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wiki20220301en020_105227
Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
Early accounts of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) in Greater Yellowstone described herds of hundreds seen ranging through most major river valleys. These populations were decimated by 1900, and declines continued among remaining herds. On the park's northern range, pronghorn declined from 500-700 in the 1930s to about 122 in 1968. By 1992 the herd had increased to 536. Gray Wolf reintroduction
Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Early accounts of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) in Greater Yellowstone described herds of hundreds seen ranging through most major river valleys. These populations were decimated by 1900, and declines continued among remaining herds. On the park's northern range, pronghorn declined from 500-700 in the 1930s to about 122 in 1968. By 1992 the herd had increased to 536. Gray Wolf reintroduction
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Gray Wolf reintroduction The park is a commonly cited example of apex predators affecting an ecosystem through a trophic cascade. After the reintroduction of the gray wolf in 1995, researchers noticed drastic changes occurring. Elk, the primary prey of the gray wolf, became less abundant and changed their behavior, freeing riparian zones from constant grazing. The respite allowed willows and aspens to grow, creating habitat for beaver, moose, and scores of other species. In addition to the effects on prey species, the gray wolf's presence also affected the park's grizzly bear population. The bears, emerging from hibernation, chose to scavenge off wolf kills to gain needed energy and fatten up after fasting for months. Dozens of other species have been documented scavenging from wolf kills. See also Ecology of the Rocky Mountains References Further reading
Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Gray Wolf reintroduction The park is a commonly cited example of apex predators affecting an ecosystem through a trophic cascade. After the reintroduction of the gray wolf in 1995, researchers noticed drastic changes occurring. Elk, the primary prey of the gray wolf, became less abundant and changed their behavior, freeing riparian zones from constant grazing. The respite allowed willows and aspens to grow, creating habitat for beaver, moose, and scores of other species. In addition to the effects on prey species, the gray wolf's presence also affected the park's grizzly bear population. The bears, emerging from hibernation, chose to scavenge off wolf kills to gain needed energy and fatten up after fasting for months. Dozens of other species have been documented scavenging from wolf kills. See also Ecology of the Rocky Mountains References Further reading
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Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
See also Ecology of the Rocky Mountains References Further reading External links Greater Yellowstone Coalition: The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem website USGS Rocky Mountain Mapping Center: Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Yellowstone-Teton Clean Energy Coalition The Trust for Public Land - Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Program Ecology of the Rocky Mountains Environment of Idaho Environment of Montana Environment of Wyoming Northwestern United States Yellowstone National Park Fauna of the Rocky Mountains Flora of the Rocky Mountains Systems ecology
Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. See also Ecology of the Rocky Mountains References Further reading External links Greater Yellowstone Coalition: The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem website USGS Rocky Mountain Mapping Center: Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Yellowstone-Teton Clean Energy Coalition The Trust for Public Land - Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Program Ecology of the Rocky Mountains Environment of Idaho Environment of Montana Environment of Wyoming Northwestern United States Yellowstone National Park Fauna of the Rocky Mountains Flora of the Rocky Mountains Systems ecology
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Gauntlet II
Gauntlet II is a 1986 arcade game produced by Atari Games that serves as the immediate sequel to the original Gauntlet, which was released the previous year. Like its predecessor, Gauntlet II is a fantasy-themed top down dungeon crawler game and was released as a dedicated cabinet, as well as a conversion kit, both available in 2-player and 4-player versions. Gameplay
Gauntlet II. Gauntlet II is a 1986 arcade game produced by Atari Games that serves as the immediate sequel to the original Gauntlet, which was released the previous year. Like its predecessor, Gauntlet II is a fantasy-themed top down dungeon crawler game and was released as a dedicated cabinet, as well as a conversion kit, both available in 2-player and 4-player versions. Gameplay
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Gauntlet II
Gameplay Gauntlet II is essentially an expanded version of the original Gauntlet. Like in the original game, there are four character classes to play as, with the choices being Warrior, Valkyrie, Wizard and Elf. The main difference from the original game is that multiple players can now choose to play as the same character class. Because of this each player is now distinguished by the palette of their character, with red and blue being in all versions of the game, while yellow and green are featured in the 4-player version. New voice samples were added in Gauntlet II, identifying each player by their color and class (e.g. "Yellow Elf", "Red Wizard").
Gauntlet II. Gameplay Gauntlet II is essentially an expanded version of the original Gauntlet. Like in the original game, there are four character classes to play as, with the choices being Warrior, Valkyrie, Wizard and Elf. The main difference from the original game is that multiple players can now choose to play as the same character class. Because of this each player is now distinguished by the palette of their character, with red and blue being in all versions of the game, while yellow and green are featured in the 4-player version. New voice samples were added in Gauntlet II, identifying each player by their color and class (e.g. "Yellow Elf", "Red Wizard").
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Gauntlet II
New level designs were added, including the possibility of encountering them in altered ways by having the play-field turned in steps of 90°. Other new features include the enemy "It", which upon contact made a player "It" and drew all enemies towards them. The only way to release this curse is by touching another player or entering the exit, turning any level containing "It" into a fantasy filled game of tag. Other notable additions include the ability to ricochet shots off walls by means of a special pick-up, acid puddles that caused large, predetermined amounts of damage and a large dragon which occupied multiple squares and required multiple hits to destroy. New level elements were also added, adding more variety to the original game. These included "all walls are invisible", "magic walls" which changed into monsters or items when hit, "stun tiles" which stunned the player, and fake exits.
Gauntlet II. New level designs were added, including the possibility of encountering them in altered ways by having the play-field turned in steps of 90°. Other new features include the enemy "It", which upon contact made a player "It" and drew all enemies towards them. The only way to release this curse is by touching another player or entering the exit, turning any level containing "It" into a fantasy filled game of tag. Other notable additions include the ability to ricochet shots off walls by means of a special pick-up, acid puddles that caused large, predetermined amounts of damage and a large dragon which occupied multiple squares and required multiple hits to destroy. New level elements were also added, adding more variety to the original game. These included "all walls are invisible", "magic walls" which changed into monsters or items when hit, "stun tiles" which stunned the player, and fake exits.
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Another challenge in the game is the possibility to find a "secret room". This can be found by completing specific achievements within the level (e.g., "don't be fooled", means that you must find the real exit first). The secret room contains items such as food and magic potions (extra shot power, extra shot speed, extra magic power, extra speed, extra armor and extra fight power).
Gauntlet II. Another challenge in the game is the possibility to find a "secret room". This can be found by completing specific achievements within the level (e.g., "don't be fooled", means that you must find the real exit first). The secret room contains items such as food and magic potions (extra shot power, extra shot speed, extra magic power, extra speed, extra armor and extra fight power).
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Development Shortly after the release of the original Gauntlet, until March 31, 1986, Atari Games held a contest where players submitted level designs, game ideas, and other suggestions for a potential Gauntlet sequel. The winners of the contest were announced in the April 1986 issue of Atari Games' newsletter, and the developers implemented some of those submissions in Gauntlet II. During the release of Gauntlet II, Atari Games held a second contest where players were tasked to find the secret rooms in the game itself. After fulfilling a certain task, the players were given a code, which they submitted to Atari Games via an entry form; the grand prize was a U.S. government saving bond valued at $5000, and the first 500 entries received a t-shirt. The contest was held until December 19.
Gauntlet II. Development Shortly after the release of the original Gauntlet, until March 31, 1986, Atari Games held a contest where players submitted level designs, game ideas, and other suggestions for a potential Gauntlet sequel. The winners of the contest were announced in the April 1986 issue of Atari Games' newsletter, and the developers implemented some of those submissions in Gauntlet II. During the release of Gauntlet II, Atari Games held a second contest where players were tasked to find the secret rooms in the game itself. After fulfilling a certain task, the players were given a code, which they submitted to Atari Games via an entry form; the grand prize was a U.S. government saving bond valued at $5000, and the first 500 entries received a t-shirt. The contest was held until December 19.
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Releases Gauntlet II was ported to the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, Amiga, Atari ST and MS-DOS in 1988. These versions of the game were released in North America by Mindscape and in Europe by U.S. Gold. Most versions only supported two players, but the Atari ST version supported an adaptor that allowed two further joysticks (totalling four) to be connected via that machine's parallel port. Mindscape later ported the game to the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1990 and the Game Boy in 1991. The NES version of Gauntlet II was one of the earliest games for the console that supported up to four players, being compatible with either the NES Four Score or NES Satellite adapters. Unlike the NES version of the first Gauntlet, Gauntlet II was a more direct conversion of the arcade original, lacking any sort of storyline or ending.
Gauntlet II. Releases Gauntlet II was ported to the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, Amiga, Atari ST and MS-DOS in 1988. These versions of the game were released in North America by Mindscape and in Europe by U.S. Gold. Most versions only supported two players, but the Atari ST version supported an adaptor that allowed two further joysticks (totalling four) to be connected via that machine's parallel port. Mindscape later ported the game to the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1990 and the Game Boy in 1991. The NES version of Gauntlet II was one of the earliest games for the console that supported up to four players, being compatible with either the NES Four Score or NES Satellite adapters. Unlike the NES version of the first Gauntlet, Gauntlet II was a more direct conversion of the arcade original, lacking any sort of storyline or ending.
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Gauntlet II is also included in the compilations Midway Arcade Treasures 2 (released for PlayStation 2, Xbox and GameCube in 2004) and Midway Arcade Origins (released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2012). A stand-alone port of the game was also released by Sony Online Entertainment for the PlayStation 3 on May 3, 2007 as a downloadable game on the PlayStation Store, but has since been delisted. Reception The Game Boy version was praised by the German Play Time magazine for its technical implementation (including 8-directional scrolling), faithful recreation of graphics, and for evoking nostalgic feelings with similar sound effects; however, this version was criticized for difficult-to-recognize sprites and its technically weak theme music.
Gauntlet II. Gauntlet II is also included in the compilations Midway Arcade Treasures 2 (released for PlayStation 2, Xbox and GameCube in 2004) and Midway Arcade Origins (released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2012). A stand-alone port of the game was also released by Sony Online Entertainment for the PlayStation 3 on May 3, 2007 as a downloadable game on the PlayStation Store, but has since been delisted. Reception The Game Boy version was praised by the German Play Time magazine for its technical implementation (including 8-directional scrolling), faithful recreation of graphics, and for evoking nostalgic feelings with similar sound effects; however, this version was criticized for difficult-to-recognize sprites and its technically weak theme music.
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The Spectrum version of the game was well received, Sinclair User said it was "a corker. Fast action and superb gameplay make Gauntlet II probably the first sequel worth the cash". Your Sinclair said it was "a 'must have' for all of you who asked for Gauntlet on your Desert Island Disks". Both YS and Crash gave the main weaknesses as the sound and the over-similarity to the original. In 1997 Electronic Gaming Monthly listed Gauntlet II as the 3rd best arcade game of all time. References External links Gauntlet II at the Arcade History database Gauntlet II for the Atari ST at Atari Mania
Gauntlet II. The Spectrum version of the game was well received, Sinclair User said it was "a corker. Fast action and superb gameplay make Gauntlet II probably the first sequel worth the cash". Your Sinclair said it was "a 'must have' for all of you who asked for Gauntlet on your Desert Island Disks". Both YS and Crash gave the main weaknesses as the sound and the over-similarity to the original. In 1997 Electronic Gaming Monthly listed Gauntlet II as the 3rd best arcade game of all time. References External links Gauntlet II at the Arcade History database Gauntlet II for the Atari ST at Atari Mania
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References External links Gauntlet II at the Arcade History database Gauntlet II for the Atari ST at Atari Mania 1986 video games Amiga games Amstrad CPC games Arcade video games Atari arcade games Atari ST games Commodore 64 games Cooperative video games Ed Logg games Game Boy games Midway video games Nintendo Entertainment System games DOS games U.S. Gold games Video game sequels Video games scored by Ben Daglish Video games developed in the United States Video games featuring female protagonists Top-down video games ZX Spectrum games Mindscape games
Gauntlet II. References External links Gauntlet II at the Arcade History database Gauntlet II for the Atari ST at Atari Mania 1986 video games Amiga games Amstrad CPC games Arcade video games Atari arcade games Atari ST games Commodore 64 games Cooperative video games Ed Logg games Game Boy games Midway video games Nintendo Entertainment System games DOS games U.S. Gold games Video game sequels Video games scored by Ben Daglish Video games developed in the United States Video games featuring female protagonists Top-down video games ZX Spectrum games Mindscape games
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Aichi Prefecture
is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū. Aichi Prefecture has a population of 7,552,873 () and a geographic area of with a population density of . Aichi Prefecture borders Mie Prefecture to the west, Gifu Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture to the north, and Shizuoka Prefecture to the east.
Aichi Prefecture. is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū. Aichi Prefecture has a population of 7,552,873 () and a geographic area of with a population density of . Aichi Prefecture borders Mie Prefecture to the west, Gifu Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture to the north, and Shizuoka Prefecture to the east.
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Aichi Prefecture
Nagoya is the capital and largest city of Aichi Prefecture, and the fourth-largest city in Japan, with other major cities including Toyota, Okazaki, and Ichinomiya. Aichi Prefecture and Nagoya form the core of the Chūkyō metropolitan area, the third-largest metropolitan area in Japan and one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world. Aichi Prefecture is located on Japan's Pacific Ocean coast and forms part of the Tōkai region, a subregion of the Chūbu region and Kansai region. Aichi Prefecture is home to the Toyota Motor Corporation. Aichi Prefecture had many locations with the Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens, The Chubu Centrair International Airport, and the Legoland Japan Resort. History
Aichi Prefecture. Nagoya is the capital and largest city of Aichi Prefecture, and the fourth-largest city in Japan, with other major cities including Toyota, Okazaki, and Ichinomiya. Aichi Prefecture and Nagoya form the core of the Chūkyō metropolitan area, the third-largest metropolitan area in Japan and one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world. Aichi Prefecture is located on Japan's Pacific Ocean coast and forms part of the Tōkai region, a subregion of the Chūbu region and Kansai region. Aichi Prefecture is home to the Toyota Motor Corporation. Aichi Prefecture had many locations with the Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens, The Chubu Centrair International Airport, and the Legoland Japan Resort. History
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Aichi Prefecture
History Originally, the region was divided into two provinces of Owari and Mikawa. After the Meiji Restoration, Owari and Mikawa were united into a single entity. In 1871, after the abolition of the han system, Owari, with the exception of the Chita Peninsula, was established as Nagoya Prefecture, while Mikawa combined with the Chita Peninsula and formed Nukata Prefecture. Nagoya Prefecture was renamed to Aichi Prefecture in April 1872, and was united with Nukata Prefecture on November 27 of the same year. The government of Aichi Prefecture is located in the Aichi Prefectural Government Office in Nagoya, which is the old capital of Owari. The Aichi Prefectural Police and its predecessor organisations have been responsible for law enforcement in the prefecture since 1871. The Expo 2005 World Exposition was held in Seto and Nagakute.
Aichi Prefecture. History Originally, the region was divided into two provinces of Owari and Mikawa. After the Meiji Restoration, Owari and Mikawa were united into a single entity. In 1871, after the abolition of the han system, Owari, with the exception of the Chita Peninsula, was established as Nagoya Prefecture, while Mikawa combined with the Chita Peninsula and formed Nukata Prefecture. Nagoya Prefecture was renamed to Aichi Prefecture in April 1872, and was united with Nukata Prefecture on November 27 of the same year. The government of Aichi Prefecture is located in the Aichi Prefectural Government Office in Nagoya, which is the old capital of Owari. The Aichi Prefectural Police and its predecessor organisations have been responsible for law enforcement in the prefecture since 1871. The Expo 2005 World Exposition was held in Seto and Nagakute.
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Aichi Prefecture
The Expo 2005 World Exposition was held in Seto and Nagakute. Etymology In the third volume of the Man'yōshū there is a poem by Takechi Kurohito that reads: "The cry of the crane, calling to Sakurada; it sounds like the tide, draining from Ayuchi flats, hearing the crane cry". Ayuchi is the original form of the name Aichi, and the Fujimae tidal flat is all that remains of the earlier Ayuchi-gata. It is now a protected area. For a time, an Aichi Station existed on the Kansai Line (at the time the Kansai Railway) between Nagoya and Hatta stations, but its role was overtaken by Sasashima-raibu Station on the Aonami Line and Komeno Station on the Kintetsu Nagoya Line. Geography
Aichi Prefecture. The Expo 2005 World Exposition was held in Seto and Nagakute. Etymology In the third volume of the Man'yōshū there is a poem by Takechi Kurohito that reads: "The cry of the crane, calling to Sakurada; it sounds like the tide, draining from Ayuchi flats, hearing the crane cry". Ayuchi is the original form of the name Aichi, and the Fujimae tidal flat is all that remains of the earlier Ayuchi-gata. It is now a protected area. For a time, an Aichi Station existed on the Kansai Line (at the time the Kansai Railway) between Nagoya and Hatta stations, but its role was overtaken by Sasashima-raibu Station on the Aonami Line and Komeno Station on the Kintetsu Nagoya Line. Geography
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Aichi Prefecture
Geography Located near the center of the Japanese main island of Honshu, Aichi Prefecture faces the Ise and Mikawa Bays to the south and borders Shizuoka Prefecture to the east, Nagano Prefecture to the northeast, Gifu Prefecture to the north, and Mie Prefecture to the west. It measures east to west and south to north and forms a major portion of the Nōbi Plain. With an area of it accounts for approximately 1.36% of the total surface area of Japan. The highest spot is Chausuyama at above sea level. The western part of the prefecture is dominated by Nagoya, Japan's third largest city, and its suburbs, while the eastern part is less densely populated but still contains several major industrial centers. Due to its robust economy, for the period from October 2005 to October 2006, Aichi was the fastest growing prefecture in terms of population, beating Tokyo, at 7.4% and around with after Saitama Prefecture.
Aichi Prefecture. Geography Located near the center of the Japanese main island of Honshu, Aichi Prefecture faces the Ise and Mikawa Bays to the south and borders Shizuoka Prefecture to the east, Nagano Prefecture to the northeast, Gifu Prefecture to the north, and Mie Prefecture to the west. It measures east to west and south to north and forms a major portion of the Nōbi Plain. With an area of it accounts for approximately 1.36% of the total surface area of Japan. The highest spot is Chausuyama at above sea level. The western part of the prefecture is dominated by Nagoya, Japan's third largest city, and its suburbs, while the eastern part is less densely populated but still contains several major industrial centers. Due to its robust economy, for the period from October 2005 to October 2006, Aichi was the fastest growing prefecture in terms of population, beating Tokyo, at 7.4% and around with after Saitama Prefecture.
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Aichi Prefecture
23% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as the Natural Parks, namely the Aichi Kōgen, Hida-Kisogawa, Mikawa Wan, and Tenryū-Okumikawa Quasi-National Parks along with seven Prefectural Natural Parks. Cities Thirty-eight cities are located in Aichi Prefecture. Aisai Ama Anjō Chiryū Chita Gamagōri Handa Hekinan Ichinomiya Inazawa Inuyama Iwakura Kariya Kasugai Kitanagoya Kiyosu Komaki Kōnan Miyoshi Nagakute Nagoya (capital) Nishio Nisshin Okazaki Ōbu Owariasahi Seto Shinshiro Tahara Takahama Tokoname Tōkai Toyoake Toyohashi Toyokawa Toyota Tsushima Yatomi Towns and villages These are the towns and villages in each district: Aichi District Tōgō Ama District Kanie Ōharu Tobishima Chita District Agui Higashiura Mihama Minamichita Taketoyo Kitashitara District Shitara Tōei Toyone Nishikasugai District Toyoyama Niwa District Fusō Ōguchi Nukata District Kōta Mergers Economy
Aichi Prefecture. 23% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as the Natural Parks, namely the Aichi Kōgen, Hida-Kisogawa, Mikawa Wan, and Tenryū-Okumikawa Quasi-National Parks along with seven Prefectural Natural Parks. Cities Thirty-eight cities are located in Aichi Prefecture. Aisai Ama Anjō Chiryū Chita Gamagōri Handa Hekinan Ichinomiya Inazawa Inuyama Iwakura Kariya Kasugai Kitanagoya Kiyosu Komaki Kōnan Miyoshi Nagakute Nagoya (capital) Nishio Nisshin Okazaki Ōbu Owariasahi Seto Shinshiro Tahara Takahama Tokoname Tōkai Toyoake Toyohashi Toyokawa Toyota Tsushima Yatomi Towns and villages These are the towns and villages in each district: Aichi District Tōgō Ama District Kanie Ōharu Tobishima Chita District Agui Higashiura Mihama Minamichita Taketoyo Kitashitara District Shitara Tōei Toyone Nishikasugai District Toyoyama Niwa District Fusō Ōguchi Nukata District Kōta Mergers Economy
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Aichi Prefecture
Mergers Economy Gross domestic product (2018) is the second in Japan, shipment value of manufactured goods (2018) is the first in Japan, annual product sales(2019) is the third in Japan, and agricultural output (2018) is eighth in Japan. Agriculture industry, and commerce are all ranked high in Japan, and the industrial structure is well-balanced. Main industry Automotive industry Aerospace Industry Ceramics Industry Steel, Alloy steel Industry Companies headquartered in Aichi include the following. Companies such as Fuji Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi Motors, Pfizer, Sony, Suzuki, Bodycote, and Volkswagen Group also operate plants or branch offices in Aichi. International relations Sister Autonomous Administrative division
Aichi Prefecture. Mergers Economy Gross domestic product (2018) is the second in Japan, shipment value of manufactured goods (2018) is the first in Japan, annual product sales(2019) is the third in Japan, and agricultural output (2018) is eighth in Japan. Agriculture industry, and commerce are all ranked high in Japan, and the industrial structure is well-balanced. Main industry Automotive industry Aerospace Industry Ceramics Industry Steel, Alloy steel Industry Companies headquartered in Aichi include the following. Companies such as Fuji Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi Motors, Pfizer, Sony, Suzuki, Bodycote, and Volkswagen Group also operate plants or branch offices in Aichi. International relations Sister Autonomous Administrative division
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International relations Sister Autonomous Administrative division Victoria, Australia – Jiangsu, China – Bangkok, Thailand – Guangdong, China – Gyeonggi Province, South Korea – Texas, United States – Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam – Washington, United States – Brussels, Flemish Region, Wallonia, Belgium – Indiana, United States – Kentucky, United States – Occitanie, France – São Paulo, Brazil – Demographics As of 2001, Aichi Prefecture's population was 50.03% male and 49.97% female. 139,540 residents (nearly 2% of the population) are of foreign nationality. Population by age (2001) Transport Rail
Aichi Prefecture. International relations Sister Autonomous Administrative division Victoria, Australia – Jiangsu, China – Bangkok, Thailand – Guangdong, China – Gyeonggi Province, South Korea – Texas, United States – Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam – Washington, United States – Brussels, Flemish Region, Wallonia, Belgium – Indiana, United States – Kentucky, United States – Occitanie, France – São Paulo, Brazil – Demographics As of 2001, Aichi Prefecture's population was 50.03% male and 49.97% female. 139,540 residents (nearly 2% of the population) are of foreign nationality. Population by age (2001) Transport Rail
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As of 2001, Aichi Prefecture's population was 50.03% male and 49.97% female. 139,540 residents (nearly 2% of the population) are of foreign nationality. Population by age (2001) Transport Rail JR Central Tokaido Shinkansen Tokaido Line Chūō Main Line Kansai Line Taketoyo Line Iida Line Meitetsu Nagoya Line Inuyama Line Komaki Line Centrair Line Tokoname Line Seto Line Toyokawa Line Gamagori Line Toyota Line Chita Line Mikawa Line Bisai Line Chikko Line Tsushima Line Kintetsu Nagoya Line Aonami Line Nagoya Municipal Subway Higashiyama Line Meijo Line Tsurumai Line (connecting to Meitetsu Toyota and Inuyama Line) Sakura-dori Line Meiko Line Kamiiida Line (connecting to Meitetsu Komaki Line) Toyohashi Railroad Aichi Loop Line People movers and tramways Nagoya Guideway Bus Linimo Toyohashi Railroad Road Expressways and toll roads
Aichi Prefecture. As of 2001, Aichi Prefecture's population was 50.03% male and 49.97% female. 139,540 residents (nearly 2% of the population) are of foreign nationality. Population by age (2001) Transport Rail JR Central Tokaido Shinkansen Tokaido Line Chūō Main Line Kansai Line Taketoyo Line Iida Line Meitetsu Nagoya Line Inuyama Line Komaki Line Centrair Line Tokoname Line Seto Line Toyokawa Line Gamagori Line Toyota Line Chita Line Mikawa Line Bisai Line Chikko Line Tsushima Line Kintetsu Nagoya Line Aonami Line Nagoya Municipal Subway Higashiyama Line Meijo Line Tsurumai Line (connecting to Meitetsu Toyota and Inuyama Line) Sakura-dori Line Meiko Line Kamiiida Line (connecting to Meitetsu Komaki Line) Toyohashi Railroad Aichi Loop Line People movers and tramways Nagoya Guideway Bus Linimo Toyohashi Railroad Road Expressways and toll roads
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People movers and tramways Nagoya Guideway Bus Linimo Toyohashi Railroad Road Expressways and toll roads Chuo Expressway Higashi-Meihan Expressway(East Meihan Expressway) Isewangan Expressway(Ise Bayside Expressway) Meishin Expressway Mei-Nikan Expressway Nagoya Expressway Shin-Meishin Expressway Shin-Tōmei Expressway Tokai-Hokuriku Expressway Tomei Expressway Chita Peninsula Road South Chita Road Chubu International Airport Connecting Road Chita across Road Nagoya Seto Road National highways
Aichi Prefecture. People movers and tramways Nagoya Guideway Bus Linimo Toyohashi Railroad Road Expressways and toll roads Chuo Expressway Higashi-Meihan Expressway(East Meihan Expressway) Isewangan Expressway(Ise Bayside Expressway) Meishin Expressway Mei-Nikan Expressway Nagoya Expressway Shin-Meishin Expressway Shin-Tōmei Expressway Tokai-Hokuriku Expressway Tomei Expressway Chita Peninsula Road South Chita Road Chubu International Airport Connecting Road Chita across Road Nagoya Seto Road National highways
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Aichi Prefecture
National highways Route 1 Route 19 (Nagoya-Kasugai-Tajimi-Nagiso-Matsumoto-Nagano) Route 22 (Nagoya-Ichinomiya-Gifu) Route 23 (Ise-Matsuzaka-Suzuka-Yokkaichi-Nagoya-Toyoake-Chiryu-Gamagori-Toyohashi) Route 41 (Nagoya-Komaki-Inuyama-Gero-Takayama-Toyama) Route 42 Route 151 Route 153 Route 154 Route 155 (Tokoname-Chita-Kariya-Toyota-Seto-Kasugai-Komaki-Ichinomiya-Tsushima-Yatomi) Route 247 Route 248 Route 257 (Hamamatsu-Shinshiro-Toyota-Ena-Nakatsugawa-Gero-Takayama) Route 259 Route 301 Route 302 Route 362 Route 363 Route 366 Route 419 Route 420 Route 473 (Gamagori-Okazaki-Toyota-Shitara-Hamamatsu) Route 474 Route 475 Airports Chubu Centrair International Airport Nagoya Airfield Ports Nagoya Port – International Container hub and ferry route to Sendai and Tomakomai, Hokkaido Mikawa Port – mainly automobile and car parts export and part of inport base Kinuura Port – Handa and Hekinan Education
Aichi Prefecture. National highways Route 1 Route 19 (Nagoya-Kasugai-Tajimi-Nagiso-Matsumoto-Nagano) Route 22 (Nagoya-Ichinomiya-Gifu) Route 23 (Ise-Matsuzaka-Suzuka-Yokkaichi-Nagoya-Toyoake-Chiryu-Gamagori-Toyohashi) Route 41 (Nagoya-Komaki-Inuyama-Gero-Takayama-Toyama) Route 42 Route 151 Route 153 Route 154 Route 155 (Tokoname-Chita-Kariya-Toyota-Seto-Kasugai-Komaki-Ichinomiya-Tsushima-Yatomi) Route 247 Route 248 Route 257 (Hamamatsu-Shinshiro-Toyota-Ena-Nakatsugawa-Gero-Takayama) Route 259 Route 301 Route 302 Route 362 Route 363 Route 366 Route 419 Route 420 Route 473 (Gamagori-Okazaki-Toyota-Shitara-Hamamatsu) Route 474 Route 475 Airports Chubu Centrair International Airport Nagoya Airfield Ports Nagoya Port – International Container hub and ferry route to Sendai and Tomakomai, Hokkaido Mikawa Port – mainly automobile and car parts export and part of inport base Kinuura Port – Handa and Hekinan Education
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Education Universities National universities Aichi University of Education Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Okazaki Campus (National Institute for Basic Biology, Japan, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Japan) Nagoya Institute of Technology Nagoya University Toyohashi University of Technology Public universities Aichi Prefectural University Aichi Prefectural University of the Arts Nagoya City University Private universities
Aichi Prefecture. Education Universities National universities Aichi University of Education Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Okazaki Campus (National Institute for Basic Biology, Japan, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Japan) Nagoya Institute of Technology Nagoya University Toyohashi University of Technology Public universities Aichi Prefectural University Aichi Prefectural University of the Arts Nagoya City University Private universities
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Aichi Bunkyo University Aichi Gakuin University Aichi Gakusen University Aichi Institute of Technology Aichi Medical University Aichi Mizuho College Aichi Sangyo University Aichi Shukutoku University Aichi Toho University Aichi University Aichi University of Technology Chubu University Chukyo University Daido University Doho University Fujita Health University Globis University Graduate School of Management – Nagoya Campus Japanese Red Cross Toyota College of Nursing Kinjo Gakuin University Meijo University Nagoya Bunri University Nagoya College of Music Nagoya Gakuin University Nagoya Keizai University Nagoya Sangyo University Nagoya University of Arts Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences Nagoya University of Commerce & Business Nagoya University of Foreign Studies Nagoya Women's University Nagoya Zokei University Nanzan University Nihon Fukushi University Ohkagakuen University Okazaki Women's Junior College Seijoh University Seisa University – Nagoya Schooling Campus
Aichi Prefecture. Aichi Bunkyo University Aichi Gakuin University Aichi Gakusen University Aichi Institute of Technology Aichi Medical University Aichi Mizuho College Aichi Sangyo University Aichi Shukutoku University Aichi Toho University Aichi University Aichi University of Technology Chubu University Chukyo University Daido University Doho University Fujita Health University Globis University Graduate School of Management – Nagoya Campus Japanese Red Cross Toyota College of Nursing Kinjo Gakuin University Meijo University Nagoya Bunri University Nagoya College of Music Nagoya Gakuin University Nagoya Keizai University Nagoya Sangyo University Nagoya University of Arts Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences Nagoya University of Commerce & Business Nagoya University of Foreign Studies Nagoya Women's University Nagoya Zokei University Nanzan University Nihon Fukushi University Ohkagakuen University Okazaki Women's Junior College Seijoh University Seisa University – Nagoya Schooling Campus
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Nagoya Zokei University Nanzan University Nihon Fukushi University Ohkagakuen University Okazaki Women's Junior College Seijoh University Seisa University – Nagoya Schooling Campus Shigakkan University Shubun University Sugiyama Jogakuen University Tokai Gakuen University Tokyo University of Social Welfare – Nagoya Campus Toyohashi Sozo College Toyota Technological Institute University of Human Environments
Aichi Prefecture. Nagoya Zokei University Nanzan University Nihon Fukushi University Ohkagakuen University Okazaki Women's Junior College Seijoh University Seisa University – Nagoya Schooling Campus Shigakkan University Shubun University Sugiyama Jogakuen University Tokai Gakuen University Tokyo University of Social Welfare – Nagoya Campus Toyohashi Sozo College Toyota Technological Institute University of Human Environments
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Senior high schools Sports The sports teams listed below are based in Aichi. Baseball Central League Chunichi Dragons (Nagoya) Soccer J.League Nagoya Grampus (Nagoya and Toyota) JFL FC Maruyasu Okazaki (Okazaki) Tokai Regional League FC Kariya (Kariya) L.League NGU Loveledge Nagoya (Nagoya) Basketball B.League SAN-EN NeoPhoenix(Toyohashi and Hamamatsu) SeaHorses Mikawa(Kariya) Nagoya Diamond Dolphins(Nagoya) Toyotsu Fighting Eagles Nagoya(Nagoya) Aisin AW Areions Anjo(Anjō) Volleyball V.League Toyoda Gosei Trefuerza (Inazawa) JTEKT Stings(Kariya) Denso Airybees (Nishio) Toyota Auto Body Queenseis (Kariya) Rugby Top League Toyota Verblitz (Toyota) Toyota Industries Shuttles(Kariya) Futsal F.League Nagoya Oceans(Nagoya) Football X-League Nagoya Cyclones(Nagoya) Kirix Toyota Bull Fighters (Toyota) Aichi Golden Wings (Nagoya and Toyota) AFL Nagoya Redbacks Australian Football Club (AFL Japan)(Nagoya) Tourism
Aichi Prefecture. Senior high schools Sports The sports teams listed below are based in Aichi. Baseball Central League Chunichi Dragons (Nagoya) Soccer J.League Nagoya Grampus (Nagoya and Toyota) JFL FC Maruyasu Okazaki (Okazaki) Tokai Regional League FC Kariya (Kariya) L.League NGU Loveledge Nagoya (Nagoya) Basketball B.League SAN-EN NeoPhoenix(Toyohashi and Hamamatsu) SeaHorses Mikawa(Kariya) Nagoya Diamond Dolphins(Nagoya) Toyotsu Fighting Eagles Nagoya(Nagoya) Aisin AW Areions Anjo(Anjō) Volleyball V.League Toyoda Gosei Trefuerza (Inazawa) JTEKT Stings(Kariya) Denso Airybees (Nishio) Toyota Auto Body Queenseis (Kariya) Rugby Top League Toyota Verblitz (Toyota) Toyota Industries Shuttles(Kariya) Futsal F.League Nagoya Oceans(Nagoya) Football X-League Nagoya Cyclones(Nagoya) Kirix Toyota Bull Fighters (Toyota) Aichi Golden Wings (Nagoya and Toyota) AFL Nagoya Redbacks Australian Football Club (AFL Japan)(Nagoya) Tourism
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Football X-League Nagoya Cyclones(Nagoya) Kirix Toyota Bull Fighters (Toyota) Aichi Golden Wings (Nagoya and Toyota) AFL Nagoya Redbacks Australian Football Club (AFL Japan)(Nagoya) Tourism Notable sites in Aichi include the Meiji Mura open-air architectural museum in Inuyama, which preserves historic buildings from Japan's Meiji and Taishō periods, including the reconstructed lobby of Frank Lloyd Wright's old Imperial Hotel (which originally stood in Tokyo from 1923 to 1967). Other popular sites in Aichi include the tour of Toyota car factory in the city by the same name, the monkey park in Inuyama, and the castles in Nagoya, Okazaki, Toyohashi, and Inuyama. Aichi Prefecture has many wonderful beaches. For example, Himakajima Beach, Shinojima Beach, Akabane Beach and Utsumi Beach. Notable people from Aichi
Aichi Prefecture. Football X-League Nagoya Cyclones(Nagoya) Kirix Toyota Bull Fighters (Toyota) Aichi Golden Wings (Nagoya and Toyota) AFL Nagoya Redbacks Australian Football Club (AFL Japan)(Nagoya) Tourism Notable sites in Aichi include the Meiji Mura open-air architectural museum in Inuyama, which preserves historic buildings from Japan's Meiji and Taishō periods, including the reconstructed lobby of Frank Lloyd Wright's old Imperial Hotel (which originally stood in Tokyo from 1923 to 1967). Other popular sites in Aichi include the tour of Toyota car factory in the city by the same name, the monkey park in Inuyama, and the castles in Nagoya, Okazaki, Toyohashi, and Inuyama. Aichi Prefecture has many wonderful beaches. For example, Himakajima Beach, Shinojima Beach, Akabane Beach and Utsumi Beach. Notable people from Aichi
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Aichi Prefecture has many wonderful beaches. For example, Himakajima Beach, Shinojima Beach, Akabane Beach and Utsumi Beach. Notable people from Aichi Manabu Kubota F Chopper Koga (), bass player and leader of the rock band Gacharic Spin Yūki Ishikawa ( 石川祐希, Professional Volleyball Player, Japan National Team, Power Volley Milano Italy Super lega Festival and events UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Owari Tsushima Tenno Matsuri(Aisai, Tsushima) Inuyama Festival(Inuyama) Kamezaki Shiohi Festival(Handa) Chiryu Festival(Chiryū) Sunari Festival(Ama District Kanie)
Aichi Prefecture. Aichi Prefecture has many wonderful beaches. For example, Himakajima Beach, Shinojima Beach, Akabane Beach and Utsumi Beach. Notable people from Aichi Manabu Kubota F Chopper Koga (), bass player and leader of the rock band Gacharic Spin Yūki Ishikawa ( 石川祐希, Professional Volleyball Player, Japan National Team, Power Volley Milano Italy Super lega Festival and events UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Owari Tsushima Tenno Matsuri(Aisai, Tsushima) Inuyama Festival(Inuyama) Kamezaki Shiohi Festival(Handa) Chiryu Festival(Chiryū) Sunari Festival(Ama District Kanie)
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Others Nagoya Festival(Nagoya City) Tsutsui-chō/Dekimachi Tennō Festival(Nagoya Higashi-ku) Miya Festival(Gamagōri) Toyohama Sea bream Festival(Chita District Minamichita Town) Okkawa Festival(Handa) Hōnen Matsuri(Komaki) Omanto festival(Takahama) Kōnomiya Hadaka Matsuri(Inazawa) Tezutsu Matsuri(Toyohashi, Toyokawa) Nagashino festival(Shinshiro) Mando festival(Kariya) Isshiki Lantern Festival(Nishio) Toba Fire Festival(Nishio) Owari Tsushima Autumn Festival(Tsushima) References External links Aichi Now-Official Site for Tourism Aichi Aichi, HOME of the Samurai Spirit Chūbu region Prefectures of Japan
Aichi Prefecture. Others Nagoya Festival(Nagoya City) Tsutsui-chō/Dekimachi Tennō Festival(Nagoya Higashi-ku) Miya Festival(Gamagōri) Toyohama Sea bream Festival(Chita District Minamichita Town) Okkawa Festival(Handa) Hōnen Matsuri(Komaki) Omanto festival(Takahama) Kōnomiya Hadaka Matsuri(Inazawa) Tezutsu Matsuri(Toyohashi, Toyokawa) Nagashino festival(Shinshiro) Mando festival(Kariya) Isshiki Lantern Festival(Nishio) Toba Fire Festival(Nishio) Owari Tsushima Autumn Festival(Tsushima) References External links Aichi Now-Official Site for Tourism Aichi Aichi, HOME of the Samurai Spirit Chūbu region Prefectures of Japan
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Chief petty officer
A Chief Petty Officer (CPO) is a senior non-commissioned officer in many navies and coast guards. Canada "Chief petty officer" refers to two ranks in the Royal Canadian Navy. A chief petty officer 2nd class (CPO2) (premier maître de deuxième classe or pm2 in French) is equivalent to a master warrant officer in the Army and Air Force, and chief petty officer 1st class (CPO1) (premier maître de première classe or pm1) is equivalent to a chief warrant officer in the Army and Air Force. In spoken references, chief petty officers may be addressed as "chief" but are never addressed as "sir". Australia "Chief Petty Officer" is the second highest non-commissioned rank in the Royal Australian Navy. India
Chief petty officer. A Chief Petty Officer (CPO) is a senior non-commissioned officer in many navies and coast guards. Canada "Chief petty officer" refers to two ranks in the Royal Canadian Navy. A chief petty officer 2nd class (CPO2) (premier maître de deuxième classe or pm2 in French) is equivalent to a master warrant officer in the Army and Air Force, and chief petty officer 1st class (CPO1) (premier maître de première classe or pm1) is equivalent to a chief warrant officer in the Army and Air Force. In spoken references, chief petty officers may be addressed as "chief" but are never addressed as "sir". Australia "Chief Petty Officer" is the second highest non-commissioned rank in the Royal Australian Navy. India
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Australia "Chief Petty Officer" is the second highest non-commissioned rank in the Royal Australian Navy. India A Chief Petty Officer in Indian Navy is a junior-commissioned officer, equivalent to the NATO rank enlisted grade of E-6 ( Staff Sergeant ) . This rank is equivalent to Naib Subedar in Indian Army and Junior Warrant Officer in Indian Air force. The two highest enlisted ranks are Master Chief Petty Officer Second Class (MCPO II), equivalent to E-7/Subedar/Warrant Officer and Master Chief Petty Officer First Class (MCPO I), equivalent to E-8/Subedar Major/Master Warrant Officer in NATO/Indian Army/Indian Air Force respectively. Pakistan Fleet chief petty officer is a commissioned and gazetted rank in Pakistan Navy above chief petty officer and below master chief petty officer. It is equivalent to the Pakistan Air Force warrant officer and the Pakistan Army subedar. Philippines
Chief petty officer. Australia "Chief Petty Officer" is the second highest non-commissioned rank in the Royal Australian Navy. India A Chief Petty Officer in Indian Navy is a junior-commissioned officer, equivalent to the NATO rank enlisted grade of E-6 ( Staff Sergeant ) . This rank is equivalent to Naib Subedar in Indian Army and Junior Warrant Officer in Indian Air force. The two highest enlisted ranks are Master Chief Petty Officer Second Class (MCPO II), equivalent to E-7/Subedar/Warrant Officer and Master Chief Petty Officer First Class (MCPO I), equivalent to E-8/Subedar Major/Master Warrant Officer in NATO/Indian Army/Indian Air Force respectively. Pakistan Fleet chief petty officer is a commissioned and gazetted rank in Pakistan Navy above chief petty officer and below master chief petty officer. It is equivalent to the Pakistan Air Force warrant officer and the Pakistan Army subedar. Philippines
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Philippines In the Philippine Navy, the rank of chief petty officer, is equivalent to master sergeant in the Philippine Marine Corps and Philippine Air Force. United Kingdom In the Royal Navy, the rank of chief petty officer comes above that of petty officer and below that of warrant officer class 2. It is the equivalent of colour sergeant in the Royal Marines, colour sergeant or staff sergeant in the Army, and flight sergeant in the Royal Air Force. United States Chief petty officer is the seventh enlisted rank in the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard, just above petty officer first class and below senior chief petty officer. Chief petty officers are classified as senior non-commissioned officers. The grade of chief petty officer was established on April 1, 1893, for the U.S. Navy. The U.S. Congress first authorized the U.S. Coast Guard to use the promotion to chief petty officer on 18 May 1920.
Chief petty officer. Philippines In the Philippine Navy, the rank of chief petty officer, is equivalent to master sergeant in the Philippine Marine Corps and Philippine Air Force. United Kingdom In the Royal Navy, the rank of chief petty officer comes above that of petty officer and below that of warrant officer class 2. It is the equivalent of colour sergeant in the Royal Marines, colour sergeant or staff sergeant in the Army, and flight sergeant in the Royal Air Force. United States Chief petty officer is the seventh enlisted rank in the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard, just above petty officer first class and below senior chief petty officer. Chief petty officers are classified as senior non-commissioned officers. The grade of chief petty officer was established on April 1, 1893, for the U.S. Navy. The U.S. Congress first authorized the U.S. Coast Guard to use the promotion to chief petty officer on 18 May 1920.
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Unlike petty officer first class and lower rates, advancement to chief petty officer in the U.S. Navy not only carries requirements of time in service, superior evaluation scores, and specialty examinations, but also carries an added requirement of peer review. A chief petty officer can only advance after review by a selection board of serving master chief petty officers, in effect "choosing their own" and conversely not choosing others. Insignia See also Comparative military ranks List of United States Navy enlisted rates List of United States Coast Guard enlisted rates References External links History of the Chief Petty Officer Grade Marine occupations
Chief petty officer. Unlike petty officer first class and lower rates, advancement to chief petty officer in the U.S. Navy not only carries requirements of time in service, superior evaluation scores, and specialty examinations, but also carries an added requirement of peer review. A chief petty officer can only advance after review by a selection board of serving master chief petty officers, in effect "choosing their own" and conversely not choosing others. Insignia See also Comparative military ranks List of United States Navy enlisted rates List of United States Coast Guard enlisted rates References External links History of the Chief Petty Officer Grade Marine occupations
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Diplomatic recognition
Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral declarative political act of a state that acknowledges an act or status of another state or government in control of a state (may be also a recognized state). Recognition can be accorded either on a de facto or de jure basis. Recognition can be a declaration to that effect by the recognizing government or may be implied from an act of recognition, such as entering into a treaty with the other state or making a state visit. Recognition may, but need not, have domestic and international legal consequences. If sufficient countries recognise a particular entity as a state, that state may have a right to membership in international organizations, while treaties may require all existing member countries unanimously agreeing to the admission of a new member.
Diplomatic recognition. Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral declarative political act of a state that acknowledges an act or status of another state or government in control of a state (may be also a recognized state). Recognition can be accorded either on a de facto or de jure basis. Recognition can be a declaration to that effect by the recognizing government or may be implied from an act of recognition, such as entering into a treaty with the other state or making a state visit. Recognition may, but need not, have domestic and international legal consequences. If sufficient countries recognise a particular entity as a state, that state may have a right to membership in international organizations, while treaties may require all existing member countries unanimously agreeing to the admission of a new member.
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A vote by a country in the United Nations in favour of the membership of another country is an implicit recognition of that country by the country so voting, as only states may be members of the UN. On the other hand, a negative vote for UN membership does not necessarily mean non-recognition of the applicant as a state, as other criteria, requirements or special circumstances may be considered relevant for UN membership. Similarly, a country may choose not to apply for UN membership for its own reasons, as was the case with the Vatican, and Switzerland was not a member until 2002 because of its concerns to maintain its neutrality policy. The non-recognition of particular acts of a state does not normally affect the recognition of the state itself. For example, the international rejection of the occupation of particular territory by a recognised state does not imply non-recognition of the state itself, nor a rejection of a change of government by illegal means.
Diplomatic recognition. A vote by a country in the United Nations in favour of the membership of another country is an implicit recognition of that country by the country so voting, as only states may be members of the UN. On the other hand, a negative vote for UN membership does not necessarily mean non-recognition of the applicant as a state, as other criteria, requirements or special circumstances may be considered relevant for UN membership. Similarly, a country may choose not to apply for UN membership for its own reasons, as was the case with the Vatican, and Switzerland was not a member until 2002 because of its concerns to maintain its neutrality policy. The non-recognition of particular acts of a state does not normally affect the recognition of the state itself. For example, the international rejection of the occupation of particular territory by a recognised state does not imply non-recognition of the state itself, nor a rejection of a change of government by illegal means.
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Recognition of states and governments Diplomatic recognition must be distinguished from formal recognition of states or their governments. The fact that states do not maintain bilateral diplomatic relations does not mean that they do not recognize or treat one another as states. A state is not required to accord formal bilateral recognition to any other state, and some have a general policy of not doing so, considering that a vote for its membership of an international organisation restricted to states, such as the United Nations, is an act of recognition.
Diplomatic recognition. Recognition of states and governments Diplomatic recognition must be distinguished from formal recognition of states or their governments. The fact that states do not maintain bilateral diplomatic relations does not mean that they do not recognize or treat one another as states. A state is not required to accord formal bilateral recognition to any other state, and some have a general policy of not doing so, considering that a vote for its membership of an international organisation restricted to states, such as the United Nations, is an act of recognition.
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Some consider that a state has a responsibility not to recognize as a state any entity that has attained the qualifications for statehood by a violation of basic principles of the UN Charter: the UN Security Council has in several instances (Resolution 216 (1965) and Resolution 217 (1965), concerning Rhodesia; Resolution 541 (1983), concerning Northern Cyprus; and Resolution 787 (1992), concerning the Republika Srpska) issued Chapter VII resolutions (binding in international law) that denied their statehood and precluded recognition. In the 2010 International Court of Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence, the ICJ ruled that "general international law contains no applicable prohibition of declarations of independence." The Court carefully noted "that in all of those instances the Security Council was making a determination as regards the concrete situation existing at the time that those declarations of independence were made; the illegality attached to the
Diplomatic recognition. Some consider that a state has a responsibility not to recognize as a state any entity that has attained the qualifications for statehood by a violation of basic principles of the UN Charter: the UN Security Council has in several instances (Resolution 216 (1965) and Resolution 217 (1965), concerning Rhodesia; Resolution 541 (1983), concerning Northern Cyprus; and Resolution 787 (1992), concerning the Republika Srpska) issued Chapter VII resolutions (binding in international law) that denied their statehood and precluded recognition. In the 2010 International Court of Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence, the ICJ ruled that "general international law contains no applicable prohibition of declarations of independence." The Court carefully noted "that in all of those instances the Security Council was making a determination as regards the concrete situation existing at the time that those declarations of independence were made; the illegality attached to the
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instances the Security Council was making a determination as regards the concrete situation existing at the time that those declarations of independence were made; the illegality attached to the declarations of independence thus stemmed not from the unilateral character of these declarations as such, but from the fact that they were, or would have been, connected with the unlawful use of force or other egregious violations of norms of general international law, in particular, those of a peremptory character (jus cogens). In the context of Kosovo, the Security Council has never taken this position. The exceptional character of the resolutions enumerated above appears to the Court to confirm that no general prohibition against unilateral declarations of independence may be inferred from the practice of the Security Council."
Diplomatic recognition. instances the Security Council was making a determination as regards the concrete situation existing at the time that those declarations of independence were made; the illegality attached to the declarations of independence thus stemmed not from the unilateral character of these declarations as such, but from the fact that they were, or would have been, connected with the unlawful use of force or other egregious violations of norms of general international law, in particular, those of a peremptory character (jus cogens). In the context of Kosovo, the Security Council has never taken this position. The exceptional character of the resolutions enumerated above appears to the Court to confirm that no general prohibition against unilateral declarations of independence may be inferred from the practice of the Security Council."
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States can exercise their recognition powers either explicitly or implicitly. The recognition of a government implies recognition of the state it governs, but even countries which have a policy of formally recognising states may not have a policy of doing the same regarding governments.
Diplomatic recognition. States can exercise their recognition powers either explicitly or implicitly. The recognition of a government implies recognition of the state it governs, but even countries which have a policy of formally recognising states may not have a policy of doing the same regarding governments.
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De facto recognition of states, rather than de jure, is rare. De jure recognition is stronger, while de facto recognition is more tentative and recognizes only that a government exercises control over a territory. An example of the difference is when the United Kingdom recognized the Soviet state de facto in 1921, but de jure only in 1924. Another example is the state of Israel in 1948, whose government was immediately recognized de facto by the United States and three days later de jure by the Soviet Union. Also, the Republic of China, commonly known as "Taiwan", is generally recognized as de facto independent and sovereign, but is not universally recognized as de jure independent due to the complex political status of Taiwan related to the United Nation's withdrawal of recognition in favor of the People's Republic of China in 1971.
Diplomatic recognition. De facto recognition of states, rather than de jure, is rare. De jure recognition is stronger, while de facto recognition is more tentative and recognizes only that a government exercises control over a territory. An example of the difference is when the United Kingdom recognized the Soviet state de facto in 1921, but de jure only in 1924. Another example is the state of Israel in 1948, whose government was immediately recognized de facto by the United States and three days later de jure by the Soviet Union. Also, the Republic of China, commonly known as "Taiwan", is generally recognized as de facto independent and sovereign, but is not universally recognized as de jure independent due to the complex political status of Taiwan related to the United Nation's withdrawal of recognition in favor of the People's Republic of China in 1971.
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Renewing recognition of a government is not necessary when it changes in a normal, constitutional way (such as an election or referendum), but may be necessary in the case of a coup d'etat or revolution. Recognition of a new government by other states can be important for its long-term survival. For instance, the Taliban government of the Islamic State of Afghanistan, which lasted from 1996 to 2001, was recognized only by Pakistan, the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia, while far more had recognized the government of ousted President Burhanuddin Rabbani. The disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir under the control of India is not recognized by either Pakistan or the People's Republic of China, and the Republic of Turkey.
Diplomatic recognition. Renewing recognition of a government is not necessary when it changes in a normal, constitutional way (such as an election or referendum), but may be necessary in the case of a coup d'etat or revolution. Recognition of a new government by other states can be important for its long-term survival. For instance, the Taliban government of the Islamic State of Afghanistan, which lasted from 1996 to 2001, was recognized only by Pakistan, the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia, while far more had recognized the government of ousted President Burhanuddin Rabbani. The disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir under the control of India is not recognized by either Pakistan or the People's Republic of China, and the Republic of Turkey.
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Recognition can be implied by other acts, such as a visit of the head of state, or the signing of a bilateral treaty. If implicit recognition is possible, a state may feel the need to explicitly proclaim that its acts do not constitute diplomatic recognition, like when the United States commenced its dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1988. Withdrawal of recognition A state may withdraw diplomatic recognition of another state or simply refuse to deal with that other country, after withdrawing from all diplomatic relations with that country, such as embassies and consulates, and requiring the other country to do the same. The state will appoint a protecting power to represent its interests in the other state.
Diplomatic recognition. Recognition can be implied by other acts, such as a visit of the head of state, or the signing of a bilateral treaty. If implicit recognition is possible, a state may feel the need to explicitly proclaim that its acts do not constitute diplomatic recognition, like when the United States commenced its dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1988. Withdrawal of recognition A state may withdraw diplomatic recognition of another state or simply refuse to deal with that other country, after withdrawing from all diplomatic relations with that country, such as embassies and consulates, and requiring the other country to do the same. The state will appoint a protecting power to represent its interests in the other state.
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The doctrine of non-recognition of illegal or immoral situations, like territorial gains achieved by force, is called the Stimson Doctrine, and has become more important since the Second World War, especially in the United Nations where it is a method of ensuring compliance with international law – for instance, in the case of Rhodesia in 1965. Withdrawal of recognition of a government is a more severe act of disapproval than the breaking of diplomatic relations.
Diplomatic recognition. The doctrine of non-recognition of illegal or immoral situations, like territorial gains achieved by force, is called the Stimson Doctrine, and has become more important since the Second World War, especially in the United Nations where it is a method of ensuring compliance with international law – for instance, in the case of Rhodesia in 1965. Withdrawal of recognition of a government is a more severe act of disapproval than the breaking of diplomatic relations.
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Recognition of governments Besides recognizing other states, states also can recognize the governments of states. This can be problematic particularly when a new government comes to power by illegal means, such as a coup d'état, or when an existing government stays in power by fixing an election. States once formally recognized both the government of a state and the state itself, but many no longer follow that practice, even though, if diplomatic relations are to be maintained, it is necessary that there be a government with which to engage in diplomatic relations. Countries such as the United States answer queries over the recognition of governments with the statement: "The question of recognition does not arise: we are conducting our relations with the new government." Unrecognized state
Diplomatic recognition. Recognition of governments Besides recognizing other states, states also can recognize the governments of states. This can be problematic particularly when a new government comes to power by illegal means, such as a coup d'état, or when an existing government stays in power by fixing an election. States once formally recognized both the government of a state and the state itself, but many no longer follow that practice, even though, if diplomatic relations are to be maintained, it is necessary that there be a government with which to engage in diplomatic relations. Countries such as the United States answer queries over the recognition of governments with the statement: "The question of recognition does not arise: we are conducting our relations with the new government." Unrecognized state
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Unrecognized state Several of the world's geo-political entities lack general international recognition, but wish to be recognized as sovereign states. The degree of de facto control these entities exert over the territories they claim varies. Most are subnational regions with an ethnic or national identity of their own that have separated from the original parent state. Such states are commonly referred to as "break-away" states. Some of these entities are in effect internally self-governing protectorates that enjoy military protection and informal diplomatic representation abroad through another state to prevent forced reincorporation into their original states.
Diplomatic recognition. Unrecognized state Several of the world's geo-political entities lack general international recognition, but wish to be recognized as sovereign states. The degree of de facto control these entities exert over the territories they claim varies. Most are subnational regions with an ethnic or national identity of their own that have separated from the original parent state. Such states are commonly referred to as "break-away" states. Some of these entities are in effect internally self-governing protectorates that enjoy military protection and informal diplomatic representation abroad through another state to prevent forced reincorporation into their original states.
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Note that the word "control" in this list refers to control over the area occupied, not occupation of the area claimed. Unrecognized countries may have either full control over their occupied territory (such as Northern Cyprus), or only partial control (such as Western Sahara). In the former, the de jure governments have little or no influence in the areas they claim to rule, whereas in the latter they have varying degrees of control, and may provide essential services to people living in the areas. Other types of recognition Other elements that may be recognized include occupation or annexation of territory, or belligerent rights of a party in a conflict. Recognition of the latter does not imply recognition of a state.
Diplomatic recognition. Note that the word "control" in this list refers to control over the area occupied, not occupation of the area claimed. Unrecognized countries may have either full control over their occupied territory (such as Northern Cyprus), or only partial control (such as Western Sahara). In the former, the de jure governments have little or no influence in the areas they claim to rule, whereas in the latter they have varying degrees of control, and may provide essential services to people living in the areas. Other types of recognition Other elements that may be recognized include occupation or annexation of territory, or belligerent rights of a party in a conflict. Recognition of the latter does not imply recognition of a state.
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Other elements that may be recognized include occupation or annexation of territory, or belligerent rights of a party in a conflict. Recognition of the latter does not imply recognition of a state. Formal recognition of belligerency, which is rare today, signifies that the parties to the civil war or other internal conflict "are entitled to excise belligerent rights, thus accepting that the rebel group possesses sufficient international personality to support the position of such rights and duties." Extension of the rights of belligerency is usually done by other states, rather than by the government fighting the rebel group. (A 1907 report by William E. Fuller for the Spanish Treaty Claims Commission noted that "A parent state never formally recognizes the insurgents as belligerents, although it may in fact treat them as such by carrying on war against them in accordance with the rules and usages of international warfare.")
Diplomatic recognition. Other elements that may be recognized include occupation or annexation of territory, or belligerent rights of a party in a conflict. Recognition of the latter does not imply recognition of a state. Formal recognition of belligerency, which is rare today, signifies that the parties to the civil war or other internal conflict "are entitled to excise belligerent rights, thus accepting that the rebel group possesses sufficient international personality to support the position of such rights and duties." Extension of the rights of belligerency is usually done by other states, rather than by the government fighting the rebel group. (A 1907 report by William E. Fuller for the Spanish Treaty Claims Commission noted that "A parent state never formally recognizes the insurgents as belligerents, although it may in fact treat them as such by carrying on war against them in accordance with the rules and usages of international warfare.")
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Examples of recognition of belligerent status include: In 1823, the United Kingdom recognized the Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire as belligerents during the Greek War of Independence. The United Kingdom issued a proclamation of neutrality soon after the outbreak of the American Civil War, which "tacitly granted the Confederacy belligerent status, the right to contract loans and purchase supplies in neutral nations and to exercise belligerent rights on the high seas." Another right of significance accorded to belligerents that was seen as potentially significant at the time was the right to issue letters of marque. The British extension of belligerent recognition to the Confederacy greatly angered and concerned the United States, which strenuously and successfully worked to prevent full diplomatic recognition.
Diplomatic recognition. Examples of recognition of belligerent status include: In 1823, the United Kingdom recognized the Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire as belligerents during the Greek War of Independence. The United Kingdom issued a proclamation of neutrality soon after the outbreak of the American Civil War, which "tacitly granted the Confederacy belligerent status, the right to contract loans and purchase supplies in neutral nations and to exercise belligerent rights on the high seas." Another right of significance accorded to belligerents that was seen as potentially significant at the time was the right to issue letters of marque. The British extension of belligerent recognition to the Confederacy greatly angered and concerned the United States, which strenuously and successfully worked to prevent full diplomatic recognition.
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During the Nicaraguan Civil War, the Andean Group (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela) "declared that 'a state of belligerency' existed in Nicaragua and that the forces of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) represented a 'legitimate army.'" The declaration, made over the strong U.S. opposition, stated that the Sandinistas were eligible for "treatment and prerogatives" accorded to belligerents under international law. This declaration allowed the Andean countries to provide arms to the FSLN. During the Salvadoran Civil War, France and Mexico recognized the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front in El Salvador as a belligerent in August 1981.
Diplomatic recognition. During the Nicaraguan Civil War, the Andean Group (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela) "declared that 'a state of belligerency' existed in Nicaragua and that the forces of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) represented a 'legitimate army.'" The declaration, made over the strong U.S. opposition, stated that the Sandinistas were eligible for "treatment and prerogatives" accorded to belligerents under international law. This declaration allowed the Andean countries to provide arms to the FSLN. During the Salvadoran Civil War, France and Mexico recognized the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front in El Salvador as a belligerent in August 1981.
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See also Constitutive theory of statehood Declarative theory of statehood Diplomacy Montevideo Convention International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International relations Jus legationis List of states with limited recognition Micronation References Tozun Bahcheli, Barry Bartmann, and Henry Srebrnik; De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty , Routledge, (2004) online edition Stefan Talmon; Recognition of Governments in International Law: With Particular Reference to Governments in Exile Clarendon Press, (1998) online edition Gregory Weeks; "Almost Jeffersonian: U.S. Recognition Policy toward Latin America," Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 31, 2001 online edition International law
Diplomatic recognition. See also Constitutive theory of statehood Declarative theory of statehood Diplomacy Montevideo Convention International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International relations Jus legationis List of states with limited recognition Micronation References Tozun Bahcheli, Barry Bartmann, and Henry Srebrnik; De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty , Routledge, (2004) online edition Stefan Talmon; Recognition of Governments in International Law: With Particular Reference to Governments in Exile Clarendon Press, (1998) online edition Gregory Weeks; "Almost Jeffersonian: U.S. Recognition Policy toward Latin America," Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 31, 2001 online edition International law
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78 Derngate
78 Derngate is a Grade II* listed Georgian house in the Cultural Quarter of Northampton, England, originally built in 1815. Its interior was extensively remodelled in 1916 and 1917 by the architect Charles Rennie Mackintosh for businessman Wenman Joseph Bassett-Lowke as his first marital home. Mackintosh's designs for the house are considered to be one of the first examples of the Art Deco style to be seen in Britain. The rear elevation also features an extension with two elevated balconies which, in 1916, overlooked meadowland to the edge of Northampton. The design origins of this extension have been the subject of some scholarly debate and a myth of Mackintosh as a modernist pioneer in his late career has persisted. Recent research suggests that Bassett-Lowke and Alexander Ellis Anderson (a Northampton-based architect who supervised the remodelling) may also have had a hand in the design of this structure as well as Mackintosh.
78 Derngate. 78 Derngate is a Grade II* listed Georgian house in the Cultural Quarter of Northampton, England, originally built in 1815. Its interior was extensively remodelled in 1916 and 1917 by the architect Charles Rennie Mackintosh for businessman Wenman Joseph Bassett-Lowke as his first marital home. Mackintosh's designs for the house are considered to be one of the first examples of the Art Deco style to be seen in Britain. The rear elevation also features an extension with two elevated balconies which, in 1916, overlooked meadowland to the edge of Northampton. The design origins of this extension have been the subject of some scholarly debate and a myth of Mackintosh as a modernist pioneer in his late career has persisted. Recent research suggests that Bassett-Lowke and Alexander Ellis Anderson (a Northampton-based architect who supervised the remodelling) may also have had a hand in the design of this structure as well as Mackintosh.
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In 1926 the Bassett-Lowkes moved to New Ways, a modernist house designed by Peter Behrens close to Abington Park; this house is also Grade II* listed. Between 1964 and 1993 the building was used by Northampton High School for girls, initially as offices but later as classrooms. In 2002 work started to restore the house to Mackintosh's original design. This work was under the direction of architects John McAslan + Partners and involved a team of specialist contractors for restoration, or replication of, the original features of the Mackintosh period scheme. After eighteen months of restoration, the house was opened to the public in late 2003. Small group guided tours or self-guided visits are available and provide an insight into this Mackintosh-designed house in England.
78 Derngate. In 1926 the Bassett-Lowkes moved to New Ways, a modernist house designed by Peter Behrens close to Abington Park; this house is also Grade II* listed. Between 1964 and 1993 the building was used by Northampton High School for girls, initially as offices but later as classrooms. In 2002 work started to restore the house to Mackintosh's original design. This work was under the direction of architects John McAslan + Partners and involved a team of specialist contractors for restoration, or replication of, the original features of the Mackintosh period scheme. After eighteen months of restoration, the house was opened to the public in late 2003. Small group guided tours or self-guided visits are available and provide an insight into this Mackintosh-designed house in England.
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A supporting museum adjoins 78 Derngate and is housed in number 80. In 2003, the Discovery Channel aired a documentary series hosted by Eric Knowles titled The House That Mackintosh Built. The series followed aspects of the property restoration as it was in progress. In May 2007 a new visitors centre at 82 Derngate was opened to provide further facilities and exhibitions for visitors. This building, also restored by John McAslan + Partners, houses a restaurant, art galleries, meeting rooms, shop, visitor reception and administration offices. A regular programme of exhibitions and events is offered and an active 'Friends of 78 Derngate' group continues to raise funds for ongoing development of the project. On 3 October 2013, Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, visited 78 Derngate to commemorate the 10th anniversary of its opening to the public.
78 Derngate. A supporting museum adjoins 78 Derngate and is housed in number 80. In 2003, the Discovery Channel aired a documentary series hosted by Eric Knowles titled The House That Mackintosh Built. The series followed aspects of the property restoration as it was in progress. In May 2007 a new visitors centre at 82 Derngate was opened to provide further facilities and exhibitions for visitors. This building, also restored by John McAslan + Partners, houses a restaurant, art galleries, meeting rooms, shop, visitor reception and administration offices. A regular programme of exhibitions and events is offered and an active 'Friends of 78 Derngate' group continues to raise funds for ongoing development of the project. On 3 October 2013, Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, visited 78 Derngate to commemorate the 10th anniversary of its opening to the public.
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On 21 March 2017 a commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the marriage of W. J. Bassett-Lowke and Florence Jane Jones was held at 78 Derngate. A centenary exhibition, "Charles Rennie Mackintosh & The Great War" ran from 1 February – 29 April 2017. This comprised exhibits from the late career of Mackintosh and examined the wider context for his work on 78 Derngate against the background of the First World War. The exhibition was the largest display of Mackintosh design in England. A series of related events during the exhibition run featured experts giving public talks and workshops on related themes.
78 Derngate. On 21 March 2017 a commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the marriage of W. J. Bassett-Lowke and Florence Jane Jones was held at 78 Derngate. A centenary exhibition, "Charles Rennie Mackintosh & The Great War" ran from 1 February – 29 April 2017. This comprised exhibits from the late career of Mackintosh and examined the wider context for his work on 78 Derngate against the background of the First World War. The exhibition was the largest display of Mackintosh design in England. A series of related events during the exhibition run featured experts giving public talks and workshops on related themes.
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Artist and television presenter Lachlan Goudie featured 78 Derngate in his BBC documentary, Charles Rennie Mackintosh: Glasgow's Neglected Genius. This was produced to mark the 150th anniversary of Mackintosh's birth and was first broadcast on BBC Two Scotland on 5 June 2018. Goudie assessed the work on 78 Derngate as "[t]he dazzling work of an artist willing to risk losing control", with the interior decor being presented as a bold 'comeback attempt' by Mackintosh which was to prove to be in vain against the background of the First World War. References External links 78 Derngate website 78 Derngate online archive BBCi: 78 Derngate Houses completed in 1917 Grade II* listed buildings in Northamptonshire Houses in Northampton Historic house museums in Northamptonshire Art museums and galleries in Northamptonshire Charles Rennie Mackintosh buildings Art Nouveau architecture in England Art Nouveau houses
78 Derngate. Artist and television presenter Lachlan Goudie featured 78 Derngate in his BBC documentary, Charles Rennie Mackintosh: Glasgow's Neglected Genius. This was produced to mark the 150th anniversary of Mackintosh's birth and was first broadcast on BBC Two Scotland on 5 June 2018. Goudie assessed the work on 78 Derngate as "[t]he dazzling work of an artist willing to risk losing control", with the interior decor being presented as a bold 'comeback attempt' by Mackintosh which was to prove to be in vain against the background of the First World War. References External links 78 Derngate website 78 Derngate online archive BBCi: 78 Derngate Houses completed in 1917 Grade II* listed buildings in Northamptonshire Houses in Northampton Historic house museums in Northamptonshire Art museums and galleries in Northamptonshire Charles Rennie Mackintosh buildings Art Nouveau architecture in England Art Nouveau houses
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Richard Hatch (actor)
Richard Lawrence Hatch (May 21, 1945 – February 7, 2017) was an American actor, writer and producer. Hatch began his career as a stage actor before moving on to television work in the 1970s. Hatch is best known for his role as Captain Apollo in the original Battlestar Galactica television series. He is also widely known for his role as Tom Zarek in the reimagined Battlestar Galactica.
Richard Hatch (actor). Richard Lawrence Hatch (May 21, 1945 – February 7, 2017) was an American actor, writer and producer. Hatch began his career as a stage actor before moving on to television work in the 1970s. Hatch is best known for his role as Captain Apollo in the original Battlestar Galactica television series. He is also widely known for his role as Tom Zarek in the reimagined Battlestar Galactica.
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Richard Hatch (actor)
Early life Hatch was born on May 21, 1945, in Santa Monica, California, to John Raymond Hatch and Elizabeth Hatch (née White). He grew up with four siblings. While in high school, he aspired to become an athlete in pole vaulting, and only had a passing interest in acting, as he considered himself too shy and insecure. The assassination of President Kennedy in 1963, while Hatch had just started college, turned him towards acting; he had been enrolled in a required oral interpretation course at the time, and following the assassination, presented an article written about Kennedy upon which he said: "As I began to read this article, I got so affected by what I was saying that I forgot myself. I was expressing feelings and emotions I tended to keep locked inside of myself." Career Early work Hatch began his theatrical career with the Los Angeles Repertory Theater, as well as shows in Chicago and Off-Broadway.
Richard Hatch (actor). Early life Hatch was born on May 21, 1945, in Santa Monica, California, to John Raymond Hatch and Elizabeth Hatch (née White). He grew up with four siblings. While in high school, he aspired to become an athlete in pole vaulting, and only had a passing interest in acting, as he considered himself too shy and insecure. The assassination of President Kennedy in 1963, while Hatch had just started college, turned him towards acting; he had been enrolled in a required oral interpretation course at the time, and following the assassination, presented an article written about Kennedy upon which he said: "As I began to read this article, I got so affected by what I was saying that I forgot myself. I was expressing feelings and emotions I tended to keep locked inside of myself." Career Early work Hatch began his theatrical career with the Los Angeles Repertory Theater, as well as shows in Chicago and Off-Broadway.
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Career Early work Hatch began his theatrical career with the Los Angeles Repertory Theater, as well as shows in Chicago and Off-Broadway. Television Hatch began working in television in 1970 when he starred as Philip Brent in the daytime soap opera All My Children, a role he played for two years. In the following years, he made guest appearances in prime time series such as Cannon; Nakia; Barnaby Jones; Hawaii Five-O; and The Waltons; as well as appearing in several made-for-TV movies such as F. Scott Fitzgerald and 'The Last of the Belles' (1974) with Susan Sarandon;The Hatfields and the McCoys (1975) with Jack Palance; Addie and the King of Hearts (1976) with Jason Robards; and the 1978 television movie Deadman's Curve, in which he portrayed Jan Berry of the musical duo Jan and Dean, alongside Bruce Davison as Dean Torrence.
Richard Hatch (actor). Career Early work Hatch began his theatrical career with the Los Angeles Repertory Theater, as well as shows in Chicago and Off-Broadway. Television Hatch began working in television in 1970 when he starred as Philip Brent in the daytime soap opera All My Children, a role he played for two years. In the following years, he made guest appearances in prime time series such as Cannon; Nakia; Barnaby Jones; Hawaii Five-O; and The Waltons; as well as appearing in several made-for-TV movies such as F. Scott Fitzgerald and 'The Last of the Belles' (1974) with Susan Sarandon;The Hatfields and the McCoys (1975) with Jack Palance; Addie and the King of Hearts (1976) with Jason Robards; and the 1978 television movie Deadman's Curve, in which he portrayed Jan Berry of the musical duo Jan and Dean, alongside Bruce Davison as Dean Torrence.
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In 1976, Hatch gained his first major television role as Inspector Dan Robbins on the detective series The Streets of San Francisco, as the replacement for Michael Douglas, who had acted Inspector Steve Keller in the series, but had resigned from the cast that year. Though the role was for only one season, Hatch won Germany's Bravo Youth Magazine Award for the role. Following this, he had a recurring role on the series Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman, also for one season in 1977. In 1978, Hatch gained a starring role in Glen A. Larson's sci-fi series, Battlestar Galactica (1978), which aired for a single season before its high cost motivated its cancellation by ABC-TV. Hatch was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for the role.
Richard Hatch (actor). In 1976, Hatch gained his first major television role as Inspector Dan Robbins on the detective series The Streets of San Francisco, as the replacement for Michael Douglas, who had acted Inspector Steve Keller in the series, but had resigned from the cast that year. Though the role was for only one season, Hatch won Germany's Bravo Youth Magazine Award for the role. Following this, he had a recurring role on the series Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman, also for one season in 1977. In 1978, Hatch gained a starring role in Glen A. Larson's sci-fi series, Battlestar Galactica (1978), which aired for a single season before its high cost motivated its cancellation by ABC-TV. Hatch was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for the role.
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Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Hatch made guest appearances on such series as Hotel; Murder, She Wrote; The Love Boat (romantically opposite 20-year-old Teri Hatcher in her first on-screen speaking role); Fantasy Island; Baywatch; Dynasty; and MacGyver. In 1990, Hatch returned to daytime soap operas and appeared on Santa Barbara, originating the character Steven Slade. In 2013, Hatch made a guest appearance in an adult-oriented episode of The Eric Andre Show on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim.
Richard Hatch (actor). Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Hatch made guest appearances on such series as Hotel; Murder, She Wrote; The Love Boat (romantically opposite 20-year-old Teri Hatcher in her first on-screen speaking role); Fantasy Island; Baywatch; Dynasty; and MacGyver. In 1990, Hatch returned to daytime soap operas and appeared on Santa Barbara, originating the character Steven Slade. In 2013, Hatch made a guest appearance in an adult-oriented episode of The Eric Andre Show on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim.
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In 2013, Hatch made a guest appearance in an adult-oriented episode of The Eric Andre Show on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim. Films Hatch made several low-key theatrical film releases, including Charlie Chan and the Curse of the Dragon Queen (1981) and Prisoners of the Lost Universe (1983). An abridged version of the pilot episode of Battlestar Galactica was released in cinemas, initially overseas and then for a limited run in the U.S., as was a sequel film, Mission Galactica: The Cylon Attack, which was also made from episodes of the series. He starred with Leif Garrett in Party Line (1988) and with Arte Johnson in Second Chance (1996). Battlestar Galactica revival attempt
Richard Hatch (actor). In 2013, Hatch made a guest appearance in an adult-oriented episode of The Eric Andre Show on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim. Films Hatch made several low-key theatrical film releases, including Charlie Chan and the Curse of the Dragon Queen (1981) and Prisoners of the Lost Universe (1983). An abridged version of the pilot episode of Battlestar Galactica was released in cinemas, initially overseas and then for a limited run in the U.S., as was a sequel film, Mission Galactica: The Cylon Attack, which was also made from episodes of the series. He starred with Leif Garrett in Party Line (1988) and with Arte Johnson in Second Chance (1996). Battlestar Galactica revival attempt
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In the 1990s, Hatch attempted to revive Battlestar Galactica. He began writing novels based on the series, and also wrote, co-directed and executive-produced a trailer called Battlestar Galactica: The Second Coming in the hopes of enticing Universal Studios – the rights holders for the franchise – into producing a new series. Hatch's series would have been a direct continuation of the original 1978 series, and would have ignored the events of the failed spin-off Galactica 1980, in which Hatch had not appeared. Original actors John Colicos (Baltar), Terry Carter (Colonel Tigh) and Jack Stauffer (Bojay) appeared in the trailer with Hatch. Though the trailer won acclaim at science-fiction conventions, Universal was not interested in Hatch's vision for the revival of Battlestar Galactica, and instead opted for a remake rather than the sequel for which Hatch had campaigned. Hatch, who had reportedly remortgaged his own house to produce the trailer, was bitterly disappointed by this turn of
Richard Hatch (actor). In the 1990s, Hatch attempted to revive Battlestar Galactica. He began writing novels based on the series, and also wrote, co-directed and executive-produced a trailer called Battlestar Galactica: The Second Coming in the hopes of enticing Universal Studios – the rights holders for the franchise – into producing a new series. Hatch's series would have been a direct continuation of the original 1978 series, and would have ignored the events of the failed spin-off Galactica 1980, in which Hatch had not appeared. Original actors John Colicos (Baltar), Terry Carter (Colonel Tigh) and Jack Stauffer (Bojay) appeared in the trailer with Hatch. Though the trailer won acclaim at science-fiction conventions, Universal was not interested in Hatch's vision for the revival of Battlestar Galactica, and instead opted for a remake rather than the sequel for which Hatch had campaigned. Hatch, who had reportedly remortgaged his own house to produce the trailer, was bitterly disappointed by this turn of
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instead opted for a remake rather than the sequel for which Hatch had campaigned. Hatch, who had reportedly remortgaged his own house to produce the trailer, was bitterly disappointed by this turn of events and was highly critical of the prospective new series.
Richard Hatch (actor). instead opted for a remake rather than the sequel for which Hatch had campaigned. Hatch, who had reportedly remortgaged his own house to produce the trailer, was bitterly disappointed by this turn of events and was highly critical of the prospective new series.
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In 2004, he stated to Sci-Fi Pulse that he had felt resentment over the failure of his planned Galactica continuation and was left "exhausted and sick... I had, over the past several years, bonded deeply with the original characters and story... writing the novels and the comic books and really campaigning to bring back the show." Battlestar Galactica re-imagining
Richard Hatch (actor). In 2004, he stated to Sci-Fi Pulse that he had felt resentment over the failure of his planned Galactica continuation and was left "exhausted and sick... I had, over the past several years, bonded deeply with the original characters and story... writing the novels and the comic books and really campaigning to bring back the show." Battlestar Galactica re-imagining
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Battlestar Galactica re-imagining Despite his resentment, Hatch developed a respect for Ronald D. Moore, the remake show's head writer and producer, when Moore appeared as a featured guest at Galacticon (the Battlestar Galactica 25th anniversary convention, hosted by Hatch) and answered questions posed by a very hostile audience. Later, in 2004, Hatch was offered a recurring role in the new Battlestar Galactica series, which he accepted. He portrayed Tom Zarek, a terrorist turned politician who spent twenty years in prison for blowing up a government building. After Zarek's death, Hatch commented that "never did I play this character as a villain nor did I think he was one and I still feel that way," and that he considered the character to be a principled figure who is driven to violence after being "blocked in every way possible" by Roslin and Adama. "Zarek, Adama and Roslin all wanted power for the same reason, to make a positive difference."
Richard Hatch (actor). Battlestar Galactica re-imagining Despite his resentment, Hatch developed a respect for Ronald D. Moore, the remake show's head writer and producer, when Moore appeared as a featured guest at Galacticon (the Battlestar Galactica 25th anniversary convention, hosted by Hatch) and answered questions posed by a very hostile audience. Later, in 2004, Hatch was offered a recurring role in the new Battlestar Galactica series, which he accepted. He portrayed Tom Zarek, a terrorist turned politician who spent twenty years in prison for blowing up a government building. After Zarek's death, Hatch commented that "never did I play this character as a villain nor did I think he was one and I still feel that way," and that he considered the character to be a principled figure who is driven to violence after being "blocked in every way possible" by Roslin and Adama. "Zarek, Adama and Roslin all wanted power for the same reason, to make a positive difference."
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Other work Alongside his attempts to revive the original Battlestar Galactica, Hatch created a trailer for his own space opera entitled The Great War of Magellan. Hatch appeared in InAlienable, a 2008 science-fiction film written and produced by Walter Koenig. In 2011, Hatch worked on a new reality TV series called Who the Frak?, which he created and appeared in as himself. The series was touted as "the world's first social network reality drama." In 2012–13, Hatch appeared in the web series The Silicon Assassin Project. In 2013, he ventured into the Steampunk genre, starring in the short film Cowboys & Engines alongside Malcolm McDowell and Walter Koenig. In 2014, he played the Klingon Commander Kharn in the Star Trek fan film Prelude To Axanar and was to appear in the subsequent fan production Star Trek: Axanar in 2015, though legal issues with Paramount Pictures prevented the project from being completed.
Richard Hatch (actor). Other work Alongside his attempts to revive the original Battlestar Galactica, Hatch created a trailer for his own space opera entitled The Great War of Magellan. Hatch appeared in InAlienable, a 2008 science-fiction film written and produced by Walter Koenig. In 2011, Hatch worked on a new reality TV series called Who the Frak?, which he created and appeared in as himself. The series was touted as "the world's first social network reality drama." In 2012–13, Hatch appeared in the web series The Silicon Assassin Project. In 2013, he ventured into the Steampunk genre, starring in the short film Cowboys & Engines alongside Malcolm McDowell and Walter Koenig. In 2014, he played the Klingon Commander Kharn in the Star Trek fan film Prelude To Axanar and was to appear in the subsequent fan production Star Trek: Axanar in 2015, though legal issues with Paramount Pictures prevented the project from being completed.
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Writing With various co-authors, Hatch wrote a series of seven tie-in novels set in the original Battlestar Galactica universe. The series included: Armageddon, published August 1, 1997, Warhawk, published September 1, 1998 Resurrection, published July 1, 2001 Rebellion, published July 1, 2002, Paradis, published July 1, 2003, Destiny, published June 29, 2004, Redemption, published November 25, 2005. Armageddon and Warhawk were both written with Christopher Golden. Resurrection was written with Stan Timmons. Rebellion was written with Alan Rodgers. Paradis, Destiny, and Redemption were all written with Brad Linaweaver. Death Hatch died on February 7, 2017, of pancreatic cancer, while he was under hospice care in Los Angeles, at the age of 71.
Richard Hatch (actor). Writing With various co-authors, Hatch wrote a series of seven tie-in novels set in the original Battlestar Galactica universe. The series included: Armageddon, published August 1, 1997, Warhawk, published September 1, 1998 Resurrection, published July 1, 2001 Rebellion, published July 1, 2002, Paradis, published July 1, 2003, Destiny, published June 29, 2004, Redemption, published November 25, 2005. Armageddon and Warhawk were both written with Christopher Golden. Resurrection was written with Stan Timmons. Rebellion was written with Alan Rodgers. Paradis, Destiny, and Redemption were all written with Brad Linaweaver. Death Hatch died on February 7, 2017, of pancreatic cancer, while he was under hospice care in Los Angeles, at the age of 71.
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Richard Hatch (actor)
Death Hatch died on February 7, 2017, of pancreatic cancer, while he was under hospice care in Los Angeles, at the age of 71. Final film In his final film performance, Hatch played director Haskell Edwards in the film Diminuendo which wrapped a few months before he learned of his pancreatic cancer. Hatch was able to see a rough cut of the film before he died, and a work-in-progress screening was held as a memorial shortly after his death. Diminuendo had its world premiere at the 20th Annual Sarasota Film Festival on April 20, 2018. Filmography Film
Richard Hatch (actor). Death Hatch died on February 7, 2017, of pancreatic cancer, while he was under hospice care in Los Angeles, at the age of 71. Final film In his final film performance, Hatch played director Haskell Edwards in the film Diminuendo which wrapped a few months before he learned of his pancreatic cancer. Hatch was able to see a rough cut of the film before he died, and a work-in-progress screening was held as a memorial shortly after his death. Diminuendo had its world premiere at the 20th Annual Sarasota Film Festival on April 20, 2018. Filmography Film
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Best Friends (1975) - Jesse Deadman's Curve (1978, TV Biography) - Jan Berry of Jan and Dean Battlestar Galactica (1978) - Captain Apollo The Hustler of Muscle Beach (1980, TV Movie (ABC)) - Nick Demec Living Legend: The King of Rock and Roll (1980) Charlie Chan and the Curse of the Dragon Queen (1981) - Lee Chan, Jr. Prisoners of the Lost Universe (1983) - Dan Terror on London Bridge (1985) - Hoffman Last Platoon (1988) - Sgt. Chet Costa Party Line (1988) - Dan Ghetto Blaster (1989) - Travis Leathernecks (1989) - Lieutenant Caldwell Dark Bar (1989) - Marco Mal d'Africa (1990) - Tony La Palma Delta Force Commando II: Priority Red One (1990) - Delta Force Leader Brett Haskell Renaissance (1994) - Tristan Anderson Second Chance (1996) - Mitch Iron Thunder (1998) - Nelson Battlestar Galactica: The Second Coming (1999, Short) - Commander Apollo The Ghost (2001) - Edward Unseen Evil (2001) - Dr. Peter Jensen Big Shots (2001) - Casting Director
Richard Hatch (actor). Best Friends (1975) - Jesse Deadman's Curve (1978, TV Biography) - Jan Berry of Jan and Dean Battlestar Galactica (1978) - Captain Apollo The Hustler of Muscle Beach (1980, TV Movie (ABC)) - Nick Demec Living Legend: The King of Rock and Roll (1980) Charlie Chan and the Curse of the Dragon Queen (1981) - Lee Chan, Jr. Prisoners of the Lost Universe (1983) - Dan Terror on London Bridge (1985) - Hoffman Last Platoon (1988) - Sgt. Chet Costa Party Line (1988) - Dan Ghetto Blaster (1989) - Travis Leathernecks (1989) - Lieutenant Caldwell Dark Bar (1989) - Marco Mal d'Africa (1990) - Tony La Palma Delta Force Commando II: Priority Red One (1990) - Delta Force Leader Brett Haskell Renaissance (1994) - Tristan Anderson Second Chance (1996) - Mitch Iron Thunder (1998) - Nelson Battlestar Galactica: The Second Coming (1999, Short) - Commander Apollo The Ghost (2001) - Edward Unseen Evil (2001) - Dr. Peter Jensen Big Shots (2001) - Casting Director
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Battlestar Galactica: The Second Coming (1999, Short) - Commander Apollo The Ghost (2001) - Edward Unseen Evil (2001) - Dr. Peter Jensen Big Shots (2001) - Casting Director The Rain Makers (2005) - Wyatt InAlienable (2008) - Dr. Eric Norris The Little Match Makers (2011) - Officer Candy Season of Darkness (2012) - Dr. Shaker Dead by Friday (2012) - Father Anthony Prelude to Axanar (2014, Short) - Commander Kharn Alongside Night (2014) - The Silicon Assassin Chatter (2015) - Nate Terry The Enchanted Cottage (2016) - Mr. Bradshaw Surge of Power: Revenge of the Sequel (2016) - Himself Asylum of Darkness (2017) - Dr. Shaker The Pod (2017) - Mike Gibson Diminuendo (2018) - Haskell Edwards
Richard Hatch (actor). Battlestar Galactica: The Second Coming (1999, Short) - Commander Apollo The Ghost (2001) - Edward Unseen Evil (2001) - Dr. Peter Jensen Big Shots (2001) - Casting Director The Rain Makers (2005) - Wyatt InAlienable (2008) - Dr. Eric Norris The Little Match Makers (2011) - Officer Candy Season of Darkness (2012) - Dr. Shaker Dead by Friday (2012) - Father Anthony Prelude to Axanar (2014, Short) - Commander Kharn Alongside Night (2014) - The Silicon Assassin Chatter (2015) - Nate Terry The Enchanted Cottage (2016) - Mr. Bradshaw Surge of Power: Revenge of the Sequel (2016) - Himself Asylum of Darkness (2017) - Dr. Shaker The Pod (2017) - Mike Gibson Diminuendo (2018) - Haskell Edwards
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Television All My Children (1970 - 1972) as Phil Brent (Erica Kane's second husband) The Sixth Sense - Gallows in the Wind (1972) as Owen Preston Barnaby Jones (1973) Season 1 Episode 5 "Perchance to Kill" as Eric Garvin Kung Fu (1973) "Sun and Cloud Shadow" as David The Waltons (1974 and 1975) as Wade Walton Cannon (1975) 5x05 "The Victim as Allen Farrell", 5x13 "The Star 1" and "The Star 2" as Terry Kane Addie and the King of Hearts (1976) as Mr. Davenport The Streets of San Francisco (1976–1977) Season 5, all 24 episodes, as Insp. Dan Robbins Jan and Dean (1978) as Jan Berry The Eric Andre Show (2013) as himself T. J. Hooker (1985) as Robert Marshall Hawaii Five-O (1973 and 1975) Battlestar Galactica (1978-79 TV series), all 21 episodes, as Captain Apollo Murder, She Wrote (1984) Season 1 Episode 3 "Deadly Lady" as Terry Jones
Richard Hatch (actor). Television All My Children (1970 - 1972) as Phil Brent (Erica Kane's second husband) The Sixth Sense - Gallows in the Wind (1972) as Owen Preston Barnaby Jones (1973) Season 1 Episode 5 "Perchance to Kill" as Eric Garvin Kung Fu (1973) "Sun and Cloud Shadow" as David The Waltons (1974 and 1975) as Wade Walton Cannon (1975) 5x05 "The Victim as Allen Farrell", 5x13 "The Star 1" and "The Star 2" as Terry Kane Addie and the King of Hearts (1976) as Mr. Davenport The Streets of San Francisco (1976–1977) Season 5, all 24 episodes, as Insp. Dan Robbins Jan and Dean (1978) as Jan Berry The Eric Andre Show (2013) as himself T. J. Hooker (1985) as Robert Marshall Hawaii Five-O (1973 and 1975) Battlestar Galactica (1978-79 TV series), all 21 episodes, as Captain Apollo Murder, She Wrote (1984) Season 1 Episode 3 "Deadly Lady" as Terry Jones
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Hawaii Five-O (1973 and 1975) Battlestar Galactica (1978-79 TV series), all 21 episodes, as Captain Apollo Murder, She Wrote (1984) Season 1 Episode 3 "Deadly Lady" as Terry Jones The Love Boat, Season 8 Episode 23, "Vicki's Gentleman Caller", "Partners to the End, "The Perfect Arrangement", 1985 as Tom Whitlaw, and Season 9 Episode 8. MacGyver (1986) Season 2 Episode 10 "Three for the Road" as Michael Talbot [[Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]] (2004–2009) Season 1–4, 22 episodes, as Tom Zarek Blade of Honor (2017), five episodes as Admiral DiCarrek
Richard Hatch (actor). Hawaii Five-O (1973 and 1975) Battlestar Galactica (1978-79 TV series), all 21 episodes, as Captain Apollo Murder, She Wrote (1984) Season 1 Episode 3 "Deadly Lady" as Terry Jones The Love Boat, Season 8 Episode 23, "Vicki's Gentleman Caller", "Partners to the End, "The Perfect Arrangement", 1985 as Tom Whitlaw, and Season 9 Episode 8. MacGyver (1986) Season 2 Episode 10 "Three for the Road" as Michael Talbot [[Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]] (2004–2009) Season 1–4, 22 episodes, as Tom Zarek Blade of Honor (2017), five episodes as Admiral DiCarrek
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References External links Richard Hatch's Great War of Magellan Who the Frak is the Real Richard Hatch? Richard Hatch memorial on Destinies-The Voice of Science Fiction 1945 births 2017 deaths American male soap opera actors American male stage actors American male television actors Writers from Santa Monica, California Male actors from Santa Monica, California Deaths from pancreatic cancer Deaths from cancer in California
Richard Hatch (actor). References External links Richard Hatch's Great War of Magellan Who the Frak is the Real Richard Hatch? Richard Hatch memorial on Destinies-The Voice of Science Fiction 1945 births 2017 deaths American male soap opera actors American male stage actors American male television actors Writers from Santa Monica, California Male actors from Santa Monica, California Deaths from pancreatic cancer Deaths from cancer in California
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Offender Assessment System
OASys is the abbreviated term for the Offender Assessment System, used in England and Wales by Her Majesty's Prison Service and the National Probation Service from 2002 to measure the risks and needs of criminal offenders under their supervision. OASys is designed to enable a properly trained and qualified individual; often a Probation Officer, to: assess how likely an offender is to be re-convicted identify and classify offending-related needs, including basic personality characteristics and cognitive behavioural problems assess risk of serious harm, risks to the individual and other risks assist with management of risk of harm links the assessment to the supervision or sentence plan indicate the need for further specialist assessments measure change during the period of supervision / sentence.
Offender Assessment System. OASys is the abbreviated term for the Offender Assessment System, used in England and Wales by Her Majesty's Prison Service and the National Probation Service from 2002 to measure the risks and needs of criminal offenders under their supervision. OASys is designed to enable a properly trained and qualified individual; often a Probation Officer, to: assess how likely an offender is to be re-convicted identify and classify offending-related needs, including basic personality characteristics and cognitive behavioural problems assess risk of serious harm, risks to the individual and other risks assist with management of risk of harm links the assessment to the supervision or sentence plan indicate the need for further specialist assessments measure change during the period of supervision / sentence.
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OASys comprises a series of computer-based forms on which clinical evaluations are made by staff of Offenders, and supervision and sentence plans for the forthcoming period of supervision are recorded on a periodic basis - typically every 16 weeks for offenders in the community, and less frequently for imprisoned offenders. OASys supports the What Works? initiative of the Prison and Probation Services, by providing metrics by which the characteristics of offenders and their offences (inputs) can be analysed alongside information on interventions made (inputs) to the offender, and re-conviction data for offenders (outcomes), in order to enable refinement to be made to interventions (based on a consideration of the relation between inputs and outcomes) as to improve outcomes - in other words, to decrease recidivism rates by ensuring that interventions are as appropriate and purposeful as possible.
Offender Assessment System. OASys comprises a series of computer-based forms on which clinical evaluations are made by staff of Offenders, and supervision and sentence plans for the forthcoming period of supervision are recorded on a periodic basis - typically every 16 weeks for offenders in the community, and less frequently for imprisoned offenders. OASys supports the What Works? initiative of the Prison and Probation Services, by providing metrics by which the characteristics of offenders and their offences (inputs) can be analysed alongside information on interventions made (inputs) to the offender, and re-conviction data for offenders (outcomes), in order to enable refinement to be made to interventions (based on a consideration of the relation between inputs and outcomes) as to improve outcomes - in other words, to decrease recidivism rates by ensuring that interventions are as appropriate and purposeful as possible.
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External links OASys: the new Offender Assessment System - National Probation Service, Spring 2003 Findings from the measurement of OASys completion rates - Ministry of Justice, March 2009 Penal system in England Penal system in Wales 2002 establishments in England 2002 establishments in Wales
Offender Assessment System. External links OASys: the new Offender Assessment System - National Probation Service, Spring 2003 Findings from the measurement of OASys completion rates - Ministry of Justice, March 2009 Penal system in England Penal system in Wales 2002 establishments in England 2002 establishments in Wales
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Forced confession
A forced confession is a confession obtained from a suspect or a prisoner by means of torture (including enhanced interrogation techniques) or other forms of duress. Depending on the level of coercion used, a forced confession is not valid in revealing the truth. The individuals being interrogated may agree to the story presented to them or even make up falsehoods themselves in order to satisfy the interrogator and discontinue their suffering. For centuries the Latin phrase "Confessio est regina probationum" (in English: "Confession is the queen of evidence") justified the use of forced confession in the European legal system. When especially during the Middle Ages acquiring a confession was the most important thing during preparations before a trial, than the method used to get the confession seemed irrelevant, de facto sanctioning the use of torture to extract forced confession.
Forced confession. A forced confession is a confession obtained from a suspect or a prisoner by means of torture (including enhanced interrogation techniques) or other forms of duress. Depending on the level of coercion used, a forced confession is not valid in revealing the truth. The individuals being interrogated may agree to the story presented to them or even make up falsehoods themselves in order to satisfy the interrogator and discontinue their suffering. For centuries the Latin phrase "Confessio est regina probationum" (in English: "Confession is the queen of evidence") justified the use of forced confession in the European legal system. When especially during the Middle Ages acquiring a confession was the most important thing during preparations before a trial, than the method used to get the confession seemed irrelevant, de facto sanctioning the use of torture to extract forced confession.
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By the late 18th century, most scholars and lawyers thought of the forced confession not only as a relic of past times and morally wrong but also ineffective as the victim of torture may confess to anything just to ease their suffering. Developments in the 20th century, notably the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, greatly reduced the legal acceptance of forced confessions. However, for most of legal history they have been accepted in most of the world, and are still accepted in some jurisdictions. Modern-day usage Bahrain Mohamed Ramadan Bahraini authorities refused for more than two years to investigate complaints regarding the torture of Mohamed Ramadan—a father-of-three on death row who was tortured into making a false confession.
Forced confession. By the late 18th century, most scholars and lawyers thought of the forced confession not only as a relic of past times and morally wrong but also ineffective as the victim of torture may confess to anything just to ease their suffering. Developments in the 20th century, notably the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, greatly reduced the legal acceptance of forced confessions. However, for most of legal history they have been accepted in most of the world, and are still accepted in some jurisdictions. Modern-day usage Bahrain Mohamed Ramadan Bahraini authorities refused for more than two years to investigate complaints regarding the torture of Mohamed Ramadan—a father-of-three on death row who was tortured into making a false confession.
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In February 2014, Ramadan was arrested from Bahrain International Airport, where he worked as a police officer. He was accused of involvement in an attack on other police officers. There is no evidence tying him to the crime, according to Reprieve, who state that Ramadan is innocent and was arrested in retaliation for his attendance at peaceful pro-democracy demonstrations. Following his arrest, Ramadan was tortured by police into signing a false confession. During his initial detention, police officers "told Mohammed outright that they knew he was innocent", but were punishing him as a traitor for attending pro-democracy demonstrations. During his entire pre-trial detention, Ramadan was not allowed to meet with his lawyer. The day Ramadan's trial began was the first time he saw his lawyer's face. In that trial, he was convicted and sentenced to death almost solely on the basis of confessions extracted through prolonged torture.
Forced confession. In February 2014, Ramadan was arrested from Bahrain International Airport, where he worked as a police officer. He was accused of involvement in an attack on other police officers. There is no evidence tying him to the crime, according to Reprieve, who state that Ramadan is innocent and was arrested in retaliation for his attendance at peaceful pro-democracy demonstrations. Following his arrest, Ramadan was tortured by police into signing a false confession. During his initial detention, police officers "told Mohammed outright that they knew he was innocent", but were punishing him as a traitor for attending pro-democracy demonstrations. During his entire pre-trial detention, Ramadan was not allowed to meet with his lawyer. The day Ramadan's trial began was the first time he saw his lawyer's face. In that trial, he was convicted and sentenced to death almost solely on the basis of confessions extracted through prolonged torture.
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Seven men under capital punishment (2016) Reprieve, a human rights defender organisation, published an investigative report in 2016 about British involvement in Bahrain's regime atrocity. The report says that seven innocent men are facing the death penalty in Bahrain after being tortured into false confessions of crimes. Sami Mushaima, Ali Al-Singace, Abbas Al-Samea (2017) executed On 15 January 2017, Bahraini authorities executed three torture victims following authorization by King Hamad. Sami Mushaima (42), Ali Al-Singace (21) and Abbas Al-Samea (27) were executed by firing squad. Bahrain security forces (a force that includes foreign national forces) arrested Sami Mushaima in March 2014 and held him incommunicado for at least 11 days. Security officials subjected Mushaima to beatings, electrocution, and sexual assault. His front teeth were severely damaged. Mushaima's family believes he was coerced into falsely confessing through the use of torture.
Forced confession. Seven men under capital punishment (2016) Reprieve, a human rights defender organisation, published an investigative report in 2016 about British involvement in Bahrain's regime atrocity. The report says that seven innocent men are facing the death penalty in Bahrain after being tortured into false confessions of crimes. Sami Mushaima, Ali Al-Singace, Abbas Al-Samea (2017) executed On 15 January 2017, Bahraini authorities executed three torture victims following authorization by King Hamad. Sami Mushaima (42), Ali Al-Singace (21) and Abbas Al-Samea (27) were executed by firing squad. Bahrain security forces (a force that includes foreign national forces) arrested Sami Mushaima in March 2014 and held him incommunicado for at least 11 days. Security officials subjected Mushaima to beatings, electrocution, and sexual assault. His front teeth were severely damaged. Mushaima's family believes he was coerced into falsely confessing through the use of torture.
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Sami Mushaima, Ali Al-Singace, and Abbas Al-Samea are all torture victims rendered stateless and condemned to death following unfair trials. Their executions have sparked widespread protests across the country. Maya Foa, a director of the international human rights group Reprieve, said: The European Union also condemned the sentences: "This case is a serious drawback given that Bahrain had suspended executions for ... (several) years, and concerns have been expressed about possible violations of the right to a fair process for the three convicted". Brazil Tainá Rape (2013) Four men were arrested and confessed to raping and killing a girl named Tainá who was crossing in front of the theme park where they worked. Later the police found that the girl was not raped and that the four men were tortured. 13 policemen were arrested, and the police chief fled. China
Forced confession. Sami Mushaima, Ali Al-Singace, and Abbas Al-Samea are all torture victims rendered stateless and condemned to death following unfair trials. Their executions have sparked widespread protests across the country. Maya Foa, a director of the international human rights group Reprieve, said: The European Union also condemned the sentences: "This case is a serious drawback given that Bahrain had suspended executions for ... (several) years, and concerns have been expressed about possible violations of the right to a fair process for the three convicted". Brazil Tainá Rape (2013) Four men were arrested and confessed to raping and killing a girl named Tainá who was crossing in front of the theme park where they worked. Later the police found that the girl was not raped and that the four men were tortured. 13 policemen were arrested, and the police chief fled. China
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China The People's Republic of China systematically employed forced televised confession against Chinese dissidents and workers of various human rights group in an attempt to discredit, smear and suppress dissident voices and activism. These scripted confessions, obtained with the person under duress and via torture, are broadcast on the state television. Notable victims includes Wang Yu, a female human rights lawyer, and Swedish citizen Peter Dahlin, an NGO worker and human rights activist. The owners of Causeway Bay BooksGui Minhai and Lam Wing-keewho were abducted by state security agents operating outside of Mainland China, also made such controversial confessions. Upon regaining his freedom, Lam detailed his abduction and detention, and recanted his confessions in Hong Kong to the media.
Forced confession. China The People's Republic of China systematically employed forced televised confession against Chinese dissidents and workers of various human rights group in an attempt to discredit, smear and suppress dissident voices and activism. These scripted confessions, obtained with the person under duress and via torture, are broadcast on the state television. Notable victims includes Wang Yu, a female human rights lawyer, and Swedish citizen Peter Dahlin, an NGO worker and human rights activist. The owners of Causeway Bay BooksGui Minhai and Lam Wing-keewho were abducted by state security agents operating outside of Mainland China, also made such controversial confessions. Upon regaining his freedom, Lam detailed his abduction and detention, and recanted his confessions in Hong Kong to the media.
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These televised confession and acts of contrition have been denounced as frauds by critics. Media organisations in China and in Hong Kong, including the South China Morning Post, which is owned by Alibaba, have been criticised for abetting the practice by circulating the "confessions" and in some cases even participating in them. Safeguard Defenders released a report in April 2018 in which 45 high-profile examples of the so-called confessions were broadcast between July 2013 and February 2018. More than half of the subjects were journalists, lawyers, and other individuals involved in promoting human rights in China. The confessions were mostly imposed on the subjects outside of the formal legal framework, in the absence of a trial, and without regard for the presumption of innocence under the Chinese law. Many of those forced to record confessions later explained in detail how the videos were carefully scripted and made under the watchful eyes of the agents of the security apparatus,
Forced confession. These televised confession and acts of contrition have been denounced as frauds by critics. Media organisations in China and in Hong Kong, including the South China Morning Post, which is owned by Alibaba, have been criticised for abetting the practice by circulating the "confessions" and in some cases even participating in them. Safeguard Defenders released a report in April 2018 in which 45 high-profile examples of the so-called confessions were broadcast between July 2013 and February 2018. More than half of the subjects were journalists, lawyers, and other individuals involved in promoting human rights in China. The confessions were mostly imposed on the subjects outside of the formal legal framework, in the absence of a trial, and without regard for the presumption of innocence under the Chinese law. Many of those forced to record confessions later explained in detail how the videos were carefully scripted and made under the watchful eyes of the agents of the security apparatus,
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the Chinese law. Many of those forced to record confessions later explained in detail how the videos were carefully scripted and made under the watchful eyes of the agents of the security apparatus, demonstrating their powerlessness once they are within the opaque Chinese legal system.
Forced confession. the Chinese law. Many of those forced to record confessions later explained in detail how the videos were carefully scripted and made under the watchful eyes of the agents of the security apparatus, demonstrating their powerlessness once they are within the opaque Chinese legal system.
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Islamic Republic of Iran According to at least two observers (Ervand Abrahamian, Nancy Updike), the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has systematically used false confessions extracted by torture. They have been used on a much larger scale than in Stalin's Soviet Union because the confessions could be videotaped and broadcast for purposes of propaganda. During the 1980s, television "recantation" shows were common on Iranian state television.
Forced confession. Islamic Republic of Iran According to at least two observers (Ervand Abrahamian, Nancy Updike), the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has systematically used false confessions extracted by torture. They have been used on a much larger scale than in Stalin's Soviet Union because the confessions could be videotaped and broadcast for purposes of propaganda. During the 1980s, television "recantation" shows were common on Iranian state television.
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Since eyewitness accounts were published documenting the use of torture in extracting confessions, the recantations and confessions have lost much (or some) of their propaganda impact. The practice of collecting confessions has continued, however, now used more to demoralize the opposition, gather information about them, and sow fear and distrust among the Iranian opposition as "recanters" accuse other opposition members. There were reportedly so many confessions coerced following the 2009 protest crackdown that "there's no way to film even a tiny percentage of them."
Forced confession. Since eyewitness accounts were published documenting the use of torture in extracting confessions, the recantations and confessions have lost much (or some) of their propaganda impact. The practice of collecting confessions has continued, however, now used more to demoralize the opposition, gather information about them, and sow fear and distrust among the Iranian opposition as "recanters" accuse other opposition members. There were reportedly so many confessions coerced following the 2009 protest crackdown that "there's no way to film even a tiny percentage of them."
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The public e'terafat in Iran are not simply confessions, but "political and ideological recantation(s)". They come in a variety of forms, "pretrial testimonials; in chest-beating letters; in mea culpa memoirs; press conferences, 'debates', and 'roundtable discussions, but most commonly in videotaped 'interviews' and 'conversations' aired on prime-time television." The standard form in the time of Ayatollah Khomeini began with an introduction hailing Imam Khomeini with all of his titles (Founder of the Islamic Republic, leader of the Islamic Revolution, etc.) The recanter "emphasised the interview was entirely voluntary and that the speaker had come forth willingly to warn others of the pitfalls awaiting them if they deviated from the Khatt-e Imam [line of the Imam] Then followed condemnation of the prisoner's organisation, beliefs, comrades. Ended with thanks to the wardens [for the opportunity to] see the light. It hoped that the sincere repentance and the Imam's compassion would
Forced confession. The public e'terafat in Iran are not simply confessions, but "political and ideological recantation(s)". They come in a variety of forms, "pretrial testimonials; in chest-beating letters; in mea culpa memoirs; press conferences, 'debates', and 'roundtable discussions, but most commonly in videotaped 'interviews' and 'conversations' aired on prime-time television." The standard form in the time of Ayatollah Khomeini began with an introduction hailing Imam Khomeini with all of his titles (Founder of the Islamic Republic, leader of the Islamic Revolution, etc.) The recanter "emphasised the interview was entirely voluntary and that the speaker had come forth willingly to warn others of the pitfalls awaiting them if they deviated from the Khatt-e Imam [line of the Imam] Then followed condemnation of the prisoner's organisation, beliefs, comrades. Ended with thanks to the wardens [for the opportunity to] see the light. It hoped that the sincere repentance and the Imam's compassion would
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of the prisoner's organisation, beliefs, comrades. Ended with thanks to the wardens [for the opportunity to] see the light. It hoped that the sincere repentance and the Imam's compassion would pave the way for forgiveness, redemption, ... [however, if] the Imam chose not to forgive, that too would be understandable in light of the enormity of the crimes."
Forced confession. of the prisoner's organisation, beliefs, comrades. Ended with thanks to the wardens [for the opportunity to] see the light. It hoped that the sincere repentance and the Imam's compassion would pave the way for forgiveness, redemption, ... [however, if] the Imam chose not to forgive, that too would be understandable in light of the enormity of the crimes."
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These recantations served as powerful propaganda not only for both the Iranian public at large but also for the recanter's former colleagues, for whom the denunciations were demoralising and confusing. From the moment they arrived in prison, through their interrogation prisoners were asked if they were willing to give an "interview". (mosahebah) "Some remained incarcerated even after serving their sentences simply because they declined the honour of being interviewed." While the constitution of the Islamic Republic explicitly outlaws shekanjeh (torture) and the use of coerced confessions, other laws are employed to allow coercion. Up to 74 lashings can be administered for 'lying to the authorities', and a defendant may be found guilty of lying by a cleric in the process of interrogating the defendant. Thus "clerical interrogators can give indefinite series of 74 lashings until they obtain 'honest answers.
Forced confession. These recantations served as powerful propaganda not only for both the Iranian public at large but also for the recanter's former colleagues, for whom the denunciations were demoralising and confusing. From the moment they arrived in prison, through their interrogation prisoners were asked if they were willing to give an "interview". (mosahebah) "Some remained incarcerated even after serving their sentences simply because they declined the honour of being interviewed." While the constitution of the Islamic Republic explicitly outlaws shekanjeh (torture) and the use of coerced confessions, other laws are employed to allow coercion. Up to 74 lashings can be administered for 'lying to the authorities', and a defendant may be found guilty of lying by a cleric in the process of interrogating the defendant. Thus "clerical interrogators can give indefinite series of 74 lashings until they obtain 'honest answers.
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Techniques used to extract confessions included whipping, most often on the soles of the feet; deprivation of sleep; suspension from the ceiling and high walls; twisting of forearms until they broke; crushing of hands and fingers between metal presses; insertion of sharp instruments under the fingernails; cigarette burns; submersion under water; standing in one place for hours on end; mock executions; and physical threats against family members. According to one defendant, "his interrogator kept on repeating throughout his torment 'This hadd punishment will continue until you give us a videotaped interview, "interview" being the term used for confession sessions.
Forced confession. Techniques used to extract confessions included whipping, most often on the soles of the feet; deprivation of sleep; suspension from the ceiling and high walls; twisting of forearms until they broke; crushing of hands and fingers between metal presses; insertion of sharp instruments under the fingernails; cigarette burns; submersion under water; standing in one place for hours on end; mock executions; and physical threats against family members. According to one defendant, "his interrogator kept on repeating throughout his torment 'This hadd punishment will continue until you give us a videotaped interview, "interview" being the term used for confession sessions.
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Forced confession
In June 2020, FIDH and its member organization Justice for Iran (JFI), in a 57-page report titled "Orwellian State: The Islamic Republic of Iran’s State Media as a Weapon of Mass Suppression", reported that between 2009 and 2019, Iranian state-owned media IRIB broadcast the forced confessions of about 355 individuals and defamatory content against at least 505 individuals. The report is the outcome of more than 1,500 hours of research and analysis of over 150 programs and 13 in-depth interviews with victims of forced confessions. Khmer Rouge In the 1970s, the Khmer Rouge used torture to force confessions and false implications from approximately 17,000 persons at the former Tuol Sleng high school. All but seven were either executed or died due to the mistreatment. The leaders of the interrogation and torture system of the Khmer Rouge were Mam Nai and Tang Sin Hean.
Forced confession. In June 2020, FIDH and its member organization Justice for Iran (JFI), in a 57-page report titled "Orwellian State: The Islamic Republic of Iran’s State Media as a Weapon of Mass Suppression", reported that between 2009 and 2019, Iranian state-owned media IRIB broadcast the forced confessions of about 355 individuals and defamatory content against at least 505 individuals. The report is the outcome of more than 1,500 hours of research and analysis of over 150 programs and 13 in-depth interviews with victims of forced confessions. Khmer Rouge In the 1970s, the Khmer Rouge used torture to force confessions and false implications from approximately 17,000 persons at the former Tuol Sleng high school. All but seven were either executed or died due to the mistreatment. The leaders of the interrogation and torture system of the Khmer Rouge were Mam Nai and Tang Sin Hean.
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Forced confession
Soviet Union In the Soviet Union, a series of show trials, known as the Moscow Show Trials, were orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the Great Purge of the late 1930s. More than 40 high-level political prisoners were sentenced either to the firing squad or to labour camps. The trials are today universally acknowledged to have used forced confessions, obtained through torture and threats against the defendants' families, to eliminate any potential political challengers to Stalin's authority. Spain The Crime of Cuenca (1910) Due to police torture, two men confessed to the murder of another man who had disappeared. Based solely on their confession, as no body had been recovered, they were convicted and sentenced to long jail terms. Years later the supposed victim reappeared in the small village, and it was proven that he had left voluntarily years before. United Kingdom Birmingham Six (1974)
Forced confession. Soviet Union In the Soviet Union, a series of show trials, known as the Moscow Show Trials, were orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the Great Purge of the late 1930s. More than 40 high-level political prisoners were sentenced either to the firing squad or to labour camps. The trials are today universally acknowledged to have used forced confessions, obtained through torture and threats against the defendants' families, to eliminate any potential political challengers to Stalin's authority. Spain The Crime of Cuenca (1910) Due to police torture, two men confessed to the murder of another man who had disappeared. Based solely on their confession, as no body had been recovered, they were convicted and sentenced to long jail terms. Years later the supposed victim reappeared in the small village, and it was proven that he had left voluntarily years before. United Kingdom Birmingham Six (1974)
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United Kingdom Birmingham Six (1974) The Birmingham Six were six men from Northern Ireland accused of carrying out the Birmingham pub bombings in 1974. After their arrest, four of the six confessed to the crime. These confessions were later claimed to be the result of intimidation and torture by police, including the use of dogs and mock executions. In 1991, after 17 years in prison, an appeal to their convictions was allowed. The evidence at hearing showed widespread police fabrication, suppression of evidence, and extreme irregularities in the relevant forensic evidence. All six individuals were released and awarded compensation of up to £1.2 million. As a result of this and other miscarriages of justice, a Royal Commission on Criminal Justice was established in March 1991 to create reforms and provide oversight to the process. Guildford Four (1974)
Forced confession. United Kingdom Birmingham Six (1974) The Birmingham Six were six men from Northern Ireland accused of carrying out the Birmingham pub bombings in 1974. After their arrest, four of the six confessed to the crime. These confessions were later claimed to be the result of intimidation and torture by police, including the use of dogs and mock executions. In 1991, after 17 years in prison, an appeal to their convictions was allowed. The evidence at hearing showed widespread police fabrication, suppression of evidence, and extreme irregularities in the relevant forensic evidence. All six individuals were released and awarded compensation of up to £1.2 million. As a result of this and other miscarriages of justice, a Royal Commission on Criminal Justice was established in March 1991 to create reforms and provide oversight to the process. Guildford Four (1974)
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Forced confession
As a result of the Guildford pub bombings carried out by Irish republican paramilitaries in 1974, four Irish individuals were charged and convicted of murder and terrorist activities. All had confessed to the crimes while in police custody but later retracted their statements. In their trial, they would claim that they had made false confessions, resulting from intimidation and torture by police. Seven relatives of one of the original four defendants were also convicted of terrorist activities in 1976. All of the individuals involved had their convictions quashed, by two rulings in 1989 and 1991, after having served up to 16 years in prison. These appeals investigations revealed large-scale deception and illegal activities undertaken by both the Metropolitan Police and the Crown Prosecution Service. In 2005 the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair, issued a public apology for the imprisonment of these persons, describing it as an 'injustice' and stating that "they deserve
Forced confession. As a result of the Guildford pub bombings carried out by Irish republican paramilitaries in 1974, four Irish individuals were charged and convicted of murder and terrorist activities. All had confessed to the crimes while in police custody but later retracted their statements. In their trial, they would claim that they had made false confessions, resulting from intimidation and torture by police. Seven relatives of one of the original four defendants were also convicted of terrorist activities in 1976. All of the individuals involved had their convictions quashed, by two rulings in 1989 and 1991, after having served up to 16 years in prison. These appeals investigations revealed large-scale deception and illegal activities undertaken by both the Metropolitan Police and the Crown Prosecution Service. In 2005 the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair, issued a public apology for the imprisonment of these persons, describing it as an 'injustice' and stating that "they deserve
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Service. In 2005 the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair, issued a public apology for the imprisonment of these persons, describing it as an 'injustice' and stating that "they deserve to be completely and publicly exonerated".
Forced confession. Service. In 2005 the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair, issued a public apology for the imprisonment of these persons, describing it as an 'injustice' and stating that "they deserve to be completely and publicly exonerated".
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United States Since 2001, as part of its War on Terror the United States using the CIA operates a network of off shore prisons, called black sites, probably the most well-known of which is Guantánamo Bay detention camp. State officials have admitted to the press and in court to be using various torture techniques (authorised by the District attorney) to interrogate suspects of terrorism, sometimes after forced disappearance or extraordinary rendition by the United States. When these systematic acts were made public by the international media, the European Union, United Nations, the international press and various human rights movements condemned their practice. The US Supreme Court did not discontinue their usage and repeatedly ruled against hearing from those that underwent forced confessions, even after they were found innocent, claiming that a trial would constitute a breach of national security.
Forced confession. United States Since 2001, as part of its War on Terror the United States using the CIA operates a network of off shore prisons, called black sites, probably the most well-known of which is Guantánamo Bay detention camp. State officials have admitted to the press and in court to be using various torture techniques (authorised by the District attorney) to interrogate suspects of terrorism, sometimes after forced disappearance or extraordinary rendition by the United States. When these systematic acts were made public by the international media, the European Union, United Nations, the international press and various human rights movements condemned their practice. The US Supreme Court did not discontinue their usage and repeatedly ruled against hearing from those that underwent forced confessions, even after they were found innocent, claiming that a trial would constitute a breach of national security.
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A famous case is that of Khalid El-Masri. He appealed several times aided by different international human rights movements and lawyers, yet the US Supreme Court retained its usage of forced confession techniques, and denied a hearing of the evidence. Brown v. Mississippi (1936) The United States Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Mississippi (1936) established conclusively that confessions extracted through the use of physical brutality violate the Due Process Clause. In this case, defendants Arthur Ellington, Ed Brown and Henry Shields (three black tenant farmers) had been convicted and sentenced to death in Mississippi for the murder of Raymond Stewart (a white planter) on 30 March 1934. The convictions had been based solely on confessions obtained through violence:
Forced confession. A famous case is that of Khalid El-Masri. He appealed several times aided by different international human rights movements and lawyers, yet the US Supreme Court retained its usage of forced confession techniques, and denied a hearing of the evidence. Brown v. Mississippi (1936) The United States Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Mississippi (1936) established conclusively that confessions extracted through the use of physical brutality violate the Due Process Clause. In this case, defendants Arthur Ellington, Ed Brown and Henry Shields (three black tenant farmers) had been convicted and sentenced to death in Mississippi for the murder of Raymond Stewart (a white planter) on 30 March 1934. The convictions had been based solely on confessions obtained through violence:
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The Supreme Court concluded: "It would be difficult to conceive of methods more revolting to the sense of justice than those taken to procure the confessions of these petitioners, and the use of the confessions thus obtained as the basis for conviction and sentence was a clear denial of due process ... In the instant case, the trial court was fully advised by the undisputed evidence of the way in which the confessions had been procured ... The court thus denied a federal right fully established and specially set up and claimed, and the judgment must be reversed." See also Castellania False confession Perjury Right to silence Struggle session (Maoist China) Forced Confessions References Torture Ethically disputed judicial practices Confession (law)
Forced confession. The Supreme Court concluded: "It would be difficult to conceive of methods more revolting to the sense of justice than those taken to procure the confessions of these petitioners, and the use of the confessions thus obtained as the basis for conviction and sentence was a clear denial of due process ... In the instant case, the trial court was fully advised by the undisputed evidence of the way in which the confessions had been procured ... The court thus denied a federal right fully established and specially set up and claimed, and the judgment must be reversed." See also Castellania False confession Perjury Right to silence Struggle session (Maoist China) Forced Confessions References Torture Ethically disputed judicial practices Confession (law)
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Fetus-X
Fetus-X was a weekly romantic horror comic written and drawn by Eric Millikin and Casey Sorrow. Millikin is an American artist and former human anatomy lab embalmer and dissectionist. Sorrow is an internationally known American illustrator and printmaker. Fetus-X has been published in newspapers, books, and as a webcomic since late 1999. The first Fetus-X comics were drawn by artist Casey Sorrow, who later left to create the comic Feral Calf. The storylines of Fetus-X generally revolve around Millikin's use of the occult in both romantic relationships and battles with various ghosts, demons, aliens, and monsters. The artwork is mixed media, combining expressionist paintings with found objects. The text is often written in free verse. Early comics are in black and white, but after 2002 most are full color.
Fetus-X. Fetus-X was a weekly romantic horror comic written and drawn by Eric Millikin and Casey Sorrow. Millikin is an American artist and former human anatomy lab embalmer and dissectionist. Sorrow is an internationally known American illustrator and printmaker. Fetus-X has been published in newspapers, books, and as a webcomic since late 1999. The first Fetus-X comics were drawn by artist Casey Sorrow, who later left to create the comic Feral Calf. The storylines of Fetus-X generally revolve around Millikin's use of the occult in both romantic relationships and battles with various ghosts, demons, aliens, and monsters. The artwork is mixed media, combining expressionist paintings with found objects. The text is often written in free verse. Early comics are in black and white, but after 2002 most are full color.
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