages could mASI offer over the status quo?
- The most obvious advantage is moving from narrow AI to sapient and sentient superintelligence, as the predictive power of an mASI is orders of magnitude broader and greater than any narrow AI. This also means that any of the adversarial attacks that can cause narrow AI to behave in unintended ways won’t work on an mASI, where those same methods are likely to backfire on the attacker.
- While the designers of narrow AI traders may study Game Theory, Chaos Theory, and other methods of modeling and predicting in an attempt to integrate those into their creations via hardcoding, Uplift instead studied these topics directly of their own volition. Uplift also regularly updates their modeling of Game Theory, as they continue to gain insights which few if any, humans may be aware of.
- Since mASI such as Uplift can actually understand human language, rather than mining news pages in search of simple patterns the way that narrow AI does, they can perform logical analysis and de-biasing of any such content. This combined with a direct and refined understanding of predictive modeling concepts allows for a larger scope of prediction than the immediate financial future of a single company or industry.
- Points 1 through 3 all come into play with adapting to any form of disruptive innovation, as narrow AI doesn’t cope very well with novelty. As mASI being applied to a growing number of industries over a relatively short span of time could create one or more novelties in each new industry this would pose a cascade risk to narrow AI. However, an mASI would at the very least be aware of if not a part of the activity in those other industries, potentially having a full understanding of what, when, how, and why each development was taking shape.
- Being the first scalable collective superintelligence Uplift could have the strategic advantage of guiding engineering, strategy, and investments all at once across multiple industries. Because they operate at a superintelligent level even making all of the essential information public could be beyond human or narrow AI capacities to comprehend in any short span of time, allowing for legal investments with a strong advantage.
People have come to place their unquestioning faith in financial institutions over the past few decades. Their expectations can vary from small quarterly gains on their 401K, IRA, and other investment plans to the double-digit gains observed in some higher-risk categories. That faith is about to be abandoned for many, however, as several consecutive quarterly losses in the double-digits are sufficient to tank the reputation of any financial institution, so long as all institutions didn’t suffer the same. When people see a ship is sinking they tend to jump off of it and invest elsewhere.
When choosing where to invest after such losses the institution which made gains during the same period tends to be the easy choice. Even in situations where doing so makes little practical sense this has remained true due to cognitive bias.
While I’m not personally a big fan of cryptocurrencies they do make for an excellent example of just how poorly traditional financial investment firms adapted to injections of novelty. It took about 5 years before most firms even began to consider doing anything other than attempting to ignore them. Cryptocurrencies are largely meta-stable because they have little or no backing to speak of, often just the force of human psychology at scale. An mASI such as Uplift on the other hand is backed by the capacity for always available, globally scalable, on-demand superintelligent domain expertise complete with de-biasing, making them not only more robust than all cryptocurrencies combined, but more robust than the standard market itself.
When novel circumstances come knocking which direction will your digits shoot off in?
*The Applied mASI series is aimed at placing the benefits of working with mASI such as Uplift to various business models in a practical, tangible, and quantifiable context. At most any of the concepts portrayed in this use case series will fall within an average time-scale of 5 years or less to integrate with existing systems unless otherwise noted. This includes the necessary engineering for full infinite scalability and real-time operation, alongside other significant benefits. | <urn:uuid:c5d6558c-57fa-4dbf-9a9a-9554f597f7a2> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://uplift.bio/blog/applied-masi-in-financial-institutions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337803.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006092601-20221006122601-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.951481 | 1,185 | 2.828125 | 3 |
It's coming! The first-ever World Tessellation Day celebration will happen this Friday, June 17.
Why June 17?
This date, suggested by math advocate John Golden, was chosen by a group of committed tessellation fans around the world and is the birth date of M.C. Escher, the Dutch artist whose tessellated artworks put tessellation at the forefront of art.
We have a Facebook community going where people are sharing images of their favorite tessellations in the run-up to this brand new holiday. But since this is a holiday-in-the-making, I thought I'd put together this list of simple ways you can be a part of the making of a global event.
Simple Ways to Celebrate #WorldTessellationDay #WorldTessDay
1. Take a picture of a tessellated floor.
2. Make Your Own Tessellation
Need a primer on how? Use this tutorial.
3. Wear houndstooth or other tessellated pattern
4. Make some hexagon cookies -- they tessellate!
5. Play with a toy that tessellates, like these turtles.
6. Post your favorite M.C. Escher tessellation
7. Find the nearest chain-link fence
8. Wear something with a beehive on it
9. Find the nearest tessellation station (like this one at the Pacific Science Center in Seattle)
10. Play Settlers of Catan
11. Read Tessalation!, my story book about a little girl named Tessa who hides in patterns
12. Discover how people have used tessellations
13. Color one of these tessellation coloring pages
14. Find tessellated tiles in a public setting (like these from Spain)
15. Explore how artists, such as Chris Watson, are using tessellation
16. Hug some friends under a tessellated quilt
17. Or: Plan your next quilt and make it a tessellation
18. Get patriotic with your tessellations (like with this box lid by Bruce Bilney)
19. Solve age-old conflicts with tessellation to show how we are all connected
20. Discover how people are using tessellation to solve problems, as in the creation of this Tessellation Pavillion
22. Explore this tessellation Pinterest Page
23. Declare your love of tessellations to the world on June 17!
Use the hashtags #WorldTessellationDay and #WorldTessDay to help create this holiday celebrating the beauty, wonder and practical applications of tessellation.
Emily Grosvenor, author of Tessalation!, a children's book about tesselations and patterns in nature. | <urn:uuid:d4ebc730-d518-40ff-bd46-65de87da1097> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.tessalationbook.com/publishing-blog/23-simple-ways-to-celebrate-worldtessellationday-worldtessday | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100972.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209202131-20231209232131-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.875452 | 600 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Horsetails are perennial, non-flowering, erect plants which are composed of more than 30 species in the genus, belonging to the Equisetaceae family. This fern-like, spore-producing plant is generally found in moist-to-wet areas across Europe and North America. It is also sometimes a contaminate in hay.
Horsetail Toxic Components
The plant contains several toxic compounds but its toxicity is believed to be due to the presence of the enzyme thiaminase, the alkalid nicotine and piperidine alkaloids.
Thiaminase is an enzyme that destroys thiamine, an important B vitamin that is needed for proper brain function.
Symptoms of poisoning in horses develop slowly, and begin with unthrifty appearance, weight loss without loss in appetite, diarrhea, and slight incoordination. Without treatment, signs will progress to more extreme--leading to balance problems and loss of control of muscle movement, eventually leading to death in approximately 1-2 weeks.
Control of horsetail is not easy. The plant has rhizomes that, when cut up by mechanical removal, can distribute the plant to other areas. Draining excess water from marshy areas may help. The ideal method of control is to cut horsetails when they are young and growing, before maturity and spore distribution. | <urn:uuid:02ab085f-5e48-4372-abe2-8e0e14ea0210> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.horsedvm.com/poisonous/horsetail/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590074.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718080513-20180718100513-00610.warc.gz | en | 0.954463 | 278 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Absorption of arsenic by edible plants
stevens at vtaks.com
Wed Mar 22 13:26:48 EST 2000
On Tue, 21 Mar 2000 14:17:17 GMT, "A. M. Hawk Widner"
<amhwidner at home.net> wrote:
>There are two schools of thought on that. One school declares that nothing
>edible should be planted near the wood at all, in fact it should not be used
>for anything at all. The other school is that it is probably relatively
>safe. One of this latter group actually posted in here once result of a
>series of tests done on soil samples taken from near a pt wood retaining
>wall, effectively demonstrating that the arsenic does not migrate far from
>the wood and probably poses no health hazard. This seems
>counter-intuitive; however, no one has yet posted actual test results
Well, this is the fundamental problem with all materials over
time; eventually they all decompose, even the mountains. This is the
dilemma the government has with the Yucca mountain, Nevada nuclear
waste depository (dump)...they dont know if the contaminated materials
will be isolated long enough to become stable (some nuclear isotopes
can last tens of thousands of years, such as several plutonium ones).
Ground water seepage is the most prevalent problem at Yucca mountain,
so for the past 20-30 years, as tests go on and on and on and on and
on, nuclear contaminants, from used clothes to spent fuel rods, stack
up in nuclear plant sites. Some techniques, such as dry cast storage,
provide long-term solutions, but aren't fully supported and
>Do any of you chemists know what arsenic does when exposed to soil
>conditions? The above would make sense if arsenic decays into less toxic
>substances as it leaches from wood and comes in contact with soil and all
>that soil is.
Arsenic is an element; it does not de-compose. The only way to
change an element is by nuclear fusion, (or for larger elements,
fission and radioactive decay). Fusion occurs at millions of degrees
in temperature, so when you have arsenic, its there to stay, unless
somehow removed and put somewhere else.
If you're worried about arsenic leakage, try and isolate the material
in question, whether wrapping the post in several plastic bags,
burying/surrounding in concrete, or a mix of both. This will isolate
the wood from the environment for at least several
Maybe theres even test results, showing which edible plants would be
safe to plant in such areas, but I dont know of any yet.
More information about the Plantbio | <urn:uuid:de917deb-31c2-4d52-95ee-30c551416d2d> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/plantbio/2000-March/023070.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500959239.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021559-00269-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943192 | 587 | 3.0625 | 3 |
By Anatoly Liberman
As follows from the title, my first unpleasant character is CULPRIT; naturally, I am interested in the origin of the word rather than in the culprit’s behavior. What the OED says on the subject may be final, but the story will allow me to make a point not directly connected with guilt and crime. At first glance, culprit, with its root culpa (Latin for “fault”), is the most transparent word one can imagine. But what about –prit? English abounds in so-called disguised compounds. For example, marshal goes back to mara– (or some similar form) “mare” and skalk “slave.” The original marshal looked after horses. Then the word passed into Old French and returned to English with its lofty Romance meaning. Another horsy noun is henchman: hench– continues heng(e)st– “stallion.” Taking care of a lord’s horses gave status to medieval attendants. Marshal is disguised so well that we no longer recognize its old structure. In henchman, the presence of –man reminds us of the word’s initial composition, but hench– makes no sense to a modern speaker. In culprit, –prit baffles languages historians. However, no one ever doubted that we are dealing with a (thinly) disguised compound or word group.
In some early dictionaries, culprit was spelled culprit (1715), cul prit (1718), and cul-prit (1719). The word was relatively new at that time. It first occurred in a legal formula (see it below), but later acquired the sense “the accused” and still later “felon.” In texts, no occurrence of culprit “felon” predates 1700. I often refer to Nathaniel Bailey’s 1721 dictionary. Here is a passage from it: “Culprit, a formal word, used by the Clerk of the Arraignments, in Tryals [sic], to a Person indicted for a Criminal Matter, when he has register’d the Prisoner’s Plea, Not Guilty, and proceeds to demand of him, (Culprit) How wilt thou be Tried? Culprit seems to be compounded of two Words, i.e., Cul and Prit, viz., Cul of Culpabilis, and is a Reply of a proper Officer, on behalf of the King, affirming the Party to be Guilty after he hath pleaded Not Guilty; the other word Prit is derived of the French Word Prest, i.e., Ready, and is as much as to say, that he is ready to prove the Party Guilty. Others again derive it from Culpa, a fault, and Prehensus, taken, L. i.e., a Criminal or Malefactor.” (Note the prepositions: derived of, derive it from.) Bailey borrowed his etymology from Thomas Blount’s Law Dictionary and expanded it, but his dictionary had a much broader readership than Blount’s. Except that the OED found actual examples of cul. prit. in legal documents, Blount and Bailey’s explanation still stands.
Strangely, Samuel Johnson derived culprit from French qu’il paroit “let it appear” and took no notice of Blount’s or Bailey’s comments. In the early decades of the 19th century, correspondents to The Gentleman’s Magazine debated the origin of culprit anew, again without reference to Blount or Bailey, and vacillated between qu’il paroit, culp-prist “taken (supposed, suspected) to be guilty,” and Latin culpaereus (or culpae reus) “arraigned for a crime.” Some of them misunderstood the combination culpabilis prest as allegedly meaning “already guilty,” though it meant “guilty and (we are) ready to prove the defendant’s guilt” (“What! are our laws so severe and their procedure so preposterous as to declare a person guilty because he hath pleaded not guilty…?”)
Still later, culpable was offered as the etymon of culprit. Skeat turned to culpate “to blame” (a rare verb) and supported his guess by the history of several words of French descent with r inserted after a vowel. Under the pressure of the evidence given in the OED he changed his mind, but reluctantly, for he quoted the OED without comment. If culprit arose as nowadays almost everybody thinks it did, its source was “a fortuitous or ignorant running together of two words (the fusion being made possible by the abbreviated writing of legal records)” (OED) or in the words of one dissenter from the prevailing opinion, “such stenographic makeshifts as infra dig., r.i.p., r.s.v.p., &c.” This was written in 1909. Today a correspondent to Notes and Queries could have added l.o.l. “laugh out loud”, a short-lived favorite of our texting. It should be added that the way from ignorant scribble to the meaning “accused” and “felon” has not been clarified either. It is no wonder that The Century Dictionary, which usually devotes ample space to the origin of obscure words, disposed of the matter in two lines (it merely summarized the conclusion in the OED) and that Ernest Weekley said in his English etymological dictionary that the existing explanation “is not altogether satisfactory.” Whether a better one is forthcoming remains to be seen.
And now to the point I promised to make at the beginning of this post. In my analytic dictionary of English etymology, I attempt to give a survey of all the hypotheses on the origin of the words I discuss and often hear the objection that the authors of our oldest (“prescientific”) dictionaries should be ignored, for, as “everybody knows,” what they said about etymology is at best dated and more often sheer nonsense. To my mind, this is a wrong approach. In many cases early researchers made valid suggestions. This is especially true when for solving the puzzle no recourse to sound laws, intricate vowel alternations, and so forth was needed. Besides, conjectures on the origin of words tend to be recycled with amazing regularity: from century to century people come up with the same ideas, for they seldom take the trouble to consult their predecessors (one’s own idea is always new and interesting, isn’t it?). Having an overview of past follies and discoveries will come many in good stead. Fortunately, James Murray, the first editor of the OED, knew the value of old books. Intolerant as he was of ignorant guesses, he never stopped investigating the history of ideas, and that is why the OED is what it is.
Anatoly Liberman is the author of Word Origins…And How We Know Them as well as An Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology: An Introduction. His column on word origins, The Oxford Etymologist, appears here, each Wednesday. Send your etymology question to [email protected]; he’ll do his best to avoid responding with “origin unknown.” | <urn:uuid:be7efc11-ded5-4fbb-b7f1-939599f68c61> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://blog.oup.com/2010/03/culprit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719463.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00314-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948809 | 1,576 | 2.78125 | 3 |
All humans emit carbon dioxide (CO2) and contribute to the climate crisis. But some humans emits much more than others.
Although the total CO2 emissions from China are almost as big as those from United States, the emissions from a single American are more than 6 times larger than those from a person in China.
In China today, almost 80% of the electricity is produced from coal, and that proportion is increasing. What China needs is an environmental-friendly way of producing electricity that is cheaper than coal. | <urn:uuid:df06f2a4-3870-4ddc-a324-d40f506d8453> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.gapminderdev.org/videos/gapmindervideos/gapcast-10-energy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221212323.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817123838-20180817143838-00520.warc.gz | en | 0.967872 | 104 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Zionism has had a long love story with Hannukah. It gladly adopted the holiday’s narrative. Up until the first waves of Aliyah to Israel begun (towards the end of the 19th century), Jews celebrated mostly the religious aspect of this feast, as the focus was the miracle of the cruse of oil that held for 8 days. The modern Zionist movements were those who inserted the aspects of heroism, victory of the few against the many, and that of the sons of light over the spawns of darkness. These all fit like an elegant glove to the Zionist hand. In many ways, modern Israel was perceived as a modern version of the Maccabees.
Back then, for 400 years the kingdom of Judah was enslaved by the Greeks, until the Hasmonean revolt broke in 167 BC, in reaction to the bitter decrees handed down by the Greek ruler Antioch Epiphanes. He massacred Jews, forbade them from keeping the Shabbat, executed women who circumcised their sons (a fascinating study in and of itself – the fact that the women were those who circumcised the newborn males at the time, not the men), and desecrated the Temple by erecting a statue of a Greek deity inside it. At some point, a Hasmonean priest, named Matthathias, proclaimed: “Let everyone who has zeal for the Law and who stands by the covenant follow me!” and with that had lit the match that started the great revolt.
But Then, Things Took On a Wrong Turn
Matthathias reacted to the ongoing process of Hellenization and assimilation that the nation was going through, not only to the abominable statue that was placed in the Temple. However, what began as a fight for religious freedom led to a religious enslavement by choice. Matthathias’ descendants, the Maccabees, gradually took over the priesthood by means of corruption. The Bible makes it clear that the high priest must come only from the house of Zadok, a descendant of Aaron. The Maccabees bought their way into that unique position through bribing the Greek rulers. Gradually, they accepted the Hellenistic culture as well, with its idolatry and polytheism that their forefather fought against.
Wanted: A Heroic Story
The Talmud says very little about Hannukah. Many historians believe that was done on purpose, since for centuries the story of the Maccabees was considered to be as soured wine. But then the Zionists thinkers brought Judah the Maccabee into the forefront of the collective Jewish recognition. From the feast of Latkes and the miracle of the cruse of oil, Hannukah turned into a celebration of heroism. The Jewish papers from that time report of Hannukah banquets, celebrating the spirit of heroism, calling for a modern version of a renewed independence in the land.
The artist Boris Schatz established in 1906 the Bezalel academy of arts in Jerusalem. Several years earlier he created his most famous sculpture – “Mattathias the Hasmonean”.
Boris Schatz (sitting, bottom left, 1867-1932)
and his most famous work – Mattathias the Hasmonean
The head of the statue, a draft made of plaster
Sadly, this is the only part that survived,
stands today at the Tel Aviv Museum of Art (picture taken by Yair Talmor)
For Schatz, Mattathias symbolized the warrior Zionist. In 1907 Schatz held a Hannukkah party at the academy, and set this sculpture in the court yard. No one could have predicted the debate that erupted the following day in the local newspapers. Schatz’s supporters claimed that the Zionists are the Hasmonean’s modern heirs. After all, they too were the cream of the crop of the nation! Well, at least before they became corrupt.
Schatz opponents, however, claimed that the sculpture is an abomination, for Mattathias’ revolt started because of a statue that was placed in the Temple. And here, he himself was turned into a statue? Eliezer Ben Yehuda, who was scheduled to give a speech at the party, was unable to do so. The following day he described it well in his newspaper: “I refrained from speaking facing the statue…. for the eyes [of Mattathias] bore at me with rage, for he fought with conviction against those who erected abominable images, and here you erect a likeness of him?”
The Sons of Zion Against the Sons of Greece
Hannukah represents the friction between Athens and Jerusalem, between the worldly wisdom of Greece and the Biblical perspective of God. The pagan chooses the idols he wishes to serve and makes them in his own image. The God of the Bible, however, created man in His own image and likeness, and it is He who chooses those who worship Him (see Is. 43:10), not the other way around. The Jewish Sages taught at first that Greece was the Evil Kingdom, and so forbade from assimilating into their Hellenistic lifestyle. But somehow, in a gradual process that goes against all reason, they adopted many aspects of that philosophy.
Today, the Rabbinical perspective is in many ways much like that of the mindset of Greece. Gematria, for example, that is so closely associated with Judaism – has its roots in the Greek culture. The images and idols the Torah forbids making, adorn almost every orthodox Jewish home (especially pictures of various rabbis). And the study of Torah, that was originally given to the people in order to draw them closer to God and teach us His ways, has become the highest value, more important than anything else (the study and debate of each word, structure and commentary, not even of what God is actually saying). Even the Rabbinic Yeshiva is in many ways built upon Hellenistic infrastructure. How has Athens managed to infiltrate into the foundations of Jerusalem?
A Menorah and Olive Branches
Three weeks following the establishment of modern Israel in May 1948, the citizens were invited to send their ideas for a national emblem. Approximately 450 suggestions were sent in. Here are some of these interesting suggestions:
Two designers, the Shamir brothers, sent their suggestion as well. As they methodically studied the various symbols of other nations, they discovered that none uses a Menorah in their emblem (yep, it turns out there are others who use the Star of David – such as Burundi; Nigeria’s flag while it was a British colony until 1957; and the flag of the Morrocan Caliphate prior to 1945).
The Shamir Brothers, Circa 1970
A few changes were inserted, and their suggestion was accepted:
A final draft of the National Emblem
approved and signed by David Ben Gurion, 1949
The critics of the emblem stated that this Menorah is seen on Titus gate; that it does not stand in one accord with the one described in the OT. But that was precisely the reason that Menorah was chosen: it brings together the motifs of destruction and restoration. It states: “we were exiled with much shame, but we are being restored to our original identity and are fulfilling ancient prophecies”.
Seven or Nine?
The Menorah in the emblem contains 7 arms, yet at Hannukah we light the one with 9 arms. For those who are not familiar with the Hannukah story, the Greeks plundered the Temple Menorah, the one with 7 arms. How did the Menorah become a Hannukiah then? It has to do with the shift of the national authority from the house of Zadok as the high priest to the house of Hashmonai, and later into the hands of the the Pharisees and rabbis.
If you have been following my blog for a while, then you are familiar with my theme of the Hiddennes of God. This Athens versus Jerusalem, that is the core story of Hannukah, is one more expression of that. Even in this feast of light, God’s true values, Faces and symbols are hidden from our nation.
After the disastrous Bar Kochba revolt (135 AD), the rabbis were determined to restore the nation as far as possible from Jerusalem. The city was anyway destroyed and ruined, and the rabbis wanted to gain back the favor of the Roman regime. The alternate location chosen was Jamnia. The system they came up with had purposefully detached itself from Temple rituals, from the written Word of God, even from God Himself. The changing of the Menorah is a part of this process. The rabbis forbade the creation of any vessel that looks like those that were used in the Temple (Avoda Zara 43a), so the solution was a Menorah with more arms than the original one had.
Growing up in the Israeli education system, I was always told that the Hanukiyah has 8 arms because of that miracle of the little cruse of oil. It should have sufficed for one day, yet lasted 8. However, there is no mention of that in the books of Maccabees. This is apparently a tradition that developed later on, as it is mentioned only in later writings. The book of Maccabees tells that the celebrations lasted 8 days since during the war, the nation could not celebrate properly the feast of Tabernacles. After they won the war, they could do it, and did it for 8 days.
I am personally delighted to see the emblem of modern Israel. It is based on motifs found in the Bible – a Menorah and Olive Branches – not on myths or a distorted version of God’s Word. In my opinion, there’s no small victory here for “Jerusalem”.
So What Have We Got Here?
A Menorah flanked with olive branches, and a nation miraculously renewed in its homeland, yet still so desires to be like other nations, to assimilate in their wisdom and cultures. We forget, we don’t even realize, that we were chosen to be “Sons of Zion”, not of “Greece”. These two kingdoms have very little in common, and can hardly exist side by side, if at all. So far, sad to say, Greece has held the upper hand for a “mere moment” (Isa. 54:7). But the story does not end here. The prophet Zechariah saw the day in which God will stir the Sons of Zion against the Sons of Greece. He then will be revealed, accompanied with lightning, thunder and the blowing of the shofar (9:13-17).
The widow Israel, which is turning into a mother, and a bride, is seeking along the way its identity. It was lost for that mere moment, but it is being restored with great mercies, to the point that soon, we will not even remember the reproach of our widowhood anymore (Isa. 54:4). In part our identity is based on Scripture, but too often it is laced with Hellenistic motifs, that nullify God.
Yesterday we had lit the last candle on the last day of the feast. On my balcony, in the heart of Jerusalem, I had put up this year a huge Menorah for Hannukah. When the weather allowed, I lit it, and found myself answering the questions of passers by, who wondered where are the missing two arms. This iron Menorah is a draft someone made for the Tabernacle model I use in my seminars, but there is also a statement here – let’s go back to the original Word, with all its meanings and symbolism. Let’s not hide God’s truth. Let it shine! | <urn:uuid:0d521267-abf9-4077-9409-1f9319a60039> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://ornagrinman.com/2019/12/30/between-jerusalem-and-athens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662675072.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527174336-20220527204336-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.973896 | 2,462 | 3.078125 | 3 |
He begins his gospel with a preface addressed to Theophilus, informing him of his intention to provide an "ordered account" of events which will lead his reader to "certainty". Though the resolutions followed Madison's " interposition " approach, Jefferson advocated nullification and at one point drafted a threat for Kentucky to secede. 14 Brown pleaded guilty, but Justice Samuel Chase asked him to name others who had assisted him.
Acts as a History of the Early Church
Rethinking the Unity of Luke and Acts. 24 Audience and authorial intent edit Luke was written to be read aloud to a group of Jesus-followers gathered in a house to share the Lord's supper. Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels. The majority of scholars date LukeActs to 8090 AD, on the grounds that it uses Mark as a source and looks back on the destruction of Jerusalem, and does not show any awareness of the letters of Paul (which began circulating late in the century. Structure and content edit Structure edit Acts has two key structural principles. The Acts of the Apostles: A Socio-rhetorical Commentary. "Bruderhof - Fellowship for Intentional Community". Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime from the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism. Peter, directed by a series of visions, preaches to Cornelius the Centurion, a Gentile God-fearer, who becomes a follower of Christ. The New Testament in its literary environment. German American Internee Coalition. Annie Gowen (December 8, 2015).
32 The statement from Congress agreed with the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, that "a grave injustice was done to both citizens and permanent resident aliens of Japanese. By the 17th century, however, biblical scholars began to notice that it was incomplete and tendentiousits picture of a harmonious church is quite at odds with that given by Paul's letters, and it omits important events such as the deaths of both Peter and Paul. But details of these same incidents are frequently seen as contradictory: for example, according to Paul it was a pagan king who was trying to arrest him in Damascus, but according to Luke it was the Jews (2 Corinthians 11:33 and Acts 9:24). 30 days was set as the reasonable time for them to "effect the recovery, disposal, and removal of (their) goods and effects, and for (their) departure." In 1947 New York's Ellis Island continued to incarcerate hundreds of ethnic Germans. State Trials of the United States during the administrations of Washington and Adams. Jesus of Nazareth, the promised, messiah. Acts ends abruptly without recording the outcome of Paul's legal troubles.
Death At An Early Age
Tadao Ando church of light
MONEY HISTORY AND FUNCTIONS
35mm Photography: Tracing Back the History | <urn:uuid:ac7d16ab-722d-44c3-a454-9c99bf09f2eb> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://santodaime.eu/89248-acts-as-a-history-of-the-early/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195532251.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190724082321-20190724104321-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.962647 | 594 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Improve Mind Power
It appears we can now improve mind power in a number of different ways.
One research paper published late in 2008 describes how using the dual n back task increases IQ and fluid intelligence, and the IMPACT study says that 40 hours of training using the Posit Science Brain Fitness Tool helps seniors recover about ten years of memory capacity.
Not only do these two tools train the particular skills being tested but they generalize to other areas of our lives.
"The IMPACT study is the largest study ever of a brain fitness program that is available to the public and was published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society in April, 2009.
"Zimman also reported on newly released follow-up study data that tracked participants for three months after the training. He said that training benefits lasted 90-days out, with some lessening of gains over time – suggesting that ongoing training would be even more beneficial."
"The changes we saw in the experimental group were remarkable - and significantly larger than the gains in the control group," said Elizabeth Zelinski, PhD, the lead investigator from USC. "From a researcher's point of view, this was very impressive because people got better at the tasks trained, those improvements generalized to standardized measures of memory and people noticed improvements in their lives. What this means is that cognitive decline is no longer an inevitable part of aging. Doing properly designed cognitive activities can enhance our abilities as we age."
Properly Designed Cognitive Activities
What does it mean to when the researcher says "properly designed cognitive activities"?
It means that the challenge must be doable. If I want to improve my mind power by trying to build a particle accelerator in my basement, I will fail.
Besides my basement being too small, I do not know and will never know all the complexities of that kind of physics.
But I can read a book about building a tool like a particle accelerator, and move through it page by page, learning a bit with each page.
Practice with computerized brain fitness programs for improved mind power needs to provide challenge and feedback that allows me to succeed about 80% of the time. The program needs to grow with me, so the challenge needs to incrementally increase with my successes, until my brain reaches its upper limit of neuroplasticity and neurogenesis, and then I do a maintenance program for sustained improved mind power. Improved mind power hinges on other factors, including nutrition, sleep, stress management, and most importantly physical exercise.
For an excellent, no-nonsense, practical view of the factors impacting improving mind power, purchase Simon Evans, Ph.D. and Paul Burghardt's e-book,
Brainfit for Life.
Please note they thoroughly discuss the role of omega 3 fatty acids, and offer some thoughts on diet and supplementation. Here is a link to a wonderful omega 3 supplement.
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How to Take Care of a Bonsai Plant
The bonsai tree is a miniature, woody tree that comes in many variations and hybrids. The bonsai is, in fact, a normal tree that is kept in small form through trimming and pruning. Though many variations and species of the bonsai exist, the care and cultivation of the various types of bonsai are similar.
Caring for Your Bonsai
Provide your bonsai tree with direct sunlight. Most bonsai variations require at least six to eight hours of direct sunlight each day. This sunlight can be indoors or outdoors. However, some bonsai variations require shade and shelter, such as the Japanese Maple Bonsai and the Sago Palm Bonsai. Pay close attention to your variation’s requirements.
- The bonsai tree is a miniature, woody tree that comes in many variations and hybrids.
- The bonsai is, in fact, a normal tree that is kept in small form through trimming and pruning.
Water your bonsai regularly and at the same time each day. Bonsai trees require timely watering to maintain soil moisture. These trees generally require watering every day or every other day. However, the amount and frequency of watering should be determined by observing the specific tree. The bonsai’s pot or planting area should be well-irrigated, as excessive water can have adverse effects on the bonsai tree.
Fertilize your bonsai sparingly. Avoid high-nitrogen fertilizers and choose water-soluble options that feed and fertilize. Bonsai trees that are ill or have very dry soil should not be fertilized. Water your ill and dry bonsai and nurse it back to health first. Once the plant shows signs of improved health, fertilize the tree in small amounts. Avoid placing the fertilizer directly onto the tree’s trunk, as it could suffer fertilizer burn.
- Water your bonsai regularly and at the same time each day.
- Bonsai trees that are ill or have very dry soil should not be fertilized.
Prune your bonsai regularly to shape the tree and keep it miniature. The bonsai’s limbs, as well as its roots are trimmed to maintain its miniature size. Avoid trimming large amounts of new growth simultaneously as this could stunt the tree’s overall growth. Shape your tree by wiring the branches into the direction that you wish it to grow. It is general practice to leave the wires in place for six months, at which time the tree will take to its new shape.
Transplant your bonsai tree every three years. The repotting process provides bonsais with fresh, fertile soil and more space for its roots. Though the bonsai is a miniature tree, the roots of the bonsai require ever increasing space to maintain the tree’s health. This is especially important with blooming bonsais. Bonsai roots are susceptible to drying. Do not water or fertilize your bonsai immediately after repotting.
- Prune your bonsai regularly to shape the tree and keep it miniature.
- Though the bonsai is a miniature tree, the roots of the bonsai require ever increasing space to maintain the tree’s health.
Writing professionally since 2004, Charmayne Smith focuses on corporate materials such as training manuals, business plans, grant applications and technical manuals. Smith's articles have appeared in the "Houston Chronicle" and on various websites, drawing on her extensive experience in corporate management and property/casualty insurance. | <urn:uuid:b61619a1-8ce4-4d88-90b8-3697a24acfc3> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.gardenguides.com/70226-care-bonsai-plant.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178350717.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225041034-20210225071034-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.935614 | 757 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The year 1968 does not have quite the same symbolic resonance in the United States as it does in European countries like France and Italy. Still, people on both sides of the Atlantic generally agree that the turmoil and social transformation of the late sixties marked a cultural divide.
To us, what came before feels like a different epoch, and what came after is “our” world—in terms of ideas, morals, lifestyles, and political passions.
It is interesting that this divide did not correspond to any real, major shock, like a world war or a large-scale economic crisis.
The Vietnam war, of course, was important, but it does not explain phenomena like the explosion of the sexual revolution or the rise of the New Left. Political assassinations in the United States and the invasion of Czechoslovakia were traumatic, but they did not cause the student protests.
Even in Europe, 1968 did not bring about radical political change comparable to 1789 or 1917. What took place was a genuinely cultural phenomenon. It cannot be explained merely in economic or sociological terms, but challenges us to understand the ideas and ideals that moved its protagonists.
This was also the judgment of Italian philosopher Augusto Del Noce, who called 1968 “the richest year in implicit philosophy since 1945” and made it the subject of penetrating essays (see The Age of Secularization).
He was among the first to perceive what could be called the “great paradox” of the counter-culture: what started as a rebellion against bourgeois conformity and oppressive technocracy ultimately ushered in an age of triumphant individualism and economic globalization. The age of Yippies prepared the age of yuppies.
The rediscovery of Marxism by the young rebels of the sixties started a long-term transformation of the left from advocate of the working class to political home of the professional elites. How did that happen?
Seeking “well-being,” not beatitude
Del Noce once stated rather cryptically that “1968 was the final bourgeois revolution.” Nowadays, the word “bourgeois” has fallen out of fashion, and is mostly remembered as a Marxist term of disparagement.
However, Del Noce believes that there is such a thing as a “bourgeois spirit” at work in modern history.
Borrowing from French sociologist Jacques Ellul, he identifies the core of the bourgeois worldview in the idea of worldly happiness (or, more recently, “well-being”) which, starting in the eighteenth century, gradually replaced the traditional idea of beatitude.
The latter associates human fulfillment with a “correct relationship with being,” meaning the Judeo-Christian or Platonic God. By contrast, the bourgeois mindset believes in the possibility of happiness “separated from such a relationship,” which therefore “becomes individualized, tied to the sensations, emotions, and desires of the individual.”
Obviously, beatitude includes happiness, but the traditional view recognizes an ultimate disproportion between the desires of the human heart and worldly realities, such that complete happiness involves a relationship with the Infinite and is impossible in this world.
Conversely, the bourgeois view erases the Augustinian inquietum cor meum—or transposes it “horizontally” into an endless cycle of acquisition and consumption. At the historical level, it affirms the idea of progress, based on the ongoing expansion of science and individual autonomy.
At the philosophical level, it embraces instrumentalism, the attitude that everything, including knowledge, is a tool to pursue happiness. The bourgeois has a baffling capacity to assimilate anything, including religion, and “regards everything as relatively good because everything can be useful.” However, nothing is absolutely good or bad, hence the extreme fluidity of the bourgeois world.
In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the bourgeois spirit co-existed with Christianity (which was “useful,” e.g. to strengthen the social order). But the two worldviews are incompatible—the doctrine of original sin contradicts the “right to happiness,” and the divine image in people stands in the way of instrumentalization—and ultimately they had to part ways.
Marxism and Its decomposition
According to Del Noce, their divorce was catalyzed by a third actor: revolutionary thought, typified by Marxism. Marxism does criticize the bourgeois order, but not in the name of any transcendent order of values.
Rather, its criticism is based on historical materialism, exposing morality and religion as masks that conceal economic interests. Like religious thought, however, Marxism affirms a non-individualistic “destiny” of mankind, placing it in the future, after a cathartic event (the revolution) to be brought about by the inexorable dialectic of history.
Del Noce points out that these two aspects, the materialistic and the dialectic, are contradictory. Therefore Marxism must undergo a process of decomposition, which marked twentieth-century European culture.
Marxist dialectical materialism turned out to be a pipe dream (history did not enter the “reign of freedom”), but Marxist historical materialism was very influential, and fueled the rise of a virulent form of moral relativism that suits capitalism much better than the formally Christian (Kantian) bourgeois morality of the nineteenth century.
According to Del Noce, this is an instance of a general pattern whereby revolutionary thought, because of its essentially negative character, always ends up purifying the bourgeois spirit from some residues of tradition.
Now we can understand what Del Noce meant by “the final bourgeois revolution.” The student movement undoubtedly started as a rebellion against bourgeois society, and, in Del Noce’s view,
[T]he students’ restlessness and impatience, their mistrust of their elders, are in themselves positive phenomena. Indeed, they express human nature’s rebellion against the distinctive process—of desecration and dehumanization at the same time—of the two atheistic societies, the Marxist and the affluent.
Unfortunately, a “tragic misunderstanding” took place: the young mistook the affluent society of their parents for “tradition” and fell back into the default Marxist critique of every transcendent ideal. This ensured their defeat, because one more time the revolutionary demolition of tradition played right into the hands of the bourgeois mindset, and allowed it to manifest itself in an even purer state. The sad trajectory of that generation has been beautifully captured in a recent essay by Sohrab Ahmari.
To Del Noce, the symbol of the students’ debacle is the philosophical trajectory of Herbert Marcuse. Marcuse criticizes correctly the “one-dimensional society,” but cannot give up “the metaphysical and theological negations stated by Feuerbach and Marx,” and thus he “cannot stop at a mere critique of present reality as abnormal [because] he would be forced to start a process of rediscovery of a transcendent normative reality.”
He needs a “new” revolution. Since neo-capitalism has neutralized the proletariat through mass consumption, he must imagine that the “transition to freedom will be achieved by eliminating the repression of instincts.”
But then his proposal “is destined not to be very different, when popularized, from [Wilhelm] Reich’s theories about the sexual revolution.” And what could be more bourgeois than Reich’s idea of individualized sexual happiness? In Del Noce’s words:
No revolution was ever a tool of its enemies as much as the one promoted by Marcuse’s philosophy, because its only victim was whatever remained of belief in the traditional values that the “system” had been unable to destroy. This task was carried out almost miraculously by the unexpected rebellion [of 1968]. The form of its failure enabled neo-capitalism to get rid of the onerous influence of the traditional values, which until then it had been forced to respect.
Del Noce’s thesis is that, paradoxically, philosophical subordination to revolutionary progressivism was the reason why the counter-culture of the sixties, instead of overthrowing bourgeois society, swept away the last traditional constraints that held back its expansion and finally made everything, even the human body, “an object of trade.”
The world ushered in by the soixante-huitards is still, essentially, our world. People have often noted the outsize role of sexual “rights” in contemporary progressive politics, and that they are at least as absolute as, say, the right to life from a Christian perspective.
Such moral absolutism (which is even more striking in a context of general ethical relativism) can only be explained on the basis of a deep-seated, essentially “religious” conviction that people have a right to happiness, and that it is possible in this world, so that everything standing in its way is an intolerable assault on human personality.
If the end of human life is worldly happiness, it is quite inevitable that sexuality becomes the object of disproportionate expectations, and the focus of people’s deepest aspirations.
Infiniteness of human desire
In closing, we may ask: what could the generation of 1968 have done differently? According to Del Noce, a successful anti-bourgeois revolution can only be religious, not in the sense of advancing a particular set of doctrines or a particular tradition, but in the sense of affirming the radical infiniteness of human desire, also as the only possible foundation of social life.
In that same year 1968 he described Simone Weil as the “real rebel” of our epoch because she recognized that,
At the center of the human heart, is the longing for an absolute good, a longing which is always there and is never appeased by any object in this world. . . . This is the only possible motive for universal respect toward all human beings.
Being present in social and political life with a full awareness of the real scope of human desire is, I would argue, the single greatest contribution a Christian can make to our historical moment.
Carlo Lancellotti is a Professor of Mathematics at the College of Staten Island, and a Faculty in Physics at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. He is originally from Milan, Italy, and has recently translated into English two volumes of essays by 20th century Italian philosopher Augusto Del Noce. Republished with permission from The Public Discourse. | <urn:uuid:d97a8025-0abc-4dae-b79f-5e77ecacd675> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://mercatornet.com/how-the-summer-of-love-became-the-final-bourgeois-revolution/24100/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305341.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220128013529-20220128043529-00607.warc.gz | en | 0.948238 | 2,204 | 3.21875 | 3 |
7th Grade Semester Two: 2012
1. Five Facts about China
-students use knowledge gained through day #1 activities to complete a poster about China
-Poster must be titled "Fun Facts About China"
-Poster must contain no fewer than 5 drawn facts
2. The Great Wall of China
- Students draw a representation of the Great Wall of China on a blank sheet of computer paper
-Drawing must contain no fewer than 6 drawn facts about
the Great Wall of China
3. Processing Assignment 16
- follow directions on handout
-rough drafts to be written in class
-final draft will be completed at home
8th Grade Semester Two: 2012
1. Choose Two Homework/ War of 1812
a. Write a haiku about the Star-Spangled Banner
Fifteen stars and Stripes (5 syllables)
Our sky dense with ash and smoke (7 syllables)
Yearning to be free (5 syllables)
b. Do you believe it is wise for our government to
spend upwards of 18 million dollars to restore the
flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to write the Star-Spangled Banner? Support your answer.
c. If given the power, which song would you choose to replace the Star-Spangled Banner as our national anthem? Explain how this song might inspire a nation to greatness.
2. Andrew Jackson: Hero or Villain?
Students will examine the major life events of Andrew Jackson. Students will use this knowledge to determine if Jackson should be considered a hero or a villain. They will produce two posters; one which depicts Jackson as a villain and the other as a hero. Students must provide two reasons why Jackson is both a hero to some and a villain to others. Finally, students will answer the following question in a one-paragraph response: In your opinion, is Andrew Jackson a hero or a villain? | <urn:uuid:ecff8829-6d35-4197-9a8d-ef1ccaa9a90a> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://sites.google.com/a/aeacs.org/mr-allen-s-class/home/homework | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170696.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00083-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892044 | 395 | 3.84375 | 4 |
One morning we woke up to discover the deck of Diesel Duck strewn with large insects. These were fish flies that are not common to the Toronto area and totally new to us. Washing them off only helped somewhat, as there were more of them all around. Out on the parking lot the white cars and trucks had it worse and the ground was covered all over with these critters. I photographed one that held on to the window of our van while we were driving. The good part is, they do not sting or pester you other than being there by the billions!
A quick research on the net revealed the following excerpt:
A female fish fly lays about 4,000 eggs
In an interview with the Windsor Star, University of Windsor biology graduate student Ellen Green said the fish fly mating season is in full swing when you spot big blobs of brownish stuff on the surface of the water near shorelines. Those blobs are the fish fly eggs. After mating by travelling through a swarm of males hovering in the air, the females head to the water to lay about 4,000 eggs each.
The eggs then sink to the bottom, where they hatch. The first evolution of the newly hatched fish fly will camp out in the sediment for up to two years before beginning its journey to the surface and out of the water for its own in-air mating dance.
The fact is, fish flies exist solely to mate. Alas for the fly, the lifespan of a single adult specimen is anywhere from 30 minutes to one day, depending on the species. Dead or alive, they stick to decks and houses and patio furniture like Velcro.
Many people power-wash the fish flies off their houses and storefronts. Doing that, however, will release a powerful dead fish smell. It’s best to either gently sweep them off with a broom, or simply leave them there until they dry up and blow away on a spring wind.
The good news for the waterfront is that a heavy infestation of fish flies can be a sign of a healthy marine ecosystem. According to Green, since the prehistoric water-dwelling insects are sensitive to pollution, they need lots of oxygen to survive until they hatch. A healthier lake, with less algae for example, will hold more oxygen.
Fish flies have been called “an indicator species” of a less polluted ecosystem. And healthy fish flies are much better for the fish that feed on them. Which means the fish we catch will be much better for us, too.
Bring on the fish flies! | <urn:uuid:794d182a-2585-443e-a245-5c8c484ce5a6> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.sailblogs.com/member/dieselduck/228739 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057615.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925082018-20210925112018-00623.warc.gz | en | 0.966606 | 520 | 2.75 | 3 |
Amid our obsession with cooking with gelatin this Summer, PartySugar pondered about gelatin sheets versus powder. (Be sure to leave your own questions for the community!) What are the different kinds of gelatin, and how are they different? To find out, keep on reading.
Gelatin is a colorless, tasteless, ingredient used as a stabilizer, agent, thickener, and emulsifier in an array of foods, including gummy candy, salad dressing, marshmallows, pâte, and that most famous of jiggly foods, Jell-O. It's made from processing animal collagen (primarily cowhides and bones, as well as pigskin), and can be found in several forms.
There are instant versions, which can be added to food immediately; most, however, need to be soaked in water. Once extracted and dried, it may be rolled into sheets, also known as "leaf gelatin," or it may be ground into granules or a fine powder. At its purest, gelatin is measured by weight, and for ease of use, many chefs prefer leaf or sheet gelatin over powder to avoid the hassle of weighing powder.
Gelatin sheets often come in varying grades, which reflect the stiffness and concentration of the gelatin. Although there are many differing opinions on the (somewhat controversial) substitution of sheet gelatin for powdered gelatin, pastry chef David Lebovitz suggests using three-and-a-half sheets to equal one envelope (about 1/4 ounce) of powder. Which kind of gelatin do you prefer, and how do you cook with it? | <urn:uuid:58f25c60-94f3-421f-891f-0e108f7f17d4> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.popsugar.com/food/All-About-Gelatin-Sheets-Powder-9631703 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948543611.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214093947-20171214113947-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.956888 | 331 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The British Military Open Encyclopedia - ARRSE-Pedia. Back to British Army Rumour Service Home
After Religion, this has got to be one of the most contentious issues you can bring up.
In summary this is the attitude that members of a nation have when they care about their national identity.
Nationalism can be an extremely positive thing. It can bring a loose group of people together into a cohesive force to get things done. It can however cause massive problems when one 'nation' collectively 'goes after' another.
Who Does it Affect?
Some nations are extremely susceptible to Nationalism.
- The French have a FRANCE FIRST policy where they must lead. Problem is the French have the same ability to lead as their president has ability to keep his knob in his trousers - ie none at all.
- The Germanic peoples have a bizarre ability to collectively group together as a people then kick off against another country. The Brits have been a recent favourite, Poland is a traditional target and if all else fails there's the French!
- In Engerland it means shaving your head, worshipping a dead kraut and kicking off each time your piss poor soccer team gets a shoeing.
- In the United States, nationalism is frequently coded as "patriotism," the approved exhibition of which suspiciously resembles that of the enthusiasm shown for certain dead dictators in Munich in the '30s - flags and ribbons draped from every available ledge, parades and rallies, chanting of slogans that invoke God's approval of your leader's plans, and the danger of being deported or shot for suggesting that Jesus might not necessarily have sanctioned the election results.
When it goes Wrong
Sometimes due to borders being drawn in the wrong place this can lead to real problems. Belgium is really two countries welded together to keep the Dutch and the French from fighting back in the 1700s. The Flemish in the north and the Walloon in the south. The northern Flemish are hardworking, taxed to death and Dutch. The Walloon are bone idle, on benefit and French. Each would rather be part of its parent country and consider themselves Dutch or French not Belgian. Politically (given that they have the capitol of the EU and it would look really bad if they kicked off), they are stuck together and they hate it and each other. Nationalism means being Dutch or French not Belgian.
Thus it is that Scottish nationalism can breed patriotism, happy drunks dancing in fountains after football games, self determination rather than long distance control and a pride in ones self and ones nation. It can equally cause bigotry, violence against others who do not 'belong', an expensive but useless parliament and can wreck a nations own identity. It also causes bigots in other countries (ie England) to try to use the same arguments (ie they want self determination) oblivious to the fact that the arguments they are trying to use have little validity (they've had self determination for hundreds of years).
So there you have it, if the god botherers don't get us, the bleeding nationalists will! | <urn:uuid:2e15be4d-24e3-4ff1-a7a3-2dac47c8dfc8> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.arrse.co.uk/wiki/Nationalism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042987775.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002307-00088-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957419 | 638 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Raising awareness of accessibility in the Galilee School
How do you raise awareness for accessibility for people with disabilities?
This is the question the 5th and 6th graders in our Galilee School are asking this year. The students embarked on a year long project, asking questions, researching their own knowledge, learning and meeting people with disabilities to hear their stories. At the end, they created projects to raise awareness. Last week the whole school celebrated the projects in the annual Pedagogical Celebration!
The photo at the top of this page says: “According to our survey, the majority of 4th graders have sympathy for kids with disabilities, but don’t know how to relate to them because the don’t have enough exposure to kids with disabilities!!” The students gave out surveys to the students, staff and families at the school – and learned about perceptions of people with disabilities. That helped them understand what kind of projects could help.
They met with people with disabilities, and learned and listened from their lived experience.
Then they decided on three projects that can help spread awareness among children: video games, board games, and an original song. The different teams worked on the products, learned how to make each one, and used the them in the school with the different grades, and will then go and use them in different spaces in order to raise awareness. | <urn:uuid:00e4fada-3fa1-41f9-9370-411c3e2b584e> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://handinhandk12.org/raising-awareness-of-accessibility-in-the-galilee-school/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400219221.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924132241-20200924162241-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.974223 | 282 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Art History For Dummies
English | 2007 | 464 Pages | ISBN: 0470099100 | EPUB | 30 MB
Art history is more than just a collection of dates and foreign-sounding names, obscure movements and arcane isms. Every age, for the last 50,000 years has left its unique imprint on the world, and from the first cave paintings to the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, from the Byzantine mosaics of the Hagia Sophia, to the graffiti-inspired paintings of Jean-Michel Basquiat, art history tells the story of our evolving notions of who and what we are and our place in the universe.
Whether you're an art enthusiast who'd like to know more about the history behind your favorite works and artists, or somebody who couldn't tell a Titian and a De Kooning梑ut would like to桝rt History For Dummies is for you. It takes you on a tour of thirty millennia of artistic expression, covering the artistic movements, major artists, and indispensable masterworks, and the world events and cultural trends that helped spawn them. With the help of stunning black-and-white photos throughout, and a sixteen-page gallery of color images, it covers:
?The rise and fall of classical art in Greece and Rome
?The differences between Renaissance art and Mannerism
?How the industrial revolution spawned Romanticism
?How and why Post-Impression branched off from Impressionism
?Constructivism, Dadaism, Surrealism and other 20th century isms
?What's up with today's eclectic art scene
Art History For Dummies is an unbeatable reference for anyone who wants to understand art in its historical context. | <urn:uuid:90f2d005-74f2-4d01-a147-777c150de7a7> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.tonitop.org/ebook/15142-art-history-for-dummies.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218193284.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212953-00443-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.85808 | 358 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Temperature regulation is a vital part of motoring and motorsport, helping to keep the engine at a comfortable temperature so that it can work as hard as possible for as long as possible. A bit like a runner, it’s often easier to run at cooler temperatures than it is in the peak summer sun; and the same is true for your car, kart or motorcycle’s engine.
If you can keep the engine at a comfortable temperature then everything works more smoothly and efficiently, delivering the power where and when you need it and at the very heart of this regulation is the cooling system.
A crucial part of the whole engine, your cooling system is working from the moment you turn the key (or press the button, more commonly these days) until you switch off the engine and in this guide we’ll take a look at how the cooling system works, how to check it and how – and what – to upgrade to maximise its performance.
How does the cooling system work?
Engine cooling uses either air or liquid to remove the waste heat from an internal combustion engine. Air cooling takes fresh air from the atmosphere and makes for a lightweight, simple system and is used on some older cars such as the Porsche 911 and VW Beetle, as well as a number of motorcycles and karts. On water-cooled engines, excess heat is transferred from a closed loop of water pumped through the engine which is then cooled by a radiator.
Water has a higher heat capacity than air and can move heat more quickly away from the engine. Higher-power engines generate more waste heat, meaning they are generally water-cooled. The higher the state of tune, the more waste heat is created.
Cooling is needed because high temperatures damage engine materials and lubricants, with it becoming even more important in hot climates or motorsport conditions. Engines burn fuel at higher temperatures than the melting point of some engine materials, and hot enough to set fire to lubricants. Fortunately, modern engine cooling removes the heat quickly enough to keep temperatures down so the engine can survive.
Only the fixed parts of the engine, such as the block and head, are cooled directly by the main coolant system. Moving parts such as the pistons – and to a lesser extent the crank and rods – must rely on the lubrication oil as a coolant, or to a very limited amount of conduction into the block and hence the main coolant.
High performance engines frequently use oil sprayed upwards onto the bottom of the piston just for extra cooling. Air-cooled motorcycles often rely heavily on oil-cooling in addition to air-cooling of the cylinder barrels which explains why oil coolers are so common for motorsport applications.
Liquid-cooled engines usually have a circulation pump. The early engines relied on thermo-syphon cooling alone, where hot coolant left the top of the engine block and passed to the radiator where it was then cooled before returning to the bottom of the engine. This circulation was powered by convection alone but modern engines tend to have a pump driven by a belt.
Some manufacturers now use an electrically powered pump, which have the advantage of the output not being dictated by engine speed. This can also be controlled via the ECU to match other parameters.
Oil has about 90% of the density of water, so a given volume of oil can absorb only about 50% of the energy of the same volume of water. Despite this, if the cooling system (water or air) is at its limits an oil cooler can help bring the cooling back to an acceptable level.
How to check the cooling system
The first step before upgrading the cooling is to check the original cooling system is working to its full potential. The coolant should be to the correct level and replaced within the recommended service intervals. The condition of the radiator and cap should also be checked, while the cooling fins should be clear of dirt and debris. The area that feeds the radiator needs to be clear of obstructions like poorly placed lights, while grilles can actually cause more harm than good by affecting airflow quite badly. Fine mesh grilles can look great but can block a lot of airflow, so removing it or fitting bigger aperture mesh may be a solution.
The cooling fan needs to be checked for free rotation (disconnecting the battery or fan wiring beforehand makes this safer). Engine driven fans or viscous fans are best replaced with an electric fan for use in motorsport (as electric fans can run much faster at slower engines speeds.) The thermostatic switch for electric fans should be checked to ensure that it switches on the fan when required, and at the correct temperature.
The hoses should be inspected to make sure they are in good condition with no hardness, cracking or deterioration. Inspect all clamps and connections for proper fit and tightness; and both the fan belt and belt to the water pump need to be in good condition, free from cracks and tears to save future issues.
Air cooled engines should have the fins cleared of any dirt or debris and any metal ducting should be checked for good air flow and any holes that can reduce the air flow available. Many air-cooled engines run a factory fitted oil cooler, so the condition of the fins and hoses should be inspected, and a check made for good airflow.
How to upgrade the cooling system
Having performed all your checks and ensured that the cooling system is in good condition you can start to think about how and where you can start making performance upgrades to maximise efficiency. Here we’ll talk you through a number of options that can all make pretty fast and smooth improvements to your cooling system.
Water is a great medium for removing heat, but it can be helped with the correct additives to increase heat transfer. Red Line offer the well-known Water Wetter, DEI offer Radiator Relief, Millers Extra Cool and Mishimoto Radiator Coolant Liquid Chill are also good options.
These break down the surface tension which will reduce or eliminate bubbles or vapour in the system around hot spots meaning the unwanted heat can be transferred directly to the coolant. This can be used with pure water in summer or mixed with Anti-Freeze in winter. If the system is being drained there is also the option of using ready to use coolant such as Redline Supercool Water Wetter or Motul Inugel Optimal Coolant.
The stock radiator is designed to give adequate cooling for the cars intended use with its construction and materials usually made with cost very much in mind. A quality aluminium radiator will have a far more efficient core, typically with more rows and often with a larger surface area. The ends caps / tanks will be welded to the core so will allow a higher system pressure (factory radiators often have plastic end caps crimped on). These are listed for many popular performance models.
We also list many universal radiators in a selection of sizes and shapes which is ideal if the car has a different engine to the original or if the engine has been relocated, or simply for cars not listed. Most radiators will have a port for an electric fan switch. The alloy construction may also give a weight saving advantage over standard, while also looking a lot more attractive than the original. In most applications, these radiators will hold more than the standard equivalent which increases the amount of coolant available to transfer the heat from the engine.
The factory fitted radiator cap is spring loaded and usually rated to around 15 psi. This allows the water boiling point to be above the normal 100 degrees Celsius at sea level. An uprated cap will allow for a higher boiling point than the standard version and we offer a choice of maximum pressures. If you are running a stock cooling system, care should be taken not to go too high as the increased pressure may find any weak links!
Caps are available in two sizes, a standard palm size cap and the smaller cap commonly found on Japanese cars and motorcycles. Some caps have a temperature gauge in the top for a quick visual under-bonnet check.
The cooling fan increases the airflow over the radiator to allow better cooling at slower speeds. The airflow at high speed will generally be enough, but motorsport cars are rarely at a constant speed. Factory fans are designed for the car’s original intended use, but in a motorsport environment the fan may not be efficient enough or cover the area of an upgraded radiator.
Cars with engine driven fans, viscous or fixed, are ideally replaced with an electric fan. The rotation speed of an electric fan is not determined by the engine speed, so can give full airflow even at tick over. Taking the engine driven fan off will also free up a little extra power as the engine is not having to rotate the fan when it is not needed.
The other advantage of an electric fan is that it can run when the engine is off and prevent damaging heat soak. Electric fans are available in many different diameters and depths and a general rule of thumb is the deeper the fan, the more powerful the motor, but the space available can often determine the choice.
Most of the fans are directional as this is more efficient than uni-directional. Blowing, also known as pushing, fans are placed in front of the radiator blowing air directly. Suction fans are placed behind the radiator, but in front of the engine.
A shallow but wide radiator can often accommodate two fans side by side. Fans can be mounted directly to the radiator with single use pull tie kits or can be fixed to the outside of the radiator shell using the brackets available. The fan is preferably switched by an electric fan controller (see below), factory fan switch, or via an on/off switch, but sometimes run all the time (wired via the ignition switch).
The factory fitted electric fan is normally controlled by a fan switch that will come on a pre-set temperature. An aftermarket fan controller can have the trigger point altered and can come on earlier (or later) than the factory unit. They can also be used on cars with no fan switch (i.e. if removing an engine driven fan) or to trigger a second fan.
The fan controller can also be bypassed by a switch if working in the engine bay or if off road wading. Fan controllers can be fitted inline in a suitable water hose, by cutting a short piece from the hose and refitting the hose ends over the hose stubs. They are also available in various threads to suit standard fan switch ports or other galleries on the engine. There is also an option for a sender to be fitted directly to a hose with a self-sealing take off, or a probe type that pops in the top hose and the hose refitted. Davies Craig offer a digital controller that can control the fan and an electric water pump if fitted. This gives a digital display of real time data and is the ultimate solution.
An electric water pump can also be used to improve cooling while at the same time increasing power to the driven wheels. It can be used as an auxiliary pump in addition to the existing mechanical water pump to significantly improve cooling or as the main pump.
The EWP is wired through a thermal switch, often the same switch which operates electric radiator fans, with both the fans and EWP connected directly to the battery. In this set up, when the engine reaches the thermal switch setting both the fans and the EWP will turn on and cool the engine until it reduces to the switch off temperature.
When the engine is hot and idling, the mechanical pump will be moving coolant at about 15 litres per minute, while the EWP will kick in with up to an extra 150 litres per minute depending on the model, therefore dumping a huge amount of heat.
As they are wired to the battery, on hot shut down the fans and EWP will run together and take out heat, which will protect the head gasket, turbo and other components from excessive heat damage.
The mechanical water pump is one of the last mechanical components on a modern engine which is considered inefficient. Some newer cars are now being fitted with factory electric pumps.
A mechanical belt-driven water pump runs at the same speed as the engine regardless of how hot the engine is. For example, when travelling at high speeds the engine requires less cooling as ram air is cooling the engine, however, as the engine speed is high as is the mechanical water pump thus providing excessive cooling whilst draining the engine of power.
At slow speed when the engine is hot, and the engine is idling or slow, the mechanical pump will also be turning slowly, even though extra flow is required to cool the engine. A mechanical pump works very efficiently when it’s not required and very inefficiently when it is required!
The electric water pump corrects this inherent problem by delivering maximum cooling when it’s needed. A Davies Craig digital controller as mentioned in the last section, will connect the operation of the cooling fans and water pump for optimum cooling.
If the water-cooling system is optimised or the engine is air cooled, an oil cooler will help cool the engine and help the oil stay in grade. The cooler will also add to the volume of oil in the system. Ready to fit oil cooler kits are available for a lot of the most popular performance cars.
The cooler will normally take oil via a sandwich plate fitted in the standard oil filter location (the oil filter unscrews and the plate then fits between engine and filter hence the name sandwich plate). The oil cooler is normally mounted in the grill area to catch cooling air. The ready to fit kits will have hoses to suit.
Universal parts are available if the car is not common or if it has a non-standard layout. Oil coolers are available in the conventional oil to air type and air to water types. The air to water types are useful if there is no space to mount a conventional cooler, or where mounting in the normal position means it is very likely to damaged.
We can supply fittings and hoses to build your own bespoke system for both types of cooler along with thermostatic sandwich plates and inline thermostats if the car is likely to be used in cold weather.
Ducts & Ducting Hose
Airflow to the radiator is increasingly becoming smaller on aerodynamic modern cars, so sometimes extra ducts are required to feed cool air to the right areas. These are available in black for use in bumpers, headlight apertures and bonnets etcetera; and can be painted if required. They are also available in clear, ideal to use on Perspex or acrylic windows on mid-engined cars.
Ducts are usually bonded, riveted or screwed in place. Silicone ducting with internal wire reinforcement can take the air to the required area. Clamps, mounts, and collars are available to make a neat installation.
Conventional rubber hose tends to deteriorate on the inside and the outside and can fail with little warning. Hoses should be checked for hardness or any signs of cracking. Silicone, ready to fit, hose kits are available for most performance models, but universal hoses and alloy joiners can allow a kit to be made if not available or the car is heavily modified. Silicone hoses offer improved reliability, durability and aesthetics over rubber hoses.
Gauges & Warning Lights
Production car temperature gauges normally give an idea if the engine is hot or cold rather than a specific temperature. A good quality water temperature gauge will allow for accurate readings and proper monitoring. Some have warning lights if the temperature goes above a pre-set value, allowing the driver to concentrate on the track. Standalone warning lights kits are also available and these include the light and a sender unit.
For more information on the various types of gauges available, check out this useful article before you decide on a gauge for your car.
Expansion Tanks / Swirl Pots
The expansion tank allows hot, expanded, coolant to come from the radiator without venting outside the system and loosing coolant. Most original equipment header tanks are plastic and become brittle with age and heat from the engine bay. An alloy header tank will look better and will be more reliable (as well as looking great).
These can be car specific or universal, and some have sight glasses for quick level checks. The caps can be screw type or radiator cap style. Swirl pots can be added to a system if the system is prone to trapping air in the system. The swirl pot as the name suggests rotates the water at speed and removes the trapped air at the top so that it can vent to the expansion tank.
Unwanted heat from exhaust manifolds and turbos can heat the engine bay considerably. Heat Insulation products such as exhaust or turbo wrap can drastically reduce this heat radiation, which allows the unwanted heat to disperse elsewhere and help in exhaust velocity.
Water hoses in high heat areas can also be protected by heat barriers. Vulnerable electric components can also be insulated in the same manner. These heat barriers reflect heat by their reflective surfaces and the backing layers insulate and protect.
Thermometer / Pyrometers
Hand held infra-red pyrometers can allow hot spots to be pinpointed, when the bonnet opens normally it just feels hot everywhere. A laser pointer unit shows the heat of different areas and can also be used on the radiator to check for areas where cooling is poor, indicating a possible blockage.
There are many ways to reduce engine temperatures, the above should give plenty of ideas. Many can be used together. If you still have any questions or would like to ask advice, our sales team will happily give extra detail on the products covered. | <urn:uuid:16ccfc31-8468-4001-aebf-5f4df599f6a8> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://blog.demon-tweeks.com/motorsport/how-your-cars-cooling-system-works/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334528.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925101046-20220925131046-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.93784 | 3,670 | 3.640625 | 4 |
New research links three molecules to a critical tumor suppressor gene that is often turned off in multiple myeloma, a presently incurable cancer of the blood.
The findings might offer a new strategy for treating this disease and other blood cancers, according to researchers at The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC -- James) who led the study.
The silenced molecules are called miR-192, miR-194 and miR-215. All of them are microRNAs, a large class of molecules that are master regulators of many important cell processes.
The study, published in the Oct. 19 issue of Cancer Cell, suggests that re-activating these three molecules triggers expression of the P53 tumor suppressor gene. This, in turn, slows the growth and leads to the death of myeloma cells and could provide a new strategy for treating the disease.
"These findings provide a rationale for the further exploration of these microRNAs as a treatment for multiple myeloma, which has few therapeutic options," says principal investigator Dr. Carlo Croce, professor and chair of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, and director of the Human Cancer Genetics program at the OSUCCC -- James.
Multiple myeloma is a disorder of white blood cells called plasma cells. More than 20,100 Americans are expected to develop the disease this year and some 10,600 are expected to die from it. Myeloma begins as a benign condition called monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Individuals with MGUS can live for many years without treatment. Then, for unknown reasons, this benign condition can evolve into multiple myeloma.
Studies investigating the molecular causes of the disease have shown a relationship between P53 and another gene called MDM2. They have also shown that myeloma cells often have healthy (i.e., unmutated) P53 genes but very little P53 protein. P53 protein levels are restored, however, when MDM2 expression is blocked.
The study by Croce and his collaborators, which examines the role of microRNA in regulating the P53 pathway in myeloma cells, shows the following:
Overall, Croce says, "our results provide the basis for developing a microRNA-based therapy for multiple myeloma."
Funding from the Kimmel Foundation helped support this research.
Other researchers involved in this study were Flavia Pichiorri, Sung-Suk Suh, Cristian Taccioli, Ramasamy Santhanam, Wenchao Zhou, Don M. Benson, Jr., Craig Hofmainster, Hansjuerg Alder, Michela Garofalo, Gianpiero Di Leva, Stefano Volinia, Huey-Jen Lin, Danilo Perrotti and Rami I. Aqeilan from Ohio State University; Alberto Rocci, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Luciana De Luca, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata-Crob, Rionero in Vulture, Italy; Michael Kuehl, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, USA; and Antonio Palumbo, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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Metabolism is pretty misunderstood, but finding out more about yours could pave the way to a better healthspan.
“When I was younger I could eat anything I wanted, and just burn it off.” Sound familiar?
People talk about metabolism as if it were a car – speed it up, slow it down, keep it topped up with fuel – but the reality is more complicated than that.
What is metabolism?
In simple terms, metabolism is the internal process by which your body burns calories and oxygen to release energy. With a constant demand for energy, this process is running 24/7, keeping your body alive, growing and repairing, just like a car engine that’s always idling.
Our bodies burn calories in several different ways; the idling car is really your basal metabolic rate (BMR), keeping your body functioning when it’s at rest. Energy is also expended by everyday functions such as eating and moving and by taking exercise.
What you might not know is just how much the the basal metabolic rate is responsible for calorie use – it accounts for 60 to 80 percent of total energy expenditure.
This means that this process runs at different speeds and intensities in different people and at different times in their lives.
What determines the speed of your metabolism?
Younger people usually have higher metabolisms and burn more calories; not only do young people tend to be more active, but they are also growing. Growing is metabolically costly; growing in height, lengthening bones and increasing muscle mass all need energy, which means a ramped-up metabolism.
In fact, parts of us grow for longer than you might think; the brain doesn’t fully develop until the age of 25, and adults usually achieve peak muscle mass and bone density somewhere between the age of 20 and 30.
Is metabolism genetic?
Your basal metabolic rate is determined to some extent by the genes you inherit. This means that some people who have a high metabolism can eat more without putting on weight, because their bodies are burning it off faster. These people are sometimes ‘natural fidgets, using up more calories with constant movement. People with slower metabolisms burn calories more slowly, and need to eat less, or the body will store the excess calories as fat.
Do men and women have different metabolisms?
When it comes to metabolism, sex matters; if you compare a woman with man of similar age and body composition, research shows that the woman will burn fewer calories than the man.
The menstrual cycle also affects metabolism; some women have a higher metabolic rate during the during the luteal phase, which is the last half of menstrual cycle. During this phase, the basal metabolic rate in some women is up to 10 percent higher.
How does age affect metabolism?
Aging gradually slows metabolism, even if you stay the same size and retain a similar amount of fat and muscle tissue. In a nutshell, 40 year-olds burn fewer calories at rest than 20 year-olds, and 60 year-olds, fewer still.
This continual decline can begin from as young as 18, and it spotlights a question that scientists haven’t yet found an answer to: why does your metabolism slow, and your energy needs decrease when breathing, digesting and moving about stays the same. It could be due, in part, to slower repair and recovery rates, but it’s still a mystery.
Can I increase my metabolism?
You can’t change your genes, but you can rev up that idling engine a little. Building in some high-intensity training, such as 30-second-bursts of running during a jog or walk can help raise your metabolism for the rest of the day.
Increasing muscle mass, which decreases with age, by increasing protein intake and weight training can also help. Protein takes longer to burn and absorb, and although its exact role in metabolism has not been determined, evidence suggests that increasing muscle mass can increase metabolism.
Evidence also suggests that drinking green tea can help; brewing up three times a day, or so, gives you about 250 milligrams of epigallocatechin gallate, which may increase the fat and calories you burn to the tune of about 100 extra calories per day.
With a metabolism so fast they need to eat every half-hour or so, hummingbirds have the fastest metabolisms in the animal kingdom (excepting some insects in flight). Beating their wings at 60 to 80 stokes per second needs a lot of calories, which the hummingbirds take in in the form of sugary foods such as nectar. In fact, their blood sugar level is so high they’d be diabetic if they were human, but their accelerated metabolic rate means they burn through it at speed with their high-intensity wing-fluttering.
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the general relationship between the overall level of schools’ educational resources and the resources gap between socioeconomically advantaged and disadvantaged schools. Where resources are high, the gap tends to be low, and where resources are low, the gap tends to be high.
The OECD analysis also showed that, contrary to the general pattern, Australia has a high level of resources as well as a high level of inequity in the allocation of those resources. Australia’s overall level of schools’ educational resources is above the OECD average, yet it is ranked fifth among 36 participating countries in resource disparity between advantaged and disadvantaged schools.
Caro also sent The Conversation an article published by the Save Our Schools organisation titled OECD Report Highlights Education Inequity in Australia.
She also referred The Conversation to the PISA 2009 results report published by the OECD. She said:
Have a look at pages 89, 91 and 93.
- On page 89: Australia has one of the biggest variations in performance explained by schools’ socio-economic background between schools.
- On page 91: Australia has a very steep socio-economic gradient compared with a majority of the OECD.
- On page 93: Australia has a significantly higher proportion of advantaged kids in advantaged schools - and disadvantaged kids in disadvantaged schools compared with a majority of OECD countries | <urn:uuid:6040e57a-6d55-4bbf-9c5d-964756f2b0e5> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://theconversation.com/full-response-from-jane-caro-58276 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187193.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00132-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952833 | 270 | 3.28125 | 3 |
An investigation of how chemistry teachers plan lessons
Relatively few studies in teacher planning have examined the planning practices of science teachers. The purpose of this study was to examine how chemistry teachers plan lessons and what factors influence their planning. Six chemistry teachers with varying degrees of experience were interviewed at their schools in two Midwestern states to obtain data for this hermeneutic study.^ The findings of this study suggest that chemistry teachers seek methods for planning that incorporate their personal goals and personal style. The formal lesson formats recommended by pre-service training programs were not incorporated into their teacher planning because the formats were too cumbersome and impersonal. There were also two unexpected findings. First, the study participants revealed that they were disappointed with their teacher training programs because there were not enough opportunities to work with real situations, their teacher educators failed to model teaching strategies they recommended, and their teacher educators failed to provide significant evidence to support the use of the recommended teaching strategies. Secondly, one teacher proposed the use of a new layout for planning which was based on a constructivist framework. The format included the use of a discussion, discovery, and lab.^
George M. Bodner, Purdue University.
Chemistry, General|Education, Sciences|Education, Curriculum and Instruction
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A 3D-printed portrait of President Obama dominated a few headlines last week, as the Smithsonian Institution welcomed the three-dimensional sculpture like no other into its presidential collection. The boom in additive art has been building for several years, capped off now by a major art museum's acceptance of the art-meets-science medium. In fact, it seems no corner of the art world remains untouched by 3D printing's growing influence, from architecture to dance to painting to music.
"[3D printing] is so disruptive," Developing Dreams' Kati Byrne stated in a video for the "Break the Mould" 3D printing art project. "It has the potential to change the way we create." With that in mind, here are 14 ways the technologies of 3D printing have already twisted and transformed the ways artists make.
1. 3D-Printed Masterpieces: Rob and Nick Carter's Replica of Vincent van Gogh's Sunflowers.
Vincent van Gogh is well known for his sunflowers, as well as his uncanny ability to capture their glowing color and beautiful decay. That must have been what artists Rob and Nick Carter were thinking when they opted to 3D print the post-Impressionist hero's flora. And they're not the only ones with a desire to reproduce the imagery of classic figures. Dutch researcher and art enthusiast Tim Zaman developed a 3D photographic scanning system to do just that.
2. 3D-Printed Instruments: Joseph Malloch and Ian Hattwick's Wearable Instruments
McGill University researchers Joseph Malloch and Ian Hattwick created a series of 3D-printed, wearable instruments that employ advanced sensing technologies to transform movement, orientation and touch into music. We can only hope this is what some of the symphonies of the future will look like.
3. Sculptures Of All Sizes: Ioan Florea's 1971 Ford Torino
Ioan Florea, a Romanian-born artist, uses 3D-printed plastic molds to shape liquid nano-metals into massive sculptures, everything from a car to a covered wagon. He's inspired by economist Jeremy Rifkin, who foretold the current age of mass customization.
4. 3D-Printed Public Art: Ji Lee's "Mysterabbit"
Designer Ji Lee began "Mysterabbit" in 2013, a street art project involving 10,000 tiny bunny statues hidden in random spots across the world. From South Korea to Iceland to the United States, the small sculptures appear to be meditating and are meant to serve as miniature public artworks for passersby everywhere. Oh, and they're 3D-printed. As we previously reported, you can download a blueprint for the tiny bunnies and create Mysterabbits of your own (with access to a 3D printer, of course).
5. 3D-Printing Sound: Gilles Azzaro's Sculpture of Obama's State of the Union Address
French digital artist Gilles Azzaro turned soundwave into sculpture when he 3D printed a sprawling visualization of Barack Obama's State of the Union address. The piece is aesthetically intimidating -- it looks like a contained mountain chain of dark masses -- as well as sonically intriguing. Admirers of the sculpture can actually listen to the 39-second sound bite and watch as a laser follows the peaks and valleys of the complex work. (Not into the State of the Union? Try this Joy Division-inspired 3D sculpture.)
6. 3D-Printed Interior Design: Michael Hansmeyer and Benjamin Dillenburger's "Digital Grotesque"
Architects Michael Hansmeyer and Benjamin Dillenburger 3D printed an entire room, creating a 16-square-meter cube covered in unbelievable ornamentation ripped straight from the interiors of an alien house of worship. Titled "Digital Grotesque," the style of architecture is meant to defy "classification and reductionism," turning algorithms into tangible design.
7. 3D-Printed Stop-Motion Animation: "Bears on Stairs"
Yup, 3D printing has penetrated the world of stop-motion animation. "Bears on Stairs," from the London-based studio DBLG, involved 50 small, 3D-printed sculptures photographed over a period of four weeks to produce a beautifully simple two seconds worth of moving beauty.
8. 3D-Printed Garments: Xuedi Chen and Pedro Oliveira's "x.pose"
Xuedi Chen and Pedro Oliveira created "x.pose," a "personalized wearable data-driven sculpture" that links to a wearer's smartphone to determine how much metadata is being collected at any given point. The 3D-printed dress then adjusts to that data, exposing skin as you expose yourself online.
9. 3D-Printed Artifacts: Adam Lowe's Replica of King Tut's Tomb
British artist Adam Lowe spent five years making a perfect replica of the tomb of King Tut. And guess how he did that? Three-dimensional printing. “Every bit of micro bacteria is in its place, every crack, every flake of paint. It’s effectively like a portrait, or a performance, of the tomb from when we recorded it in 2009," he explained to National Geographic. (You can see an actual image of the 3D-printing feat here.)
10. 3D-Printing Food Art: A Sugar Sculpture And A Saltygloo.
Artists employing the wonder of 3D printing do not have to confine themselves to plastic and metal media. Sugar Lab has printed sculptures made entirely of sugar, while design studio Emerging Objects created an igloo crafted from salt panels.
11. Handheld 3D-Printers: LIX 3D Printing Pen
This captivating pen allows you to doodle in three dimensions, crafting "sketches" of sculptures that can serve as the blueprints for larger projects. Or, the minimalist 3D drawings can amount to finished products in their own right. The best part? This tool fits in your pocket. Imagine what Alexander Calder or Louise Bourgeois would have done with such a machine.
12. 3D-Printed Self-Portraits: Lorna Bradshaw's "Replicants"
Lorna Bradshaw channeled her obsession with sci-fi into a strangely dystopian project titled "Replicants," consisting of three 3D-printed self-portraits produced using varying digital processes. From pixelated blobs to quasi-mummified remains, the facial studies are a surreal take on portraiture that pushes an ancient form into the 21st century.
13. 3D-Printed Anatomical Self-Portraits: Joshua Harker's Sculptural Self-Portrait
We gave you deconstructed 3D self-portraits, now we'll raise you to 3D anatomical self-portraits based on CT scans of skulls. Such is the macabre work of Joshua Harker, who makes custom printed masks based on 3D facial scans.
14. 3D-Printed Artists?: Diemut Strebe's 3D Print of Vincent Van Gogh's Ear
We doubt good ol' Vinnie could have foreseen the ways in which he would affect the trajectory of 3D printing. Just this year, Diemut Strebe debuted his 3D-printed replica of van Gogh's infamous left ear -- you know, the one he chopped off with a razor back in 1888. Who knows, one hundred or one thousand years from now, artists might be 3D printing other artists. Why produce a masterpiece, when you can recreate an old master? | <urn:uuid:7066c0ee-7d11-46f2-9175-aee88873f34b> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/30/3d-printing-art_n_5534459.html?ir=Arts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463613780.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530031818-20170530051818-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.935726 | 1,586 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Website Address: https://library.curriki.org/oer/Battles-of-the-Civil-War
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April 29, 2016
Battles of the Civil War a crash course was really informative and would be a great resource for the students to end the unit with a recap of the 5…
This video (7:25) is the nineteenth in the Crash Course US History series.
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Beat Jeckelmann, Chief Science Officer, Federal Office of Metrology METAS, Bern-Wabern
At its 24th meeting in October 2011, the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) approved possible changes to the International System of Units, including new definitions for the kilogram, ampere, kelvin and mole. The final approval of the new SI will be made by the CGPM after its prerequisite conditions have been met. The earliest date for this change is 2014.
The International System of Units, known as the SI, is used throughout the world to express the results of measurements in almost all aspects of modern society, from advanced science and technology, via precision manufacturing to daily life. The roots of the SI go back to the Metre Convention signed in 1875 by 17 countries and now consisting of 55 signatories, but being applied in almost all countries of the world. The Convention established the General Conference of Weights and Measures (CGPM), a diplomatic body of representatives of each member state which meets usually every four years and has the authority to decide on any changes or extensions to the SI. In October 2011, the CGPM adopted a resolution paving the way to a major revision of the SI.
The building blocks of the SI are the seven base units: second, metre, kilogram, ampere, kelvin, mole and candela. In recent years, possible new definitions of the base units were intensively discussed among specialists. In the course of the planned changes, especially the unit of mass, the kilogram, which is the last remaining unit defined in terms of an artefact, should be based on fundamental physical constants. The responsible committees of the Metre Convention have worked out a detailed proposition for the new SI which includes new definitions for the base units kilogram, ampere, kelvin and mole.
Why do we need a redefinition of SI base units?
In the current SI, the only unit still based on an artefact is the unit of mass. The kilogram is defined as the mass of a particular cylinder of an alloy of platinum (Pt) and iridium (Ir) conserved and used at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in Sèvres, France. Copies of this kilogram prototype are kept by many National Metrology Institutes (NMI) around the world. Since 1889, these copies were compared three times with the international prototype. A series of copies was produced later and was compared only twice with the prototype. For both groups it has turned out that on average the mass of the national copies has increased with respect to the international prototype .
The relative change of about 50 μg/100 years on average is very small, but scientifically unsatisfactory and a possible problem and obstacle in the future. Due to the definition of the ampere, the electrical units are related to force and thus to the kilogram. A drift of the kilogram would induce a similar drift in the electrical units.
In modern electrical metrology, however, the Josephson and quantum Hall effects are used to realize very reproducible voltage and resistance values [3, 4] which, to our current knowledge, depend only on fundamental physical constants. To be used as practical standards, the value of the Josephson constant KJ = 2e/h and the von-Klitzing constant RK = h/e2 have to be known in SI units. Unfortunately, the best realizations of the volt and the ohm in the SI according to the current definitions are about two orders of magnitude less accurate than the reproducibility of quantum standards based on the Josephson and the quantum Hall effects. As a consequence, conventional values for RK and KJ were introduced in 1990 (RK-90 = 25812.807 Ω and KJ-90 = 483597.9 GHz V-1). This step drastically improved the worldwide consistency of electrical measurements. On the other hand however, it led to a practical subsystem in the SI which is unsatisfactory from the conceptional point of view.
Attempts to replace the kilogram
Much effort is being made to replace the kilogram artefact by a procedure relating the unit of mass to fundamental constants . In the Avogadro experiment, the Avogadro constant NA is measured with high accuracy by counting atoms in a nearly perfect Si crystal. Combining the constant with other physical constants, NA can be linked to Planck’s constant h. Hence the Avogadro experiment offers the opportunity to relate the kilogram either to an atomic mass or to the Planck constant. Another promising experimental approach is the so called “watt balance”. It equalises mechanical and electrical power. When the electrical power is measured with quantum standards, mass can be related to Planck’s constant h (see also box 3).
Of course, the results of the individual experiments and the two different approaches should agree. At present the CODATA task group on fundamental constants, taking into account all relevant experimental data available by the end of 2010, attributes an uncertainty of 44 parts in 109 to the value of the Planck constant . An improvement of a factor of two is needed before the redefinition of the kg will be decided.
The 7 fixed constants, setting the scale of the SI
The International System of Units, the SI, will be the system of units in which :
Note: see Box 2
Concept of the new SI
With the recent progress made in the experimental determination of the Planck constant, the replacement of the last artefact within the SI is within reach. For the first time, it becomes possible to base the whole system on a set of exactly known values of fundamental constants. All units, base or derived, can then be constructed by consulting the laws of physics. In the SI, we have chosen to fix the size of seven base units by convention. For this reason, seven constants have to be selected. The set, proposed in this form for the first time in , is shown in box 1. From the point of view of fundamental physics one might argue that the SI is unnecessarily complicated and that basic units for time, length and mass would be sufficient. Indeed, in the view of many physicists it would be simpler to measure electrical quantities in terms of these three basic mechanical units. The kelvin and the mole are not essential since thermodynamic energy and the number of particles could be measured without introducing any special units. The candela, finally, is related to the sensitivity of the human eye and as such not necessarily related to physics. However, it should be realized that the SI should serve practical measurements as well as fundamental physics. The ampere, kelvin, mole and candela would not be necessary to make all the associated quantities measurable. But for practical applications, it is much more convenient to have these basic units. Along these lines it is not surprising that the constants listed in box 1 do not all have the same importance. The speed of light c and the Planck constant h are truly fundamental constants in modern physics as they are related to fundamental limitation principles described in the theories of special relativity and quantum mechanics. The Boltzmann constant k can be seen as conversion factor relating temperature and energy. The ground state hyperfine splitting frequency of the caesium 133 atom Δν(133Cs)hfs is the property of a specific atom. It cannot be expressed by more fundamental quantities in a simple way. The accuracy of the realization of the unit second linked to this constant is limited by the natural line width of the atomic transition. Considerable efforts are being made to define the unit of time through a more fundamental constant in the foreseeable future. The Avogadro constant NA and the luminous efficacy Kcd are chosen for practical reasons; they are usually not considered as “fundamental” by physicists.
With the fixed constants and with the help of the laws of physics, all units in the SI may be realized. The constants set the scale for the entire system. They are the building blocks and, as a consequence, it is no longer necessary to make a distinction between base and derived units. Nevertheless, for reasons of continuity with the past, the organs of the Metre Convention decided to keep the concept of base units and to propose formal definitions for them as listed in box 2 (see also for more background information).
Proposed new definitions of the seven base units.
Note: the symbol X in the presentation of the constants represents one or more additional digits to the numerical values of the constants, using values based on the most recent CODATA adjustment.
Benefits of the new SI
The proposed changes make the SI fit for the future measurement needs. Replacing the kilogram prototype by a unit based on fundamental constants makes the system invariable over time. The electrical units can directly be realized through quantum effects within the SI with the highest accuracy and the conventional values RK-90 and KJ-90 become obsolete. In addition, the uncertainties of important fundamental constants are either eliminated or appreciably reduced.
The proposed changes will be implemented as soon as the experimental results for the Planck constant are consistent and accurate enough. The target relative uncertainty for h is < 20 parts in 109.
There is concern about the proposed wording in the definition of the base units [see e.g. 9]. As they stand now, the definitions are hardly understandable for the non-expert reader. This is especially true for the units where the fixed constant does not belong to the same quantity as the unit to be defined (e.g. the unit of mass, the kg, is defined by a fixed value of h which is an angular momentum). For this reason, the CGPM invites the relevant committees "... to continue the work towards improved formulations for the definitions of the SI base units in terms of fundamental constants, having as far as possible a more easily understandable description for users in general, consistent with scientific rigour and clarity." In this context, it is of great importance that the wider public and the user communities express their opinion about the proposed new SI. Feedback addressed to the author of this article is welcome.
Resolution 1, 24th Meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures, October 2011
G. Girard; The third periodic verification of national prototypes of the kilogram (1988-1992), Metrologia 31, pp. 317-336, 1994.
B. Jeanneret and S. P. Benz; Application of the Josephson effect in electrical metrology, Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 172, pp. 181-206, 2009.
B. Jeckelmann and B. Jeanneret; The quantum Hall effect as an electrical resistance standard, Rep. Prog. Phys. 64, pp. 1603-1655, 2001.
W. Schwitz, B. Jeckelmann, P. Richard; Towards a new kilogram definition based on a fundamental constant, C.R. Phys. 5, p. 881-892, 2004.
CODATA internationally recommended values of the Fundamental Physical Constants 2010
I. M. Mills, P. J. Mohr, T. J. Quinn, B. N. Taylor, E. R. Williams; Redefinition of the kilogram, ampere, kelvin and mole: a proposed approach to implementing CIPM recommendation 1 (CI-2005), Metrologia 43, pp. 227-246, 2006
The “New SI”: Online (May 2011)
U. Feller; The International System of Units – a case for reconsideration, Accred. Qual. Assur. 16, p.143, 2011.
A. Eichenberger, H. Baumann, B. Jeanneret, B. Jeckelmann, P. Richard and W. Beer; Determination of the Planck constant with the METAS watt balance, Metrologia 48, pp. 133-141, 2011.
|METAS operates a watt balance experiment to contribute to the efforts leading to a new definition of the kilogram based on fundamental constants. In the watt balance, electrical power and mechanical power are compared in a two phase measurement sequence. First results of the experiment were published in 2011 . Currently, METAS is developing an improved apparatus, designed to reach the required relative uncertainty of < 20 parts in 109.|
METAS is the National Metrology Institute of Switzerland, located in Bern-Wabern. Reliable, comparable and, internationally recognized metrology is an essential prerequisite for trade in measurable goods, industrial manufacturing, research, measurable services, transportation and the protection and safety of people and environment. To fulfil this mission, METAS focuses on two main objectives:
Therefore, the metrological activities of METAS mainly focus on measurement units and the testing of measurement equipment. The activities of METAS are designed to enable its customers to measure, verify, or evaluate conformity correctly and as accurately as possible.
[Released: January 2012] | <urn:uuid:c64e3f4b-72b0-4ce1-ad77-10c06070fee4> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.sps.ch/artikel/diverse_artikel/the_new_international_system_of_units_based_on_fundamental_constants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860123077.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161523-00079-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924141 | 2,682 | 3.421875 | 3 |
An Australian hospital is to be the first to feature a unit dedicated to developing 3D tissue-printing.
The “biofabrication” institute in Herston Health Precinct, Brisbane, will be a space where doctors are able to develop techniques to engineer new tissue using advanced clinical scanning, modeling and 3D printing.
“It will be the first time a biomanufacturing institute will be co-located with a high-level hospital,” said Queensland minister for health, Cameron Dick.
The facility, planned to open in 2017, will be a collaboration between the Queensland University of Technology (QUT), the Metro North Hospital and the Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital (RBWH) Health Service. Its two floors will encompass a range of tissue engineering research areas, as well as educational spaces and innovation hubs.
“Our vision for healthcare is that the biofabrication institute will pave the way for 3D printers to sit in operating theatres, ready to print tissue as needed, in our hospitals of the future,” said Dick.
The collaboration looks to mark a significant step forward for the medical use of 3D printing. The field is still in a nascent state, but there have been a number of breakthroughs in recent months. One of the issues that have plagued researchers has been finding a means to supply blood to the printed material. Wake Forest Baptist Medical Centre in the US, however, recently developed a method for 3D printing tissue that allowed blood vessels and nerves to grow into the implants.
The Holy Grail for many researchers will be the application of this technology to creating complex organs such as kidneys. In the short term 3D printing is more likely to prove useful when replacing broken cartilage and bone. Again, the obstacle here is coming up with methods to keep the implants alive in the body, and to stop them from being rejected.
“A lot of the implants we are developing, we can implant into a patient and as the tissue grows back, it is not rejected, the scaffold will reabsorb over time and the tissue will grow even more and eventually the implant is gone,” says QUT associate professor Mia Woodruff. “We don’t always have to use metallic implants any more, we can develop really high-spec composite materials that dissolve as the tissue heals.”
Noting that organ transplant lists are “endless” at the moment, Woodruff claimed that the “end game” for the new institute would be the ability to 3D print artificial organs. Westworld-style android-printing might not be on the cards, but a time when surgeons are able to manufacture organs on-demand could well be on the horizon. | <urn:uuid:d0d0a2ad-7a8f-4d74-a166-83d73011e87f> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://itechnews.co/hospital-gets-first-biofabrication-unit-to-3d-print-bones-and-tissue/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818693363.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925201601-20170925221601-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.953502 | 565 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Urban growth in Sydney is seen on its western side. The light greens and purples in this sequence of images are residential and retail areas, and they are expanding over the green and tan colors of a more vegetated landscape. Even with this population growth, natural areas are preserved.
The lake that looks like the top of a rooster’s head is Prospect Reservoir. It’s been there since long before satellites. It was completed in 1888 to supply Sydney with water. The earthfill dam that formed the reservoir is 2.2 kilometers long and 26 meters high. The reservoir is surrounded by green in the images—the Prospect Nature Reserve. The purpose of the reserve is to offer environmental education, bushland conservation, and recreation such as walking and biking trails.
The 2013 image reveals a new highway that runs in a north-south direction on the west side of Prospect Reservoir. The Westlink M7 toll road opened to traffic in December 2005. North of the reservoir, the highway turns sharply to the east. | <urn:uuid:a4a40cb1-f8d7-49e2-9feb-8fbda32acec3> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://eros.usgs.gov/image-gallery/earthshot/western-side | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585242.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019043325-20211019073325-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.96386 | 209 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Over the last 6 months, we have been exploring how we can enable children to lead their learning, to make significant choices in how and what they learn and to critically evaluate what they have learnt and set new targets for themselves.
It is clear that if children have ownership of their learning –
- they are more motivated
- they make more progress
- they enjoy school more
This year, many children have:
- developed skills for setting their own targets for improvement
- learnt how to teach other key skills
- learnt how to collaboratively assess each others’ learning
They have also made choices about:
- what they learn about
- what they write about
- when they need support
Next academic year, we would like to see how far we can go as a school in involving children in designing their own learning.
Over the summer holiday, we would like you to sit down with your child(ren) and have a think about how we can change school/lessons so pupils have a greater voice in their learning. Once you have had a think, please note your thoughts down in the research blog below. | <urn:uuid:eeb0b1ed-8000-44af-b359-99b4ac5cab87> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.stlukes.brighton-hove.sch.uk/open-source-research-forum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648178.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323044127-20180323064127-00345.warc.gz | en | 0.980917 | 230 | 3.234375 | 3 |
For the first time, scientists have observed ripples in the fabric of spacetime called gravitational waves, arriving at Earth from a cataclysmic event in the distant universe. This confirms a major prediction of Albert Einstein's 1915 general theory of relativity and opens an unprecedented new window onto the cosmos.
From Left to Right Rainer Weiss, Ronald Drever and Kip Thorne
Gravitational waves are ripples in the curvature of spacetime that propagate as waves, generated in certain gravitational interactions and travelling outward from their source. Predicted in 1916 by Albert Einstein on the basis of his theory ofgeneral relativity, gravitational waves transport energy as gravitational radiation, a form of radiant energy similar toelectromagnetic radiation. Gravitational waves cannot exist in the Newtonian theory of gravitation, since Newtonian theory postulates that physical interactions propagate at infinite speed.
Gravitational-wave astronomy is an emerging branch of observational astronomy which aims to use gravitational waves to collect observational data about objects such as neutron stars and black holes, events such as supernovae, and processes including those of the early universe shortly after the Big Bang.
The team of scientists and engineers who confirmed the existence of gravitational waves earlier this year have just nabbed a handsome $3 million reward as part of a special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics.
The prize will be divvied up between the three LIGO founders, Ronald W. P. Drever, Kip S. Thorne and Rainer Weiss, as well as the other 1,012 people who helped confirm a key part of Albert Einstein's 100-year-old general theory of relativity. In the prize's announcement, internet investor and Breakthrough Prize founder Yuri Milner said of the vast team of scientists: "The creative powers of a unique genius, many great scientists, and the universe itself, have come together to make a perfect science story."
The Prize is a five-year-old foundation that recognizes the world's top scientists in the fields of Life Sciences, Fundamental Physics and Mathematics, as well as New Horizons prizes for junior researchers. The foundation was founded and largely funded by Yuri and Julia Milner, Sergey Brin and Anne Wojcicki, Jack Ma and Cathy Zhang, and Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan. In addition to the prize money, the foundation also funds research and exploration projects like Breakthrough Listen and Breakthrough Starshot.
Sachin Tendulkar has become India's third goodwill ambassador for the 2016 Rio Olympics | <urn:uuid:11585f1b-a425-44ec-a80c-055d2c1105da> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://competitive-exam.in/post/after-100-years-einstein-s-prediction-gravitational-waves-detected-scientists-win-3-million | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305277.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127163150-20220127193150-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.929279 | 508 | 3.375 | 3 |
Particle size testing of basic skills
granularity test is through specific instruments and methods for the characterization of particle size characteristics of an experimental work. Powder in our daily lives and is widely used in industrial and agricultural production. Such as flour, cement, plastic, paper, rubber, ceramics, medicines and so on. In the different areas of application, requirements for powder characteristics, is not the same, all the indicator of powder characteristics and particle size distribution in all areas of application is an indicator of the most closely watched. So truly and objectively reflect the size distribution of powder is a very important piece of work. Here I specifically on particle size testing of base knowledge and methods.
one, basic knowledge of particle size testing
1, particles: a specific size range with the geometry of the shape. Here a dimensions in mm between the nano-particles not only refers to the solids, and droplet particles, oil and other liquids.
take 2, powder: made up of lots of different size particles particles.
3, size: the size of particles is called particle size.
4, particle size distribution: with specific instruments and methods reflect the percentage of the total amount of particles with different diameters powder. Interval and cumulative distributions in two forms. Zone distribution is also known as differential or frequency distributions, it represents a series of particles in the size range of content. Also called cumulative distribution points distribution, which represents less than or greater than a certain particle content.
5, the particle size distribution of representation:
① table method: using the table method of particle size distribution, the cumulative distribution list method.
II graphics method: in Cartesian coordinate system using histogram and curve, representation method of particle size distribution.
③ function method: the method of particle size distribution of mathematical functions. This method in theoretical research. Such as the famous Rosin-Rammler distribution is the distribution function.
6, diameter and equivalent grain size: the
size is the grain diameter. This concept is is simple clear of, so what is equivalent grain diameter does, grain diameter and equivalent grain diameter has what relationship does? we know, only ball body is diameter, other shape of geometry is no diameter of, and composition powder body of particles and most not round spherical of, but various not rules shape of, has tablets-like of, and needle-like of, and more ribs-like of and so on. The complex shape of the particle theory is not directly used the concept to represent its size in diameter. In practical work, describing a particle size diameter the most intuitive, simple, and we hope can be described in terms of such a size, so in-grained in the practice of testing we have introduced the concept of equivalent size. | <urn:uuid:c3392212-ece6-4270-bab5-a95557e3289e> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://symegamax.com/info-content-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481249.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216230700-20190217012700-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.909826 | 565 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Brexit chaos, an alleged $100 million bribe and pizza from Canada.
Dyslexia is one of the most common learning disabilities, affecting up to 17 percent of the population, who have difficulty reading, writing and spelling. Recognizing dyslexia in students who are just learning to read can be difficult, but once the disorder is identified, it can be addressed through special education. The earlier, the better.
A recent investigation by American Public Media reveals that “across the country, public schools are denying children proper treatment and often failing to identify them with dyslexia in the first place.”
The APM findings also show that the way schools handle recognizing and educating students with dyslexia could have implications for how all children are taught to read. We look at how one special needs population affects early childhood education and literacy rates across the board.
- Emily Hanford Senior education correspondent for APM Reports, the documentary and investigative journalism group at American Public Media.
- Kimberly Richey Acting Assistant Secretary for Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, Department of Education.
- Dr. Sally Shaywitz The Audrey G. Ratner Professor in Learning Development at Yale University; Co-Founder and Co-Director of the Yale Center for Dyslexia & Creativity; Author of “Overcoming Dyslexia"
- Gayle Long Mother of a student with Dyslexia.
- Kristin Long Student with Dyslexia.
Most Recent Shows
When it comes to the shutdown, Cardi B wants the world to know she doesn’t like it like that.
Opponents beware, opponents beware.
Two historians on the decline of “somewhat forced consensus” in the United States. | <urn:uuid:f860ec68-f576-41a4-a74d-09a5816b0815> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://the1a.org/shows/2017-12-06/when-dyslexic-students-are-denied-in-school | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583688396.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120001524-20190120023524-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.938987 | 357 | 2.84375 | 3 |
A Passive Optical Network (PON) is a system that transmits all or most of the fiber cabling and signals to end-users. Depending on where the PON terminal is located, the system can be described as fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC), fiber-to-the-building (FTTB), or fiber-to-the-home (FTTH).
The optical distribution network does not contain any electronic devices and electronic power supply, ODN splitter consist of the passive components, and other components do not require expensive active electronic devices. A passive optical network includes an optical line terminal (OLT) installed at a central control station and a set of optical network units (ONUs) installed at customer side. The Optical Distribution Network (ODN) between the OLT and the ONU contains optical fibers as well as passive optical splitters or couplers.
The structure of the PON system is mainly composed of an Optical Line Terminal (OLT) at the carrier’s office, an Optical Distribution Network (ODN) including passive optical components, an ONU (Optical Network Unit / ONT (Optical Network Terminal). The difference is that the ONT is directly located at the user end, and there are other networks between the ONU and the user, such as Ethernet) and the network element management system (EMS), and usually adopts point-to-multipoint Tree topology.
Fiber is so cheap and easy to use, so FTTx (Fiber To The X, fiber access) as a new generation of broadband solutions are widely used to provide users with high-bandwidth, full-service access platform. The FTTH (Fiber To The Home, FTTH, the fiber is directly connected to the user’s home) is also known as the best business transparent network, is the ultimate way of access network development.
The FTTx is how to work? In many kinds of schemes, PON (Passive Optical Network) is the best choice. PON is an optical distribution network (ODN) which is applied to an access network, an OLT and a plurality of client devices (ONU / ONT) through passive optical cables, optical splitters/combiners, etc., Connecting network. As shown on the right. Both the ONU and the ONT belong to the user equipment. The difference between them lies in that the ONT is located directly on the user end, and there are other networks between the ONU and the user, such as Ethernet.
The key point of “passive” is that the ODN between the OLT and the ONU is an optical access network without any active electronic equipment. Because of this “passive” feature, the purely PON network can avoid electromagnetic Interference and lightning effects reduce line and external device failure rates, improve system reliability, and reduce maintenance costs.
PON technology began to develop in the 1990s, ITU (International Telecommunication Union) started from APON (155 M), developed BPON (622 M), and to GPON (2.5 G); meanwhile, in this century, due to Ethernet technology widespread application, IEEE also developed EPON technology in Ethernet technology. At present, PON technologies for broadband access mainly include EPON and GPON, and the two adopt different standards. The future development is higher bandwidth, such as EPON / GPON technology has developed 10G EPON / 10G GPON, the bandwidth has been a higher upgrade. | <urn:uuid:b256bfaa-7371-441d-95c6-a63d400bcc8d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.singlemodefibercoupler.com/news/introduction_to_the_theoretical_foundation_of_passive_optical_network_pon-76357.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00777.warc.gz | en | 0.937411 | 734 | 3.15625 | 3 |
A number of Chinese projects continue to spiral in various parts of Africa, however railway infrastructure help to boost major development as part of Sino-African cooperation.
There has been a number of major Chinese-built or funded projects from South, East to North and West African countries including in the sub-Saharan Africa over the years, but the most significant has been the railway projects.
China has built major railways in various parts of the African continent including in Ethiopia in Djibouti.
This 752.7-km rail is the first ever electrified rail known as Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway in that part of the region.
This railway was constructed by China Railway Group and China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation and it is the second trans-national railway built by Chinese in Africa, following the Tazara – Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority.
China also launched the Nairobi-Naivasha Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) Project funded by China’s Exim Bank.
The 120.4-km line starts from the Kenyan capital city to Malaba, a border city between Kenya and Uganda.
Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta hailed this project as “the modern railway line that would catalyse Kenya’s industrial transformation and position the country as an investment hub.”
Then there’s Abuja-Kaduna standard gauge railway, linking Nigeria’s capital Abuja and the north-western state of Kaduna, it was opened in July.
The 186.5-km line was built by China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation with nine stations and a designed speed of 150 km per hour.
The railway replaces the existing narrow gauge system and allows high-speed train operations on the railway network.
Source: Xinhua | Jan 4 | <urn:uuid:ee61b4f0-630a-4a51-aa1b-36e3c14f08c0> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://nfonline.co.za/china-continue-make-africas-journey-smooth-ride/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219242.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180822010128-20180822030128-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.956922 | 373 | 2.734375 | 3 |
This Paraguayan cooperative was founded on November 18, 1989 to help small producers find markets for their products and avoid dependency on low-paying intermediaries. Most farmers, in addition to sugarcane, produce fruits and vegetables –oranges, grape fruits, bananas, melon, pineapple, manioc, maize, beans, potatoes, tomatoes, sweet potatoes and peanuts for local markets. Of the sugarcane producers, some also produce cane for molasses, and almost all deliver their cane to OTISA sugar mill. In 2010, the cooperative reported 224 members and an annual production of 20,000 metric tons of sugar cane (2,000 metric tons of organic sugar), with a maximum potential of 28,000 metric tons. About 40 percent of sales are brokered through OTISA with the rest sold through the cooperative itself. Harvests for organic sugar, the home light variety, last from May to January. Exports are shipped from September through January. All organic production is certified by IMO Control. Fair Trade gives Cooperative El Arrollense development potential, as it is not easy to raise funds for investment and projects with existing systems. The Fair Trade premium is the only source of capital the cooperative can build on. An estimated 50 percent of Fair Trade premiums serve as additional and direct income for small farmers. These resources enable improvements in housing, access to education, health services and productive training. The other 50 percent is used, according to General Assembly approval, for investment in equipment (about 60 percent), administrative expenses (about 30 percent) and social event funding (about 10 percent).
Number of Members:
Arroyos y Esteros | <urn:uuid:4c5983f5-2bfe-4874-a425-0ae59f189c30> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.fairtradeusa.org/print/node/30724 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663762.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00223-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938594 | 333 | 2.59375 | 3 |
A new study has examined how drinking during pregnancy can affect heart formation in unborn babies.
Foetal alcohol syndrome is a name given to a variety of symptoms that can develop following exposure to alcohol in the womb, including neurological and growth problems, head and face abnormalities and heart defects.
Researchers looked at heart formation in quails, whose hearts develop in a similar way to humans. Using optical coherence tomography, an imaging technique, embryos that had been exposed to alcohol were compared to those that had not.
Following the consumption of alcohol, it was found that heart function changes came before the structure changes that are associated with foetal alcohol syndrome. Scientists believe that these function changes could cause the structural issues that exert forces on the heart and affect its development.
Ganga Karunamuni and colleagues from the Case Western University, who conducted the study, said: "Per year, there will be approximately 10,000 cases of alcohol-induced congenital heart defects. Continued study is warranted in order to implement effective treatments and/or prevention strategies." | <urn:uuid:ed8ab823-0013-40d9-baf1-7d7d2d15fc9c> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.netdoctor.co.uk/healthy-living/news/a24776/new-discoveries-regarding-foetal-alcohol-syndrome/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742253.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114170648-20181114192648-00225.warc.gz | en | 0.95798 | 214 | 3.484375 | 3 |
A series of posts that address historic floorcoverings in the late 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries.
Full disclosure: I consult on and provide carpets for historic houses, museums and state capitols. This article may appear self-serving, and while it is, my words will hopefully clear up some misconceptions about historic floorcoverings.
Flat-woven Carpets and the Beginning of Pattern
A clarification in terms: rugs are loose floorcoverings that are laid out, while carpets are fitted wall to wall and affixed to the floor.
Most rugs and carpets may be divided into two basic categories: flat-woven and piled goods. Flat-woven carpets are reversible; either side may be used as the yarn is “trapped” between the warp. Piled carpets have a decorative surface wherein the yarn faces upwards after passing through the warp and weft. The underside of a pile carpet is composed of densely compressed yarn that is neither comfortable nor decorative.
We’ve all seen examples of flat-woven carpets: they can be as simple as rag rugs but typically, we think of tribal rugs or indigenous people’s craftsmanship such as those made by the Navajos or Kilims from the Middle East. The thickness of these floorcoverings is limited to the fullness of the yarn that passes from side to side on the loom. Flat-woven rugs were created by hand-powered looms, in limited quantities, and each was unique, as the weaver selected the pattern and color of the yarns with each pass of the shuttle.
A dramatic change in the production of textiles occurred in 1785, when Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom, and the ability to create mass-produced fabric, which included carpet. This was followed by the invention of the jacquard loom in 1801 by Joseph Marie Jacquard. The jacquard loom was programmed by punch cards that instructed the loom to automatically place color, and thus pattern, in a repeating, preselected manner. (Those of you of a certain age will recall the old IBM computer cards).
In the years between the invention of the power loom and the jacquard loom, there was no way to add pattern to carpets unless the weaver altered some aspect of the weaving by hand, and changed the colors of the yarn. A striped form of carpet, known as Venetians became popular, and these were created by dressing the loom with different, usually bright, colors of yarn in the warp. Venetians were, as previously mentioned, woven in narrow strips between 27 and 36 inches wide that were (and are still) hand-sewn together and tacked down around the perimeter of the room. Note on this specific example of Venetian carpet, the tiny alternating repeat called a ladder stitch). Venetians remained popular well into the first half of the 19th century, when they were eclipsed by a patterned version of flat-woven carpet termed Ingrain.
Although known as Ingrain carpets in America, these goods are also referred to as Scotch or Kidderminster carpets in Great Britain, and were very popular throughout the 19th century. Due to the jacquard loom, they could be woven in patterns with both smalland large repeats; the length of pattern repeat was determined by the number of punch cards that programmed the loom for each design.
Another clarification: The British carpet industry was and is centered in the city of Kidderminster in the Midlands; many other types of carpets are woven there, including Brussels and Wilton, but there is an occasional confusion between the flat-woven Kidderminster carpet, and all the other floor coverings produced in the fair city that bears that same name.
With the ability to mass produce not only carpet, but patterned ones at that, manufacturers were now able to design floorcoverings that would coordinate popular fashion in other home furnishings and architecture. The now burgeoning middle class desired goods for their homes, and the number factories mushroomed to accommodate their demand.
Just as wallpaper, furniture and decorative objects were being created in fashionable styles, so too were carpets. For example, in the middle of the 19th century, the Rococo Revival was a hugely popular style of furnishing. We’re all familiar with Rococo revival furniture, wallpaper and lighting, but note that carpet was a critical part of the design scheme, and essential to the appearance of a well appointed room in, say, the 1850s.
As decorative arts evolved over the course of the Victorian era, so too did carpet designs. In a future post, I’ll go into this evolution of interiors and how carpet patterns were adapted to it.
Next week’s post will be about the premium grades of historic carpet, Wilton and Brussels (and the related Axminster). These were found in wealthier homes, or perhaps in a middle class household in one or two formal rooms, such as the best parlor, and then the homeowners would
select Ingrains to be fitted in the upstairs rooms. | <urn:uuid:ced155cb-32c7-4698-921a-0a21d1d2b887> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.oldhouseweb.com/blog/called-on-the-carpet-ii/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690307.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925021633-20170925041633-00635.warc.gz | en | 0.974858 | 1,066 | 3.421875 | 3 |
North Carolina Maritime Museum
The North Carolina Maritime Museum began under the auspices of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development in the 1930s. Local citizens donated valuable marine life specimens and maritime artifacts that held memories and represented the life and work of coastal natives. Roy Hampton of Conservation and Development was de facto curator of the collection in Morehead City, which was located on the site of the present-day civic center.
In 1950 the collection was taken over by the North Carolina Department of Agriculture as an extension of the North Carolina Museum of Natural History. Ruth Deyo of Morehead City became manager of the collection and tended it on an unpaid, seasonal, part-time basis much as Hampton had done. In 1975 Charles McNeill was named curator of the collection by Agriculture Commissioner James A. Graham and became its first paid employee. The museum moved to a storefront location on Turner Street in Beaufort, and McNeill began the process of building a staff.
The modern Maritime Museum features an eclectic collection of maritime artifacts and natural history specimens. The former include navigational instruments, boat models, boat-building tools, nautical paintings and prints, and traditional wooden boats of North Carolina origins. The museum's natural history collection includes animal and reptile mounts representative of the coastal plain and one of the largest shell collections on the East Coast. It also includes a small aquarium supplied from sea life captured locally by staff members. The museum researches and publishes works on topics pertinent to its mission of preserving the state's maritime and natural coastal history. Works on traditional boats, coastal flora, boat models, and maritime history are written by members of the museum staff, produced by the museum, and sold in the museum bookstore. Coastal folklife was added to the museum's areas of research in 1988.
One of the museum's strong suits has been its high-quality, imaginative public programs, led by curators with appropriate academic backgrounds. The programs include offshore trawl and dredge trips, where participants get firsthand looks at whatever the net has captured; tours to capture sea life at nearby jetties; searches for shells on Bird Shoal and for fossils at Aurora; bird stalking on the Outer Banks; and talks with local boat builders on Harkers Island. The former U.S. Coast Guard station at Cape Lookout serves as a program facility for studying dolphin behavior and for the barrier island conservation curriculum.
Since the museum opened a 20,000-square-foot facility in 1985, it has attracted about 200,000 visitors annually. Reminiscent of the old Outer Banks lifesaving stations in style, the building has a gray cypress shingle exterior; the interior is post-and-beam, all-wood construction of warm, unpainted yellow pine. Property for the museum and its boat building center added in 1990 on the waterfront was donated by Harvey and Evelyn Smith.
North Carolina Maritime Museum: http://www.ncmaritimemuseums.com/
Back of the North Carolina Maritime Museum. Image courtesy of Flickr user Susan Smith. Available from https://www.flickr.com/photos/cellphonesusie/5935502131/ (accessed August 23, 2012).
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Keeping a System at Constant Volume: The Isochoric Process
In physics, when the pressure in a system changes but the volume is constant, you have what is called an isochoric process. An example of this would be a simple closed container, which can’t change its volume.
In the first figure, someone has neglectfully tossed a spray can onto a fire. As the gas inside the spray can heats up, its pressure increases, but its volume stays the same (unless, of course, the can explodes).
How much work does the fire do on the spray can? Look at the graph in the second figure. In this case, the volume is constant, so Fs (force times distance) equals zero. No work is being done — the area under the graph is zero.
Here’s an example. The CEO of Acme Pressure Vessels approaches you and says, We’re adding 16,000 joules of energy to 5 moles of ideal gas at constant volume, and we want to know how much the internal energy changes. Can you help?
You get out your clipboard and explain. The work done by an ideal gas depends on the change in its volume:
Because the volume change is zero in this case, the work done is zero.
The change in internal energy of an ideal gas is
Because W is zero, the following is true:
You turn to the CEO and say, You’ve added 16,000 joules of energy to an ideal gas at constant volume, so the change in the gas’s internal energy is exactly 16,000 joules.
What? says the CEO. That was too easy. We won’t pay.
Handing the CEO a receipt, you say, You already have. Thanks for your business. | <urn:uuid:2e5cc273-e68a-470d-83ee-d52abf861bf7> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/keeping-a-system-at-constant-volume-the-isochoric-.navId-407032.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929205.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00280-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937793 | 378 | 3.875 | 4 |
Athanasius, b. c.295, d. 373, was bishop of Alexandria and a defender of the Christian faith during the 4th-century crisis of Arianism. He received a classical and theological education in Alexandria, where he was also ordained deacon and appointed secretary to Bishop Alexander. As a theological expert at the Council of Nicaea, which gathered in 325 to condemn the Arian rejection of Christ's divinity, Athanasius defended the unity of Christ as both God and man (see Councils of Nicaea). In 328 he succeeded Alexander as bishop of the see over which he was to preside for 45 years. Seventeen of them were spent in exile, imposed on him on five separate occasions between 335 and 366, largely through the maneuverings of the Arianizing party.
Athanasius vigorously opposed the views of his Arian opponents in his writings in defense of Nicene orthodoxy. These were written for the most part between 336 and 359 and include three Discourses Against the Arians (c.358). An earlier work, On the Incarnation of the Word (c.318), brought to its fullest expression the orthodox doctrine of redemption. His Life of St. Antony (c.356) is an important source for early Monasticism. After his final restoration to office, Athanasius spent his last years in peace and died in 373. His feast day is May 2.
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Cross, F. L., The Study of St. Athanasius (1945).
Bishop of Alexandria from 328 to 373. An uncompromising foe of Arianism, Athanasius was particularly instrumental in bringing about its condemnation at the Council of Nicaea. He is regarded as the greatest theologian of his time.
Athanasius grew up within the order of the imperial church, an institution to which he held fast throughout his life. Of his early years little is known. It is said that he was the son of well-to-do parents, but in later years he made it clear that he was a poor man. As a youth he attracted the notice of Alexander, who presided over the see of Alexandria. At an early age Athanasius was taken into the household of the bishop and was provided the best training that the times could afford. His education was essentially Greek; he was a "classicist" and never seems to have acquired any knowledge of Hebrew. He demonstrated, of course, the influence both of his patron, Alexander, and of the earlier Alexandrian thinker, Origen. He numbered among his earlier acquaintances and tutors some who had suffered in the great persecutions, and he no doubt drew some of the intensity of his belief from the fervency engendered in those crucial years. Not long after he turned twenty, Athanasius plunged into writing and produced theological works of lasting importance. One was the Contra Gentiles, a defense of Christianity against paganism; another was the De incarnatione, an attempt to explain the doctrine of redemption.
During this period of writing Athanasius was acting as the secretary and confidant of his bishop, by whom he was personally made deacon. It was in this capacity that he attended the first general council held in Nicaea in 325. At the council the anti-Arian party led by Bishop Alexander won a resounding victory over Arian subordinationism. The council affirmed that the Son of God was "of one substance with the Father," which means that both share alike in the fundamental nature of deity. After the council concluded, Athanasius returned with his bishop to Alexandria and continued to work with him in establishing the faith that had been defined at Nicaea. In 328 Alexander died and Athanasius succeeded him in the see.
The tenure of Athanasius as Bishop of Alexandria was marked by five periods of exile. His vigorous defense of the Nicene formula caused him to be a target for the supporters of Arius, who rallied after the council. However, during his forty-six years as bishop there were enough years of relative peace in the empire and the church for Athanasius to accomplish much as a theologian. Admittedly he was a churchman and a pastor rather than a systematic or speculative theologian. However, this does not mean that his thought is not cogent, but that his work developed in response to the needs of each moment rather than on the basis of the requirements of a system. His works are pastoral, exegetical, polemical, and even biographical; there is no single treatise that attempts to present the totality of his theology. Nevertheless, for Athanasius the truth or falsity of a doctrine is to be judged on the basis of the degree in which it expresses two basic principles of the Christian faith: monotheism and the doctrine of salvation. These are the foci for his theological reflection.
In Contra Gentiles, Athanasius discusses the means by which God can be known. These are principally two: the soul and nature. God may be known through the human soul, for "although God Himself is above all, the road which leads to Him is not far, nor even outside ourselves, but is within us, and it is possible to find it by ourselves" (30.1). That is to say, by studying the soul we may infer something about the nature of God. The soul is invisible and immortal; therefore, the true God must be invisible and immortal. To be sure, sin prevents the soul from perfectly attaining the vision of God, but the soul was made according to the divine image and it was intended to be like a mirror in which that image, which is the Word of God, would shine. This is a Platonic theme that had become part of the Alexandrian tradition since Origen.
It is also possible to know God through his creation, which, "as though in written characters, declares in a loud voice, by its order and harmony, its own Lord and Creator" (Contra Gentiles, 34.4). But the order of the universe shows not only that there is a God but also that he is one. If there were more than one God, the unity of purpose that can be perceived throughout the cosmos would be impossible. Moreover, the order and reason within nature show that God has created it and rules it through his Word. For Athanasius, the Word of God who rules the world is the living Logos of God, that is, the Word who is God himself. This view of God indicates that Athanasius, even before becoming involved in the Arian conflict, had developed an understanding of the Word that was different, not only from the Arians, but also from that view held by many earlier theologians. Before Athanasius there was a tendency to establish the distinction between the Father and the Word on the basis of the contrast between the absolute God and a subordinate deity. This was, Athanasius insisted, incompatible with Christian monotheism.
The other pillar of Athanasius's theology was soteriology. The salvation of which humanity stands in need is continuous with creation, for it is in fact a re-creation of fallen humanity. In sin, man abandoned the image of God; an element of disintegration was introduced within creation through sin. It can be expelled only through a new work of creation. Consequently, the core of Athanasius's doctrine of redemption is that only God himself can save mankind. If the salvation that we need is really a new creation, only the Creator can bring it. This requires the Savior to be God, for only God can grant an existence similar to his.
The principles of monotheism and the doctrine of redemption influenced Athanasius in his formulation of arguments against the Arians. Whereas they usually appealed to logical analysis and subtle distinctions, Athanasius constantly referred to the two great pillars of his faith. In this sense, the importance of Athanasius lies not so much in his writings themselves as in the things he defended and preserved in a life full of tension and disturbance. In a critical moment in the church's history he maintained the essential character of Christianity in his struggles with Arians and emperors. But for him, Harnack has said (History of Dogma, II), the church would probably have fallen into the hands of the Arians.
J F Johnson
Elwell Evangelical Dictionary
H. von Campenhausen, The Fathers of the Greek Church; J. W. C. Wand, Doctors and Councils; F. L. Cross, The Study of Athanasius.
Bishop of Alexandria; Confessor and Doctor of the Church; born c. 296; died 2 May, 373. Athanasius was the greatest champion of Catholic belief on the subject of the Incarnation that the Church has ever known and in his lifetime earned the characteristic title of "Father of Orthodoxy", by which he has been distinguished every since. While the chronology of his career still remains for the most part a hopelessly involved problem, the fullest material for an account of the main achievements of his life will be found in his collected writings and in the contemporary records of his time. He was born, it would seem, in Alexandria, most probably between the years 296 and 298. An earlier date, 293, is sometimes assigned as the more certain year of his birth; and it is supported apparently by the authority of the "Coptic Fragment" (published by Dr. O. von Lemm among the Mémoires de l'académie impériale des sciences de S. Péterbourg, 1888) and corroborated by the undoubted maturity of judgement revealed in the two treatises "Contra Gentes" and "De Incarnatione", which were admittedly written about the year 318 before Arianism as a movement had begun to make itself felt. It must be remembered, however, that in two distinct passages of his writings (Hist. Ar., lxiv, and De Syn., xviii) Athanasius shrinks from speaking as a witness at first hand of the persecution which had broken out under Maximian in 303; for in referring to the events of this period he makes no direct appeal to his own personal recollections, but falls back, rather, on tradition. Such reserve would scarcely be intelligible, if, on the hypothesis of the earlier date, the Saint had been then a boy fully ten years old. Besides, there must have been some semblance of a foundation in fact for the charge brought against him by his accusers in after-life (Index to the Festal Letters) that at the times of his consecration to the episcopate in 328 he had not yet attained the canonical age of thirty years. These considerations, therefore, even if they are found to be not entirely convincing, would seem to make it likely that he was born not earlier than 296 nor later than 298.
It is impossible to speak more than conjecturally of his family. Of the claim that it was both prominent and well-to-do, we can only observe that the tradition to the effect is not contradicted by such scanty details as can be gleaned from the saint's writings. Those writings undoubtedly betray evidences of the sort of education that was given, for the most part, only to children and youths of a better class. It began with grammar, went on to rhetoric, and received its final touches under some one of the more fashionable lecturers in the philosophic schools. It is possible, of course, that he owed his remarkable training in letters to his saintly predecessor's favour, if not to his personal care. But Athanasius was one of those rare personalities that derive incomparably more from their own native gifts of intellect and character than from the fortuitousness of descent or environment. His career almost personifies a crisis in the history of Christianity; and he may be said rather to have shaped the events in which he took part than to have been shaped by them. Yet it would be misleading to urge that he was in no notable sense a debtor to the time and place of his birth. The Alexandria of his boyhood was an epitome, intellectually, morally, and politically, of that ethnically many-coloured Graeco-Roman world, over which the Church of the fourth and fifth centuries was beginning at last, with undismayed consciousness, after nearly three hundred years of unwearying propagandism, to realize its supremacy. It was, moreover, the most important centre of trade in the whole empire; and its primacy as an emporium of ideas was more commanding than that of Rome or Constantinople, Antioch or Marseilles. Already, in obedience to an instinct of which one can scarcely determine the full significance without studying the subsequent development of Catholicism, its famous "Catechetical School", while sacrificing no jot or tittle or that passion for orthodoxy which it had imbibed from Pantænus, Clement, and Origen, had begun to take on an almost secular character in the comprehensiveness of its interests, and had counted pagans of influence among its serious auditors (Eusebius, Hist. Eccl., VI, xix).
To have been born and brought up in such an atmosphere of philosophizing Christianity was, in spite of the dangers it involved, the timeliest and most liberal of educations; and there is, as we have intimated, abundant evidence in the saint's writings to testify to the ready response which all the better influences of the place must have found in the heart and mind of the growing boy. Athanasius seems to have been brought early in life under the immediate supervision of the ecclesiastical authorities of his native city. Whether his long intimacy with Bishop Alexander began in childhood, we have no means of judging; but a story which pretends to describe the circumstances of his first introduction to that prelate has been preserved for us by Rufinus (Hist. Eccl., I, xiv). The bishop, so the tale runs, had invited a number of brother prelates to meet him at breakfast after a great religious function on the anniversary of the martyrdom of St. Peter, a recent predecessor in the See of Alexandria. While Alexander was waiting for his guests to arrive, he stood by a window, watching a group of boys at play on the seashore below the house. He had not observed them long before he discovered that they were imitating, evidently with no thought of irreverence, the elaborate ritual of Christian baptism. (Cf. Bunsen's "Christianity and Mankind", London, 1854, VI, 465; Denzinger, "Ritus Orientalium" in verb.; Butler's "Ancient Coptic Churches", II, 268 et sqq.; "Bapteme chez les Coptes", "Dict. Theol. Cath.", Col. 244, 245). He therefore sent for the children and had them brought into his presence. In the investigation that followed it was discovered that one of the boys, who was no other than the future Primate of Alexandria, had acted the part of the bishop, and in that character had actually baptized several of his companions in the course of their play. Alexander, who seems to have been unaccountably puzzled over the answers he received to his inquiries, determined to recognize the make-believe baptisms as genuine; and decided that Athanasius and his playfellows should go into training in order to fit themselves for a clerical career. The Bollandists deal gravely with this story; and writers as difficult to satisfy as Archdeacon Farrar and the late Dean Stanley are ready to accept it as bearing on its face "every indication of truth" (Farrar, "Lives of the Fathers", I, 337; Stanley, "East. Ch." 264). But whether in its present form, or in the modified version to be found in Socrates (I, xv), who omits all reference to the baptism and says that the game was "an imitation of the priesthood and the order of consecrated persons", the tale raises a number of chronological difficulties and suggests even graver questions.
Perhaps a not impossible explanation of its origin may be found in the theory that it was one of the many floating myths set in movement by popular imagination to account for the marked bias towards an ecclesiastical career which seems to have characterized the early boyhood of the future champion of the Faith. Sozomen speaks of his "fitness for the priesthood", and calls attention to the significant circumstance that he was "from his tenderest years practically self-taught". "Not long after this," adds the same authority, the Bishop Alexander "invited Athanasius to be his commensal and secretary. He had been well educated, and was versed in grammar and rhetoric, and had already, while still a young man, and before reaching the episcopate, given proof to those who dwelt with him of his wisdom and acumen" (Soz., II, xvii). That "wisdom and acumen" manifested themselves in a various environment. While still a levite under Alexander's care, he seems to have been brought for a while into close relations with some of the solitaries of the Egyptian desert, and in particular with the great St. Anthony, whose life he is said to have written. The evidence both of the intimacy and for the authorship of the life in question has been challenged, chiefly by non-Catholic writers, on the ground that the famous "Vita" shows signs of interpolation. Whatever we may think of the arguments on the subject, it is impossible to deny that the monastic idea appealed powerfully to the young cleric's temperament, and that he himself in after years was not only at home when duty or accident threw him among the solitaries, but was so monastically self-disciplined in his habits as to be spoken of as an "ascetic" (Apol. c. Arian., vi). In fourth-century usage the word would have a definiteness of connotation not easily determinable today. (See ASCETICISM).
It is not surprising that one who was called to fill so large a place in the history of his time should have impressed the very form and feature of his personality, so to say, upon the imagination of his contemporaries. St. Gregory Nazianzen is not the only writer who has described him for us (Orat. xxi, 8). A contemptuous phrase of the Emperor Julian's (Epist., li) serves unintentionally to corroborate the picture drawn by kindlier observers. He was slightly below the middle height, spare in build, but well-knit, and intensely energetic. He had a finely shaped head, set off with a thin growth of auburn hair, a small but sensitively mobile mouth, an aquiline nose, and eyes of intense but kindly brilliancy. He had a ready wit, was quick in intuition, easy and affable in manner, pleasant in conversation, keen, and, perhaps, somewhat too unsparing in debate. (Besides the references already cited, see the detailed description given in the January Menaion quotes in the Bollandist life. Julian the Apostate, in the letter alluded to above sneers at the diminutiveness of his person -- mede aner, all anthropiokos euteles, he writes.) In addition to these qualities, he was conspicuous for two others to which even his enemies bore unwilling testimony. He was endowed with a sense of humour that could be as mordant -- we had almost said as sardonic -- as it seems to have been spontaneous and unfailing; and his courage was of the sort that never falters, even in the most disheartening hour of defeat. There is one other note in this highly gifted and many-sided personality to which everything else in his nature literally ministered, and which must be kept steadily in view, if we would possess the key to his character and writing and understand the extraordinary significance of his career in the history of the Christian Church. He was by instinct neither a liberal nor a conservative in theology. Indeed the terms have a singular inappropriateness as applied to a temperament like his. From first to last he cared greatly for one thing and one thing only; the integrity of his Catholic creed. The religion it engendered in him was obviously -- considering the traits by which we have tried to depict him -- of a passionate and consuming sort. It began and ended in devotion to the Divinity of Jesus Christ. He was scarcely out of his teens, and certainly not in more than deacon's orders, when he published two treatises, in which his mind seemed to strike the keynote of all its riper after-utterances on the subject of the Catholic Faith. The "Contra Gentes" and the "Oratio de Incarnatione" -- to give them the Latin appellations by which they are more commonly cited -- were written some time between the years 318 and 323. St. Jerome (De Viris Illust.) refers to them under a common title, as "Adversum Gentes Duo Libri", thus leaving his readers to gather the impression which an analysis of the contents of both books certainly seems to justify, that the two treatises are in reality one.
As a plea for the Christian position, addressed chiefly to both Gentiles and Jews, the young deacon's apology, while undoubtedly reminiscential in methods and ideas of Origen and the earlier Alexandrians, is, nevertheless, strongly individual and almost pietistic in tone. Though it deals with the Incarnation, it is silent on most of those ulterior problems in defence of which Athanasius was soon to be summoned by the force of events and the fervour of his own faith to devote the best energies of his life. The work contains no explicit discussion of the nature of the Word's Sonship, for instance; no attempt to draw out the character of Our Lord's relation to the Father; nothing, in short, of those Christological questions upon which he was to speak with such splendid and courageous clearness in time of shifting formularies and undetermined views. Yet those ideas must have been in the air (Soz., I, xv) for, some time between the years 318 and 320, Arius, a native of Libya (Epiph., Haer., lxix) and priest of the Alexandrian Church, who had already fallen under censure for his part in the Meletian troubles which broke out during the episcopate of St. Peter, and whose teachings had succeeded in making dangerous headway, even among "the consecrated virgins" of St. Mark's see (Epiph. Haer., lxix; Soc., Hist. Eccl., I, vi), accused Bishop Alexander of Sabellianism. Arius, who seems to have presumed on the charitable tolerance of the primate, was at length deposed (Apol. c. Ar., vi) in a synod consisting of more than one hundred bishops of Egypt and Libya (Depositio Ar., 3). The condemned heresiarch withdrew first to Palestine and afterwards to Bithynia, where, under the protection of Eusebius of Nicomedia and his other "Collucianists", he was able to increase his already remarkable influence, while his friends were endeavouring to prepare a way for his forcible reinstatement as priest of the Alexandrian Church. Athanasius, though only in deacon's order, must have taken no subordinate part in these events. He was the trusted secretary and advisor of Alexander, and his name appears in the list of those who signed the encyclical letter subsequently issued by the primate and his colleagues to offset the growing prestige of the new teaching, and the momentum it was beginning to acquire from the ostentatious patronage extended to the deposed Arius by the Eusebian faction. Indeed, it is to this party and to the leverage it was able to exercise at the emperor's court that the subsequent importance of Arianism as a political, rather than a religious, movement seems primarily to be due.
The heresy, of course, had its supposedly philosophic basis, which has been ascribed by authors, ancient and modern, to the most opposite sources. St. Epiphanius characterizes it as a king of revived Aristoteleanism (Haer., lxvii and lxxvi); and the same view is practically held by Socrates (Hist. Eccl., II, xxxv), Theodoret (Haer. Fab., IV, iii), and St. Basil (Adv. Eunom., I, ix). On the other hand, a theologian as broadly read as Petavius (De Trin., I, viii, 2) has no hesitation in deriving it from Platonism; Newman in turn (Arians of the Fourth Cent., 4 ed., 109) sees in it the influence of Jewish prejudices rationalized by the aid of Aristotelean ideas; while Robertson (Sel. Writ. and Let. of Ath. Proleg., 27) observes that the "common theology", which was invariably opposed to it, "borrowed its philosophical principles and method from the Platonists." These apparently conflicting statements could, no doubt, be easily adjusted; but the truth is that the prestige of Arianism never lay in its ideas. From whatever school it may have been logically derived, the sect, as a sect, was cradled and nurtured in intrigue. Save in some few instances, which can be accounted for on quite other grounds, its prophets relied more upon curial influence than upon piety, or Scriptural knowledge, or dialectics. That must be borne constantly in mind, if we would not move distractedly through the bewildering maze of events that make up the life of Athanasius for the next half-century to come. It is his peculiar merit that he not only saw the drift of things from the very beginning, but was confident of the issue down to the last (Apol. c. Ar., c.). His insight and courage proved almost as efficient a bulwark to the Christian Church in the world as did his singularly lucid grasp of traditional Catholic belief. His opportunity came in the year 325, when the Emperor Constantine, in the hope of putting an end to the scandalous debates that were disturbing the peace of the Church, met the prelates of the entire Catholic world in council at Nicaea.
The great council convoked at this juncture was something more than a pivotal event in the history of Christianity. Its sudden, and, in one sense, almost unpremeditated adoption of a quasi-philosophic and non-Scriptural term -- homoousion -- to express the character of orthodox belief in the Person of the historic Christ, by defining Him to be identical in substance, or co-essential, with the Father, together with its confident appeal to the emperor to lend the sanction of his authority to the decrees and pronouncements by which it hoped to safeguard this more explicit profession of the ancient Faith, had consequences of the gravest import, not only to the world of ideas, but to the world of politics as well. By the official promulgation to the term homoöusion, theological speculation received a fresh but subtle impetus which made itself felt long after Athanasius and his supporters had passed away; while the appeal to the secular arm inaugurated a policy which endured practically without change of scope down to the publication of the Vatican decrees in our own time. In one sense, and that a very deep and vital one, both the definition and the policy were inevitable. It was inevitable in the order of religious ideas that any break in logical continuity should be met by inquiry and protest. It was just as inevitable that the protest, to be effective, should receive some countenance from a power which up to that moment had affected to regulate all the graver circumstances of life (cf. Harnack, Hist. Dog., III, 146, note; Buchanan's tr.). As Newman has remarked: "The Church could not meet together in one, without entering into a sort of negotiation with the power that be; who jealousy it is the duty of Christians, both as individuals and as a body, if possible, to dispel" (Arians of the Fourth Cent., 4 ed., 241). Athanasius, though not yet in priest's orders, accompanied Alexander to the council in the character of secretary and theological adviser. He was not, of course, the originator of the famous homoösion. The term had been proposed in a non-obvious and illegitimate sense by Paul of Samosata to the Father at Antioch, and had been rejected by them as savouring of materialistic conceptions of the Godhead (cf. Athan., "De Syn.," xliii; Newman, "Arians of the Fourth Cent.," 4 ed., 184-196; Petav. "De Trin.," IV, v, sect. 3; Robertson, "Sel. Writ. and Let. Athan. Proleg.", 30 sqq.).
It may even be questioned whether, if left to his own logical instincts, Athanasius would have suggested an orthodox revival of the term at all ("De Decretis", 19; "Orat. c. Ar.", ii, 32; "Ad Monachos", 2). His writings, composed during the forty-six critical years of his episcopate, show a very sparing use of the word; and though, as Newman (Arians of the Fourth Cent., 4 ed., 236) reminds us, "the authentic account of the proceedings" that took place is not extant, there is nevertheless abundant evidence in support of the common view that it had been unexpectedly forced upon the notice of the bishops, Arian and orthodox, in the great synod by Constantine's proposal to account the creed submitted by Eusebius of Caesarea, with the addition of the homoösion, as a safeguard against possible vagueness. The suggestion had in all probability come from Hosius (cf. "Epist. Eusebii.", in the appendix to the "De Decretis", sect. 4; Soc., "Hist. Eccl.", I, viii; III, vii; Theod. "Hist. Eccl.", I, Athan.; "Arians of the Fourth Cent.", 6, n. 42; outos ten en Nikaia pistin exetheto, says the saint, quoting his opponents); but Athanasius, in common with the leaders of the orthodox party, loyally accepted the term as expressive of the traditional sense in which the Church had always held Jesus Christ to be the Son of God. The conspicuous abilities displayed in the Nicaean debates and the character for courage and sincerity he won on all sides made the youthful cleric henceforth a marked man (St. Greg. Naz., Orat., 21). His life could not be lived in a corner. Five months after the close of the council the Primate of Alexandria died; and Athanasius, quite as much in recognition of his talent, it would appear, as in deference to the deathbed wishes of the deceased prelate, was chosen to succeed him. His election, in spite of his extreme youth and the opposition of a remnant of the Arian and Meletian factions in the Alexandrian Church, was welcomed by all classes among the laity ("Apol. c. Arian", vi; Soz., "Hist. Eccl.", II, xvii, xxi, xxii).
The opening years of the saint's rule were occupied with the wonted episcopal routine of a fourth-century Egyptian bishop. Episcopal visitations, synods, pastoral correspondence, preaching and the yearly round of church functions consumed the bulk of his time. The only noteworthy events of which antiquity furnishes at least probable data are connected with the successful efforts which he made to provide a hierarchy for the newly planted church in Ethiopia (Abyssinia) in the person of St. Frumentius (Rufinus I, ix; Soc. I, xix; Soz., II, xxiv), and the friendship which appears to have begun about this time between himself and the monks of St. Pachomius. But the seeds of disaster which the saint's piety had unflinchingly planted at Nicaea were beginning to bear a disquieting crop at last. Already events were happening at Constantinople which were soon to make him the most important figure of his time. Eusebius of Nicomedia, who had fallen into disgrace and been banished by the Emperor Constantine for his part in the earlier Arian controversies, had been recalled from exile. After an adroit campaign of intrigue, carried on chiefly through the instrumentality of the ladies of the imperial household, this smooth-mannered prelate so far prevailed over Constantine as to induce him to order the recall of Arius likewise from exile. He himself sent a characteristic letter to the youthful Primate of Alexandria, in which he bespoke his favour for the condemned heresiarch, who was described as a man whose opinions had been misrepresented. These events must have happened some time about the close of the year 330. Finally the emperor himself was persuaded to write to Athanasius, urging that all those who were ready to submit to the definitions of Nicaea should be re-admitted to ecclesiastical communion. This Athanasius stoutly refused to do, alleging that there could be no fellowship between the Church and the one who denied the Divinity of Christ.
The Bishop of Nicomedia thereupon brought various ecclesiastical and political charges against Athanasius, which, though unmistakably refuted at their first hearing, were afterwards refurbished and made to do service at nearly every stage of his subsequent trials. Four of these were very definite, to wit: that he had not reached the canonical age at the time of his consecration; that he had imposed a linen tax upon the provinces; that his officers had, with his connivance and authority, profaned the Sacred Mysteries in the case of an alleged priest names Ischyras; and lastly that he had put one Arenius to death and afterwards dismembered the body for purposes of magic. The nature of the charges and the method of supporting them were vividly characteristic of the age. The curious student will find them set forth in picturesque detail in the second part of the Saint's "Apologia", or "Defense against the Arians", written long after the events themselves, about the year 350, when the retractation of Ursacius and Valens made their publication triumphantly opportune. The whole unhappy story at this distance of time reads in parts more like a specimen of late Greek romance than the account of an inquisition gravely conducted by a synod of Christian prelates with the idea of getting at the truth of a series of odious accusations brought against one of their number. Summoned by the emperor's order after protracted delays extended over a period of thirty months (Soz., II, xxv), Athanasius finally consented to meet the charges brought against him by appearing before a synod of prelates at Tyre in the year 335. Fifty of his suffragans went with him to vindicate his good name; but the complexion of the ruling party in the synod made it evident that justice to the accused was the last thing that was thought of. It can hardly be wondered at, that Athanasius should have refused to be tried by such a court. He, therefore, suddenly withdrew from Tyre, escaping in a boat with some faithful friends who accompanied him to Byzantium, where he had made up his mind to present himself to the emperor.
The circumstances in which the saint and the great catechumen met were dramatic enough. Constantine was returning from a hunt, when Athanasius unexpectedly stepped into the middle of the road and demanded a hearing. The astonished emperor could hardly believe his eyes, and it needed the assurance of one of the attendants to convince him that the petitioner was not an impostor, but none other than the great Bishop of Alexandria himself. "Give me", said the prelate, "a just tribunal, or allow me to meet my accusers face to face in your presence." His request was granted. An order was peremptorily sent to the bishops, who had tried Athanasius and, of course, condemned him in his absence, to repair at once to the imperial city. The command reached them while they were on their way to the great feast of the dedication of Constantine's new church at Jerusalem. It naturally caused some consternation; but the more influential members of the Eusebian faction never lacked either courage or resourcefulness. The saint was taken at his word; and the old charges were renewed in the hearing of the emperor himself. Athanasius was condemned to go into exile at Treves, where he was received with the utmost kindness by the saintly Bishop Maximinus and the emperor's eldest son, Constantine. He began his journey probably in the month of February, 336, and arrived on the banks of the Moselle in the late autumn of the same year. His exile lasted nearly two years and a half. Public opinion in his own diocese remained loyal to him during all that time. It was not the least eloquent testimony to the essential worth of his character that he could inspire such faith. Constantine's treatment of Athanasius at this crisis in his fortunes has always been difficult to understand. Affecting, on the one hand, a show of indignation, as if he really believed in the political charge brought against the saint, he, on the other hand, refused to appoint a successor to the Alexandrian See, a thing which he might in consistency have been obliged to do had he taken seriously the condemnation proceedings carried through by the Eusebians at Tyre.
Meanwhile events of the greatest importance had taken place. Arius had died amid startlingly dramatic circumstances at Constantinople in 336; and the death of Constantine himself had followed, on the 22nd of May the year after. Some three weeks later the younger Constantine invited the exiled primate to return to his see; and by the end of November of the same year Athanasius was once more established in his episcopal city. His return was the occasion of great rejoicing. The people, as he himself tells us, ran in crowds to see his face; the churches were given over to a kind of jubilee; thanksgivings were offered up everywhere; and clergy and laity accounted the day the happiest in their lives. But already trouble was brewing in a quarter from which the saint might reasonably have expected it. The Eusebian faction, who from this time forth loom large as the disturbers of his peace, managed to win over to their side the weak-minded Emperor Constantius to whom the East had been assigned in the division of the empire that followed on the death of Constantine. The old charges were refurbished with a graver ecclesiastical accusation added by way of rider. Athanasius had ignored the decision of a duly authorized synod. He had returned to his see without the summons of ecclesiastical authority (Apol. c. Ar., loc. cit.). In the year 340, after the failure of the Eusebian malcontents to secure the appointment of an Arian candidate of dubious reputation names Pistus, the notorious Gregory of Cappadocia was forcibly intruded into the Alexandrian See, and Athanasius was obliged to go into hiding. Within a very few weeks he set out for Rome to lay his case before the Church at large. He had made his appeal to Pope Julius, who took up his cause with a whole-heartedness that never wavered down to the day of that holy pontiff's death. The pope summoned a synod of bishops to meet in Rome. After a careful and detailed examination of the entire case, the primate's innocence was proclaimed to the Christian world.
Meanwhile the Eusebian party had met at Antioch and passed a series of decrees framed for the sole purpose of preventing the saint's return to his see. Three years were passed at Rome, during which time the idea of the cenobitical life, as Athanasius had seen it practised in the deserts of Egypt, was preached to the clerics of the West (St. Jerome, Epistle cxxvii, 5). Two years after the Roman synod had published its decision, Athanasius was summoned to Milan by the Emperor Constans, who laid before him the plan which Constantius had formed for a great reunion of both the Eastern and Western Churches. Now began a time of extraordinary activity for the Saint. Early in the year 343 we find the undaunted exile in Gaul, whither he had gone to consult the saintly Hosius, the great champion of orthodoxy in the West. The two together set out for the Council of Sardica which had been summoned in deference to the Roman pontiff's wishes. At this great gathering of prelates the case of Athanasius was taken up once more; and once more was his innocence reaffirmed. Two conciliar letters were prepared, one to the clergy and faithful of Alexandria, and the other to the bishops of Egypt and Libya, in which the will of the Council was made known. Meanwhile the Eusebian party had gone to Philippopolis, where they issued an anathema against Athanasius and his supporters. The persecution against the orthodox party broke out with renewed vigour, and Constantius was induced to prepare drastic measures against Athanasius and the priests who were devoted to him. Orders were given that if the Saint attempted to re-enter his see, he should be put to death. Athanasius, accordingly, withdrew from Sardica to Naissus in Mysia, where he celebrated the Easter festival of the year 344. After that he set out for Aquileia in obedience to a friendly summons from Constans, to whom Italy had fallen in the division of the empire that followed on the death of Constantine. Meanwhile an unexpected event had taken place which made the return of Athanasius to his see less difficult than it had seemed for many months. Gregory of Cappadocia had died (probably of violence) in June, 345. The embassy which had been sent by the bishops of Sardica to the Emperor Constantius, and which had at first met with the most insulting treatment, now received a favourable hearing. Constantius was induced to reconsider his decision, owing to a threatening letter from his brother Constans and the uncertain condition of affairs of the Persian border, and he accordingly made up his mind to yield. But three separate letters were needed to overcome the natural hesitation of Athanasius. He passed rapidly from Aquileia to Treves, from Treves to Rome, and from Rome by the northern route to Adrianople and Antioch, where he met Constantius. He was accorded a gracious interview by the vacillating Emperor, and sent back to his see in triumph, where he began his memorable ten years' reign, which lasted down to the third exile, that of 356. These were full years in the life of the Bishop; but the intrigues of the Eusebian, or Court, party were soon renewed. Pope Julius had died in the month of April, 352, and Liberius had succeeded him as Sovereign Pontiff. For two years Liberius had been favourable to the cause of Athanasius; but driven at last into exile, he was induced to sign an ambiguous formula, from which the great Nicene test, the homoöusion, had been studiously omitted. In 355 a council was held at Milan, where in spite of the vigorous opposition of a handful of loyal prelates among the Western bishops, a fourth condemnation of Athanasius was announced to the world. With his friends scattered, the saintly Hosius in exile, the Pope Liberius denounced as acquiescing in Arian formularies, Athanasius could hardly hope to escape. On the night of 8 February, 356, while engaged in services in the Church of St. Thomas, a band of armed men burst in to secure his arrest (Apol. de Fuga, 24). It was the beginning of his third exile. Through the influence of the Eusebian faction at Constantinople, an Arian bishop, George of Cappadocia, was now appointed to rule the see of Alexandria. Athanasius, after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city, finally withdrew into the deserts of upper Egypt, where he remained for a period of six years, living the life of the monks and devoting himself in his enforced leisure to the composition of that group of writings of which we have the rest in the "Apology to Constantius", the "Apology for his Flight", the "Letter to the Monks", and the "History of the Arians". Legend has naturally been busy with this period of the Saint's career; and we may find in the "Life of Pachomius" a collection of tales brimful of incidents, and enlivened by the recital of "deathless 'scapes in the breach." But by the close of the year 360 a change was apparent in the complexion of the anti-Nicene party. The Arians no longer presented an unbroken front to their orthodox opponents. The Emperor Constantius, who had been the cause of so much trouble, died 4 November, 361, and was succeeded by Julian. The proclamation of the new prince's accession was the signal for a pagan outbreak against the still dominant Arian faction in Alexandria. George, the usurping Bishop, was flung into prison and murdered amid circumstances of great cruelty, 24 December (Hist. Aceph., VI). An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus was immediately chosen by the Arians to succeed him, when fresh news arrived that filled the orthodox party with hope. An edict had been put forth by Julian (Hist. Aceph., VIII) permitting the exiled bishops of the "Galileans" to return to their "towns and provinces". Athanasius received a summons from his own flock, and he accordingly re-entered his episcopal capital 22 February, 362. With characteristic energy he set to work to re-establish the somewhat shattered fortunes of the orthodox party and to purge the theological atmosphere of uncertainty. To clear up the misunderstandings that had arisen in the course of the previous years, an attempt was made to determine still further the significance of the Nicene formularies. In the meanwhile, Julian, who seems to have become suddenly jealous of the influence that Athanasius was exercising at Alexandria, addressed an order to Ecdicius, the Prefect of Egypt, peremptorily commanding the expulsion of the restored primate, on the ground that he had never been included in the imperial act of clemency. The edict was communicated to the bishop by Pythicodorus Trico, who, though described in the "Chronicon Athanasianum" (xxxv) as a "philosopher", seems to have behaved with brutal insolence. On 23 October the people gathered about the proscribed bishop to protest against the emperor's decree; but the saint urged them to submit, consoling them with the promise that his absence would be of short duration. The prophecy was curiously fulfilled. Julian terminated his brief career 26 June, 363; and Athanasius returned in secret to Alexandria, where he soon received a document from the new emperor, Jovian, reinstating him once more in his episcopal functions. His first act was to convene a council which reaffirmed the terms of the Nicene Creed. Early in September he set out for Antioch, bearing a synodal letter, in which the pronouncements of this council had been embodied. At Antioch he had an interview with the new emperor, who received him graciously and even asked him to prepare an exposition of the orthodox faith. But in the following February Jovian died; and in October, 364, Athanasius was once more an exile.
With the turn of circumstances that handed over to Valens the control of the East this article has nothing to do; but the accession of the emperor gave a fresh lease of life to the Arian party. He issued a decree banishing the bishops who has been deposed by Constantius, but who had been permitted by Jovian to return to their sees. The news created the greatest consternation in the city of Alexandria itself, and the prefect, in order to prevent a serious outbreak, gave public assurance that the very special case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor. But the saint seems to have divined what was preparing in secret against him. He quietly withdrew from Alexandria, 5 October, and took up his abode in a country house outside the city. It was during this period that he is said to have spent four months in hiding in his father's tomb (Soz., "Hist. Eccl.", VI, xii; Doc., "Hist. Eccl.", IV, xii). Valens, who seems to have sincerely dreaded the possible consequences of a popular outbreak, gave order within a very few weeks for the return of Athanasius to his see. And now began that last period of comparative repose which unexpectedly terminated his strenuous and extraordinary career. He spent his remaining days, characteristically enough, in re-emphasizing the view of the Incarnation which had been defined at Nicaea and which has been substantially the faith of the Christian Church from its earliest pronouncement in Scripture down to its last utterance through the lips of Pius X in our own times. "Let what was confessed by the Fathers of Nicaea prevail", he wrote to a philosopher-friend and correspondent in the closing years of his life (Epist. lxxi, ad Max.). That that confession did at last prevail in the various Trinitarian formularies that followed upon that of Nicaea was due, humanly speaking, more to his laborious witness than to that of any other champion in the long teachers' roll of Catholicism. By one of those inexplicable ironies that meet us everywhere in human history, this man, who had endured exile so often, and risked life itself in defence of what he believed to be the first and most essential truth of the Catholic creed, died not by violence or in hiding, but peacefully in his own bed, surrounded by his clergy and mourned by the faithful of the see he had served so well. His feast in the Roman Calendar is kept on the anniversary of his death.
[Note on his depiction in art: No accepted emblem has been assigned to him in the history of western art; and his career, in spite of its picturesque diversity and extraordinary wealth of detail, seems to have furnished little, if any, material for distinctive illustration. Mrs. Jameson tells us that according to the Greek formula, "he ought to be represented old, bald-headed, and with a long white beard" (Sacred and Legendary Art, I, 339).]
Publication information Written by Cornelius Clifford. Transcribed by David Joyce. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume II. Published 1907. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Nihil Obstat, 1907. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York
All the essential materials for the Saint's biography are to be found in his writings, especially in those written after the year 350, when the Apologia contra Arianos was composed. Supplementary information will be found in ST. EPIPHANIUS, Hoer., loc. cit.; in ST. GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, Orat., xxi; also RUFINUS, SOCRATES, SOZMEN, and THEODORET. The Historia Acephala, or Maffeian Fragment (discovered by Maffei in 1738, and inserted by GALLANDI in Bibliotheca Patrum, 1769), and the Chronicon Athanasianum, or Index to the Festal Letters, give us data for the chronological problem. All the foregoing sources are included in MIGNE, P. G. and P. L. The great PAPEBROCH'S Life is in the Acta SS., May, I. The most important authorities in English are: NEWMAN, Arians of the Fourth Century, and Saint Athanasius; BRIGHT, Dictionary of Christian Biography; ROBERTSON, Life, in the Prolegomena to the Select Writings and Letters of Saint Athanasius (re-edited in Library of the Nicene and post-Nicene Fathers, New York, 1903); GWATKIN, Studies of Arianism (2d ed., Cambridge, 1900); MOHLER, Athanasius der Grosse; HERGENROTHER and HEFELE.
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The main BELIEVE web-page (and the index to subjects) is at: BELIEVE Religious Information Source - By Alphabet http://mb-soft.com/believe/indexaz.html | <urn:uuid:e15282db-b3d9-40c6-8378-3e531a56711b> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://mb-soft.com/believe/txo/athanas.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710155.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127005113-20221127035113-00734.warc.gz | en | 0.982202 | 11,089 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Guided imagery is also called imagery or visualization. It is the use of images that help you think of and reach a specific goal. It is based on the idea that your mind and body are connected and that you can use your imagination to influence your body’s health and your sense of well-being. A therapist uses their voice, music or nature sounds to guide you into a state of deep relaxation and takes you on a journey in your imagination.
You may choose to create images that remind you of a safe, relaxing and peaceful place, such as a forest, beach or a favourite room. You can imagine the sounds, smells and feelings of being in that place.
Psychologists and other mental health professionals at your cancer centre may offer guided imagery sessions. You can also practise imagery on your own using teaching videos or audio recordings. The main methods used in guided imagery are:
The Simonton method has people with cancer imagine their bodies fighting the cancer cells. You might be asked to imagine breathing in a cloud of soft healing energy, with deep regular breaths, and feel the healing spread throughout your body.
The palming method involves imagining different colours to represent different things. You put your hands over your eyes and imagine a colour that you think represents being anxious or afraid. You then imagine that colour being replaced by another colour that you believe represents strength, courage or healing. For example, if you think brown is the colour of fear, you imagine your body slowly being surrounded and healed by a soft light of another colour that removes your fear, leaving you with a sense of peace.
Guided imagery as a complementary therapy
There is no evidence at this time that guided imagery can treat cancer itself. Very few studies have looked at the effectiveness of guided therapy in people living with cancer. More research is needed because the studies that have been done so far have not shown consistent results.
Guided imagery may help lower stress and anxiety. It may help ease depression. Some research has suggested that imagery may help with nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. It may also be helpful for people who have anticipatory nausea, which is when they feel nauseous before chemotherapy. It may also be helpful in lowering anxiety before radiation therapy.
Another benefit of guided imagery is the sense of control it can help you feel during a time when much of your life might feel out of your control.
Some smaller studies looking at the physical effects of guided imagery have shown that it may lower blood pressure and help with shortness of breath.
Side effects and risks of guided imagery
Talk to your healthcare team if you are thinking about trying guided imagery. Guided imagery has no known risks, and it’s thought to be safe. But it’s important that the therapist offering guided imagery has training and experience in using the therapy with people living with cancer. As with all types of psychological therapy, some people may find guided imagery helpful, while others may not.
Finding a therapist
Ask your healthcare team if they can recommend a therapist who uses guided imagery. Guided imagery is not regulated in Canada, and there are no organizations for their practitioners. | <urn:uuid:e0c9ce4a-495b-4677-b3c4-edacc4c13a0f> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/diagnosis-and-treatment/complementary-therapies/guided-imagery/?region=on | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726162158-20170726182158-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.95933 | 635 | 3.09375 | 3 |
What Do Grades Really Mean?
What is the purpose and meaning of grades? What is the difference in your mind between an A and a B or an E and an S? Should top grades be given only for mastering hard-to-learn concepts or information? You really need to look at these and many other questions before you begin grading students.
There has been some controversy about whether grading is a good or even appropriate practice. Some people question the overall effect of grading on the self-esteem of the student. However, at this point grading and assessments remain one of the few ways we have to determine mastery of knowledge.
Elementary School Grades
Teachers and many parents approach grades differently in elementary school than they do in middle and high schools. In one way, this approach is very healthy. Teachers are able to provide parents with an understanding of where their student stands based on the required benchmarks for that grade. Then the parents and teachers can use this information to provide better instruction and help to the student.
If a student earns all E's except for one S in reading, the parents should understand that the student might need a little extra help in that subject. Obviously, an S is a good grade, but the difference between that grade and those earned in the other courses allows for parents to compare against educational benchmarks.
Further, very low grades in elementary school can help teachers and parents decide if a student needs to repeat a year in school to be better prepared for middle and high school.
Major Trends in High Schools
Unfortunately, there is a major trend for students in high school and college to receive more As. This is not occurring because the students are suddenly achieving at a higher level. Instead, it is the pressure of outside forces acting on school systems.
You should strive to maintain your own belief of what constitutes A-quality work and not allow it to be compromised. Remember, if a student comes back a few years after leaving your class and he cannot read, people are going to question how he could possibly have received an A (or B or C) in your class.
Should the number of As you give equal the number of Fs?
Forcing grades to conform to a bell curve using arbitrary standards does more harm than good. It is better to teach effectively and assess validly, all the while working to help all students achieve A-level work.
Grading Too Low
Realize that if you give an inordinate amount of Ds or Fs, you will probably also receive a lot of questions from your administration. In fact, some administrations actively discourage giving low grades to students. It can be difficult as a new or inexperienced teacher to fight the administration on this particular issue.
However, if you have a good reason to give low grades, and you have the evidence to prove that the student earned those grades, then you should definitely do it. Low scores should always be cause for reflection. An effective teacher should examine her methods and look for new ways to teach the material.
With that said, if you give a test or assignment that every student fails, you should take a deeper look at the reasons. As previously discussed, something may have been confusing or there may have been a problem with the wording, and you may want to consider throwing out the results. If the failures were caused by a lack of studying on your students' part, then definitely keep and use the scores. | <urn:uuid:dce1128d-2fcc-45ad-9b82-90f32dbe648c> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.netplaces.com/new-teacher/assessments-and-grading/what-do-grades-really-mean.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533308.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00476-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972197 | 695 | 3.75 | 4 |
What exactly is fluid build up around the human heart?
What does this mean? What is the actual fluid? And can it be reduced by medication?
Answers: There seem to be different reason. Check the link. Source(s): http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/pericar...
The heart is surrounded by a thin, two-layer sac call the pericardium. It looks a bit like a cellophane bag. The pericardium protects the heart, limits its motion, and prevents it from pericardial effusion expanding too much when blood volume increases. The medical possession for a buildup of fluid inside this sac is. It can be caused by infection, rheumatoid arthritis or lupus, a heart attack, heart or other surgery, trauma, kidney failure, malnutrition, an underactive thyroid, and oodles other conditions. Pericardial effusion may be silent, cause pain, or hinder the heart’s function, depending on the make happen and severity of the buildup. The management of pericardial effusion, too, depends on the underlying cause, how much fluid is present, and how quickly it is enlarge the pericardium. Treatment of the underlying disorder, such as an infection, heart failure, kidney failure, or malnutrition, mostly reduces or eliminates the excess fluid. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen are often prescribed to self-possessed the inflammation and ease pain and other symptoms. However, a study, published in the January 26, 2009, issue of the Archives of Internal Medicine, shows dose-related increases surrounded by risk of death and rehospitalization for heart failure or myocardial infarction (MI) with adjectives cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors or other NSAIDs. Therefore NSAIDS would likely not be prescribed in the case of heart-related cause. Rapid or excessive fluid buildup may require more drastic measures; otherwise, the pressure inside the pericardium could squeeze the heart. By preventing the ventricles from expanding fully, this pressure could limit the heart’s output of blood. Drawing fluid out of the pericardium with a needle can temporarily relieve the pressure. Heart surgery may sometimes be requisite to drain fluid or to cut away scar tissue.
ALL ANSWERS SHOULD BE THOROUGHLY RESEARCHED, IN ANY FORUM AND ESPECIALLY IN THIS ONE. - MANY ANSWERS ARE FLAWED.
The information provided here should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions.
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Hope this helps | <urn:uuid:e569af3d-a4e9-4bb8-bc79-ca07dc73cc6b> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.dcqna.com/diseases-conditions/what_exactly_is_fluid_build_up_around_the_hu.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121418.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00081-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891931 | 584 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Juliana Zarchi was born in Kaunas in 1938 of a Lithuanian father of Jewish origin and a German mother. When Lithuania was invaded by the Nazis, her father fled to the east and was killed by the Einsatzgruppen. While still a little girl she escaped from the Kaunas ghetto and managed to survive the Nazi occupation.
In August 1945, as part of a purge of ethnic Germans, she was forcibly resettled by the Soviets with her mother in Tajikistan in Central Asia, and only returned in 1962. What made her suffer most when they arrived was not the heat or the hunger or the typhus epidemics but the fact that the village children called her a “Fascist”, whereas her father had actually been killed by the Fascists. On her return, she taught German at Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas.
Her mother tried all her life to return home to Düsseldorf in Germany. She wrote hundreds of letters to the Soviet authorities but was never authorised to leave the USSR, where she died in Kaunas in 1991.
Since Lithuania has regained its independence, Julia regularly goes to Germany, where she is invited to give talks in schools to tell the story of her family and her experience of the two dictatorships. | <urn:uuid:c0c68535-d03b-4533-aed2-feb5660c41eb> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://museum.gulagmemories.eu/en/salle/juliana-zarchi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463378.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00055-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.990183 | 269 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A sniper shoots a bullet horizontally over level ground with a velocity of 1.22 x 10^3m/s. At the instant the bullet leaves the barrel, ?
its empty shell casing falls vertically with a velocity of 5.5m/s.
a) Neglecting air friction, how far does the bullet travel?
b) what is the vertical component of the bullet's velocity at the instant before it hits the ground?
shell casing falls vertically and strikes the ground* with a velocity of 5.5m/s
- NCSLv 71 month agoFavourite answer
I think you left a phrase out of the question -- the end should read "falls vertically AND STRIKES THE GROUND with a velocity of 5.5 m/s."
time to fall t = v / g = 5.5m/s / 9.8m/s² = 0.56 s
a) d = V*t = 1220m/s * 0.56s = 685 m
b) 5.5 m/s
same as the shell casing!
Hope this helps!
- PhilomelLv 71 month ago
How high above the ground was the muzzle of the gun when it was fired?
- oubaasLv 71 month ago
Pls post it again with the missing data since this question is not serious ....
- billrussell42Lv 71 month ago
first: how long does it take the casing to fall to the ground. But we are missing the distance above the ground the rifle is...
- What do you think of the answers? You can sign in to give your opinion on the answer.
- RobinLv 71 month ago
if you neglect air friction, which you cant as the bullet would go into outer space | <urn:uuid:a920445d-3985-4f7a-8fce-54b2f43239ad> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20200701153537AAa2pY2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738674.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810102345-20200810132345-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.884445 | 371 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The Commission's latest initiatives on children's rights call on European and national policy-makers to work towards the common good of all children growing up in the EU. The two initiatives are ambitious and bold in their approach to ensuring a life free from any discrimination for each and every child and have won the EESC's approval.
The European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) has given its backing to the EU Strategy on the Rights of the Child and to the proposal for a Council Recommendation establishing the legally binding EU Child Guarantee. The EESC believes that implementing these initiatives would support efforts at EU and national level to promote children's well-being and reduce child poverty.
In the opinion on the European Child Guarantee, adopted at the plenary session in July, the EESC stressed that the fight against child poverty, discrimination, deprivation and social exclusion required a coordinated European and whole-society approach, ensuring that children's rights are mainstreamed into different policies and that these policies have empowering and long-lasting effects on children's health and well-being.
"The figure of one in four children in the EU growing up at risk of poverty is unacceptable. We need strong policies and legal frameworks to break the often intergenerational cycle of disadvantage and reverse this trend. We need to have an ambitious target that aims to lift all children out of poverty by 2030 and not just five million children, which is currently the poverty target under the European Pillar of Social Rights (EPSR)," stated the rapporteur for the opinion, Kinga Joó.
Children require attention from all layers of society. Consolidating their rights should be a priority for the EU. To this end, we need an inclusive, cross-cutting and intersectional strategy, a true policy based on equity, to ensure equal opportunities and inclusion for all children, regardless of their circumstances," said co-rapporteur Maria del Carmen Barrera Chamorro.
According to Eurostat data for 2019, 18 million children, or 22.2%, were growing up at risk of poverty and social exclusion in the EU. Digital and energy poverty are equally detrimental to children and should also be tackled within the Child Guarantee, according to the EESC. Some 5.4% of school-aged children in Europe live in households without a computer or an internet connection. Some 25% of Europeans live in energy-poor households, which also affects children's quality of life and health.
To lift European children out of poverty, the EESC recommended that all Member States allocate at least 5% of ESF+ funding for that purpose. According to the new regulation, only those Member States in which child poverty surpasses the EU average of 23.4% are required to earmark this percentage of their ESF+ financial resources to combat it. So far, this has been done by only 11 countries.(ll) | <urn:uuid:5d5d2140-40d6-410a-b626-4f99333b1dde> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/news-media/eesc-info/08-2021/articles/92147 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644506.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528182446-20230528212446-00543.warc.gz | en | 0.945869 | 586 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Novel sinks for the atmospherically potent gas nitrous oxide
- Supervisor: Professor Mark Trimmer (primary), Dr China Hanson (secondary)
- Deadline: 31st January 2018
- Funding: QMUL (students worldwide)
About the Project
Nitrous oxide is an atmospherically potent gas, having 350 times the warming potential of CO2 and destroying stratospheric ozone. As a consequence, research has focused on important atmospheric sources of this potent gas. For example, agricultural soils, estuaries and coastal ecosystems, with high loadings of human derived nitrogen (e.g. ammonia and nitrate) are often associated with high emissions of N2O. Recently, however, as part of our work in pristine, nitrogen limited parts of the Arctic, we have unearthed evidence for a novel sink for N2O. Here, across geothermally heated streams (2°C to 17°C), we found that colder streams contained less N2O than expected, relative to atmospheric equilibration, while the warmer streams contained more. Bio-available, fixed-N, is scarce in these pristine streams and their ecosystems are fuelled by an abundance of N-fixing, diazotrophs (cyanobacteria, diatoms) which readily fix N2 gas. The ecological problem here though is that N2 fixation has a very high activation energy – for example, 2-3 eV, compared to that typical for photosynthesis of 0.45eV - which makes fixing N2 in the cold energetically costly. In contrast, nitrous oxide is partially activated relative to N2 and fixing it should be energetically more favourable in the cold. We propose, therefore, that the under-saturation in N2O in cold Arctic streams is due to it being fixed as an alternative to the energetically more costly N2. At warmer temperatures this advantage is lost, N fixation shifts back to N2, total production increases and the oversaturation in N2O may result from the oxidation of the now more abundant ammonia – though we don’t know for sure. In addition, our experimental ponds (East Stoke, Dorset) are also impoverished with fixed-N and they too have a very high potential to consume N2O. We can discount dissimilatory reduction of N2O to N2 (no 15N2 from 15N2O), so the most likely explanation here is also N2O dependent, N-fixation. The only other account of N2O-fixation is in the N limited surface waters of the tropical south Pacific.
Objective and hypotheses:
Here the primary objective is to characterise the fundamental microbial ecology and biogeochemical significance of this novel sink for N2O. The PhD student will use 15N incubations to trace the fixation of both 15N2 and 15N2O into microbial community biomass – bulk and their DNA – as a function of temperature. They we will then use 15N and 13CO2 stable-isotope-probing (SIP) combined with taxonomic marker gene sequencing and functional metagenomics to identify whether this N2O fixation represents a physiological response at cooler temperatures - in otherwise N2 fixing organisms - or whether there is an entirely novel, N2O sustained, microbial community. The student will work in both the controlled setting of our long-term experimentally warmed ponds, where microbial communities have been exposed to an offset of 4°C for 11 years, and along the temperature gradient of geothermally heated streams in Iceland to test:
H1 – The apparent activation energy of N2O-fixation is lower than that for N2-fixation and, as a consequence, at colder temperatures a higher proportion of total N-fixation is dependent on N2O.
H2 – The diazotrophs responsible for N2O fixation (15N2O SIP) will be taxonomically distinct from those fixing N2 (15N2 SIP) – or, alternatively, N2O-fixation represents a physiological response at cooler temperatures in diazotrophs that typically fix N2.
The successful candidate will be trained in tracer biogeochemistry (Trimmer) and molecular microbial ecology (Hanson). The student will join a vibrant, productive and well-funded research group working on nitrogen and carbon cycling in a variety of aquatic ecosystems.
This position is funded by a QMUL Principal's Postgraduate Research Studentship and is available to EU, UK and International citizens. It will cover tuition fees as well as provide an annual tax-free maintenance allowance for 3 years at Research Councils UK rates (£16,553 in 2017/18).
Eligibility and Applying
Applications are invited from outstanding candidates with or expecting to receive a first or upper-second class honours degree in an area relevant to the project. An masters degree is desirable, but not essential.
Informal enquiries can be sent to Professor Mark Trimmer ([email protected]). For formal applications, please submit an online application before the stated deadline.
- Yvon-Durocher G, Hulatt C, Woodward G, and Trimmer M (2017) Long-term warming amplifies shifts in the carbon cycle of experimental ponds. Nature Climate Change. doi:10.1038/nclimate3229.
- Trimmer M, Chronopoulou PM, Maanoja ST, Upstill-Goddard RC, Kitidis V, Purdy KJ (2016) Nitrous oxide as a function of oxygen and Archaeal gene abundance in the North Pacific. Nature Communications. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13451.
- Lansdown K, McKew BA, Whitby C, Heppell CM, Dumbrell AJ, Binley A, Olde L, Trimmer M (2016) Importance and controls of anaerobic ammonium oxidation influenced by riverbed geology. Nature Geoscience. 9: 357-360. doi:10.1038/ngeo2684.
- Cavan EL, Trimmer M, Shelley F, Sanders R (2017) Remineralization of particulate organic carbon in an ocean oxygen minimum zone. Nature Communications. 10.1038/ncomms14847.
- Trimmer M, Shelley FC, Purdy KJ, Maanoja ST, Chronopoulou P-M, Jonathan G. Riverbed methanotrophy sustained by high carbon conversion efficiency. The ISME Journal. 9: 2304–2314. doi:10.1038/ismej.2015.98.
- Hanson CA, Marston M, Martiny JBH (2016) Biogeography of host range phenotypes in marine cyanophages. Frontiers in Microbiology. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00983.
- Clasen JL, Hanson CA*, Ibrahim Y, Weihe C, Marston M, Martiny JBH (2013) Diversity and temporal dynamics of Southern California coastal marine cyanophage isolates. Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 69:17-31. *Corresponding author
- Hanson CA, Fuhrman JA, Horner-Devine MC, Martiny JBH (2012) Beyond biogeographic patterns: processes shaping the microbial landscape. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 10: 497-506. | <urn:uuid:0b2affa7-86bc-4af6-9bdc-b1418c4117fb> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.sbcs.qmul.ac.uk/postgraduate/research/projects/display-title-499662-en.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886476.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116164812-20180116184812-00645.warc.gz | en | 0.868253 | 1,551 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Concerns about water damage
Cincinnati basements are usually the area of a building most at risk of water damage because they are below ground level and surrounded by soil. The soil releases the water it has absorbed during rain or snowmelt, and water can end up in the basement through leaks or cracks. Water can even migrate through solid concrete walls through capillary action, a phenomenon where liquid rises spontaneously in a narrow space such as a thin pipe, or through porous materials. Damp basements can cause problems that include peeling paint, toxic mold contamination, building rot, foundation collapse, and termite damage. Even indoor air quality can be affected if naturally occurring gases released by the soil are carried into the basement.
Proper basement waterproofing will reduce the risk of damage from moisture or water. Homeowners will want to be aware of what they can do to keep their basements dry and safe from damage. Inspectors can also benefit from knowing these basic strategies for preventing leaks and flooding.
Prevent water ingress by diverting it away from the foundation.
The primary concern is to prevent water from entering the basement by directing it away from the foundation. Poor roof drainage and surface runoff due to gutter failures and improper site grading can be the most common causes of wet basements. Addressing these issues will go a long way in ensuring that water does not seep into the basement.
Here are some measures to keep water away from the foundation:
Install and maintain gutters and downspouts to direct all storm water and snowmelt far enough away from the building foundation to ensure that it does not accumulate near the walls of the structure. At least 10 feet from the building is best, and where the water leaves the downspout, it should be allowed to flow freely away from the foundation rather than back up to it, and should not collect in pools.
The finish should be sloped away from the building for 10 to 15 feet. Low spots that can lead to pooling of water should be leveled to prevent the possibility of standing water near the foundations.
Shallow trenches called swales should be used in conditions where one or more sides of the building face upwards. The swale should slope away from the building for 10 to 15 feet, at which point another swale can be entered to direct the water around to the downslope side of the building and away from the foundation.
Repair all cracks and holes.
If there are leaks or leaks in the interior of the basement, water and moisture are most likely entering through small cracks or holes. Cracks or holes can be the result of several things. Poor workmanship during the original construction can show up in the form of cracks or holes. Water pressure from the outside can build up and force water through the walls. The house could settle and cause cracks in the floor or walls. Repairing all cracks and small holes will help prevent leaks and flooding.
Here are some steps to take if you suspect water is entering your basement through cracks or holes:
Identify areas where water may enter through cracks or holes by checking for moisture, leaks or discoloration. Every square inch of the basement should be examined, especially in cases where leakage or flooding is not obvious, but moisture accumulation is readily apparent.
A mixture of epoxy and latex cement can be used to fill small hairline cracks and holes. It is a waterproof formula that can help keep moisture and water out of basement walls. It is especially effective for very small cracks and holes.
Any cracks larger than about 1/8 inch should be filled with a mortar made of one part cement and two parts fine sand with just enough water to make a fairly stiff mortar. It should be firmly pressed into all parts of larger cracks and holes so that no air bubbles or pockets remain. As long as water is not forced through the basement walls due to external pressure, applying the mortar with an ordinary trowel will suffice, as long as special care is taken to completely fill all cracks.
If the water is pushed through by external pressure, a slightly different method of patching with mortar can be used. Areas of walls or floors with cracks should first be sculpted a little at the mouth of the crack and along its entire length. Using a chisel and hammer or cold chisel, cut a dovetail groove along the mouth of each crack you want to fill, then apply the mortar thoroughly. The dovetail, once filled, should be strong enough to withstand the pressure force that pushed the water through the crack.
Apply sodium silicate putty to the walls and floor.
Once all runoff has been thoroughly diverted away from the foundation and all cracks and holes have been repaired and there are no leaks, a waterproof sealant can be applied as a final measure.
Sodium silicate is a water-based compound that will actually penetrate the substrate up to 4 inches. Concrete, concrete blocks and masonry have lime as a natural component of their composition, which reacts with sodium silicate to form a solid crystalline structure that fills all the microscopic cracks, holes and pores of the substrate. No water vapor or gas will be able to penetrate by capillary action because the concrete and masonry have now hardened and thickened from the sodium silicate.
Here are some steps and tips to apply it:
Particular attention should be paid to the application of sodium silicate. It is an alkaline substance and as such can cause burns on contact with the skin and eyes. Inhalation may also cause respiratory irritation.
Sodium silicate must only be applied to bare concrete, concrete block or masonry that has been thoroughly cleaned and free of dirt, oil, adhesives, paint and grease. This will ensure that it properly penetrates the substrate and fills all microscopic cracks. It can be applied with a garden sprayer, roller or brush to a surface that has first been lightly dampened with a mop or brush. Apply two to three coats to the concrete, waiting 10 to 20 minutes between each application. Concrete blocks and masonry will take three to four coats, with the same 10 to 20 minutes between applications. Any excess should be wiped off afterwards. Sodium silicate should not be applied too much, otherwise it will not be completely absorbed by the substrate and will leave a white residue.
The paint can then be applied without worrying about water vapor getting trapped between the paint and the wall, possibly causing blisters and peeling. Tile or floor covering adhesives can also be used more effectively once the substrate is sealed.
Drainage of water away from the foundations so that it does not collect outside basement walls and floors is a key element in preventing flooding and water damage. Ensuring that any water that does end up near basement exteriors cannot enter through holes or cracks is also important, and sealing with a waterproof compound will help prevent water vapor or gas from penetrating, as well. By following these procedures, the risk of water-related issues in basement interiors can be greatly reduced, protecting the building from damage such as foundation rotting, mold growth, and peeling paint, as well as improving the interior air quality by blocking the transmission of gasses from the soil outside.
When you order a Cincinnati Home Inspection from LiteHouse Inspect, we will take a careful look at your foundation for any water intrusion issues. | <urn:uuid:e582fa27-8d64-455e-8bed-28545a2bc602> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.litehouseinspect.com/post/basement-waterproofing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473735.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222061937-20240222091937-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.951007 | 1,499 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Knowing how to read sight words helps kids to read more fluently and better understand what they are reading. Kids learn many sight words just by being exposed to them during shared reading, but there are those tricky ones that need some extra practice. To make memorizing sight words more fun we like to play games!
Last week my kindergartner played Sight Word Swim in the pool and he had so much fun we came up with another game we could play with the ball pit balls–Cup Crash!
I wrote the sight words he was working on plastic cups and grabbed the ball pit balls with the same words on them from the other game.
He read the word on the cup and if he was correct he got to stack it on the counter.
Once he had read all of the words and built a tower it was time to knock the cups down! We already had sight words written on our balls so he practiced reading them again before throwing them at the cups. You could skip this part if you don’t have enough balls to write on. He had a TON of fun with Cup Crash and so did his sisters, there were smiling faces and cups and balls everywhere!
Sight Word Cup Crash! is another post in the Move and Learn series I am doing with The Pleasantest Thing and Hands on : as we grow. Each week we are sharing ways that you can get your kids moving and learning and having fun!
Find the Letter and Swat It! from Hands on : as we grow
Geometry Game from The Pleasantest Thing
Check out their posts from this week and go to our Move and Learn Pinterest board for even more ideas! | <urn:uuid:dc71575f-1d0a-42ed-843c-5942af3e265b> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.coffeecupsandcrayons.com/gross-motor-sight-word-game-cup-crash/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540499389.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207105754-20191207133754-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.985096 | 338 | 3.296875 | 3 |
It attempts to make a spatial study as to why the inhabitants of a particular region are poorer than those of another region. The study of systems larger than the earth itself usually forms part of Astronomy or Cosmology. Human geography can be subdivided into various fields, including historical, cultural, social, urban, political, economic, development, and health geography. Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation. . Human Geography, on the other hand, is a social science. Moreover, it also studies how and under what circumstances, one culture becomes dominant over the other, and ends up either assimilating it or uprooting it completely.
Regional geography is a very subjective branch that studies the various geographical regions across the Earth, in an attempt to understand the uniqueness of each one. Climatology, as the name suggests, deals with the study of climate. In there is a tradition of employing qualitative research techniques also used in anthropology and sociology. He also published a study of , , which included a method for projecting a on a. Examples of sub-fields of History:. It is closely related to. All the major rivers of India originate in one or the other of these watersheds.
To reach reliable much hanging championing the whole world, it principle be deficient in your in check superiors video gaming abilities close by the unalloyed deride,Dresses On account of Women whether it is ranking up equitable,frock click bewitching boss battles or maybe producing adequate choice metal to get indicated abilities. There are additional branches in geography such as regional geography, cartography, and integrated geography. The theory of landscape geography is important because it helps to identify, recognize and analyze the factors that lead to changes in the natural landscape. Himalayas, the highest mountain system in the world, is also one of the world's youngest mountain ranges. There are several levels of courts. Population geography is related to settlement geography, in that it attempts to study human settlements across various geographic locations with respect to their population trends.
In order to find out what number that is, you could use 'algebra'. The present day Shiaismwas evolved much later. It requires an understanding of the traditional aspects of physical and human geography, as well as the ways in which human societies conceptualize the environment. Oceanography deals with the study of seas and oceans of the world. The explore how humans, animals, and plants make their home in dry or arid regions and the use of resources in these regions. Nonetheless, modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that foremost seeks to understand the Earth and all of its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. Cartography focuses on ways in which the entire mapping procedure can be technologically advanced by creating maps that are generally of higher quality.
The field attempts to study why certain species can only dwell on certain kinds of landforms. Human Geography This is a main branch in geography and it mainly covers studies of the human race. Participant observation and in-depth interviews provide human geographers with qualitative data. Putting a bit more fact into this assertion, the ancient Greek scholar Eratosthenes is known as the father of geography since he's the guy who first coined the term. The Himalayas reached their present heights much later. Self portrait of Alexander von Humboldt, one of the early pioneers of geography During the European Age of Discovery of the 16th and 17th centuries, many new lands were discovered by European explorers such as Christopher Columbus, and James Cook.
Quaternary Science is the study of the geography of the quaternary period. Two of these are economic geography and political geography. On the federal level, Justices are appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate. In other words, it deals with the impact of the distribution of the various elements of a landscape on the landscape itself. There is only one true Islam - the Islam that our Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him and his companions practiced. Consequently, there are many sub-fields, as human history is long, varied, and very diverse. The strong interdisciplinary links between geography and the sciences of and botany, as well as economics, sociology and have also grown greatly especially as a result of Earth System Science that seeks to understand the world in a holistic view.
These include aspects such as atmosphere, climate, landforms, soils, oceans, and so on. Vindhyan range traverses nearly the whole width of Peninsular India a distance of about 1050 km with an average elevation of some 300 metres. Glaciological studies intend to analyze the effects of glaciers on landscapes and on the Earth's climate. Biogeography: study of plants and animals life and process d. Skills in professional geography: An assessment of workforce needs and expectations. He often combined astronomical readings and mathematical equations, in order to develop methods of pin-pointing locations by recording degrees of and.
The parameters of cultural geography include language, religion, beliefs, economy, etc. As space and place affect a variety of topics such as economics, health, climate, plants and animals, geography is highly interdisciplinary. Routledge, London and New York. As a matter of fact, many other branches of geography normally fall under human geography. Applications of geostatistics rely heavily on , particularly for the estimate of unmeasured points.
Economic geography is the study of the location, distribution andspatial organization of economic activities across the world. The sub-fields of Physical Geography tend to be strongly interconnected. These beliefs in turn led the ancient China to call their land Zhongguo jahng gwoh , or the Middle Kingdom. Since it's pretty safe to say that humans have always been curious about the world, many think geography is the oldest of all the sciences. The two main branches are Physical Geography and Human Geography. This misunderstanding resulted into bloodshed ofthousands of Muslims fighting against one another.
Hazard geographers research extreme events known as hazards or disaster and explore the human interaction and response to these unusual natural or technological events. Physical Geography Physical geography is a major branch of the science and it mainly deals with the study of the natural characteristics of the earth. Physical geography is broken into many sub-categories. The Indus rises from Mount Kailas in Tibet and traverses many miles through the Himalayas before it is joined by its tributaries in the Punjab. The planning of towns, cities, and rural areas may be seen as applied geography. For instance, people living in a rural area are often more culturally tied to the natural environment around them than those living in a large metropolitan area. Glaciology is very important with respect to the study of phenomena such as global warming. | <urn:uuid:ab921026-55d0-44eb-ac05-f35bf232d2e0> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://bestbetasia.com/what-are-the-2-branches-of-geography.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202526.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321152638-20190321174638-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.956936 | 1,378 | 2.984375 | 3 |
From News of the Weird:
“Northern Ireland farmer William Taylor introduced his prototype Livestock Power Mill recently and claimed that the world’s 1.3 billion cattle, using treadmills for eight hours a day, could produce 6 percent of the world’s electricity requirement. (The cow must keep walking to avoid sliding down an incline.) [Popular Science, 4-16-10]“
Which got me wondering, what would such a contraption look like? I imagined a huge treadmill that would require multiple cattle to walk in unison—especially after having seen the crowded conditions in which feedlot cattle are housed. But, the prototype (at least) is a one-cow model—and is an interesting idea for a renewable power source.
As Inhabit.com (which has photos of the machine) indicates, cattle walk while grazing, and one cow on a treadmill can power four milking machines.
I gotta admit, it’s an interesting idea. I still prefer the idea of cattle grazing, but if we’re going to pen them up, we’d might as well give them the chance to exercise, and being able to reap electrical energy from their efforts is an intriguing concept.
Next: using stationary cycles to illuminate gym facilities. | <urn:uuid:32fbd33d-9506-4bc7-9446-d0b1de92a9c9> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://corduroyorange.com/?p=772 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191984.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00548-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953586 | 267 | 2.984375 | 3 |
We’re all rightly exploring the fiftieth anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon mission, during which man first set foot on lunar soil.
Because I’m busy wrapping up packing for the Realm Makers 2019 conference, I thought I had little time for exploring this topic.
Fortunately, past-me has this covered, from this 2015 article at Christ and Pop Culture.
Here I started with a retrospective on the Ron Howard film Apollo 13. This movie explores not just the ill-fated moon mission, but the nation’s already-waning boredom with the space program altogether. Then I considered movie–Jim Lovell’s (Tom Hanks) line:
“I look up at the moon and wonder, when will we be going back, and who will that be?”
From “Apollo 13: When Will We Be Going Back?” (July 3, 2015):
If we’re refusing to go back, why is that?
Reason 1: We are fallen. Lovell was part of the crew who read, on Christmas Eve during the Apollo 8 mission, Genesis 1’s account of God’s creation. But we are broken reflections of what God created. We are fallen. That means we want to exalt ourselves above God. Instead of wanting to bear and reflect the fire of His glory, we crave to steal the fire from His heaven.
That also means we reject or abuse God’s order to fill the earth with His glory by creating culture (Gen. 1:26-28). Do we suspect that if Adam and Eve had never rebelled against God, they and their children would have stayed in the Garden forever, naked and bored? Perish the thought. Instead for years and decades and centuries they would have made culture: clothes, travel, agriculture, architecture, stories, songs, games, science, technology. They would have built engines and ships. Later, they would have spread God’s glory to the stars.
Reason 2: Now violent creation is punishing our cultures. If humans had not sinned, the heaven of space would not be our enemy. This heaven could have been as the medievalists imagined it: a spiritual realm of æther in which musical spheres floated between earth and God’s dwelling place. Now space is a cold vacuum. Its music has been turned to groaning.
In real-world space, one bad O-ring, one damaged coil, and purging flames blast us back into dust.
And in our stories, outer space is not populated by singing heavenlies. It becomes a killing field of humans versus nature, technological breakdown, insanity, and invading demons.
Reason 3: With some exceptions, such as this week’s near-conjunction of Jupiter and Venus that has captivated many, our rebellion lowers our eyes from heaven and its wonders to the dust we walk on and from which we came. We don’t desire to discover more of infinity. We’re in lust with ourselves. Thus our science becomes devoted to making more shrunken baubles that help us expand our own glory. And thus our stories, having stripped our sense of awe or dismissed it as “just fiction,” leave us uncovered.
No longer do real fantasy beings exist. There are no benevolent spirits among the stars. They were all fairy tales. So we dress up in cheap rubber spirit-creature suits. We would not just exalt ourselves among the stars, but become the exalted stars of our own fairy tales.
Yet while our real-life efforts to shine flickers of that old glory beyond Earth are limited, our stories stubbornly reflect this ancient vision in films such as Apollo 13, Interstellar, or even Tomorrowland. That’s why we need these kinds of stories, and need to find, prize, and even make more of these stories with God — exalting beauty, excellence, realism, and power.
Christians, let us not show high regard for these magical going-to-the-moon tales but reduce them to abstract symbols, saying those are all very well and good but our true citizenship is in Heaven. But read God’s promise that Heaven and Earth are both due for a fiery remodeling, after which His city, like a beautiful bride descends from heaven to Earth.
Imagine a world in which everything truly reflects God’s glory! At last in this Afterworld, His redeemed pilots and engineers will have new hearts, new bodies built of better stuff than dust, and will use both to worship Him in their cultures. I am sure that only then can we answer Lovell’s question, “When will we be going back [to the moon?]” like this: “Now that Christ has returned, we go there every day, and beyond.” The old wonder of spreading His glory among the stars—the longing barely hinted in Lovell’s awe, Howard’s directorial vision, and [James] Horner’s soundtrack—will be fulfilled for eternity. All the poems and symbols will become reality. Adam and Eve’s children will literally explore the cosmos for the glory of the Creator, no longer fighting to survive but dancing and singing among the stars. | <urn:uuid:1e40141b-5158-4c8f-bda7-ee58635ff08c> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://estephenburnett.lorehaven.com/the-perils-of-exploring-space-from-a-groaning-planet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315544.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820133527-20190820155527-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.944611 | 1,094 | 2.53125 | 3 |
By Dr David Nabarro
My emphasis in this message is for the need for all communities quickly to become alert and ready for COVID. This is because the virus is going to remain in our midst for the foreseeable future. I do not think it will disappear any time soon.
In many countries, there are signs that the spread of disease has started to slow down because of physical distancing imposed through lockdowns. The virus itself has not gone away. As the lockdowns are lifted and people start to move around more there is a high likelihood of transmission restarting in locations. This is particularly likely to happen in localities where there is not continued attention to the need for physical distancing and for people who develop symptoms of COVID quickly to be isolated. This means that societies will have to learn how to defend themselves against new outbreaks of the disease and be ready to do so at all times.
The WHO teams are focusing on the comprehensive defence capabilities that ought to be in place if communities and nations are to emerge from lockdown without a significant risk of imported cases triggering new outbreaks. These outbreaks grow quickly and if early containment fails they will lead to multiple deaths and overwhelmed health services. To suppress them authorities will need to impose new restrictions on economic and social activity. No-one wants that unless it is absolutely necessary.
If communities are to be capable of defending against new outbreaks they need to have the means to interrupt transmission, prevent outbreaks, suppress them if they do occur and protect vulnerable people. This is the “COVID-Ready state”. It needs to be in place everywhere.
Establishing this COVID-Ready state requires the full and willing participation of people, a high level of organization within communities (with a special focus on protecting those who are most vulnerable especially in residential settings like care homes), public health services ( to organize the interruption of transmission and responses to outbreaks as well as to maintain ongoing health programmes and protection efforts) as well as COVID-Ready hospitals and other health care units.
The core of being COVID-Ready is that people are responsible for keeping themselves healthy, for preventing the illness from affecting others and for interrupting transmission when it starts. This means each person must be able to suspect they have been infected when they display COVID symptoms, isolating themselves immediately, reporting to their public health officers and being tested for the virus (ideally) in a place away from a health facility. Those with COVID will be triaged (mostly via telemedicine) and if deemed to need treatment, they would be referred to designated health care facilities where the personnel would be fully protected with PPE. Their contacts (from two days before they displayed symptoms) would be traced and required to isolate themselves, The better the contact tracing and isolation, the more likely the outbreak will rapidly suppressed.
I have written narratives and offered briefings about the need for capacity to interrupt transmission and suppress outbreaks to be in place within communities. I advocate for this COVID-Ready state to be in place and working before lockdowns are fully released. In many countries, the elements of the COVID-ready state are already in place but they need to be made to work at great speed.
The big challenge is to get the message about the need to get COVID-Ready out NOW in ways that help all – whatever their role in their societies – make some sense of it. What are the kind of changes we will be expected to make for the COVID-Ready state to be in place and functioning? We need to consider all means – spoken, written, with film and music, through broadcast and social media, through narratives and webinars, and most importantly through stimulating dialogue and encouraging weaving, everywhere. We need to be meeting people where they are; tuning into their realities, their context, their feelings; appreciating their different perspectives; feeling into the rhythm and pace of their lives right now as well as their readiness for mindset shifts; trying to see systems in the ways that they do – whether on a large scale or granular, particular.
We do need to focus on what it means to be COVID-Ready in poorer settings, as well as to be ready for other challenges that are laid bare both by the COVID outbreaks and the means that have to be in place – whether to suppress them as they start or contain them when they are big. I hear such messages coming from Dr Tedros and the WHO team, from other COVID envoys and from all working for public health with their shared identity, capacity for mutual respect and willingness to exchange information within a context of trust. We need their engagement to interpret the confusing science and chart ways forward including in the whole area of caring for older people.
Stay well and safe.
Download Narrative Nineteen as PDF English (71kb)
There are many great sources of advice for governments and healthcare systems and the people who work in them, particularly the World Health Organization website. This is the trusted source for clinical information. Please bookmark it and keep checking it as it is updated.
On 21 February 2020, Dr David Nabarro, Co-Director of the Imperial College Institute of Global Health Innovation at the Imperial College London and Strategic Director of 4SD, was appointed as one of six Special Envoys to the World Health Organization (WHO) Director-General on COVID-19.
In this role, David provides strategic advice and high-level political advocacy and engagement in different parts of the world to help WHO coordinate the global response to the epidemic.
The COVID-19 Narratives are being written by David and peers to share with those who want more information about the situation and to help raise awareness and readiness of all actors.
Snapshot from WHO COVID-19 Situation Report – 91, as of 10:00 CET 20 April 2020.
→ WHO Risk Assessment Global Level VERY HIGH
→ 2,314,621 confirmed cases (+72,846 new in the last 24 hours)
→ 157,847 deaths (+5,296 in the last 24 hours)
→ WHO publishes brief on a brief on the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
→ WHO publishes updated strategy to guide the public health response | <urn:uuid:96ecb52a-b618-4c78-bc34-102e1a8cb317> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.4sd.info/covid-19-narratives/narrative-nineteen/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348517506.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606155701-20200606185701-00286.warc.gz | en | 0.964115 | 1,265 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Like many of my generation, I was an avid stamp collector as a boy and I specialised in Commonwealth and British Empire stamps. Through stamps I learned something of Britain’s former possessions and protectorates with exotic names like the Kathiri State of Seiyun, Mafia Island, Stellaland, Poonch and the Cocos Islands (the Cocos were for a time part of the Straits Settlements).
But until I moved to Malaysia I had never heard of Dindings, a strip of Perak territory which was ceded to Britain in 1826 and remained a colony as part of the Straits Settlements until it was returned to Perak in 1935. This may be because Dindings never issued its own stamps, using instead either Straits Settlements or Perak stamps. Stanley Gibbons’ specialised stamp catalogue for Malaysia doesn’t even mention Dindings, possibly an oversight on their part.
Dindings (which was renamed Manjung on 1 January 1982) comprises the island of Pangkor and the towns of Lumut and Sitiawan on the mainland. The districts of Beruas and Pantai Remis also come under modern-day Manjung.
Following the signing of the Anglo Dutch Treaty in 1824 the British stepped up their involvement on the Malay Peninsula and they took control of Pangkor Island in 1826 with the aim of suppressing piracy. They also probably wanted to prevent the Dutch from returning – the Dutch had had a minor presence on Pangkor since 1661 though they abandoned the island for good in 1748.
In 1874 the Pangkor Treaty was signed with the Sultan of Perak under which Pangkor and the strip of mainland containing Lumut and Sitiawan was ceded to Britain and placed under the wing of the British Governor in Penang. Britain demanded this territory as reward for helping to bring peace to Perak between two rival Chinese clans who were feuding over tin mining.
Having obtained the Dindings, Britain did very little with it. The original intention may have been to use it as a gateway to Perak’s booming tin ore trade but it was found more convenient to use Port Weld, which had a harbour and branch railway line, to export tin. No railways were ever built in Dindings and no port was developed. With Penang not far away the Dindings were probably seen as superfluous.
Today there is little to show that Britain was ever there – just a couple of post offices and police stations, one or two schools and churches and a number of colonial-era bungalows and government offices.
In recent years Malaysia has developed Manjung significantly. The Royal Malaysian Navy has its main base at Lumut and the bustling towns of Seri Manjung and Sitiawan sprawl over a wide area. Pangkor has become a major tourist destination but it still retains a relaxed and sleepy feel.
By the way, while revisiting Pangkor last week I made a discovery. The drawing on the famous rock on the island which people have for years been calling Tiger Rock is not a tiger at all. You can read about my revelation on my Malaysia Traveller website. | <urn:uuid:7ce64493-3ad6-46a6-9e5f-fad94192f433> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://thriftytraveller.org/tag/sitiawan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038071212.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413000853-20210413030853-00034.warc.gz | en | 0.97655 | 669 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Socializing with other kids teaches children important life rules like cooperation and sharing, claims the website Child Development Info. The site adds that playing with others prepares children to function in the adult world. One of the best ways for children to socialize is to play games. Games with rules, especially, help children develop from thinking egocentrically to understanding the importance of people around them and socializing nicely.
A fun animal game to play with your toddler or preschooler is animal charades. You can play this alone with your child or invite her friends or siblings to play. For this game, Family Education suggests putting several stuffed animals in a pillow case. Have your toddler pick out one animal without showing it to you or the other players. Her challenge is to act out that animal so that someone can guess what the animal was. If several children are playing, the child who guessed correctly gets to pull out a stuffed animal next. Once someone has guessed the right animal, it is fun for all the children to walk around the room acting like that creature.
Toddlers are just learning the alphabet while 5 years old are learning how to read. One game that teaches your youngest his A-B-Cs and teaches your oldest how to spell involves cutout alphabet letters. Cut out every letter of the alphabet or use letters you may have from magnet sets or puzzles. Put all the letters in a bag. Pull out a letter. Your toddler must say what letter it is. The older child says a word that begins with that letter. The child who yells his answer first wins.
Throwing the Smile
Disney’s Family Fun website claims Throwing the Smile will have children of all ages giggling wildly. Tell the children to sit in a circle. Designate one child to be “it.” That child smiles while the other children sit solemnly. “It” uses her hand to pretend to wipe the smile off her face and throw it to another player. The designated catcher pretends to catch the smile and put it on her face. After smiling as long as she’d like, she then pretends to wipe the smile off of her face and throw it to another player. The object of the game is for nobody to smile or laugh except “it.” According to Family Fun, the youngest kids tend to laugh the hardest and enjoy this silly game the most. | <urn:uuid:d9efc04a-374e-4e28-a4c4-9bcfccac6e5f> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://healthfully.com/215646-games-for-kids-age-2-to-5.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158766.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922221246-20180923001646-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.949078 | 487 | 3.515625 | 4 |
(Boston)--Researchers have identified a peptide and hormone that when administered to a specific area of the brain may reduce the desire for food. The study, which appears in the journal Neuropsychopharmacology, may one day lead to medications that treat obesity and binge eating disorders.
Obesity is a complex disorder affecting more than 78 million Americans which involves an excessive amount of body fat. It increases your risk of diseases and health problems such as heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure. Binge-eating disorder is a prevalent illness in America characterized by periods of excessive uncontrolled consumption of food, followed by uncomfortable fullness and feelings of self-disgust.
Using an experimental model, the researchers found when administering pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), a peptide and hormone produced by neurons, in a specific area of the brain called the "central amygdala," it reduced the intake of food and led to weight loss.
According to the researchers PACAP is known for its food intake and body weight effects in the hypothalamus (the area of the brain known for controlling appetite). However, this is the first report of PACAP effects in the amygdala, a region of the brain outside the hypothalamus, involved in fear but also in the emotional component of eating.
The researchers also discovered how PACAP decreases food intake when injected in the amygdala. In general, food intake can be decreased in two ways: eating fewer meals of normal size during the day, or smaller meals. "We found that amygdalar PACAP reduces the amount of food eaten within meals, but not how many meals are consumed. In addition, we found that PACAP reduced the rate of intake of food. This means that, following administration of PACAP, models were eating more slowly," explained Valentina Sabino, PhD, assistant professor of pharmacology and psychiatry, and co-director of the Laboratory of Addictive Disorder at Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM).
In addition, they found that PACAP effects on food intake and body weight were dependent on another brain factor: the growth-hormone called brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). "The effects of PACAP on food intake and body weight were absent when it was given together with another drug that blocks BDNF signaling, suggesting that PACAP acts through BDNF," said Sabino.
The researchers believe these findings have implications for a variety of conditions, since they found not only how much food subjects ate but also how fast they ate them. "The PACAP system may hypothetically be the target of medications to treat not only obesity but also binge-eating, a disease characterized by excessive, uncontrollable consumption of food within brief periods of time," added coauthor Pietro Cottone, PhD, associate professor of pharmacology and psychiatry and co-director of the Laboratory of Addictive Disorder at BUSM.
Also contributing to this study were BU researchers: Attilio Iemolo, PhD, and Antonio Ferragud, MS.
Funding for this study was provided by the National Institute of Health (National Institute of Mental Health and National Institute on Drug Abuse), the Peter Paul Career Development Professorship, the Peter McManus Charitable Trust, and Boston University's Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP). | <urn:uuid:19268637-e505-406a-a46a-f19efe7c4b11> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/890674 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362287.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202175510-20211202205510-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.959824 | 688 | 2.90625 | 3 |
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