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» Japanese university students reveal the part-time jobs they'd most like to have
Japanese university students reveal the part-time jobs they'd most like to have
Oona McGee May 19, 2017
The top ten results show which companies appeal most to young students.
For many young people in Japan, going to university means moving away from family, relocating to a new area, and setting up a new life, which comes with the added responsibility of having to fork out money for textbooks, bills, and other miscellaneous expenses.
To cope with the financial burden, many students seek out part-time employment, known as "arubaito" or simply "baito" in Japanese. Naturally, if you're looking to juggle full-time study with part-time work, the ideal situation would be to find employment with a dream company that makes working a breeze.
With that in mind, the Connecting Work Styles Research Institute conducted a survey, where they asked 1,000 university students to identify the company they most wanted to seek out part-time employment with. Let's take a look at the top 10 results below!
10. Uniqlo
Working at a clothing store is often a popular choice among young people, especially when you're at an age where a lot of your money goes towards adding fashionable threads to your wardrobe. With locations all around the country, Uniqlo is known for its reasonable prices, modern stores, and relaxed atmosphere, all points which appeal to university students looking for part-time employment.
9. Aeon
Many young people in Japan will have fond memories of hanging out at Aeon shopping malls in their hometowns with friends and family. While a part-time job here would feel more like going on a shopping trip rather than putting your nose to the grindstone, the more likely reason for this entry is the fact that a university in Gifu recently offered students the chance to earn credits while working part-time in paid internships at Aeon.
8. Family Mart
Japan's top three convenience store chains appear on the list, with Family Mart ranking just behind the other two. We're not sure why it comes in at third place, though. We'd want to work there specifically for their iconic door jingle.
7. Muji
Muji, formally known as Mujirushi Ryouhin, which translates as "no-logo goods" in English, is a chain of retail stores in Japan which sells everything from stationery to furniture. It's another one-stop store that comes in handy for university students looking to shop and work in the one place.
6. 7-Eleven
7-Eleven comes in second on the list of convenience store chains that students would choose to work in part-time. Perhaps it misses out on first place because they heard about the staff member who worked there with a bag on his head.
5. Lawson
Coming in as the convenience store of choice for part-time job seekers at university is Lawson. There are many reasons to love Lawson: they're environmentally conscious, they offer cancer screenings, and there's even a chance you might bump into a family of ducks if you work there.
4. McDonald's
From Amazon founder Jeff Bezos to Andy Card, the Chief of Staff under George W. Bush, plenty of successful people got their start at McDonald's. In Japan, the global juggernaut is just as popular with young people looking to earn some cash, especially when they have so many cute Happy Meal toys and Japan-exclusive seasonal items on the menu.
3. Universal Studios Japan
Spend your days at a theme park and get paid for it at the same time? The popularity of this entry, at number three on the list, is a no-brainer.
2. Tokyo Disney Resort
The only thing that could beat a paid job at Universal Studios in Osaka is a job at Tokyo Disney Resort, where you get to enjoy the privilege of experiencing everything that goes on at the park behind-the-scenes. The only trouble with working at a place like this is getting so carried away with the dream that you forget to pay attention to your studies.
1. Starbucks
At number one on the list of places that university students most want to work part-time is Starbucks. With its hip vibe and beautiful locations, the global coffeehouse chain is insanely popular in Japan, and a chance to work in that environment, while getting to enjoy their many limited-edition Frappuccino and drinkware releases, would be a dream come true for many university students.
So there you have it, the top 10 places that appeal to uni students looking for part-time work in Japan. According to the company that conducted the survey, the results indicate a shift away from the usual priorities of time, salary, and location to a focus on work, environment and companions as markers of a desirable job.
When you're studying and working at the same time, how you spend your working hours and who you spend them with is definitely an important deciding factor.
Featured image: Pakutaso, Pakutaso
Insert images: Wikpedia (Kirakirameister), Wikipedia/Corpse Reviver
[ Read in Japanese ]
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Ayurveda emphasise on adopting a suitable diet, lifestyle, right thought, right speech, right action….. often it can feel overwhelming adopting changes but once the changes are made it can make you fee so much better.
Ayurveda will help you to embrace change, to become the best version of YOURSELF.
3) I walk down the same street. There is a deep hole in the sidewalk. I see it is there. I still fall in… it's a habit. My eyes are open. I know where I am. It is my fault. I get out immediately.
A beautiful poem to reflect on.
With love Karin and your Lakshmi Ayurveda team.
Yoga with Nari at 6.30am in our beautiful Yoga garden and Lakshmi's shop will be open from 8am – 2pm.
What Should I be Eating? An Ayurvedic Perspective.
Tongue Health How Much Should I Be Eating? | {
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Blickling Homilies
Edition and Translation
Richard J. Kelly (Author)
Ebook (PDF) £54.16 £43.33
Ebook (PDF) - £̶5̶4̶.̶1̶6̶, £43.33
Please note that this product is not available for purchase from Bloomsbury websites.
The Blickling Homilies date from the end of the tenth century and form one of the earliest extant collections of English vernacular homiletic writings. The homiletic texts survive in a composite codex consisting of Municipal Entries for the Council of Lincoln (14th - 17th century), a Calendar (mid 15th century), Gospel Oaths (early 14th century), and the eighteen homiletic texts that are based on the yearly liturgical cycle. The Blickling Homilies are an important literary milestone in the early evolution of the English prose. The manuscript, in the collection of William H. Scheide housed in Princeton University Library (MS. 71, s.x/xi), was published in facsimile by Rudolph Willard in 1960 as Volume 10 of Early English Manuscripts in Facsimile, Copenhagen. It is the only Anglo-Saxon MS still in private ownership, and together with The Blickling Psalter are the only two Anglo-Saxon MSS in the Americas. The only previous edition of The Blickling Homilies is by Richard Morris, published in three volumes in 1874, 1876, & 1880 (reprinted as one volume in 1967). This new edition makes a number of corrections where Morris's manuscript reading is in error. The English translations are modernized and made more accurate. The original text and facing-page translation have been formatted into paragraphs, which are hoped to further and aid comprehension. Finally, the text and translation are accompanied by a general introduction, textual notes on each homiletic text, tables and charts, and a select bibliography.
Read an extract of Blickling Homilies
1. General introduction
2. Text and facing page translation in modern English
3. Textual notes
4. Tables and charts
5. Select bibliography
Richard J. Kelly
Richard J. Kelly is a Professor and Head of Depart…
..this collection nicely exemplifies the potential interest of Old English homilies for revealing and illuminating specificities of Anglo-Saxon society and culture that would otherwise be lost to the modern world.- Speculum, April 2005
The European Roman d'Analyse
Adele Kudish
Medieval Literature on Display
Alexandra Sterling-Hellenbrand
Narrative in the Icelandic Family Saga
Heather O'Donoghue
Women, Writing and Religion in England and Beyond, 650–1100
Diane Watt
Names and Naming in 'Beowulf'
Philip A. Shaw
Barbara Reynolds
Medieval Afterlives in Contemporary Culture
Gail Ashton
Dante's Sacred Poem
Sheila J. Nayar
Medieval English Literature
Beatrice Fannon
An Introduction to Medieval English Literature
Anna Baldwin
Intercultural Transmission in the Medieval Mediterranean
Stephanie L. Hathaway
Rewriting the Old Testament in Anglo-Saxon Verse
Samantha Zacher
Selected Writings of Fulke Greville
Fulke Greville
Four Tudor Interludes
J. A. B. Somerset
Medieval Literature and Civilization
D. A. Pearsall
Enchanted Ground
Arthur Johnston
Chaucer and Langland
George Kane
The Mode and Meaning of 'Beowulf'
Margaret E. Goldsmith
Tudor Verse Satire
K. W. Gransden
Piers Plowman
Celibate Marriages in Late Antique and Byzantine Hagiography
Anne P. Alwis
Dante and the Sense of Transgression
William Franke
The Later Middle Ages
Carolyn P. Collette
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admin. Baby Bedding. June 04th , 2018.
) pictures, please kindly follow us on tweets, path, Instagram and google plus, or you mark this page on bookmark area, We attempt to present you up-date regularly with fresh and new pics, like your surfing, and find the ideal for you. | {
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Children are especially sensitive to toxins in the water.
Children are much more sensitive to chemicals in the water supply than adults. A child's brain continues to grow after birth, and this development process is very sensitive to chemical interference. Research now suggests that a single small dose of a chemical on a critical day of development can cause permanent learning disorders*. Now you can show parents that your preschool is the market leader in protecting their children from toxins that could be present in your tap water. Our premium water distillers allow you to provide your children with fresh, distilled water, the safest drinking and cooking water available.
The Pure Water PRTX-6Z Package is a complete package for mid to large size preschools and daycare centers that includes a turnkey, premium water distiller, three water dispensers and a complete promotional package. Now you can provide your children with fresh, distilled water, which is the best protection against chemicals in the water supply.
With the full assortment of promotional posters, bookmarks, and table-tents you can fully leverage your investment to increase your sales.
Produces great tasting, fresh, distilled water.
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Package includes a commercial water distiller, automatic water softener, a hook-up kit with tubing and fittings, three water dispensers and promotional kit.
Rated Distilled Water Production: 50 US gallons (189 liters) per day.
High-purity tubing and fittings for a standard installation.
The Pure Water PRTX-3Z Package is a complete package for small to mid-sized preschools and daycare centers that includes a turnkey, premium water distiller, a water dispenser and a complete promotional package. Now you can provide your children with fresh, distilled water, which is the best the protection against chemicals in the water supply.
Package includes a commercial water distiller, automatic water softener, a hook-up kit with tubing and fittings, one water dispenser and promotional kit. | {
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If you've been planning a trip to South America, or even if you haven't, this is one destination you can't help but add to your bucket list. Buenos Aires, Argentina's El Ateneo Grand Splendid, a 100-year-old theater, is now a bookstore, and it's absolutely gorgeous. Seriously, I'm about to pull a From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler and just go live there.
The Grand Splendid was originally a tango theater, built in 1919, then called the Teatro Grand Splendid. Ten years later, it was converted into a cinema house, which just so happened to be the first in the country to show talking pictures. In 2000, Argentine publishing house El Ateneo — which, having been founded in 1912, is older than the theater itself — acquired the Grand Splendid and renovated it for ARS $3 million, or about $200,000 U.S.
Its conversion from theater to bookstore gave the Grand Splendid a new life, quite literally. The antique building was slated for demolition just before the publisher leased it.
Today, the El Ateneo Grand Splendid welcomes more than 1 million visitors every year. Patrons enjoy live piano music from the theater stage as they snuggle into their reading nooks. On the weekends, the Grand Splendid stays open until Midnight, as, obviously, every bookstore should. If you need a copy of La Chica del Tren or Harry Potter y el Legado Maldito, why not venture to the most beautiful place on earth to buy it?
Now, if you'll excuse me, I have a plane ticket to buy. | {
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Antarctica (Environmental Protection) Regulations 2006
This version was replaced on 25 May 2017 to make corrections to Schedules 1 and 2 under section 25(1)(j)(ii) of the Legislation Act 2012.
Reprint as at 20 June 2008
Silvia Cartwright, Governor-General
At Wellington this 1st day of May 2006
The Antarctica (Environmental Protection) Regulations 2006 are administered by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
Pursuant to section 55 of the Antarctica (Environmental Protection) Act 1994, Her Excellency the Governor-General, acting on the advice and with the consent of the Executive Council, makes the following regulations.
4 Antarctic Specially Managed Areas
5 Antarctic Specially Protected Areas
6 Historic Sites and Historic Monuments
Antarctic Specially Managed Areas
Antarctic Specially Protected Areas
Historic Sites and Historic Monuments
These regulations are the Antarctica (Environmental Protection) Regulations 2006.
These regulations come into force on the 28th day after the date of their notification in the Gazette.
Act means the Antarctica (Environmental Protection) Act 1994
ASMA means Antarctic Specially Managed Area
ASPA means Antarctic Specially Protected Area.
The areas specified in Schedule 1 are Antarctic Specially Managed Areas within the meaning of section 26 of the Act.
The areas specified in Schedule 2 are Antarctic Specially Protected Areas within the meaning of section 26 of the Act.
The Historic Site listed in Schedule 3 is an Historic Site within the meaning of section 26 of the Act.
The Historic Monument listed in Schedule 3 is an Historic Monument within the meaning of section 26 of the Act.
Schedule 1 Antarctic Specially Managed Areas
1 McMurdo Dry Valleys, Southern Victoria Land: ASMA No 2, 77°S, 162°E
The boundary of the area is delineated by the following features (starting at the north-west corner and moving counter-clockwise):
the north-west tip of Allan Nunatak (76.7167°S, 159.6667°E), Carapace Nunatak (76.8833°S, 159.4°E), Mt. De Witt (77.2°S, 159.8333°E), the western edge of Horseshoe Mountain (77.5667°S, 159.95°E), Depot Nunatak (77.75°S, 160.0667°E), the southern most peak of the Lashly Mountains (77.9606°S, 159.5603°E), Mt. Kempe (78.3167°S, 162.7167°E), the Pyramid (78.35°S, 163.5°E), the east side of Heald Island (78.25°S, 163.8167°E), DeMaster Point (off the eastern end of Marshall Valley, 78.0792°S, 164.4131°E), north along the coast following the mean low tide level to the east side of Tripp Island (76.6333°S, 162.7°E), the southern edge of Fry Glacier (76.6333°S, 162.3°E), and again the north-west tip of Allan Nunatak (76.7167°S, 159.6667°E).
2 Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay, George V Land: ASMA No 3, 67°00′13″S–67°00′50″S, 142°40′00.1″E–142°41′27″E
The area extends from Land's End (67°00′46″S, 142°39′24″E) in the west, along the coastline to the northern tip of the western shore of Boat Harbour (67°00′24″S, 142°39′28″E), across the mouth of Boat Harbour (in a straight north-easterly diagonal) to the northern tip of Penguin Knob (67°00′17″S, 142°39′31″E) on the eastern shore of Boat Harbour, and then along the coastline in a south-easterly direction down to John O'Groats (67°00′47″S, 142°41′27″E). The southern boundary extends in a straight line from Land's End to John O'Groats along latitude 67°00′47″S. With the exception of the boundary across the mouth of Boat Harbour, the northern coastal boundary extends to that land above the lowest tide.
Schedule 2 Antarctic Specially Protected Areas
1 Litchfield Island, Arthur Harbour, Anvers Island, Palmer Archipelago, Antarctic Peninsula: ASPA No 113, 64°46′15″S, 64°05′40″W, 0.35 km2
The area encompasses all of Litchfield Island above the low tide water level, excluding all offshore islets and rocks.
2 Arrival Heights, Hut Point Peninsula, Ross Island: ASPA No 122
The boundary of the area extends in a straight line from Trig T510 NW over First Crater to the 150 m contour. The boundary follows this contour north to a point immediately west of Second Crater. The boundary extends east to Second Crater, the lip of which forms the NE corner of the area. The boundary then extends south in a straight line to Trig T510.
3 Biscoe Point, Anvers Island, Palmer Archipelago, Antarctic Peninsula: ASPA No 139, 64°48′47″S, 63°47′41″W
The area includes all land above the low tide water level of the main island on which Biscoe Point is situated (0.53 km2), all offshore islets and rocks within 100 m of the shore of this main island, and most of the predominantly ice-free promontory 300 m to the north (0.1 km2).
The landward (eastern) boundary on the northern promontory bisects the peninsula at the point where it protrudes from Anvers Island, distinguished by a small bay cutting into the glacier in the south and a similar, although less pronounced, coastline feature in the north. The total area including the main island and the northern promontory is approximately 0.63 km2.
4 Svarthamaren, Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land: ASPA No 142
Svarthamaren stretches from approximately 71°33′17″S, 5°09′12″E in the north-west to approximately 71°55′58″S, 5°15′12″E in the south-east.
The Norwegian field station Tor (located in the Svarthamaren Nunatak at latitude 71°53′S, longitude 5°10′E), including a 10-metre buffer zone around the station buildings, is excluded from the Svarthamaren area. Access to the station is by the shortest route from the ice.
5 Mawson's Huts, Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay, George V Land, East Antarctica: ASPA No 162
Mawson's Huts covers 4 areas. Each area consists of 1 hut and a 5-metre buffer zone extending from the perimeter of the hut. The locations of the huts are as follows:
Main Hut: 67°00′31″S, 142°39′39″E:
Transit Hut: 67°00′30″S, 142°39′42″E:
Absolute Magnetic Hut: 67°00′23″S, 142°39′48″E:
Magnetograph House: 67°00′21″S, 142°39′37″E.
Schedule 3 Historic Sites and Historic Monuments
1 Historic Site: Cape Denison, Site No 77, 67°00′30″S, 142°39′40″E
Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay, George V Land, including Boat Harbour and the historic artefacts contained within its waters.
2 Historic Monument: Memorial plaque, Site No 78, 71°45′08″S, 11°12′30″E
Memorial plaque at India Point, Humboldt Mountains, Wohlthat Massif, central Dronning Maud Land. The plaque was erected in memory of 3 scientists of the Geological Survey of India and a communication technician from the Indian Navy.
Diane Morcom,Clerk of the Executive Council.
These regulations, which come into force on the 28th day after the date of their notification in the Gazette, specify areas of Antarctica that, for the purposes of the Antarctica (Environmental Protection) Act 1994, are—
Antarctic Specially Managed Areas:
Antarctic Specially Protected Areas:
Historic Sites:
Historic Monuments.
These regulations give effect to Measures 1 to 3 (2004) of the twenty-seventh Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (Cape Town).
Issued under the authority of the Acts and Regulations Publication Act 1989.
Date of notification in Gazette: 4 May 2006.
This is a reprint of the Antarctica (Environmental Protection) Regulations 2006. The reprint incorporates all the amendments to the Antarctica (Environmental Protection) Regulations 2006 as at 20 June 2008, as specified in the list of amendments at the end of these notes.
Relevant provisions of any amending enactments that have yet to come into force or that contain relevant transitional or savings provisions are also included, after the principal enactment, in chronological order.
A number of editorial conventions are followed in the preparation of reprints. For example, the enacting words are not included in Acts, and provisions that are repealed or revoked are omitted. For a detailed list of the editorial conventions, see http://www.pco.parliament.govt.nz/legislation/reprints.shtml or Part 8 of the Tables of Acts and Ordinances and Statutory Regulations, and Deemed Regulations in Force. | {
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News of the Day From Around the World, Dec. 2
US & World // World
Chronicle News Services Dec. 1, 2019 Updated: Dec. 1, 2019 7:47 p.m.
1Mexico violence: Security forces on Sunday killed seven more members of a presumed cartel assault force that rolled into a town near the Texas border and staged an hour-long attack, officials said, putting the overall death toll at 20. The Coahuila state government said in a statement that lawmen aided by helicopters were still chasing remnants of the force that arrived in a convoy of pickup trucks and attacked the city hall of Villa Union on Saturday. Gov. Miguel Angel Riquelme said authorities had determined the casualty count from the gunbattles stood at 14 gunmen dead and four police officers killed. He said two civilians also were slain by gunmen after being abducted.
2Stabbing attack: Dutch police said Sunday that they have not found any indication of a terrorist motive in a stabbing attack in a busy shopping district in The Hague that injured three teenagers. A 35-year-old homeless man has been arrested in Friday night's assault that injured two 15-year-old girls and a 13-year-old boy. All three were treated and released from a hospital. The attack came hours after a convicted terrorist wearing a fake explosive vest stabbed to death two people and wounded three others in London, before he was fatally shot by officers.
3Malta politics: Prime Minister Joseph Muscat said Sunday night that he will resign in January after pressure from citizens for the truth about the 2017 car bombing that killed a journalist. Hours earlier, thousands of Maltese protested in the capital, Valletta, demanding that he step down. Prominent businessman Yorgen Fenech on Saturday was arraigned on charges of alleged complicity in the killing of Daphne Caruana Galizia. Fenech entered pleas of innocence. Muscat's former chief of staff, Keith Schembri, was linked to the killing. Schembri was among government members targeted by Caruana Galizia's investigative reporting. Schembri denies wrongdoing.
4Civilians killed: A U.S. drone strike on a car carrying a woman who had recently given birth in southeastern Afghanistan killed five people, including the mother, three of her relatives and the driver, Afghan officials and family members said Sunday. The strike in Khost province occurred either late Friday night or early Saturday, they said. The woman, Malana, 25, had given birth to a son at home. But her health had deteriorated soon after and relatives had taken her to a clinic. On their way home, their vehicle was hit. The baby was safe at home. The U.S. military command in Afghanistan confirmed a strike in Khost, saying three Taliban fighters had been killed. But the military said the strike occurred Thursday. "We are aware of the allegations of civilian casualties and working with local authorities to determine the veracity of these claims," said Col. Sonny Leggett, a military spokesman.
5Suriname leader: The president of Suriname returned Sunday from a trip abroad just days after a court convicted him in the 1982 killings of 15 political opponents and sentenced him to 20 years in prison. More than 1,500 supporters who were transported by bus greeted Desi Bouterse as he arrived from an official trip to China. Bouterse declined comment on the court's decision except to say it was a political verdict. He said he is most focused on the May 2020 elections. The court did not issue an arrest order after its historic verdict Friday. Bouterse had been scheduled to visit Cuba on Monday but canceled the trip.
Chronicle News Services
Disappointing numbers for annual coho salmon run in western Marin County
Grammys CEO Deborah Dugan put on 'administrative leave' over misconduct...
Trump's impeachment trial begins, senators vowing 'impartial justice' | {
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Home News FIRST CASE STUDY SHOWS TRANSGENDER WOMEN CAN BREASTFEED
FIRST CASE STUDY SHOWS TRANSGENDER WOMEN CAN BREASTFEED
The first scientific case study has been published describing how a US transgender woman was able to breastfeed her adopted infant by taking hormones that induce lactation.
But experts say more research is needed to determine if the milk is nutritious and safe for babies.
The report in the journal Transgender Health describes a 30-year-old transgender woman who was born male and had been taking feminizing hormone therapy for six years. She had not undergone any genital or breast surgeries.
She sought medical advice because her partner was pregnant but was not interested in breastfeeding "and she hoped to take on the role of being the primary food source for her infant," said the report, led by researchers at Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine in New York.
The patient followed a regimen previously shown to induce lactation in women, including increased estradiol and progesterone, and was told to use a breast pump for five minutes per breast three times a day.
She also obtained an anti-nausea drug called domperidone from Canada that is used off-label to boost milk production.
Domperidone is not approved in the United States, due to the US Food and Drug Administration's concern that it may lead to cardiac arrest — and its unknown risks to breastfeeding infants.
"Three and a half months after she started the regimen, the baby was born," said the report.
"The patient breastfed exclusively for six weeks," then began to supplement feedings with formula due to "concerns about insufficient milk volume."
The baby's growth and feeding habits were all normal, said the report.
Experts say infants should be breastfed exclusively for the first year of life and longer if possible, due to the health benefits of mother's milk which far exceed formula.
But it's too early to say whether the transgender approach is safe and nutritious for infants, said Madeline Deutsch, clinical director of the University of California, San Francisco Center of Excellence for Transgender Health.
"I wouldn't do it," said Deutsch, herself a transgender woman and parent to a six-month-old baby who is breastfed by Deutsch's wife, who was also the gestational carrier.
"The number one concern for me would be the nutritional quality," she told AFP.
Also, the hormones involved in inducing lactation can lead to mood swings and weight gain, which can be a deterrent for some people, she said.
A bit more research could easily shed light on the nutritional quality of the breast milk, and the safety of the hormones needed to produce it.
Besides, Deutsch said, efforts to coax transgender women to lactate have been going on informally within the transgender community for some time.
"I need to be honest with you, this has been happening for at least 10 to 15 years at least to my knowledge," she told AFP.
"This is just the first time somebody wrote it up."
As for whether fathers might one day decide to produce breast milk for their babies, Deutsch said that prospect seems far-fetched.
"I think it would be pretty unlikely that there would be too many men who are happy as men lining up to induce lactation," she said.
"Because the hormones involved would feminize the body significantly."
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Home Business News Markets
Where business is easy in Southeast Asia
Tech and Education
by Justin Calderon - Jun 21, 2012
Singapore tops the Ease of Doing Business list of 24 Asia-Pacific countries
When it comes to doing business in Southeast Asia, Singapore has consistently topped rankings as being one of the most conducive countries to acquire construction permits, resolve insolvency issues and trade across borders. As the most business-friendly destination not only in Southeast Asia but the world, according to the latest Doing Business report compiled by the World Bank, Singapore is also ranked second globally for protecting investors, just behind New Zealand.
The frenetic paperwork involved with registering for licenses, hiring employees and getting utilities is made relatively easy in Thailand and Malaysia as well, according to the World Bank. Both countries are ranked second and third respectively in the East Asia and Pacific region for overall ease of doing business. In the same regional ranking, which consists of 24 countries including various pacific islands, Singapore is ranked first in terms of starting a business, followed by Malaysia (6), Thailand (8), Laos (10), Vietnam (13), Brunei (18), Indonesia (21), the Philippines (23) and Cambodia (24). Once-isolated Myanmar is not included in the report, but the recent inundation of businessmen plying business cards in Yangon ready to take advantage of historical reforms indicates a welcoming business atmosphere, if altogether nascent.
Setting up shop in Malaysia and Thailand is made easy through well-developed legal frameworks and processes for business licensing procedures. A proclivity for adapting to the latest online trends makes both destinations promising hubs for entrepreneurship: Bangkok has the world's most active Facebook users, and Malaysia enjoys a 62 per cent Internet penetration rate, said to reach 77 per cent by 2015, according to the Economic Intelligence Unit.
Settling just below Singapore and Hong Kong in the region, Malaysia and Thailand are ranked third and fourth respectively for protecting investors in the Doing Business report. This business indicator measures just how strong a voice minority shareholders have and whether or not there are already obscure policies set in place to allow directors to profit off of company assets for personal gain. However, though highly ranked in the region, transparency issues and corruption are still a natural way of life in much of the Southeast Asian business world, and foreign investors must be able to accept some risk to enter. That being said, Thailand comes out so prominently on this list due to positive signals given to the market by anti-corruption initiatives, such as Thailand's National Anti-Corruption Commission, which boasts nearly 60 of the country's largest firms as members.
Next on the list for protecting investors is Indonesia (7), which, though once known for a distinct breed of world-class corruption, is now galloping ahead as a come-of-age investment darling in the region. Cambodia is ranked 12th, followed by Brunei (17), the Philippines (18), Vietnam (21) and Laos (24).
Click here for Inside Investor's newest Special Country Report on Myanmar
[caption id="attachment_3476" align="alignleft" width="300"] Singapore tops the Ease of Doing Business list of 24 Asia-Pacific countries[/caption] When it comes to doing business in Southeast Asia, Singapore has consistently topped rankings as being one of the most conducive countries to acquire construction permits, resolve insolvency issues and trade across borders. As the most business-friendly destination not only in Southeast Asia but the world, according to the latest Doing Business report compiled by the World Bank, Singapore is also ranked second globally for protecting investors, just behind New Zealand. The frenetic paperwork involved with registering for licenses, hiring employees and getting utilities...
Economic Intelligence Unit
export trade
import trade
online trends
Thailand's National Anti-Corruption Commission
Export volumes in ASEAN under pressure
G20 pledges to strengthen global economy
Imran Jun 21, 2012 at 7:36 am
Singapore along with Hong Kong are far and away ahead in facilitating the needs of those looking to set up shop | {
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As anwbie, I want to understand the model for canon. Then there's the choice between full frame and crop frame and understanding the two.
So for first time buyers of camera, unless you opt for nikon, I think these info will surely guide you.
btw i'm not new with slr coz i have a very kind friend with 1000d that i always borrow. But having my own camera, this is first time.
But having my own camera, this is first time.
Recommend an inconspicious camera bag?
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When we lived in Arkansas during the '80s and '90s, I learned hw to make corned beef, and pastrami. The corned beef process is pretty easy, but the pastrami is a little more challenging, as you need a smoker.
Making pastrami isn't all that different.
First, you need a whole or a cut of brisket, preferably well seamed with fat. That latter requirement might be the challenging part here in Mexico, where beef tends to be very lean.
Second, you need a large, food-safe, heavy, closable plastic bag and some heavy duty aluminum foil.
Third, a space in the refrigerator sufficiently large enough to hold the curing pastrami for some time.
Fourth, a cool smoke smoker.
Optional, a loaf of Jewish style sour rye bread, preferably with caraway seeds. (This is more challenging to make than the pastrami, but it's happening as I write.) Also, some half sour Kosher style dill cucumber pickles. These are not too hard to make, other than getting the proper cucumbers to pickle. Some dark and spicy mustard would be nice, and that's not too hard to find in places like Trico or Superama in Morelia. Or you can make your own.
My Source for these foods is the out of print book, "Better Than Store Bought", by Helen Witty and Elizabeth Schneider Colchie.
Here's the recipe for pastrami, from Page 28 of that book.
1. With a trussing or darning needle threaded with twine, take a stitch through the narrow end of the meat.
Bring out both ends of the string and make a lop about 3 inches long for hanging.
2. Mix the salt, brown sugar, ginger, pepper, garlic and coriander and optional red pepper (chile) flakes. Massage the mixture well into every surface of the meat, coating it evenly. Wrap the coated meat well in heavy duty aluminum foil. and then enclose it in a plastic bag.
Refrigerate the meat for 8 to 12 days, turning it daily.
3. Remove the seasoned meat from the package, patting on any seasonings that may have fallen off.
Hang it by its neck loop in a breezy spot (70º F. or less) or in front of an electric fan.. Let it dry for 24 hours.
Preheat smoker for 45 minutes. Follow smoker manufacturer's instructions for cool smoking with soaked wood chips. I used apple wood. Avoid evergreens!
When smoke begins to emerge, hang or lay the seasoned brisket inside and close the door.
Smoke the brisket steadily for 2 to 4 hours. This will not cook the meat, but will impregnate the outer layer with smoke. I'd favor the longer time.
Cool the pastrami and wrap in clean wrappings. Refrigerate overnight or for up to 3-3 days before cooking.
Cover the pastrami with a generous amount of cold water and simmer very gently until tender, at least 2 hours, exact time will depend on a variety of factors. Cool partially in the cooking water, then either serve at once, or drain, cool and refrigerate.
Slice thin, on the bias.
Pickles: garlic, half of full sour.
Beer; cream soda or Dr. Brown's Cel-Ray soda.
Still hoping to find some commercial establishment here that does this. I'd even settle for corned beef and get around the cold smoker requirement but would still lack the patience. I was told Superama comes up with the occasional corned beef but have been watching for it for the last two years and haven't seen one yet.
One heck of a process and sounds like something better taken-on for mass production or at least produce a batch or two pastrami's. With all I've done to deck-out my new kitchen this remains beyond my scope, I would just love to be on the receiving end.
I probably have the refrigerator space and could produce a few corned beef briskets or rounds. That's maybe the route I would have to go if I have earnest desires to taste these sandwiches again. Been kind of the story of my life, in other regards up to now, if I want something I'll probably have to make it myself.
If I start making corned beef I guess I should also make a batch of pickles also. With that much energy invested I would probably look to turn it into an industry. I wish I could just skip past the whole production process and become an end consumer. | {
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Сарыадыр () — село в районе имени Габита Мусрепова Северо-Казахстанской области Казахстана. Село входит в состав Рузаевского сельского округа. Код КАТО — 596657500.
Население
В 1999 году численность населения села составляла 281 человек (143 мужчины и 138 женщин). По данным переписи 2009 года, в селе проживало 202 человека (112 мужчин и 90 женщин).
Примечания
Населённые пункты района имени Габита Мусрепова | {
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Q: Is $i: (C^1, ||·||_{W^{1,2}}) → (C^0, ||·||_∞)$ a linear, continuous, compact map?
Consider the map
$$i: (C^1[0,1], ||·||_{W^{1,2}}) → (C^0[0,1], ||·||_∞)$$
which maps every function to itself, and with Sobolev norm defined as
$$||u||_{W^{1,2}}=||u||_{L^2}+||u'||_{L^2}.$$
Is $i$ linear, continuous, compact?
Linearity
Consider $u,v\in C^1[0,1]$ and $a,b\in \mathbb{R}$:
$i(au+bv)=au+bv=ai(u)+bi(v)$
Continuity
By fundamental theorem of calculus: $u(x)=u(0)+\int_0^x u'(t)dt$. Then:
$\begin{align*}
|u(x)| &\le |u(0)|+\int_0^x |u'(t)|dt \\
&\le |u(0)|+\int_0^1 |u'(t)|dt \\
&\le C|u(0)|^2+C\int_0^1 |u'(t)|^2dt \\
&\le C\int_0^1 |u(t)|^2dt+C\int_0^1 |u'(t)|^2dt \\
&\le C(||u||_{L^2}+||u'||_{L^2}) \\
&=C||u||_{W^{1,2}}
\end{align*}$
for $C$ large enough and by mean value theorem.
Since $i$ is linear and bounded, it is also continuous.
Compactness
$i$ is defined on an infinite-dimensional space, so by Riesz theorem the closed unit ball $B$ is not compact. If the dual norm of $i$ would be $1$, then we could say that $i(B)\subseteq B$, and so also $i$ would not be compact. But in this exercise I cannot show this is the case.
Are the computations for linearity and continuity correct?
How to check the compactness?
A: For compactness it has to be shown that a bounded set is relatively compact.
Now let $G$ be a bounded set, i.e. there is an $M$ such that for all $f \in G$ it holds $ ||f||_{L^2} + ||f'||_{L^2} \le M$.
If we can show now that all elements of $G$ satisfy a uniform Hölder condition (see Arzela-Ascoli theorem in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzel%C3%A0%E2%80%93Ascoli_theorem#Lipschitz_and_H%C3%B6lder_continuous_functions) then the set is relatively compact and we are done.
And in fact : Let $a, b \in [0,1]$, and $f \in G $. Then we have $ |f(a)-f(b)| = |\int_a^b f' | = |\int_a^b (f' \times 1) | \le ||f'||_{L^2[a,b]} ||1||_{L^2[a,b]} = ||f'||_{L^2[a,b]}|a-b|^{1/2} \le ||f'||_{L^2}|a-b|^{1/2} \le M|a-b|^{1/2}.$
So Arzela-Ascoli is applicable and we have proven the requested property.
For continuity as $i$ is linear, then $i$ is continuous iff there is a constant $C$ such that for all $u$ it holds $||u||_\infty \le C (||u||_{L^2}+||u'||_{L^2})$.
Now let us pick some $u$. Then there is a $r\in [0,1]$ where $u^2$ attains its minimum. And $|u|$ attains its minimum in $r$ as well. This $r$ is clearly dependant on $u$. But for any $x\in [0,1]$ we have $|u(x)| = |\int^x_r u'(t)dt +u(r)| \le |\int^x_r u'(t)dt| +|u(r)| = |\int^x_r u'(t) \times 1 dt| +|\int_0^1 |u(r)| \times 1 dt| \le ||u'||_{L^2} + |\int_0^1 |u(t)| \times 1 dt|\le ||u'||_{L^2} + ||u||_{L^2}$
Thus $C=1$ and we are done.
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Category: The Arab Voice
The Arab Voice – January 2021
Arab writers opine on issues ranging from the divisive damage of the Trump legacy on sustaining democracy and unity in America to the prospects of Israeli generals salvaging the prospects of peace between Israel and the Palestinians and President Macron of France's frustration with Lebanon's ruling elite.
Trump's Last Days in Office
By Abdel Monaam Said
Al-Masry Al-Youm, Egypt, December 19
What we're currently seeing unfold in US politics is far from normal. Typically, a "lame duck" president – a term used to describe an outgoing president after his successor has been elected – simply focuses on the orderly transition of power from one administration to another. But Donald Trump is no ordinary president, and he refuses to abide by any political traditions or norms. Historically, incumbent presidents who lose the election call their competitor on the election night itself to offer their congratulations and accept their defeat. Then there is a ritual of meeting at the White House, with a customary handshake in front of the press pool. Furthermore, the outgoing president typically makes resources available to the elected candidate, in order to ensure that the new administration can begin working come Inauguration Day. However, with Trump, not a single one of these things happened. At the time of writing these lines, the Electoral College already cast its votes and affirmed Joe Biden's victory.
On the Way Out. An advocate for the strength of America but does Trump leave office with the 'State of the Union' more fragile?
However, Trump refuses to accept these results and continues to pursue far-fetched policies, both at home and abroad, that presidents in his situation should avoid. The recent recognition of Morocco's sovereignty over Western Sahara and the normalization deal between Rabat and Tel Aviv is just one example. Trump remains adamant that the elections were rigged, despite the fact that all evidence points to the contrary. He took this issue to Congress and even the Supreme Court but failed to prove his case in these forums. America today is more divided, perhaps, than it has ever been before. The problem is not that 82 million Americans voted for Biden. The problem is that, after learning of Trump's horrific stance on women, minorities and the world, some 75 million people voted for him. These voters, who constitute a significant portion of American society, are ready to take action to save Trump — including violence. In fact, one cannot rule out the possibility that some states might promote the idea of secession fromthe Union; a testament to how fragmented Trump's America has become.
– Abdel Monaam Said
Israeli Generals and Peacemaking
By Elyas Harfoush
Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, London, December 20
"Israeli generals who have tasted the scourge of war are those who want peace the most." This is a statement made by Benny Gantz, Israel's defense minister and alternate prime minister. Unlike the politicians of the Likud bloc led by Benjamin Netanyahu today, who are driven by religious ideology and by insistence on controlling the land and obtaining peace at the same time, Gantz and many other senior officers in Israel acknowledge that comprehensive peace with the Palestinians will come with a price, including a territorial one. When Benny Gantz talks about the role that the Israeli army generals can play in making peace with the Palestinians, one might think of Israel's former prime minister, Yitzhak Rabin, who, during his tenure as minister of defense in the 1980s, said Israel should "break the Palestinians' bones." Later, however, he signed the Oslo Accords with Yasser Arafat and called to "stop the bloodshed of Israelis and Palestinians." This change in Rabin's positions, from a "bone breaker" to a peace partner, was met with defiance by Israeli religious zealots, who considered Rabin a traitor. Their incitement eventually led to his assassination on Nov. 4, 1995, leading to an abrupt ending of Israel's peace talks with the Palestinians. Like Rabin, Benny Gantz also seems to have come a long way from his military days. From the chief of staff of the Israeli military who led two wars on the Gaza Strip, Gantz became a "civilian" who admits that full and comprehensive peace in the Middle East cannot be achieved without a settlement with the Palestinians. He went on to say:
"The Palestinians deserve an entity in which they can live independently."
Smiling in the Snow. Israel's Minister of Defence, Benny Gantz who expressed recently that a "comprehensive peace in the Middle East cannot be achieved without a settlement with the Palestinians" is seen on December 15, 2013 as the then-IDF Chief of Staff (left) enjoying a fun snowball fight with a family of Palestinians along the West Bank's Route 60. (Judah Ari Gross/Israel Defense Forces)
Even the division of Jerusalem was not off the books for Gantz, who suggested that "the city of Jerusalem is large enough and has plenty of sacred sites for all religions." This statement, coming from the most senior officer in the Israeli army, is very revealing. It is a stark reminder that Israel's military superiority alone is not enough to end the conflict and provide long-term stability for the region. Notably, it is not usually the job of the military officers to make peace. In Arab countries, many leaders walked the opposite way, turning from civilians, who have no experience on the battlefield, to "generals" who hung stars and medals on their chests, and led their people and armies into defeats and disasters. In Israel, it is difficult to question the experience of military leaders. Therefore, they are often more willing to speak freely. And more and more of them are realizing that power and force alone cannot bring about peace. Of course, we all know that appeals alone do not make peace, and that moderate worldviews like that of Gantz's are only good insofar as they resonate with a wide audience. Unfortunately, in Israel, the general public seems to identify with a more extremist worldview that seeks to maximize Israel's gains without making any concessions. That's why Gantz's vision remains a mere slogan and not an implemented reality. Here, we return to the role played by extremist groups in any chance for peace. Those calling for extreme solutions on both sides of the conflict are not satisfied with any concessions. Israeli extremists raise the banner of territorial control and expansion, alongside military supremacy. Palestinian extremists rally around the idea of "resistance" and refusal to recognize Israel. Both of these camps are spoiling whatever chance there is to salvage the situation in the Middle East. And neither one of these groups is actually promoting their respective side's long-term political interests.
–Elyas Harfoush
Will Macron Launch a New Initiative to Incite the Lebanese Against Their Ruling Class?
By Ali Hamadeh
Al-Nahar, Lebanon, December 18
French President Emmanuel Macron was supposed to visit Lebanon next week, as part of a series of visits he has been conducting to Beirut following the port disaster in August. During his last visit, Macron gathered representatives of Lebanon's political echelon at the French embassy in Beirut and presented to them a political-economic reform initiative, sponsored by France. Those in the room unanimously agreed to accept it, in light of the deteriorating conditions in Lebanon. However, since then, nothing has happened. Despite announcing their approval for Macron's stimulus plan, these lawmakers and business tycoons did what they do best: allowed the initiative to drown in Lebanon's political bureaucracy. The cancellation of the current visit, caused by the fact that Macron tested positive for COVID-19, places an even greater question mark over the French initiative.
French Frustration. Lebanon's President Michel Aoun (right) welcomes French President Emmanuel Macron (left) upon his arrival at the airport in Beirut, Lebanon August 6, 2020.
In his planned visit, Macron was slated to meet French forces operating in southern Lebanon as a part of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). He also planned to hold meetings in Beirut with President Michel Aoun, to express his dissatisfaction with the government's failure to assume any responsibility over the country's dire situation. It is safe to assume that, during the visit, Macron also planned to address the Lebanese people in an effort to turn them against their irresponsible leadership, which is busy playing petty political games. He also was expected to criticize the country's ruling class for its failure to accept the financial reforms presented to them. In light of the visit, Prime Minister Saad Hariri submitted a brief to President Aoun, in order to sign the decrees that would allow him to form a government in line with the spirit of the French initiative. But the latter kept Hariri waiting and suspended the formation of a new government. Without a new government, the French initiative cannot move forward and Lebanon will not receive any of the aid it had been promised. In any case, it is possible that Macron will still want to address the people of Lebanon from Paris, despite canceling his visit. In doing so, he will send a message to the Lebanese leadership that Paris will no longer put up with Beirut's political ineptitude. In fact, there are rumors that Macron might announce an entirely new initiative for Lebanon; one which calls on the Lebanese people to rebel against the ruling class and organize in new political groups ahead of the 2022 elections.
– By Ali Hamadeh
*Translated by Asaf Zilberfarb
While the mission of Lay of the Land (LotL) is to provide a wide and diverse perspective of affairs in Israel, the Middle East and the Jewish world, the opinions, beliefs and viewpoints expressed by its various writers are not necessarily ones of the owners and management of LOTL but of the writers themselves. LotL endeavours to the best of its ability to credit the use of all known photographs to the photographer and/or owner of such photographs (O&EO).
layoftheland376996452 The Arab Voice, Uncategorized Leave a comment January 7, 2021 January 7, 2021 7 Minutes
The Arab Voice – December 2020
Arab writers opine on issues pertaining to the Middle East from the impact of an incoming Biden administration for the region to the significance of the late Diego Maradona beyond his magic on the playing field.
Iran's Bells and Whistles
By Muhammad Al-Sheikh
Al-Jazirah, Saudi Arabia, November 28
The missile fired by the Houthi militias at an oil tanker docked outside the Port of Jeddah had no military value, but rather an informational one. It was done purely for propaganda.
The event took place on the direct orders of Iran, and the weapons used in the attack were likely shipped directly from Tehran. But the goal was to divert attention away from the exceptional success made by Saudi Arabia at the recent G20 summit, which gave the kingdom a significant economic boost while tightening its relationship with the European Union and the United States. The mullahs see and understand the kingdom's growing role both in the Gulf region and on the global arena. They worry about this development. In response, they seek to destabilize the region with whatever means they have at their disposal, including through their proxies in Lebanon and in Yemen. Iran has no choice but to negotiate with the West and sign a new nuclear agreement that would lift the economic blockade reimposed upon it by the Trump Administration. Otherwise, it will most surely face political and economic collapse.
Heating Up. An official source at the Saudi Ministry of Energy said that the fire that broke out at the Jeddah fuel tank in a distribution terminal of petroleum products was caused by a terrorist attack pointing to the Iran-backed Houthi militia.
Therefore, it can be said that the tanker attack was in fact a message aimed at the new American president, Joe Biden, as well as at the Europeans, reminding them that Iran is still harmful. However, what the mullahs are failing to consider is the fact that the countries of the region are much stronger today than they were when President Obama signed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). The normalization of ties with Israel changed the political equation and created a new united regional front against Iran. No matter how much Iran tries to bully its neighbors, it is in a very weak position, both economically and militarily. Furthermore, the world has grown tired of Iran's support of armed militias in the Middle East, and has placed many of these groups, including Hezbollah, on the terror watch list. The fanfare that Iran's militias create — whether in Yemen, Syria, Lebanon or Iraq — is nothing more than bells and whistles. It will not strengthen Iran's negotiation power or enable it to evade international sanctions. Obama's vision for the Middle East proved to be disastrous. Thankfully, geopolitical changes that took place in the region over the course of the past four years ensured that Iran doesn't have the upper hand even as Biden steps into office.
– Muhammad Al-Sheikh
Gulf Security During the Biden Era
By Dr. Abdul Aziz Hamad Al-Oweishek, assistant secretary general for Political Affairs and Negotiations, Gulf Cooperation Council Al-Sharq
Al-Awsat, London, November 29
When US President-elect Joe Biden takes office on January 20, Gulf security will be among the most important issues that his administration will have to deal with. Biden is no stranger to this issue. He was involved in it during the era of former President Barack Obama. Prior to that, Biden spent 35 years in the Senate, during which he served as a prominent member and occasional chair of the Foreign Relations Committee, one of the most important committees in the Senate, in which Gulf security has occupied an important position over the past decades. Biden's election marks a return to the traditional course of US policy, in terms and style, after the term of President Donald Trump, who came from outside the traditional establishment that dominates Washington. Biden represents stability and has good relations with leaders of both the Democratic and Republican parties. There is bipartisan consensus among American policymakers that the security of the Gulf is paramount to US national security. Despite the unusual personal style of President Trump, his administration relied heavily on the Gulf security architecture that was devised well before he took office in January 2017. Since the Iranian Revolution of 1979, a security framework has been developed based on the need to secure international shipping routes and American strategic interests in the Arab Gulf. This security framework confirms the central role played by the Gulf Cooperation Council in maintaining regional security. This framework has not changed much throughout the years, and Biden is not expected to change it either — unless Iran's behavior changes drastically. Gulf countries and the United States maintained close ties ever since the establishment of the Gulf Cooperation Council in May 1981. During the war to liberate Kuwait, America relied heavily on the Cooperation Council, which played a pivotal role in the Gulf War. Amid the events of the Arab Spring and the tumultuous turmoil that led to the growing Iranian interference in the region, the two sides agreed to establish a Strategic Cooperation Forum that would facilitate even closer cooperation between the GCC and the US. In March 2012, the founding meeting of the forum was held at the headquarters of the Cooperation Council in Riyadh, headed by the late Prince Saud al-Faisal and US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. It was attended by foreign ministers and senior officials from the GCC countries and, on the American side, by a large delegation of administration officials. Several working groups were formed and direct lines of communication were established between the two sides, through the General Secretariat of the Cooperation Council, the US State Department and the National Security Council at the White House.
Securing Security. U.S. Marines on a removable Trident Pier leading to an American ship docked near an Emirati military base in al-Hamra, UAE, on March 23, 2020 (AP Photo Jon Gambrell)
The forum paved the way for the first summit between the Cooperation Council and the United States, which was held in Camp David in May 2015. The second summit was held in Riyadh in April 2016, during the last year of the Obama presidency. At the time, it was agreed to expand the scope of cooperation to include issues such as economic diversification and youth empowerment. In May 2017, the third Gulf-American summit was held under President Donald Trump, affirming the strong commitment to the Camp David Accords, while greatly expanding the scope of cooperation. Therefore, there is an agreement among all political parties in the United States regarding the importance of the Gulf-American partnership. This does not mean that the American political system is rigid and that changes in policy don't happen. However, the fundamentals of the GCC-US partnership are based on a deeply-rooted alliance that has only grown stronger each year. Both parties understand that the Gulf's security provides stability of energy markets, strengthened trade and investment, and a calmer Middle East. Therefore, the American policy toward the Gulf will not change under Biden's leadership.
–Dr. Abdul Aziz Hamad Al-Oweishek
Maradona: The Golden Boy of Football
By Ali Hussein
Al-Mada, Iraq, November 27
When Uruguayan writer Eduardo Galeano published his famous book, "Football in Sun and Shadow", the phrase he insisted on putting on the cover read:
"Football is the mirror of the world, revealing a thousand stories on glory, exploitation, love, and misery…it represents the struggle between freedom and fear."
"The Magician". Regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, Argentine professional football player Diego Armando Maradona displaying his magic on the field.
To Galeano, football was a choreographed war in which "11 men in shorts are the sword of the neighborhood, the city, or the nation" and wherein "old hatreds and old loves passed from father to son enter into combat." Thanks to players like Maradona, and before him Pele and dozens of others, football has become a mirror to everything happening in the modern world: It provides people with a sense of identity and belonging; it allows people to fight over competing ideologies; and it has even been shaped by businesses, multinational corporations, and dirty money. What Maradona did for his country of Argentina not even a thousand Argentinian diplomats or policymakers could do. He brought Argentina to the homes of millions of viewers around the world, who watched him use his exceptional skills to manipulate and overtake his rivals on the field.
Magician of Delusion. Scoring self-goals, then Prime Minister Nouri Al-Maliki lashing out at foreign criticisms of his policies. (File photo)
Despite our preoccupation with the matches taking place inside the halls of the Iraqi parliament, we, in Iraq, also follow football. But at a time when the world is grieving the loss of legend Diego Maradona, who was nothing short of a magician in the world of football, we are unfortunately dealing with another "magician," Nouri Al-Maliki, seeking to delude us that the political failures taking place during his eight years of service have been the fault of everyone but himself. If it weren't for the international conspiracy against him, Al-Maliki claims, Baghdad would have been competing with Singapore, Tokyo and Berlin. And Al-Maliki isn't alone; it seems like many of our politicians are suffering from amnesia that prevents them from remembering that our country is suffering from bankruptcy and corruption carried out under the delusion of progress and development. Maradona led his country, Argentina, to victory over most of the countries of the world. He scored hundreds of goals against his opponents on the field. Unfortunately, it seems as if our esteemed parliamentarians are seeking to score goals against their own people by serving their own interests instead of ours and introducing laws that further restrict our freedoms and liberties.
–Ali Hussein
layoftheland376996452 The Arab Voice Leave a comment December 7, 2020 7 Minutes
The Arab Voice – October 2020
Arab writers from the Middle East opine on Sudan's deal with Israel and on the danger to the region of Erdogan remaining president of Turkey.
Sudan's Deal with Israel: A Courageous Act
By Muhammad Al-Sheich
Al-Jazirah, Saudi Arabia, October 31
Sudan is the Arab country that suffered the most from the disasters of political Islam, particularly from the Muslim Brotherhood. The Brotherhood ruled the country for nearly 30 years and applied all of its perverted theories in it, turning Sudan into a weak, divided, and failed state in every sense of the word – in addition to one boycotted by most of the Western world. The ousted al-Bashir regime embarked on grandiose ventures that proved to be utterly foolish. This put Sudan on a bleak path, which got bleaker and bleaker with each passing day, until the Sudanese people finally took to the streets and replaced their regime.
Tide was Turning. A Sudanese woman with her face painted with "Just fall, that's all" in Arabic flashes the victory gesture during an anti-government demonstration in Khartoum on April 9, 2019. (AFP / Getty)
I visited Sudan many times; I know it well and have many friends who still live there. I know firsthand that Sudan boasts incredible human resources: people who want to do good in the world, who seek to build a better future for themselves and others, who wish to put their country on the right track. The problem of Sudan is that it is a museum of ideologies: Every Sudanese you find sympathizes with a different party or a group and the common factor between all these groups is their animosity toward each other. The last revolution was a genuine revolution, carried out by the young men and women of Sudan, but it fell short of its objectives. It failed to generate a real leadership capable of lifting Sudan out of its mess. The biggest problem of the defunct regime, along with its Brotherhood supporters, is that it insists on reinventing the wheel instead of drawing on past experiences, theories, and applications. This results in a never-ending state of failure. The Brotherhood, in all of its formations, has been Sudan's Achilles' heel. It brought destruction to Sudan time and again. Thankfully, there are early signs suggesting that the people of Sudan have finally learned this lesson. Instead of promoting more regional conflict and ideological clashes, they took the right path by prioritizing their collective national interest over the interest of various power groups. More specifically, I'm referring to their decision to normalize their ties with Israel. It goes without saying that Israel is one of the most innovative and technologically advanced nations in the field of agriculture.
Path to Peace and Prosperity. A buoyant Minister of Sudan, Abdalla Hamdok, whose country has taken the decision to normalize relations with Israel.
Partnering with Israel could bring great breakthroughs for the Sudanese economy. The two countries share similar soil and climate conditions. Rejecting the Israeli experience to boost Sudan's well-being would thus be foolish. In addition, by normalizing ties with Israel, Sudan will finally be able to remove itself from the list of state sponsors of terrorism. This, in turn, will pave the way toward much-needed international loans and aid that would flow into the countries. In short, Sudan can reap incredible benefits from a deal of this kind. Therefore, I saw this with confidence: Sudan's decision to normalize its ties with Israel is one of the most courageous decisions in the nation's history – one that may very well change its fate and put it on the right path for decades to come.
Boycotting Turkey – Security and Economic Necessity
A popular campaign has been spreading across our country like wildfire: the boycott of Turkish products, goods, and services. My hope is that popular campaigns of this sort, in Saudi Arabia and beyond, will finally be able to influence Turkey and serve as the last nail in Erdogan's coffin, forcing him to step down.
Erdogan is facing problems from almost every direction. On top of his growing opposition at home, he is encountering tremendous pressure abroad, where Turkish troops and mercenaries are deployed to carry out their czar's grandiose ambition of reviving the Ottoman Empire.
Visions of Grandeur. Erdogan's ambitions of reviving the Ottoman Empire may undermine Turkey stability.
Erdogan is deeply committed to this vision of Ottoman greatness. It is this idea that guides almost every one of his decisions. It is also this idea that pitted Turkey against nearly every other country in the world, including Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Egypt. Indeed, Turkey under Erdogan's rule has become an imminent threat to all Arab countries. This makes the downfall of Erdogan an urgent priority for the Arab world. There is no way to achieve this goal except to apply immense pressure on the Turkish economy and force its leadership to change its ways. The entire free world, not just the Arab Gulf, would benefit from Erdogan's departure. Turkey is one of the world's largest and most important sponsors of terrorism. Take, for example, ISIS, which is still fighting in Syria and Iraq thanks to ongoing Turkish support.
All of this is happening right before the eyes of Europe and America, yet not a single country has lifted a finger to intervene in this situation. Add to all of this, cheap Turkish products are flooding international markets and undermining local industries. Morocco, for instance, was forced to impose tariffs on Turkish cotton in order to protect its own cotton industry. Jordan is planning on taking similar action, as is Algeria. These new tariffs, together with the boycott movement taking shape in the Gulf, will ultimately constitute a large and powerful financial force against Turkey. Erdogan has already asked his cronies in Qatar to assist him in curbing this new campaign. In response, Qatar bribed Saudi expatriates living in London and Canada to speak up against the boycott campaign waged by their compatriots. Similar efforts have been carried out to convince the people of Iraq to stand by Turkey. But this attempt, too, is doomed to fail. Let's not forget that it was Turkey that made its bases available to the Americans when they chose to invade Iraq. Saudi Arabia, in contrast, refused to be complicit in the war that destroyed Iraq.
Making Mischief in the Med. Turkish drilling ship Yavuz seen last year being escorted by a Turkish naval vessel to the Cyprus coast.
The important thing, dear readers, is to continue this campaign no matter what. I have no doubt that the boycott will grow larger and larger, forcing the Turkish people to rid themselves of this ghoul who is sending their country backward.
*Translations by Asaf Zilberfarb
layoftheland376996452 The Arab Voice Leave a comment November 16, 2020 5 Minutes
Arab writers from the Middle East opine on shifts in attitude in Lebanon towards Israel, the failure of a Palestine leadership and the sense in the Middle East of the US election feeling like a local election.
Has the trend of normalization reached Lebanon?
By Luay Rahibani
Enab Baladi, Syria, October 4
In recent weeks, the Lebanese government began changing its approach toward Israel in a subtle yet significant way. Instead of the usual rhetoric of the "Zionist entity" or the "Zionist enemy," the Lebanese speaker of the Parliament, Nabih Berri, referred to his country's neighbor in the south simply as "Israel" when he announced the government's plan to launch direct negotiations with Israel that would demarcate the land and maritime borders between the two countries. In his press conference, Berri indicated that the negotiations would take place under the auspices of the United Nations, indicating that the Lebanese army would lead the negotiations, and that the US of America would work to create a positive atmosphere for the success of the talks.
Lebanese speaker of the Parliament, Nabih Berri, referred to his country's neighbor in the south simply as "Israel" rather than "Zionist entity" or "Zionist enemy". (REUTERS/Mohamed Azakir/File Photo)
On the Israeli side, Energy Minister Yuval Steinitz affirmed that the talks with Lebanon would be mediated by the US, "to end the long dispute over the maritime borders between the two countries."
This announcement can only be interpreted in a single manner: a clear concession by Beirut on its stance toward Tel Aviv. Lebanese writer and journalist Munir Rabee claims that what is happening is the result of Israeli and American pressure on Lebanon, amid the deteriorating economic crisis it is experiencing, to normalize its ties with Israel. He stressed that there is great pressure on the political forces in Lebanon to curb Iran's influence over the country while opening up to the US and Israel.
Similarly, Nawar Shaaban, the notable military expert, argues that the French efforts led by President Macron to push for these talks will serve as a major blow to Hezbollah and will severely tarnish the movement's reputation among the Lebanese public. Perhaps the most important impact of these talks is the promotion of the message that calm and stability in the region can be reached through negotiations rather than fighting. The demarcation of borders will inevitably lead to other agreements and security arrangements between the two countries, which means that Lebanon will de facto recognize Israel, its sovereignty, and its borders.
This view aligns with predictions of other experts that Syria, too, will consider normalizing its relations with Israel in an effort to gain international support and legitimacy.
– Luay Rahibani
A failed Palwstinian leadership
By Abdulaziz al-Jarallah
Al-Jazirah, Saudi Arabia, October 9
Prince Bandar bin Sultan summarized the Palestinian case succinctly and clearly last week when he explained that while the Palestinian issue is important, its advocates are its biggest detractors. That's because the Palestinian leadership always bets on the losing side.
This statement is an accurate diagnosis of the Palestinian situation. The Palestinians, as Bandar recounted, never miss an opportunity to make a mistake, including most recently, when they launched vehement attacks against one of their biggest supporters, the United Arab Emirates. Palestinian seminars, conferences, Friday sermons at mosques and media coverage all lashed out at the UAE and described its people in vulgar terms. This behavior is shameful. As usual, it was full of victimhood and defeat. Unfortunately, not a single Palestinian appearing on television managed to justify the harsh rhetoric directed against the people of the Gulf.
Palestinians on Temple Mount trample, set fire to picture of UAE leader in Jerusalem's Old City, August 14, 2020. (AP Photo/Mahmoud Illean)
The Palestinian leadership has blackmailed the Arab world, and Gulf states in particular, for several decades. It has been ungrateful and unthankful for all of the support, both material and nonmaterial, it has received throughout the years.
Instead of recognizing their own failure, the Palestinians pointed fingers at the Gulf. Their behavior is immoral and embarrassing. If anything, it serves as proof that the decision to normalize ties with Israel and take a step back from the Palestinian issue was a right choice.
– Abdulaziz al-Jarallah
When the US elections become local elections
ByAli Hamade
Al-Nahar, Lebanon, October 9
The United States has entered the last stretch of an electoral journey, beginning its mail-in voting process ahead of the official election date of November 3, when incumbent President Donald Trump faces his biggest challenge to date.
The coronavirus epidemic ravaging the US since the beginning of this year has caused great problems for Trump. The financial-economic crisis caused by the spread of the virus struck Trump's momentum and allowed his Democratic rival, Joe Biden, to make remarkable progress, especially since Trump's platform was based on remarkable outcomes during the first three years of his term.
Former vice president Joe Biden (Left) and US President Donald Trump (photo credit: WHITE HOUSE / WIKIMEDIA COMMONS)
Still, his declining popularity doesn't mean the elections will be devoid of surprises. All possibilities are on the table, and if history has taught us anything, it is that opinion polls don't necessarily reflect the truth.
Perhaps what's more interesting about these elections is that they are followed not only in the US but also in the Middle East. To the average person in the region, it seems as though people on our side of the world are monitoring the election outcome even more closely than the American people are themselves. Indeed, people throughout the Middle East, the Arab world, Iran, Turkey and Israel are treating the election as a local election.
The reason is pretty obvious. Despite China's growing military power and Russia's increased geostrategic involvement in world affairs under Vladimir Putin, the US remains the world's strongest economic, military and political power. Even in the Middle East, despite setbacks caused by Russia's involvement in the Syrian civil war, the US remains the most influential power.
Washington has proven time and again that when it makes a strategic choice in the region, it has the ability to turn the tables, regardless of where its opponents stand.
President George W. Bush's decision to invade Iraq following the 9/11 attacks, for example, changed the face of the region for several decades. Similarly, the appeasing stance enacted by President Barack Obama toward Iran, culminating in the signing of the nuclear deal, opened the door to Tehran's great expansion toward the Mediterranean coast and the Gulf.
Therefore, people in the Middle East are closely tracking the presidential race and waiting to see its outcome. After all, the identity of the next American president may very well determine their own fate.
Perhaps the only country in the region able to separate its own fate from the fate of the election is Israel, which exerts tremendous power over White House officials through its pro-Israel lobby in Washington. Israel has managed to overcome the policy shifts enacted by successive American administrations.
As for the rest of the countries in the region, including Turkey and Iran, they have to closely monitor the polls and assess their next moves based on their assumption of who will win.
– Ali Hamade
layoftheland376996452 The Arab Voice Leave a comment October 20, 2020 5 Minutes
Arab writers from the Middle East and beyond, opine on the shift towards peace of the Gulf states towards Israel, the increasing danger of an unchecked predatorial Turkey and Kuwait's devasted education system due to Covid-19.
My Opinion on the Peace between the Emirates, Bahrain and Israel
Al-Jazirah, Saudi Arabia, September 24, 2020
Following the signing of the peace agreement between the UAE and Israel, Washington announced that the Kingdom of Bahrain will be the second Gulf state to establish ties with Israel. Such a decision is a sovereign decision, which pertains exclusively to the two countries involved in the agreement. No one else has a right to intervene. These two states are the only ones who assess their political strategies and come to form a decision. I've heard multiple claims of pious groups suggesting that this agreement is religiously impermissible. However, several notable political jurists, such as Sheikh Ibn Baz and Sheikh Ibn Uthaimin, may God have mercy on them, have issued religious verdicts permitting reconciliation with Israel, which cancels this claim from the ground up. In my opinion, these agreements only serve our interests.
The Emirati, Israeli and American flags attached to a plane of the Israeli company El Al, decorated with the word "peace" in Arabic, English and Hebrew, on its arrival at Abu Dhabi airport on Israel's first ever commercial flight to the UAE, August 31 2020. © AFP – Karim Sahib.
They bring to the fore issues that the Arabs, in general, and the Palestinians, in particular, have failed to solve through wars. However, remarkable progress has been made through peaceful negotiations. Anyone who reads the history of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict from 1948 until now, a lifetime extending to 72 years, will find that the Palestinian issue has been experiencing a continuous deterioration, slowly becoming relegated to the lower rungs of the Arab world's political agenda, while Israel continues to annex more land. While the partition plan originally allocated approximately 49% of the land for the Palestinians and 51% for the Israelis, Israel has by now seized nearly 80% of the Palestinian geography. In other words, the wars that took place between the Israelis and the Arabs were all won by Israel, while Egypt and Jordan, as well as the Palestinians themselves, were only able to obtain lands through direct peace talks. The truth is that Israel is no longer the Gulf's biggest enemy, as was the case before the Iranian Revolution of 1979. Since the rise of the mullah regime in Tehran and the rise of Erdogan's government in Turkey, the Arab world became subjected to continuous efforts on behalf of both of these states to export their revolutions and restore their long-gone empires. Both of these countries are far more dangerous to us than Israel ever will be.
Israeli Ministry of Foreign AffairsIsraeli Foreign Minister Yisrael Katz with his Bahraini counterpart Al Khalifa
The other matter that is often ignored is that Gulf countries are increasingly diversifying their economies and turning away from their reliance on oil. Israel is a great partner to collaborate with on technology, science, finance and healthcare. It is one of the most superior countries in innovation and peaceful cooperation, and it will help benefit our collective development and modernization.
How Long Will We Keep Silent About Turkey?
By Dr. Abdullah Al-Madani
Al-Bayan, UAE, August 27, 2020
In 2014, my Saudi colleague Jasser Al-Jasser wrote an opinion piece calling on his government to impose a ban on all travel between Saudi Arabia and Turkey. In his piece, he implored other Gulf states to do the same, given Turkey's disinterest in stopping the flow of fighters into the hands of Islamic State and Al-Nusra in Syria.
Al-Jasser's plea was not answered. However, today, the countries of the Gulf can no longer afford to sit idly by as Turkey continues to threaten the security and stability of our entire region. Ankara, led by President Recep Tayyip Erdogan's Justice and Development Party, is an unabashed supporter of the Muslim Brotherhood and is clear about its aspiration to lead the entire Muslim world by restoring the Ottoman caliphate.
More diplomatically isolated than ever in Arab world, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan (left) is welcomed by Khalid bin Mohammad al-Attiyah (right), the Qatari deputy prime minister and minister of state for defense affairs, at the airport in Doha, Qatar. (Getty Images)
Erdogan's Turkey is no longer a friendly country with good intentions toward us. The opposite is true: Turkey has become one of the most malicious nations in the world, deploying mercenaries all over the region and destabilizing the security and stability of distant countries in an effort to lock in political and financial gains. In his most recent inflammatory speech against Egypt, Erdogan described President Abdel-Fattah el-Sisi as a "tyrant". Last year, Ankara directly undermined the legitimacy of the Egyptian government by hosting and embracing a group of Egyptian "revolutionaries" who sought to carry out a coup in their country.
Furthermore, Ankara has been a steady source of support to the Hamdeen regime in Doha, led by the emir of Qatar, Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad al-Thani, who has led a boycott of four Arab countries. Finally, we must not forget the close cooperation between Erdogan's Brotherhood regime and the Iranian mullahs, whose efforts to undermine the stability of Gulf Cooperation Council states are widely known. Given these repeated attacks and Turkey's hostile stance toward Arab people, how can we ever trust Ankara? Given Erdogan's vulgar aggression against Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Libya, how can we stay silent?
– Dr. Abdullah Al-Madani
The Academic Year of Deception
Modhi Abdul Aziz Al-Hamoud
Al-Qabad, Kuwait, September 25, 2020
By virtue of both age and circumstance, I happen to have experienced two bitter crises that had monumental impacts on our country's education system. The first was the brutal Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, which led to the shutdown of schools for an entire academic year. Following liberation, the educational authorities were forced to make a tough decision that many of us recall to this very day, by imposing the "year of integration", in which the educational curriculum of each grade was merged to cover two years' worth of teaching.
Kuwait's academic year has officially ended with all students deemed to have passed. (Photo for illustrative purpose only).
Today, over three decades later, another crisis is threatening our educational system. This time, it's the coronavirus, which has disrupted education in all countries of the world. While this most recent crisis is far from unique to Kuwait, our country does stand out in the disproportional effect of the virus on our children's education. While many other states implemented remote learning solutions that enabled students to maintain a degree of normalcy in everyday life, the Kuwaiti Ministry of Education decided to simply send our students home.
The solution, according to the ministry, was simply to bump students up a grade without achieving any of the learning requirements for the year. Ironically, no one at the ministry is owning this policy outright. Last week, it published the so-called "pass rates" for the most recent high school matriculation examinations. The figure stood at 99.7%. Now let's be clear: Not even the most advanced nations and the most endowed educational systems in the world, in places like Finland and Singapore, yield this kind of completion rate.
Kuwait City.
Therefore, it is surely impossible that Kuwaiti high-schoolers did. Unfortunately, the problem doesn't end in high school. Given these fabricated rates, our university systems will be the next to suffer. With limited seats available to students, how will our higher education institutions know which students to admit? How will they make use of their limited governmental budgets to accommodate larger classes of students?
The absorption of all high school graduates into our few universities will create a crisis of its own. Yes, the decision pleased the students and their proud families. It also allowed our politicians to remove great pressure from their own shoulders. But it inevitably led us into an educational crisis that no one knows how to get out of. The absence of academic excellence, let alone basic academic competence, should be a concern to us all.
layoftheland376996452 The Arab Voice Leave a comment October 4, 2020 6 Minutes
The Arab Voice – August 2020
In this week's media roundup of the Arab world, Arab writers from Lebanon and Saudi Arabia, opine on the story dominating international news – The Blast in Beirut.
Experience is the Teacher of fools
By Rafiq Khoury
Nida Al-Watan, Lebanon, August 8
"Experience is the teacher of fools," says the oft-cited American proverb. That is, foolish people only learn from personal experience rather than witnessing others' mistakes. Lebanon certainly fits this bill. Our country is afflicted not only by the terrible explosion that ravaged Beirut last week, but also – and perhaps more importantly – by the corrupt, fraudulent, and rotten political system governing us. Neither one of these catastrophes will be solved in isolation; they must be addressed together.
Rebuilding Beirut and saving the Lebanese economy from collapse will have to come hand in hand with freeing up our country from corruption in our political, financial and defense establishments. This is the exact message that French, American and even Arab allies have sent to Lebanon over the past week. It is also the message made by French President Emmanuel Macron during his historic visit to Beirut. Macron laid out a clear road map: Aid will flow to Lebanon if – and only if – the country rids itself of corruption and rebuilds its political system.
Warm Embrace. When French President Emmanuel Macron was visiting the sites of the devastation following the explosion in Beirut, he was approached by a woman who said, "You are sitting with warlords, they have been manipulating us for the past years." Revealing a shift in mindset, Macron replied "I'm NOT here to help them, I'm here to help you," before entering into a long, silent embrace.
Macron is willing to put this to the test. He is scheduled to visit Beirut again in a few short weeks, on September 1, for the 100th anniversary of General Gouraud's proclamation of the establishment of the State of Greater Lebanon, the predecessor of modern Lebanon. Unfortunately, Lebanon's authorities still have not internalized Macron's message. If anything, Lebanese politicians seem to follow the opposite approach of continuing with their lies and deceit in order to evade accountability. They understand that fighting corruption means uncovering the structure of Lebanon's entire political system and, with that, an end to their robbery of public and private money, superiority over the law and evasion of responsibility. Political reforms mean an end to their deep-seated habits.
Root of the Problem. Lebanese Prime Minister Hassan Diab submits his resignation to President Michel Aoun and accuses in his resignation speech, the political class of trying to shift blame for the country's ongoing economic crisis and corruption onto his cabinet instead of the deep-seated corruption "rooted in every part of the state." Credit. Aziz Taher/Reuter
Thankfully, Macron's visit reminded us amid complete despair that Lebanon can still resuscitate its relationship with the Arab and international community. But to do so, we must defend the Lebanon we long for, not the Lebanon we live in. Lebanon must free itself of Hezbollah's grip, which puts us at a continuous risk of war with Israel. Lebanon must distance itself from Iran instead of trying to mimic Tehran's political, religious and social structures.
And finally, Lebanon must install a new government that is accountable to the public. Let us hope that we can finally learn from our mistakes instead of waiting for another disaster to happen.
– Rafiq Khoury
The Economy Second, Hezbollah First
By Khalid Bin Hamad
Al-Jazirah, Saudi Arabia, August 8
Officials in Lebanon have already begun discussing the cost of rehabilitating Beirut from the terrible explosion in its port. Indeed, the governor of Beirut has indicated that the price tag will range somewhere from $3 billion to $5 billion before all damages are even counted. Similarly, the Lebanese prime minister, Hassan Diab, has called on all of those who "love Lebanon" to hurry up and support its economy, which basically was on the brink of collapse even before this disaster.
Sadly, those who speak of economic support and financial aid forget that there is something far more important: political transparency. As dozens of innocent Lebanese civilians are struggling to maintain their daily lives in a destroyed city, it is our duty, as Lebanon's allies, to ensure that the political conditions that led to this disaster do not repeat themselves. What will happen after we support the Lebanese economy? Will the political deadlock change?
Will corruption disappear?
I am talking about aid that extends beyond immediate medical and food supplies, for which the Lebanese people are desperate for right now. Who will ensure that the dollars we funnel into Lebanon at a later stage will actually make their way to the Lebanese people?
Message from the People. Hezbollah members carry mock missile during procession in south Lebanon, 2009. Following the death and devastation of the Beirut port explosion, there are increasing calls that if "the Lebanese want one government, one military and one law for everyone, they must remove Hezbollah from their political system." (photo credit: ALI HASHISHO/REUTERS)
The president of the republic, the Prime Minister, the Speaker of Parliament, ministers, representatives and all other elected Lebanese officials must interact with the public in an honest and transparent way. They must answer the tough questions about what led to this horrific explosion that killed dozens and injured thousands. Most importantly, Beirut will never be rebuilt as long as it remains imprisoned and bound by the decisions issued by Hezbollah based on marching orders coming from Tehran.
If the Lebanese want one government, one military and one law for everyone, they must remove Hezbollah from their political system. We in the Arab world empathize with the people of Lebanon. We wish them well and we hope that they will overcome the effects of this disaster. This can only happen if they stand up against corruption and against the conspirators who undermined their country from within.
Those whose ultimate loyalty is to Iran cannot claim to care about the Lebanese nation. The entire world now stands in solidarity with Lebanon and understands the country's urgent need for support. Our ultimate goal should be to direct as much humanitarian aid to the country as we possibly can. But we should hold off on writing checks.
Time to Change. Despite moved by the devastation in Beirut after the port blast, foreign governments are wary about writing blank checks to a government perceived by its own people to be deeply corrupt and taking "its marching orders from Tehran." (Photo: AFP)
Any aid to the Lebanese economy must be conditional upon the removal of Hezbollah from the government, the supervision over where funds are going and the implementation of political reforms that Lebanon has already committed itself to. Any armed group outside the Lebanese military must be disbanded while the political structure in Lebanon must be redesigned from the foundations up.
– Khalid Bin Hamad
The Beirut Explosion – An Anti-Corruption Domino Effect
By Tariq Tarshishi
Al-Joumhouria, Lebanon, August 8
The investigation into what exactly occurred at the port of Beirut last week might be ongoing, but one thing has been clear from the very outset: The cause for the blast that shook Beirut is corruption. Like other catastrophes that struck our country in the past, the Beirut explosion is first and foremost a political disaster created by our leaders. Lebanon's corrupt political system plundered our country's wealth and deprived our people of their ability to live a dignified life.
Corruption is what kept 2,700 tons of ammonium nitrate in the middle of a bustling port that serves as the beating heart of our country's economy. Corruption is also what led to the death of more than 150 innocent people whose only sin was to be in the wrong place at the wrong time in their country's capital city.
"Throw out the Trash". Disgusted with their politicians, proud Lebanese women wave their national flag and hold placards as they take part in a protest in Beirut against systemic corruption in Lebanon's political system. (AFP file photo)
This crime will not go by uninvestigated, and the culprits will not evade judgment. We will require our elected officials to come out to the public and speak. Simply resigning from their positions will not suffice, since it means evading responsibility and deflecting attention onto someone else. And as soon as we get the answers we want, we will turn to parliamentary elections.
In the case of Lebanon, these elections should have happened much sooner. The Beirut disaster will serve as a force majeure that will make our politicians reveal their secret practices and come clean about what they may or may not have done. Undoubtedly, one of our government's greatest calamities has been its continuous inability to initiate the reforms requested by the international community and by international financial institutions that have offered to save Lebanon from collapse. This inability to act and accept the help of others during dire times raises suspicion about the motivations of our elected officials.
Devastation and Despair. People waving Lebanese flags at a protest near the Beirut port following the explosion leave the people with new hopes for political change but daunted by enormous challenges. The question is "What's Next?" NurPhoto/NurPhoto via Getty Images
We all know that reluctance to cooperate with international donors has stemmed primarily from the fear of revealing our nation's persistent corruption and cronyism. Now that all screens have been lifted and all hurdles have been removed, our politicians have nowhere to hide. They will have to come clean and be held accountable.
The disastrous explosion in Beirut symbolizes the collapse of the cornerstone of the Lebanese brick wall. With its fall, other stones will soon drop as well. And once momentum is gained, nothing will stop the truth from coming to light. The disaster has triggered an irreversible and unstoppable domino effect that will unveil the full extent of corruption in Lebanon.
– Tariq Tarshishi
layoftheland376996452 The Arab Voice Leave a comment August 16, 2020 7 Minutes
Arab writers from the Middle East and beyond, opine on a rapidly declining Lebanon losing the interest and sympathy of the world and on the behaviour and impact of two presidents – Donald Trump and Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
The World No Longer Trusts Lebanon
By Farouk Youssef
Al-Arab, London, July 17
The Lebanese people look back at their bloody civil war and think of it as a walk in the park compared to the dark ages they are currently experiencing under Hezbollah's rule. Hezbollah transformed Lebanon into a booby-trapped country that can be detonated on command in case its people refuse to comply with the group's dictates.
The inconvenient truth is that Lebanon has lost the world's empathy. What a tragic ending for a country that was once a tourism hotspot, a country with unparalleled natural beauty, a country of hardworking, law-abiding citizens who demonstrated nothing but tolerance and respect for each other. Even under the sectarian system and during the many years of heightened sectarian tensions, the Lebanese people managed to lead normal lives and conduct their affairs insulated from all the political turmoil. They did not have to sacrifice their civic rights. To some extent, they felt the possibility of "taming" the sectarian system and preventing it from separating them from the rest of the world. They hoped to transform that system into a distant memory. They hoped to turn sectarianism into diversity and bring an end to the discrimination in their society.
But what happened, unfortunately, is that Hezbollah took advantage of the sectarian system and made it a mantle for its malicious operations. It defrauded the Lebanese people in order to divide and conquer them. It resorted to scare tactics and intimidation to ensure a majority in parliament. It created a system of political patronage wherein all those not loyal to the movement are weakened and ousted.
Anti-government protesters carry Lebanese flags and burn tires as they block the main highway in the north of Beirut during a protest over deteriorating living conditions. EPA
Sadly, all of this has been only a prelude to declaring hegemony over the Lebanese state so that even the Christian president of the republic became the candidate of Hezbollah alongside the Sunni prime minister, who was also chosen by Hezbollah. Given Hezbollah's ultimate loyalty to the Islamic Republic of Iran and its supreme leader, its takeover of Lebanese politics means that Lebanon has become nothing more than a subsidiary of Iran.
The Lebanese situation has become confusing to the world in terms of how to look at it and deal with its crisis.
Is Lebanon simply a victim of its sectarian system?
Or is it a malicious actor implementing Iran's agenda in the region? Lebanon has lost the flexibility to be a country that embraces its diversity and at the same time has lost its ability to convince the world that it is a democratic country open for global and regional dialogue.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has projected that Lebanon's economy will shrink 12% in 2020 amid the country's worst economic and financial crisis in decades.
This is the primary reason for the world's indifference to Lebanon's current political and financial crises. The world no longer trusts Lebanon. Lebanon and Hezbollah have become one and the same. Thus, it can no longer claim to be a victim and beg for the mercy of world powers.
Lebanon, the country whose beauty for years managed to conceal the ugliness of Hezbollah, will have to face its ultimate dark fate alone.
– Farouk Youssef
Has The US Changed Or Just Its President?
By Muhammad Al-Sammak
Al-Etihad, UAE, July 17
Europe emerged from World War II in a deplorable state. The winter of 1947 was a tragedy unlike any other witnessed before. The continent was totally destroyed, and famine was widespread. The European economies collapsed. In France, inflation reached 49%. In Italy, it exceeded 62%. In Germany, the Allies did not leave a single city intact. Almost every major factory around the country was destroyed.
Across the ocean, the US was concerned with returning its soldiers from the battlefield in an effort to begin healing the wounds of those families that lost loved ones in the war. However, geopolitical developments soon imposed other priorities. Chief among them was rebuilding and rehabilitating Europe in an effort to curb the westward Communist advance coming from the Soviet Union.
Thus the famous Marshall Plan, named after the US secretary of state at the time, was born. Under the plan, the US provided $14.3 billion in direct aid to rebuild European economies between 1948 and 1952. The value of this amount in 2018 dollars is some $130 billion. The Soviet Union interpreted Marshall's plan as an attempt to resurrect Germany. That is why Joseph Stalin hastened the acceleration of the Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe, including the eastern part of Germany.
The US responded with the creation of NATO. The goal of this alliance was to push the Soviet Union back east, to maintain an American presence on the continent and to ensure a continuation of the German defeat. This helped rebuild a new Europe, which evolved into today's European Union.
Compare this experience with what we are witnessing today. Unlike the winter of 1947, US President Donald Trump, in the winter of 2017, announced a new policy based on the principle of "America First." Under this principle, to which Trump adheres despite European and American opposition, the US has been seeking to reduce its financial commitments to NATO while imposing unprecedented taxes on European exports to America (for example, steel).
The two presidents sowing seeds of mistrust among their allies, Trump and Erdogan (centre) at an earlier NATO gathering that descended into acrimony following Trump criticizing US allies.
Today, Trump is trying to reduce his country's obligations to others while turning a blind eye to what is happening in Europe. But unlike his predecessors who saw the Soviet incursion into Czechoslovakia as a reason for grave concern, Trump views the Russian takeover of Crimea as a non-issue. He refuses to be drawn into any form of confrontation with the Russian Federation because that would come at the expense of America First.
In the winter of 1947, when the US approved the Marshall Plan, President Harry Truman was surrounded by legendary figures like George Marshall, George Kennan, Will Clayton and Adlai Stevenson, who were not only great advisers but also shrewd thinkers. They were academics, policymakers and seasoned diplomats.
Conversely, today's White House is filled with staffers who have an insanely limited experience in international affairs. In order to fulfill his commitment to the Marshall Plan to restore life to Europe after the war, Truman had to pursue a policy of economic openness. As for Trump, his commitment to America First has led him to pursue a policy of isolation and seclusion, even with his closest neighbours, Mexico and Canada.
Hence, the question is: Has the US changed or is it only the president?
– Muhammad Al-Sammak
The Sultan Who Trades In Religion
By Khalid Tashkndi
Al-Okaz, Saudi Arabia, July 11
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan tweeted last week that converting the Hagia Sophia Museum into a mosque is a prelude to the liberation of al-Aqsa Mosque. However, Erdogan's tweet in Arabic dramatically differed from the one he posted in English, in which he explained that a section of the museum would be converted into a mosque, where anyone, including non-Muslim foreigners, would be welcomed. He then added: "With its new status, Hagia Sophia, the shared heritage of humanity, will continue to embrace everyone in a much more sincere and original way."
People, some wearing face masks, pray outside the Hagia Sophia museum in Istanbul on July 10, 2020 as they gather to celebrate after a top Turkish court revoked the sixth-century Hagia Sophia's status as a museum, clearing the way for it to be turned back into a mosque. (AFP)
The stark difference between the contents of the two tweets is yet another reminder of Erdogan's shameful deceit and cheap attempt to manipulate the emotions of millions of Muslims around the world. The goal of the first tweet was to draw an unsubstantiated link between Hagia Sophia and Al-Aqsa Mosque and position Turkey as the supposed "liberator" of both. The goal of the second tweet was to emphasize that the site would be open to all non-Muslims.
This paradoxical stance is nothing more than a desperate effort on behalf of Erdogan to save his continually declining popularity both at home and abroad.
To do so, he resorts to the mockery of Islam.
– Khalid Tashkndi
*Translations by Asaf Zilberfarb.
layoftheland376996452 The Arab Voice Leave a comment August 4, 2020 6 Minutes
The Arab Voice – July 2020
Arab writers from the Middle East and beyond opine on the impact of Bolton's 'bombshell' book on the Trump presidency, what history can teach about sanction on Iran and the tragic decline of Lebanon.
Bolton's Memoir and the Trump Administration
By Suleiman Judeh
Al-Masry Al-Youm, Egypt, July 4
The battle between US President Donald Trump and his former national security adviser, John Bolton, is truly fascinating. Not merely because it is telling of the chaos in the current US administration, but also because of the mutual accusations exchanged between the two men, with Trump describing Bolton as a liar and Bolton describing Trump as incompetent to govern.
The former adviser spent months working next to Trump at the White House, fulfilling the same role played by notable individuals like Henry Kissinger, McGeorge Bundy and Condoleezza Rice. When Bolton left, he sat down to reflect on his experiences in the Oval Office and began writing a memoir. This memoir was finally released last week. But the American president put up a fight against Bolton's book and worked tirelessly to prevent its publication. The formal reasoning was that the book includes confidential material pertaining to US national security. However, the real reason for Trump's fierce opposition was twofold.
First, he feared that Bolton's book would have a negative impact on his campaign for the upcoming presidential elections, as it would paint the Trump administration in a negative light.
Second, Trump recognized that the book would immediately become a national bestseller that would bring extensive publicity and financial benefit to Bolton. This second point is particularly striking since it is proof that, despite the widespread declaration that the print media and publishing industries are dead, people still have interest in hard-copy books.
The buzz surrounding the release of Bolton's book is real. It cannot be easily replicated in the digital realm, using tweets and Facebook posts. People still want to learn more about the stories happening at the highest levels of power, behind closed doors, and they turn to books to do so.
Both Trump and Bolton recognize the latent power held by books in setting political narratives and shaping history. And Trump is on the losing end of this narrative.
Suleiman Judeh
What History can Teach us about Sanctions on Iran
By Abd Al-Rahman Al-Rashed
Asharq Al-Awsat, London, July 5
The Iranian regime is unlikely to collapse until the American elections take place. It is also unlikely that the mullahs will retreat from their aggressive behaviour both internally and externally. But after November 3, when the presidential election takes place in the US, all possibilities are open.
Things could change dramatically, depending on who is sitting in the White House. However, before jumping into predictions about the future of the political war between Washington and Tehran, it might be best, perhaps, to turn to relevant examples from the past.
The sanctions under which Saddam Hussein's regime existed in Iraq between 1990 to the US invasion in 2003 were very similar in nature to the harsh sanctions regime that exists against Iran today. The lesson from Saddam Hussein is that sanctions did not succeed in changing his behaviour or policies. Such authoritarian regimes do not care about the agony of their citizens.
Moreover, these regimes use sanctions to promote their own propaganda. For example, Saddam manipulated the United Nations International Children's Fund (UNICEF) to believe that over half a million Iraqi children had died as a result of the sanctions against him. However, later research showed that these figures were fabricated by the regime. It also became apparent that the ruling circle itself was not affected, which partly convinced Washington of the need to invade and topple the regime by force after failing to change its policies.
Does this mean that the severe economic sanctions that apply to Iran today are useless? Yes and no. On one hand, sanctions will neither affect the regime directly, nor will they change the mullahs' key political positions. However, they are especially useful in weakening the regime's internal grip. This has been confirmed by the repeated protests we have seen in Tehran and other cities.
Furthermore, sanctions have curtailed Iran's foreign military activity in places like Syria and Lebanon, and even in Iraq and Yemen. The regime spent billions of dollars to manage its massive military activities outside its borders, including the financing of tens of thousands of militia fighters. The financial collapse of Hezbollah, Iran's largest foreign militia, is a direct result of the US sanctions. The Iranian government's income has fallen by more than 70%, and it is severely struggling to pay the salaries of teachers, doctors and government staff.
Granted, this does not mean that the supreme leader will simply step down. He is likely to wait and see what happens in the election. Also, we do not know how a Democratic president like Joe Biden will approach the question of sanctions. Will he lift them? I doubt it, because after signing the comprehensive agreement, Iran proved that it had become more dangerous to US interests and American allies in the region.
The world has Iran over a barrel!
Worse, if Trump is reelected, the mullahs will face a more dangerous and hawkish administration. Then they will be forced to choose between the fate of Saddam Hussein or cooperation with the West in return for a new nuclear agreement in which they will refrain from their foreign military activities and pledge to limit their nuclear activities.
Abd Al-Rahman Al-Rashed
Dear Ali, It Is The Government That Killed You
By Bechara Charbel
Nida Al-Watan, Lebanon, July 5
Last week, a tragic event took place in the heart of Beirut when an innocent, law-abiding Lebanese citizen, Muhammad Ali Al-Haq, shot and killed himself near a café on Hamra Street. Al-Haq could not bear the difficult economic conditions that Lebanon is going through after returning from work in the Gulf, so, as a desperate, last resort, he decided to put an end to his life on a busy street in broad daylight.
You, Ali, are a hero!
You died while embracing the Lebanese flag. In your tragic death, you carried out the most peaceful protest you possibly could: You didn't hurl stones at buildings, you didn't set tires on fire in the street, you didn't loot or steal. You preferred not to engage in violence against those who starved your family and deprived you of your basic humanity. Despite having every right to lash out at the authorities, their guardians and militias, you chose to die in peace, like a martyr.
Lebanese Ali al-Haq could not bear the difficult economic and living conditions and decided to put an end to his life before the eyes of passers-by in broad daylight in a busy street in Beirut.
Before your death, we didn't know you, Ali. But with your majestic passing, you became a symbol of the revolution against a corrupt system that has occupied our country and transformed its citizens into second-class subjects. Let's not be mistaken, Ali: You did not kill yourself! The system that has been looting us for over 30 years murdered you. The greed of our disgusting leaders killed you. The political corruption in our country killed you. The lack of care among our authorities killed you.
Ali, I hope you rest in peace. Your tragic suicide is part of a 'blood tax' that our people have paid throughout history against transgressors and foreign occupiers that attempted to destroy us. Your act of defiance will never be forgotten. Your ultimate sacrifice won't be overlooked. And your death won't be in vain. You are the wake-up call to us all.
Bechara Charbel
layoftheland376996452 The Arab Voice Leave a comment July 12, 2020 6 Minutes
The Arab Voice – June 2020
Arab writers from the Middle East and beyond, weigh in on the economic crisis facing countries in the region and the proposed plan of Israeli annexation
Now Is Not The Time For Chants About Jerusalem!
By Kheir Allah Kheir Allah
Al-Arab, London, May 29
Despite the chants coming from senior members of Hezbollah, who vow that we will all soon be praying in Jerusalem, there is only one truth in the region, at least in the foreseeable future: Israel was, and still is, the sovereign in Jerusalem. And it is not going to vanish overnight. There is, unfortunately, nothing other than this reality. Announcing that we will pray in al-Aqsa will not change the truth.
Before Hassan Nasrallah and his aides prepare to pray in Jerusalem, it is necessary to look at some figures related to Syria and Lebanon.
Breaking The Bank. Anti-government protesters smash a window of a Lebanese bank during protests against the deepening financial crisis at Hamra trade street, in Beirut, Lebanon, January 14, 2020. (Hussein Malla/AP)
Today, 86% of Syrians live below the poverty line, while Iran considers how to recover the estimated $30 billion it spent in the country to protect the Bashar Assad regime. Syria needs at least $500b. to rebuild itself.
Who exactly is going to come to Syria's help, given the current financial crisis caused by the coronavirus epidemic and the drop in the price of oil? Frankly, no one.
In parallel to the figures coming out of Syria, we're also witnessing alarming figures in Lebanon. The Lebanese banking sector is quite literally on the verge of collapse, and the country's education system is about to be obliterated. People who want to pray in Jerusalem forget that hunger and poverty threaten a million Lebanese citizens.
Crumbling Buildings To Crumbling Currency. A Syrian man holds up a 2,000-pound banknote, featuring President Bashar Assad, in front of damaged buildings, in Duma, Syria. (Mohammed Badra / EPA)
This is what the regional director of the World Food Program and his representative in Lebanon, Abdullah al-Wardat, warned of. Wardat said that a million Lebanese are at risk of falling below the food poverty line this year, noting that the program is preparing to provide emergency food assistance to support some 50,000 Lebanese families exposed to the repercussions of the current economic crises.
Yes, before praying in Jerusalem, there is hunger, there is suffering, there is death, and there is a need for real political leadership that speaks truth to its people. Syria and Lebanon are in shambles. Nevertheless, there are those who want to pray in Jerusalem.
This does not mean, of course, that the Israeli occupation of the holy city can be justified. It also does not mean that we should condone Israel's desire to perpetuate its occupation of Jerusalem and the West Bank. But before delivering promises to pray in Jerusalem, it might be wiser to think of ways to avoid a disaster in Lebanon and Syria. The numbers don't lie. They show the raw and harsh truth unfolding around us. People must confront these figures before making empty promises.
State Of Syria. A Syrian laments the steep drop in his country's currency at a festival in Damascus. (Louai Beshara/AFP/Getty Images)
Turning Israel into a ploy or a distraction undermines the magnitude of both our problems at home, as well as the plight of the Palestinian people.
Kheir Allah Kheir Allah
(Translated from Arabic into English by Asaf Zilberfarb)
PA Counter-proposal to US Peace Plan Calls for Demilitarized State
By Mohammad Al-Kassim
The Media Line, 09 June 2020
PM Shtayyeh: Israel must 'face the consequences' over Netanyahu's planned annexations in West Bank.
The Palestinian Authority will declare an independent, demilitarized state in the entire West Bank and Gaza Strip, with parts of Jerusalem as its capital, if Israel goes forward with plans to annex parts of the West Bank, PA Prime Minister Mohammad Shtayyeh said on Tuesday.
This would mean the transition from "a temporary authority" to "the imposition of a state on the ground, and Palestine will be a state along the pre-1967 borders and its capital will be East Jerusalem," he told members of the foreign press in Ramallah.
Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu says annexation could start as early as July 1. If so, Shtayyeh said the PA would make a "constitutional announcement" and establish a "constituent assembly," saying that Israel would have to face the consequences.
Annexation "would kill any possibility of peace with Israel," he explained, and erode "the Palestinian, regional and international consensus" on a two-state solution. Israel, he warned, must now "feel the heat of international pressure."
Anxiety Over Annexation. Palestinian Authority Prime Minister Mohammad Shtayyeh addresses the issue of annexation on Palestine TV, June 8, 2020 (Screenshot of Palestine TV)
He said the PA had sent a plan for Palestinian statehood to the Middle East Quartet – the United Nations, the United States, the European Union and Russia − in response to the Trump Administration's own peace plan, which sees as much as 30% of the West Bank being annexed by Israel.
"We submitted a counter-proposal to the Quartet a few days ago," Shtayyeh said.
The PA plan provides for the creation of a "sovereign Palestinian state, independent and demilitarized," with "minor modifications of borders where necessary," he noted.
Responding to a question from The Media Line, the PA prime minister insisted that the EU's backing for the Palestinians was solid.
"We know the decision-making process in Europe is complicated. European decision-making is built on consensus. And we know that there are one or two countries in Europe who are not in line with others," he stated.
"But I want to assure you," he continued, "that it's the first time that European decision-makers are actually debating two things: One is sanctions on Israel and freezing… agreements, as well as cancelling some research programs…. The second thing being discussed in Europe is recognizing Palestine. These measures are important to us because at the end of the day, we have to break the status quo. For us, this is not lip service."
Shtayyeh made clear that the PA was not going anywhere.
"On the issue of dissolving the Palestinian Authority, look, let's not fool ourselves: The PA is not a gift from anybody. The PA came into being because of the sacrifices of the Palestinian people since 1965 [when the PLO began its militancy campaign]. So we are not waiting for somebody to give us less or more. It's not a gift. And you don't give a gift back," he said.
He called the PA a "national interest" for Palestinians.
"For us, the issue is not to dissolve the PA, throw away the keys and go home," he explained. "But if Israel wants to destroy the Authority with the measures it is taking, we know how to resist it. And that is why I'm saying that the status quo cannot be maintained."
Shtayyeh called Israeli annexation an "existential threat" for the Palestinians.
"It's a serious violation of signed agreements between us and Israel, a total breach of international law. It's a threat to regional security, in particular to Jordan, and it is part of the systematic destruction of a future Palestinian state," he said.
"Frankly, this peace process has a reached a serious impasse," he continued, "and I think the situation is irreversible."
Shtayyeh told a packed hall of reporters from around the world that Israel had already implemented small steps on the ground in the Jordan Valley in preparation for annexation.
"There are a number of measures that Israel started to take [in order] to implement its annexation plan," he stated.
"First, they started sending utility bills to the people and villages in the Jordan Valley – electricity and water… and the sign that usually says 'Beyond this point is Palestinian Authority domain' has been removed," he said.
Is This Water Under The Bridge? The previous coordinator of government activities in the territories (COGAT) Maj. Gen. Yoav Mordechai (left) and the Palestinian Authority's Civil Affairs Minister Hussein al-Sheikh sign an agreement to revitalize the Israeli-Palestinian Joint Water Committee in 2017. (Courtesy COGAT)
On Monday, a demonstration by about 500 people took place in downtown Ramallah against Israel's annexation plans.
"The anger is there, the dissatisfaction is there, the frustration is there, and all that is a recipe for more problems," Shtayyeh said.
He reaffirmed the PA's position against Washington's involvement in the peace process.
"The whole world has been waiting for President [Donald] Trump to come up with an initiative," the prime minister said. "He came up with a proposal that has been totally rejected by the Palestinians, the Arabs, the Europeans [and] the rest of the world. Even Israel objects to certain elements."
Shtayyeh believes a new approach to peace is necessary.
"There has to be a serious paradigm shift, from bilateralism to multilateralism," he stated. "We want a serious break of the monopoly of Washington over the process. Washington cannot be an honest broker. You need a different broker. An international mechanism."
Israel would not have moved in the direction of annexation without US approval, he added.
"Unfortunately, annexation has been based on maps provided by the Trump Administration," he said, "so the maps provide some sort of [American] legitimacy to the Israelis."
Mohammad Al-Kassim
Barack Obama And The Middle East Revolutions
By Hassan Al-Mustafa
Al-Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, May 26
I was asked a lot about the reason for which former US president Barack Obama was blind in his support for the Arab revolutions, a characteristic of his presidency that almost destroyed his country's relations with the Arab world.
The short answer to this question is that in Obama's worldview, spreading freedom and democracy is paramount to anything else. Indeed, Obama's worldview was shaped directly by the writings of scholars like Fareed Zakaria who believe that in order to fight terrorism, the Western world must first understand the reasons for its emergence. According to Zakaria, terrorism occurs due to the absence of democracy and the presence of oppression at the hands of dictatorial regimes. This idea clearly appealed to Obama, leading him to support the Arab revolutions with full force.
Strategizing At The Sphinx. President Obama during a tour of the Great Pyramids of Giza following his Cairo speech in June 2009 lending his support to the youthful revolutionaries. (MANDEL NGAN / AFP-GETTY IMAGES)
Was Zakaria's idea correct? Have the Arab revolutions succeeded in bringing freedom and democracy to the Middle East, thereby eliminating terrorism?
The answer here is very obvious. It suffices to look at the Muslim Brotherhood, the biggest winner of these revolutions, which failed miserably in governance in both Tunisia and Egypt.
The most ironic part is that this failure could be attributed, in large part, to the strong tailwinds and backing that the movement received from leaders like Obama. In trying to eradicate terrorism through support and containment, Obama may have only helped spread terrorism. In seeking to replace one dictatorship with another, his vision for the Middle East was doomed to fail from the very beginning.
Hassan Al-Mustafa
(Translated by Asaf Zilberfarb)
layoftheland376996452 The Arab Voice Leave a comment June 10, 2020 8 Minutes
The Arab Voice – May 2020
Arab writers from around the world opine on the consequences of Corona to Erdogan turning Turkey into a "Republic of Terror"
Who Exactly Is Going To Buy Oil?
By Muhammad Khalil
Al-Watan, Egypt, April 22
There is a lot of buzz surrounding the plunging prices of oil, which crashed in the past week and entered into negative territory. Those most worried about this trend are obviously oil-producing countries, which have enjoyed disproportionate political power to date and are now at risk of bankruptcy.
The inevitable truth is that countries that have based their economies on oil or gas revenues will suffer greatly in the coming months. They will quickly witness their geopolitical power diminish, together with each decline in the dollar value of a barrel. Therefore, many spokespersons representing these nations were quick to appear in television studios worldwide, where they attempted to reassure viewers that the current crisis is just temporary.
Heading South. Price of oil spiraling downwards.
Those who believe this claim should consider two basic things. First, the origin of the thunderous collapse in oil prices is in future contracts. The collapse in the prices of future contracts provides an unequivocal indication of how policymakers, industry officials and buyers anticipate the coronavirus crisis to unfold in the coming months. It is clear to all parties involved that the virus is here to stay for an extended period of time. Some countries already responded to falling prices by purchasing and stockpiling oil reserves.
China, for example, began in early April to purchase additional quantities of oil – taking advantage of its price collapse – to store it in its warehouses. I suspect other countries, like the United States, took similar measures. Warehouses around the world are full to the brim with oil reserves. This means that the collapse in oil prices is likely to continue for many months to come and that the matter is not temporary as some people may claim.
Countries Pounce On Low Prices To Build Stockpiles. Crude oil storage tanks are seen in an aerial photograph at the Cushing oil hub in Cushing, Oklahoma, US, on April 21, 2020. (REUTERS/Drone Base/File Photo)
Second, one must keep in mind that irrespective of the COVID-19 crisis, the world has already begun moving toward renewable energy resources and substitutes for oil. Technological breakthroughs now allow shale oil to be extracted almost at the same cost of tar sand oil. In addition, petroleum derivatives are on the rise.
The world around us is rapidly changing. The countries that were rich yesterday may very well find themselves struggling for cash tomorrow. Oil empires that had once experienced crowds of buyers lining up at their doorstep might now find themselves begging nations to buy oil from them. They will encounter budget deficits, economic slowdown, and political instability. The outbreak of coronavirus is changing the way our world is operating in so many ways. One of them is the harsh future awaiting oil-producing countries, which once wielded influence over markets around the world.
Who Is Responsible For Coronavirus?
Al-Jazirah, Saudi Arabia, April 20
There appears to be a diplomatic battle looming between the United States, Europe and China over Beijing's responsibility for the spread of the coronavirus, which has struck all countries of the world and led to unprecedented economic losses exceeding several trillion dollars. The Americans still aren't claiming that China is responsible for premeditatively spreading the virus but rather posit that the virus accidentally leaked out of one of China's biological research laboratories, from which it made its way to the city of Wuhan and from there to the rest of China and the world.
This allegation is still being investigated by US authorities. It appears to be complicated to prove, mainly because US authorities lack irrefutable evidence about the spread of the virus. Unlike Iran or North Korea, China is far from a pariah nation. It is a member of the UN Security Council and wields enormous influence over almost every country around the world. Therefore, the US must be careful in provoking it.
Blame Game. A close up of US President Trumps notes shows where Corona was crossed out and replaced with Chinese Virus as he speaks with his coronavirus task force in response to the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic during a briefing in the James S. Brady Press Briefing Room at the White House on Thursday, March 19, 2020 in Washington, DC. Jabin Botsford | The Washington Post | Getty Images
I am skeptical that the Americans or Europeans will cross the red line and wage a diplomatic war against Beijing, but what I am sure of is that Western countries will try their best to pressure China into making political concessions related to its economic expansion, including the Belt & Road Initiative. It is true that the Western world, represented by the United States and the European Union, is no longer what it was before the outbreak of corona. The European Union is falling apart, while the United States' economy lost trillions of dollars.
Yet all of this does not mean that this camp is entirely weak. Aware of this dynamic, the US is looking at this pandemic as a way to weaken China and undermine its foreign policy. The corona epidemic will end sooner or later but the greater geopolitical consequences of this virus will be the focal point of the conflict between China and the Western world for years to come.
Muhammad Al-Sheikh
Erdogan Turned Turkey Into A Republic Of Terror
By Habib Al-Aswad
Al-Arab, London, April 21
Last week, Turkish authorities blocked the website of British newspaper The Independent. This incident came just days after the public prosecutor in Turkey demanded one to two years in prison for journalist Hazal Ocak, who exposed a bribery scandal involving the son-in-law of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan. After accusing Ocak of treason, the prosecutor later amended the charges into the insulting of a public official, claiming that the journalist dishonored the dignity of Erdogan and his family in publishing the story.
Unfortunately, such developments are no longer considered newsworthy in the Republic of Terror established by Erdogan, as the country has turned into a large prison since Erdogan took the reins of absolute rule. According to Reporters Without Borders's 2019 report, Turkey ranks 157th of 180nations in the Freedom of the Press Ranking and is thus one of the most established dictatorships. Furthermore, behind these numbers and figures lay massive violations of fundamental rights of ordinary Turkish citizens, alongside the detention of dozens of journalists speaking out against the regime.
Press On. Demonstration in Turkey in defense of freedom of the press.
International organizations often cite China as the world's most abusive country to journalists. However, a look at the data shows that in 2019, China, a country of 1.4 billion people, sentenced 48 journalists to prison, while Turkey, whose population is 82 million, imprisoned 47 journalists. In comparison to Turkey, China appears to be a safe haven for journalists and a beacon of free speech. Erdogan is keeping tight control over media outlets in his country to ensure that they refrain from criticizing his regime or revealing unnecessary information about its doing.
He also ordered them to launch an orchestrated campaign against Arab countries that reject political Islam. This includes the spreading of fabricated news and even the broadcasting of fatwas encouraging terrorism against these states. Most shockingly, Arab governments, parties, movements, associations, and media organizations associated with political Islam seem totally unconcerned with these violations of freedom of the press and expression. In their view, Erdogan is an infallible sultan who is being chased by conspirators.
This is the ultimate proof that political Islamists care about freedom only when it promotes their own political goals. When it serves to protect or empower others, it is simply too dangerous.
Habib Al-Aswad
*Translated from Arabic into English by Asaf Zilberfarb
layoftheland376996452 The Arab Voice Leave a comment May 11, 2020 May 12, 2020 5 Minutes
The Journey Begins / Proudly powered by WordPress Theme: Independent Publisher 2. | {
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Sixty Moody yachts gathered at Cowes for the first event to celebrate 2010 – the 25th Anniversary of the Moody Owners' Association. The yachts ranged from 28ft to 54ft and their crews were entertained by a Dixieland jazz band, and a reception at the Royal Corinthian YC.
Racing events took place, sponsored by Harken, in testing and blustery conditions, and the Race Officers of the Island Sailing Club ably managed a fleet of cruising yachts racing at close quarters. Good practice for the Round the Island race. The race overall was won by MOA President, designer Bill Dixon sailing his Moody 47 'Tikka', and Harken managed to award a prize to virtually every competitor. The closing sail past was over a mile long.
The year started with the AGM, attended by 100 members, including MOA founders Geoff and Topsy Godfrey, and Tom Cunliffe, who gave a hilarious talk on the advances in navigation he has seen over his long career.
"2010 is a great year for the MOA. We have grown very rapidly over the last few years, reaching 1500 members for the first time in January, and we formed a USA Chapter, in addition to the already strong groups in the UK, Mediterranean and France. | {
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HomeNLIPW NewsroomIntellectual Property NewsNAFDAC Opposes Bail for Convicted Makers of My Pikin by Innocent Anaba
NAFDAC Opposes Bail for Convicted Makers of My Pikin by Innocent Anaba
June 22, 2013 Nigerian Law Intellectual Property Watch Newsroom
Lagos — The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, NAFDAC, has opposed the application before a Federal High Court, Lagos for bail of convicted producers of killer My Pikin baby teething mixture, who were sentenced to seven years imprisonment. It will be recalled that the court had convicted and sentenced Adeyemo Abiodun and Egbele Austine Eromosele, both officials of Barewa Pharmaceuticals Limited to seven years imprisonment for offences of conspiracy to sell and sale of a dangerous drug, to wit, My Pikin. Read more
~back to News Center~
My Pikin judgment
MY Pikin Syrup
NAFDAC
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National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control
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Fake drugs: NAFDAC records big haul by Chioma Obinna
May 22, 2013 Nigerian Law Intellectual Property Watch Newsroom
Last week in Lagos, it was the end of the road for a suspected representative of a cartel of drug counterfeiters based in China when operatives of the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration […]
NAFDAC Law Outdated – Health Minister by Victor Ojeme
June 6, 2013 Nigerian Law Intellectual Property Watch Newsroom
Minister of Health, Prof. Onyebuchi Chukwu, has said the law setting up the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) was outdated and obsolete. He also stated that nine hospitals in the […]
NAFDAC Releases Statement on Why it Shut Down Elite Confectionery, Chocolate Royale in Lagos
June 7, 2015 Ufuoma Akpotaire
Lagos, Nigeria, June 7, 2015 — A couple of weeks ago, many news media reported that the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) had shut down and sealed off popular confectionery […] | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
Complete Look at the Top Players in the Chinese Video App Market
When you think about the video app environment in the Chinese market, you have to wonder how it is different from the Western app market. That's why we've put together this complete guide showcasing all of the top video apps in China.
It's important to note that Twitch and YouTube don't exist in China. Still, the Chinese video market boasts of more users that the populations of Japan and the United States combined.
This year, the number of online video subscriptions in China will move beyond 300 million. That means one out of every five people has a short video app installed on their device.
A report was done by Entgroup titled, "Observations on the 2018 China Paid Video Market," reveals that subscriptions grew 119% during the past three years. Considering that the rate of Chinese internet users only grew about 6%, you can see why these numbers are so staggering.
Now that we've shown you how popular the Chinese mobile video sphere is, it's time to look at the top apps.
Chinese Company iQIYI Debuts On Nasdaq Exchange. Source: http://www.zimbio.com/photos/Yu+Gong/Chinese+Company+iQIYI+Debuts+Nasdaq+Exchange/0iAD28v1FZs
This video streaming app mixes paid subscriptions with ad revenue. It's the perfect combination of a YouTube and Netflix platform.
iQiyi has been popular long before short video apps came to the market. By January, they clocked 645 million viewership hours. By next year, the company plans to add short video functionality as well. When they do this, they will effectively compete with their rivals.
Right now, the platform's vast selection of movies, reality shows and TV series provide some viewing options that can't be found elsewhere. In 2018, iQiyi invested more than $3 billion for content. That's close to the amount spent by the top six broadcasters in China combined. On top of that, they've produced about 250 original titles and hold exclusive rights to many of the country's favorite programming.
Douyin
You might have also heard of Douyin called Tik Tok. It's a newer platform and has only been around since 2016. Within one year, they boasted of more than 100 million users.
Because users can pair videos to their favorite music and then share the content, the app follows the same format as Vine, but with some improvements. The material features plenty of humor, dancing and lip syncing. Then, followers leave comments and like the content. Plus, it's all easy to share.
At this time, Douyin reports 500 million active monthly users across the world. The app is found in 150 countries at this time. In China alone, one in every ten people access the app daily. In the beginning half of 2018, Douyin surpassed YouTube, Instagram and Facebook as the most downloaded iOS app.
Douyin directly targets new users in Tier 1 & 2 cities that are born after 1995.
Just like a Bytedance video mix, you will find two different short video apps currently targeting other age groups with their own marketing plans.
Huoshan
With almost a billion users in a territory, it's clear that China has a massive mobile market. With its numbers, it contains the most significant domestic market worldwide.
China has something else going for it with the mobile market. Apps work well when they appeal to a specific city or region.
You see the same results in Europe with apps and games. In China, video platforms targeting a specific demographic or region tend to succeed.
That's how we get to Houshan. It's also called Vigo, which is a video app currently targeting new users from 24 to 49 years old. The users are also located in Tier 3, 4 and 5 cities.
Instead of going after the entire market, Huoshan carved out its niche by focusing on a particular group of consumers inside of China. Some people don't find this strategy wise, but Huoshan is doing well without appealing to everyone in the country.
Kuaishou
There's another app looking to attract a particular region. Kuaishou is larger than Huoshan and is considered a top rival of Douyin.
It launched back in 2011, initially as a GIF maker. After that, it grew substantially; even beyond what was initially predicted. Users turn to the app to upload their short videos, live stream, sing karaoke and add filters.
Anyone living outside the bigger cities in China prefers this video app. It's also become popular in Indonesia, Taiwan, South Korea, Turkey and Russia.
130 million people utilize the app daily. That makes it the second most popular video app currently in the Chinese Apple Store.
Because of its popularity, the app gained attention from some social media big shots in China. It received a few investments during 2018 from Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent, all of which are Chinese giants. This suggests that we might see it become bigger than Douyin during the next few years.
Xigua
As influencers become more popular, there's no longer a distinct line between content that's professionally curated and what's made on a whim.
YouTube, Twitch and Instagram influencers continue to raise the bar by producing higher quality content. As consumers spend more time interacting with professional content that's funded by advertisers and brands, there's not a clear line between what advertising is.
Xigua addresses that situation directly. Unlike Douyin, Kuaishou and Houshan, Xigua makes all professionally generated videos a priority.
Unlike its competition, the videos on Xigua tend to last longer than a couple of minutes. That allows the quality to be more professional and it gives off a higher end feel.
Considering that Xigua is also owned by ByteDance, who is Douyin's maker as well; it should be no surprise that this app is doing so well.
The professional platform of Xigua is a contender to watch for in upcoming years. Now that ByteDance has invested in the longer form content, it's likely we will see a Douyin partnership in the future.
We've seen other apps reach success by positioning themselves within specific age groups and regions in China. Now, we see through Bilibili that it's also possible to do well by reaching out to particular cultural demographics as well.
It's become a hub for many followers of the ACG (Anime, Comic and Game) culture in the country.
Sure, we've seen some other platforms appealing to the same demographics. Hooyah is an excellent example of that. Bilibili has something special going for it because it's been able to successfully appeal to a cross-section of people.
Bilibili offers plenty with its content. On top of that, it has the "bullet-screen" that encourages social integrations between users.
At first Niconico, the Japanese website allowed video comments that went across the screen just like bullets. Then, Bilibili brought this platform to China. It's seen as a more dynamic and interactive version of modern Twitch chats.
This feature continues to gain traction among other platforms. Still, Bilibili is the leader of this innovative technology among the smaller players.
Tencent Video
Tencent Video doesn't need much introduction. It's become the tenth most downloaded app, allowing it to surpass YouKu in mobile market share.
Why has it become so popular? Simply because of WeChat. This is the largest social media and messaging app. It's a mobile portal for the Chinese to use the internet. To embed videos in any WeChat articles, the users must first download Tencent Video.
This nesting is the reason that Tencent Video is so popular, but it's not the only one. The app also offers paid subscriptions to some inclusive content. This includes all of the series from HBO.
Tencent should reach 100 million paid subscribers sometime this year.
Weishi
Tencent Video might have found lots of success through WeChat, but they aren't the only platform to watch. If you remember that infamous controversy about Kuaishou and Douyin holding inappropriate content, then you know that WeChat banned any short video sharing across its platform. That's when Tencent re-released Weishi.
It originally debuted back in 2013. After a short run, it went offline because it wasn't growing. Once short videos became popular again, it was time to relaunch. This platform made it easy for users to post videos and share from the app directly to WeChat. Currently, it's the only way users can share their short videos with WeChat.
Because of this, it's ranking first on the free section of the China Apple App Store and continues to gain more traction in the short video segment.
If you want a Chinese YouTube, you want YouKu. The platform currently boasts of over 800 million videos viewed each day by its 500 million active monthly users.
Just like iQiyi and Tencent Video, it offers a subscription to reach exclusive content. Because of this, it's a true contender among its competition. In fact, the subscriptions are a top reason that YouKu continues to increase its revenue. YouKu even secured the FIFA World Cup streaming rights.
Projections imply that there will be more original content coming soon. Plus, Alibaba Pictures is said to produce it. In the meantime, this platform has some licensing deals with Sony Pictures and NBC Universal to broadcast some Hollywood classics in the country.
What we've learned is that the video app segment in China will only continue to get larger, which is remarkable considering how big it already is. This offers an exciting opportunity for marketers. Still, there are some challenges to face in the process.
Because of the shock, the Chinese government is requiring all video platforms to introduce an anti-addiction parental control by next month.
This forces companies to adapt their tactics and marketing strategies once again. | {
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The Hook - Charlottesville's weekly newspaper, news magazine
CULTURAL PREVIEW
Cultural Calendar December 9-16, 2004
By Hook Staff | [email protected]
Published online Thursday Dec 9th, 2004
and in print issue #0349 dated Thursday Dec 9th, 2004
Sing-a-Round: Do-re-mi for the holidays at the annual caroling night at Central Place on the Downtown Mall. Meet at the Community Holiday Tree at 5:30pm, and go from there. No fee.
It's a Hoot: Get to know the unique adaptations, behaviors, and lifestyles of nocturnal birds with "Owls: Birds of Mystery and Majesty" at the Ivy Creek Natural Area. 7:30pm in the Education Building. No fee. 971-9271.
A Christmas Carol: This adaptation of Charles Dickens's holiday classic will delight the whole family. Let's face it, Ebenezer, Tiny Tim, and those ghosts never get old. Today's performance is a school matinee. 10:30am. Blackfriars Playhouse, 10 S. Market St., Staunton. $14-26. 540-855-5588.
Winston in Concert: Pianist George Winston graces the home of Shenandoah Shakespeare with his mix of folk, pop, and R&B. The performance benefits the Blue Ridge Food Bank. Nonperishable food items will be taken at the door. 7:30pm. $35. Blackfriars Playhouse, 10 S. Market St., Staunton. 540-855-5588.
Return Engagement: Award-winning poet Lucie Brock-Broido, whose reading was cancelled at the last minute several weeks ago, is rescheduled to read from her work this evening. She is director of poetry at Columbia's School of the Arts, having just left the position of director of creative writing at Harvard. Her most recent book is Trouble in Mind, published this fall by Knopf. 8pm. University Bookstore atop the Central Grounds parking garage, Emmet street. 924-6675.
Revival Plans: UVA architectural historian Richard Guy Wilson discusses past and present trends in Colonial Revival architecture, based on his recent book, The Colonial Revival House. 5:30pm. New Dominion Bookshop. 404 E. Market St. 295-2552.
Hail, yes: With yellow cab karaoke, you're not just a singer, you're the star! Join the fun of over 18,000 songs, digital karaoke, and spectacular lights. 9pm-1am. Damon's at the Holiday Inn, 1901 Emmet St. 977-0803.
Irish Set Dance Workshop at the Prism: The Blue Ridge Irish Music school sponsors a lesson of this social dance from County Clare, Ireland– four couples in square sets hopping about to reels and jigs. $5, 7pm.
Charley Orlando (singer/songwriter) at Kokopelli's. $3, 7-9:30pm.
Karaoke Night with DJ Wild Wes at Buffalo Wild Wings. Free, 9pm.
Danny Beirne (piano-man) at Coupe DeVille's. No cover, 10pm.
Karaoke Night at Damon's Sports Bar. Free, 9-12am.
Chicken Head Blues Band at Dürty Nelly's. $4, 9pm.
Peter Markush (piano) at Gravity Lounge. Free, 12-1pm.
Morwenna Lasko with Jay Pun & Julie Lloyd at Gravity Lounge. $5, 8pm.
Thompson / D'earth and friends (freeform jazz) at Miller's. $4, 10pm.
Dj Scumbag at Orbit. No cover, 10:30pm.
Temple of Giants at Outback Lodge. No cover, 10pm.
Satisfaction with Noel Sanger (18 and up dance party) at Rapture. $3/Ladies free, 10:30pm.
Middle Eastern Belly Dance Class at Rapunzel's Coffee & Books. Free, 6:30pm.
PJ Party: Kids of all ages can jump in their jammies, grab a stuffed friend or blankie to cuddle with, and come over to Barnes & Noble for their first Christmas Story Time Pajama Party. Children's bookseller Allyson reads favorite traditional holiday stories like The Night Before Christmas and Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, and holiday treats are on tap. 7pm. Free. Barracks Road Shopping Center. 984-6598.
Christmas on the Frontier: Frontier Culture Museum Holiday Lantern Tours explore Christmas as it used to be. Historic holiday traditions from Old World Europe and 19th Century Shenandoah Valley are presented by costumed interpreters. Tours leave every 30 minutes from 5:30-8:30pm. $12 adults, $8 children. Advance reservations required. Rt. 250 west in Staunton. 540-332-7850.
FAMILY AND PERFORMANCE
Best Ever: The Herdmans are back as Four County Players presents a holiday performance of The Best Christmas Pageant Ever, based on a children's classic by Barbara Robinson. When "the worst kids in the world" take over the church's annual nativity play, these street-wise siblings give everyone a new take on the reason for the season. A bistro with homemade goodies and gifts opens for business with each show, and Santa makes a cameo at every matinee. 7:30pm. $12 adults, $10 seniors/students, $8 children. Barboursville Community Center, Rt. 678. 540-832-5677.
A Christmas Carol: See Thursday, December 9. Today's performance is at 7:30pm.
Violin Improv: Two local musical gurus, Stephen Nachmanovitch and Timothy Summers, team up to offer improvisations on violin, viola, mezzo violin, and electric violin. 8:30pm. $10-15. Gravity Lounge, 103 S. First St. 977-5590.
Get Lost in Santaland: Shenandoah Shakespeare presents the ultimate anti-holiday show: The Santaland Diaries, a hilarious one-man act written by NPR humorist and author David Sedaris. As usual, it's about his zany life: this time as an unemployed artist working as an elf in the Big Apple. $10-21. 10pm. Blackfriars Playhouse, 10 S. Market St., Staunton. 540-885-5588.
Wreath Workshops at Monticello: These ever-popular workshops, now in their 19th year, result in a beautiful Christmas wreath for each participant to take home. Learn the process of making your own, then get busy. $40 fee covers the workshop and all materials. 984-9822 or monticello.org.
Holiday Market: Start your holiday celebrations at the annual Holiday Market. Come shop for crafts, baked goods, toys, and greenery on Fridays and Saturdays now until Christmas. 10am-5pm. Central Place on the Downtown Mall.
Ash Lawn for the Holidays: Come experience a 19th century Christmas, complete with natural greenery and period decorations, at James Monroe's Albemarle estate. Admission charge. 293-9539 or ashlawnhighland.org for details. See Walkabout feature.
Yuletide Feast: Michie Tavern knows all about transporting guests back in time, and this weekend you can even experience local holiday traditions at their annual Yuletide Feast. Strolling musicians, 18th century style decorations, fresh greens, fruits, and more. 6pm. Reservations required. 977-1234 or michietavern.com for details. See Walkabout feature.
Floral Meditations: Join the Gentle Gardener staff for a workshop on decorating with container gardens for the holidays. You'll also learn tips and tricks for wintering indoor plants safely. 10Am-noon. $10 fee. gentlegardener.com or 1-877-GENTLEG.
Information Session: The Outdoor Adventure Social Club offers a photo show and social hour for potential members. 8-10pm. Free if you RSVP. 420 E. Main St. #3. outdoorsocial.com or 760-HIKE.
Still a Great Society?: Oxford University's Gareth Davies speaks on "The Great Society after Johnson: The Case of Federal Education Policy." Davies has published a book on the Great Society and its welfare efforts. He discusses Lyndon Johnson's education legacy at the Miler Center. Free and open to the public, including lunch, but reservations are required. Noon. 2201 Old Ivy Road. 924-4694.
Books and Hoots in the Valley: Occasional Hook contributor Chris Graham– late of the Charlottesville Observer and now co-brain behind the August Free Press– signs copies of his new book, Stop the Presses, at the Sharon Book Store, 6-9pm. At 7:15pm he talks on humor writing. 540-249-1198.
Monthly Drum Circle at Better Than Television Community Center (106 a3 Goodman St.): The first meeting of the drum circle, where those with a groove can get it out before the work week is upon us. Bring your assorted percussion instruments and beat. Free, 8pm.
Local Duets at the Prism: Jake Armerding and Greg Liszt, James Leva and Danny Knicely, Ben Krakauer and Pete Frostic (of Old School Freight Train), Morwenna Lasko and Jay Pun (fiddle and guitar), Andy Thacker and Peyton Tochterman (of Fair Weather Bums) begin at 7pm and just keep chugging– see some of best, in their most stripped-down form. $15/$12 advance.
Open Mic Night at Rapunzel's: Whatever you've got, Rapunzel's will take it (within limits of course): poetry, music, dance, magic, a catch all for the exhibitionist in us all. Free, 7:30pm.
The Pat McGee Band at Starr Hill: The Richmond based jam sextet continues its almost 10-year career, performing over 250 live dates a year. Come see why they still pull them in. $18/$15 advance, 9pm.
Sweet Trouble (pop/rock) at Kokopelli's. $5, 8-11pm.
Vernon Fisher ("romantic side of jazz") at Keswick Hall. No cover, 6:30pm.
James McLaughlin w/members of Old School Freight Train ("Latin jazz") at Michael's Bistro. No cover, 10pm.
Porter Davis and Taylor Davis ("eclectic acoustic) at Miller's. $3, 10:30pm.
Travis Elliott and Supercomp at Orbit. No cover, 10:30pm.
This Means You at Outback Lodge. $6, 10pm.
William Walter & Co. (acoustic-rock originals) at the Shebeen. No cover, 11pm.
Mass Movement of the Moth with Arcadia, Sing Sing Prison, and Shapiro at Tokyo Rose, $5, 10pm.
Evening of Electronic Music at Twisted Branch Tea Bazaar. No cover, 9pm.
SATURDAY, December 11
Scrawled War Art: Troopship soldiers left behind their thoughts and impressions during the Vietnam War by scrawling graffiti on their canvas bunks. Author Art Beltrone has collected some of those scrawlings, and Charlottesville publisher Howell Press has come out with a book of them. Meet Beltrone and see his display of some of the graffiti-bearing bunks at New Dominion Bookshop at 1:30pm. 404 E. Market St. 295-2552.
If You Build It: Young architects ages 4 and up can build their house and eat it too at the Virginia Discovery Museum's Holiday Houses workshop. 10:30-11:15am. $5 members, $7 non-members. Pre-registration required. East end of the Downtown Mall. 977-1025.
Friends Around the World: Kids can make a friend in another land at Crozet Library. In a project based on the book Boxes for Katie, young folks ages 8 and up and an adult will sew Teddy bears for children in a Haitian orphanage. The toys will be sent along with boxes of donated clothing. Bring a small treasure for the bear's pocket and some clean, out-grown clothes. 1pm. Free. Registration required. In the old train station on Three Notch'd Road. 823-4050. See Family feature.
Down on the Farm: Mangham Wool & Mohair Farm host a country Christmas Fair on the farm. City folks can explore the farm with animals to pet, enjoy hot cider and cookies, and finish up some holiday shopping with wooly socks, hand knit sweaters, blankets, hats, yarns for sale. Noon-5pm. 901 Hammocks Gap Road. 973-2222. wool.us.
Enchanting Dilemma: Follow the bread crumbs to Old Michie Theatre for a newly staged marionette production of the classic Grimm's tale Hansel and Gretel. 11am, 2 and 4pm. $5. 221 E. Water St. 977-3690.
Never Grow Up: Jefferson Youth Theater presents Peter Pan at Burnley-Moran Elementary School. This new millennium version of the classic musical features over 50 children along with veteran actor Brad Stoller as Captain Hook. 5pm. $6. Just off the 250 Bypass near Locust Ave. 249-2803.
Wild Blue Yonder: It was December 17, 1903 when Orville Wright made the first successful, powered, controlled flight, and the Virginia Aviation Museum is celebrating this achievement. High flyers can examine a life-size reproduction of the 1903 Wright Flyer and three full-size reproductions of Wright brothers' gliders, make their own Wright Flyer out of foam or construct a kite, enjoy Wright brothers movies all day, and soar with children's activities that celebrate the day. 10am-noon. Included in the price of museum admission. 5701 Huntsman Road. 804-236-3622. vam.smv.org.
Best Ever: See Friday, December 10. Matinee also today at 2:30pm.
Christmas on the Frontier: See Friday, December 10.
Trails Workday: Help the Rivanna Trails Foundation in its ongoing effort to build a trail network around Charlottesville, and get dirty in the process! 8:45am. 923-9022 or rivannatrails.org for directions and more information.
Wreath Workshops at Monticello: See Friday, December 10. Today's workshops are at 9:30am and 2pm. Reservations required.
Beginner Hike: Get your boots wet at this beginner/intermediate hike in Shenandoah National Park with the Outdoor Adventure Social Club. 10am departure. $5, plus membership fee. outdoorsocial.com or 760-HIKE.
Cooper Vineyards Open House: Plan your holiday festivities with wine, gifts, and light holiday fare from Cooper Vineyards. 10am-5pm. No fee. 13372 Shannon Hill Road in Lousia. 540-894-5253 or [email protected].
Holiday Market: See Friday, December 10.
Afton Winter Open House: It's a party, with barrel tastings of Afton Mountain Vineyards' 2004 vintage with complementary minestrone soup. No fee. 10am-5pm. (540) 456-8667.
Chrysalis Open House: Celebrate the season with award-winning Chrysalis wines, warm soup, and holiday treats. 11am-5pm. (540) 687-8222 or [email protected].
18th Century Evening: You've probably seen Monticello before, but how many times have you been there at night? You can do just that at the annual Holiday Evening Tour. Live music, costumed interpreters, holiday deserts, and plenty of authentic 18th century decorations. Best of all, this walkthrough is self guided, so you can go at your own pace. 5:30-8:30pm. $10 for adults ($5 for kids under 11). monticello.org or 984-9822. See Walkabout feature.
Yuletide Feast: See Friday, December 10. 6pm. Reservations required. 977-1234 or michietavern.com.
Rock Climbing: Practice makes perfect. Join the Outdoor Adventure Social Club for some training on the plastic rocks at Peak Experiences rock gym in Richmond. Noon. $17 plus membership fee. Registration required. 760-HIKE or outdoorsocial.com.
King Family Open House: Enjoy mulled wine and take advantage of special discounts on wines and wine related gifts for holiday giving at King Family Vineyard. No fee. 823-7800 or email or [email protected].
Plant a Family Tree: The Central Virginia Genealogical Association meets at Northside Library for their monthly discussion. 1:30pm. 973-7471 or avenue.org/cvga.
Get Lost in Santaland: See Friday, December 10.
Holiday Spotlight: The Paramount Theater showcases hundreds of local singers, musicians, dancers, and actors in 17 different groups throughout the day. 10-5pm. A new performance begins every half-hour on the Downtown Mall, left of the theater's construction barrier. 979-1922.
Best Christmas Pageant: See Friday, December 10. Today's shows are at 2:30 and 7:30pm.
David Matthews (not Dave Matthews), Alli Collis, Jose Maria, and Karma Bums at Live Arts Upstage: The 8th season of Acoustic Charlottesville opens with an evening of multi-cultural (and multi-genre) sounds. $6, 8pm.
Ralph Rush and Swang at SongSharing CoffeeHouse at the Fork Union Community Center: Hooktown Blues recording artists Rush and Swang perform live as part of the SongSharing monthly Community Music Series in Fork Union. Those interested in performing should call to take one of the opening slots. $3, 7pm. 842-3150.
Ralph Stanley at Starr Hill: A Virginia native, Stanley has been playing bluegrass for 50 years; recently he was featured in the soundtrack to O Brother, Where Art Thou has brought Stanley a whole new group of fans. $25/$20, 8pm. See Tunes feature.
Victor Cabas (blues) at Basic Necessities. No cover, 6:30pm.
Populist Dancing at Club Rio. $10, 9pm.
Soldiers of Jah Army (reggae) at Garden of Sheba. $7, 10pm.
Robot Surfer (rock) at Miller's. $2, 10:30pm.
Meade Skelton (singer-songwriter) at the Mudhouse Downtown. No cover, 8pm.
Minus the Sidekick (indie-rock) and the Chicken Head Blues Band at Outback Lodge. $6, 10:30pm.
Soul Canoe (Tom Prout, Emily McCormack, and Mary Gordon Hall- folk) at Rapunzel's. $5, 7:30pm.
Metanoia (classic rock-dance) at Kokopelli's. $5, 8-11pm.
Hard Rain (rock covers, originals) at Dürty Nelly's. $3, 9-11pm.
SUNDAY, December 12
Best Christmas Pageant: See Friday, December 10. Today's show is a 2:30pm matinee.
Holiday Spotlight: See Saturday, December 11. Today's hours are 1-3:30pm.
Hello, Charlie: The Waynesboro players are looking for three women and four men to cast in Goodbye, Charlie, directed by Betty Hales. Performances will be March 3-5. 2-5pm. Waynesboro Players warehouse, Main and Delphine, Waynesboro. 964-0872.
Charlottesville Municipal Band Holiday Concert: It's not Christmas in Charlottesville until we've heard from the Municipal Band. Seasonal and traditional music, "snow fall," and audience participation highlight this annual festivity. A free event, but tickets are required, available at Greenberry's, Plan 9 Records, and the Senior Center. 3:30 and 7:30pm. Main stage, V. Earl Dickinson Building, PVCC. 961-5202.
Santa Claws: Animal Connections offers Rover and Boots the chance to have their photos taken with the big bearded guy in the red suit to benefit the Charlottesville/Albemarle SPCA and other animal rescue groups. Noon-6pm. 1701 E. Allied St. 296-7048.
Winter Fiesta: Central Library hosts a bilingual Winter Fiesta with seasonal stories and songs in English and Spanish. Partiers can make a gift for a loved one, and refreshments will be served. 3pm. Free. 201 E. Market St. 979-7151, ext. 3.
Never Grow Up: See Saturday, December 11.
Best Ever: See Friday, December 10. Today's show 2:30pm.
Down on the Farm: See Saturday, December 11.
Rink in the Season: Come to the Downtown Ice Park for a live skating performance by the Charlottesville Figure Skating Club. Then, stay for the Charlottesville Ice Park Adult League Hockey Championship game at 6pm. Starts at 4pm. $7. 817-1423 or icepark.com.
King Family Open House: See Saturday, December 11.
Cooper Vineyards Open House: See Saturday, December 11. 10am-5pm.
Cold Enough?: Winter weather permitting, the Outdoor Adventure Social Club will hit the slopes for a day of skiing and snowboarding at Wintergreen. 11:15am departure. Fee plus membership. outdoorsocial.com or 760-HIKE.
Afton Winter Open House: See Saturday, December 11.
Chrysalis Open House: See Saturday, December 11.
Soul Canoe at Gravity Lounge: Soul Canoe is a new group composed of the harmonious duo Tom Proutt and Emily McCormick, with the addition of Mary Gordon Hall. Donations, 11am-2pm.
Music of the Early Modern Era at Old Cabell Hall: Featuring music from the 16th and 17th centuries and directed by Paul Walker, the show includes works by Josquin des Prez, Michael Praetorius, Orlande de Lassus, Giovanni Gabrieli, Johann David Heinichen, and others $10/$5 students, 3:30pm. 924-3984.
Sugar Ridge Quartet Holiday Concert at Gravity Lounge. $10, 3pm.
Choral Music (Back, etc.) at First United Methodist Church (101 E. Jefferson St). Free, 11am.
Gaye Adegbalola with Joan Fenton at Gravity Lounge. $15/$12, 7pm.
Funktastic Five (hip-hop) at Miller's. $2, 10:30pm.
Native American Flute Circle meeting at Rapunzel's. No cover, 1pm.
Irish Music Session at Shebeen. No cover, 3-6pm.
Brad Bryant (acoustic "bluesy pop") at Kokopelli's. $3, 7-9:30pm.
Stealing Christmas: That cuddly-as-a-cactus Grinch comes to Gordon Avenue Library via video. Children of all ages are invited to munch some popcorn and watch this modern holiday classic. 3pm. Free. 1500 Gordon Ave. 296-5544.
Scuba Club: Explore the waters of the northeastern seaboard with Pete Nawrocky, a well-known diver and underwater photographer, at the monthly meeting of the Sea Devil Divers. 6:30pm. Free. Rococo's Restaurant. 975-5570 or SeaDevilDivers.com.
Voters Voice: The Fluvanna League of Women Voters meets at 4:30pm in the new Public Safety Building. Route 53 in Palmyra. 589-6221.
Paws To Ponder: Caring For Creatures presents a free community lecture series designed to enhance your relationship with the animals in your life. December's focus is on protecting your pets during the hectic and busy holiday season. 7pm. No fee (except for dinner, or course). At Wild Greens Restaurant in the north wing of the Barracks Road Shopping Center. 591-6113 or caringforcreatures.com.
Easy Hike: Head into the mountains with the Outdoor Adventure Social Club and enjoy a summit view of the new moon and the Geminid meteor shower on this easy hike. 6pm. $5, plus membership fee. outdoorsocial.com or 760-HIKE.
Hello, Charlie: See Sunday, December 12. Today's hours are 7-9pm.
Are you Mr. Adams? Four County Players is holding auditions for its winter musical, the lovable 1776, a comic reworking of America's road to independence. Performances will run from March to April. Actors should prepare a short vocal selection. Must be 18 or older. All parts open, none paid. 7pm. Barboursville Community Center, Route 678 just off Route 33, Barboursville. 832-5355.
Open Mic Night with Charles Davis at Baja Bean. No cover, signup 8:30pm/9pm.
Michael Glabicki with Greg Howard at Gravity Lounge. $14/$10, 7pm.
Greg Howard (acoustic) at Miller's. No cover, 9pm.
George Melvin (piano merriment) at South Street Brewery. No cover, 9:30pm.
Jim Gagnon and Co. at Twisted Branch Tea Bazaar. No cover, 9pm.
Travis Elliot (pop) and John Figura at the Virginian. No cover, 10pm.
Before Jackie Was O: Barbara A. Perry, author of the recently published Jacqueline Kennedy: First Lady of the New Frontier, shares insights from her book at the Miller Center today at 11am. 2201 Old Ivy Road. 924-0921.
English Christmas in Virginia: The Kluge Farm Shop will be decked out in holiday spirit for this evening of English and old Virginia Christmas traditions, foodstuffs, and beverages. Learn to cook all sorts of favorites, then stay to share some seasonal cheer. 6:30-8pm. $45 includes all materials, reservations required. Limit 20. Part of an ongoing series of wine/food events at the Shop. 100 Grand Cru Drive, Esmont. 977-3895.
It's a Snap: The Charlottesville camera club meets to discuss successes and tips– this month focusing on the year's best pictures. Visitors welcome. 6:30pm. Turtle Creek Club House, 100 Turtle Creek Road. 973-4856.
Women's Discussion: "Black women, White women, All Women In Dialogue" holds its monthly meeting. All welcome. 5:45pm. Garden of Sheba. 609 E. Market St. 295-2612.
In Your Dreams: If it's just not Christmas without Sugarplum Fairies dancing through your dreams, you're in luck. The Moscow Ballet Company comes to the Martin Luther King Jr. Performing Arts Center for two performances of the Great Russian Nutcracker ballet. Over 40 local children join the pros as mice, angels, snowflakes, and party guests. 7:30pm. $28-48; tickets available through Musictoday at 800-594-TIXX, or nutcracker.com. Melbourne Road. 499-1733.
An Unfortunate Event: Fans awaiting the December 17 release of the movie based on the burdensome books known as Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events will probably not want to attend the unpleasant program planned at Northside Library celebrating that event. There will be horrid games and minimal fun, so kids ages 8-12 are advised to sign up only if they must. 6:30-8pm. Free. Albemarle Square. 973-7893.
A Christmas Carol: See Thursday, December 9. Today's performance is a 10:30am (school matinee) and 7:30pm (interpreted in sign language).
Are You Mr. Adams?: See Monday, December 13.
Karaoke Night (what you make of it) at Baja Bean. Free, 8pm.
Glen Mack (rock) at Coupe DeVille's. No cover, 10:30pm.
Faster Than Walking at Miller's. $3, 9:30pm.
George Turner (jazz) at Orbit. No cover, 10pm.
$2 Tuesdays with Big Circle at Outback Lodge. No cover, 10pm.
WEDNESDAY, December 15
A Christmas Carol: See Thursday, December 9. 10:30am school matinee and 7:30pm.
Bennett Ball: The grand gala reopening of the Paramount Theater has been moved up a day to accommodate singing legend Tony Bennett's busy schedule. The night includes an open house and reception, and proceeds benefit the theater's capital campaign. Bennett's appearance opens a weekend of special performances to commemorate the renovations. 8pm. Paramount Theater, on the Downtown Mall. $250-1,000. 979-1333 or theparamount.net. See Performance feature.
Cold Enough?: Hit the slopes tonight with the Outdoor Adventure Social Club. 5:30pm departure. Fee, plus membership. outdoorsocial.com or 760-HIKE.
Intro to Iyengar: This yoga style is excellent for beginners because it teaches a variety of different poses and works with the body's natural alignment. This Outdoor Adventure Social Club class offers indivdualized attention and a highly trained teacher. 6:30pm at the Boys and Girls Club of Greater Charlottesville. $7 plus membership fee. outdoorsocial.com or 760-HIKE.
Cheesy Trivia with M&M Express at Buffalo Wild Wings. No cover, 8:30pm.
Benny Dodd (rock covers) at Coupe DeVille's. No cover, 10pm.
Open Mic Night at Dew Drop Inn. No cover, 7:30pm.
Country Dance Night (couples and line) at Fry Spring Beach Club. $7/$4 students, lessons 7-8pm, dancing 8-11pm.
Justin Rosolino at Gravity Lounge. $5, 8pm.
The Mike Rosensky Jeff Decker Quartet (jazz) at Miller's. No cover, 9:30pm.
Pre-thanksgiving bash with Travis Elliott at Orbit. No cover, 10:30pm. See Music Review, page 40.
Open Jam at Rapunzel's Coffee & Books. Free, 7pm.
Jim Davies (acoustic rock and blues) at the Virginian. No cover, 10pm.
Karaoke Night at West Main. No Cover, 10pm.
Afghans in Sport and War: An expert on Afghanistan, G. Whitney Azoy, speaks on "Afghanistan and Iraq: Two Bad Hands Played Differently– Reflections of a Diplomat, Consultant and Anthropologist, 1971-2004" at the central branch of the Jefferson-Madison Regional Library today at 7pm. 201 E, Market St. 866-882-6887. See Words feature.
Matthew Willner solo at Atomic Burrito: Always a chameleon of sound, Willner morphs into a solo star tonight, as his guitar, bass, synths, loops and devices show you don't need a band. Just a lot of money and some soul. No cover, 10pm.
Karaoke Night at Damon's Sports Bar. Free, 9-midnight.
Live Reggae Lounge at Garden of Sheba. $7, 10pm.
Look Around: The Artisans Center of Virginia invites entries for a national competition/juried exhibition, "Sacred Icons: A Collective Vision of Symbolic & Ritual Objects." All media are accepted, but work must have been completed in the past two years. The entry fee is $20, and the submission deadline is February 19, 2005. Info: 540-946-3294 or [email protected].
Glass-Blowing Workshop: Try your hand at glass blowing with a one-day class at Sunspot Studios in Staunton. You'll get to watch a master in action, and then jump in to create a paperweight, ornament, or a hand-blown vase of your own. Class times and themes vary, as do fees. 202 S. Lewis St. in Staunton near the old train station. Details and registration info: 540-885-0678 or [email protected].
All Around the World: "Joy from the World," brightens the Science Museum of Virginia where holiday customs of the world light the museum in festively decorated fir trees, a display of handcrafted dolls representing actual and mythical characters, and special weekend cultural presentations. The museum's Carpenter Theatre Company presents the play "One Bad Camel," and "First Star I See Tonight" shows in the planetarium. Included in the price of admission. 2500 W. Broad St., Richmond. 800-659-1727. smv.org.
Traditions!: "Our Community, Our World in Celebration" explores the holiday traditions of Hanukkah, Diwali, Christmas, Kwanzaa, Lunar New Year, Ramadan, and Eid at the Children's Museum of Richmond. The interactive exhibit features six miniature houses where young visitors have the chance to play games such as Dreidel and Mancala, hear stories, make Kwanzaa candles, dance the dragon dance, and more. Included in the price of admission. 2626 West Broad St., Richmond. 804-474-7006. c-mor.org.
Christmas on the Frontier: The Frontier Culture Museum celebrates Holidays in History through December. The four historic farms are festively decorated, and costumed interpreters talk about holiday traditions from historic England, Scotland/Ireland, Germany, and the Shenandoah Valley. 10am-4pm. Included in the cost of admission. Rt. 250 west in Staunton. 540-332-7850. See Family feature, page 43.
Tree Trimming: Intrepid hunters and gatherers can cut their own Christmas tree from the fields at Ash Lawn-Highland. Trees are growing naturally so are not shaped, and there may be a hike to find just the right Virginia pine or cedar. Bring your own saw and a rope to secure the tree to your vehicle. 11am-4pm daily through December 24. $5 donation requested. James Monroe Parkway (Rt. 795). 293-9539. ashlawnhighland.org.
Write for the Animals: Published and aspiring writers of poetry, fiction, and creative non-fiction are invited to participate in Writer's Gallery, a reading and reception to benefit an animal rescue organization. Writer's Gallery takes place on February 24, but writers' submissions and applications are due by Wednesday, December 15. Contact Kalela Williams at 971-8841 or [email protected].
Script It: Offstage Theatre seeks scripts for two upcoming series, Barhoppers and Bedroom Plays, set (duh) in bars and bedrooms. Pieces should run 10 to 20 minutes and require minimal props, costumes, etc. Comedies, dramas, monologues, musicals all eligible. Offstage pays $50 per chosen script. Deadlines: mid-December for Barhoppers; mid-February for Bedroom Plays. Send inquiries to [email protected] and submissions to [email protected], or send mail to Chris Patrick, 210 Little Graves St., Charlottesville 22902.
Modern Dance: Classes with the Miki Liszt dance company. Safety release technique: 7pm Tuesdays. Dynamic alignment: 10:30am Wednesdays. Horton technique: 5:30pm Fridays. Studio 20, McGuffey Art Center, 201 Second St. NW. 295-7973.
Practice Swing: The Charlottesville Swing Dance Society hosts weekly practice sessions for beginners and intermediates Thursdays. Singles and couples welcome. DJ takes requests. 7:30-9pm. Auditorium of the Albemarle County Office Building, 401 McIntire Road. Free. 980-2744.
Sunday Salsa: The Charlottesville Salsa Club sponsors a weekly opportunity to learn and practice Salsa and other dances, in a smoke-free nightclub atmosphere. A basic lesson (usually salsa) gets the evening started at 8. DJ'd music is 80 percent salsa mixed with other Latin styles. Complimentary water and sodas. The Outback Lodge, 917 Preston Ave. 8pm-midnight. $5 (members $3). 979-7211.
Country Dance: Couples and line dancing at Fry's Spring Beach Club. Dance lesson Wednesday 7-8pm, dancing 8-11pm. $7, students $4. (students $2 every fourth Wednesday). 2512 Jefferson Park Ave. 977-0491.
Belly Dance and More: Get kinky at the Berkmar Ballroom with lessons in everything from exotic dance to salsa and tango. Classes, schedules and prices vary. Visit www.bermarballroom.com for a complete listing or call for more information. 652 Rio Road W. 975-4611.
More Belly Dance: Studio 206 Belmont offers one-hour belly dance lessons every Tuesday with instructor Amalia Habibi. 7:15pm. 501 Monticello Road (above Mas tapas bar). $9-12. 296-6250.
Keep Rotating those Abs: Studio Bijoux's Leila offers Egyptian belly dance for advanced beginners (permission required) at 7pm Mondays and 7:15pm Wednesdays. A technique course open to dancers of all skill levels takes place at 8pm Mondays. Ages 15 and up welcome. All courses at ACAC Albemarle Square. $10-12. 978-3800 or studiobijoux.com/dance.
Ninja Yoga: Towards a revolution of consciousness. Free yoga classes. Bring a mat. Thursdays, 9-10:15am. Mondays, 6:30pm, followed by a writing workshop at 7:30pm. Meditation, an indirect non-action, meets Wednesdays 8-9am for instructions, discussions, short sittings. Meets Thursdays 8-9am for a silent "bare bones" hour-long sitting (followed by yoga). Free and open to the public at "Better than Television," a new community center at 106 A3 Goodman St. 295-0872.
Water Watchers: StreamWatch needs for volunteers interested in stream ecology and willing to collect aquatic organisms for the purpose of evaluating stream health. See streamwatch.org for info, then call 923-8642.
Green Gatherings: Explore the spiritual side of nature with NatureSpirit. Explore the spiritual teachings of earth-centered traditions and learn how to live in harmony with the rhythms of nature. Meets the first Sunday of the month at Thomas Jefferson Memorial Church at 6:30pm. [email protected], call 243-6421, or naturespirit.info.
Parla italiano? If you don't, Christina Ball of Ecco Italy offers "Italian for Beginners" lessons on Wednesday mornings (9:30-11am; $15 drop-in fee). If you do, why not drop by for the Tavola italiana (Wednesdays 11:30am-12:30pm) for a free chat hour in italiano? Or what about "Cinema Chat," a series of intermediate Italian conversation classes inspired by Italian films. ($55 for five-week chat series or $15 single class drop-in; Thursday 7L30-9pm). All classes held in the Verity blue Tower Lounge at the Main Street Market 406A W. Main St. Contact [email protected] or 825-4390.
Monticello in Winter: See Jefferson's homestead up close and personal on a cold weather tour of the property's architectural highlights. Now through the end of February. Usual admission fee applies. 984-9822 or monticello.org for a complete schedule.
Alliance Dinner Meeting: Interfaith Gay Straight Alliance of Central Virginia, a faith-based group working for full civil rights for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgenders and their families, meets the first Thursday of each month. 7pm. St. Paul's Memorial Episcopal Church, 1700 University Ave. Brown bag supper at 6pm. 220-0970.
Transition Workshop: A chance for families of high school students with disabilities to explore post-high school options happens December 1, at 6:30pm in the Charlottesville High School Media Center. Sponsored by Albemarle County and Charlottesville Public Schools. Free. 244-3110, ext. 3234.
Bead Business: Studio Baboo presents weekly classes in bead stringing and jewelry making. Call the shop for specifics
Madison House: Help UVA's Madison House bring a happy holiday to over 100 low-income families in the Charlottesville/Albemarle area. Call Reimi Okuyama at 977-7051 for details.
Early Music Meeting: The Shenandoah Recorder Society meets on the third Sunday of every month to discuss the recorder and early music in general. Open to all. For more information, call 295-1395.
Mindfulness Meditation: Tuesdays 12:15-12:45pm. UVA Hospital Chapel. Meditation practice with guidance. Free. No experience necessary. 924-1190.
ART LIST
Second Street Gallery presents "Drawn into Light: Works on Paper by Kay Hwang and Imi Hwangbo," on view through January 29. 115 Second St. SE. 977-7284.
Through December 23, the University of Virginia Art Museum displays "Whiteness, A Wayward Construction," a collaborative exhibition by 24 artists exploring "the concept of whiteness as an ideology of power." Also on view: "Lifeline: Movement and Time in Prints, Drawings and Photographs from the Collection," and video artist Bill Viola's "Six Heads," presented in conjunction with the Virginia Film Festival. The latter two shows run through December 23. Also extended through December 23 is the exhibition "Museums: Conditions and Spaces." 155 Rugby Road. 924-3952.
The McGuffey Art Center presents its annual Holiday Group Show, featuring work by over 50 artists, during December. 201 Second St. NW. 295-7973.
Vanity Salon features photography by Aimee Wade and Shannon Winter through December. 1112 High St. 977-3332.
Through December 30, The Art Box presents "Outside the Box," an exhibition of work by nine young female artists. 2125 Ivy Road, lower level. 295-5426.
The Main Street Market Galleria displays paintings by Kiki Slaughter during 416 W. Main St. 244-7800.
The 5th Floor Gallery at Keller Williams is currently showing the glass and metal sculpture of Bill Hess, landscape photography by Mary Withers, and oil cityscapes by Edward Thomas. Ten percent of proceeds from artwork sold is donated to Habitat for Humanity. Suite 500, Citizens Commonwealth Building (UVA Credit Union), 300 Preston Ave. 220-2200.
The Thomas Jefferson Memorial Church presents an "all church" group show of artwork by members of the congregation during December. 717 Rugby Road. 293-8179.
Angelo displays "Thailand-China, September 2004," photographs by Pam Perugi Marraccini, through December 31. 220 E. Main St. 971-9256.
The Kluge-Ruhe Collection of Aboriginal Art opens two new exhibitions in December: "Shades of Black: Photographs by Wayne Quilliam" and "Black & White & Red Ochre." Both shows run through January 29. 400 Worrell Drive, Peter Jefferson Place (off Route 250 East at Pantops). 244-0234.
Les Yeux du Monde presents "Places of Color and Light," paintings by Annie Harris Massie, through January 2. Also on display during December: "Small Treasures," a wide-ranging holiday group show. 115 S. First St. 973-5566.
The Downtown Business Association of Charlottesville displays photographs from its "Where Else but Downtown?" photography contest at the Charlottesville Community Design Center through the end of December.101 E. Main St. on the Downtown Mall. 984-2232.
During December, Transient Crafters hosts "Horses: Drawings, Paintings, and Limited Editions by Milenko." 118 E. Main St. on the Downtown Mall. 972-9500.
Nature Visionary Art presents "Visions of Haiti," a group show curated by Laurie Carmody of Galerie Bonheur, through December 30. 110 Fourth St. 296-8482.
For its December show, The Gallery @ 5th & Water offers the Africa-inspired work of Gloria Mitchell, plus paintings by Lindsay Michie Eades. 107 Fifth St. 979-9825.
Can't get enough of Lindsay Michie Eades? Then head to New Dominion Bookshop, where Eades' paintings are also on display through December 31. 404 E. Main St. on the Downtown Mall. 295-2552.
During December, CODG presents "Abstract Ornamentation," spotlighting eight local artists working in a wide range of media.. 112 E. Main St., under the Jefferson Theater. 242-4212.
The C&O Gallery features "A Secret Garden," an exhibition of stunning botanical prints by John Grant, through December. Next door to the C&O Restaurant, 511 E. Water St. 971-7044. See Art feature.
Sage Moon Gallery highlights work by Elliott Twery during December. 420 E. Main St. on the Downtown Mall. 977-9997.
New works by members of the Central Virginia Watercolor Guild, featuring watercolors, oils, pastels, and mixed media are on display at the Albemarle County Courthouse. 501 E. Jefferson Court Square. 296-8484.
During December, the Mudhouse shows "Snowflakes," paintings by Christian Peri.. 213 W. Main St. on the Downtown Mall. 984-6833.
View Ray Wirth's photography exhibition, "Distillations from Larger Landscapes," at Art Upstairs during December. Also, this month the gallery features its annual members' exhibition and sale of miniature paintings. 316 E. Main St., above The Hardware Store, on the Downtown Mall. 923-3900.
For the month of December, Bozart Gallery offers a group show by Bozart members. 211 W. Main St. 296-3919.
L'étoile Restaurant displays paintings by local artists Barry Gordon, Malcolm Hughes, and Christian Peri. 817 W. Main St. (across from the Amtrak Station). 979-7957.
The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts displays "Selections: 20th Century Latin American Art in the VMFA Collection" through March 13. Also on view, "Albrecht Durer: A Renaissance Journey in Print" runs through January 9. 200 N. Broad St., Richmond. 804-340-1400.
Washington and Lee University presents new large-scale paintings by Frank Hobbs, on display through January 7. Lexington. 540-458-8954.
During December, the Staunton Public Library displays the photographs of Bonnie Rutledge Edwards. 1 Churchville Ave. 540-332-3902.
Madison's Sevenoaks Pathwork Center shows the pastel and oil paintings of Janice Dunn Rosenberg through February 22. 403 Pathwork Way, Madison. 434-295-8315.
Noon Whistle Pottery and Art Gallery presents an exhibition of three local landscape artists, Will Brown, Mark Collins, and Carol Weiss. Main Street, Stanardsville. 434-985-6500.
Ombra's in Crozet features paintings by Doris deSha and Laurel Johnson, on view through December. 434-823-5332.
Spruce Creek Gallery presents "Nature in the Abstract," an exhibition of paintings by Alyce Ananda McCoy, through December 13. 434-361-1859.
The Barn Swallow features pottery by Janice Arone and Mary Ann Burke, plus other handcrafted artwork. Route 682 off 250W. 434-979-4884.
Staunton's Painted Thunder Studios welcomes the work of equine artist Jennet Inglis. 19 W. Beverley St. 540-851-0864.
During the holidays, Sun's Traces Gallery displays three-dimensional pictures by Michie Taylor, shadow baskets by Charlotte LaRoy, as well as turned wood pieces by Richard Cruise, and clay works by Paula Brown-Steedly. Barboursville. 540-832-7044.
The Ed Jaffe Gallery features paintings and marble sculptures by Ed Jaffe, plus abstract photographs by Marc Jaffe. 108 W. Main St., Orange. 540-672-2400.
Staunton's Middlebrook Gallery offers contemporary art and fine crafts, including sculpture by Ken Smith. 5 Middlebrook Ave. 540-885-9955.
The Artisans Center of Virginia invites entries for a national competition/juried exhibition, "Sacred Icons: A Collective Vision of Symbolic & Ritual Objects." All media are accepted, but work must have been completed in the past two years. The entry fee is $20; the submission deadline is February 19, 2005. 540-946-3294 or [email protected].
FEATURES/FEATURES/FEATURES
Budding insights: Grant's powerful lovely flowers
BY LAURA PARSONS [email protected]
Lovely. It's not a word I often choose. Usually, it seems too polite, too say-nothing, too insubstantial. But in the case of John Grant's botanical prints, currently on view at the C&O Gallery, lovely is the word I can't escape. Grant's enlarged and luminous flower portraits are undeniably lovely. Tenderly lovely. Achingly lovely. Intimately lovely.
Grant captures his images using a scanner rather than a camera, a technique that allows him to arrange subtle relationships among the petals as they rest upon the glass. In some cases, he opts for a reflective scan, illuminating flowers only from the front so shadows come into play as the image recedes into the background. For other images, Grant chooses a transparency scanner that lets light actually flow through the blooms to create an ethereal translucence.
Once the flowers are scanned, Grant digitally works and re-works various elements to yield idealized versions of the blossoms. "I try to keep the color and the look true to the original essence of the flower," he says, although he admits, "I do whack the colors occasionally."
Grant's large-scale explorations call to mind both Georgia O'Keefe's flower paintings and Edward Weston's intimate photographs of peppers. Presented against backgrounds of either bright white (transparency scanned) or rich black (reflective scanned), Grant's flowers, like Weston's peppers, lack context, forcing viewers to focus solely on the intricacies of their structure.
In "Stormy Dahlia," the flower fills the frame, its shadowy under-petals extending into the imagined space beyond the image's borders. Around a glistening yellow center, soft white petals radiate, tenderly folded and crushed like the sheets of an unmade bed after lovers have left it. The image evokes a sweet, almost funereal, melancholy, perhaps thanks to the dahlia's defiant beauty even as it has clearly begun to wilt.
For "Twin Fuschia," Grant dangles two intensely purple blossoms from the top of his frame, hanging them against a black background. Tan-tipped fuschia strands dance down from the middle of the velvety petals as red outer leaves appear to jump back in surprise. Above the two flowers, a sprig of green leaves with two unopened, red-streaked buds provides a counterpoint as well as a temporal comment on the flowers' fleeting opulence.
Grant's professional background in graphic design and publishing is evident in his mastery of materials. Using archival inks and acid-free archival paper, he pushes his images' lush colors to the limit (no black was ever richer).
John Grant's "A Secret Garden" is on view at the C&O Gallery through the end of December. 511 E. Water St., next to the C&O Restaurant. 971-7044.
Warm fuzzies: Sharing bears with other kids
BY LINDA KOBERT [email protected]
In the spring of 1945, Postman Kleinhoonte delivers a small box from America to a Dutch girl, Katje. It's a relief package from young Rosie who lives in Mayfield, Indiana, one of thousands sent to people in Europe under the auspices of charities such as the Children's Aid Society after the devastation of World War II. The gift sparks a long-distance friendship not only between the girls, but their respective communities as well.
The children's picture book Boxes for Katje tells the story of author Candace Fleming's mother. It has also been the inspiration for gift-giving at Crozet Library.
"When this book came in," says children's librarian Rhonda Johnson, "I fell in love with it and immediately started trying to come up with program ideas."
Along with colleague Margaret Haupt and local pediatrician Ray Ford, Johnson put together "Friends Around the World," a holiday program that gives local young folks the chance to help less fortunate kids in a distant village. Like events in the original story, the generosity of strangers has caused this project grow beyond initial expectations.
Friends Around the World invites children ages 8 and up (and a helpful adult) to come stitch and stuff small Teddy bears as they listen to the story of Katje and Rosie. The plump, coverall-clad bears will then be sent to an orphanage in Haiti. It's a place where, for several years, Dr. Ford has led a team of local medical professionals who provide the only available health care for over 1,000 individuals in the Grison-Garde area.
Kids who come to the library for this program are asked to bring along a tiny treasure– a small seashell, polished stone, interesting button, or trinket– to tuck into the bear's pocket as a special gift. They are also invited to donate some of their outgrown clothing and shoes for the 52 children ages 4-15 who live at the orphanage.
The only unfortunate part of the story is that spaces in the program are currently filled. Those who still want to participate can add their names to a waiting list. Folks can still add to the shipment, however. The library is accepting donations of summer clothing, and perhaps other hand-stitched toys, for the kids in Grison-Garde.
But there are oodles of other options out there for those eager to share their good fortune with others this holiday season. Shaele Wood at United Way's Thomas Jefferson Area Volunteer Center can help folks sort through a wide variety of volunteer opportunities to find the one that fits just right. And sewing skill is optional.
Friends Around the World takes place Saturday, December 11 at 1pm. Registration is required for this free program, which currently has a waiting list. Crozet Library is in the old train station on Three Notch'd Road. 823-4050. Shaele Wood is director of the Volunteer Center at United Way: 972-1705. www.unitedwaytja.org.
Sports and war: Goat-grabbing in Afghanistan
BY SUSAN TYLER HITCHCOCK [email protected]
In 1978, a cultural anthropologist published a book based on his field work among sportsmen in northern Afghanistan. Then G. Whitney Azoy's Buzkashi: Game and Power in Afghanistan gathered dust on shelves alongside other scholarly books about esoteric foreign subjects.
The few who read it learned of the ancient Afghan sport named "buzkashi"– literally, goat-grabbing– in which tribal leaders sent fierce horsemen to vie for the headless carcass of a goat or calf. Traditionally, there were no teams, no rules, no referees. Spur-of-the-moment alliances formed among the weak in order to topple the strong, then dissolved as the balance of power shifted. Brawls to the death broke out. Buzkashis could last for days, ending not when participants reached some clearly stated goal, but when the warlord hosting the event gave an imperious nod from the sidelines.
In the same year that Azoy's book was published, Afghan politics grabbed the world's attention. Amid riots and massacres, a Communist coup overthrew the dynasty that had been in power since 1929. Indigenous guerrillas– the Mujahidin– emerged.
A year later, the Soviets invaded. Through a decade of occupation, they lost tens of thousands of troops but gained no ground or power. With a Geneva peace accord, the Soviets withdrew, but the Mujahidin ultimately set up their own Islamic state. In the mid-1990s, a new power nexus called the Taliban arose in opposition.
After September 11, American journalists seeking ways to understand Afghanistan happened on Azoy's 1978 sporting analogy and found that it worked. Azoy's publisher asked him to write a chapter bringing the book up to date and issued a 2002 revision. Azoy's work in and on Afghanistan in the intervening years had deepened his understanding of how society and sport mirror one another there.
"When it seems as if you're going to do it, everybody gangs up on you. When it seems you're a little weak, everybody gangs up on whoever seems strong," Whitney Azoy told ABC News earlier this year. "That's exactly what happened in Afghanistan in the 1980s and 1990s."
It's still happening today, he believes, and he urges American leaders and citizens to understand that. For him, America should focus on Kabul, not Baghdad, in its war against terrorism.
Soon to move to Kabul to head the State Department&endash;backed American Institute of Afghanistan Studies, UVA alumnus Azoy is stopping in Charlottesville on his way. His lecture title says a lot: "Afghanistan and Iraq: Two Bad Hands Played Differently: Reflections of a Diplomat, Consultant, and Anthropologist, 1971-2004." In person, no doubt he will say even more.
G. Whitney Azoy speaks at 7pm Thursday, December 16, at the Downtown Branch of the Jefferson-Madison Regional Library. 201 E. Market St. 866-882-6887.
Finally! Bennett, Graves open the season
BY ROBERT ARMENGOL [email protected] of the days when it was the local place to take a date to the movies, the Downtown Mall's Paramount Theater rises from the Phoenix-ashes of history next weekend to become the latest swank venue for the performing arts in Charlottesville.
Hard to believe, but the nonprofit group spearheading this $15 million operation has managed to fit 1,000 seats in the refurbished auditorium. They've also added a new box office and arranged an eclectic first-season lineup featuring music, dance, comedy, film, plays, and more.
The reopening actually begins Wednesday, December 15, with a high-priced fundraising gala featuring musical legend Tony Bennett. Though he climbed to American stardom in the 1950s, the old guy is still kicking, and is sure to offer some of his classic renditions including "Rags to Riches," "The Good Life," and "I Left my Heart in San Francisco."
Admission to the gala includes an open house and reception, and proceeds from the performance benefit the theater's capital campaign. The funds, in other words, will make sure the theater's marquee-facade, ornate interior detail, and plush seats don't fall into the same kind of disrepair they saw in the last 30 years.
Now the catch. Tickets for the Bennett show range from $250 to $1,000. Not surprisingly, they're still available. Such is not the case for the jazzy, brassy, retro (and sold-out) musical In the Mood, coming to the Paramount straight from World War II to cap off opening weekend on Sunday, December 19.
In between those two performances are chances to see what they've done to the place.
Opera star Denyce Graves headlines the weekend with a recital on Friday, December 17, accompanied by piano virtuoso Warren Jones. Together they'll present a repertoire of classical, spiritual, and holiday tunes.
Graves debuted at the Metropolitan Opera in 1995 in the title role of Carmen and has since won critical and popular acclaim, especially for her signature part in Samson et Dalila. With her voice, she has graced the great opera houses of the world as well as audiences of dignitaries at the White House and the National Cathedral. So a visit to humble Charlottesville is quite a luxury for us.
And finally, for the less urbane around town, there's "A Day at the Movies"– an event that might well draw a crowd to wrap around the block, if only for its 25-cent admission price. On Saturday, December 18, the Paramount screens two timeless films, a matinee Wizard of Oz (for the kiddies), and an evening Casablanca (for the grownups).
What more can be said? As the Paramount's website proclaims, "This is how cinema was meant to be enjoyed."
FYI, the grand gala reopening of the Paramount Theater has been moved up a day from the original program to accommodate Tony Bennett's busy schedule. Bennett will croon Wednesday, December 15, at 8pm, $250-1,000. All other opening-weekend events remain as scheduled: opera star Denyce Graves on Friday, December 17, at 8pm, $50-125; on Saturday, December 18, screenings of The Wizard of Oz at 2pm and Casablanca at 7pm, 25 cents; and Sunday, December 19, In the Mood at 3pm (sold out). The Paramount Theater, Downtown Mall. 979-1333.
Yules of yore: Party like it's 1799
BY TIM SPRINKLE [email protected]'s true; the holiday season now officially starts in October. The decorations, the music, the sales, the jingle bells&endash; these days they all seem to make their appearances pre-Halloween. It's not so bad, really. After all, who's going to turn down a plate of candy cane cookies with Thanksgiving dinner?
But the extended season does take some of the anticipation and excitement out of the holidays. Sure, it's fun in December, but it can be hard to keep the merriment up for three whole months.
When Thomas Jefferson was in the neighborhood, however, the holidays were a time to relax (tell that to the crowds at Barracks Road), a chance to slow down and reflect on the year. Decorations were minimal, and the celebration usually consisted of a day free from work and a nice meal with the family.
If your holiday season could benefit from such a low-key approach, high-tail it to one of the Route 53's holiday open houses and experience the season in proper old-Virginia fashion.
In addition to all sorts of 18th century holiday fare, Monticello's Holiday Evening Tour offers a rare opportunity to see the house at night. The evening is set up as a walkthrough rather than a guided tour, so visitors can go at their own pace, lingering over the period decorations, costumed interpreters, and live music as long as they wish.
"If you've seen the house during the day, seeing it at night is a very different and very cool experience," says Monticello's Wayne Mogielnicki. "We decorate, but trees, lights, and electric trains were not in vogue in Jefferson's day. We're sticking to historical accuracy, so there will be some greenery in the house, but it's often not what people expect."
At Ash Lawn-Highland, you can experience Christmas in two different time periods: the Victorian and Federal eras. In the "new" section of the house, you'll hear from 19th century interpreters and can admire a massive Victorian tree, while James Monroe and his family's traditions are featured in the older back section.
But it's food that takes center stage at Michie Tavern's annual Yuletide Feast. Traditional Virginia favorites are served in the Ordinary, accompanied by wandering musicians and festive 18th century decorations. Candlelit tours of the original tavern are offered each evening.
Monticello's Holiday Evening Tour happens Saturday night, December 11, 5:30-8:30pm. $10 adults, $5 children 6-11. The decorations go up at Ash Lawn-Highland this Friday, and interpreters will be on hand for the popular candlelit tour on December 17. Normal admission fee applies. Reservations for Michie Tavern's Yuletide Feast December 12 and 13, can be made by calling 977-1234.
Starry, starry night: Living legend comes to town
BY MARK GRABOWSKI [email protected]
The holiday season has always been a little trying on the music editors here at The Hook– other than regal winter concerts, things tend to dry up the month of December and the landscape continues to be parched until the students come back in late January.
Even so, pearls can still be found in the pigpen of off-season local tunes, and living bluegrass legend Ralph Stanley's solo show at Starr Hill can be taken as a sign of divine intervention.
Starting with a series of recordings in the early '50s with his brother, guitarist Carter, claw-hammer banjo-player Ralph Stanley helped define the bluegrass genre, playing tunes that spoke to their childhood home near Norton on the Virginia-Tennessee border.
Though they had experience playing around the town where they grew up, it was not until 1947, after the brothers had served their time in the Army, that they formed the five-piece Clinch Mountain Boys to back them. Playing radio gigs led to local fame, and after a few years of increasing popularity, Columbia Records picked up the group. There they recorded songs which would later be called classics.
Changing labels a number of times through the late '50s and early '60s, the duo eventually broke away to perform on their own. But Carter's 1966 passing in the prime of his life left Ralph bereft, and he shifted the band's emphasis away from standard bluegrass and to a simpler sound.
His contributions to the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack in 2000 brought Stanley back into the spotlight, and in 2002 he won the Grammy for Best Country Male Vocalist Performance and Album of the Year for his part in the O Brother collection. He has been inducted into the Grand Old Opry, he holds the Living Legend award from the Library of Congress, and if you need something else to convince you of his worth, he was the first recipient of the Traditional American Music award from the National Endowment for the Humanities.
Ralph Stanley's latest album was released in 2002, a self-titled simple and poignant piece of bluegrass history composed of 10 traditional pieces and one original that moves from praises of the Lord to tales of murder, all performed with an ear for the unadorned.
"When Jesus was around here on this land / He certainly did do his Father's command" begins an a cappella Stanley on the first song on the disc, "Lift Him Up, That's All." Shortly his solo work gives way to acoustic guitar and banjo joining the prayer. In place of Stanley's tenor now exists a voice worn with age, but still vibrant with warmth and life, perfectly fitting his choice of material.
"Henry Lee" combines a high flying melody, slide guitar, and acoustic strumming into a song about a girl killing her "one true love" (with a penknife, of all things) and is my favorite number from the collection.
A true American classic, Ralph Stanley at Starr Hill is unquestionably a can't-miss show.
Ralph Stanley performs at Starr Hill, December 11, $25/$20, 8pm.
© 2002-2012 Better Publications LLC - The Hook
100 Second Street NW - Charlottesville, VA 22902
434-295-8700 (fax: 434-295-8097) | {
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Rita Jean Montreal
August 12, 1945 - April 22, 2015
Rita Jean Montreal, age 69, of Mobridge, and formerly of White Horse, SD, entered the Spirit World on Wednesday, April 22, 2015 at Sanford Medical Center in Bismarck, ND. She is survived by two sons: Dino Montreal and Devin Montreal of Mobridge. On daughter: Yvette Montreal of Mobridge. Two brothers: Leo Rousseau and Johnny Rousseau of Eagle Butte, SD. One sister, Theresa Ducheneau of Eagle Butte. Numerous Grandchildren. A one night wake begins at 4:00 PM, (MST) Wednesday, April 29, 2015 at St. Theresa's Catholic Church in White Horse, SD. A prayer service will begin at 7:00 PM. Mass of Christian Burial will begin at 10:00 AM (MST), Thursday, April 29, 2015, at St. Theresa's Catholic Church, With the Rev. Adam Hofer officiating. Burial of Cremains will take place at St. Theresa's Catholic Cemetery at a later date. Funeral arrangements have been entrusted to the care of Rooks & Annis Funeral Home of Eagle Butte, SD Online condolences maybe offered at rooksfh.com and Rooks & Annis Facebook page.
Rita Jean Montreal, age 69, of Mobridge, and formerly of White Horse, SD, entered the Spirit World on Wednesday, April 22, 2015 at Sanford Medical Center in Bismarck, ND. She is survived by two sons: Dino Montreal and Devin Montreal of Mobridge.... View Obituary & Service Information
The family of Rita Jean Montreal created this Life Tributes page to make it easy to share your memories.
Rita Jean Montreal, age 69, of Mobridge, and formerly of White...
Share and view memories of Rita... | {
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Q: Horizontal Progress bar with a gap in between the states I am looking for a way to create the desired progress bar with a gap between the complete and incomplete state like this .
The gap should not be visible when progress is 0 or full. It should only be displayed when there is some progress but still incomplete. The Gap should be transparent.
A: You can design custom drawable for that that and use secondary progress with progress+1 value.
Sharing code snippet for reference.
<ProgressBar
android:id="@+id/progress_limit"
style="?android:attr/progressBarStyleHorizontal"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:indeterminate="false"
android:max="100"
android:maxHeight="10dip"
android:minHeight="10dip"
android:progress="50"
android:padding="10dp"
android:secondaryProgress="52"
android:progressDrawable="@drawable/progress_limit" />
progress_limit.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<layer-list
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
<item
android:id="@android:id/background">
<shape>
<corners
android:radius="5dip" />
<solid android:color="#bbbbbb"/>
</shape>
</item>
<item
android:id="@android:id/secondaryProgress">
<clip>
<shape>
<corners
android:radius="5dip" />
<solid android:color="#ffffff"/>
</shape>
</clip>
</item>
<item
android:id="@android:id/progress">
<clip>
<shape>
<corners
android:radius="5dip" />
<solid android:color="#ff0000"/>
</shape>
</clip>
</item>
</layer-list>
| {
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If you are a works council, community or association, the musée du quai Branly provides special offers and advantages for your employees or your members.
Offer them a tour of the musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac with our full offer: tickets will be issued in November, providing a guided tour and an annual pass allowing them to tour the museum alone or in groups.
Guided tours of the permanent collections: €170 (excluding admission ticket at the discounted rate of €7).
Guided tours of the temporary exhibitions in the Garden Gallery: €170 (excluding admission ticket at the discounted rate of €7).
View all of our group tours on our page dedicated to group offers.
Passes will be sent to the address of the community given on the membership form.
In the event of loss or theft, a duplicate shall be send by post at a cost of €5.
Get discounted tickets to the performances and concerts presented at the Claude Lévi-Strauss Theatre!
Minimum 15 people. Reservation required.
All members of the group must be present in order to access the performance.
The performance ticket grants access, on the same day at no additional cost, to the museum's permanent collections and current temporary exhibitions on the mezzanine levels, meaning you save €10. | {
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With Regard To The Award Of A Council Mandate Village Rogojeni, Șoldănești District
Original Language Title: cu privire la atribuirea unui mandat de consilier în Consiliul sătesc Rogojeni, raionul Șoldănești
Read the untranslated law here: https://www.global-regulation.com/law/moldova/5967584/cu-privire-la-atribuirea-unui-mandat-de-consilier-n-consiliul-stesc-rogojeni%252c-raionul-oldneti.html
The Mayor of the village Rogojeni, Șoldănești district, Central Election Commission resignation of Alderman Mandraburcă Maia chosen on the list of the party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova and the documents necessary for the assignment of counsel to the next alternate candidate.
On the basis of electoral documents held by the Central Electoral Commission, the mandate of Council village Rogojeni bears the alternate candidate from the list of Prodan Cardoso the party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova, confirmed by the decision of the Court of Justice of 24 June 2015 Șoldănești.
Pursuant to article 1. 18 paragraph 1. (2), art. 22 paragraph 1. (1) (a). u), art. 133 paragraph 2. (12) of the electoral code no. 1381-XIII of November 21, 1997, art. 5 para. (2) (a). f) and paragraph 3. (3) of law No. 768-XIV of 2 February 2000 on the status of local elected officers, and in accordance with paragraphs 23 and 29 of the Regulation in respect of the seizure and the validation of mandates of Councillor, approved by the decision of the Central Election Commission no. 1931 of 23 April 2013, the Central Electoral Commission decides: 1. Amounts in connection with the resignation, the mandate of the hearing Mandraburcă Maia chosen on the list of the party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova to the Council of the village Rogojeni.
2. the mandate assigned to it by the Council of village Rogojeni, Șoldănești, Alternate candidate from the list of Prodan Cardoso the party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova.
3. adviser Carlos preavizează Prodan to comply with the obligation upon the term of 30 days to remove the incompatibility condition in the event of its occurrence.
4. this decision shall enter into force on the date of its adoption, shall be published on the official website of the Central Election Commission and the Official Gazette of the Republic of Moldova.
The CHAIRMAN Of The CENTRAL ELECTION COMMISSION Iurie CIOCAN As Secretary Andrei Roberto | {
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Our Stereo Hybrid HPA 140 Race sets the benchmark for an All-Mountain Hybrid.
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What do you think of Cube Stereo Hybrid 140 HPA 27.5 Race 500 Mens E-mtb Black? | {
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I mentioned this Giveaway from David's Bridal last month, but I just found out that they are actually drawing a winner each month! That means that you still have time to sign up and win! I know that a lot of people are getting engaged this time of year, so be sure to pass this along if you know someone who is planning a wedding. | {
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We think cream pies are absolutely irresistible, and we have yet to meet one that we didn't like. Banana cream, Boston cream, key lime, chocolate cream pie, cut a big slice, grab a fork and dive right in! If you like cream pies, you'll love this one. This Peanut Butter Cream Pie is nutty, sweet, and decadently creamy, perfect for just about any occasion or no occasion at all!
The combination of salty and sweet is really a match made in dessert heaven. We like to keep this simple by using a store-bought graham cracker pie crust, or better yet a chocolate pie crust because we all know how well chocolate and peanut butter work together. This pie will be a winner at any shindig – you might want to make two if you're looking to share!
Beat cream cheese and peanut butter until creamy and smooth. Add powdered sugar and beat until well-combined.
Fold in ½ of whipped topping until just combined. Pour filling into pre-made graham cracker crust. Spread remaining whipped topping over filling.
In a small bowl, combine 2 tablespoons powdered sugar with 1 tablespoon peanut butter. Stir until small crumbs form. Sprinkle crumbs over top of pie.
Refrigerate for 2 hours or overnight. Enjoy! | {
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Many miscommunications we have on a daily basis are due to lack of empathy and/or cultural awareness. When we have a better understanding of different perspectives, we are able to expand our intellect by finding new ways to approach problems and to innovate through these experiences. Papilia offers powerful sessions on how to be a global citizen by creating meaningful connections regardless of where you live in the world.
In this fast-paced digital age, how often do we have pause and reflect moments for ourselves, let alone take the time to understand and connect with different cultures? This interactive workshop is designed to help you view your own balance in your life via the people you surround yourself with, the place you live and work within, and if you find purpose in your actions. The Three P's will be used as a framework to explore cultural curiosities as well as avenues to create powerful connections with other cultures in an engaging and meaningful manner.
Upon completion of this session, you will have the tools you need to be more mindful about the choices you make in your life through the development of a personal manifesto. You will also learn how to develop deeper connections with other cultures by improving upon your open-minded listening skills. You will tap into your curiosity about other cultures by framing thoughtful questions you would like to learn about your audience in conjunction with the Three P's.
Only 10% of cultural nuances are witnessed by the naked eye. This training focuses on ways to understand your customer's culture, to help you build confidence, and set you apart from your competition when doing business overseas. We provide guidance on how to make an impression with global clientele, email/verbal/meeting etiquette, handling negotiations, addressing management challenges, and proper attire.
Upon completion of our session(s) participants will have a rich understanding of their own cultural communication style in conjunction with other cultures. He/she will be better equipped to interact with internal and external clients from a variety of cultural backgrounds in a productive and personable manner. | {
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We also agree to the Individual Redress Principle which requires that individuals have the right to legally pursue enforceable rights against data collectors and processors who fail to adhere to the law. This principle requires not only that individuals have enforceable rights against data users, but also that individuals have recourse to courts or government agencies to investigate and/or prosecute non-compliance by data processors. If at any time you would like to unsubscribe from receiving future emails, you can email us at [email protected]. | {
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Machame is a Tanzanian historic area in northern Hai District, Kilimanjaro Region. Historically, Machame was in 1889 referred by Hans Meyer as a great African giant, also the largest and most populous of all the Chagga states in Kilimanjaro, whose ruler as early as 1849 was reckoned as a giant African king with influence extending throughout all Chagga states except Rombo. By the 1860s, a German explorer Von der Decken (popularly known to the Chagga as Baroni), presented Machame as a confederation of western Chagga states comprising Narumu, Kindi, Kombo, to as far as the Western end of Kibongoto, each with their own chiefs under the king of Machame. 'Baroni' observed that by that time only two of the Chagga states had some autonomy from the king of Machame, namely, Lambongo (later Kibosho under powerful chief Sina) and Kilema. The rapid and certain disintegration of its influence over other Chagga states after an atrocious attack and her subsequent subjugation by Sina of Kibosho in the mid-1889, led to a highly confined influence constrained between Machame itself and a neighbouring ward, Masama, where a frail sultan of Machame seemed to alternate in abode. Although by 1889 she was still estimated to comprise almost 20% of all the population of the Chagga, towards the end of the 19th Century Machame distinctly became a lowly chieftaincy still with claims of influence over Masama. Today Machame retains some of its beauty once praised by missionaries and explorers of the 19th century, with much of historical sites that remind of her admired historical past. The exciting view of mount Kilimanjaro from Machame and the adventurous route to its peak has continued to be the source of tourist attraction to this once a giant African state.
The name "Machame" therefore refers to an ethnic and linguistic group of people occupying this area historically as its homeland, as well as the specific location.
Machame language
Although sometimes lumped with other Chaga languages, Machame is a distinct language (also known as "Kimachame" in Swahili and as "Kimashame" or "Kimashami" in the Machame language itself. For most inhabitants of Machame and Masama (i.e., the Machame "tribe"), including children born and raised in this area, Kimachame is their first language; Swahili and English are learned via formal schooling.
Geography
Physically, the location identified today as Machame forms several of 10 wards of the Hai District, in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. Historically, the formation of Hai as one of the three divisions of the Chagga states by the British rule in 1946 with the recognition of Chief M.H. Abdiel Shangali of Machame as the divisional chief, could have been none other than tracing back the Chagga politics to its old pre-German colonial rule where the then King of Machame extended his influence. The Hai division comprised Chagga states from Siha in the Western-end of Chagga to river Nanga, forming a rough boundary within Vunjo to the further Eastern Chagga states of Rombo. By 1920s however, due to successive political instability and confusion in the obscure state of Siha, supposedly instigated by the Machame political aristocrats, Chief Abdiel Shangali of Machame re-claimed Siha by implying that "the efforts to make it independent from Machame have failed". Since the 1880s to 1946, Machame had lost 'for good' its influence over all the Chagga states from Weruweru river Eastwards. It was therefore the formation of the Hai division in 1946 that brought back the influence of the Chief of Machame to the Eastern Chagga states beyond Weruweru river. However, the redefinition of Chagga politics revived by the formation of divisions by the British rule would soon escalate to set the Chagga politics into the edge, the saga of which is discussed later in this article.
After Tanganyika independence in 1961, the provinces were abolished and local authorities redefined. The Hai division became Hai district which mainly included the Kilimanjaro area West of Weruweru river, hence, roughly comprising the old Chagga states once identified as the confederation under the ruler of Machame. In 2005, Siha became a new constituency separate from the Hai district. Today Machame-Masama form the Hai constituency separated by the Kikafu river, with Machame to its East and Masama to the West. Out of 10 wards that comprise the Hai constituency, 6 form part of Machame and 4 are Masama's. This division though, seems again to repeat the history of Machame chiefdom in the late 1880s and 1890s. Over and over again, a careful study of Chagga history and Machame in particular seems to amazingly confirm the theory of historic recurrence, where events repeat with patterns strikingly similar to what had happened before, even to the decisions made by authorities that have no clue to her historical past.
Ever since the latter part of the 20th century, the Machame Gate and Machame Camp have become the two locations in the Machame area most known to tourists visiting Tanzania, because these form part of the Machame route for treks ascending Mt. Kilimanjaro. There is one major, paved road traversing Machame. It begins at the south end stemming from the A23 Arusha-to-Himo main road (which also connects Moshi to Arusha). This intersection is 15 km from Moshi and 75 km from Arusha. The name of this intersection is commonly "Kilimanjaro Machine Tools", after the defunct business of the same name which left an abandoned building at the south edge of this intersection. This road proceeds north until it reaches the Machame Gate at the entrance to Kilimanjaro National Park. Several secondary, unpaved roads connect points within Machame.
Machame is traversed by several rivers that flow year-round within deep gorges running down the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro. In addition to the natural rivers, there are systems of flumes for irrigation that pre-date the colonial era. Although major infrastructure project spread piped water through much of the area in the 1990s and later, the flumes are still used and maintained for agricultural irrigation.
We will observe in this article that, although there is a particular location identified as Machame, due to historical reasons, the study will inevitably present Machame and Masama as a composite narrative and classical discourse as this seems to be the case ever since before Masama got that identity between 1860-1870. The presentation will alternate between the Machame as a confederation of Chagga states West of river Weruweru (by the 1860s), Machame as narrowly defining the Machame-Masama state by the end of the 1880s, and Machame as a location that bears that name (i.e. pre-1800 identity).
Economy and agricultural practices
The majority of residents of Machame, like in many other rural areas of Tanzania, earn a living through agriculture. The year-round temperate climate and fairly high humidity allow cultivation of a huge variety of crops. Since the colonial period, coffee has been an important cash crop for export; however, its prominence has decreased in recent decades. As noted by Mbonile, et al., declining prices for exports have influenced farmers to replace coffee with annual crops like tomatoes, of which the surplus may be sold and consumed regionally. The overall land-use pattern in Machame (and surrounding foothill areas of Mt. Kilimanjaro) have changed broadly over the past 120 years—even more dramatically in the post-independence period. Specifically, increasing agricultural planting in the bottom three of the five climatic zones of Kilimanjaro has reduced native vegetation. Agriculture in Machame fits generally into two modes: home gardens consisting of multipurpose trees interspersed with food crops near houses, and the "shamba" lands, or small fields, where food crops like maize, finger millet, and beans are grown.
The formal economy in Machame is broadly disbursed across many high-frequency shops ("kiosks") throughout the many small villages comprising Machame. There are also several formal markets—e.g., Kalali near the main road, and Bwani near Uraa—that are organized and regulated by local government entities. Each market typically has one or two designated market days each week. Machame is also dotted with other small businesses such as mills for grain and presses for sunflower oil.
With the growing use of the Machame Route through Kilimanjaro National Park, a few businesses catering to tourists have emerged. Many are informal, small-scale vendors near the Machame Gate. Recently, the Protea hotel chain based in South Africa opened the Protea Hotel Aisha Machame just along the main north-south road.
Machame Hospital
Among formal institutions in Machame, one of the oldest and most renown is the Machame Hospital. This medical facility is located off the main north-south road between the post office and the Machame Gate, near Machame Girl's Secondary School. The hospital started with participation of Lutheran missionaries and has remained a mission hospital for over 100 years. While it has continuously served the population of Machame, many people travel from other areas to Machame Hospital because of the level of care.
History of settlement on the mountain
Overview
Chagga history has a long, interesting and yet complex background as noted by the historian M.K. Stahl. It portrays an African heritage and socio-political system which preceded the colonial rule depicting somehow advanced African political systems even during the times of primitive African social lifestyle. Machame chiefdom for example, by the mid-1800s had expanded to rule all areas to the western part of Chagga. As narrated to Rev. Johannine Rebmann while in Kilema, the Chief of Machame had a command in all of the Chagga except Rombo. However, according to M.K. Stahl, the actual location identified by Machame name was but a small strip of land with total control and influence extending between the two major rivers of Kilimanjaro, i.e. Kikafu and Weruweru. The development therefore of what was later to be known as the greater Machame is of interest in this article including the study on different etymologies and the traditions which are expected to benefit those who study African history.
Migration to the mountain
The Machame and Meru people are said to have migrated from the Usambara mountains in Tanga Region 400 years ago to Kilimanjaro Region. However, it is not easy to know today when did the modern Chagga started to migrate to the Mountain. Many narrations exist, legendary or true, since many African tribes didn't have the tradition of writing down the events in their lifetimes. However, following Machame narrations, who are among the few Chagga families to recall the encounter with the earlier inhabitants on the mountain, it seems that the migration of the later people who came to be called the Chagga, started about 600 years ago.
The Machame elders recall the encounter of their ancestors with the earlier settlers of the mountain whom they referred to as the Koningo (wataremba), meaning, the pigmies (or mbilikimo in Swahili).
Since very few other Chagga clans on the mountain can recall the existence of such people on the mountain, this can mean that the machame ancestors might have been one of the earliest immigrants of the later Chaggas on the mountain. They describe the koningo as the short people with big heads carrying hones wherever they went. The horns were used for blowing in case one fell down for another one to come and lift him/her up. They also used hones to notify others of an important issue that needed caution or assembling. They were skilled in hunting and are described as very innocent people. However, these were replaced by the now migrating folks although till today the remains of these people can be traced on some parts of the mountain which indicates that some were integrated into the incoming migrants probably through marriage.
It was historical unfortunate that the later visitors to the mountain thought the Chagga to be one tribe. Since they were referred to as the Chagga by the Swahili from the coast, other visitors to the mountain such as missionaries and explorers thought that the mountain was dwelt by one tribe called the Chagga. However, this was not the case.
The people who migrated to the mountain came from completely diverse backgrounds. There were those who came from the Usambara mountains, who migrated to the west and some parts of the central area of the mountain, those who migrated from the Kamba origin, especially those who settled to the east of the mountain together with the Taita, and those who had the maasai and waarush background who initially settled in the lower plains of the mountain but slowly some moved up to settle in upper parts of the mountain. Different reasons contributed to the migration of these different groups to the mountain, some of them are:
Fleeing from drought, famine or epidemics where they had lived.
A search for a peaceful environment, fleeing from wars and insecurity as they saw the mountainous place to be safer than where they had been.
A search for a more prosperous land, since the mountainous soil was very fertile with many streams of water and the weather was very promising for agricultural activities.
Travellers and those who went to the mountain for various activities such as trade, but decided to remain there.
All these reflect different backgrounds. Different backgrounds then mean different languages, cultures, skills and traditions although the fact that majority were of the Bantu origin, it accounted for the similarity of languages, cultures and traditions. Different groups came with different skills to the mountain like hunting, forging weapons, war skills, pot making, furrow making, making and collecting honey, etc. These various groups intermingled to some degree and their existence on the mountain is what formed what came to be known as Chagga complex. All these contributed to the high skills and the brightness that the Chagga people portrayed.
Etymology of the land
At this stage we will look at three important words in the Chagga history, chagga, kilimanjaro and moshi. Historian Mary K. Stahl and explorer Charles New give their opinions as to the meanings of the first two words. The origin of the word Chagga (dschagga or jagga) is not very clear today. K. Stahl gives differing opinions as to its origin although one of her opinions seem to concur with Charles new's meaning of "getting lost" or "to give farewell to someone who is about to take a journey that you are not sure if they will be back (as they may get lost forever)". In earlier Swahili language this would have been called 'kuchaaga' meaning to say bye. Today's Swahili is 'kuaga'. Why the land was attached with the word 'to get lost'? This is where the stories begin. It is claimed that the first coastal trade people to get into the land got lost due to the thick forests. As hypothesized by Stahl, it took them days to get their original route again and they thought that their getting lost was mysterious. When they went back to the coast they spread this news and the land was called Chaga (or Chagga) as a sign of getting lost.
Another explanation of the origin of the word, which also missionary Charles New mentioned as he quoted rev. Johannine Rebmann, is that the word came out of a terrible event that befell on people. The years of the event are not known to us but it was a time when a powerful chief of Machame, Rengua, was ruling and at that time caravans from the coast had already started to get there to trade on ivory with the natives. Being constantly instigated by the Swahili people that what is on top of the mountain has to do with silver which promises much richness to his kingdom, Chief Rengua sent a large band of emissary to get as much silver as possible down to him. A caravan trader from the coast Bwana Heri who accompanied rev. Rebmann to the mountain told him that he actually saw one of the survivors of the tragedy who had become disabled due to freezing temperature as they went up the mountain. The rest of the envoy perished on the way. The story that survived was that on the mountain there is a spirit that will destroy anyone who would try to get close to it, and the Swahili who were at the court of Rengua, seeing the disaster that had befallen those who went up, spread news to the coast that anyone trying to get higher on the mountain will get lost as the mountain has the dreadful spirit.
The land was called chaaga as commemoration of the tragedy. This story apart from being backed up by the people who were close to the event as recorded in the history books, also connects very well with stories that circulated in the coast when rev. Rebmann arrived there on his mission to the Chagga. On learning that Rebmann wanted to go to the land of Chagga, the Swahili sultan of Mombasa who was an Arab, warned him that the land is dangerous as there is a spirit on the mountain that destroys people and he might get lost when he tries to do so. He mentioned to Rebmann that the name of the spirit (as known in the coast) was 'ndscharo' and hence the mountain was called mountain of ndscharo (i.e. kilimandscharo). He could nearly stop Rebmann from going to the land of Chagga if it were not for Rebmann's persistence to go there. However, it shows that earlier the people of Chagga were known as 'wakirima', i.e. people of the mountain (kirima was an old Swahili word for a hill). Where they lived was known as the land of Chagga (i.e. land of getting lost) although later on the name was attached to the people themselves.
Of importance however, is the way the name 'Moshi' became prominent among the people of the mountain and by the early 1900s it could almost be used synonymously with the name of the Chagga land. Moshi was one of the chiefdoms in Chagga ruled by Rindi (1860–1890). Before that time the name scarcely surfaced in history although it seemed to be a recognisable location of some prominence. For example, in 1849, Rev. Rebmann mentions a young man who had come all the way from Moshi to trade honey and milk with his men when they camped at Machame. He also records in his diary of trouble in Kirua caused by one Kirumi who was supported by allies from Moshi (where his mother came from) to overthrow his father Marengo. This happened when Rev. Rebmann and his men were still in Kilema. These instances are the first appearances of Moshi in historical records, and just after a decade, Von der Decken records Moshi as a recognisable chiefdom although still not attained some autonomy from Machame as he observed earlier.
During Decken's visit to Chagga a young chief Rindi was ruling in Moshi. With much witticism and intrigue, and under the regency of his mother Mamchaki, Rindi established his chiefdom from a place known as tsudunyi in early 1860 and using the location of his chiefdom as a strategic advantage, directed many caravan traders to the mountain into his land. With much ambitions to power he even sabotaged caravans which did not show intention to pass through his chiefdom and those explorers who asked for guidance to other chiefdoms he conspired with his men who misguided them and got them lost or back to his chiefdom. However, there are indications that during his early days in power he acquired support from Machame to cleverly establish his presence in the east. By the early 1870s he could declare to foreigners that the whole of Chagga was divided into two major powers; Machame under Ndesserua being the greatest in the West and himself an important chief in the east. He substantiated his claim by providing a letter to Charles New that granted him safe passage to every chiefdom he could visit to the east of Chagga.
Having acquired autonomy from Machame through allied raids to the east of Chagga and as far as Usambara, with extraordinary diplomatic schemes, by 1870 he could direct to his capital, Moshi, most missionaries and explorers who started to flock into the Chagga. This seemingly well calculated generosity made his chiefdom extremely popular to the coast and to the Europeans. Apart from all these well learned visitors to his chiefdom, it was an explorer Sir Henry H.H. Johnston in 1884 who attempted to work on the etymology of the land. He investigated the meaning of the word 'Moshi' and the answers he got from traditional elders and others was just the variant of its pronunciations, like 'mushi', or 'muschi', 'moschi' etc.etc. One thing he was assured was that the name did not relate to the Swahili word for smoke, i.e. moshi, as Chagga had a different word for that. He therefore had to conclude that the word 'probably comes from one of the kichagga terms or word'. It's amazing how at that time couldn't the people of Moshi know the origin of the word for their chiefdom? It is not clear when they told him it was 'mushi' if they meant name of people, a certain locality or another pronunciation. However, a story that circulates now among the natives of the land (which is also repeated by Professor Isaria Kimambo and A.J. Temu in their book) is that the name Moshi is a modification of the name of a certain locality near that of Chief Rindi's boma (court), and that place was very popular at that time. The place was known as Kimotchi which was a popular local market in the area. But the problem with this theory is how would a chief's neighbouring village become the name of his chiefdom and the transition from Kimotchi to Motchi (or Moshi) is not very clear. Whatever the case is, the fact is that the meaning for the word 'Moshi' as used for Rindi's chiefdom is not clear to us today.
Machame as a political establishment
Mary Kathleen Stahl correctly presents the middle southwestern settlement of the Chagga as the Kikafu basin settlement. Her history, although written from a revisionist point of view, aligns to some extent with native narrations and some earlier written sources on the area. Before Kikafu basin settlement there was no Machame as the latter was a later development based on what happened around the Kikafu basin. The ancestors who migrated to the Chagga at that time settled along the Kikafu river basin in an area today close to where the main road from Moshi to Arusha passes. Narrations identify two leaders of the populace; Mshami and Lemireny (popularly known as Nrwo). Lemireny means 'path finder'; the one believed to be endowed with insights to discern the right direction, and Mshami, whose leadership was by virtue of being the eldest son of Lemireny's elderly brother Nyari who had died while en route from their earlier settlement. It is not clear for how long they settled along the lower plain of Kikafu river near today's village of Kwa Sadala, but what is recalled is that after sometime they resolved to part with Lemireny (either also known as Mbise or was his son) choosing to go to settle on the plains of Mount Meru. However, some narrations claim that Mbise the lesser, chose the junior Meru as Mshami the elder settled with the senior, i.e. Kilimanjaro.
|-
Kafo Mushi! Kafo Shangali!
See Also
Kilimanjaro Region
Chaga languages
Kirombo Language
Kivunjo language
Mount Kilimanjaro
Moshi
Battle of Kilimanjaro
Pare people
Pare Mountains
Lake Chala
References
Further reading
Geography of Kilimanjaro Region | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia"
} |
(Candace Lowry/Youtube)
Those Useless 'Vaginal Eggs' Have Finally Landed Gwyneth Paltrow's Goop in Trouble
HILARY BRUECK, BUSINESS INSIDER
A "vaginal egg" will not balance your hormones, regulate your menstrual cycle, or help with bladder control.
For Gwyneth Paltrow's beauty and wellness company Goop, those scientific facts have come with a fine.
On Tuesday, Goop settled a lawsuit brought by the Santa Clara District Attorney's office and others that alleged the company's claims about its "vaginal eggs" were hogwash.
Goop agreed to pay US$145,000 and will continue selling the eggs online with updated language describing the products.
The eggs are each about the size of a narrow ping-pong ball – around 1.2 inches (3 centimetres) wide and 1.7 inches (4.3 centimetres) tall (a bit smaller than the colourful, plastic kind at an Easter hunt).
There are two varieties: a rose quartz crotch egg that costs US$55, and a jade version for US$66. Both are non-returnable.
Prosecutors alleged that the company's false advertising about the eggs was "not supported by competent and reliable science," as district attorney Jeff Rosen said in a statement released Tuesday.
Those claims suggested the eggs could help prevent a woman's uterus from sagging, make her menstrual cycles more regular, balance hormone levels, and keep her from wetting her pants.
"While goop believes there is an honest disagreement about these claims, the company wanted to settle this matter quickly and amicably. This settlement does not indicate any liability on goop's part," the company said in a statement emailed to Business Insider on Wednesday.
The statement added: "Goop provides a forum for practitioners to present their views and experiences with various products like the jade egg. The law, though, sometimes views statements like this as advertising claims, which are subject to various legal requirements."
Because of the settlement, Goop will refund any unhappy consumers who purchased the eggs or its "Inner Judge Flower Essence Blend" between January 12, 2017 and August 31, 2017.
(Refund requests can be emailed to [email protected] or phoned in at 1-844-WTF-GOOP.)
Goop's claims aren't based on science
Goop says its site is simply passing on messages from practitioners who claim that the eggs "harness the power of energy work and crystal healing" that promote spiritual detox.
But the company has also said the eggs have some physical, muscular benefits.
On a page on Goop's website that describes the benefits of the "jade eggs for your yoni," the company calls them a "strictly guarded secret of Chinese royalty" that once helped queens and concubines keep their nether regions in shape.
(It's tough to find any evidence for that historical claim, though other jade-egg salespeople make similar statements.)
As Paltrow told Jimmy Kimmel last summer, "women insert the jade egg in their lady parts… to help tone the pelvic floor."
When Kimmel asked exactly how the eggs worked, Paltrow's answer became a little murkier.
"I don't know. I need to start my jade egg practice," she said with a laugh. But she added that the company has sold "tons" of the eggs, and that "women, actually, have had incredible results."
Misleading people about their health can be dangerous
The problem with putting unproven health claims on a website trafficked by around 2.4 million people every month is that it can lead people to engage in risky behaviour.
Jen Gunter, a California-based obstetrician and gynecologist, wrote a widely cited blog post in 2017 about why Goop's vaginal jade eggs are a bad idea.
While there are science-backed tools you can get to strengthen your pelvic floor, Gunter said, inserting an egg is a "load of garbage."
"Jade is porous, which could allow bacteria to get inside," Gunter wrote, adding, "it could be a risk factor for bacterial vaginosis or even the potentially deadly toxic shock syndrome."
Plus, she said, pelvic floor muscles aren't built to contract for hours on end. Walking around or sleeping with the egg inside your body could cause pelvic pain and pain during sex.
Those looking for ways to strengthen their pelvic floor should instead consider kegel exercises, which are a scientifically-proven treatment for incontinence and urinary stress. Those require no equipment at all.
Gunter also wrote that if you want help boosting vaginal strength, there are specially designed vaginal weights. The weights are often cone-shaped, made with medical grade silicone or plastic, and built to be safe for women. But even those shouldn't be worn for long periods of time.
This was not the first time Goop got into a sticky situation with false advertising
Goop, for its part, said it has not gotten any customer complaints about the eggs.
But this case was far from the only time the US$250 million company has gotten into trouble for false advertisements, since there's simply no science behind much of what Goop sells to its devoted following.
Paltrow's team promotes everything from potentially infection-inducing vaginal steams to painful colon cleanses, and the company has promised to help consumers treat depression, infertility, cancer, and insomnia.
Health law and science policy expert Timothy Caulfield even wrote a book about celebrities peddling junk science, titled "Is Gwyneth Paltrow Wrong About Everything?" (Answer: when it comes to your health, probably.)
In 2017, Truth in Advertising found more than 50 instances of factual errors on Goop's website – not just for the vaginal eggs, but also soaps that purported to treat acne, un-scrutinised vitamins and supplements with names like "Why am I so effing tired?", an oxygen bar that could be rented for corporate events, and a romance mist for everlasting love.
The company also came under fire in 2017 for saying stickers it sold were made with NASA spacesuit material and could "rebalance" your energy and reduce anxiety.
NASA said it doesn't use the "conductive carbon" material that Goop was referring to in its spacesuits at all, as Gizmodo reported at the time.
Earlier this year, Paltrow told The New York Times that hiring a full-time fact-checker for Goop was a "necessary growing pain" for the company. The Times also reported that Goop was hiring a lawyer and a professor of nutrition science to vet the site.
But those efforts weren't sufficient for Rosen, the district attorney.
"We will vigilantly protect consumers against companies that promise health benefits without the support of good science…or any science," he said after the settlement was reached.
In general, it's best go with doctors' recommendations when it comes to sticking things in and around your crotch.
As Paltrow said herself to Jimmy Kimmel, "I don't know what the f- we talk about."
Fraud is expected to cost the ad industry $44B in 2022 — here's how blockchain could help stop it
Which delivery features are most important to consumers?
AR IN SOCIAL MEDIA: How immersive experiences drive sales, improve customer engagement, and boost awareness (FB, SNAP) | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
LOCAL AGENTS in DELEGATION
By Eyal INBAR
EU DELEGATION TEL AVIV
[email protected]
WHY DO LOCAL AGENTS SUFFER DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT TO THEIR DETRIMENT ?
Officials & LAs clearly do not have the same salaries, USHU however questions why certain basic rights applied to Officials are regularly denied to Local Agents in Delegations ?
Part time: According to the DEL. GUIDE, "The limited resources in Delegations make the use of part-time work difficult to reconcile with the interests of the service. Local Agents do not have the right to work on a part-time basis, unless this is mandatory under local legislation. Nevertheless, even where the local legislation does not create a mandatory right to part-time work, it still remains possible for the Head of Delegation to recommend the AECC the possibility of authorizing the use of part-time work if this is justified on the basis of exceptional circumstances and only on a temporary basis".
Why are LA deprived of the right to work part-time ? Unless expressly forbidden in local legislation, what prevents COMM/EEAS from applying part-time as a best-practice human resource policy to Local Agents, a policy which is already implemented widely in the Institutions.
Teleworking: According to the DEL. GUIDE, "The teleworking scheme is not applicable in Delegations".
The EEAS is reportedly looking into this issue for staff in Delegations, USHU maintains that this option must be made available to all staff including Local Agents.
Unpaid leave: According to the DEL. GUIDE, "Unpaid leave is not a right of local staff and is granted in exceptional circumstances". If a Local Agent proposes unpaid leave for well-justified reasons and where this option is clearly feasible in the workplace, why deny this opportunity to a colleague ? There are indeed very generous provisions for Officials in this respect ( up to 12 years !!!)
Promotions: According to the DEL. GUIDE, "Local Agents having had four promotions in the same group are not eligible for promotion". Does this policy make any sense? Does this motivate long-serving Local Agents in Delegations? This is particularly problematic for LA Group I since they practically remain in the same Group until they leave the service. This also negatively impacts on other groups, especially since reclassification is no longer possible, given a unilateral decision taken by the EEAS. Imagine an LA who works thirty years in the same group. Why should he/she be denied from the option to be promoted more than 4 times?
Appeals: According to the DEL. GUIDE, "The SCE stipulate that the AECC shall notify the staff member of its reasoned decision within three months of the day on which the appeal was lodged. On expiry of this period, the absence of a reply shall be deemed as an explicit rejection of the appeal�..". Rejecting someone's appeal by simply not responding? So much for accountability and transparency.
Commemorative medal for 20 years of service:
USHU fully advocates for the long and professional service of LOCAL AGENTS in DELEGATIONS to be fully recognized by both the COMMISSION and the EEAS.
LOCAL AGENTS like other staff categories deserve to have recognition for their long years of service
GIVE LOCAL AGENTS A COMMEMORATIVE SERVICE MEDAL � THEY DESERVE IT TOO! | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
The heavy equipment operator operates a variety of contractor equipment and trucks used in construction, maintenance and repair activities. WG Land Operators will also be utilized in Laborer functions when the job requires it.
Operates jackhammers, mowers, brush chippers and other small equipment and tools to maintain street and utility systems.
Works with and assists the line crew in digging ditches and trenches, hoisting material, tools, equipment, and any related work with a backhoe, road grater or front-end loader.
Assists in the installing and maintenance of traffic control devices.
Plows snow and salts roads according to departmental policy.
Performs all duties in conformance to appropriate safety and security standards.
Operator will be required to also do Laborer functions as well - depending on requirements of job.
While performing the duties of this job, the employee regularly works in outside weather conditions. The employee frequently works near moving mechanical parts, and is frequently exposed to wet or humid conditions and vibration. The employee occasionally works in high, precarious places and is occasionally exposed to fumes or airborne particles, toxic or caustic chemicals, and risks of electrical shock. The noise level in the work environment is usually loud.
While performing the duties of this job, the employee is regularly required to use hands and fingers to handle, feel or operate objects, tools or controls, and reach with hands and arms. The employee is frequently required to stand, talk and hear. The employee is occasionally required to walk, sit, climb, balance, stoop, kneel, crouch, crawl, taste and smell.
Must possess or be able to obtain a valid and appropriate state driver's license prior to employment.
*The following Clearances are required for certain prevailing wage jobs, specifically school districts within Pennsylvania. Candidates must present the clearances or obtain during the application process in order to be considered for employment.
Prevailing Wage Rates or Standard WG Land Rate based on job type.
Sending a CV and Letter of Recommendation is recommend but not required. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Seasonal Affective Disorder is a sub-type of depression that burdens a whole lot of people who face long, dark, cold winters every year and the further a person lives from the equator the more prevalent it becomes.
Symptoms can be 'not fun' and many people find they are just generally feeling 'blah' without really putting a finger on what exactly could be going on. I'm (obviously) not a medical professional (pause for laughter and eye-rolling) but if you are feeling any of these symptoms creeping into your life, maybe give some thought to Seasonal Affective Disorder.
This is all so prevalent here that I take it quite seriously in my design work. I always mention low light and the blue tone that bounces off the snow outside when clients and I are talking about paint colors. It's my duty. I think I took an oath about this once. Statistics say that at least one member of every house where I am designing will suffer from Seasonal Affective Disorder, not to mention it just plain feels better to have a home that feels warm, happy and cozy. It's a long, long winter, man. If you don't live this far north, in the vast prairies especially, you might not feel the same, but winters can be brutally hard on the psyche. We have to stand up and fight back. In a cheerful way. Let's have a group hug and sing O Canada, shall we?
So, what about the psychology of color? What should you be thinking about when you are choosing wall colors for your frozen northern homestead? Here are 3 things I try to cover when helping my clients.
The light that bounces off of snow is very blue. In the depth of winter here it starts to get dark in late afternoon (4pm) and it stays dark until after breakfast the next day (8:30am). (Let us have a moment of silence for those that live in that year after year.) Imagine a very pale blue or grey transparency sheet over every swatch of paint you are looking at. Be kind to yourself and go a touch warmer than you are first considering. You can still maintain clear, crisp colors without looking muddy or yellowed if you just go a touch warmer. Hold3 similar shades in a row and you will see clearly which one looks warmer (more yellow, red, or orange).
If you love a very pale color, consider going just one shade darker. The richness will compensate for that pale light that comes through when it's overcast yet still hold its color when the glaring sun is bouncing off the ice outside on the clear days. So many people fall in love with that 'just perfect' shade of barely-there color only to be sadly disappointed when they paint their room and it looks washed out to a muddy white or grey.
Your home is an extension of the people that live there. It is not the post office or a sad college dorm. Live it up a little; go all in with something you love. You can boldly use a color that makes you feel good and you can do it in a way that makes you and your family happy, without going overboard. If you love hot pink, paint one wall in your powder room. A block of bright pear green in the mudroom can look great. The wall behind your king-sized headboard can be the boldest turquoise. It is only paint and even if you never want to change the color itself, you are going to repaint eventually anyway. Consider a crazy color a short term investment – be smart about where you use it and know that when the time comes it's going to cost you $50 and take an afternoon to erase it and go in a whole new direction. Totally worth it!
I hope that this has given you some helpful ideas for having a better winter in your home! Here's to a cozy feeling inside when it's freezing and grey outside! | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Welcome a second-skin feel to your workout with the DNAmic Soft Sports Bra from SKINS. Developed with a cotton-touch, barely-there feeling it is ever so lightweight and works freely with the movement of your body to deliver unrivaled comfort.
Looking as good as it feels, the DNAmic Soft Sports Bra utilizes a flattering crisscross strap design that follows the movement of your body to make exercise even easier. The lightweight craftmanship keeps speed and performances to the highest of qualities and the all-round comfort is delivered thanks to the Warp Knit mix and compression fit. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
At last, wounded Indian team has got another remedy after Asia Cup to treat themselves after England tour.
Asia Cup was like MBBS treatment and West Indies tour of India is like treatment of MD, and Two tests, Five One-days and Three T20s are like doctor's prescription of two pain killer tests, five anti-biotic one-days and tropical treatment of three T20s.
Holding first ICC Rank Indian team will try to maintain their position by attacking number eight team of the world.
India is leading with 115 points on the ICC Ranking Point Table, but if they lose by 0-2 will slip to downer position as Australia has good chance to defeat Pakistan by 2-0. And if happens so, ICC Ranking number two positioned Australia will gain points that would help them to overtake India in ICC Ranking Position.
Let us wish, India v/s West Indies series turn into great success for India and this remedy also help Indian Cricket Team as energy boosting treatment for coming up Australia v/s India series. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
package com.puppycrawl.tools.checkstyle.api;
import static org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY;
import static org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils.EMPTY_OBJECT_ARRAY;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.powermock.api.mockito.PowerMockito.mock;
import static org.powermock.api.mockito.PowerMockito.when;
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.URLConnection;
import java.net.URLStreamHandler;
import java.util.Locale;
import org.junit.After;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.mockito.Mockito;
import nl.jqno.equalsverifier.EqualsVerifier;
public class LocalizedMessageTest {
private static final Locale DEFAULT_LOCALE = Locale.getDefault();
@Test
public void testEqualsAndHashCode() {
EqualsVerifier.forClass(LocalizedMessage.class).usingGetClass().verify();
}
@Test
public void testGetModuleId() {
LocalizedMessage localizedMessage = createSampleLocalizedMessage();
assertEquals("module", localizedMessage.getModuleId());
}
@Test
public void testMessageInEnglish() {
LocalizedMessage localizedMessage = createSampleLocalizedMessage();
LocalizedMessage.setLocale(Locale.ENGLISH);
assertEquals("Empty statement.", localizedMessage.getMessage());
}
@Test
public void testBundleReload_UrlNull() throws IOException {
LocalizedMessage.UTF8Control cntrl = new LocalizedMessage.UTF8Control();
cntrl.newBundle("com.puppycrawl.tools.checkstyle.checks.coding.messages",
Locale.ENGLISH, "java.class",
Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader(), true);
}
@Test
public void testBundleReload_UrlNotNull() throws IOException {
ClassLoader classloader = mock(ClassLoader.class);
final URLConnection mockConnection = Mockito.mock(URLConnection.class);
when(mockConnection.getInputStream()).thenReturn(
new ByteArrayInputStream(EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY));
URL url = getMockUrl(mockConnection);
String resource = "com/puppycrawl/tools/checkstyle/checks/coding/messages_en.properties";
when(classloader.getResource(resource)).thenReturn(url);
LocalizedMessage.UTF8Control cntrl = new LocalizedMessage.UTF8Control();
cntrl.newBundle("com.puppycrawl.tools.checkstyle.checks.coding.messages",
Locale.ENGLISH, "java.class",
classloader, true);
}
@Test
public void testBundleReload_UrlNotNullStreamNull() throws IOException {
ClassLoader classloader = mock(ClassLoader.class);
String resource = "com/puppycrawl/tools/checkstyle/checks/coding/messages_en.properties";
URL url = getMockUrl(null);
when(classloader.getResource(resource)).thenReturn(url);
LocalizedMessage.UTF8Control cntrl = new LocalizedMessage.UTF8Control();
cntrl.newBundle("com.puppycrawl.tools.checkstyle.checks.coding.messages",
Locale.ENGLISH, "java.class",
classloader, true);
}
private static URL getMockUrl(final URLConnection connection) throws IOException {
final URLStreamHandler handler = new URLStreamHandler() {
@Override
protected URLConnection openConnection(final URL u) {
return connection;
}
};
return new URL("http://foo.bar", "foo.bar", 80, "", handler);
}
@Test
public void testMessageInFrench() {
LocalizedMessage localizedMessage = createSampleLocalizedMessage();
LocalizedMessage.setLocale(Locale.FRENCH);
assertEquals("Instruction vide.", localizedMessage.getMessage());
}
@Test
public void testEnforceEnglishLanguageBySettingUnitedStatesLocale() {
Locale.setDefault(Locale.FRENCH);
LocalizedMessage.setLocale(Locale.US);
LocalizedMessage localizedMessage = createSampleLocalizedMessage();
assertEquals("Empty statement.", localizedMessage.getMessage());
}
@Test
public void testEnforceEnglishLanguageBySettingRootLocale() {
Locale.setDefault(Locale.FRENCH);
LocalizedMessage.setLocale(Locale.ROOT);
LocalizedMessage localizedMessage = createSampleLocalizedMessage();
assertEquals("Empty statement.", localizedMessage.getMessage());
}
private static LocalizedMessage createSampleLocalizedMessage() {
return new LocalizedMessage(0, "com.puppycrawl.tools.checkstyle.checks.coding.messages",
"empty.statement", EMPTY_OBJECT_ARRAY, "module", LocalizedMessage.class, null);
}
@After
public void tearDown() {
Locale.setDefault(DEFAULT_LOCALE);
LocalizedMessage.clearCache();
LocalizedMessage.setLocale(DEFAULT_LOCALE);
}
}
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
} |
Fracture of biological materials may occur in biological tissues making up the musculoskeletal system, commonly called orthopedic tissues: bone, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. Bone and cartilage, as load-bearing biological materials, are of interest to both a medical and academic setting for their propensity to fracture. For example, a large health concern is in preventing bone fractures in an aging population, especially since fracture risk increases ten fold with aging. Cartilage damage and fracture can contribute to osteoarthritis, a joint disease that results in joint stiffness and reduced range of motion.
Biological materials, especially orthopedic materials, have specific material properties which allow them to resist damage and fracture for a prolonged period of time. Nevertheless, acute damage or continual wear through a lifetime of use can contribute to breakdown of biological materials. Studying bone and cartilage can motivate the design of resilient synthetic materials that could aid in joint replacements. Similarly, studying polymer fracture and soft material fracture could aid in understanding biological material fracture.
The analysis of fracture in biological materials is complicated by multiple factors such as anisotropy, complex loading conditions, and the biological remodeling response and inflammatory response.
Bone fracture
For the medical perspective, see bone fracture.
Fracture in bone could occur because of an acute injury (monotonic loading) or fatigue (cyclic loading). Generally, bone can withstand physiological loading conditions, but aging and diseases like osteoporosis that compromise the hierarchical structure of bone can contribute to bone breakage. Furthermore, the analysis of bone fracture is complicated by the bone remodeling response, where there is a competition between microcrack accumulation and the remodeling rate. If the remodeling rate is slower than the rate microcracks accumulate, bone fracture can occur.
Furthermore, the orientation and location of the crack matters because bone is anisotropic.
Bone characterization
The hierarchical structure of bone provides it with toughness, the ability to resist crack initiation, propagation, and fracture, as well as strength, the resistance to inelastic deformation. Early analysis of bone material properties, specifically resistance to crack growth, concentrated on yielding a single value for the critical stress-intensity factor, , and the critical strain-energy release rate, . While this method yielded important insights into bone behavior, it did not lend insight to crack propagation like the resistance curve.
The resistance curve (R-curve) is utilized to study crack propagation and toughness development of a material by plotting the crack extension force versus crack extension. In bone literature, the R-curve is said to characterize "fracture toughness" behavior, but this term is not favored in engineering literature and the term "crack growth resistance" is used instead. This term is used to emphasize the material behavior over a change in crack length. The R-curve linear elastic fracture mechanics approach allowed researchers to gain insight into two competing mechanisms that contribute to bone toughness. Bone displays a rising R-curve which is indicative of material toughness and stable crack propagation.
There are two types of mechanisms that can impede crack propagation and contribute to toughness, intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Intrinsic mechanisms produce resistance ahead of the crack and extrinsic mechanisms create resistance behind the crack tip in the crack wake. Extrinsic mechanisms are said to contribute to crack-tip shielding which reduces the local stress intensity experienced by the crack. An important difference is that intrinsic mechanisms can impede crack initiation and propagation while extrinsic mechanisms can only inhibit crack propagation.
Intrinsic mechanisms
Intrinsic toughening mechanisms are not as well defined as extrinsic mechanisms, because they operate on a smaller length-scale than extrinsic mechanisms (usually ~1 μm). Plasticity is usually associated with "soft" materials such as polymers and cartilage, but bone also experiences plastic deformation. One example of an extrinsic mechanism is fibrils (length scale ~10's nm) sliding against one another, stretching, deforming, and/or breaking. This movement of fibrils causes plastic deformation resulting in crack tip blunting.
Extrinsic mechanisms
Extrinsic toughening mechanisms are more well elucidated than intrinsic mechanisms. While the length-scale of intrinsic mechanisms are in the nanometers, the length scale of extrinsic mechanisms are along the micron/micrometer scale. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of bone have allowed imaging of extrinsic mechanisms such as crack bridging (by collagen fibers, or by un-cracked "ligaments"), crack deflection, and micro-cracking. Crack bridging by un-cracked ligaments and crack deflection are the major contributors to crack-shielding while crack bridging by collagen fibers and micro-cracking are minor contributors to crack-shielding.
Crack bridging
The extrinsic mechanism of crack bridging is when material spans in the crack wake behind the crack reducing the stress intensity factor. The stress intensity experienced at the crack tip, , is decreased by the stress intensity of bridging, .
where is the applied stress intensity factor.
Crack bridging can occur by two mechanisms of different length scales.
Crack Bridging by Collagen Fibers
Crack bridging by Type I collagen fibers otherwise known as collagen-fibril bridging is on a smaller length-scale than untracked ligament bridging. The structure of collagen is in itself hierarchical, consisting of three alpha-chains wrapped together to form pro-collagen which undergoes processing and assembles into fibrils and fibers. The diameter of the collagen molecule is approximately 1.5 nanometers, and the collagen fibril is approximately 10X the diameter of the collagen (~10's nm).
The process of crack bridging is analogous to the way polymers yield through crazing. Polymers plastically deform through crazing, where molecular chains bridge the crack reducing the stress intensity at the crack tip. Just as the Dugdale model is used to predict the stress intensity factor during crazing, the uniform-traction Dugdale-zone model can be used to estimate the decrease in the stress-intensity factor due to crack bridging, .
where the normal bridging stress on the fibers is denoted by , the effective area-fraction of the collagen fibers is denoted by , and the bridging zone length is denoted by .
Uncracked "Ligament" Bridging
Note: Ligament refers to the appearance of the extrinsic mechanism under imaging and not to the orthopedic ligament.
Uncracked ligament bridging is one of the larger contributors to crack-shielding because the "ligaments" are on the length-scale of hundreds of micrometers in contrast to tens of nanometers. The formation of these ligaments are attributed to non-uniform advancement of the crack front or several microcracks semi-linked together forming bridges of uncracked material.
Crack deflection
Crack deflection and twist occurs due to osteons, the structural unit of cortical bone. Osteons have a cylindrical structure and are approximately 0.2 mm in diameter. As the crack tip reaches an osteon, crack propagation is deflected along the lateral surface of the osteon slowing crack growth. Because osteons are larger scale, than both collagen fibers and uncracked "ligaments, crack deflection through osteons are one of the major toughening mechanisms of bone.
Micro-cracking
As the name suggests, microcracking is the formation of cracks on the micron scale of various orientations and sizes. The formation of microcracks before and in the wake of the crack tip can delay crack propagation. Since bone often remodels both its trabecular and cortical structure to optimize strength in the longitudinal direction, the formation of microcracks in human bone are also formed longitudinally. This directionally in human bone contrasts with the more random orientation in bovine bone and lends to longitudinal bone toughness in humans.
As with the other mechanisms of crack-shielding, the resistance curve (R-curve) can be used to study the resistance of cortical bone (trabecular bone is removed before experiments) to fracture. A generally accepted model for crack propagation under microcrack formation was proposed by Vashishth and colleagues. They studied the crack propagation velocity as the crack grew and identified two stages of crack growth that alternate as the crack progresses
Stage I: As the sample is loaded, the frontal process zone forms which is a zone of micro cracks ahead of the main crack tip. The crack accelerates through this zone until the crack tip is ahead of the formed microcracks. Crack propagation slows when the crack tip is ahead of the microcrack zone, where the region of microcracks exert a compressive stress on the crack tip.
Stage II: Microcracks continue forming around and ahead of the crack tip while the crack slowly progresses. When enough microcracks form, the crack goes back to Stage I.
Cartilage fracture
Studying cartilage damage and fracture from a mechanical perspective can lend insight to medical professionals on treatment of diseases affecting cartilage. Cartilage is a highly complex material with depth-variation of biological properties leading to differences in mechanical properties. Furthermore, cartilage has high water content and collagen content contributing to poroelastic and viscoelastic effects respectively.
Experimentally, impact tests of cartilage samples can be done to simulate physiological high-intensity impact. Common type of experiments include, drop tower tests, pendulum tests, and spring-loaded systems. These impact tests serve to simplify the way the material is analyzed from poroelastic to elastic, because under high-velocity short-duration impacts, fluid does not have time to flow out of the cartilage sample.
See also
Fracture of soft materials
Fracture in polymers
Crack growth resistance curve
Bone
Cartilage
References
Musculoskeletal system
Tissues (biology) | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia"
} |
import { Localized } from '@fluent/react';
import parse from 'html-react-parser';
import React from 'react';
// @ts-expect-error Working types are unavailable for react-linkify 0.2.2
import Linkify from 'react-linkify';
import ReactTimeAgo from 'react-time-ago';
import type { TranslationComment } from '~/api/comment';
import { UserAvatar } from '~/core/user';
import './Comment.css';
type Props = {
comment: TranslationComment;
canPin?: boolean;
togglePinnedStatus?: (status: boolean, id: number) => void;
};
export function Comment(props: Props): null | React.ReactElement<'li'> {
const { comment, canPin, togglePinnedStatus } = props;
if (!comment) {
return null;
}
const handlePinAndUnpin = () => {
if (!togglePinnedStatus) {
return;
}
togglePinnedStatus(!comment.pinned, comment.id);
};
return (
<li className='comment'>
<UserAvatar
username={comment.username}
imageUrl={comment.userGravatarUrlSmall}
/>
<div className='container'>
<div className='content'>
<div>
<a
className='comment-author'
href={`/contributors/${comment.username}`}
target='_blank'
rel='noopener noreferrer'
onClick={(e: React.MouseEvent) => e.stopPropagation()}
>
{comment.author}
</a>
<Linkify
properties={{
target: '_blank',
rel: 'noopener noreferrer',
}}
>
{/* We can safely use parse with comment.content as it is
* sanitized when coming from the DB. See:
* - pontoon.base.forms.AddCommentForm(}
* - pontoon.base.forms.HtmlField()
*/}
<span dir='auto'>{parse(comment.content)}</span>
</Linkify>
{!comment.pinned ? null : (
<div className='comment-pin'>
<div className='fa fa-thumbtack'></div>
<Localized id='comments-Comment--pinned'>
<span className='pinned'>PINNED</span>
</Localized>
</div>
)}
</div>
</div>
<div className='info'>
<ReactTimeAgo
dir='ltr'
date={new Date(comment.dateIso)}
title={`${comment.createdAt} UTC`}
/>
{canPin ? (
comment.pinned ? (
// Unpin Button
<Localized
id='comments-Comment--unpin-button'
attrs={{ title: true }}
>
<button
className='pin-button'
title='Unpin comment'
onClick={handlePinAndUnpin}
>
{'UNPIN'}
</button>
</Localized>
) : (
// Pin Button
<Localized
id='comments-Comment--pin-button'
attrs={{ title: true }}
>
<button
className='pin-button'
title='Pin comment'
onClick={handlePinAndUnpin}
>
{'PIN'}
</button>
</Localized>
)
) : null}
</div>
</div>
</li>
);
}
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
} |
Book ReviewsFiction
Summer Secrets at Streamside Cottage
by Chandra Sundeep April 25, 2021
April 25, 2021 1.3k views
Summer Secrets at Streamside Cottage by Samantha Tonge is a page turner, filled with secrets, drama and romance.
Lizzie Lockhart, the main protagonist, is a tattoo artist living in London. Being an only child, she has led a sheltered life. Her parents have always been over-protective and caring. They have high expectations from her. But when Lizzie makes her own choices regarding her studies, and career; her parents do not take kindly to it, and it leads to them falling apart.
An estranged Lizzie is working really hard trying to establish herself. A visit from her aunt reveals shocking news; and Lizzie's life takes a turn. Distraught and overcome with sadness, her work and creativity suffer. On the advice of her boss, she takes a break from work.
She moves in temporarily to her parents' streamside cottage in Leafton–a cottage she was never aware of! In the countryside, away from the maddening city life, Lizzie discovers more secrets and unknown aspects of her life. And a shocking truth which her parents kept hidden from her all her life.
Leafton is a close-knit community, where people are friendly and forthcoming. But a few people avoid Lizzie when they find out her identity. Her charming and handsome neighbour Ben comes to her rescue. Together they get to work on the mysteries surrounding the cottage and Lizzie. As they fit in the pieces of the jigsaw puzzle, Ben and Lizzie end up falling in love (no surprises there!)
The story flips between present and the past, but there's no lack of connectivity. Tonge has done an exceptionally brilliant job as regards the plot, setting, and character portrayal. The village of Leafton comes to life with her narrative and I could visualize the shops, the stream, and the villagers.
Every chapter begins with little tidbits about tattoos, and these facts are in some manner connected to the chapter.
The secret when revealed is shocking and sad. Tonge builds up the suspense slowly, giving a few hints here and there; but there's no way of guessing the end. Every time I felt, I knew where the story was heading; I found myself far away from the truth.
Relatable characters, beautiful setting, and a gripping storyline make Summer Secrets at Streamside Cottage an enjoyable and satisfying read.
This is my first-time reading Samantha Tonge, and I look forward to reading more from her.
I received a free ARC eBook from NetGalley and the publisher Aria & Aries in exchange for my honest opinions.
Wordsopedia rating 4.5/5
Title: Summer Secrets at Streamside Cottage Author: Samantha Tonge
Publisher: Aria & Aries Publication date: April 15, 2021
Genre: Fiction – Romance Format: Kindle
ASIN: B08NWC5V52 No. of Pages: 263
Buy your copy here at Amazon
Samantha Tonge lives in Manchester, UK with her husband and children. She studied German and French at university and has worked abroad, including a stint at Disneyland Paris.
When not writing, she passes her days cycling, baking and drinking coffee. Samantha has sold many dozens of short stories to women's magazines.
She is represented by the Darley Anderson literary agency. In 2013, she landed a publishing deal for romantic comedy fiction with HQDigital at HarperCollins. Her summer novel, Game of Scones, hit #5 in the UK Kindle chart in 2015 and won the Love Stories Awards Best Romantic Ebook category. In 2018 Forgive Me Not heralded a new direction into darker women's fiction with publisher Canelo and in 2020 her novel Knowing You won the RNA's Jackie Collins Romantic Thriller Award.
Get in touch with the Author on her website.
The Night Diary
The Answer Lies Within
The Blue Bar
Traces & Memoirs
Em and The Big Hoom
The People of Ostrich Mountain
The Vibrant Years
When Daddy Tucks Me In
Evidence of the Affair
The Reluctant Doctor
So Long, Chester Wheeler | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
Unique receptacle with a hand-decorated wood-look finish. This indoor/outdoor receptacle integrates earth-friendly colors and modern plastic to give a contemporary yet inviting look.
Unique receptacle with a hand-decorated wood-look finish.
This indoor/outdoor receptacle integrates earth-friendly colors and modern plastic to give a contemporary yet inviting look. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Sustainability is the buzzword of this generation, and nothing brings the issue of environmental awareness to life more powerfully than Wood & Wood. Performed in silence by two wooden people who walk through crowds, among trees, fields, and on stages, the walking characters enchant audiences with their intricate, life-like wooden movements and gestures.
Wood & Wood are made of 100% wood – and, of course, they have an ECO certifcate! Fuelled by wind and solar energy and equipped with their eco-mobile, these two masked characters wander through their wooden world clutching a grass suitcase filled with all their other bio-powered accessories Listen carefully! When they pass by you can hear their joints creaking!
During their travels they get up to all sorts of things: they greet a tree every now and then, tank up the sawdust in their heads and carve a heart into their wooden clothes.
Wood & Wood is non-verbal, mobile mime at it's best: fascinating, poetic and entertaining all at the same time.
Wood & Wood : wood that works to make your heart smile.
This mask characters are walking between the audience. Normally when we play this act we also use an electric eco-scooter. When we have to travel by plane we are not allowed to transport the eco-scooter because of the Li-Ion batteries. In that case Wood & Wood is played on two non-electric steps, also with a special green decoration.
A dressing room is needed. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
PhD in Molecular Biophysics (@CNB-CSIC)
Funded by Tecnologías 2018 or/and by Synérgicos 2018, we offer a predoctoral contract to carry out a PhD Thesis on "New Technologies Applied to Study Biological Nanomachines involved in DNA repair" at The National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid. The contract will be associated to Granted Projects P2018/NMT-4443 and Y2018/BIO-4747.
The project will employ and develop combined fluorescence and single-molecule techniques to study DNA-protein interactions involved in DNA repair processes related to cancer. The project will be done at the CNB-CSIC (Madrid) under the supervision of Dr. Fernando Moreno-Herrero.
Candidates should send an email to [email protected] including a complete CV, and an academic certificate with marks and the average mark of the degree before April 2019.
Candidates must have a Master´s degree either in Physics, Biology, Biophysics or related subjects by September 2019. Physicists with interests in biology or biologists interested in mechanics and biophysical processes and techniques are encouraged.
More Information__
More information about the group of Fernando Moreno-Herrero can be obtained here:
http://www.fernandomorenoherrero.com/
A pdf with the announcement (in Spanish) can be downloaded from here:
http://www.fernandomorenoherrero.com/pdf/Job-offer_2019-02-21.pdf
The Moreno-Herrero Lab figures.
• 30 papers over the 2011-2019 period
Yeeles et al. Molecular Cell 42, 806-816 (2011).
Herrero-Galán et al. Journal of the American Chemical Society 135(1), 122-131 (2013).
Camunas-Soler et al. ACSnano 7(6), 5102-5113 (2013.
Hernández-Ainsa et al. ACSnano 7(7), 6024-6030 (2013).
Laohakunakorn et al. NanoLetters 13(11), 5141-5146 (2013).
Carrrasco et al. PNAS 110 (28), E2562 (2013).
Wegrzyn et al. Nucleic Acids Research 42(12), 7807-18, (2014).
Taylor, Pastrana et al. Nucleic Acids Research 43(2):719-731, (2015).
Gilhooly et al. Nucleic Acids Research 44(18), 8885-8896 (2016).
Pastrana, Carrasco et al. Nucleic Acids Research 44(6), 2727-2742 (2016).
Marín-González, Vilhena et al. PNAS 114(27), 7049-7054 (2017).
Fisher, Pastrana, Higman et al. Elife 6. pii: e28086. DOI:10.7554/eLife.28086 (2017)
Madariaga-Marcos et al. Nanoscale 10(9):4579-4590 (2018)
Martín-García B., Martín-González A, et al. Nucleic Acids Research 46(11):5704-5716 (2018)
O.J. Wilkinson et al. Elife 8. pii: e42129. doi: 10.7554/eLife.42129 (2019)
Marín-González et al. Physical Review Letters 122, 048102 doi: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.048102 (2019)
• Mainly funded by the European Research Council with an 2007 Starting Grant and 2015 Consolidator Grant, and National Grants in 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017.
• Medium size group with currently 10 people
• Contributing in ~7-10 conferences every year with Invited, Contributed and Poster presentations. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
One of the more extremely important and likewise the foremost tough tasks in composing a thesis, in adition to any research job, is to always prepare an intro. To consider which this element of the work have their precise design which is subordinated to the sure reasoning, because of this you ought to not address it for a preliminary reflection on the subject of this hard work, which precedes the most important copy of an exploration.
The leading process that these introduction carries out is that it presents you with and justifies the relevance and timeliness of your undertaken basic research. From 70 to 90 percent inside the 100 % quantity of the beginning is committed to this problem. Terms located in the main factor: "The meaning about this investigation is mainly because that …" are an necessary feature about the arrival being structural element of scientific give good results. Although, this short overview is generally along with a rational and steady justification, and not simply basically just reported just like a truth by default.
The text of benefits have to address several challenges. Originally, it was made to excite the reader's scientific need for the brought up difficulty. Additionally, it has to emphasize the amount of elaboration associated with the field through the research literature before simply writing the tasks and touching towards the accomplishments by now provided to it. Thirdly, the advent should really properly and unequivocally let the viewer understand what health issues the plan solves and what work it pursues. For this, it will be required to summarize every issues that expect picture resolution and comprehension. Never write down excessive. This is recommended to report just those considerations, the solution in which is directly dedicated to the research.
To put it differently, the release should provide tips on the significance and technological significance of the study. That is a necessary period for controlled succeed. In actuality, this is the importance and controlled benefits that justifies the presence of this studies as controlled work in its basis.
Furthermore, the arrival is required to specifically reveal the purpose of the research. The reason is echos simple fact why the tasks was developed, its sensible explanation.
Aside from the objective, the beginning prescribes the tasks inside the thesis. You will always find a couple of activities. They are the cement stairways in which the goal of the investigation will likely to be accomplished essays. Contained in the txt for the overview, this is usually designed by making use of formulations like: "To achieve this target, these particular things were originally established and remedied …".
Justification for the importance for this theme.
Creating the idea that the research is now being performed.
Impression of assignments whereby the target is realized.
Those are the principle portions of the arrival, which are usually seen in it while avoiding are unsuccessful. In addition there are some more products which might include an introduction, in the event the source deems it appropriate.
The measures of some educational facilities want introducing have field and thing. What is actually recommended by these principles? To begin with, the item is exactly, actually, is analyzed within a thesis labor. Below the matter is recommended a precise piece, attribute or section of the subject of inspection.
Some schools ask for, when writing a thesis, to demonstrate the higher level of elaboration of problem posed with the study area of interest, itemizing among the most authoritative experts in addition to their really works specialized in this theme.
Often it can also be forced to prescribe inside of the advent research ways that were designed to serve the success inside the create aim and therefore the cure from the projects. The methodology can be be extremely different – from easy to understand work with a wide range of origins, study and correlation of theoretical substance to activated handy effort, for example , performing societal reviews, questioning, carrying out trials or tests.
The medical novelty on the resource, this basic requirement of the thesis is not really obligatory just for the thesis perform the job, but very often also essential to scientific supervisors. The type inside the thesis is not going to make sure you imply the existence of this novelty. So, its formulation is usually a case of formal and comparable. Usually, it displays the useful and theoretical incredible importance of the actual outcome with the researching performed.
Last but not least, the release might need to temporarily illustrate the content among the most important area. For this function, the character of the chapter, the issues that these are focused and what you come in essence are reported at a broad mode. | {
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} |
List your off campus student rentals today for FREE.
perch'n® helps Landlords reach renters looking for housing near colleges and universities. It's free. It's easy. And you may never put up a "For Rent" sign again.
I have read and agree to the perch'n® terms and conditions.
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On-Site Messaging - Communicate directly with potential renters to find the right group to lease your property. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
By Xah Lee. Date: 2011-06-17 . Last updated: 2011-10-19 .
I was just putting my rant on lisp's cons on my website, and in the process, i made a link to the logo for Qi lisp the language, and tried to revisit Qi's home page, then i discovered, for the nth time, how bad is Mark Tarver's marketing of Qi lang.
Mark Tarver, a great computer scientist, inventor of the award-winning functional language Qi, is really the world's worst marketer. Of the few announcements he occasionally posted here (on comp.lang.lisp) about his project, often, the links are broken, or the video file of his lecture not playable.
While i was visiting Qi's home page today at http://lambdassociates.org/, first thing is that the first link, and most important link, "The Shen Project", is a broken link 〔http://www.lambdassociates.org/Shen/index.htm〕. C'mon, that's first link on the home page.
Compare, another new lisp derived lang Clojure. Check its home page at http://clojure.org/ or try web search it. You can see the huge difference.
I understand that we are all busy, that a academic are not expert webmasters, and sometimes a few broken link or page with outdated info are inevitable, but Qi's broken links and home page not found by Google indicates the worst of the worst of marketing skills.
It's not about marketing per se, but a minimum care-taking of presentation.
Qi really should have a dedicated domain name. qi, qilang, sheng (.org or .com). I understand that Dr Mark Tarver leads a very simple life, practices Taoism to some extreme. A dedicated domain is just $10 bucks a year. Web hosting is about $5 a month. Even if you live below poverty, these should be doable. The site design is really bad too. it's like 1990s personal home page, which it really actually is. Am curious at the moment, so i took a look at the source code: <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage Express 2.0"> LOL! That's a laymen's product for writing html, and has been obsolete for like, 10 years?
For those curious, Dr Mark Tarver has here a page describing Sheng the language, a next generation of Qi. See: A personal appeal for the Shen project by Dr Mark Tarver. At http://www.lambdassociates.org/Shen/newappeal.htm if you are a programer with a day job, a small donation i think is proper.
I was going to get his language logo when posting about shen on twitter.
Then, you realize, the logo is named "malcolm_logo_grey.gif".
When you Google for "shen logo", nothing is found.
and there's no high definition version of the logo to be found.
So, for example, i love logos and collect logos. I want to put it at Lambda Logo Tour. Then, you'd have this shen ugly duckling among others.
And, the logo is the most ugly possible. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Home » The Three Logoi: An Introduction to the Triadic Methodology of NOOMAKHIA
The Three Logoi: An Introduction to the Triadic Methodology of NOOMAKHIA
Noomakhia and the Three Philosophical Countries
In the book In Search of the Dark Logos [1], we approached the existence of the Logoi as three views of the world or three fundamental paradigms of philosophy. We defined them as such:
The Light Logos = the Logos of Apollo
The Dark Logos = the Logos of Dionysus
The Black Logos = the Logos of Cybele
These three paradigms can be provisionally placed along a vertical axis between the "here" (ενταύθα) and the "there" (εκείνα), between Earth and Heaven, between cause and effect, between the yield and the source, and so on. Each Logos builds its own universe and presents itself as the master and "demiurge." Therefore, from a noological point of view, we are dealing not with one world but three whose paradigms conflict with one another and each encompass an infinite number of cosmic layers, hierarchies, and life cycles. It might be said that the Noomachy unfolds between these three Logoi in their vying for domination, and the reverberations of this primordial struggle are projected within these three noological universes, thus giving rise to internal battles, conflicts, splits, and oppositions. By virtue of implosion, this paradigmatic "three-way war" collapses each of the Logoi, immersing their content, structures, and "populations" into a funnel of fundamental catastrophes. Studying Noomakhia therefore demands a more careful dissection of these three Logoi. Each of them can be presented as a philosophical country, organized in accordance with certain rules with their own extended geography and topology of central and peripheral zones, and with a number of internal levels and both common and local hierarchies. These three noological countries are the country of Apollo, the country of Dionysus, and the country of Cybele (the Great Mother).
Gilbert Durand's Three Regimes of the Imagination: The Diurne
The Three Logoi under discussion can be visually correlated with the three regimes of the imagination described in the theory of the French sociologist and culturologist Gilbert Durand [2]. We devoted a separate work to Durand and his ideas, Sociology of the Imagination: An Introduction to Structural Sociology [3], in which we rather thoroughly examined these three regimes: the diurne, the dramatic nocturne, and the mystical nocturne. Developing Henry Corbin's central philosophical focus on the "imaginal" – that is the world of active imagination, the intermediate world between the corporeal and the spiritual, or the alam al-mithal of the Islamic tradition – Durand proposed the theory of the imaginaire,that is the "anthropological trajectory" of the structures located between the subject and object and organized in accordance with the prevalence of one or another dominant reflex. The imaginaire is structured in early childhood and later on determines the fundamental points of personality formation. Although the imaginaire necessarily encompasses all three regimes, one of them is always dominant and represses the others, thereby erecting the structure of consciousness in accordance with its own geometry and topology.
The domination of the postural reflex (which pushes the child up into the upright, vertical stance) organizes consciousness in accordance with the diurnal regime. This regime is dominated by diaeretic operations, such as division, dismemberment, the establishment of clear limits, contemplation, vertical hierarchy, severe logical laws, and is characterized by the concentration of identity towards one end (i.e., the construction of a consolidated subject) in parallel to the dissection (down to miasma) of the subject of perception at the opposite end (e.g., analyzing an object, dismembering a sacrificial animal, etc.). In the diurnal regime, the subject recognizes itself as a hero confronting time and death, with which it wages endless war. Vertical symmetries, images of flight (and fall), and masculine symbols such as the straight line, the sword, the scepter, the axis, arrows, light, the sun, and the sky are predominant in this mode. The diurnal regime fully corresponds to what we call the Logos of Apollo. This is the solar, masculine, heroic, noetic universe.
The Mystical Nocturne
The second mode of imagination, according to Durand, is completely opposite to that of the first. Durand calls this the mystical nocturne, and associates it with the nurturing reflex, with memories of the intrauterine state. When the imaginaire is captured by the structures of this mode, it perceives the world under the sign of the Night and the Mother. This regime is marked by the absence of clarity, as consciousness enjoys the continuous and unlimited tissue of hardly distinguishable things. Sensations of digestion, saturation, napping, comfort, stillness, gliding, and slight immersion are dominant. The prevailing elements are water, earth, and warmth. The relevant symbols are the cup, the Mother, twilight, reduced objects, centripetal symmetries, the infant, the blanket, the bed, and the womb. This is the feminine, maternal regime. The mystical nocturne is based on radical feminization and is an antiphrasis. In this mode, dangerous and ominous phenomena (death, time, evil, threats, enemies, and misfortune, etc.) are given softer or contradictory names:
Death = dormition (literally falling asleep) or even birth (resurrection);
Time = progress, becoming, improving;
Threat = a game resolved in peace and bliss;
The enemy = a friend who is not dangerous, and to whose side one must necessarily cross as soon as possible (Stockholm syndrome)
Misfortune = happiness (a temporary challenge designed for something good), etc.
A person with a dominant mystical nocturne is prone to seek compromise, is distinguished by conformism and hyper-conformism, is peace-loving, easily adapts to any conditions, is feminine, is drawn towards serenity, and sets comfort, satiety, safety, and harmony above all else, believing that the best is guaranteed to come naturally. Here we can unmistakably recognize the structures of the Black Logos, the noetic world of Cybele, the Great Mother, and the chthonic worlds of the womb.
The Dramatic Nocturne
The third regime of the imaginaire is also nocturnal, but is dramatic, dynamic, and active. It can be placed between the diurne and the mystical nocturne. It is built on a copulative dominant, on rhythm, movement, and dual symmetries. Its symbol is the bisexual being, the Androgyne, a pair of lovers, choreia, the circle, dance, rotation, repetition, the cycle, motion returning to its origin.
The dramatic nocturne does not struggle with time and death like the diurne, and does not cross over to the side of time and death as the mystical nocturne does. It closes time in a cycle and keeps death in a chain of births and deaths regularly replacing one another (reincarnation). In this regime, the subject is reflected in the object and vice versa, and this game of reflections is reproduced in an infinite sequence. If the diurne is the masculine regime, the realm of the day, and if the mystical nocturne is the maternal realm of the night, then the dramatic nocturne correlates with twilight (dusk and dawn) and the male/female pair (sometimes united into one). While the diurne rigidly divides one from another (diaeresis) and the mystical nocturne unites everything (synthesis), the dramatic nocturne unites the divided and divides the united – never entirely, but retaining differences in their merger and sameness in division.
Those who have a dominant dramatic nocturne exhibit developed artistic abilities, psychological flexibility, eroticism, lightness, mobility, the ability to maintain balance in motion and to perceive events in the external world as a never-ending, shifting alternation of dark and light moments (the ancient Romans' dies fastus/dies nefastus).
Durand's dramatic nocturne perfectly fits the description of the Dark Logos, the noetic universe of Dionysus, the god who fuses opposites in himself – suffering and dispassion, death and resurrection, male and female, high and low, and so on. Hence precisely why the "search for the Dark Logos" led us to Dionysus and the broad complex of his situation.
The Three Worlds in Mythology
Mythology, in particular Greek mythology, provides us with abundant material for composing the three noetic spaces. The realm of the Light Logos corresponds to Olympus, the heavenly world, and the king of the gods, the thunder-god Zeus, his wife, Hera of the air, the solar Apollo, the warrior Athena, the goddess of justice Dike, and other analogous figures. This is the highest horizon of the celestial Olympian gods in the maximal purity in which the Greeks tried to imagine the gods free from chthonic or archaic elements. This series of gods can be called the diurnic series, for their primary realm of rule is the that of the day, wakefulness, the clear mind, the vertical symmetries of power, and purification.
The second realm of myth, corresponding to the mystical nocturne, is that of the chthonic deities associated with Gaia, the Great Mother. This includes the "Urania" of Rhea, the deputies of the titan Cronus and the mother of Zeus, all the generations of the Titans overthrown by the gods, as well as other creatures of the Earth, such as the Hundred-Handed Ones (Hecatoncheires), the giants, and other chthonic monsters. To this category also belong some of the gods for one reason or another expelled from Olympus, such as Hephaestus. In this zone are situated the underworlds of Hades, and below it Tartarus. Here we should pay particular attention to the Titans, whose very nature reflects the characteristic attributes of the mystical nocturne. Moreover, the Titanomachy (like the Gigantomachy) can be seen as a mythological analogue of the "wars of the mind" by which we understand Noomachy. This Kingdom of Night also has its own philosophical geometry and is fundamentally opposed to that of the Day.[4] In Plato's dialogue The Sophist, the philosophical aspect of the Gigantomachy is described in extraordinarily expressive terms:
Stranger: We are far from having exhausted the more exact thinkers who treat of being and not-being. But let us be content to leave them, and proceed to view those who speak less precisely; and we shall find as the result of all, that the nature of being is quite as difficult to comprehend as that of not-being.
Theaetetus: Then now we will go to the others.
Stranger: There appears to be a sort of war of Giants and Gods going on amongst them; they are fighting with one another about the nature of essence.
Theaetetus: How is that?
Stranger: Some of them are dragging down all things from heaven and from the unseen to earth, and they literally grasp in their hands rocks and oaks; of these they lay hold, and obstinately maintain, that the things only which can be touched or handled have being or essence, because they define being and body as one, and if any one else says that what is not a body exists they altogether despise him, and will hear of nothing but body.
Theaetetus: I have often met with such men, and terrible fellows they are.
Stranger: And that is the reason why their opponents cautiously defend themselves from above, out of an unseen world, mightily contending that true essence consists of certain intelligible and incorporeal ideas; the bodies of the materialists, which by them are maintained to be the very truth, they break up into little bits by their arguments, and affirm them to be, not essence, but generation and motion. Between the two armies, Theaetetus, there is always an endless conflict raging concerning these matters. [5]
The third kingdom, situated between Olympus and Hades (Tartarus), is the domain of the intermediate gods. The undisputed king of this mythical realm is Dionysus, who descends into Hades as Zagreus and rises to Olympus as the resurrected Iacchus of the Eleusinian mysteries and Orphic hymns. Here should also be included the psychopomp god Hermes, the goddess of harvest and fertility Demeter, as well as the countless series of lesser gods and daimons – the nymphs, satyrs, dryads, silens, etc. Some of the Olympic gods, such as Ares and Aphrodite, also gravitate towards this intermediary zone. It is also here that the titans (such as Prometheus) break through in certain situations and strive upwards. Yet the most important aspect for our sake is that it is in this mythological kingdom that we find those people whom the Orphics believed to have emerged from the ashes, or from among the titans struck down by Zeus for dismembering and eating the infant Dionysus. The nature of people is therefore simultaneously titanic and divine, Dionysian. On the upper horizon, this nature touches the realm of the daytime gods of Olympus. On the lower horizon, it descends into the underworld, the nocturnal region of the titans.
Thus, we have acquired a mythological map of the three noetic worlds of interest to us. On the basis of carefully interpreting different tropes, histories, traditions, and legends, we can glean a vast amount of data relevant to our study of Noomakhia.
Philo-Mythia and Philo-Sophia
Insofar as from the very onset we have substantiated the necessity of distance from the "contemporal moment", we can consider the zone of myth wholly and without any reservations as a reliable basis for our quest. We can treat philo-mythia (a term coined by the Brazilian philosopher Vicente Ferreira da Silva [6]) as a parallel scholarly field alongside philo-sophia. Nothing hinders us from reversing the progression from Mythos to Logos and studying the chain from Logos to Mythos. Moreover, it would be even more productive to consider the logological and the mythological as two equal types of narratives, especially since in Ancient Greece both terms, λέγω и μυθέω, meant discourses of different semantic shades. On the level of the paradigm of thinking, as considered outside of the classical version of the historial, the equal consideration of all types of discourses is wholly legitimate. In fact, this is precisely what we see in the works of Plato and the Neoplatonists, who easily transitioned from one method to another in order to be most understandable and convincing. The "contemporal moment" demands that we approach the logological side of Plato seriously (even descending to the level of his "naive" idealism) and that we leave the mythological dimension aside, insofar as such simply reflects the "remnants and superstitions of the era." But upon establishing distance from the contemporal moment, this whole interpretive system collapses, and we can and should turn to the Mythos and Logos simultaneously, on common grounds, in search of what really interests us.
Moreover, on the basis of the Neoplatonic language systematically developed by Plotinus, we can propose the following terminological model. The basic paradigms of thinking (and that means the sources of philosophy) are to be placed not in the realm of the Logos, but in the realm of the Nous (νοῦς) which can be seen as the common source of both Logos and Mythos. The noetic precedes the logological as well as the mythical. The Nous contains the Logos, but is not identical to it. The Logos is one specific manifestations of the Nous. The Mythos can also be considered another specific manifestation of the Nous. Therefore, they are parallel to one other on the one hand, and have a common source on the other. We are interested in precisely the noetic section, those layers of thinking and being where this divergence has not yet established. Therefore, the parallelism between philo-mythia and philo-sophia is fully justified. Noomakhia can be described and cognized both as portrayed in the picture of Titanomakhia as well as in terms of the rational polemics of philosophical schools.
With regards to the interpretation of myths and describing the relationship between the "new gods" and "ancient titans", it is also necessary to assume a correct position from the outset. Based on the fact of the eternity of the Mind, the νοῦς (or its analogue, the spirit, the Source, etc.) as the grounds upon which all non-modern (=traditional) and non-Western (=Eastern) doctrines and religious systems are built, the diachronic structure of myth can be considered a symbolic conventionality. We ought to understand the indication that the "Titans" existed (and reigned) before the gods, sub specie aeternitatis, either as a logical continuity, or as an indication of their place in the structure of the synchronic topology of the noetic cosmos. The Titans always existed, just as the Black Logos of Cybele or the regime of the mystical nocturne. "Before" means either "higher" or "lower" depending on the viewpoint of the zone of the noetic Universe where we stand. For Mother Earth, with respect to the Titans, "before" means "better." For the Olympians, the converse is true, since they think of themselves as the "new gods" who have won eternity in contrast to the endless cycles of the Titans' self-closing duration. From the standpoint of the Logos of Apollo, the Titans are "ancient" because they did "not yet" know eternity, and they dwell below because they will never know it. The discrepancy between the interpretation of the "before" and "after" is not simply the consequence of relative positioning, but an episode – and a fundamental one – of the Titanomachy, which is an expression of nothing more nor less than the choice of side in the never-ending battle of eternity against time. The war of the gods and titans is a war for the position of the "observatory point", a war to control it. Those who determine the paradigm, the grille de la lecture, will rule. We thereby find ourselves in the very epicenter of the wars of the mind. The titans seek to overthrow the gods of Olympus in order to assert their Logos as the exemplary and normative one, while the gods insist on the triumph of the diurne. Therefore, the nature of any mythical figure or account depends on from what sector of the noetic cosmos we view such, and to which army we ourselves belong. And it is this belonging to an order of one or another divine leader that Plato lays out in his Phaedrus, where Socrates explains to Phaedrus that in the person we love, we see the figure of the divine leader which our soul follows in its heavenly hypostasis. In the one we love, we love God and at the same time, in God, our higher "I."
It would be highly naive to suppose that all people choose the camp of the gods, the Logos of Apollo and the solar regime of the heroic diurne. If this was the case, the Earth would be Heaven. Some tend towards the chthonic forces of the Earth, in solidarity with the worlds of the Great Mother. Some intuitively or consciously see themselves as warriors of the army of Dionysus. As follows, we have the right to expect from such different treatments of myths, philosophical notions, and corresponding figures of Love between the three human types.
The Geometry of the Logoi
Let us imagine this picture as a whole in a diagram.
This mythological snapshot of the world can be interpreted in the most diverse ways. From a synchronic point of view, it is a map of three simultaneous regions of the world, each corresponding to the model of one of the three fundamental zones and three modes of the imagination. In this case, the Three Logoi represent three primordial positions of viewing the map of the Universe: from above (by Apollo and Olympus), from below (by Gaia, Cybele, and Tartarus), and from an intermediate position (that of Dionysus, Demeter, and humanity).
At the same time, it can be said that the basic figure of the Universe will change depending on the arrangement of this or that "observatory point." The Logos of Apollo believes itself to be the center, the foundation, the top of the triangle or the peak of Mount Olympus (Parnassus). The view from here is a view looking down upon the base of the triangle. The descending vertical of the solar Logos sets at the opposite end of itself its opposition – the flat, horizontal Earth. Hence the Delphic formula "thou art" and "Know thyself". The "I" is the "I" of Apollo, the peak of Olympus. And just as is the case with the path from the "I" to the "not-I", so should the path from the "not-I" (the earthly surface, the horizontal, and expanse) to the "I" be strictly vertical (the path of the hero up Olympus). The highest point in this logological and mythological geometry is deliberately given: all the rest is positioned as away from itself, and the solar rays it emits fall to rest upon the plane of Earth. In this picture, the Earth is necessarily flat, as it is seen from the peak of the world mountain.
The intermediary world of Dionysus is structured differently. Its height rises up to the heavens and its depth reaches down to the center of hell. Dionysus' center is in himself, while the above and below are the limits of his divine path – formed not by themselves, but over the course of the dramatic mysteries of his tragic, sacrificial death and victorious resurrection. The Logos of Dionysus is dynamic; it embodies the abundance and tragedy of life. Dionysus' universe differs radically from the Universe of Apollo, insofar as their different views yield different worlds. The Logos of Dionysus is a phenomenon, a mutable structure of his epiphany. It is far from chaos, but it is not the fixed order of Apollo. It is a kind of playful combination of both, a sacred flickering of meanings and minds constantly threatening to plunge into madness – a madness which is healed by the impulse towards the higher Mind. It is not the fixed triangle of the mountain, but the pulsating, living heart that composes the paradigmatic canvas of thinking.
The geometry of Cybele's Universe is completely different. On the one hand, in her we can see the inverted image of the Universal Mountain turned upside down into a sort of cosmic funnel. The symmetry between hell and heaven was vividly described by Dante. The Ancient Greeks believed that there is a black sky in Tartarus with its own (suffocating) air, its own (fiery) rivers and (foul) land. Yet this symmetry should be not merely visual, but also ontological and noological. The world of the titans consists of the refusal of the order of the diurne. The horizontal thus acquires the dimension of a downwards vertical, a horizontal of the depths. Differences fuse while identities are split asunder. Light is black, and darkness blazes and burns. If in the world of Apollo there is only the eternal "now", then Cybele's world is reigned by time (Kronos – Chronos), where there is everything but the "now", and instead only the "before" and "too late", where the main moment is always missed. The torture of Tantalus, Sisyphus, and the Danaids reflects the essence of the temporality of hell: everything is repeated to no end. The inverted triangle, as applied to the worlds of Cybele, is most akin to an inverse "Apollonian hypothesis" – and thus indeed Apollo understands this opposite to himself. Mother Earth thinks otherwise: she has no straight lines, no clear orientations. Attempts to separate one from the other cause her unbearable pain. Her thinking is muffled, gloomy, and inconsistent. She cannot break away from the mass which de-figures and repeatedly dissolves all forms, decomposes them into atoms and recreates them again at random. This is how monsters are born.
Therefore, the three views of the universe from these three positions represent three conflicting worlds, and it is this conflict of interpretations which constitutes the essence of the war of the minds.
The Philosophical Season
Looking at this model in static terms, we can also propose a kinetic interpretation. It is easily noticeable that the three synchronic worlds of this model can be taken to represent the calendric cycle: the upper half (the kingdom of Apollo) corresponds to summer, the lower world of Cybele to winter, and the intermediary worlds of Dionysus to autumn and spring. The latter can be interpreted as the cardinal points of the drama of Dionysus, his sacrificial killing, dismemberment, resurrection, and awakening. The fixed positional zones of the tripartite cosmos thus come to life and motion. The changing of the seasons becomes a philosophical process of intense thinking, a manifestation of cosmic war, in which the Logoi attack their opponents' positions. In winter, the earth strives to swallow light, to capture the sun, and to turn flowing waters into blocks of ice. In summer comes the celebration of order, fertility, creation, and life. The cycles of the Dionysian festivities mark the key moments in this drama: the withering and the new flourishing.
The Logoi thus enter into a dialectical confrontation, the spatial topography of which is embodied in a temporal sequence. Thus, the changing of seasons is revealed to be a process of philosophizing. The natural cycle is habitually considered to be the direct opposite of history, which consists of momentary, non-repeating events. The historial manifests itself where the cycle opens – this is the axiom of "axial time." Therefore, the symbolism of the season is seen by "school philosophy" as the direct antithesis of philosophy as such. But this axiom is valid only and exclusively from the standpoint of the "contemporal point", a view which is only possible if we recognize historicism as a dogmatic truth. By overturning this construct in the spirit of the revolution proposed by the Traditionalists, we can propose an alternative interpretive model: history can be seen as a great seasonal cycle with its own winters and springs, and as follows, its own intersections of the ontological territories of hell and heaven. There are epochs of Apollo, Dionysus, or the Great Mother which replace one another with a certain continuity, in each of which dominates one or another paradigm, one or another Logos, one or another "philosophical season." The eras of Apollonian rule wield an orientation towards eternity and being, towards sacred tradition and the heroic architecture of life and consciousness. These are vertical epochs, in which the cosmic fire kindles itself (Heraclitus). There is no history in these eras, there is only the event – the epiphany of constant heavenly eternity.
The era of Dionysus balances between eternity and time. It celebrates sacred time in festivals, mysteries, initiations, and ecstatic rapture. This is open time – time from which one can step into eternity. But here there is already a notable dualism between periods of joy and periods of grief (the Triterica). Half of time passes amidst the "concealment" of god, his apophenia. God dies in order to be resurrected in the Great Dionysia. He is resurrected again and resides among people (epiphany), bestowing upon them the horror and dizziness of sacred being.
The epoch of Cybele knows neither Apollonian eternity nor the ecstatic enthusiasm of the dying and resurrecting god. It is monotone and solid. It contributes to all that is gigantic and super-dimensional in a material sense but which is deprived of flight and free movement. It is in precisely this era of winter that lasting, "dragging" time is born, that which is incapable of transcendence. Here begins the reign of temporality.
Applying this theory of the philosophy of seasons to the foundational historial of modern Western philosophy, we reach an interesting conclusion. Is this "Western culture", built on the very principle of temporo-centrism, not a sign of precisely this titanic earthly cycle? If we take into account the materialism and heightened and clearly unhealthy fixation of modern people on things and atomic (and ever more microscopic) phenomenon, the reign of quantity over quality, earthly over heavenly, and mechanical over organic, the preponderance of individualist fragmentation, including the aesthetic norms of contemporary art, then the notion that we find ourselves under the rule of the Black Logos seems to be a wholly probable supposition.
In this case, philosophy is revealed to be not a radical rupture with nature and its repetitive cycles (as the evidencia of the contemporal moment suggests), but the common, fundamental, and ontological matrix of the seasons themselves. Nature and its universal laws are thus but one form of the manifestation of the Nous and its conflicting Logoi – alongside geometry, philosophy, mythology, religion, culture, and "history." The Nous organizes everything – both the structures of eternity and the structures of time, both natural transformations and human thinking, the trajectories of the flights of the gods and the counter-attacks of the titans. Thus, the calendar and its symbolism can by all means offer a philosophical reading. If this is a correct reading, then calendric symbolism can serve as a hermeneutic key to the comprehension of history, as has been nobly substantiated by the Traditionalist school. Guénon, Evola, and other representatives of Traditionalism univocally identified our epoch as that of the "Kingdom of Night", the Kali-Yuga, the final age which corresponds on the synchronic, ontological map of the states of being to hell and its population. Something similar with respect to the meaning of modernity is affirmed by virtually all sacred traditions and religions. As soon as one refrains from interpreting Tradition and religion from the standpoint of the "contemporal moment", and instead strives to determine the "contemporal moment" from the position of Tradition and religion, then everything immediately falls into place, and the anomalousness of our epoch is revealed in all of its volume. We live in the center of winter, at the bottom point of the Untergang, of descent. In this situation, it is easy to guess which Logos dominates over us, what "deities" are ruling us, and which mythological creatures and religious figures are leading today on a global scale in Noomakhia, in the wars of the mind.
The Philosophy of the First Logos: Platonism
Now we are left with pursuing the parallels between philo-mythia and philo-sophia to their logical end and proposing a systematization of the types of philosophy in terms of the mythological and seasonal maps of their paradigmatic universes. The choice of temporal sectors is more than broad enough to render this possible. However, we ought to act conventionally and therefore take as our point of departure that period which Heidegger called the "First Beginning of Philosophy", that of classical Greece. On the basis of the synchronism of our reconstruction of the Three Logoi, we should attempt to identify three philosophical schools which to one degree or another resonate with these three corresponding paradigms.
The philosophy of the diurne, of Apollonianism, and the heroic, light ascent is, without a doubt, to be found in Plato and Platonism. Here we have the highest form of this approach, the axiomatic formulas of the vividly expressed Light Logos. Plato's philosophy is built on the Apollonian triangle, from top to bottom, and represents the most perfect model of the embodiment of diurnic thinking. Plato himself was associated with the figure of Apollo (as was the founder of Neoplatonism, Plotinus, several centuries later). Plato was born on the day of Apollo's festival (May 21 / Targelion 7, 428 B.C.E.) and died on the very same day in 348 at a wedding feast.[7] To this Apollonian line should be also added the ontological philosophy of the Eleatics (Xenophanes of Colophon, Parmenides, and his student Zeno), as well as Pythagoras and his school.
The structure of Plato's philosophy meets all the requirements of the Apollonian Logos. At the top of his theory is the One, surrounded by eternal ideas. This is the peak of the divine, celestial world, illuminated by timeless light. The highest principle is the Good, which exudes its abundance firstly upon the world of ideas (paradigms) and then, through the good Creator-Demiurge, on the created cosmos. Plato described all three of these world zones in his Timaeus, in particular distinguishing the realm of paradigms (the observatory point of the gods, the Father), the realm of models, or "copies" and "icons" (the Son), and the mysterious khora (χώρα), the space or country which Plato likened to the Nurse or Mother. In describing the khora (which was later identified by the Neoplatonists with the mother), Plato's dialogue loses its crystal clarity, thus lending towards the strange assumption that this element can be comprehended only by means of a "special Logos", which Plato called "bastard" or "illegitimate" (νόθος λόγος) [8]. The vision of the celestial god thus reaches the surface of the earth, the lower limits of the world of copies, but here is confronted with its limits, as it can no longer see anything amenable to clear Apollonian discernment. At the border of the day, the realm of night-dreaming flickers. Timaeus (Plato) restricts himself to only a few suggestions and postulates the khora (space) to be a flat intermediary, beyond which there is nothing, and which is impossible to understand, insofar as there is nothing to properly understand in it. This khora is the view of the back of the Great Mother, a limit unreachable by the Apollonian, where hell begins. Alexander the Great, the disciple of Plato's disciple, Aristotle, repeated the same gesture when he erected at the Caspian Gates a copper wall which symbolically closed the gateway of the cosmos (=the ecumene) to the wild hordes of North Eurasia, e.g., Scythia, which in Greek sacred geography was considered to be under the control of the titans, hence the legend that the titan Prometheus was the king of the Scythians.
The Neoplatonists extracted all possible gnoseological, ontological, and theological consequences from Plato, thus crowning the nearly millennial existence of Plato's Academy with a complete and unique monument to Olympic, divine, heavenly thought. In a certain sense, Platonism is eternal, and has continued in both Christian theology by Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa, John of Damascus, Dionysius the Areopagite, Maximus the Confessor, Michael Psellos, John Italus, and Gemistus Plethon in the East, and by Boethius and John Scotus Eriugena in the West), as well as in the Renaissance and even amidst modern philosophy.
Aristotle: The Teacher of the "New Dionysus"
The second Logos, the philosophy of Dionysus, can be discerned in Orphism, in the teachings of the Greek mysteries (especially the Eleusinian), and manifests itself most fully in Aristotle. If hardly any doubts arise with respect to the Apollonian qualification of Plato's philosophy, then the convergence between Aristotelianism and Dionysianism might seem, in the very least, strange and unwarranted. This is so only because Dionysus and Dionysianism are currently treated predominately through poetic, artistic, and aesthetic lenses or only with regards to the Bacchic orgies and ecstatic processes. If anything at all is established as corresponding to Dionysus, it is likely either the "philosophy of life", biologism, or, in the worst cases, hylozoism. This means that we are not at all ready to take Dionysius seriously as a philosopher and we do not accord full consideration to his structural function in the philosophy of the world. The point is that Dionysus, on the philosophical map of the Three Logoi, belongs to the middle world below the higher paradigms, models, and ideas and above the dubious and difficult to ascertain (for the Apollonian Logos) worlds of the Great Mother. This means that Dionysus rules the world of phenomena. In this case, his philosophy should be a phenomenological philosophy. We are dealing with the notion of "phenomenon" as from φαίνω, whose root can be traced back to the meanings "light" and "reality." The very same root is used to form aπόφασις ("concealment"), επιφάνια ("revelation", "epiphany"), as well as λόγος αποφαντικός, which Aristotle employed to express the "declaratory expression", the fundamental element of his logic. Dionysus is also closely associated with the cycles of "phenomena" and concealments, the rhythms of changes which compose the structure of religious life and, accordingly, the paradigm of sacred time of his adepts. But the main point is that Aristotle's philosophy, which rethought Plato's doctrine of ideas, discarded it, and began to construct its theories on the basis of none other than the "phenomenon" located on the border between form and matter, between μορφή and ύλη. On one side, the phenomenon rises up the divine vertical of the eidos (είδος), but unlike the Platonic idea, the eidos here is conceptualized as being closely linked to its material foundation and not outside of it. Thus, we are dealing with a genuinely "intermediary philosophy" situated strictly between the Logos of Apollo and the Logos of Cybele, one which unfolds in the zone now relinquished to the mythology (philo-mythia) of Dionysus, and which claims to have a completely autonomous structure capable of making judgements on what is higher and what is below it on the basis of its own criteria. Heidegger's great interest in a deep, fresh reading of Aristotle was most likely inspired by precisely this clear consciousness of the fact that besides Aristotle the Logician, beyond the creator of the first ontology (metaphysics) as is customary to qualify him in the theories of the Western European historial, there is another Aristotle: Aristotle the Phenomenologist. This Aristotle tries to overcome something similar to the initiatives of Husserl and Heidegger with regrds to Plato – only not two and a half millennia after Plato, but immediately. We will attempt to illustrate this in greater detail in a separate chapter.
For now we can point out the close association between Aristotle and his royal student, Alexander the Great. According to the beliefs of devout Greeks, Alexander's father was Zeus himself, who laid with his mother Olympia, a priestess of the cult of Dionysus, in the form of a snake (as with Persephone, the mother of Zagreus) during the Bacchic orgies, as a result of which Alexander was venerated as the "New Dionysus." It cannot be ruled out that Alexander's march to India was the product of his own personal faith in this astonishing tale. It is no less surprising that such an initiative – extremely difficult and dangerous in military terms – was ultimately crowned with unprecedented success, as Alexander the Great, the New Dionysus, indeed succeeded in establishing a colossal Empire which united East and West into a single cultural and civilizational space.
Another, somewhat later model of Dionysian philosophy can be discerned in the Hermetism of Late Antiquity, which represented its own kind of synthesis of fragments of Egyptian, Chaldean, Iranian, and Greek cultures with a whole number of ideas and models borrowed from Orphism and the arsenal of mysteries. Hermes, like Dionysus, was a god, but unlike many other gods was distinguished by an ontological mobility, polyformity, and the ability to rapidly and dynamically move throughout all levels of the world – from the heights of Olympus to the depths of Tartarus. The Greeks believed Hermes to be a psychopomp, the "driver of souls", the one who drove the dead into hell and the heroes up Olympus. The philosophy that was angled around Hermes' element was also distinct for its hybrid diversity, dynamism, and dialectical poly-semantism characteristic of the middle world. Hermetism can be seen as a shadow of Aristotelian logical phenomenology: here philo-mythia, paradigmatic qualities, the figures of the mystery cycle, and the mysterious metaphors of the planetary-mineral cycle are all employed more eagerly than the procedures of conscious reason which Aristotle and his followers would employ with such priority. The substantive difference in stylistics, however, should not hide from us the commonalities of the fundamental, paradigmatic approach of these two types of philosophizing: they belong to one and the same noological level, like two brigades of one and the same army, acting in solidarity over the course of Noomakhia. We can see this tendency towards synthesis on the part of the Hermetic spirit and Aristotelianism in the Stoa and later in the Middle Ages in Scholastic Aristotelianism (that of Albertus Magnus, Roger Bacon, and Thomas Aquinas) and in the shadow duplicated by the alchemical treatises (whether correctly or not, nevertheless tellingly) attributed to the classics of rationalist scholasticism.
The Philosophy of the Castrates
What, then, will be the third philosophy corresponding to the Black Logos of Cybele? In the solar Platonic vision, we can obtain only an external, "celestial" view, which sees as its bottom the khora (Χώρα), the space of the subtle film of the chaotic movement of scattered particles not yet formed by the ordering demiurge. Χώρα comes from the same root as mythological "chaos", χάος, meaning "yawning", or literally "opening the jaws", "freeing the empty space." Instead of the voluminous "chaos" that creates the three-dimensionality of unordered void, Timaeus sees a film that resists comprehension by the classical Apollonian logos and whose comprehension demands falling into slumber, losing clarity and rigor, and degeneration.
Aristotle paid much more attention to "matter", ύλη. The latter becomes a necessary component of being, without which, as without the "subject" (ὑποκείμενον), there can be no being (unlike Platonic ideas, which are that which is: το ὄν). Accordingly, matter acquires a certain positive ontological dimension that is fundamentally superior to its status in Platonism. The thing as phenomenon stands in the forefront of Aristotle's system, and all of its traits are conceived as appendices to its actual presence, the essential role in which is played by matter. As follows, in the spirit of the Logos of Dionysus we have drawn substantially nearer to the zone of matter and the Mother. It is this particular, implicit materialism in Aristotle that was taken up by the Stoics who, combining this doctrine with those of the Pre-Socratics, constructed a developed model of rationalist materialism in which even the Logos is assigned the status of a material element. The early and late Stoa (with the exception of the middle, specifically Panaetius and Posidonius, who sought to combine Stoicism with Platonism, thereby departing from the main system of this philosophy) can be considered the borderline scenario of Aristotelian philosophy, in which the center of attention is shifted to matter as its lower limit. Yet still the form, the eidos, remains the fundamental pole of the phenomenon and, as follows, therefore cannot claim the role of being the philosophy of Cybele. Instead, the latter corresponds to a different philosophical tradition, one born in the Thracian city of Abdera and transmitted from Leucippus through Democritus to Epicurus and the Epicureans, up to the Roman philosopher Lucretius Carus. This constellation of thinkers stands closest of all to the structures of the Black Logos.
Democritus built his doctrines on the complete negation of the Apollonian vertical order, thus moving not from top to bottom (as the Platonists), but from bottom to top. Democritus' philosophy was based on two notions: the minimally indivisible particle (the atom), and emptiness, or the "Great Void." Such is the pillar of being underlying all phenomena formed out of the interplay of atoms moving chaotically according to the laws of isonomy, i.e., in any possible direction and in any possible combination. The blind rampage of sputtered particles turns into vortices which constitute organizational ensembles, but order itself, including the eidoi, figures, bodies, and processes, is shaped by the aleatoric laws of random combinations.
Thus, Democritus argued that the gods are essentially a hallucinatory cluster of atoms and, as such, are not eternal, but are capable of appearing in dreams to inform a sleeping person of minor events or simply to frighten them. There is no harmony or immanent logic in the world, everything is utterly meaningless. Seeing the world as an insignificant accident, Democritus laughed at anyone who treated being seriously and solemnly, thus earning himself the epithet "the laughing philosopher." Here we can see the typical depiction of the birth of Gaia as a grimacing, worm-like monster imitative of the human consciousness of a condensed phantom (εἴδωλον). The inhabitants of Abder considered Democritus to be insane. Democritus spent all of his free time – and all of his time was free, as he was a parasite living off of his inheritance – at the cemetery or in city garbage dumps. In the spirit of his general system, Democritus did not believe in eternity, the soul, or immortality, but solely in accident and the Great Void of the dead and alienated Universe.
Here we can see a vivid example of the mystical nocturne, the shift of consciousness towards the opposite side, towards identification with the blind, unseen, or ghostly forces of matter, disorder, and chaos, i.e., the philosophy of Night. Plato was completely right to see in Democritus and his atomists existential enemies, the bearers of the chthonic, titanic element. It is telling that Plotinus directly compared the atomists to the castrated priests of the Great Mother (the Galli) and emphasized that the eunuch is the only truly sterile: while woman can serve as the habitat of the ripening of a fetus, the castrate embodies ultimate vanity and absolute impotence.
Similar ideas were developed in Epicurus' philosophy, which reduced all of reality to the sensual world and recognized the doctrine of atoms, thereby rejecting not only the being of Platonic ideas, but also the forms/eidoi of Aristotle. For Epicurus, who believed in many worlds, the gods are like perfect cohesions of atoms in complete isolation from people (between worlds) which have no influence on anything. Epicurus believed happiness to be complete indifference (ἀταραξία). Insofar as the gods are happy, they must be indifferent towards everything and, as follows, they do not participate in the life of the universe, nor the being of peoples, and therefore their presence, completely unmanifest, is essentially identical to their absence – hence the notion of deus otiosus, or the "lazy, idle god" attested in different religious and mythological systems. People are usually inclined to quickly forget such gods.
In this case, man's soul is as mortal as his body. Epicurus believed in the evolution of species, postulating that material forces develop from the simplest forms towards the emergence of more organized beings. Moreover, Epicurus considered the goal of life to be pleasure. A full exposition of Epicurean views was presented in the poem of Lucretius Carus, who synthesized the philosophical aspects of the Black Logos with a number of chthonic myths concerned with the origins of people, the less perfect yields of the Earth which preceded them, and the forms which have not yet evolved within the span of the animal and plant world known to us.
In Democritus, Epicurus, and Lucretius Carus, we have a developed panorama of the philosophy of the Titans which shaped the Logos of the Great Mother and systematized its procedures and basic concepts. This is the intellectual headquarters of the Titanomachy active on the philosophical, religious, and cultural levels. This is one of the three main poles of the war of the minds, the Noomakhia. In this army of thinkers of the mystical nocturne, we can also see that this is not even what Gaia herself thinks, but rather the products of her parthenogenetic self-fertilization, products of her creation, mobilized into her army, generated by privation, poverty, and deficiency, i.e., the basic qualities of the material element.
The Neoplatonists saw the castrate philosophy of materialism to be a gross violation of healthy sense and related its main principles to the final four hypotheses of Plato's Parmenides pertaining to the denial of the existence of the One. Thus, we are dealing here with a philosophy of the universe which, from an Apollonian point of view, simply cannot exist – cannot and should not.
The Relevance of the Three Philosophies
Having examined the vertical, synchronic view of the philosophical schools of classical Greece, we have divided such into three types and poles corresponding to the Three Logoi. The main figures of these three headquarters of Noomakhia are represented by Plato (and the Platonists), Aristotle, and Democritus (and Epicurus).
Platonists stand for the verticle when it exists, and they struggle for its restoration when it has been shaken. Their philosophy can change its superstructure depending on the state of the world in which the Platonist finds himself, and depending on the nature of the philosophical season. If Apollo, Zeus, and the Olympian gods hold firmly to power over the city, the people, the country, and the civilization, then Platonists act as conservatives. If Platonists are put in the context of the shifty, flickering, dramatic Logos of Dionysus or Hermes, they will be inclined towards restoration, towards raising Dionysus and preventing him from descending again. Finally, under the reality of hell, under the control of the Black Logos of the Great Mother, Platonists will fulfill the role of radical revolutionaries, philosophical extremists who challenge the suggestive magic of material lies.
Aristotelians, meanwhile, can theoretically harmoniously exist in idealist systems or accept certain positions of materialism. The Stoa demonstrates to us the limits of what is achievable.
Finally, the sensualist atomists will play the role of revolutionary nihilists in a Platonic order, and they will gravitate towards materialist interpretations of intermediary "Dionysian" systems (emphasizing the similarities between Dionysus and Hades in Heraclitus in accordance with the logic of "he went down to hell and staid there"). In the zone of chthonic culture, on the contrary, they will find themselves with the status of apologists, defenders, and guardians of the order of things.
The general system of the culture of classical Greece was built on the implicit recognition of the Olympian element and, accordingly, Apollonian philosophy (including Platonism, the Eleatics, the Pythagoreans, etc.). However, even then this trend, beyond its conservative features, bore restorationist and even partially revolutionary elements, such as in the political ideas of the Pythagorean union or the reforms which Plato proposed to the tyrant of Syracuse, Dionysus (as well as his son). To a considerable extent, they represented vanguard revolutionary projects aimed at returning full power to the solar gods who had somewhat drifted towards more mundane and less perfect powers.
After Aristotle, philosophy came to be dominated by the Stoics with their phenomenological approach and significant share of materiality (insofar as matter was considered to be the vital substance of "pneuma" and even the Logos itself). The Stoics were the first to clearly articulate the philosophy of the Empire of Alexander and then of Rome. Although atomism and Epicureanism were never dominant tendencies in classical Greece, they developed freely and drew a significant number of nocturnal minds in search of pleasure to the "philosophy of the garden."
The Middle Ages saw Aristotelianism prevail, with both Platonism and materialism, sensualism, and atomism displaced to the periphery. In this sense, the debate on universals in Catholic Scholasticism reflected the essential sense of the Medieval balance of forces of Noomakhia: Aristotelian Thomism/Realism prevailed over the Idealism/Platonism of Scotus Erigena on the one hand and the Nominalism/Materialism of the Franciscans (Johannes Roscelin and William of Ockham) on the other.
Modernity was distinguished by the gradual rise of the Logos of Cybele. Galileo and Gassendi revived atomism, and nominalism became the basis of the scientific method. Materialism thus gradually became the criterion of scienticity. Eternity was rejected and replaced by the absolutization of time, historicism and, finally, the idea of progress. As in Epicurus' philosophy, god first becomes "idle" (Deism) and "logical" (the "god of the philosophers"), and then yields to pure atheism (Nietzsche's "God is dead"). The human soul is thought to be mortal and then comes to be regarded as the "psyche", that is the sublimated continuation of the physical organism. The doctrine of the atomic structure of matter came to be laid at the foundation of the physical map of the world of Modernity, and the opening of this vacuum brings us back to the Great Void of Democritus. Space becomes isotropic and Democritus' principle of isonymy thereby becomes dogma.
Modernity, thus, is the onset of the philosophical winter, marked by the domination of the Great Mother of Matter. The Titans storm the abode of the gods. Night triumphs over day. The mystical nocturne subjugates the ranks of the heroic diurne. Thus arises the era of the masses, of gravity (Isaac Newton's universal gravitation) and – in René Guénon words – the "reign of quantity." In the context of Noomakhia, this is the shift of the center of attention from the paradisal mountain to hell's funnel, from the peak and the top to the bottom of the cosmic well. In such a situation, Platonism and its echoes, i.e., the remnants of the army of the gods, the partisans of Olympus, go underground, into the realm of peripheral mysticism, of "secret societies", "Conservative Revolutionaries", and "conspirators conspiring to restore the Golden Age." In the 20th century, their programmatic manifesto was articulated in René Guénon's books, first and foremost The Crisis of the Modern World and The Reign of Quantity and the Signs of the Times (as well as other of Guénon's works) [9], and Julius Evola's Revolt Against the Modern World, The Mystery of the Grail, and Ride the Tiger (as well as the rest of Evola's oeuvre) [10].
We find the Dionysian Logos in Modernity in Hermeticism and European Romanticism, such as in Schelling's Dionysiology or Hölderlin's Christian Dionysianism, as well as in the many mystical circles and secret organizations which became closely interconnected in the circumstances of existence within a common underground in the face of the domination of a common enemy – the Titans. In the 20th century, this was most clearly manifested in such a phenomenon as "soft Traditionalism" (Mark Sedgwick's term), which seeks not so much to oppose as to reconcile earthly reality with the heavenly Logos. A paradigmatic prototype of this approach can be said to be represented by the group of thinkers associated in one way or another with the Eranos seminars formed around Carl Jung, Mircea Eliade, Louis Massignon, Henry Corbin, Gershom Scholem, T. Suzuki, Karl Kerényi, and later Gilbert Durand and others. Russian religious philosophy, and primarily Sophiology, belongs to this type. In European philosophy, this current includes phenomenology, and especially Martin Heidegger. Nietzsche's call to appeal to the figure of Dionysus was thus heard by representatives of different currents in philosophy.
Under the dictatorship of the Titans, the Logos of Apollo and the more flexible and subtle Logos of Dionysus (the Dark Logos) find themselves in a subordinate position. The main blows are dealt to direct opponents, such as Platonists, but also to representatives of the Dionysian element which, having a natural share in the Divine, are also subjected to the aggression of the sons of Earth. After all, Dionysus-Zagreus was dismembered by the Titans, and they continue to tear him apart to this day.
The synchronism and cyclical diachronism of this noological map and calendar thus allow us to discern Tradition and Modernity both as coexisting spatial zones of ontology and as successive, agonal types of domination of one or another paradigm. In the Noomachy, there are starting positions, base areas, and theaters of military operations where control over one or another height changes hands over the course of dramatic and dynamic battles. Insofar as, according to Plato, "time is the image of eternity", time consists of both eternity's likeness and its unlikeness. The latter consists of the diachronicity of the order of the unfolding of the philosophical seasons, of the concrete dynamics of military operations, and of the shifts in the episodes of Titanomachy (as well as the Gigantomachy and, more generally, the Noomachy). Eternity's likeness is at its maximum at the height of Olympus, where time merges with eternity, and is at its minimal at the Great Midnight, where there is only time. This point of the Great Midnight is the culmination of Noomakhia, the moment of the Endkampf, Ragnarök, the final battle, the place and time of the Decision (Entscheidung). It is here, in the zone furthest removed from the kingdom of Zeus, in the period of the abandonment by Being (Seinsverlassenheit), during the Night of the Gods (Gottesnacht), when the gods have fled (der Flucht der Götter) and when Olympus, according to the final Oracle, has fallen, that the final mystery of Dionysus is revealed – the mystery of the only god capable of penetrating to the very bottom of hell. Heidegger spoke of the Untergehende, the one who descends into hell without being hell himself, who enters into time and is torn by it but remains, in essence, a drop of eternity. This is the heart of Dionysus saved by Athena – it is all that is left in the wake of the successful realization of the diabolical plan of the Titans.
Time prevails over eternity completely, purging it, becoming only its unlikeness, its simulacrum, a copy without an original – but only for a moment. It ceases to last once it loses its resemblance to eternity whose image it is. Of course, time denies this and tries to portray its privative being as self-sufficient. Such is the essence of the uprising of the Earth and its monsters against the dwellers of the Sky, of Heaven. The semantics of the End Times and the battle for the End Times, i.e., the battle for the "end of time", is constituted by this proportion between autonomy and dependency.
And here it is time to remember Dionysus' name: "The Midnight Sun." Such is a paradox, for Night is Night because there is no sun. But where is the sun at night? Where are warmth and life during the season of philosophical winter? Where is the sky when Earth wins? Where do the gods flee? This is the question of Dionysus, his concealment, his epiphany, his essence, and his heart. This is the main question of Noomakhia.
[1] Alexander Dugin, In Search of the Dark Logos: Philosophico-Theological Outlines (Moscow: Akademicheskii Proekt, 2012).
[2] Gilbert Durand, Les Structures anthropologiques de l'imaginaire (Paris: Borda, 1969).
[3] Alexander Dugin, Sotsiologiia voobrazheniia. Vvedenie v strukturnuyu sotsiologiiu (Moscow: Akademicheskii Proekt, 2010).
[4] Alexander Dugin, "Noch' i ee luchi", in Radikalnyi Sub'ekt i ego dubl' (Moscow: Eurasian Movement, 2009).
[5] Plato, The Dialogues of Plato. Translated by B. Jowett (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1892). Russian edition: Platon, "Sofist" in Fedon, Pir, Fedr, Parmenid (Moscow: Mysl', 1999).
[6] Vicente Ferreira Da Silva, Transcendencia do mundo (Sao Paulo: E Realizacoes, 2010).
[7] According to legend, Plato's tomb in the Academy bore the inscription: "Apollo begat two sons, Asclepius and Plato, the one to save the body and the other the soul."
[8] See: Alexander Dugin, Martin Heidegger: Vozmozhnost' russkoi filosofii (Moscow: Academic Project, 2011).
[9] See: René Guénon, The Crisis of the Modern World; Ibidem, The Reign of Quantity and the Signs of the Times.
[10] See: Julius Evola, Revolt Against the Modern World; Ibidem, The Mystery of the Grail; Ibidem, Ride the Tiger.
Author: Alexander Dugin
Translator: Jafe Arnold
Chapter 2 of Noomakhia – The Three Logoi: Apollo, Dionysus, and Cybele (Moscow: Academic Project, 2014) | {
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Home Movie Review Movie Review: Kung Fu Panda 2
Movie Review: Kung Fu Panda 2
Yes, I enjoyed the first Kung Fu Panda. I thought the humor was great, the characters were endearing and the story was actually pretty decent. So, it was shocking to me when I actually found this sequel, Kung Fu Panda 2, better than the original.
I mean, it surprisingly exceeded my expectations in all respects. Not only did this film maintained the same level of appeal the original had, it also cleverly maximized on the elements that made it successful. I felt like some of the characters - especially Tigress - were fleshed out to a point where all of them fit comfortably in the story. True, I would've liked to see more of that character development in the rest of the Furious Five, but that's not something to barf at really.
The humor in this film was also pretty impressive. I dare say that this one was WAY funnier compared to the original. I liked that Jack Black's over-the-top antics were toned down in this, making the humor exactly the right amount at the right time.
Of course, the animation was extremely well done. In terms of texture and the lighting, it was possibly one of the best this year. I found the character animation to be really expressive, the cinematography was great and the frantic martial arts action were energetic and clever. The fight sequences and chases were also greatly orchestrated. Simply put, the visuals were top-notch.
As for the voice talent, I thought most of them were pretty convincing. I kind of enjoyed a fully matured character of Jack Black's Po. There were still a couple of silly dialogues, but I thought he delivered it with an impeccable comedic timing. His random funny comments and quirky attitude really came through in this film. The others were also quite good especially Gary Oldman and Angelina Jolie.
Now, I admit that the storyline could've been better as it was very linear and a bit predictable - just like its predecessor - but I thought it didn't hurt the movie's charm one bit. I expected something more than the usual premise of revenge and discovery, but there's something about it that I found personally very affecting - more so than I would have expected.
Overall, this was a genuinely great movie. With superb animation, interesting characters, not to mention great humor, Kung Fu Panda 2 ranks among the best animation this year yet.
Movie Review: Kung Fu Panda 2 Reviewed by DAM on 3:55 AM Rating: 5 | {
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Figures released by the Uruguayan Immigration Office show that in 2012 over 5000 applications were filed for residence, but at the same time only 2400 applications were granted. This goes a long way to explaining why the time taken to obtain residence in Uruguay has shot up from 6 months only 2-3 years ago to around 24 months now.
Since 2008 the number of applications filed has increased from just over 2000 to over 5000 i.e. 150 %. At the same time the number of employees assigned to residency applications has increased by 0% and simultaneously those employees are examining applications in a lot more detail and objecting to even the most minor defects in documents filed. This notwithstanding several statements from the President himself to the effect that he wants to encourage people to come to Uruguay and speed up and simplify the residence process. This message has clearly not got through to the immigration office to date.
Uruguay acceded to the Hague Convention on the use of an Apostille at the end of 2012 and accordingly legalization is no longer necessary for documents coming from other countries which are also members of the Convention. This can represent a significant saving in time and money for many applicants.
Police reports are now required for the applicants country of birth and any other country they have lived in during the previous 5 years. Without this document/s an application will not even be received. If in doubt as to whether a police report will be needed, get one to avoid any further delays.
For ladies over 30 you can still use Pap and Mammogram tests carried out abroad, as long as they are not more than 1 year old and a translation into Spanish is now often needed.
Due to the large increase in applications being filed though the central office, rules have now been brought in that applications must be filed in the department where applicants declare they are residing. In the case of people living in Punta del Este, for example, this means they have to file through the Maldonado office.
Married couples with children must have first registered their birth and marriage certificate which currently takes around one month.
You will be given an appointment to come back at a later date (currently 6 months) to file the remaining documents – proof of income, health cards, proof of domicile.
Almost 1 year ago the Immigration Office stopped allowing professionals such as lawyers from acting as sponsors for those applying for a visa to enter Uruguay. As a result it has become a lot more complicated for many people to get a visa. You either have to find a non professional Uruguayan to act as a sponsor or obtain it direct from a Uruguayan consulate, which can depend on a wide variety of criteria to be applied by the individual consulate.
Our experience is that this requirement is making life particularly hard for applicants from the Indian sub-continent and Middle East countries.
Whilst applicants can expect a longer delay, if they have the basic documentation and the intent to reside there is no reason to suppose that they will not eventually get permanent resident status. In the meantime the change in practice means that it is now possible to at least file an application very shortly after arrival in the country and get an ID card.
And finally, we recap the things you will need to do in order to apply for residency and for later citizenship in Uruguay.
1) Passport: We have to present the Original Document and a photocopy of the whole passport. The Immigration Office does not keep the passport during the proceedings, they just need to compare it with the photocopy.
2) Birth Certificate: It must be legalized by the Uruguayan Consulate in the country of birth, then it must be translated in our country by a Public Translator, and once again legalized at the Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. The cost of the legalization in our country is U$S 8 approx. The cost of the translation will depend on the length of the document.
3) Marriage Certificate: It must be legalized at the Uruguayan Consulate in the country where the marriage took place, then it must be translated in our country by a Public Translator, and once again legalized at the Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. The cost of the legalization in our country is U$S 8 approx. The cost of the translation will depend on the length of the document.
5) Health ID: This can be obtained from the Ministerio de Salud Pública (Durazno 1242 Phone 900 29 51) free of charge or from most private hospitals and medical emergency services in Uruguay. The cost of obtaining a private certificate is around U$S70, but is much preferable to using the public system.
6) Criminal Records: It is necessary to obtain a certificate from the Police in the country of birth and country of prior residence in the previous 5 years, establishing that the person has no prior criminal record. This also has to be legalized by the Uruguayan Consulate and once the certificate is in our country, it has to be translated by a Public Translator and legalized at the Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. The cost of the legalization in our country is U$S 8.- The cost of the translation will depend on the length of the document.
7) Income: It is necessary to show a minimum monthly income of U$S 650.- and the source of that income (retirement pensions, rent). A Public Notary has to certificate the documentation that we will present. The fees of the notary will depend on what type of certificate he has to prepare.
8) Date of entrance to our country – Tourist certificate given at the time of entrance.
You should be also aware that the Immigration Office is now applying a criteria of "intent to reside permanently" to all applicants. To that effect they are examining immigration records and if they note that a person has come in to Uruguay, filed for residence and then immediately left and not come back, or has filed for residence but most of the time is out of the country, and not really living in Uruguay, then the application will be rejected. The Immigration Office may well only grant residency for people who are really living here for the majority of the time.
The cost of the residence proceeding payable at the Immigration Office will be approx. U$S 50.
Our fees for standard residence proceedings are U$S 1500.- plus 22% VAT for each person. In addition there will be the legalisation, translation and notarial fees referred to above, which are likely to be around U$S800, but are dependant on the length of the documents involved.
Please note that we can not provide a guarantee that residence will be granted, the Immigration Office always has discretion in this respect, so our fees will be payable whatever the outcome of the applications.
Residents are eligible for citizenship after three years if they have a family member who is a citizen of Uruguay, or five years if they do not.
1. Get a Uruguayan Id card. To get this, he or she needs to register his/her birth certificate (apostilled and translated) and that of her Uruguayan parent/s. She must do this personally.
2. Apply to the Electoral Court to get a resolution recognizing her as a citizen. This takes about one month and again must be done personally. He/she needs to have: a Uruguayan ID card and birth certificates as per 1 above. And also needs to prove residence in Uruguay for at least 3 months preceding the application (proof of work, studies or other activity in the country).
3. Once the resolution is issued they can apply for voting card and for a passport.
Bottom line, the procedure is much easier than for a normal "foreigner", but the person must still come here for some time.
Challenges Ahead for Second Passports?
We regret that your country is not among those that our group is able to serve. We wish you the best.
Hi I am British citizen living and working in London.I aware that we do not require visa for not days. How do i apply to live in Uruguay permanently.
Hi I am British citizen living and working in London.I aware that we do not require visa for 90 days. How do i apply to live in Uruguay permanently.
+598 2915 4684. They can help you. The requirements are on the web page though if you just want to read the requirements.
+598 2915 4684. They can help you. Also the requirements are on our web site if you just want to read about them.
I have a friend in urugay and he is sponsoring me.
I want to apply for PR after coming over there.
My birth certificate shows my name as Achutha Menon.
Will this cause any problem at the time of submission to immigration ?
Please favour me with an early reply,i fogot to add that i am from India.
Just for you we consulted our Uruguay attorney first, just to be sure. He says if you have a sponsor there, he believes you can naturalize in Uruguay. We suggest you contact Mark Teuten at [email protected]. He can help you.
i would like to apply permanent residency, how i can apply what would be the procedure and i also want to know i was reading all the comment section which i have noticed that if u wish to apply for Uruguay citizenship u need to find sponsor from that country itself.as of my research i find out they didn't required any local sponsor to apply permanent residency, looking forward to productive information from your side.
My name is mahant (I am from India) . Presently working in US on H1-B work visa. I am very much interested to know below details in getting Uruguay PR.
1.I have a friend who works in Uruguay for TCS ..is he fine to sponsor me?
2.At the time of process for PR , do I need to present in Uruguay?
Hi Mahant, thanks for your comment. I am sorry to report that India is not in the list of countries that we are able to serve.
I would like to inquire if I qualify for a residency followed by a citizenship in Urugway.
I am a 24 years old Libyan guy, I have a master degree from the UK. And I'v been learning Spanish, expecting to have a good command of language by this summer.
Hi Mohamed, thank you for your comment. I regret that at present me are not able to serve applicants from your country.
Dear Eddy, We are so sorry to say that at present your country is not on the list of those that we are able to serve.
CAN I GET URUGUAY DOCUMENTS .SO PLS HELP ME ABOUT URUGUAY PERMIT CARD.
Hello Waseem, thank you for your comment. We regret that your country of citizenship is not one that we are able to serve.
Hi sir good evening My name is Rajesh and I am from India but I live in Ecuador from the past 6months and I am a PR holder of Ecuador, I would like to come to Uruguay get a cedula and I wanted to get a citizenship from Uruguay,can you help and tell me how do make it. After entering Uruguay can help with the process.
Hi Rajesh. Unless you have a sponsor in Uruguay you have no chance of getting a cedula. Your best bet is to stay in Ecuador, get citizenship there, and then apply as an Ecuadorian. In fact we have one Indian family who is doing exactly that right now. Their objective in Chile and this is the route they have taken.
Thank-you for your time and guidance :-). My name is Vikram I am citizen of India. I wrote you in past about visa requirements for Uruguay. You said that I need a friend in Uruguay to support me for my visa application. I have a friend and he is citizen of Uruguay and he is happy to support me for my tourist visa application for Uruguay. He sent me his details including name,address,Date of birth,phone number ,documento number and photocopy of his Uruguayan ID card. He is happy to host me in Montevideo and I have booked a hotel for my stay in Punta del este. Is his ID and details are enough for reference or do I need an invitation letter from him. If yes than what I need into invitation letter? Or I fill his details as reference in tourist visa application.
He is able to type, sign,scan and email it to me. Plus with proof of funds I have around $6000 in bank. is it enough ?
Apart from I have police clearance certificate from here in India. I booked a round trip flight also .
I would appreciate yours kind assistance . I shall be thankful to you for your help.
Hello and I'm sorry to be so late. We had some sickness here that delayed our responses to questions and we apologize. You should contact the Uruguay attorney MarkTeuten http://www.teutenabogados.com/. Sounds like you are all set.
Hi Is it true that if I buy a property of $ 100'000 USD in Uruguay I can get the nationality ?
As far as I know that is not true but in any event, if you are from the Middle East you would need a friend or relative in the country that could sponsor you.
Hi, I'm more than 12 years experienced Petroleum Engineer from Pakistan, are there any opportunities of Oil & Gas and can I get immigration?
Hi Mazhar, thanks for your comment. I wish we could help you but as far as I know the answer is no.
Very nice. I appriciate the way you help the people.
Thank you Mahammad. In some cases we can't help, but we want to help and we try.
As you are so kind to answer to all the commentaries here, I would also like to try my luck. I wonder about the tetanus shot (or proof thereof), that seems to be necessary to obtain residence. As a strict vegetarian who does not wish to kill animals (and if you have a look at how the serum is made, especially the culture medium, it is horrible) for spiritual reasons. Do you have any experience with people who, having work and being employed, come to the country and start the application process for residence while already working and then, on spiritual or religious grounds, refuse to subject to the tetanus inoculation?
"Fortunate" may be those who still have a "valid" inoculation from not too far in the past, but if that is not the case, what then?
I completely understand your concern about Uruguay. I also do not take vaccinations and did not allow my children to do so. And for your information, and to support your position. My daughter at just under age 40, before a trip to Africa, was talked into taking a raft of vaccinations. All our children have always been in perfect health becauee we also followed good health practices, avoiding packaged food, even growing our own garden. After that series of shots she has never been well. All kinds of vague illness from chronic fatigue syndrome to (would you believe this?) Lyme Disease from a cat. She never had a cat but that's what she had according to their tests. People don't realize that these vaccines are developed in animals. Developing the polio vaccine in monkey kidneys caused everyone tho took the vaccine up to approximately 1968 to be infected with the SV-40 cancer virus. So we here fully support your position. I suggest that you contact Mark Teuton, the attorney recommended in our articles about Uruguay, or Juan Federico Fisher, attorney, web site is http://www.fs.com.uy. I would appreciate if you would cc us and ask the attorney to copy us also with the answer. I'd like to know too. If the answer is no, I will get back to you with some ideas. Or else contact me again. I may have some suggestions.
Thank you so much for your advice, very helpful! And I wish all the best for your daughter!
Jewel, I apologize, we are a little behind here. I'll look for your email.
Hello Dr. Kokab, we would like very much to help you. If you are a citizen of Pakistan, in order to emigrate to Uruguay you would need to have a relative already in Uruguay or a friend who would sponsor you. Or be the child of a Uruguay citizen.
my name aqeel from Pakistan, but i am working in travel agency in Saudi Arabia , my monthly income 2000 US$ , i have 4 child's, what can i do , i need visa or without visa i ma coming and , i want to business in Uruguay, or open in Travel agency , please advice ?
Hello Abdul and thanks for contacting us. However, the only way that we can help you is if you have a sponsor who is already in Uruguay.
I am from Pakistan. I havr done MBA and i am am entrepreneur. I want to immigrate to uruguay permanently.
Can you assist me in this regard ?
I will pay your service charges.
Dear Muhammad, thanks for your comment. We can only help you in Uruguay if you have a sponsor already in the country.
I am a citizen of Pakistan and I'd like to immigrate to Uruguay with my whole family: I am an business man. Do I need to to be able to businessin Uruguay?
Hi Ayyub, In order to immigrate to Uruguay, you need to have a relative or friend in Uruguay who would sponsor you or else have a Uruguayan parent.
I am intrested to come in Uruguay for permanent residnt. so please help me. im from india State Ludhiana.
Hi Varun, in order to immigrate to Uruguay, you would need a sponsor. A sponsor would be a relative living in Uruguay or a friend who could act as a sponsor. If you have that, we will refer you to our Uruguay attorney.
Hi I am an Indian works in Saudi Arabia. I have a savings of 50000 US Dolar with me. I want to live in Uruguay my rest of time. I like to do small business in Uruguay. I spoke to a spanish teaching school in Uruguay and I am gonna apply for 90 days visa as a student of spanish language. Can apply for PR after I reach in Uruguay? I mean after 90 days? What should I do?
act as your sponsor. If you have a sponsor there, let us know and we will do what we can to help you.
Hi Ahmed, You must have a relative in Uruguay or know someone who is willing and able to act as your sponsor. If you have a sponsor, let us know and we are happy to help you. Also you may be interested to read Dr. Mark Teuten's article about requirements for residency or citizenship in Uruguay which is on this web site.
Hello, i am living in Morocco and i want to get a permission of residence in urogway. I don't have a sponsor in urogway but i have my qualifications which will allow me working there. i would like to ask you what documents which i need to apply? is the sponsor must be from my family? If i get job there do i still need sponsor to renew my permission?
Hi Douaa. Our attorney in Uruguay tells us that you do need a sponsor, even if you have a job in Uruguay.
The sponsor does not have to be a relative.
Hi Kamal, We would like to help you but our Uruguay attorney tells us that any citizen for whose country a visa is required to enter Uruguay must have a sponsor in order to become a resident of Uruguay.
I am a citizen of Armenia and I'd like to immigrate to Uruguay with my whole family: mother, brother and his family. I am an English teacher. Do I need to learn Spanish to be able to find a job in Uruguay or is English enough? Can we apply while we are in Armenia or should we arrive in Uruguay first?
Hi Lilit, First, I suggest that you read the articles on Four Flags Journal that explain what you need to emigrate to Uruguay. And yes you must be present. In fact, Uruguay is quite sensitive about you being in the country and living in the country. And yes there are jobs teaching English that do not require your knowing Spanish. However, we strongly suggest that you do start learning Spanish. It's just a lot easier not to have to take a translator with you to the bank and other places. However, there are plenty of English speakers in Uruguay and you can get along without Spanish if you decide to. We recommend the Spanish course that we here at Four Flags Journal use that is both good and as easy as it gets, if you are interested. They give you a long list of words that are almost the same as English, just pronounced a little differently, thus giving you quite a Spanish vocabulary right off, and then 30 minutes a day, if you're faithful you'll soon be speaking Spanish. And we wish you the best. We are in Argentina but Uruguay is a great little country. Best of luck.
Hi Saleh, you certainly have wonderful qualifications. However, you will need not just a visa but a sponsor in the country who will take responsibility for you and your family. If you can provide that, then please get back to us and we will help you all we can. Best of luck!
I am southafrican, I dont need visa for Uraguay, Please advise me do i need sponsor still and can you please mention uraguay national immigration website please.
and if i come as a tourist can i be eligible for Parmnanat residence?
Hi im from the philippines, my husband and i are very much interested to became an immigrant in uruguay, however, we do not hve any idea on the requirements needed.
Hi Aasif, there is an article on the web site giving the requirements for residency in Uruguay. In addition, you would need a sponsor who is already in Uruguay who would be willing to take responsibility for you. If you qualify on those things, we can put you in touch with someone in Uruguay who can help you with residency if you need help.
I have in my account 50,000 $.
Of course I need a visa that main I need a sponsor.
I can buy apartment in Uruguay from the first year.
Ahmed, you are so qualified and in such a good status, yet we have some challenges with citizens from the Middle East. Our Uruguay attorney tells us that if you require a visa you must have a sponsor. which pretty much means you must know someone in the country. We do have Chile and Argentina. If you would consider a different country, and you will write an email to me at [email protected] with all this information, I will submit it to our attorneys and see if someone has an idea for you. I don't think you can access Uruguay without a sponsor but I will still submit it. There could be a chance in Argentina if that interests you. We live here in Argentina and we like it. But we have also lived in Uruguay and like that too. I can try to find a solution for you and we certainly will, if possible.
I suggest you ask those questions of the lawyer you are dealing with in Uruguay (I forgot which one you consulted) or else with the Embassy you are dealing with there. Sorry not to be more help.
Can I submit a NABC (Non Availabilty of Birth Certificate) instead of Birth Certificate to apply for Uruguay work permit.
Hi Akash, I am sorry we don't know the answer to that question. Perhaps you can ask at the embassy or email the Uruguay attorney. If you do email the attorney and cc to me, then he is legally free to send me the answer too. I'd like to know as well. Best of luck.
Hello Harjeet. You will need a sponsor that is already inside the country who is willing to sponsor you. I you have a sponsor and get a visa into Uruguay, then we can recommend an attorney for you in Uruguay who can help you.
my name is vicky .i am from pakistan.i am 38 old and MBA degree in marketing.i want to go uruguay for visit or student becouse i like it much.
It is a very helpful website. Thanks for providing great informations about visas.
I am from India. I want to study In Uruguay. I can speak English and very little Spanish. I want to study something related to agriculture there.
What is visa process for that?
Which city will suit me if I want to work part time?
I want to work or live there after studies so what opportunities I will have?
Is it possible to obtain residency in one year on student visa?
How much university fee will be per semester approx?
Sorry for long list of quieres.
I shall be thankful to you for your advice.
I am having trouble finding the information I need in regards to student visas and spouses in Uruguay. So, I am a US citizen interested in applying to a film school in Uruguay for my bachelors degree. I am not yet fluent in Spanish, but I am hoping I will be by the time I apply to school a year from now (I am spending a year attending language school in Mexico first). Student visas seem pretty straightforward, but can my wife (US citizen) also get a residence visa or some sort of non-tourist visa that lasts longer than 90 days so she can accompany me while I attend school in Uruguay? Any information on student families/spouses in regards to visas would be greatly appreciated!
Hi Matt, it is easy for your wife to stay in Uruguay with you. She can come in on a tourist visa and cross the border every 90 days, turn around and come back in again. Many expats do that routinely. However, if you qualify otherwise, she can apply for residency if you want to go that route. In fact, if you both decide to get residency in Uruguay the time frame to citizenship is three years as opposed to five years for a person immigrating alone.
I am a Malaysian aged 53. Have USD 200k on FD with a 6% annual returns. Have a wife and 10 year old son.
I am planning to retire in Uruguay or start a small business to keep me occupied.
Hi, I am not sure if you have to have a passport to enter Uruguay, but I think you do. If you are required to have a visa to enter Uruguay, then in order to stay and get residency you need someone in Uruguay to sponsor you.
I'm a Palestinian living in Lebanon. Honestly the way they discriminate us in every aspect regarding jobs/education and payment is cruel. So I've been thinking of leaving and starting fresh.
I'm 20 years old, i just finished my accounting bachelors and i want to end my masters abroad.
I want to get another nationality to stabilize my life. So here is my question, is it possible for me to immigrate, study and work there?
Hi Yusuf, You will need to first obtain a visa to the country of your choice. You didn't say which country you would like to apply to. My next question would be how proficient are you with Spanish? In order to go to the university you would need Spanish. But if you can get a visa it is possible we can help you. You would need to contact the embassy of the country to obtain a visa. We don't deal with visas here. Best of luck.
My father is Uruguayan citizen, however I am not, but would like to be. I would like to apply however I cannot contact him in order to get a copy of his birth certificate. How would I go about being a natural citizen myself, if i cannot receive a copy of his birth certificate through him? Would the embassy be able to obtain a copy of it? Also after becoming a citizen will my children who are 14 and 17 be able to become citizens as well, and the same for my spouse? Finally in order to obtain citizenship will we all have to be in the country? We would like to obtain citizenship now because we may plan on moving in the next few years, but if we do not we all would like to be citizens regardless.
sir hope you very well I am NAHID from BANGLADESH i am married i have a baby boy, actually sir i want permanent residence in URUGUAY through any kind of visa which prefer for me.So now sir if you have possibility for me migrate with work visa.u may inform any better way to migrate me and my family in URUGUAY .
Thanks to you nice to meet u .
Thank you very much for your nice reply to me.i don't know anyone in Uruguay.sir can you recommend me how can i apply for Paraguay visa and i need Paraguay immigration lawyer please i hope you suggest me best lawyer in Paraguay.Please could you help me out? How can I apply for tourist visa and how can I get Invitation Letter from Paraguay which will help me to get visa?
I will be grateful if you help me to get information and immigration lawyer proper way to apply.
With due honor , i am drawing you attention that i want to go to Uruguay for living and working. I have someone to get marry there but i am Bangladeshi, i feet few problems to go ti Uruguay.If i get married there, can i get citizenship to live?
i want to know how can i get visa from bangladesh to Uruguay. i need to know early through your kind consideration.
Hello, I am wondering what the chances of being able to move to Uruguay as an American with a criminal record over 6 years old? I have a steady income over over 4000$ USD (I work from home and have no need to stay in America for the job). I am waiting on my FBI background to see what's on there but it won't be completely clean. Are there exceptions?
My name is Rawaid. I have Masters Degree in International Relations from Lithuania. I am also working for Ministry of Economic Affairs, Government of Pakistan from more than 7 years now. My wife is Lithuanian citizen. At present, we are located in Lithuania. do you have any suggestion for us, i am talking about job options etc?
Hi Rawand, I suggest that you contact Mark Teuten, the attorney listed in the articles on Uruguay. He is in Uruguay and would have a better idea what is going on there. I'd appreciate if you ask him to send me a cc of the email. I'm interested also to know what he says. If you have any problem, let us know.
This is Ray from China, married and have a 3year-old daughter.
I'm working in Shanghai, this job is my only income.
I have a Uruguay friends, he has a company registed in Uruguay, if he hire me, pay me salary and tax , am I compulsory to live in Uruguay to get the permanent residence? Can I work in China and meanwhile, get the Uruguay permament residence in some years?
Hi Ray, I'm sorry but Uruguay has gotten very strict about an applicant living in the country. You would need to be living in Uruguay to obtain residency.=.
Hi and thanks for your comment. It is very difficult right now for any Middle East citizen to obtain residency or citizenship here unless you know someone in the country who can act as your sponsor. If that is the case for you. we can refer you to a very proficient lawyer who can help you.
My name is Youssef, am a 26 years old Egyptian living in Egypt. I have a bachelor degree in English and Spanish arts and literature, I can speak Spanish of course and I have been a marketing manager for almost 3 years now and 5 years work experience overall in Event Planning and Telecommunication.
My question is do I qualify to permanently reallocate to Uruguay? And if I do what are the requirements to do so? Also I have read somewhere that Arabs could never obtain Uruguayan citizenship, I was wondering if that's true.
I read here from Arlean's comments that people may require a sponsor, so I was wondering what would be needed from the sponsor to do exactly in terms of paper work or payments or whatever.
Hi Youssef, I have never heard that an Arab would never get citizenship. If that is true, we have not heard it here. In practice, however, it has become difficult for people from the Middle East to immigrate to several countries in our area. Yes you would need a sponsor. A sponsor is someone who would take legal responsibility for you, pay your bills if necessary, etc. Yes there would be paperwork. If Uruguay doesn't work out, we don't actually cover Ecuador here but we have heard that Ecuador's entry requirements are a bit more liberal. If you're interested, you can read his and his wife's story on the article, Never, Never Give Up.
Hello. Thanks for the information provided on the website.
1. Whether I would need a sponsor to apply for residency permit or can I directly apply through consulate?
2. What all documents would be required to be submitted to get the PR visa?
3. How are the job opportunities for a person with my qualification and work experience in finance?
Hello Devesh, we don't actually handle residency. We publish information for you. You would need a sponsor. If you can provide a sponsor and decide to proceed, we can recommend an attorney for you in Uruguay if you need one.
I want to immigrate to Uruguay, I am Egyptian Pharmacist, 33 years old, married and have 2 kids.I own a pharmacy in Egypt and 2 Arabian restaurant. I want to invest in Uruguay and establish an Arabian restaurant, but i need to live there not less than 6 months to discover the market.Could you help me what should i do?..I have read all the comments and the answers, i see that mainly Arabian, African and middle eastern countries need a sponsor.so if it's also required for me and obviously i don't have, what is the pathway for that.
Hi Mohamed, I'm so sorry but as far as we know there is no way for you to emigrate to Uruguay unless you have a sponsor in the country.
Hello, I am Dual citizen of both the United States and Iran. I was born in Iran, moved to the States when I young and became a citizen there.
I want to come to reside in Uruguay and intend of getting Uruguayian Nationality. I speak Spanish Fluently. And I am a photogrpaher by profession, but because I speak 4 languages fluently I also do teach English & Spanish & do translation services.
(1) What are opportunities like overthere as far as photography goes if we want to have our own photographic business (my specialty is fashion & lifetsyle)? (2) To achieve residency how much monthly income do we really need to have to prove to immigreation authorities we can support ourselves? (3) Are Mosquitos a big problem in Uruguay? (4) Is me being a US citizen going to impede me from being able to open a bank account in uruguay? (5) Does Uruguay have Credit Unions? Is there a strong Credit Union presence in Uruguay? (6) I'm a single man in my late 30s, and I have no intentions of marrying, will people in Uruguay look at me in a suspicous way?
I'm also considering studying to become a fully qualified Spanish teacher, just like how English Teachers have their International TESOL certificates.
Oh and one last thing…while I can renounce my US citizenship by paying a the stupid $2,450 fee, I can't under any circumstances renoucne my Iranian nationality, they won't allow it. Will that complicate things if I decide to apply for Uruguayian nationality? Being a dual citizen already that is.
Thank You in Advance for you response, look forward to it.
Well you certainly have a lot going for you in that you already are fluent in Spanish. That is a big positive. Photography is probably like any business, it depends on you and your ability to stay the course until you are established. As a writer myself, I know there are many ways for photographers to earn as well. Obviously your languages are a big plus. Since you have a U.S. passport I would say your chances are good. No, no no, you would not want to renounce your U.S. citizenship. If you did not have that you could not come into Uruguay without a sponsor. The U.S. citizenship, however, limits your ability to open a bank account but there are a couple of banks in Uruguay that will serve you. For a single man, of course the cost of living depends on your lifestyle. The amount required by Immigration is not stated but I would want at least $1800 a month. I will warn you Uruguay is expensive. It is less expensive to live in most places in the U.S.–unless you live in certain areas like California, Washington D.C., etc. I do not think Uruguay has credit unions–at least as far as I know. If you do come to Uruguay, I hope you'll let us know how your immigration process went. We do recommend a lawyer there, but if you are fluent in Spanish you may opt to do it yourself. But if you do need more help, we invite you to contact Mark Teuten, attorney, there in Montevideo.
Hello, my family is from Uruguay. I, however, was born in the United States. I was told that since my parents are Uruguayan I can also gain citizenship. How would I go about doing so? Could I start the process from the States and then appear to sign documents when needed? Thank you for your time.
Hi, Jeanine. Thanks to your questions, Mark Teuten, the attorney who wrote the article you are responding to, added a section just for you and others like you perhaps, to the article. If you will go there again, you will find answers to your questions. If you have more, let us know. Best of luck. Not that you'll need it. You obviously have it all sewed up if you can just fulfill the requirements as stated.
Hi Magdy, you are obviously very qualified in your field, but what you need for Uruguay is Spanish, although English can also be helpful. However, if your country of citizenship is Egypt you would need to know someone already in Uruguay who would be willing to sponsor you.
There is no income specified by Uruguay immigration, they analyze each case on its own merits. Our Uruguay attorney thinks it would take about $1500 a month income now to be approved. We are concerned about people who have been led to think Uruguay is inexpensive and that's far from true. Monthly costs, of course, depend on the lifestyle of the person but realistically you would really need more to live in Uruguay.
1- Can I come to Uruguay as a tourist and begin my steps to get temporary visa from there?
2- I am working at private company and I have Bank statement nearly 30 000 dollors and I have bank transfer nearly monthly 900 dollors but it is a private company and when I leave it my salary will stop , what is the solution because they want a stable transfer after I leave my work here.
Thanks for you. I am from saudi arabia. I retired and have fixed income $4300 + bank account $160000.
Hi Abuhusam, I have questions for you. Is the income $4300 a month is my first question. Next, do you know anyone in Uruguay who might be willing to sponsor you. The sponsor is the most important thing. If you can let me know about those things, then we can get answers for the rest.
Yes monthly income salary $4300 .
I do not have any person in uruguay.
Hi again, I am going to consult with our Uruguay attorney for you. Normally anyone from your area is required to have a sponsor within the country. However, I am wondering if you might be able to come on a student visa in Uruguay without a sponsor. In Argentina even with a student visa you must have a sponsor, but I'm not sure about Uruguay. I will get back with you. If you don't hear back from me don't hesitate to post again and remind me.
Thank you very much.. I am happy that you care about us. Sorry to bother you .. I am happy in my country ..I just want to try and learn other cultures. I will try Panama. Thanks again and have a nice life.
I have already written Mark, our Uruguay attorney, and will post his response. Also if you do try Panama, we would appreciate if you'll let us know how it goes. We have many subscribers who write us from your area. One wonderful family from India successfully settled in Ecuador. You can read their story on the web site under Never Give up–if you are interested.
Okay, here is the follow up from our Uruguay attorney. A person from Saudi Arabia, anywhere in the Middle East, India and a few other places must have a sponsor under all circumstances.
Thank you very much . You are very kind .
I asked a panamanian attorney, and he guide me to Reforestation program in Panama .
And he told me to live one year in Panama or 6 months before I decide to relocate.
Hi Sunny, In answer to your question, the only way you would be able to gain access to Uruguay is if you know someone in the country who will sponsor you. If you do, then we could help you. You certainly appear to have good skills, but you would need a sponsor.
I am from Bangladesh. There is no Uruguayan consulate or embassy in Bangladesh and also it is not part of the Apostille treaty. Therefore, it is not possible for me to legalize or Apostille my documents by the Uruguayan consulate in my home country where the documents has been produced. At this unavoidable circumstance what should I do?
Hi Sadeq, I didn't answer right away because I wanted to check with our Uruguay attorney. Here is what I found. It is very difficult to help people from your part of the world immigrate to our area, including Uruguay. We don't know the reason. It isn't official, we only know our experience. Our attorney there advises us that you would have to get a visa and that we have no way to help with that. Then when you are in Uruguay, you could apply for residency if you have a sponsor or guarantor. That's where the problem lies most of the time unless you have friends or family in the country. The attorney tells us that he used to personally act as sponsor but now the government has ruled that he is not allowed to do that. I'm sorry that we can't offer more help.
Thanks for your reply. In my birth country, there is no Uruguayan consulate or embassy and also it is not part of the Apostille treaty. For these reasons it is impossible for me to legalize or Apostille my documents by the Uruguayan consulate. But I have a Uruguayan friend who wants to invite and sponsor me to apply for permanent resident. If my friend invite and sponsor me then can I apply with my documents which are not legalized by the Uruguayan consulate in my birth country?
Yes, I understand that. In your case you don't have to do that. But if you are from the Middle East or Asia, you must have someone in Uruguay who knows you and will be your sponsor and take responsibility for you if you need their help.
Sorry for further bothering you. I understand that I do not need to legalize my documents from my birth country. I just need to enter Uruguay with my original documents to apply for permanent residency as there is no Uruguayan Consulate in my birth country.
I am from Asia. Yes, I have someone in Uruguay who knows me and will be my sponsor. Now my question, do I need to possess the entry/tourist visa to enter Uruguay? If yes, can my Uruguayan friend help me to get the required visa to enter Uruguay in order to apply for permanent residency? How can my friend help me, please tell me.
Okay, this from from an immigration attorney in Uruguay. The relevant consulate for Bangladesh is in India, so you should contact them and get them to confirm the requirements and if you has somebody in Uruguay prepared to act as a sponsor – fantastic!! Hoping this helps.
Yes, Shah, it seems to me that you would be. Especially if you are learning Spanish. That's great. And with a master's degree you certainly are qualified. But you do need to meet the income requirements or have a job in Uruguay. But with those qualifications I'd think your chances are very good.
I intend to migrate Uraguay.m teacher of English.As I got to know that there is too much demand of teachers of English language,can I visit there to find job and after that apply for permanent residence?or what is the best way to get immigration?
We live in U.S. And want to live in Uruguay. My husband receives $1100 va benefit per month and I receive $1200 social security disability per month. We also have a condo here that we would want to rent out for about $1200 per month. Do you think the income is enough to live comfortably and is the source of the monthly income we receive accepted in Uruguay? Also, do they have a minimum to deposit in one of their banks? Many thanks.
Yes the amounts you name are adequate and the sources would be acceptable to immigration. I apologize that I am not up to date on the minimum amount to open an account at the bank. Uruguay is quite easy as far as banking is concerned. I am sure $5,000 would be enough but my guess is you could open for less. As we have suggested to others, a good expat forum in Uruguay is http://www.totaluruguay.com and I am sure they could update you. If you can read Spanish you can try http://www.bancorepublica.com.uy. That is the web site for the State bank.
Does Uruguay have the equivalent of pensionado classification for residence? I would be applying with my wife and our sole income at that time would be approx. $USD1600/month from U.S. Social Security plus $USD600 from a lifetime annuity. Is that level of income sufficient to qualify for residency?
Hi Casey, Mark Teuten is an independent attorney in Uruguay. There is contact information for him on the web site. The article was written by him. Or you can contact Juan Fischer. His web site and contact information are http://www.fs.com.uy/juan-federico-fischer/ And yes there is a classification for retirees and the amount of money you mention is sufficient for applying. However, I will warn you that Uruguay has gotten expensive. You will see articles on the Internet about how inexpensive it is but that is no longer true. It will cost about as much to live in Uruguay as it would in Florida in the States if that tells you anything. In fact I think heating might be more expensive in Uruguay if you are using gas. That does not matter to a lot of people. I only mention it in case it is is of importance to you.
Hallo I am 35 yrs old I m Indian citizen I am married and my wife has a Philippines citizen. I have a master degree of pharmacy. And my wife is a nurse. We want to settle in Uruguay. But we don't know How ? I can speak Spanish.
Could u please suggest me ?
Hi Miroslav, This a puzzle. I am sure I answered your post but the answer is not here. I'll try again.
First, Uruguay is more concerned if you have a monthly income that will support you. You certainly have good qualifications. My major question is whether you speak Spanish. If you do, then it's possible you could find work in Uruguay while you and your wife also build a business. Aside from that might be a student visa to study–perhaps Uruguay law–at the University. Probably you should consult with a Uruguay immigration attorney. You could try Juan Fischer, Juan Fischer at Fischer & Schickendantz in Montevideo, 598 2 915-7468. One other suggestion. Don't limit your possibilities to Uruguay. You also have Argentina, Chile and Paraguay to look at in case one does not work out for you. Good luck.
I am from Pakistan going to be retired on 28th. September, 2015 from Government service as Inland Revenue Officer,Federal Board of Revenue Karachi Pakistan. I will be getting funds and commutation and other benefit amounting to US$30,000/- and my monthly income would be around US$ 800/- Do you sujjest me to move to Urogoay for the rest of my life. My spouse is also a teacher and earning income. Iam also holding Multiple vis of Canada.
Hi Shahid, first question would be will your wife also have retirement income when you come. I think that the $800 would qualify you for residency legally in Uruguay but Uruguay has become quite expensive. I would not want to try to live on $800 a month there and my lifestyle is far from extravagant. But that is up to you to decide. Ecuador is less expensive. For more information you might try http://www.totaluruguay.com. It's a forum for expats and they usually can answer almost any question. Wishing you the best.
I am Joe from Lebanon, Beirut and looking for a chance to live and work in Uruguay.I am not rich in pocket,but rich in mind,knowledge and work experience.Is it possible i send you my CV in a private email?
I found no information online regarding my question. Although you don't need to buy property to become a resident of Uruguay, is there still an option to become permanent resident through purchase of real estate or economic investment?
Dear Irina, As far as we know there is no provision in Uruguay for residency based on investment. The major criterion appears to be having enough monthly income to support yourself and they decide that.
i Live in Türkiye ( Turkey ) 52 years male . my wife 39 y.o and my douther 1 y.o.
Me and my wife have own Airport transfer company . we earn 75.000 usd yearly here.
i studied universty in italy management. i speak italian , english and russian. so offcourse Turkish.
My wife studied universty landscape architect . and she speak english Turkish.
We have clean criminal records. Why Uruguay ?
i love my country Turkey but our country near meaddle east ( wars , religions probles ecc. ) İ want future for my dougther peaceful and safe. country like Uruguay.
We want to live in Uruguay . i have some question if you aswer me i will be happy.
1. First i will be come to uruguay to organize for aplication (soggiorno ). me and for my family . And what is the condition for aplication ?
2. i want to do investment ( about 50.000 usd ) in first year.
3- first year me and my wife will me live 90-100 days in uruguay ( because we will organize our job to transfer to uruguay. ,than second year 6-8 monts we will be in uruguay.
to be Uruguay Citizen. is it possible ? and procedure and rules.
Can you hel me about those question.
Hi Bulent, no I can't answer your questions since you have quite a few unusual circumstances since you have an operating business outside the country. I think you need to consult with an attorney or, since you speak Spanish, perhaps contact Uruguay immigration directly. Incidentally, it is a big advantage that you speak Spanish. I suggest you contact Juan Fischer, attorney at Fischer & Schickendantz at *587 2 915-7468. Their web site if http://www.fs.com.uy.
I am an Iraqi psychiatrist.I graduated from Basrah Medical College in 1993, had obtained my postgraduate degree in general psychiatry in 2010.I am a lecturer of psychology and psychiatry in medical college.
I am married with 4 children.
Please tell me about my chance to success in immigration to Uruguay and how to ensure that.
Hi, you certainly have good credentials. I am wondering two things. Do you speak Spanish. If you are proficient in Spanish you should be able to get a job in your profession. If not in Uruguay then in one of the other countries in the Southern Cone. I think you should hold your destination open.There is a lot of good opportunity in our part of the world as far as choice of countries. About Uruguay in particular, I would suggest the same to you as I have the other queries here, that you contact Juan Fischer of Fisher & Schickendantz for suggestions about Uruguay. Juan Fischer at Fischer & Schickendantz in Montevideo, 598 2 915-7468.
My wife & I would like to move to Uruguay.
Only one slight problem, in my country of birth I have no criminal record – its clean, in the country I have resided in I have a class C record (nothing too serious). How does this hamper the my efforts in terms of moving to Uruguay.
I have no issues being on a long term tourist visa that can be extended. If my wife was to move over and obtain citizenship, would I then be able to apply & get a resident visa?
I would like to find out if you have dealt with such cases and your experience in this field.
In terms of applying for residency, is it possible to do so within Uruguay, provided we have all our documents in order and stamped this side? Since we are both from countries which dont require us to have visas for entry for up to 90 days?
If you could or would prefer to email me directly please do so.
Thank you for the info on your site.
Great that you have an independent Internet business. We don't offer immigration services but we will give you as much information as we can. As for the record, I'm not sure what a Class C record is but the age of the record is a factor. I don't think it shows up even after a certain period of time. In Argentina at one time it was five years, for example (I'm not sure what it is now). Another factor is that it is possible for a couple that is legally married to get citizenship in three years whereas for a single it is five years so that might make a difference for you as well. However, many people do stay as tourists. You can go through the border, turn around and come right back in without a problem. Some countries require you to be outside for a certain number of hours but Uruguay has no such requirement. I suggest you contact Juan Fischer. He is a Uruguay attorney who handles immigrations along with a myriad of other services. His web site is http://www.fs.com.uy. We'd like to know how it works out. You can contact us h ere or at [email protected].
how are you, hope fine.
I am from Bangladesh and interested to get residency visa in Uruguay. As a Bangladeshi can i apply residency visa in Uruguay? I completed my Post- Graduation degree and unmarried. Now I am working with a private firm and get $700. I also doing chartered accountancy professional course here.
Please If there any possibility to migrate of my plan suggest me where and how can I apply.
Hi Saleh. I listed an attorney on the web site who handles immigration in Uruguay. But I think I'll suggest something else to you. You can try the attorney, but there is a forum about Uruguay at http://www.totaluruguay.com. You might find more options by posting this there. Or you can contact Juan Fischer at the address and phone on the web site. One question, do you speak Spanish. If you want to work in Uruguay at a local job, speaking the language is very important. However, if you are working for the firm online then that would not be a problem. Also be sure to ask them about your country of origin. I am sorry to say that people from the Middle East have a real problem immigrating to some countries in South America. I have no idea the reason.The last subscriber we had who was finally successful is now in Ecuador. His story is on the web site. I wish you good luck.
Hello Arlean, my name is Kenneth from Ghana and i am a footballer. We were given an invitation letter for trials in Uruguay by CONFEDERACION ATLETICA DEL URUGUAY SPORTS AGENCY. We are four (4) in number and we have received the invitation letter but we do not know how to go about the visa application as the Uruguay embassy is located in South Africa and that is very far from us.
Please sir can you kindly assist me by telling us what to do?
Hi Kenneth, I'm so sorry but we don't offer visa service here, we merely publish information. Can you contact the people who invited you. The only other option I know would be to contact the Fischer and Schnichendantz law firm listed on our web site. Their web site is http://www.fs.com.uy.
My wife has dual Uruguayan-United States citizenship (born in Uruguay, naturalized U.S. citizen). She has passports for both countries.
We have an infant son, aged 19 months. We would like to apply for his Uruguayan citizenship. I have only found information for Uruguay citizenship for adults online. Hence, my queries below.
Our son has a State of Colorado Birth Certificate – I understand that we will need an Apostille to accompany the birth certificate. Correct?
Does an infant need a police report?? If so, does the police report need an Apostille? Same questions regarding income verfication.
Our son has a U.S. Passport. Do infants need a second photo ID?
Thank you for your help regarding my query.
I believe we will need an apostille to go with his State of Colorado Birth Certificate.
Hi Chris and congratulations on your little addition to the family. Although we don't offer immigration services I will do my best to answer. Yes all documents have to be accompanied by an apostille. You should be able to get information from the Uruguay Consulate nearest your home. If you are in Colorado, my guess is that would be in Denver.
I an Md. Sahadat Hossain from Bangladesh . here I have a job. I am masters in Accounting . My monthly salary are US $ 500 per month.
I want to get Uruguayan citizenship. Would You tell me how can I get Uruguayan citizenship?
& if possible guide me what will i do for it.
Hello Md. Sahadat Hossain. As stated in other responses, you will probably need to contact someone in Uruguay who does immigration services. The attorney that we know who does that is Juan Fischer at Fischer and Schnickendantz in Montevideo, Uruguay. Their web site is http://www.fs.com.uy.
I am interested to know if myself (31 year old, Pakistani), husband (30 year old, Bangladeshi) and 6 month baby (Bangladeshi) would qualify for immigration and citizenship of Uruguay. Husband and I are both Bachelors degree holders (BBA – Marketing). I work as a Training Manager and earn a fixed salary of US$ 3400 per month. Husband runs a Car Rental business. We were both born the United Arab Emirates and have lived here ever since.
Are we good candidates to immigrate, and could you guide us.
Hello Aisha. It certainly sounds to me like you would qualify for residency in Uruguay. However, if you would need to work in Uruguay you would need to know the language. It is sometimes possible to work without Spanish in certain jobs but not often. I suggest you contact an immigration attorney in Uruguay. We are not familiar with very many people in Uruguay who handle immigrations but we know one law firm that does is Juan Fischer at Fischer and Schnickendantz. Their web site is http://www.fs.com.uy. I certainly wish you all the best of luck.
Hi, if my mother is Urguayan but I am Australian, is is easier for me to obtain a Uruguayan passport?
Yes Monique, in almost any South American country, being a first degree relative of a citizen of that country pretty much opens the door for you. You usually have to be present in the country, but having a first-degree relative makes it easier.
Hi, I'm in the same boat as Monique, I have a Uruguayan mother. I was wondering if I was already a citizen in Uruguay and if not how do I become without going into the country?
Hi, I am a Ghanaian of 38years of age and will like to migrated to Uruguay. I have BSC Marine Engineering and HND Mechanical Engineering with 11 years industry experience in the heavy steel and production sector.I cann't speak spanish but i am eager to learn.
I want to know if i can get permenet permit and working permit.
Hello Emmanuel. You certainly have good qualifications and if you can learn Spanish you well may be able to get residency. We suggest you contact Juan Fischer. He is an immigration attorney in Uruguay. there may be others who do this work but we are not acquainted with them. You might go to a Uruguay forum http://www.totaluruguay.com and see if there is more information there. But if you decide to contact Juan, his web page is http://www.fs.com.uy. Good luck.
Hi Faisal, for some reason it does seem a little challenging for people from your area right now. Things do change and that may not always be the case and I can't give you a reason for it. One of our subscribers tried several places and finally got into Ecuador with his wife and they now have a new baby, born in Ecuador. One way to enter Argentina is to do as you suggested, come on a student visa. After two years in the country you can apply for citizenship. We do have a very good attorney here in Buenos Aires who offers immigration services if you decide you are serious about Argentina.
Hey. I'm from Ukraine, and we have Uruguayan consulate, and they even issue visas. BUT. When applying for any visa they require you to attest in writing that you won't fire for permanent residency. When I talked to our ambassador, she said that immigration to Uruguay is impossible. Than I called the embassy in Moscow and they told me that the requirement of the letter is just a formality and I can come and fire for the permanent residency anyway. But now I'm a bit dubious about this advice. Can you comment on this, or do you have anyone I could talk to about this? Other than my country of origin, I perfectly qualify for permanent residency.
I am a Government Officer / Bank Manager in Pakistan. I am about to be 50. I have Rental income of 1800.USD per month while I have other liquid assets more than enough to cover our stay in Uruguay besides my handsome salary. My wife is also a doctor and she has done specialization in Ultrasound. I have also a son aged 14. I would like to relocate to Uruguay. How can we migrate to this country.
Buen dia :D. Am trying to figure out best way to relocate with family in Uruguay. We are family of 4 and we have family run businesses that just requires office and can be done from any place on Earth.
But I do believe it could be a good idea to seek for some legal advises. Just to make sure that all details are done good and on time.
Your response would be truly appreciated. Thank you.
Hi Ali, sadly I am finding it very difficult to assist people from India. I would not discourage you from trying, though. There are quite a few people from India in Paraguay. I can't help you much in Paraguay since I no longer have a good recommendation for you. We have a man there who has assisted people successfully, but he isn't very good at responding to people so we stopped recommending him. Perhaps you read the story of Gautam Makwana in the Journal. He and his wife finally gained residency in Ecuador and they are very happy, now expecting their first child. Things change here all the time and so I don't want to discourage you though from trying in a country of your choice. We wish you well.
Actually I wish to come and live in Uruguay (Me, my wife and my two daughters) and obtain Uruguayan citizenship as I am Palestinian and I am residing in Kuwait since birth with temporary residence, I have bachelor degree in communications & electronics engineering and master degree of science in telecom technology, Cisco certified, Oracle certified and Sun Microsystems certified, my age is 32 years, I have more than nine years experience in telecom field , my wife also educated, she has bachelor degree in accounting and commercial law with more than three years experience as accountant, I have two daughters, my monthly salary around 2900$, my wife monthly salary around 1350$, my wife has flat in Jordan, are we eligible for Uruguay program (Residency & Citizenship)?
Hi Samer, from all that you have told us it sounds as if you would be a candidate for residency in Uruguay. You certain fulfill the qualifications more than adequately.
I have a pretty specific question. I'm a survey engineer and wondering about if can I work as a engineer in Uruguay as soon as I get there or do I need an equivalence certificate of my diploma or should I go to a postgraduate school or something like that. One way or another how can I learn more about the situation?
Hi Cagri, first of all, do you speak Spanish? This is a big hurdle for people who want to work here in a Uruguay industry. I see you do well with English and like so many of you amazing people, no surprise to us if you speak several languages, but you do need Spanish. We don't know the answer to that here but possible resources would be contacting the law office of Fischer & Schickendantz, http://www.fs.com.uy/ and talk with their immigration person, or perhaps contact the university there in Montevideo.
Hi, actually I wish to come and live in the Uruguay (Me, my wife and my two daughters) and obtain Uruguayan citizenship as I am holding Egyptian Travel Document for Palestinian Refugees (Palestinian) and I am residing in Kuwait since birth with temporary residence, I have bachelor degree in communications & electronics engineering and master degree of science in telecom technology, Cisco certified, Oracle certified and Sun Microsystems certified, my age is 32 years, I have more than nine years experience in telecom field , my wife also educated, she has bachelor degree in accounting and commercial law with more than three years experience as accountant, I have two daughters, my monthly salary around 2900$, my wife monthly salary around 1350$, my wife has flat in Jordan, are we eligible for Uruguay program?
Me and my wife have really took a liking to Uruguay and would love to obtain Uruguayan Residency and Citizenship.
Our proof of income is about US$ 15,000 to US$ 30,000 a year from the yearly benefit of having some stocks here.
Do you think that we have a case here?
If so, would you please lead us in the right direction.
You mentioned in a reply to Mr. Esmaeili that there are people who can handle cases from Iran.
Dear Moeen, From your information it certainly seems you could qualify for residency and later even citizenship in Uruguay. You would need to be able to prove your income but otherwise it sounds very good. As posted previously, we suggest you contact the immigration person at Fischer & Schnickendantz, http://www.fs.com.uy/. another possibility is Mark Teuten (598) 2908 8638 [email protected] http://www.teutenabogados.com. If you will let us know what is your experience with Uruguay, we really appreciate it since it helps us to help others who contact us. Best of luck!
Hi Mian, I see several comments from you and don't think you mentioned your country. If there is a Uruguay embassy near you I suggest you contact them for information about immigration. Otherwise we suggest you gather the items suggested in the article and apply for a visa and then go to immigration when you get to Uruguay and begin the process. It sounds to us like your income would qualify. As I have suggested to others, if you let us know how things go for you it help us to help others who would like to come here.
Hi. I think I meet all conditions regarding eligibility for citizenship, except proof of income. I am a freelance translator and I have stable income (USD 1500+). However, I cannot document it as a stable salary income I have various clients. Is there any category that applies to this situation?
I don't know if it would work but I can submit copies of past bank statements and prove that I have received various totals from different customers regarding translation work, and ask certain clients if they can provide me with a statement to that effect.
I don't speak Spanish and I don't think it would be easy to become fluent within a short time. Therefore, I guess getting employed in Uruguay is off the table.
Currently, this seems to be the only issue that is of concern. I would appreciate if you could provide me with some insight.
Dear Rustem, If you are a U.S. citizen, there is a good chance you can prove this with your income tax return if the return shows your income. We know of one man who has all internet advertising income who was able to prove it from his online records and other proofs, so as long as there is a record, it seems to us you could qualify. You are correct. If you are simply a retiree or have work outside the country, you can do fine without Spanish. But it's nearly impossible to become employed without the language. However, we do strongly recommend that you learn Spanish after you come since you are obviously a businessman, you will find it very helpful. If you think of it, let us know how it goes.
I am from Iran. Now, living in Australia on a temporary work visa.
I have a question, regarding source of fund: $50k of my current asset is from saving of my salary, but the rest ($75k), is the money that I won by buying a lottery ticket in Australia (Ozlotto). Can I apply for residency in Uruguay (then PR of Uruguay), with this type of source of fund?
Dear Edi, WOW! You bought a lottery ticket and won $75K? How come that never happens to me? 🙂 Good for you! Good job!. The best answer to your question is that we don't know if you can get in on that without either showing an income or having employment. All we know to tell you is to contact the people we have recommended you contact, or else just try it and see what happens. Let us know if you can. You can try Teléfono: + (598) 2908 8638 [email protected] http://www.teutenabogados.com or the immigration person at http://www.fs.com.uy or the local Uruguay embassy near you. In Argentina you would still need proof of income but Uruguay might be different. Also one of our readers might have an answer for you. They're pretty smart!
If my husband move there first, and he show proof of income coming from me monthly, my salary is around 4000$ monthly will that work for him to get residency and try to find a job and then maybe along the way I can move also?
Any info or suggestions would be great as I am trying to gather as much info as possible.
Yes, that is sufficient income for him and you both to qualify for Uruguay. Good luck.
Piriapolis and Montevideo and I plan to retire in 2015, move to Uruguay with the intent to reside permanently.All the requirements listed for residency are not an issue for me and easily satisfied.The only question I have is regarding criminal records(relax I have never been arrested in my life).I am US citizen holding a US passport but have not lived in the US full time since 1986.I moved to Hong Kong in 1986 and lived there where I still hold permanent residency. 5 years ago I moved to Taiwan where I now live but only as a visitor not as a permanent resident.So getting a police report from the US would not be a problem however getting one from Taiwan would be since they only issue police reports to those that have residence status.In this case how could I satisfy the Uruguayan requirement of a police report from where a person has lived for the last 5 years? Please advise with thanks.
Hi, Robert. We've been away and trying to catch up. I am making a list of questions to run by appropriate attorneys and your question is on it. If by chance I don't get back to you don't hesitate to contact us again. It's going to take a while to catch up. We never ignore a question but just on the chance one falls through the cracks it's always okay to write again.
Thank you Arlean and good things are worth waiting for.I will be in Uruguay March-April maybe longer visiting my friends and checking out life there.
Fantastic. If you are interested you might enjoy the expat meetings. You can get the time and location at http://www.totaluruguay.com.
I have couple questions about monthly income.Now im livim in turkey and my salary is app.2500$ and I have flat and car.(if i sell them it will be 75000$. and i wanna live in uruguay.
can i bring 75000$ to the uruguay and put in to the bank and get app.800$ per month i thing.
Yes, Ozan, you can bring $75,000 to Uruguay but you must keep the paperwork on the sale to prove where the money came from and will need to present it at the Uruguay bank. And yes, you can also do small business in Uruguay. Uruguay is very friendly to business. I don't think you'd want to carry $75,000 in cash, although you can as long as you declare it if it is over $10,000. I assume you didn't intend to carry that much cash. My concern would be robbery, of course, since you do have to declare it at the airport.
Thanks to my father who shared with me concerning this webpage, this website is truly amazing.
Hello Kuldeep, to answer your question, we don't know. We suggest you follow the other suggestions we have given to others from India, and that you just try. One of our Indian readers that we corresponded with for months finally got residency, with his wife, in Ecuador, they have jobs, have already learned Spanish (which amazes me) and are expecting their first child. But there is a fairly large Indian population in Paraguay. We have no experience in Uruguay and if you do apply there, would appreciate if you keep us informed. Best wishes!
Hi and thank you for this great article. I was wondering if you could help me with a question. I am an expat in Montevideo already with a resident in transition cedula. My girlfriend has joined me and is currently just a 90 day toursit. She is a dual US and Brazilian citizen but her only source of income is me. Her desire is to attend a Montevideo University when she is here. I assume cedular is required to attend university in MVD. Assuming residency is required, will it be difficult for her to obtain a residenecy since she is a student and her only income stream is me? Does it help that she is a Brazilian citizen or is it the same exact process as me being from the US?
Justin, one more comment. I am going to check with an attorney about whether it makes a difference that your girlfriend is a citizen of Brazil. I don't think it does. I think she still has to qualify, but I will check.
If immigration requires $650 to immigrate to Uruguay, how likely is it to actually be able to live on that for a couple?
Hi Francesco, I would say not very likely at all. I know that at least when Mark wrote the article that was the requirement but unless you will own your own home there, that would fall far short of what you would need. And I think it would even then. Uruguay was, at one time, a very inexpensive place to live. In our opinion that time is past. Argentina, for example, is much less expensive. I think even $1200 would be cutting it a little close in Uruguay but would be more doable.
I just have a question, please.
Because i really hate hassles, that's why i want to avoid 'temporary residency permit' which must be renewed,..and so if i can also avoid to show my freelance income (online work which stays tax free in UY anyway as it is foreign sourced) it will be fluctuating each month- that's why i prefer to only show the Rental Income which is the same amount each month, and never fluctuates.
Can you please advise? I have been breaking my head over this….
I am giggling a bit, Daisy, because you say you hate hassles. Well so do I and all I can say is Welcome to South America, the Land of Hassles! However, most of us survive and adjust. Unless something has changed, you must get your temporary residency first and then the permanent. And yes your $2,000 a month rental income should work very nicely. Things do change and I'm not sure if they have in Uruguay but one member of our group here obtained residency in Uruguay on a similar basis and had to provide signed statements from renters attesting to the fact that they were renting and the amount of the rent. However, it is possible that a lease stating the rent per month would be acceptable as well.
Thanks so much for the speedy reply!
I am just not really clear about what you are saying.
You start off, saying I ought to go for the 'temporary residency', based on 'work income'.
And then, you go on saying 'but you can also use the Rental income'.
– can i do the Permanent Residency based on Rental Income alone.
In other words, i understand other people might want to do a 'temporary residency' and then 'convert to Permanent'. But the whole point is, i would like to do 'Permanent Residency' straight away, with the Rental Income alone (I know the DNM in Montevideo allows to "fast track Permanent Residency"). Is that at 'route' (eg using Rental income and applying for Permanent Residency only) at all possible, meaning: will this particular route jeopardize future citizenship plans?
I will be living in UY- that's not an issue. But before i start off, I would need clarifications please.
Yes your rental income will qualify you for residency without the work income. I myself didn't know about a "fast track Permanent Residency." It is possible that would be the case if your rentals are in the country of Uruguay. But I will look into it. But the answer to whether you can use your rental income to qualify you for residency is yes and no it would not jeopardize citizenship.
Hello. Great article, first of all.
I have a question regarding proof of income. I am an Indian expat, living and working in Dubai for over 10 years. My monthly income is approx 6K USD. I am married and have no children (nor plan to). We have some savings here and there, but no property or tangible assets.
I would like to know, therefore, if it's possible for my wife to live in Uruguay with me continuing to work in Dubai, providing my work-salary as her monthly income? Assuming worst-case scenario, let's say she doesn't work and relies entirely on my work-salary. Are there any restrictions on such cases or does POI have to come from a tangible asset or financial fund of some sort?
Thanks again for the info. Regards, Rog.
Roger, that is a good question. I'm going to see if I can find out for you. Or you can contact Mark Teuten, the attorney mentioned in the article directly. I have a couple of questions. Do you plan to live in Uruguay eventually? How much time will you actually spend in Uruguay? Like 30 days every three months or every other month–or how will that work? My feeling is that you can do that but I would not want to be wrong and mislead you. I do know a couple (with two children) who got residency in Paraguay that way but Uruguay has tightened up their requirements a bit. I'll look for your reply.
The plan for us is eventually to retire in Uruguay. However there is the issue of income in order to get residency status.
Naturally, I would imagine, it would be difficult for us to get employment there initially (and therefore the income requirement would not be fulfilled).
So, the idea here was for my wife to get the residency / citizenship first (since she will be the one living there permanently but me supplying the income). Assuming it's allowed, then once she gets her citizenship, then I could quit my job here, move over there and search for work. By that time, we would have bought our house in Uruguay fully and possibly renting it out (to get additional income) while i search for work.
Eventually, then, I would get the residency as well or possibly my wife could "sponsor" me and we can get my citizenship through her (if that makes sense?).
Hi, Roger, yes I think it is completely possible for you to do that. However, I do plan to check with someone in Uruguay for you to find out exactly what is required and if perhaps you would be able to get at least temporary residency. As I wrote you, they are pretty particular these days about granting residency for someone not living full time in the country. But yes I do think your plan will work. More later.
Hello, first off, thank you for posting this very helpful info and helping everyone out.
I have a couple questions myself, I'm currently living in the u.s and am very interested in permanently residing in Uruguay, but I've never even traveled out of the states before. I currently work at a factory that has locations all over the world (including Uruguay) and i am pretty sure a transfer from one factory to another wouldnt be a problem as long as i have all the proper paper work. currently i make $1,400 a month but if i was living in Uruguay I'm sure the wages would be a little different, but likely a livable income I'm sure.
do you think i would be approved for entry since my income would be based on my employment in Uruguay?
I realize this question is a little odd but ive been interested in uruguay for quite some time and once i heard the company i work for has factories over there, it just seems like thats where i should be.
I am a bangladeshi national working as a pilot outside bangladesh on a month on month off contract.. I am 33, married with a daughter.. Earning usd 6k+ every month.
Now, am i ok to relocate with my family? Considering my nationality, age, type of job etc..
I want my wife n daughter to be there and i will come back every other month to spend time with my family.. Will it be a draw back in the longrun getting the citizenship as i will out side the country half of the year..
One more thing, i heard if u r married it take 3 years to apply for citizenship and time counts from the day u apply for temp residency.. Can you plz confirm..
My mother was born in Uruguay, emigrated to the US around age 10, and I was born here.
It's my understanding that – according to Uruguayan nationality laws – I'm a natural citizen based on my mother's citizenship.
I'm not interested in moving to Uruguay full-time, but it would be nice to be able to spend October-March in the Southern Hemisphere. I work from home, so living abroad wouldn't be disruptive to my career at all.
My question is, where do I go to establish my citizenship, and what documents would I need to get established as a natural citizen? I live in San Diego, the nearest consulate is a couple hours away in Santa Monica, so I'd like to have all my ducks in a row before I drive up there.
Hi, Dan. Glad to hear you are planning to spend time in Uruguay. Lots of people divide there time as you plan to do.
We do not offer immigration services but we do provide information. Things change all the time here and we can very unexpectly be out of date. But the article you posted on by one of our attorneys in Uruguay, Mark Teuten, sets forth the documents you need. I don't think you have automatic citizenship based on your mother's citizenship, but you definitely have the right to apply for citizenship.
Mark is one of the attorneys that we recommend and also Juan Fischer Phone 598 2 915-7468, email [email protected], web site ww.fs.com.uy. Mark's contact information is on the article you responded to. Also, if I were you, I would contact the Uruguay consulate there closest to your home. I now hold Argentina citizenship but I was able to do all the preliminary for residency at the Consulate in Miami. Then all I had to do was show up for an appointment here in Argentina the next time I returned. You do then have to be in Argentina for 2 years though. Different countries have different policies and we are not sure about Uruguay. Your situation is a bit different so my suggestion is that you first contact the Uruguay Consulate and see what they say. Then you can contact either of the attorneys if you decide to do so. Uruguay is getting very picky about giving residency to anyone who is not physically in the country. I don't know about citizenship when your mother was a citizen. My own son was told he was approved for permanent residency in Uruguay, that he could have a representative pick up his document when it was ready, so he went back to the states to arrange to ship our things to Uruguay. He waited for the permanent residency to come through and it kept being delayed for one reason or another. Finally he returned to Uruguay to see what was holding it up and they admitted the policy had changed and they were not giving it to anyone who had left the country. However, he could have still gotten it with patience, I think, but after all that he gave up on it. So you might want to talk to them at the consulate about the fact you plan to be in Uruguay only part of the year. The fact that your mother was a citizen might make a positive difference there. But I would ask the experts. If you think about it, let us know how it goes. We'd be interested.
I have duo citizenship, I born in Brazil but live most of my life in U.S.A, which I got the citizenship my total retirement monthly income is US$ 1.750.00, and they increase every year due to cost of living. I would like to reside in Uruguay, would that be possible??
Yes, Henry, I don't see any problem. You already have MERCOSUR citizenship so I think it would be easy if you decide to make the change as long as you qualify on other things (no police record, proper documentation, etc.) You should do fine.
Me and my wife are planning to migrate to Uruguay. We have a combined household income of USD 12,000/- but where we are currently residing. The amount of monthly income mentioned, is it required to be earned in Uruguay after arrival or current residence earning is enough.
Your response on this will help us plan accordingly, thanks!
Hi you didn't say where your monthly income is from but if you have a dependable income from outside Uruguay, that is perfect. It can be retirement, rental income from real estate you own, etc. If that doesn't answer your question, get back with us, okay?
I live in Korea and am married with two children in elementary school.
I have been earning the monthly rental income of $2000 for about three years now on top of my regular salary as a golf teaching pro and have sufficient asset to start a business in Uruguay.
1. What would be the threshold income size for the family of four?
2. Would I be able to get my kid enrolled in the public school once filling the application for residency is completed?
If not, how much the private institution would cost?
Do you mean that you own rental property from which you have a $2,000 a month income? If so, with those financial qualifications you should have no problem in any of these countries here based on finance. And yes you could enroll your children in elementary school.
I have steady monthly income of $2000 from a couple of rental properties. Initially my concern was that the amount might be a little short when the basic figure of $650 is multiplied by the number of family members.
I would process the immigration paperwork through the lawyer's office. Would you be able to recommend a lawyer with reasonable fee?
There are two attorneys in Montevideo of which we have personal knowledge and think you could use either one. One of them wrote the article on immigration into Uruguay. In fact, since things do change in all these countries, and since you plan to use an attorney, I suggest you ask the attorney your questions since they really are the experts and would be up to date on the latest information. However, I am sure you would be okay. But Mark Teuten is the attorney who submitted the immigration article and his contact information is on the article The Fischer & Schickendantz law firm has a good reputation and you can email them at [email protected]. Web site is http://www.fs.com.uy. Phone 598 2 915 7468. If you think about it, we are always interested in knowing how things go for you. We would keep anything confidential if necessary but it helps us in recommending for others.
How will the migraciones know the countries someone had lived in before. Would non disclosure jeopardize an acquired citizenship if the fact that one had lived in countries other than his own before came to light, is there any possibility for them to find out about it?
Hi Boris, The law here is that if you misrepresent anything in the process of getting your citizenship the citizenship can be canceled at any time that it does come to light. They do require an investigation on you and whether they would find out about it, I don't know.
i wanna be a Uruguay citizen. I live in Turkey. i really fall in love Uruguay at google. i have been working in a Turkish bank and also i earn approximately 1200 dolar i really want to move there. when i collect all papers where will i bring them ? is this online or not in turkey ?? i am also engaged but my fiancé don't work anywhere he is studying aviation school. can we move together there ? is it possible or not ?
Hi None of our recommended attorneys see messages addressed to them here. You have to write to them directly. You have contact information for them both. If you need more help, let us know.
I am a freelancer translator in Turkey and my income is about 1300-1400 $US in a month and also my wife is retired and gets 1000 $US in a month. I want to move to Uruguay with my wife and 16 years old daughter. Are above conditions enough to get Uruguay resident visa? And is it possible if I want to start my own small business like growing vegetables?
I am sure that your income is sufficient to qualify in Uruguay. Since you are freelance, would you be able to keep your clients if you were residing in Uruguay. If you can satisfy Immigration of that, I am sure you would be fine. And with your wife having retirement, it seems that you are in a good position. And yes, there is nothing to stop you from starting a business growing vegetables. In fact, at one point not too many years ago Uruguay was giving special tax consideration for anyone operating a plant nursery. I don't know if that still applies. You might want to read the articles about Uruguay. There is some information about agriculture there.
Would you please provide me,as an early Iranian retiree-aged 53-married with two children of 26 and 17 reps.,resp.,with comprehensive terms and conditions to apply for permanent residency in Uruguay indicating applicable fees in full.
Your attention and assistance would highly be appreciated.
Hello Esmaeili, we have written you a separate email about this referring you to two Uruguay attorneys who handle this since we are only publishers and do not handle immigration, but there are people available who can help you.
I have read that Uruguay taxes foreign dividends and interest at 12%- Our rent is already taxed (24 %) at source in Italy. I know there is no convention between Uruguay and Italy at the moment so I deduce double taxation. Can you confirm this?
I was born in Argentina but I intend to apply for my residency in Uruguay as Italian citizen. I left Argentina for good when I was nineteen and went to Italy where I have been living since then. Due to my country of birth in addition to my Italian citizenship it will make more difficult for me to gather the necessary documents to obtain residency in Uruguay. I am a little worried and I think it would be advisable to ask support to professional residency services.
Is it worth and feasible to contact by email the attorneys you recommend in the article to get a brief response about these issues?
you are right, I take advantage of dual-nationality. In fact, I have my Argentinean (new) DNI but not an up-dated passport.
I'll sort out more details about Italian taxation issues and then write to Mr. Fischer as you have advised me.
I have read that Uruguay proposes to grant Mercosur citizens permanent residency in the country without further formalities and with only proof of their national origin http://www.la-razon.com/mundo/Uruguay-dara-residencia-permanente-vecinos_0_1989401087.html .
The same article was posted in http://www.taringa.net/posts/noticias/17531082/Uruguay-dara-residencia-a-ciudadanos-de-paises-del-Mercosu.html with disgusting comments.
I am afraid this proposal is voted and accepted relocation Uruguay may become less appealing/attractive for some potential applicants for residency. What do you think about?
Laura, thank you for sending us the link to these articles. We always appreciate the research contributed by readers. Why do you think that would make relocation to Uruguay less appealing? Perhaps because many consider Peruvians and Bolivians undesirable? Probably there would be some people who would consider it less desirable, in all honesty. But there is a lot of prejudice among the MERCOSUR countries already. For example, Chileans do not like Peruvians, citizens of Chile and Argentina do not like each other (generally speaking, not necessarily individually) and that is on both sides. And so on. I guess wherever you have people you have these problems. This would not discourage me from Uruguay, however. I can't see how it would make a big difference but there are no crystal balls here. ;D A lot probably depends on how Uruguay manages the national economy.
Hello, I was wanting to know what is the requirements for a family of four who intends to buy land, start a eco-friendly bed and breakfast and live off-grid? By importing the solar panels, small wind turbines and rolls of earthbag needed to build everything in our household goods container, grow and raise our own food and the food needed for the BnB. As this will greatly reduce the amount of money required to live month to month because the land will be payed for. Will our 750 USD a month income from the states and the 3 month yearly income from tourists season be sufficient?
Hi Justin, what a wonderful idea. That even appeals to me! Also I would not be surprised if potential expats would be interested in staying withyou in the off season just to get the feel of the place and to be with people who could help them understand the culture and the area. So many possibilities. But about the income for four in Uruguay and all that I don't know. I think you need to consult with one of the immigration specialists, which we are not. You can contact Juan Fischer, attorney, (598 2) 915 7468 http://www.fs.com.uy or Mark Teuten, whose contact information is listed in that article (but does not seem to be responding to emails right now). Uruguay is getting tougher, which often happens when so many people are coming in to a country. You might also try posting at http://www.totaluruguay.com. Someone there might have up to date information. And good luck.
My wife, son and myself have decided to move to Uruguary. We are in the process of preparing our assets for relocation. I see your from Montana, we own land in Montana ( Philipsburg) and would love to chat with you on the details of the transition. I am a real estate investor and am interested in opening an real estate investment firm in Uruguary. We also have another couple who will be making the move with us. We have a sense urgency to accomplish this and want to know if there's is a streamline residency option for an investment company. Our personal goal is to purchase farmland immediately and then work in a major market hub offering real estate and business opportunities. We welcome an alliance with local businesses and laborers. Look forward to your reply. Boyd, Betsy and little Nikolas.
Hi,what about to grant Mercosur citizens permanent residency in Uruguay without further formalities and with only proof of their national origin ? I have read it has been approved but I do not know the details. Where can I find information about these formalities? Do you think I could apply considering my status of Argentinean at Birth, double citisenship Italian/Argentinean and at present with residence in Italy?
Hi Laura, I am not sure I understand your question completely. You were born in Argentina but want to live in Uruguay without getting residency? Are you a citizen of Argentina–do you have documentation? As I understand it, you are eligible to live in Uruguay if you are an Argentina citizen. For example. I was not born here but I have citizenship and I was told that after three years I can live and work in any MERCOSUR country. I have not verified if that is still true but I think if you are Argentine by birth and have proof of citizenship you will have no problem.
Thanks for your answer. I have read that it will be easier (shorter time and other)to get residency in Uruguay for Mercosur citizens. It is about this I would like to have more details. The uruguayan consulate in Italy does not have information about this topic.
Laura, you're an angel. Thanks so much. Just looking at it I'm thinking of translating and posting it. Really a great resource. Thanks so much. Sorry to be late to respond. In fact apologies to all reading this. We did include in one newsletter that we have taken a vacation from publishing until late March and just decided to try to respond to comments at least. But late though we may be, it is much appreciated.
My wife and I would be interested to know what area you are looking at farm land in and how much you know about farming. We bought a farm north of Montevideo recently and would love to share info with you if you are interested.
Hi Hutch, we are absolutely interested. In fact, we would be very pleased to even publish an article if you are interested in writing one. Our readers like lots of pictures as well. Also, if you are an accomplished writer, that's great. If not, no problem. We are happy to edit if you provide the information and your own experience. Readers of Four Flags Journal would love it I am sure. To answer your other questions, we have farmed ourselves but not serous farming and not in Uruguay. We do have one caveat though. We oppose genetically modified food. We look forward to hearing from you further. Sorry to be this late in responding. We have suspended publication until March. Just trying to answer some questions here. Thanks for contacting us.
As a pakistan can i apply residency visa in uruguay?
And u mention that i have to show my income almost 600 us doller right?
Now i can show my income more then 600 but if i will get residency in uruguay then i will stay in uruguay then i dont know how much money i can earn in uruguay then there is no problum how much income i m earning?
Hi, Rizwan. You would need to have the income from outside of Uruguay. For example, some people own rental real estate in another country that would support them in Uruguay. Others are retired and have a pension that pays them a certain amount every month. Another family that we know spent several years building a successful publishing business that supports them. If you don't have an income from outside Uruguay, then you would need an employer in Uruguay that would enable you to come on a work visa.
Well if i have a job in uruguay then how much minimum sellery i should have?
And if i wana start my own small business like small shop etc?
Rizwan, we just sent you an answer by email.
I am married to a natural citizen of Uruguay. We married in Montevideo in 2004. I was there as a tourist at the time and we moved to Canada. We now have 2 children. Do our children qualify for citizenship? Can I apply for citizenship for myself from Canada?
Kevin, thanks for your comment. I have written to our attorney for Uruguay just to be sure. I don't think you can apply for citizenship from Canada since Uruguay is getting very particular about not giving citizenship unless people are showing their intent to live in the country. But I am not sure whether your case would be an exception to that rule. In South America everyone is on vacation until February 3 so I don't expect to hear back from the attorney until after that date but will try to add this information into the citizenship article as well as get back with you.
I don't think you can apply for citizenship unless you have lived in Uruguay for at least 5 years. Your children can apply for citizenship since one of their parents is a natural citizen or Uruguay.
Thanks, Mariana, for your response to Kevin. I would check with an attorney, Kevin, because to a degree Mariana may be right, with this caveat. Dr. Teuten tells us that if you come as a family, the time you must live in Uruguay is shortened to three years. So it is possible you may have to wait for three years. But in your place I would check with the professional. Having worked with our Argentina attorney for a few years now, I know that in Argentina, at least, there are often what we call "work arounds." So it is always good to get the expert's knowledge. I think that Dr. Teuten or Dr. Juan Fischer at Fischer & Schickendantz, phone (598 2) 915-7468, web page http://www.fs.com.uy, can give you dependable information. If not, then get back to us and we will try to find out for you. We don't always have the legal answers, but usually we can find out if you run into a problem.
Hello, we will be moving to Uruguay in a couple of years.
I am married to an Uruguayan and we have a house in Medanos de Solymar.
For the past few years we have travelled down for the months of Jan. Feb.
We will do that again next year for Feb. March and then return in Sept. to stay.
I have been reading about making sure you stay in Uruguay for a least 6 months to have the process go a little better.
The question I have is should I start my residency process when I am down in Feb. March or wait until I get back in Sept.
Hi George, things truly have been changing in Uruguay. The bar is being raised for residency but the fact that you are married to a Uruguayan may well make a difference. I have written one of our Uruguay attorneys to find out the current status for you and will let you know when I hear. However, in our part of the world you may already know lots of people vacation right now so it may be the first of February before we hear back.
Hi Arlean, just checking back to see if you have heard any reply.
I'm sorry, I didn't receive a reply. Your question would be easy to answer except for the fact that you are married to a Uruguayan might very well make the process a lot easier. I certainly would think it would. It makes it easier for a couple with no Uruguay connections than for a single person coming alone. I suggest you contact Juan Fischer, 598 2 915 7468, their web site is http://www.fs.com.uy. If that doesn't work, let me know. But I think that it will.
George, here is another email. This is the person who heads the immigration department at Juan Fischer law firm. You can go to her direct. Her email is [email protected]. Her name is Carla Piaggio. If you think about it, we're interested in what you find out and how it goes. Best of luck.
I posted earlier but I have one more question that may or may not be important. I have all my documentation (or can get it) that I need to bring with me to Uruguay but am confused about marriage documents. I was married once very briefly about 25 years ago. I was divorced shortly afterwards and have not remarried since. I never changed my name on my drivers license or social security card, but I do know that my married name has appeared periodically under "other names used" on credit reports. Do I need to have both my marriage and divorce documents registered in Uruguay? I know some countries require it but I have not seen anything that specifically addresses that in Uruguay. Your response would be truly appreciated as it would be great not to have more documents than necessary to bring with me. Thank you so much again!
Hi again, Sheryl. In your place I would bring everything. The thing is, you never know for sure what these countries will do. I could tell you stories about that from the experience of others. So I would err on the side of doing too much rather than chance doing too little. It really doesn't cost that much to have the extra documents. They are not required in Argentina (where I have citizenship) but Immigration decided in the midst of everything that they wanted them so my attorney had to obtain them from here. See what I mean? Also I would be sure that all authentication is dated within six months of your application in Uruguay. You will need to be sure you are not out of the country more than necessary since one thing Uruguay is looking for is commitment to the country.
Good evening. I have recently spent time in Uruguay and would like to plan my move there within the next 5 to 6 months. I am not fluent in Spanish, but am learning and plan on taking an immersion program when I get there. I intend to stay in Montevideo for about 6 months to perhaps a year but would eventually like to settle on the coast around the Atlántida area or around Maldonado. I would need to return back to the USA periodically to continue to take care of matters here (getting my home situated, bringing my pets into Montevideo, occasionally assisting my elderly father, etc.), however I would not imagine I would be gone at most a few months per year. I am fairly confident my income should suffice to meet the requirements (I know the rules have changed so we can discuss privately). I wonder if you could tell me approximately what it would cost to utilize your services to help me through the process? Thank you very much and I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Hi Sheryl, and glad you are planning to come to Uruguay and good for you already working on the language. We do not offer residency or citizenship services. We currently recommend two attorneys in Montevideo–Mark Teuten (his article is at https://www.fourflagsjournal.com/how-to-obtain-residency-and-citizenship-in-uruguay-update-by-uruguay-attorney-mark-teuten/) and Juan Fischer, contact for him is [email protected], phone 598-2915-7468, web site http://www.fs.com.uy/staff/juan-federico-fischer/. Also we suggest you check the Uruguay forum at http://www.totaluruguay.com. You may receive other recommendations there but these are the attorneys whose reputations we know. If you try something else and have good results, I hope you'll let us know since we recommend or not based on the experiences of the expats we hear from so you are an important part of the network! Looking forward to meeting you in Uruguay!
I am willing to go thro' you to process our case for residency permit , please rush me the details urgently.
Hi and thanks for your comment. However, we do not provide that service, we just try to give you information and, if you need help, tell you about people who can help you and who have a good reputation. All of the information is in the article.
I very recently submitted my paperwork for residency approval. I am living in Paysandu but they have an immigration office here that is authorized to process residency requests. This is what I was required to submit. 4 photos (smaller than passport photos), an original copy of my translated birth certificate with a photo copy, 2 photo copies of the front portion of my passport, 2 photo copies of my passport that has the date of my most recent entry into Uruguay, 2 copies of my health card, an original copy of my marriage certificate with 2 photo copies (I married a woman that is an Uruguayo), 2 photo copies of her cedula; since I am married to an Uruguayo I did not have to show proof of income. I signed a few documents indicating that information supplied is accurate. Since I did my processing in a different city, I need to wait for the main office in Montevideo to verify that the information supplied is sufficient. I was then fingerprinted and given a document indicating that I am in the process of seeking approval for residency. The next step was applying for my temporary cedula (ID card) good for 2 years. For that you will need your passport and a certified copy of your translated birth certificate.
I was under the impression (per another immigration attorney) that Uruguay doesn't forbid entry for people have convictions over 5 years old?
Hi Jeff, I'm almost certain you are right. If this is an issue with anyone and you need a solid yes or no, email me and we will contact Mark for you if you like but I'm fairly sure that is right. I suspect that Mark just wasn't thinking about the nuance of the fact that someone might have a very old issue but only was communicating that this report is one of the requirements along with birth certificate, and so on.
If you are an American citizen you will be required to visit the Interpol office in Montevideo to initiate the investigative process for criminal records in the US. They will fingerprint you then give you the documents needed to be FedEx'd to the FBI.
Do not bother getting a copy of criminal records from the US before you come here.
Hi Victoria, we wrote you a separate email with information regarding Dr. Teuten. We are glad to hear that you are headed our way. Let us know if you need more help.
i want to get a resident visa for me & for my wife on income criteria but i would like to work to keep myself fit.
Is it possible to guide me , if so rush me details etc.
Hello Ak Rao, I am not sure of your question. Were you inquiring about work here? If you need help with residency we suggest you contact Mark Teuten, the attorney recommended in the article. We would need to know more about you to advise you regarding work. | {
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| {
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Ann Sheridan toured in this play in 1960. The play was presented in Austin, Texas on January 23, 1960 at Austin Municipal Auditorium. The play was ODD MAN IN by Claude Magnier. Appearing with Ann Sheridan were actors Scott McKay and Michael Clarke-Lawrence. Included with the program book are three handbills and a very nice gelatin silver print (8x10) of Ann Sheridan circa 1960. | {
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Hillsboro Middle/High School is a highly rated, public school located in Hillsboro, KS. It has 299 students in grades 6-12 with a student-teacher ratio of 16 to 1. According to state test scores, 42% of students are at least proficient in math and 42% in reading.
Do You Work at Hillsboro Middle/High School? Claim Your School Today!
Overall, my experience with Hillsboro High School has been okay. Hillsboro has shown potential, but there are many ways it could improve. Last year, students took a survey sent out by a student about school safety. Unfortunately, many, if not most students at HHS do not feel safe. This year, however, more thorough drills will be put into place. My hope for the school is better teacher/student relationships. Quite a few students feel out of place at school, and feel no connection with teachers and even fellow classmates. Currently, a group is working on these issues, but it may be some time before big changes occur.
I like how my school tries to do things to get us involved. For how small our school is, they do a lot outside of school to make sure we have fun for the four years we're here. 5th quarters, eclipse viewing, dances, and games around holidays are all great ways our school helps us. Pretty much all of the teachers are nice and easy to talk to. We go through all of the college prep stuff not only as seniors, but they are starting in middle school now. We are very fortunate that our school has implemented the STEM classes not only in the high school but the middle and elementary schools too. Pathways is another way they are helping us for our future. Not a lot of schools have this program, and while we don't have AP classes, our ability to go through pathways definitely helps us decide either what career we want or which ones we don't want. Our school definitely does all it can to improve our lives not only in high school, but after as well.
I love attending Hillsboro High School, truly. The teachers and staff are friendly and always help me if I need it. I am able to choose which classes I want to take, talk to my guidance counselor about what will work best for me (and my future), and also have the opportunity to take college classes for both High School and College credit. The amazing community we have here is incomparable to any other school. Our school spirit, dances, and other activities show it in such an obvious way. The academics, sports, music, theater, and spirit are just a couple things that make me proud to be a Hillsboro Trojan. | {
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The Antari HZ-500 Hazer is the best choice for all cinematographers, stage designers, performers and audiences who are sensitive to surround settings. The low fluid consumption rate makes the HZ-500 more energy-efficient and more environmental-friendly. The HZ-500 offers a 0.6-gallon tank, low fluid consumption at 1.1 ml per minute, and silent operation. It can be controlled via DMX or directly by using the control panel.
The HZ-500 pairs perfectly with our Astera AX1 pixel tubes and is the perfect way to enhance any lighting effects whilst shooting. | {
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Many resources are currently being curated and prepared to be posted on this site. Many more resources will be available here as the Restoration Archives project expands and collects additional content. For more information about how this process is happening, click here. | {
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1) Making Light the group blog run by the Nielsen Haydens of Tor editorial fame. It is not primarily a writing or publishing blog but it has dispatched tons of valuable advice on those topics.
2) Miss Snark is the no-longer-updating blog of an anonymous literary agent who for several years dispensed enormous quantities of useful advice on how to deal with agents and other publishing matters. There's nothing new being added at this point but her archives are a treasure trove.
3) Wyrdsmiths is the group blog of my writers group which includes four professional writers and several more who are very likely to make their first large press sales in the next 1-3 years. I'll admit to a certain bias for the Wyrdsmiths blog because I help write it, but I think there's a lot of good advice on writing there.
So what do these blogs have in common, and how does this relate to indexing? All three of these blogs are sites for which I have constructed writer-oriented indices. They're organized topically in categories like: Action, Character, Dialogue, Plot Structure and Outlines, Voice, World. Or: Agent Information- Where to Find, Agents: What to Ask/Know Before You Sign, Being a Good Client/Client Agent Relationships.
I'm going to put the links in below and hope that some of you might find the indices of some value. There are also links to the indices from the the Wyrdsmiths front page on the top of the right side. If you do find this useful, you might want to check back there once in a while to see what else has been added to the list.
I won't be able to respond to posts here for a couple of days as I'm going to be off net when this goes up, but I will definitely check back in and make comments and answer questions around the 17th or 18th.
Filed under For Novelists, learning to write, publishing trends, the business of writing. You can also use to trackback.
This is fantastic resource. Thanks for sharing it! | {
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You are at:Home»News»Engine Components»Ford invests US$350m in Michigan transmissions plant
Ford invests US$350m in Michigan transmissions plant
By Dean Slavnich on 21st May 2017 Engine Components, Facility Developments, Testing
Ford is investing US$350m in its Livonia Transmission Plant, and adding a new transmission to expand its lineup of fuel-efficient powertrains, as part of the company's plan to fortify its core automotive business.
The OEM will create or retain 800 hourly jobs to support production of the new transmission. Ford expects to begin adding jobs late this year, with the majority coming next year and in 2019.
"We remain committed to American manufacturing and investing in our people and facilities," said Joe Hinrichs, Ford president, The Americas. "Even as the industry's largest employer of hourly workers in the United States and biggest producer of American-made vehicles, we believe it is important to continue investing right here in our home market."
In the past four months alone, Ford has announced more than US$2.25bn in new investments in Michigan. The company has invested US$12bn in its U.S. plants and created a total of nearly 28,000 U.S. jobs during the last five years.
The investment in Livonia Transmission Plant is in addition to the US$1.4bn and 500 created or retained hourly jobs announced for the plant in 2016, to support production of a new 10-speed transmission for the 2017 F-150 Raptor and certain other F-150 trucks.
The new facilities will support production of a new transmission for front-wheel-drive vehicles. This transmission is said to provide customers with a better-performing, more fuel-efficient vehicle. It will share software, design elements and manufacturing processes with the 10-speed and other future transmissions.
Livonia Transmission Plant employs approximately 1,800 people. It builds six-speed and 10-speed transmissions used in a number of vehicles including Mustang, F-150, Transit and Expedition.
Dean Slavnich
Dean has been with UKi Media & Events for over a decade, having previously cut his journalistic teeth writing and editing for various automotive and engineering titles. He combines extensive knowledge of all things automotive with a passion for driving, and experience testing countless new vehicles, engines and technologies around the world. As well as his role as editor-in-chief across a range of UKi's media titles, he is also co-chair of the judging panel of the International Engine of the Year Awards.
Aeristech launches 20kW electric motor
Audi and Umicore complete battery recycling test phase
University of Warwick and JLR collaborate on cryogenic battery freezing | {
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Trade Air will gain access to engine and airframe component services along with component exchange program.
GA Telesis, the Florida-headquartered aftermarket provider, will support Croatian passenger and charter carrier Trade Air with rotable component flight-hour support as part of its Intelligent Global Engine and Airframe Replenishment (iGEAR) program.
Under the terms of the agreement, GA Telesis will initially cover one Airbus A320 aircraft in the Trade Air fleet from its UK-based support center located in Bournemouth.
The contract, running for an undisclosed time period, will also give Trade Air access to engine nacelle and flight control exchange programs through GA Telesis' Strategic Nacelle Access Pool and Aircraft Flight Control Surface Support programs respectively.
The iGEAR program for airlines and aircraft operators was launched by GA Telesis last year under the management of its specialist parts division, GA Telesis Component Solutions Group.
The program gives customers access to rotable inventory and live AOG support. | {
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Il battifredo mobile era una macchina d'assedio in uso in Europa a partire dal XIII secolo. Si trattava di una struttura semovente in legno, su ruote, a volte in forma di torre a volte di semplice tettoia, provvista all'interno di una specie di ariete basculante, spesso costituito da una trave di ferro. Il mezzo era in buona sostanza un antesignano del carro corazzato, avente lo scopo di fare breccia nelle mura delle fortezze/castelli garantendo una relativa incolumità all'equipaggio. Il tetto era spesso ricoperto di cuoio appositamente conciato per proteggere il battifredo dal rischio di una combustione provocata dal lancio degli assedianti di torce, fiaccole, olio bollente o frecce incendiarie.
Il battifredo mobile "a torre" era spesso una struttura complessa, che fondeva al proprio interno il battifredo mobile "classico" e le funzioni della torre d'assedio. Dotato di quattro o sei ruote, si alzava per anche tre o quattro piani.
Armi bianche da assedio medievali
Armi bianche europee | {
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The Man Who Sold the Border: The Mercantile Imagination of Robert Runyon
by Annette M. Rodriguez
Robert Runyon was an astoundingly prolific photographer of the Texas-México borderlands at the turn of the twentieth century. The University of Texas at Austin hosts over 14,000 photographs donated by the Runyon family, along with related manuscript materials. Much of the collection is available digitally, and the Briscoe Center for American History also houses Runyon's glass negatives, lantern slides, nitrate negatives, prints, postcards, panoramas, correspondence, and business records.[1] The sheer scope of his work, which ranges from botanicals to portraiture to quotidian scenes of daily life, has rendered his imagery—in regard to Texas and the U.S.-México border—ubiquitous.
Over the last century, Runyon has maintained an undisputed centrality in our historical thinking about the borderlands—his images have been utilized as illustrations and as evidence by both journalists and historians. Runyon's success in accessing spectacular events and in producing and marketing a massive number of images of México and south Texas as a commercial, souvenir, postcard, and portrait photographer rendered him the author of a broad and seemingly authoritative visual truth. Crucially, however, there has been a narrow focus on photographs of spectacular violence taken during a less than ten-year period.
Robert Runyon and Palo Alto cannon, ca. 1913. Source: Robert Runyon Photographic Archive, RUN04589, The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin
The focus on images of carnage was likely driven by the publication of War Scare on the Rio Grande: Robert Runyon's Photographs of the Border Conflict, 1913-1916, which focused on this narrow period of his career and solidified Runyon as a combat photographer.[2] In fact, in the inventory of the photographic collection at the University of Texas at Austin where the bulk of Runyon's work resides, less than three percent of his photos feature the spectacular violence of Mexican Revolutionary engagements, the train wreck at Olmito, or the bodies of Mexican men in Norias, Texas, for which he is most recognized.[3]
The enormous archival collections related to Runyon allow for a fuller picture (pun intended) of Runyon's work. Abandoning the notion of Runyon as a documentarian, or as a photojournalist, enables us to study the implications of Runyon's career trajectory as a commercial photographer and someone who perpetually re-invented himself to build and to serve a profitable market. The archive donated by Runyon's family—and the associated collections in which Runyon's correspondence, notes, and field books appear—facilitates removing the "documentary" lens that has been wrongly applied to Runyon's visual productivities. Further, spending time with the documents allows us to become more attentive to Runyon's massive photographic output as the result of not quite a family business—Runyon's thousands of images exceed the structural outline of such an enterprise. For instance, Runyon's decades of work along the Texas-México border were accomplished through the networks made accessible by his wife Amelia Medrano and her family members. The unusual richness of access to south Texas, Matamoros, and even the Mexican Revolutionary armies came via the Medranos. Further, much of the labor of preserving and developing from glass negatives (some of the Runyons' own manufacture) was assisted by his wife, and later by his son Delbert.[4] Indeed, his daughter Amali—later a genealogist and historian—describes acting as his research assistant, editing, and assembling Runyon's published works.[5]
The holdings at The University of Texas at Austin give uncommon opportunities to cross-reference archival collections at the Briscoe Center for American History, which houses the Runyon Photograph Collection, with related collections at the Harry Ransom Center. Exploration of the collections re-emphasize Runyon as earnestly engaging in commercial enterprise. No matter his photographic subject—cacti or portrait, panorama, or brutal execution—Runyon constructed his images for income. The self-trained photographer posed subjects as varied as: families for portraits, cotton harvesters, and the remains of Mexican men killed by Texas ranchers and Texas Rangers. In every case, he constructed compositions assessing commercial viability, and making editorial decisions for his photos.
Training a Commercial Eye
Robert Runyon, born in Kentucky, was an insurance salesman in Ohio who made his way to Texas after the death of his first wife, Norah. Aiming originally for New Orleans, the twenty-eight-year-old widower and father of a five-year-old son (who Runyon left with his maternal grandparents and sent for later) found work with the St. Louis, Brownsville, and Mexico Railroad in Houston. After some time in the Houston depot, he was made manager of the lunchroom and curio shop in the Brownsville Station.[6] From April 1909 until 1912, Runyon managed the shop and Gulf Coast News Company's news stand, engaging with travelers to, from, and through Brownsville.[7] Runyon ran the shop, and ordered fixtures and supplies, and the extant records demonstrate his expansion of tourist trinkets into a larger postcard inventory. A sampling of invoices and receipts from postcard dealers that Runyon ordered from for the Gulf Coast News shop are available in his surviving business records. Runyon also purchased additional postcard racks to display these profitable items.[8]
"Passenger station and park, Brownsville, Texas" by Robert Runyon. Source: BLIBR0043-HornBarry-TrainStation-Park, Barry Horn Postcard Collection, UTRGV Digital Library, The University of Texas – Rio Grande Valley
While "selling fruit candy and cigarettes to the passengers," Runyon, the Kentuckian employee who was renting a small room across from the train depot had a shrewd revelation.[9] Reporter James Pinkerton explains, "Runyon, an amateur photographer, figured he could bank money producing and selling his own postcards of the emerging cultures on both sides of the Rio Grande. By 1911 he had quit working for at the tourist shop and devoted all his time to photography."[10] Further, as not only the shop clerk, but also the person stocking and ordering postcards from various manufacturers, Runyon had been able to translate his dedicated attention—on company time—into market research. In the small lunchroom and curio store of the Brownsville, he was able to refine his photo choices and to capitalize by mimicking successful postcards.[11] Runyon's photography career, begun as early as early as 1910, developed concurrently with his studied expertise of the souvenir demands of tourists.
As he cultivated postcard subjects, Runyon also began to diversify his possible customer base. Photographs in the Runyon Collection suggest that the young photographer focused on outdoor rural still lifes, emphasizing the budding agricultural wealth of the region. Early images from 1912 construct a rugged—yet orderly—bounty, as displayed at that year's mid-winter Brownsville Agricultural Fair. Stacked award-winning cabbages, turnips, and citrus fruits were among the cameraman's first surviving subjects. Inanimate, compliant, posable crops and their proud growers would not only prove relatively easy studies for a self-teaching photographer, the images were also a canny market choice.
Runyon was working to draw a specific viewer and customer by demonstrating his skills in staging, lighting and shadow, as well as establishing a photorealistic style, showing the fine grain detail possible with his equipment. He purchased used equipment and lenses, and various developing papers, to improve his work's brilliancy and gradation. It is critical to note the context of production of Runyon's early still lifes. Participating in the imagination of south Texas as the American tropics, Runyon's early pictures were not simply produce photography, they were product photography. Although it was not visible in the frame, the focus was unerringly on the fruits of Texas land.
By demonstrating an ability to render abundance—the fruits of a fertile land—the photographer, still early in his postcard-making career, added an additional and profitable audience—regional developers and real estate boosters.[12]. Investors and developers were quick to enlist Runyon in their schemes and he obliged, offering his emerging talents in service of the land companies. As he continued to learn his craft, with his son William Thorton now at his side, Runyon began doing promotional photographs for enterprises like the Melado Land Company near McAllen. Melado, founded in 1909 by Marshall McIlhenny in Houston, was a series of subdivisions—cleared land, separated into six hundred and forty family plots, with water drilled by Melado. The subdivided community came to be called "Monte Cristo" and soon had retail stores, a lumberyard, a post office, and even its own newspaper—The Hustler.[13] When Melado hired Runyon, they began by asking about images he may have taken previously, but quickly shifted to requesting that he capture specific scenes, writing in July of 1911, "At this time we are particularly anxious to secure a picture of the cotton field wherein the bolls are open, and the cotton is hanging there from. If you have no such picture at hand could you not go out and obtain one…?"[14] Throughout 1911, Melado corresponded with Runyon confirming their photo orders, sending payment and receipts of photos, and making additional requests for scenes from both sides of the border.
In Texas, Melado hoped for pictures of Fort Brown Reservation, palm groves, and the Government Experimental Farm in Brownsville, and across the border, "some Mexican scenes such as street cars in Matamoros, the homes of Mexicans and so forth." In addition, echoing back to Runyon's successful agribusiness images, the developer calls for "growing crops, such as corn, sugar cane, sorghum, milo maize and so forth… as likewise, if you have any pictures of orange trees, lemon trees, or grapes, we should like to have them."[15] The widower with his son—about 1,400 miles away from his closest family—filled Melado's orders as requested. The photos demonstrating a rich, new Texas modern were not documentary, the photos were of specific objects and scenes—solicited as advertisements. Each image was requested in the service of a commercial and pointedly progressive, expansionist narrative. By December of the same year, Melado was giving Runyon instructions on how to stage particular pictures:
I want a picture of every house, and every house under way of construction. In fact, take a picture of everything that could be used in an advertising way. Get Mr. Kelly to place the three automobiles up and down the street at Monte Cristo, and pull a team or two up in front of a couple of buildings. Then see what kind of birds-eye view you can get.[16]
Melado Land Company letter to Robert Runyon, Dec. 27, 1911. Source: Robert Runyon Photographic Archive, B108, folder 1, The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin
Runyon's business records give us an important opportunity to reflect on the distinction between an image being representative of historical truth versus an image being representative of a market. Runyon joined his postcard and developer images not only in subject matter. He was certain to remind area businesses like the Gulf Coast News gift shop to order his postcards to serve the incoming land customer base, writing "the season is almost here for the Homeseekers and you will want Post Cards and I have the cards to sell." [17] Runyon increasingly utilized birds-eye view, as suggested by Melado and he added equipment to produce panoramic landscapes. Indeed, he etched his physical efforts into his photos, such as with "View of Brownsville from wireless tower." Such images would work not simply to document, but to promote growth and "American progress." The photographer perched high, and his sympathetic viewer would be positioned as powerful masters of a newly and violently taken landscape.
"View of Brownsville from wireless tower," Source: Robert Runyon Photographic Archive, RUN02406, The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin
Reframing Attacks
The itinerant Runyons' fortunes turned when he married an upper middle-class Mexican woman, Amelia Medrano in 1913. Medrano's relatively wealthy and well-established family from Matamoros was headed by her father, José T. Medrano. Medrano had attended Seton Hall in New Jersey as the U.S. Civil War raged. His cosmopolitanism resulting from U.S. East Coast residential Catholic schooling allowed Medrano to boast of being in New York City as U.S. President Lincoln was assassinated in nearby Washington, D.C. [18]
After their marriage in 1913, Amelia would raise his son, William Thorton, from his first marriage, and would assist with his photography—helping him to develop and preserve heavy glass negatives. Further the Medrano family's significant network on both sides of the Texas-México border would give Runyon privileged access, such as when "Runyon's brother-in-law a member of the rebel army that attacked Matamoros obtained permission for Runyon to travel with the troops," according to photographic curator Lawrence A. Landis.[19] Indeed, as noted in The Austin American-Stateman, the year Runyon and Medrano married, began the most significant period of Runyon's production of images of the Mexican Revolutionary troops and political leaders, scenes of battles, and of Mexican refugees in the aftermath of battle on both sides of the Texas-México border.[20]
Careful attention to the context of production of the spectacular violence images, as well as their function, is crucial. These photos are not unmediated documents, but instead carefully constructed pictures—lit, posed, and cropped—for a burgeoning consumer market. Runyon would stage the leavings of events, including dead bodies, with the help of local participants. The photographs Runyon produced and often sold as postcards between 1913 and 1916 recall the methods of U.S. Civil War photographers, who "invented their own photographic iconography of war," and who learned that "none of their pictures garnered more public attention than those that showed the carnage of battle." [21] Like Alexander Gardner, who fabricated some of the most moving images of the Civil War, including "The Home of A Rebel Sharpshooter," Runyon arranged and manipulated scenes of carnage for his clients and customers.
Tracing the photographer's alterations is possible due to the several photo series available where we can take note of changes to the scene that Runyon made from frame to frame. Several of his most recirculated stand-alone photographs are from a series of pictures taken at Norias in 1915.[22] Until the formidable text The Injustice Never Leaves You: Anti-Mexican Violence in Texas by Monica Muñoz Martinez, these images had been employed as discrete and self-contained pictures. However, Martinez focuses on the work of Runyon by examining the series together.[23] There are thirteen original images of corpses in the series taken by Runyon, several of which include his narrative etching of "dead bandits." The bodies of dead men are repositioned with locals posing with the bodies. Runyon indulged the living subjects in the photos, who he portrays towering over the bodies, both playful and satisfied. The photographs are shot and reshot to best convey a narrative victory for the white subjects of the photos and for those with a sympathetic relationship to white dominance in south Texas, providing in turn a proxy experience for the purchaser.
Like the Civil War combat images, as Sandweiss argues in Printing the Legend: Photography and the American West, such photos "did less to show off the fact recording capacity of photography than to suggest the ways in which photographers had learned to manipulate and arrange their subjects." Sandweiss continues, such photos "might convey an ideal of military and gentlemanly conduct but they conveyed nothing about a particular moment in the conduct of war."[24] And certainly in the case of the Norias images, Runyon and his subject were eager to build a visual storyline of a "bandit war," expunging a century of anti-Mexican violence by the very kinds of new settlers to whom the Melado Land Company were selling. From the earliest periods of his career and the development of his photographic eye, Runyon's images—from railroads to citrus to carnage—are always paired with U.S. expansion and domination of territory.
Runyon's relatively small collection of battle and carnage photos from the Mexican Revolutionary period has received the most attention, though these images are often utilized as straightforward illustrations or evidence rather than analyzed for their cultural meaning. The interest in the stylized violence has often lacked visual analysis that points to the ways Runyon manipulated scenes and worked to convey genre expectations, similar to his counterparts during the U.S. Civil War. His images of spectacular violence continue to find an audience today, as they did during the years they were sold and sent as postcards.[25] As we examine them, we must be reminded that these are not neutral images frozen in time. Instead, they are visual texts, with an author, constructed for commercial purpose. As with U.S. Civil war visual iconography, Runyon would find "none of the pictures garnered more public attention than those that showed the carnage of battle. Lured by a 'terrible fascination' with the features of the slain soldiers, [viewers] thronged to marvel at the 'terrible distinctness' of the pictures."[26] Runyon participated in the construction and circulation of such images, exploiting a profitable market.
Order envelope, undated. Source: Robert Runyon Photographic Archive, B108 folder 7, The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin
His images are not a neutral record of the past—buildings as they stood, bodies as they fell—instead these photos (many of which would be sold as postcards) work like a hinge. The photos point to the cultural meaning of the demand for such images backward, and their terroristic use forward. They allow us to look backward, giving us a sense of market appetite, insights into who and what was and was not valued, who had the power and capital to commission photos, and for what purpose. They also allow us to look forward to their powerfully perennial function. As Monica Muñoz Martinez argues in The Injustice Never Leaves You," by selling and circulating these images, photographers ensured that the moment of racial terror survived long after the event and continued to reassert this terror in the American South. The photographs were thus both a bonding mechanism for those who shared the images and a continued method of racial intimidation."[27] Runyon's images were not mere reflections of popular appetites, they co-created social values. Following the path of Martinez, we must think through the punishing effects of postcards that valorized violence against Mexicans. The images of violence—though a fraction of his oeuvre—when revisited, must be seen with the understanding that Runyon manufactured these visual texts in an expansive and anti-Mexican mercantile ecosystem.
The Obscured and the Exposed
Indeed, despite the focus on his images of combat, of dead Mexican men and children that have garnered his reputation as a photojournalist and war photographer, Runyon knew who and what he was—he identified himself clearly on letterhead, business cards, and correspondence as a "commercial photographer, post card and souvenir dealer." He was focused and clear about his line of work selling post cards, mementos, and trinkets to tourists and stationed soldiers. In a satisfyingly self-reflective image from 1913, Runyon takes a photo of his own postcards displayed on a shop counter. In the first photo, a child stands in the foreground—staring into the camera, in front of the shop counter. A man with pipe stands in the background, hand on hip, pipe in mouth—a taxidermized stork and wildcat, animal pelts, and rugs at their feet between them. An unidentified man and woman stand separately behind the counter—the man looking away, and the woman looking toward the camera.
"Mercado, December 1, 1913," Source: Robert Runyon Photographic Archive, RUN02587, The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin
In the second image, Runyon clears the scene of all the human figures but one. The man who was last behind the counter is brought forward and leaning in front of the counter. The man is now displaying the goods, costumed in a pancho and sombrero. This pair of images gives an unusually rich representation of how Runyon designed his scenes—rather than capturing a scene. Some woven rugs, taxidermized animals, pelts, and the banner reading "Mexico" are removed (but not the postcard racks!). Here we have two stagings of the scene to compare, as Runyon fashions his pictures for best, most profitable, effect.
The U.S. military buildup at Fort Brown, which was reopened for the purpose of border enforcement proved advantageous for the commercial photographer. At Fort Brown, Runyon sold postcards, portraits, and even money orders to the troops stationed there from his improvised roadside wooden crate office. The thousands of U.S. soldiers stationed in the area purchased from Runyon, and his foray into portrait photography was lucrative enough to encourage him to open a studio in 1920. [28] The new portraitist purchased backgrounds that he could position indoors or outdoors, and new kinds of camera equipment. He subscribed to Runyon's portrait photographs from his studio and the Rio Grande Valley area feature 5,663 unique images. Only a fraction of the portraits is of identified subjects, yet we can learn from the posed images that both fulfill and break the conventions of turn of the twentieth century self-fashioning.
"Woman and three children," Source: Robert Runyon Photographic Archive, RUN07542, The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin
Further, we might ask questions about how Runyon solidified a customer base that included African American soldiers and families, Mexicans, Mexican-Americans, and Tejanos, as well as Anglo-Texans and new arrivals—from seemingly a range of different economic classes. Runyon's studio sign helpfully reads "fotografia" (minus its accent) to indicate a business friendly to Spanish-speakers.
"Soldiers buying money orders from Robert Runyon," Source: Robert Runyon Photographic Archive, RUN01067, The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin
While Runyon advertised the portrait as an aspirational object, Anna Pegler-Gordon argues that the market for portraits was expanded by a developing border state that required face forward photographs for border crossing documents. Pegler-Gordon writes "it is likely that portrait studios gained new business when photographic identity documents were first introduced on the border."[29] She argues that Runyan's portraits adhere to many of the conventions of what was required on official documents and points us to Runyan's own passport picture from 1919, which included his entire family and unless otherwise indicated may strike a contemporary viewer as a family portrait rather than a document for crossing the U.S.-Mexico border.
Left – Runyon Studio, March 14, 1920, Source: Robert Runyon Photographic Archive, RUN02532, The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin Right – Undated advertisement for The Runyon Studio, Source: Robert Runyon Photographic Archive, B108, The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin
In addition, missing from the massive portrait collection are another set of revenue-generating portraits—those of Chinese detainees at Fort Brown and other area U.S. Immigration Services detention areas. Runyon was contracted to take three to eight images "of such Chinese or other aliens detained by the Immigration Service." In his letter to the lead inspector at Brownsville, Runyon outlines his rate for photographing Chinese detainees by the dozen for "the purpose of identification.[30] Runyon's expansive business model meant Runyon simultaneously profited from taking visa and passport photos that made movement possible for those like his own family, while also recording those captured on the Texas-Mexican border. The single document that tells of Runyon's involvement with the Immigration Service and outlining his fee is found in a thin folder titled "Kodak Exposure Records, 1907-1911; Receipt Book, 1926-1927; lists of negatives; Miscellaneous Photographic Materials." Yet, Runyon's series of images, which he offered to state power, that would mark people as forever foreign and would help to confine their movement in the borderlands are left unrepresented in his photographic archives. His not visible work in support of immigrant detention has thus not marked his legacy.
The massive archival collection at the Briscoe Center for American History allows us to understand Robert Runyon as the commercial photographer he insisted he was. A photographer who responded to requests from specific markets, who constructed visual fields for sale as postcards, portraits, land development advertisements, and government officials. A thoroughly a commercial photographer, Runyon applied for and was granted copyright to eighty-eight of his postcards between 1910 and 1926 and even sued the City of Brownsville when the Chamber of Commerce used his photos in its literature.
"Mrs. Marion langdern's son in Indian suit, January 1921," Source: Robert Runyon Photographic Archive, RUN05026, The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin
"Child (boy)," Source: Robert Runyon Photographic Archive, RUN05486, The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin
"Two women," Source: Robert Runyon Photographic Archive, RUN07398, The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin
"Woman and child," Source: Robert Runyon Photographic Archive, RUN07579, The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin
The Runyon archives offer the ability to trace his self-taught eye, his trial-and-error equipment purchases, and his filling of orders from several carefully cultivated markets. We are also able to better understand Runyon's deviation from many of his contemporaries. Runyon's visual imagination of Texas is marked by his curious lack of interest in tall tales and folklore, the stock and trade of so many of his contemporaries—such as J. Frank Dobie, whose papers are housed at the Harry Ransom Center, and include correspondence with Runyon's youngest son, Delbert. Runyon was not in the business of campsites and cowboys. Runyon was constructing and capitalizing on a Texas modern—a place of technologically advanced military armaments, utility poles and electric towers, of new construction. This reframing of his work critically invites a studied revisitation of the images of carnage for which he is most recognized. The story of Runyon's over 14,000 images is the story of demand and supply.
"Two men," Source: Robert Runyon Photographic Archive, RUN07671, The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin
In addition, the available materials leave us with tantalizing questions about his networks of access. We know that Runyon was a transplant to south Texas, adopting and adapting methods and cultivating myriad consumer bases. He solicited work from land developers and government agencies. We can and should delve deeper into the networks provided by his wife and the Medrano family. We know that his profitable images of the Mexican Constitutionalist Army during their campaigns in Victoria and Monterrey were made possible by his brother-in-law, José Medrano who was a member of General Lucio Blanco's forces. As previously noted, this relationship garnered Runyon special access to revolutionary battles, political executions, and causalities in the aftermath of fighting.[31] Indeed, Runyon was "full of praise for the treatment accorded by the constitutionalists the mule and buggy were furnished by the army. He says he was as given every facility for taking pictures an extended more privileges than he could have expected had he been with an American army."[32]
"Robert Runyon, Amelia Medrano Runyon, Lillian Runyon (Mahoney), Amali Runyon (Perkins), and William Thornton Runyon, made for a passport, ca. 1919," Source: Robert Runyon Photographic Archive, RUN04790, The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin
The children of Amelia and Robert Runyon lived well into the 2000s and gave interviews to local papers.[33] There is not evidence to suggest that they were asked about their mother or their maternal family's role in the production of the over 14,000 images. We have yet to learn about the day-to-day efforts of Amelia Runyon—how she helped with the glass negatives, their development, storage, and organizing—or how the networks and capital of an upper middle class Mexican family supported the work known as Robert Runyon's. Interviews given by the children of Amelia and Robert Runyon in their eighties and their nineties demonstrate how important their family's long history in south Texas and Matamoros was to them. Their daughter Amali wrote to an interviewer in 2007, "Although I am 91 now and have lost my voice, I am still doing research on my families."[34] The children of Amelia and Robert Runyon have proudly insisted on the central importance of their family in establishing a photographic narrative of the borderlands. Yet, as they made themselves available to add context to the archives, there's no evidence of inquiries about their mother's life, or their extended and closely involved maternal family. It is a heartbreaking lacuna. Indeed, the only trace of Amelia in the boxes of business records and correspondence is a single card of condolence after Robert Runyon's death.[35] The network and resources provided by Amelia, the Runyon children, and the Medrano family that were foundational to Runyon's work offer provocative future research pathways. How then to sum up Runyon's vast body of work? Rather than visual historical truth, we see in Runyon imagery his mercantile ingenuity and perpetual construction, reconstruction and accommodation of visual tropes in the service of commercial viability. He was in the end what he always declared himself to be: a commercial photographer.
Annette M. Rodríguez is an Assistant Professor of History at the University of Texas at Austin. Rodríguez concentrates on perennial racist violence in the United States as communicating events that construct and reinforce ideologies and hierarchies of race, gender, citizenship, and national belonging. Her analysis of historical method emphasizes the use of visual texts and is demonstrated in her first book in progress Inventing the Mexican: The Visual Culture of Lynching at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. In addition, Rodríguez has initiated a data, mapping, and social history project on U.S. bounty land grants. This project tracks the over sixty million acres of land granted by both the U.S. federal government and individual states as incentive to serve in the military and as a reward for service. It is provisionally titled Intimate Acquisitions: A Relational History of U.S. Bounty Lands. Rodríguez has taught at Brown University, the Institute of American Indian Arts, Northern New Mexico College, Santa Fe Community College, the University of New Mexico, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
[1] Robert Runyon Photograph Collection, 1907-2008, The Briscoe Center for American History. https://digitalcollections.briscoecenter.org/collection/939 Significant collections of Runyon's photographs are also housed at the Brownsville Historical Association, the Hidalgo County Historical Museum, the University of Texas Institute of Texan Cultures in San Antonio, and the Central Power and Light Company in Corpus Christi.
[2] War Scare on the Rio Grande was published by The Barker Texas History Center Series in 1992. The series was sponsored by the Texas State Historical Association. (The Eugene C. Barker Texas History Center was renamed the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History in 2008). War Scare, styled similar to a coffee table art book, followed authors Frank Samponaro and Paul J. Vanderwood's Border Fury: A Picture Postcard Record of Mexico's Revolution and U.S. War Preparedness, 1910-1917 (University of New Mexico Press, 1988).
[3] According to the series description, there are over 14,000 photographs at the Briscoe Center for American History, with the rest of the collection being a small amount of manuscript material. In descending order of quantity, there are: 69 images from outside the Rio Grande Valley (Washington D.C. and San Antonio are included); 350 Mexican Revolutionary images and "several 1915 Mexican bandit raids"; 681 in Mexico, including scenes in Matamoros, Monterrey, Tampico, and Cuidad Victoria; 927 botanical photos; 2108 images of Fort Brown and the buildup of U.S. military in the lower Rio Grande Valley from 1913 through the end of WWI; 2593 pictures of cities, towns, and agriculture in the lower Rio Grande Valley featuring public and commercial buildings, residences, cemeteries, and special events; and by far the largest category in his photographic output—5,663 posed portraits, most taken at his studio between 1910 and 1926. This data appears in an invaluable resource compiled by Lawrence A. Landis, Claire D. Maxwell, and Nancy K. Taylor, "Series Description," Robert Runyon Photograph Collection, 1907-1968: A Guide (Eugene C. Barker Texas History center: The Center for American History General Libraries, university of Texas at Austin, 1992), 9-11.
[4] "Runyon Purchases Matamoros Basket Shop; To Remodel," The Brownsville Herald (Brownsville, Texas), 21 May 1929, pg. 5; "Celebrate Golden Anniversary," Valley Morning Star (Harlingen, Texas), 4 July 1963, pg. 5.
[5] "Runyon Daughter Spends Life Researching Family Tree," Valley Morning Star (Harlingen, Texas), 4 January 2007, pg. A23; "Unveiling Mysteries of Brownsville Convent," The Brownsville Herald (Brownsville, Texas), 1 March 2007, A19.
[6] James Pinkerton, "Runyon's Photos Capture Rugged History of Rio Grande Valley," Austin American-Statesman, 25 November 1989, pg. 73.
[8] Indeed, some of the postcard holders were a personal investment—when Runyon left the Gulf Coast News gift shop, he offered to sell them to the shop. In a letter to Assistant Manager W.H. White, Runyon wrote, "In regards to the small postcard racks, I desire to inform you that these cost me $1.50 per hundred and I have 120 in the lunch room. Do you wish to buy them?" (April 1, 1911). In addition, a who's-who of turn of the 20th century postcard/postales dealers who supplied the Gulf Coast News gift shop are reflected Runyon's business records. Some include: the C. I. Williams Photograph Co., Curt Teich & Company, D. E. Abbott & Co., Detroit Publishing Company, The Elite Post Card Co., Inc., McGown-Sulzberger Litho Co., Newfield & Newfield, Inc. Post Card Printers, The North American Post Card Company, and the Williamson-Haffner Company. Robert Runyon Photograph Collection, B1078, folder 1.
[9] Carl S. Chilton, "Robert Runyon: Photographer, Botanist, Politician," The Brownsville Herald, 14 August 2011, pg. A27.
[10] James Pinkerton, "Runyon's Photos Capture Rugged History of Rio Grande Valley," Austin American-Statesman, 25 November 1989, pg. 73.
[11] Robert Runyon Photograph Collection, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin, B107, folder 1.
[12] "Carl S. Chilton, "Robert Runyon: Photographer, Botanist, Politician," The Brownsville Herald, 21 August 2011, pg. A34.
[13] Alicia A. Garza, "Monte Christo, Texas" Handbook of Texas Online http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hvm98. See also: Austin. W. Clyde Norris, "History of Hidalgo County," Thesis, Texas College of Arts and Industries (1924).
[14] Robert Runyon Photograph Collection, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin, B108, folder 1, letter from Melado Land Company dated July 30, 1911.
[15] Robert Runyon Photograph Collection, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin, B108, folder 1, letters from Melado Land Company dated November 23, 1911 and November 28, 1911.
[16] Emphasis added. Robert Runyon Photograph Collection, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin, B108, folder 1, letters from Melado Land Company dated December 27, 1911.
[18] As noted in an interview with the Runyons' daughter Amali (granddaughter of Jose T. Medrano), during the 19th century, the cost of attending Seton Hall was approximately $10,000 annually (when adjusted for inflation in 2006). "Valley Boys, Jersey Men: Locals Educated at Seton Hall During Civil War Period," Valley Morning Star (Harlingen, Texas), 21 December 2006, A23.
[19] James Pinkerton, "Runyon's Photos Capture Rugged History of Rio Grande Valley," Austin American-Statesman, 25 November 1989, pg. 73; "Photos Show Mexican Revolution and Life in the Rio Grande Valley," The Corpus Cristi-Caller Times, 21 June 1991, pg. 70. See also: Frank N. Samponaro and Paul J. Vanderwood, War Scare on the Rio Grande: Robert Runyon's Photographs of the Border Conflict, 1913-1916.
[21] Martha A. Sandweiss, Print the Legend: Photography and the American West (Yale University Press, 2002), 39.
[22] See RUN00096-00098, 00099, 00100-00107, and 00157. The Briscoe Center for American History. Runyon, Robert, photograph collection.
[23] Monica Muñoz Martinez, The Injustice Never Leaves You: Anti-Mexican Violence in Texas (Harvard University Press, 2018), 236-240.
[24] Sandweiss, 40.
[25] Important works that focus on the violent images from 1910-1916 include Robert Runyon: Fotografo de la revolución Mexicana en la frontera by Francisco Ramos Aguirre (Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas: 2009) and War Scare on the Rio Grande: Robert Runyon's Photographs of the Border Conflict, 1913–1916 by F. N. Samponaro and P. L. Vanderwood (Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1992).
[26] Sandweiss, 59-60.
[27] Martinez, 232.
[28] "Robert Runyon, New Cameron County Democratic Chairman, Opposes Bolters," The Brownsville Herald, 29 July 1948, pg. 13. "Carl Chilton, "Robert Runyon: Photographer, Political Activist, and Botanist," The Brownsville Herald 22 October 2017, pg. C3. "Runyon," The Brownsville Herald, 21 August 2011, pg. A34.
[29] Anna Pegler-Gordon, Insight of America: Photography and the Development of U.S. Immigration Policy (Berkeley: UC Press, 2009), 186-187. I appreciate my colleague Madeline Y. Hsu's remainder of Pegler-Gordon's work and the crucial relationship between the development of the U.S. immigration apparatus and the production of visual "racial" difference.
[30] Robert Runyon Photograph Collection, Briscoe Center for American History, B108, folder 8.
[31] Cavazos, Julian Cavzos, "Local Photographer, Historian Robert Runyon's Legacy Captured on Film," The Brownsville Herald, 8 August 2006.
[32] Gordon Shearer, "Brownsville Boy Travels With Rebel Army Picturing Battles: Robert Runyon Is Furnished Mule and Buggy by Constitutionalists," Fort Worth Star-Telegram (Fort Worth, Texas), 4 May 1914, pg. 5.
[33] Cavazos, Julian Cavazos, "Local Photographer, Historian Robert Runyon's Legacy Captured on Film," The Brownsville Herald, 8 August 2006. Victoria Manning, "Digging Deep: Runyon Daughter Spends Life Researching Family Tree," The Brownsville Herald, 3 January 2007. In addition, a Runyon family member helped to properly identify individuals in several archival photographs in June 2019. For example, see description, "Mrs. Arturo Gonzalez (Felipa M. Gonzalez) and her niece, Virginia Runyon (Gilbert) at Palm Grove, ca. 1918," RUN04805 The Briscoe Center for American History. Runyon, Robert, photograph collection https://digitalcollections.briscoecenter.org/item/142840
[34] Victoria Manning, "Digging Deep: Runyon Daughter Spends Life Researching Family Tree," The Brownsville Herald, 3 January 2007.
The views and opinions expressed in this article or video are those of the individual author(s) or presenter(s) and do not necessarily reflect the policy or views of the editors at Not Even Past, the UT Department of History, the University of Texas at Austin, or the UT System Board of Regents. Not Even Past is an online public history magazine rather than a peer-reviewed academic journal. While we make efforts to ensure that factual information in articles was obtained from reliable sources, Not Even Past is not responsible for any errors or omissions.
Posted January 21, 2022 More Features, Monthly Features, New Features | {
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I thought I loved my old iPhone but it doesn't even compare to my new iPhone 4.
From retina display to HD video recording to a built in camera with a flash to their Face Time phone call capability that lets you video chat with your friends everything about this phone is a game changer. Take a peek at my video review here to get a closer look. | {
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The Serai Hotel and Spa Resorts is located on Kadur Mangalore Road, 7kms from the centre of the town of Chikmagalur. This resort is spread over 70 acres of coffee plantation and the guest rooms occupies 7 acres.
The Serai Hotel and Spa in Chikmagalur offers 30 Villas categorized as The Estate Villa, The Estate Terrace and The Residence. The Estate Villas are single floor villa with pool or Jacuzzi. The Estate Terraces are 2 tiered villas with the view of coffee plantation and paddy fields. The Residence is a stand alone villa that consist a master bedroom, a second bedroom, living and dining area, private Jacuzzi and a pool. The rooms are equipped with LCD TV with cable connection, DVD Player, Mini Refrigerator, Tea / Coffee Maker, Kettle, Electronic safe and handmade flower bowls. In each villa, the bedroom is separated from the bathing area by glass wall.
This resort features a multi cuisine restaurant 'Odyssey', the lounge bar 'Blue Sky' the spa 'Oma' and a conference hall with the seating capacity of 200 people. | {
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Many years ago, as a novice drama teacher, I sought a way to bring Shakespeare's Othello to life for my students. My solution was to create a lengthy cartoon, complete with speech bubbles and, unfortunately for my pupils, stick figures. Happily, they reported an increased identification with the Bard's concepts and characters; certainly the exercise was instructive for me and I repeated it with other plays like Everyman, with equal impact.
Now, many years later, I was intrigued to receive review texts of the graphic novel and play versions of Macbeth, Henry V, Romeo & Juliet and Great Expectations from Knowledge Thirst Media, published by UK concern Classic Comics Ltd, along similar lines.
And Classic Comics has been careful to appease the purists in as much as it offers three alternative texts for classroom study. The 'original text' version offers the graphics accompanied by the traditional dialogue, the 'plain text' updates that dialogue to contemporary English and the 'quick text' presents students with an 'easy-to-read' experience. Additionally, teachers can acquire photocopiable resource packs that include a CD-ROM in PDF format, ideal for "whole-class teaching on whiteboards and laptops".
No matter which version teachers use, each graphic novel comes with, in the case of the plays, the necessary accoutrements like Dramatis Personae lists, pronunciation aids and plot synopses. At the end of each play, one can find excellent summaries of Shakespeare's life and writing career, the influences on his writing, and the theatre of his day. I thoroughly enjoyed reading the history of the real Macbeth, coming across facts hitherto unknown to me.
I also enjoyed 'reading' the graphic rendition of Dickens' Great Expectations and the supplementary information about his life and times, and felt that this may be the way to get young people hooked on the original versions of one of the greatest novelists to have ever lived. And, I must confess that in Romeo & Juliet, the inclusion of sound effects like 'thwaaack' and 'swoooosh' not only made perfect sense, but actually enhanced the reading experience. It's also interesting to banish one's own ideas of what these character looked like, in favour of the beings presented here.
My favourite was undoubtedly Macbeth. A play full of blood and guts, desire and black magic, it lends itself so well to the graphic medium – the witches are fantastically evil, for example. I am happy to report that in my favourite scene – Act V, Scene 1, when Lady Macbeth's guilt gets the better of her – the introductory explanation given in the original text: "A great perturbation in nature, to receive at once the benefit of sleep/And do the effects of watching" becomes the imminently digestible "It's quite unnatural for her to be asleep and behave as if she's awake at the same time" in the plain text version; yet the troubled queen's famous speech that begins with "Out, damned spot! Out, I say!" remains much the same in both, thereby losing none of the power created by the greatest wordsmith of all time, William Shakespeare. | {
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Picture a group of guys from UWI and what comes to mind? A study session? A rowdy football match? A group of students from UWI's Taylor Hall Butchers Block B is creating a whole new image.
The Jamaica Observer compares the results of three recent long-term studies on early childhood education and concludes that the economic and social benefits of early childhood education far outweigh the costs.
Amy Choi compares two of the world's leading educational systems, the South Korean and Finnish public school networks, and argues that the United States needs to improve its own educational system by culling the best qualities from each without producing the pressure and anxiety that make South Korean students notoriously unhappy.
In a powerful TED Talk, Bill Gates argues convincingly that the reason the U.S. lags behind other countries in reading, math, and science education is that, unlike the countries that outrank it, the U.S. has failed to create a system for providing teachers with constructive feedback.
A short article summarizing the current structure of Jamaica's current public primary and secondary educational system and its students' achievements and weaknesses.
In a TED Talk, Ramsey Musallan contends that the primary goal of a teacher should be to cultivate curiosity, not impart information, and that the key lessons involved are how to ask questions, how to experiment without fearing failure, and how to use past experiences to improve one's own methods. | {
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Home / Tennis News / Barty, Djokovic, Raducanu, Medvedev Lead Laureus Nominees
Barty, Djokovic, Raducanu, Medvedev Lead Laureus Nominees
US Open champion Emma Raducanu is nominated for the 2022 Laureus World Sports Awards. EPA-EFE/JAMES ROSS AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND OUT
Tennis will be a major presence at the annual Laureus Awards.
World No. 1 champions Ashleigh Barty and Novak Djokovic are honored alongside the world's greatest athletes as Laureus World Sports Award nominees.
The Nominees for the 23rd annual Laureus World Sport Awards, announced Wednesday, spotlight some of the greatest athletes on the planet.
Wimbledon winner Barty, who defeated Danielle Collins to capture the Australian Open last month, is nominated for Laureus World Sportswoman of the Year.
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Barty is nominated along with Allyson Felix, who became the USA's most decorated track-and-field Olympian; swimmers Emma McKeon, whose four gold and three bronze medals tied the record for the most won by a woman at a single Games, and Katie Ledecky, who added two gold and two silver medals to become the most decorated female swimmer in Olympic history; and soccer star Alexia Putellas, Champions League winner with FC Barcelona and the winner of the Ballon d'Or.
Twenty-time Grand Slam champion Djokovic, who won three of the four Grand Slam titles and reached the US Open final in 2021, is honored as a nominee for Laureus World Sportsman of the Year. Djokovic has won Laureus World Sportsman of the Year honors four times previously: in 2012, 2015, 2016 and 2019.
This year, the 34-year-old Serbian headlines the category that includes NFL GOAT Tom Brady, who led the Tampa Bay Bucaneers to victory in Super Bowl LV; Olympians Caeleb Dressel, who won five golds in the pool, and Eliud Kipchoge, who defended his title in the marathon; Bayern Munich's star striker Robert Lewandowski and Max Verstappen, who won the Formula One Drivers' Championship on a dramatic final race day in Abu Dhabi.
Emma Raducanu, who made history as the first player, male or female, to play through qualifying and win a Grand Slam title at the US Open, and Daniil Medvedev, who denied Djokovic's Grand Slam dream winning the US Open, lead Laureus World Breakthrough of the Year Award nominees.
The Laureus World Sports Awards will be staged in April.
Last year's winners included Rafael Nadal (Sportsman), Naomi Osaka (Sportswoman), Bayern Munich (Team), Patrick Mahomes (Breakthrough) and Max Parrot (Comeback) as well as Billie Jean King (Lifetime) and Lewis Hamilton (for the inaugural Laureus Athlete Advocate Award).
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Kościół św. Kazimierza Królewicza – parafialny kościół rzymskokatolicki, znajdujący się w Krakowie w dzielnicy II przy ul. Grzegórzeckiej 78, na Grzegórzkach.
Historia
Jest to kościół parafialny parafii św. Kazimierza erygowanej 27 stycznia 1928. W latach 1926–1928 zbudowano na Grzegórzkach Dom Katolicki, a jego wielką salę zamieniono na tymczasową kaplicę i w niej 8 grudnia 1928 odprawiono pierwszą mszę. Odtąd odgrywała rolę kościoła parafialnego dla mieszkańców Grzegórzek i Dąbia. W 1933 powstał społeczny komitet budowy kościoła, Rada Miejska ofiarowała parcelę, a wiosną 1934 rozpoczęto prace budowlane w których uczestniczyli także mieszkańcy dzielnicy.
Modernistyczny budynek, trójnawowej świątyni zaprojektował Franciszek Mączyński. W 1940 odbyło się poświęcenie (benedykcja) przez ks. kardynała Adama Stefana Sapiehę, niewykończonej jeszcze świątyni. Obawiano się, by niemieckie władze okupacyjne nie zarekwirowały budynku. Świątynię konsekrował ks. biskup Stanisław Rospond już po wojnie, 26 września 1948.
Jednym z tutejszych wikariuszy był w latach 1958–1963 Józef Tischner.
Przypisy
Bibliografia
Kazimierza
Kraków
Dzielnica II Grzegórzki
Architektura modernizmu w województwie małopolskim
Budynki w Polsce oddane do użytku w 1940 | {
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Xi Jinping 'most powerful Chinese leader since Mao Zedong'
China's Communist Party has voted to enshrine Xi Jinping's ideology in its constitution, elevating him to the same level as founder Mao Zedong.
Mr Xi has steadily increased his grip on power since becoming leader in 2012.
The unanimous vote to write in "Xi Jinping Thought" took place at the end of the Communist Party congress.
More than 2,000 delegates have been meeting behind closed doors at the nation's most important political meeting in Beijing.
The congress began last week with a three-hour speech by Mr Xi where he first introduced his philosophy called "socialism with Chinese characteristics in a new era".
Top officials and state media then began repeatedly mentioning this ideology, calling it "Xi Jinping Thought", in a sign that Mr Xi had cemented his influence over the Party.
The BBC's China editor Carrie Gracie says enshrining "Xi Jinping Thought" in the party constitution means rivals cannot now challenge China's strongman without threatening Communist Party rule.
Previous Chinese Communist Party leaders have had their ideologies incorporated into the party's constitution or thinking, but none, besides founder Mao Zedong, have had their philosophy described as "thought", which is at the top of the ideological hierarchy.
Only Mao and Deng Xiaoping have had their names attached to their ideologies.
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Aksoy, Yunus and de Grauwe, P. and Dewachter, H. (2002) Do asymmetries matter for European monetary policy? European Economic Review 46 (3), pp. 443-469. ISSN 0014-2921.
Allen, Michael (2002) Contemporary US cinema. London, UK: Longman. ISBN 9780582437760.
Allen, Michael (2002) The impact of digital technologies on film aesthetics. In: Harries, D. (ed.) The New Media Book. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780851709253.
Allen, P. and Bennet, S.D. and Cunningham, M. and Carter, Andrew and Gallagher, K. and Lazzaretti, E. and Galewsky, J. and Densmore, A.L. and Phillips, W.E.A. and Naylor, D. and Hach, C.S. (2002) The post-Variscan thermal and denudational history of Ireland. In: Doray, T. (ed.) Exhumation of the North Atlantic Margin: Timing, Mechanisms and Implications for Petroleum Exploration. London, UK: The Geological Society, pp. 371-399. ISBN 9781862391122.
Ames-Lewis, Francis (2002) Il ruolo della figura umana. In: dalli Regoli, G. and Ciardi, R. (eds.) Storia dell arte Toscana: il Quattrocento. Florence, Italy: Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze. ISBN 9788879701464.
Ames-Lewis, Francis (2002) La matita nera nella pratica di disegno di Leonardo da Vinci: XLI lettura vinciana. Leonardo studies. Milan, Italy: Giunti Editore. ISBN 9788809026452.
Ames-Lewis, Francis (2002) Masaccio's legacy. In: Cole Ahl, D. (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Masaccio. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 202-216. ISBN 9780521660457.
Ames-Lewis, Francis and Joannides, P. (2002) Neoplatonism and the visual arts at the time of Marsilio Ficino. In: Allen, Michael and Rees, V. (eds.) Marsilio Ficino: His Theology, his Philosophy, his Legacy. Brill's Studies in Intellectual History 108. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publications. ISBN 9789047400547.
Andersen, Birgitte and Kozul‐Wright, Z. and Kozul‐Wright, R. (2002) Copyrights, competition and development: the case of the music industry. International Journal of Business and Society 3 (1), pp. 1-26. ISSN 1511-6670.
Andersson, B.-G. and Wannier, P.G. and Crawford, Ian (2002) Ultra-high-resolution observations of CH in southern molecular cloud envelopes. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 334 (2), pp. 327-337. ISSN 0035-8711.
Andreopoulou, A. and Houston, Diane (2002) The impact of collective self-esteem on intergroup evaluation: self-protection and self-enhancement. Current Research in Social Psychology 7 (14), pp. 243-256. ISSN 1088-7423.
Aristodemou, Maria (2002) In the beginning was a lullaby. In: Law, Culture and Humanities Conference, 2002, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. (Unpublished)
Aristodemou, Maria (2002) Le legislateur en son labyrinthe. Europe revue literaire mensuelle , pp. 147-161. ISSN 0014-2751.
Aristodemou, Maria (2002) Taking law frivolously. In: Law and Society Conference, 2002, Vancouver, Canada. (Unpublished)
Armstrong, Isobel (2002) The microscope: meditations on the sub-visible world. In: Luckhurst, Roger and McDonagh, J. (eds.) Transactions and Encounters: Science and Culture in the Nineteenth Century. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, pp. 30-54. ISBN 9780719059117.
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Balibrea, Mari Paz (2002) El paradigma exilio. In: Iberia, 2002, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. (Unpublished)
Balibrea, Mari Paz (2002) Encuentros en la diáspora. Barcelona, Spain: Associació d'Idees.
Balibrea, Mari Paz (2002) Escrituras de la globalización: espacio y tiempo en la obra reciente de Manuel Vázquez Montalbán. In: Tyras, G. and Claude, A. (eds.) Violence politique et ecriture de la elucidation dans le bassin méditerranéen. Grenoble, France: Presses de la Université Stendhal, pp. 207-220.
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Balibrea, Mari Paz (2002) What is history good for in postmodern Barcelona? In: Cultural Memory Seminar, 2002, Institute of Romance Studies, University of London, London, UK. (Unpublished)
Balibrea, Mari Paz (2002) The future of cities: Barcelona. In: The future of cities: Barcelona, 2002, Institute of Romance Studies, University of London, London, UK. (Unpublished)
Balibrea, Mari Paz (2002) The leftist intellectual and globalization: Manuel Vázquez Montalbán in the 1990s. In: The leftist intellectual and globalization: Manuel Vázquez Montalbán in the 1990s, 2002, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, UK. (Unpublished)
Barnes, Jacqueline and Freude-Lagevardi, A. (2002) From pregnancy to early childhood: early interventions to enhance the mental health of children and families. Project Report. The Mental Health Foundation, London, UK.
Barros, Joana and Sobreira, F. (2002) City of Slums: self-organisation across scales. UCL Working Papers Series 55 , pp. 1-10. ISSN 1467-1298.
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Berryman, John (2002) Russia and the illicit arms trade. Crime, Law and Social Change 33 (1-2), pp. 85-104. ISSN 0925-4994.
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Bhakta, Sanjib and Basu, J. (2002) Overexpression, purification and biochemical characterization of a class A high-molecular-mass penicillin-binding protein (PBP), PBP1* and its soluble derivative from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochemical Journal 361 (6), pp. 635-639. ISSN 0264-6021.
Biernoff, Suzannah (2002) Sight and embodiment in the Middle Ages. The New Middle Ages. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 9780230508354.
Binns, S. and Hamil, Sean and Holt, M. and Michie, J. and Oughton, C. and Shailer, L. and Wright, K. (2002) The state of the game: the corporate governance of football clubs 2001. Working Paper. Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK.
Bourke, Joanna (2002) Lobotomomizzare le paure degli americani: la cura radicale per gli stati gravi di ansia, 1930-1980. Revista Internazionale di Studi Nordamericani 23 , pp. 10-21.
Bourke, Joanna (2002) Shell-shock, psychiatry and the Irish soldier during the First World War. In: Gregory, A. and Paseta, S. (eds.) Ireland and the Great War: "A War To Unite Us All?". Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, pp. 155-170. ISBN 9780719059254.
Bourke, Joanna (2002) The experience of killing. In: Liddle, P. and Bourne, J. and Whitehead, I. (eds.) The Great World War 1914-1945: Lightning Strikes Twice. Harper Collins Publishers, pp. 293-309. ISBN 9780007116171.
Bown, Nicola (2002) "Will he, won't he? Will she, won't she?" Fortune-telling and female subjectivity in John Everett Millais's The Bridesmaid. Women: A Cultural Review 13 (1), pp. 73-83. ISSN 0957-4042.
Bowring, Bill (2002) Austro-Marxism's last laugh?: the struggle for recognition of national-cultural autonomy for Rossians and Russians. Europe-Asia Studies 54 (2), pp. 229-250. ISSN 0966-8136.
Bowring, Bill (2002) Between a (Russian) rock and a (Crimean Tatar) hard place? ethnic, linguistic and minority issues. In: Lewis, Ann (ed.) The EU and Ukraine: Neighbours, Friends, Partners? London, UK: http://fedtrust.co.uk/federal-trust-publications/back-catalogue/. ISBN 9781903403181.
Bowring, Bill (2002) Dolgii put Velikobritanii k evropeiskim standartam prav cheloveka: v avangarde I daleko pozadi. Konstitutsionnoye Pravo: Vostochnoevropeiskoye Obozreniye 1 (38), pp. 37-45. ISSN 1560-7828.
Bowring, Bill (2002) Forbidden relations? the UK's discourse of human rights and the struggle for social justice. Law Social Justice and Global Development Journal ,
Bowring, Bill (2002) Sudebnaya systema i yeyo radikalnaya reforma v Anglii i Uwelse. Konstitutsionnoye Pravo: Vostochnoevropeiskoye Obozreniye 3 (4), pp. 2-11. ISSN 1560-7828.
Bowring, Bill (2002) The degradation of international law? In: Strawson, J. (ed.) Law After Ground Zero. London, UK: Glasshouse Press. ISBN 9781904385028.
Bracken, Susan (2002) Copies of old master paintings in Charles I's collection: the role of Michael Cross. The British Art Journal 3 (2), pp. 28-31. ISSN 1467-2006.
Bracken, Susan (2002) Robert Cecil as art collector. In: Croft, P. (ed.) Patronage, Culture and Power: The Early Cecils 1558-1612. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300091366.
Braybrook, Jean (2002) La représentation de la femme chez Remy Belleau. In: Britnell, J. and Moss, A. (eds.) Female Saints and Sinners: Saintes Mondaines. Durham Modern Languages Series. Durham, UK: University of Durham, pp. 219-232. ISBN 9780907310495.
Braybrook, Jean (2002) Réflexions sur les amours de David et de bersabée, de Remy Belleau. In: Smith, P.M. and Peach, T. (eds.) Renaissance Reflections : Essays in Memory of C.A. Mayer. Paris, France: Honore Champion. ISBN 9782745305862.
Braybrook, Jean (2002) The epic in Sixteenth-Century France. In: Sandy, G. (ed.) The Classical Heritage in France. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, pp. 351-391. ISBN 9789047400639.
Brooks, Susan (2002) Slopes and slope processes: a review of developments since 1990. Progress in Physical Geography 27 (1), pp. 130-141. ISSN 0309-1333.
Brooks, Susan and Crozier, M.J. and Preston, N.J. and Anderson, M.G. (2002) Regolith stripping and the control of shallow translational hillslope failure: application of a two-dimensional coupled soil hydrology-slope stability model, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand. Geomorphology 45 (3-4), pp. 165-179. ISSN 0169-555X.
Brooks-Gordon, Belinda (2002) An exploration of academic culture and the unintentional Queen Bee. Psychology of Women Section Review 4 (2), pp. 18-21. ISSN 1466-3724.
Brooks-Gordon, Belinda and Bilby, C. and Duggan, L. and Tudway, J. and Fenton, M. and Hollin, C. and Adams, C. and Duggan, C. and White, P. (2002) Pharmacological intervention for people who have sexually offended or who have disorders of sexual preference. The Cochrane Library (2), ISSN 1465-1858.
Brooks-Gordon, Belinda and Gelsthorpe, L.R. (2002) Hiring bodies: male clients and prostitution. In: Bainham, A. and Sclater, S.D. and Richards, M. (eds.) Body Lore and Laws: Essays on Law and the Human Body. Oxford, UK: Hart Publishing, pp. 193-210. ISBN 9781841131979.
Burdett, Carolyn (2002) From the 'New Werther' to numbers and arguments: Karl Pearson's eugenics. In: Luckhurst, Roger and McDonagh, J. (eds.) Transactions and Encounters: Science and Culture in the Nineteenth Century. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, pp. 204-231. ISBN 9780719059117.
Burdett, Carolyn (2002) From the new werther to numbers and arguments: Karl Pearson's eugenics. In: Luckhurst, Roger and McDonagh, J. (eds.) Transactions and Encounters: Science and Culture in the Nineteenth Century. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, pp. 204-231. ISBN 9780719059100.
Burgess, Greg (2002) France and the German refugee crisis of 1933. French History 16 (2), pp. 203-229. ISSN 0269-1191.
Calatayud, Agnes (2002) L'autoportrait en cinéma: 'Cette image me représente'. La Chouette 33 ,
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Calatayud, Agnes (2002) Les glaneurs et la glaneuse: Agnès Varda's self-portrait. Dalhousie French Studies 61 , pp. 113-123. ISSN 0711-8813.
Carr, P. and Geman, Hélyette and Madan, D.B. and Yor, M. (2002) The fine structure of asset returns: an empirical investigation. Journal of Business 75 (2), pp. 305-332. ISSN 0021-9398.
Castro-Gómez, S. and Guardiola-Rivera, Oscar (2002) Globalización, universidad y conocimientos subalternos: desafíos para la supervivencia cultural. Nomadas 16 , pp. 183-191. ISSN 0121-7550.
Catani, Damian (2002) Mallarmé and the poetics of everyday life: a study of the concept of the ordinary in his verse and prose. [Book Review]
Chater, N. and Oaksford, Michael (2002) The rational analysis of human cognition. In: Bermúdez, J.L. and Millar, A. (eds.) Reason and Nature: Essays in the Theory of Rationality. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 135-174. ISBN 9780199256839.
Choudhuri, B.S. and Bhakta, Sanjib and Barik, R. and Basu, J. and Kundu, M. and Chakrabarti, P. (2002) Overexpression and functional characterization of an ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporter encoded by the genes drrA and drrB of mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochemical Journal 367 (1), pp. 279-285. ISSN 0264-6021.
Clark, Sandra (2002) The broadside ballad and the woman's voice. In: Malcolmson, C. and Suzuki, M. (eds.) Debating gender in early modern England, 1500-1700. Early modern cultural studies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 103-120. ISBN 0-312-29457-3.
Clarke, Richard and Cara, S. and Thompson, A. and Gray, F. and Jones, B. and Jackson, Sue and Mount, D. and Schuller, T. (2002) Life long learning in rural areas: a report to the Countryside Agency. Technical Report. Birkbeck, Faculty of Continuing Education, London.
Coast, Geoffrey and Zabrocki, J. and Nachman, R.J. (2002) Diuretic and myotropic activities of N-terminal truncated analogs of Musca domestica kinin neuropeptide. Peptides 23 (4), pp. 701-708. ISSN 0196-9781.
Cocks, Harry G. (2002) Naughty narrative nineties: sex, scandal, and representation in the fin de siècle. Journal of British Studies 41 (4), pp. 526-536. ISSN 0021-9371.
Cocks, Harry G. (2002) "Sporty" girls and "artistic" boys: friendship, illicit sex, and the British "companionship" advertisement, 1913 - 1928. Journal of the History of Sexuality 11 (3), pp. 457-482. ISSN 1043-4070.
Colas, Alejandro (2002) International civil society: social movements in world politics. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. ISBN 9780745625560.
Colas, Alejandro (2002) Materialismo histórico. In: Guerrero, D. (ed.) Manual de Economía Heterodoxa. Madrid, Spain: Sistema.
Colas, Alejandro (2002) The class politics of globalisation. In: Rupert, M. and Smith, H. (eds.) Historical Materialism and International Relations. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, pp. 191-210. ISBN 9780415263719.
Cooper, Richard P. (2002) Control and communication in mental computation. Computational Intelligence 18 (1), pp. 29-31. ISSN 0824-7935.
Cooper, Richard P. (2002) Order and disorder in everyday action: the roles of contention scheduling and supervisory attention. Neurocase 8 (1 & 2), pp. 61-79. ISSN 1355-4794.
Cox, H. and Frenz, Marion and Prevezer, M. (2002) Patterns of innovation in UK industry: exploring the CIS data to contrast high and low technology industries. Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 13 , pp. 267-304. ISSN 0260-1079.
Cox, Rosie and Watt, Paul (2002) Globalization, polarization and the informal sector: the case of paid domestic workers in London. Area 34 (1), pp. 39-47. ISSN 0004-0894.
Craven, P. and Sullivan, Sian (2002) Inventory and review of ethnobotanical research in Namibia: first steps towards a central 'register' of published indigenous plant knowledge. Technical Report. National Botanical Research Institute, Windhoek, Namibia.
Crawford, Ian (2002) Detection of CaI and CH absorption at the velocity of the variable interstellar component towards κ Velorum. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 334 (2), L33-L37. ISSN 0035-8711.
Crawford, Ian and Lallement, R. and Price, R.J. and Sfeir, D.M. and Wakker, B.P. and Welsh, B.Y. (2002) High-resolution observations of interstellar Na I and Ca II towards the southern opening of the 'Local Interstellar Chimney': probing the disc—halo connection. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 337 (2), pp. 720-730. ISSN 0035-8711.
Csibra, Gergely and Gergely, G. (2002) A naiv tudatelmélet az evolúciós lélektan szempontjából. Magyar Tudomány 108 (1), pp. 56-63. ISSN 0025-0325.
Cuomo, Serafina (2002) The machine and the city: hero of Alexandria's Belopoecia. In: Tuplin, C.J. and Rihll, T.E. (eds.) Science and mathematics in ancient Greek culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198152484.
Datta, P. and Dasgupta, A. and Bhakta, Sanjib and Basu, J. (2002) Interaction between FtsZ and FtsW of mycobacterium tuberculosis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 (28), pp. 24983-24987. ISSN 0021-9258.
Davelaar, Eddy and Usher, Marius (2002) An activation-based theory of immediate item memory. In: Bullinaria, J.A. and Lowe, W. (eds.) Connectionist Models of Cognition and Perception: Proceedings of the 7th Neural Computation and Psychology Workshop. Singapore: WorldScientific, pp. 118-130. ISBN 9789812380371.
Davis, Isabel (2002) Consuming the body of the working man in the later Middle Ages. In: Mcavoy, L.H. and Walters, T. (eds.) Consuming Narratives: Gender and Monstrous Appetite in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Cardiff, Wales: University of Wales Press, pp. 42-53. ISBN 9780708317433.
De Vivo, Filippo (2002) La publication comme enjeu polémique: le cas de Venise au XVIIe siècle'. In: UNSPECIFIED (ed.) De la publication. Entre Renaissance et Lumières. Paris, France: Fayard, pp. 161-175. ISBN 9782213613390.
De Vivo, Filippo (2002) Quand le passé résiste à ses historiographies : Venise et le XVIIe siècle. Cahiers du Centre de Recherches Historiques 28-29 (April), pp. 223-234. ISSN 0990-9141.
De Vivo, Filippo (2002) Quand le passé résiste à ses historiographies: Venise et le XVIIe siècle'. Cahiers du Centre de Recherches Historiques 28-29 , pp. 223-234. ISSN 0990-9141.
Deakin, S. and Hobbs, R. and Konzelmann, Suzanne J. and Wilkinson, F. (2002) Partnership, ownership and control: the impact of corporate governance on employment relations. Employee Relations 24 (3), pp. 335-352. ISSN 0142-5455.
Dewaele, Jean-Marc (2002) Individual differences in L2 fluency: the effect of neurobiological correlates. In: Cook, V. (ed.) Portraits of the L2 user. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters, pp. 219-250. ISBN 9781853595837.
Dewaele, Jean-Marc (2002) Psychological and sociodemographic correlates of communicative anxiety in L2 and L3 production. International Journal of Bilingualism 6 (1), pp. 23-38. ISSN 1367-0069.
Dewaele, Jean-Marc (2002) Using sociostylistic variants in advanced French interlanguage: the case of nous/on. Eurosla Yearbook 2 , pp. 205-226. ISSN 1568-1491.
Dewaele, Jean-Marc (2002) Variation, chaos et système en interlangue française. Acquisition et Interaction en Langue Étrangère 17 , pp. 143-167. ISSN 1778-7432.
Dewaele, Jean-Marc and Brun, G. (2002) Applaudie et contestée: l'oeuvre sociolinguistique d'Otto Jespersen. ITL Review of Applied Linguistics 137/8 , pp. 1-18. ISSN 0019-0829.
Dewaele, Jean-Marc and Housen, A. and Wei, Li (2002) Introduction and overview. In: Dewaele, Jean-Marc and Housen, A. and Wei, Li (eds.) Bilingualism: Beyond Basic Principles. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters, pp. 1-9. ISBN 9781853596254.
Dewaele, Jean-Marc and Pavlenko, A. (2002) Academia needs you! research on expressing emotions in multiple languages. The Bilingual Family Newsletter 19 (1), p. 3. ISSN 0952-4096.
Dewaele, Jean-Marc and Pavlenko, A. (2002) Emotion vocabulary in interlanguage. Language Learning 52 (2), pp. 263-322. ISSN 0023-8333.
Dewaele, Jean-Marc and Regan, V. (2002) Maîtriser la norme sociolinguistique en interlangue française: le cas de l'omission variable de 'ne'. Journal of French Language Studies 12 (2), pp. 123-148. ISSN 0959-2695.
Dewaele, Jean-Marc and Wourm, Nathalie (2002) L'acquisition de la compétence sociopragmatique en langue étrangère. Revue Française de linguistique appliquée 7 (2), pp. 129-143. ISSN 1386-1204.
Diamantides, Marinos (2002) Islamic fundamentalism versus western legal formalism. In: Colloquium On Cross Border Crime: Cross-Border Crime in Europe: Law Enforcement, Safety and Personal Liberty Equilibria, 18th October 2002, Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. (Unpublished)
Diamantides, Marinos (2002) Parliament and the politics of survival in the republic of Yemen: institutional order, tribalism and political clientalism. In: Electoral Laws in Post-War Societies Conference, 27th September 2002, Centre for Comparative Studies, Law and Society, Beirut, Lebanon. (Unpublished)
Diamond, A. and Kirkham, Natasha Z. and Amso, D. (2002) Conditions under which young children can hold two rules in mind and inhibit a prepotent response. Developmental Psychology 38 (3), pp. 352-362. ISSN 0012-1649.
Dick, Frederic and Bussiere, J. and Saygin, A.P. (2002) The effects of linguistic mediation on the identification of environmental sounds. Center for Research in Language Newsletter 14 (3), pp. 3-9.
Dick, Frederic and Gernsbacher, M.A. and Robertson, R.R. (2002) Syntactic processing in high- and low-skill comprehenders working under normal and stressful conditions. Center for Research in Language Newsletter 14 (1),
Dodd, B. and Zhu, Hua and Crosbie, S. and Holm, A. and Ozanne, A. (2002) Diagnostic evaluation of articulation and phonology (DEAP). London: Psychology Corporation. ISBN 9780749114800.
Douzinas, Costas (2002) Identity, recognition, rights: what can Hegel teach us about human rights. Journal of Law and Society 29 (3), pp. 379-405. ISSN 0263-323X.
Douzinas, Costas (2002) Postmodern just wars: Kosovo, Afghanistan, and the 'New World Order'. In: Strawson, J. (ed.) Law After Ground Zero. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 9781904385028.
Douzinas, Costas (2002) The end(s) of human rights. Melbourne University Law Review 26 (2), pp. 445-465.
Downes, H. and Kostoula, T. and Jones, A.P. and Beard, A.D. and Thirwall, M.F. and Bodinier, J.P. (2002) Geochemistry and Sr–Nd isotopic compositions of mantle xenoliths from the Monte Vulture carbonatite–melilitite volcano, central southern Italy. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 144 (1), pp. 78-92. ISSN 0010-7999.
Edwards, Catharine (2002) The politics of immorality in ancient Rome. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521893893.
Eimer, Martin (2002) Cross-modal interactions between audition, touch, and vision in endogenous spatial attention: ERP evidence on preparatory states and sensory modulations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14 (2), pp. 254-271. ISSN 0898-929X.
Eimer, Martin (2002) An ERP study on the time course of emotional face processing. NeuroReport 13 (4), pp. 427-431. ISSN 0959-4965.
Eimer, Martin and Maravita, A. and Van Velzen, J. and Husain, M. and Driver, J. (2002) The electrophysiology of tactile extinction: ERP correlates of unconscious somatosensory processing. Neuropsychologia 40 (13), pp. 2438-2447. ISSN 0028-3932.
Eimer, Martin and Schlaghecken, F. (2002) Links between conscious awareness and response inhibition: evidence from masked priming. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 9 (3), pp. 514-520. ISSN 1069-9384.
Eimer, Martin and Schub, A. and Schlaghecken, F. (2002) Locus of inhibition in the masked priming of response alternatives. Journal of Motor Behavior 34 (1), pp. 3-10. ISSN 0022-2895.
Eimer, Martin and Van Velzen, J. (2002) Crossmodal links in spatial attention are mediated by supramodal control processes: evidence from event-related potentials. Psychophysiology 39 (4), pp. 437-449. ISSN 0048-5772.
Euripides and Teevan, Colin (2002) Bacchai. London, UK: Oberon Books. ISBN 9781840022612.
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Everson, Michelle (2002) Adjudicating the market. European Law Journal 8 (1), pp. 152-171. ISSN 1351-5993.
Everson, Michelle (2002) Social pluralism and the European Court of Justice: a court between a rock and a hard place. The Journal of Legislative Studies 8 (4), pp. 98-116. ISSN 1357-2334.
Everson, Michelle (2002) Strong evaluations, self-interpretation and constitutional patriotism. In: Eriksen, E.O. and Fossum, J.E. and Menéndez, A.J. (eds.) Constitution Making and Democratic Legitimacy. Oslo, Norway: ARENA: Advanced Research on the Europeanisation of the Nation, pp. 177-184.
Everson, Michelle (2002) The socially embedded market polity and administrative proceduralism. In: Joerges, C. and Dehousse, R. (eds.) Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 231-252. ISBN 9780199246083.
Farroni, T. and Csibra, Gergely and Simion, G. and Johnson, M.H. (2002) Eye contact detection in humans from birth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (14), pp. 9602-9605. ISSN 0027-8424.
Feldman, David (2002) Class. In: Burke, Peter (ed.) History and historians in the twentieth century. British Academy Centenary Monographs. Oxford, UK: OUP/British Academy, pp. 181-206. ISBN 9780197262689.
FitzGerald, M. and Hough, Mike and Joseph, I. and Qureshi, Tarek (2002) Policing for London. London, UK: Willan Publishing. ISBN 9781903240939.
Fitzpatrick, Peter (2002) 'No higher duty': Mabo and the failure of legal foundation. Law and Critique 13 (3), pp. 233-252. ISSN 0957-8536.
Forrest, S. and Shevlin, M. and Eatough, Virginia and Gregson, M. and Davies, M.N.O. (2002) Factor structure of the Expagg and Revised Expagg: a failure to replicate using confirmatory factor analysis. Aggressive Behaviour 28 (1), pp. 11-20. ISSN 1098-2337.
Foth, R. and Dewaele, Jean-Marc (2002) The computational model of L2 acquisition and its implications for second language instruction. Marges Linguistiques 4 , pp. 175-187. ISSN 1626-3162.
Fracchia, Carmen (2002) The lack of representation of black people in the Spanish Golden Age painting. In: Black Diaspora and Europe, 2002, Deptartment of Linguistic, Cultural & International Studies, Roehampton University, University of London, UK. (Unpublished)
Fraser, Hilary (2002) The Victorian novel and religion. In: Brantlinger, P. and Thesing, W.B. (eds.) A Companion to the Victorian Novel. Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture. Oxford, UK: Wiley, pp. 101-118. ISBN 9780631220640.
French, R.M. and Mermillod, M. and Chauvin, A. and Quinn, P.C. and Mareschal, Denis (2002) The importance of starting blurry: simulating improved basic-level category learning in infants due to weak visual acuity. In: Wayne, D. and Gray, C. and Schunn, D. (eds.) Proceedings of the twenty-fourth annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society. London, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 9781315782379.
Frenz, Marion and Cox, H. (2002) Innovation and performance in British-based manufacturing industries: shaping the policy agenda. The Business Economist 33 (2), pp. 24-33. ISSN 0306-5049.
Frosh, Stephen (2002) After words: the personal in gender, culture and psychotherapy. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780333963586.
Frosh, Stephen (2002) Enjoyment, bigotry, discourse and cognition. British Journal of Social Psychology 41 (2), pp. 189-193. ISSN 0144-6665.
Frosh, Stephen (2002) Lacan. In: Elliott, A. and Ray, L. (eds.) Key Contemporary Social Theorists. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN 9780631219729.
Frosh, Stephen (2002) The Other. American Imago 59 (4), pp. 389-407. ISSN 0065-860X.
Frosh, Stephen (2002) Racism, racialised identities and the psychoanalytic other. In: Walkerdine, V. (ed.) Challenging Subjects: Critical Psychology for a New Millennium. London, UK: Palgrave. ISBN 9780333965092.
Frosh, Stephen and Phoenix, A. and Pattman, R. (2002) Young masculinities: understanding boys in contemporary society. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780333779231.
Gearey, Adam (2002) Freedom of speech as a human right. In: International Alert Guest Lecture, 2002, Sochi, Russia. (Unpublished)
Gearey, Adam (2002) Nietzsche and legal theory. In: Nietzsche and legal theory, 2002, Cardozo Law School, Yeshiva University, New York, USA. (Unpublished)
Ghebreab, W. and Carter, Andrew and Hurford, A.J. and Talbot, C.J. (2002) Constraints for timing of extensional tectonics in the western margin of the Red Sea in Eritrea. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 200 (1-2), pp. 107-119. ISSN 0012-821X.
Gill, R. and De Meyts, P. and Pitts, James and Verma, C. and Wollmer, A. and Wood, S.P. (2002) Structure and function of human insulin-like growth factor-1. In: Gromiha, M. and Selvaraj, S. (eds.) Recent Research Developments in Protein Folding, Stability and Design. Trivandrum, India: Research Signpost, pp. 105-134. ISBN 9788177360707.
Goldsworthy, Graham J. and Kodrik, D. and Comley, R. and Lightfoot, M.E. (2002) A quantitative study of adipokinetic hormone of the firebug, Pyrrhocoris apterus. Journal of Insect Physiology 48 (12), pp. 1103-1109. ISSN 0022-1910.
Goldsworthy, Graham J. and Opoku-Ware, K. and Mullen, Lisa M. (2002) Adipokinetic hormone enhances laminarin and bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of the prophenoloxidase cascade in the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. Journal of Insect Physiology 48 (6), pp. 601-608. ISSN 0022-1910.
Guardiola-Rivera, Oscar (2002) In state of grace: ideology, global capitalism and the geopolitics of knowledge. Nepantla: Views from South 3 (1), ISSN 1527-0858.
Haldar, Piyel (2002) Anglicist pleasures in the Orient. In: Studies in nineteenth century law and literature, 2002, University of London. (Unpublished)
Haldar, Piyel (2002) The doctrine of utilitarian pleasures. In: Staff Seminar, 2002, Faculty of Law, Griffith University. (Unpublished)
Haldar, Piyel (2002) The jusrisdiction of the lotus-eaters. In: Jurisdictions, 2002, Griffith University. (Unpublished)
Hamblyn, Richard (2002) The invention of clouds: how an amateur meteorologist forged the language of the skies. London, UK: Picador. ISBN 978033039195502.
Hamil, Sean and Michie, J. and Oughton, C. and Shailer, L. (2002) The state of the game. New Academy Review 1 (1), pp. 79-92. ISSN 1476-7201.
Hamilton, Marybeth (2002) The voice of the blues. History Workshop Journal 54 (1), pp. 123-143. ISSN 1363-3554.
Hanafin, Patrick (2002) Constitutional (u)topology: citizenship after the Belfast agreement. In: Research Seminar Series, 2002, Department of Law, European University Institute, Florence, Italy. (Unpublished)
Hanafin, Patrick (2002) Constitutive fiction: postcolonial constitutionalism in Ireland. Penn State International Law Review 20 (2), pp. 339-361. ISSN 1546-3435.
Hanafin, Patrick (2002) Death, rhetoric and national foundation. In: Joint annual conference of the Law and Society Association and the Canadian Law and Society Association, 2002, Vancouver, Canada. (Unpublished)
Hanafin, Patrick (2002) Haunted: law, culture and the untimely death. In: Annual Lurcy Lecture, 2002, Department of Law, Jurisprudence and Social Thought, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA. (Unpublished)
Hanafin, Patrick (2002) Law and the representation of death. In: Faculty Seminar Series, 2002, Cardozo Law School, Yeshiva University, New York, USA. (Unpublished)
Hanafin, Patrick (2002) Valorising the virtual citizen: death, community and gender in contemporary Ireland. In: Biotechnologies Seminar Series, Gender Research Workshop, 2002, Robert Schuman Centre, European University Institute, Florence, Italy. (Unpublished)
Hanafin, Patrick (2002) The return of sacrificial politics. In: Postcolonial Legal Studies, 2002, University of British Columbia, Manning Park, British Columbia, Canada. (Unpublished)
Harding, Vanessa (2002) Maintaining London Bridge, c. 1380-1550: costs and resources. In: Calabi, D. and Conforti, C. (eds.) I Ponti: forma e costruzione dall'antico all'architettura del ferro. Milano: Documenti di architettura, pp. 1-12. ISBN 978884357428.
Harding, Vanessa (2002) 'Meet and convenient for my estate and degree': funeral conventions and choices. In: Harding, Vanessa (ed.) The dead and the living in Paris and London, 1500-1670. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 176-207. ISBN 9780521811262.
Harding, Vanessa (2002) Space, property, and propriety in urban England. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 32 (4), pp. 549-569. ISSN 0022-1953.
Harding, Vanessa (2002) The dead and the living in Paris and London, 1500-1670. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521811262.
Harris, Helen and de Haas-de Roos, H. (2002) De Schrijfclub. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Arena. ISBN 9789046100141.
Harvey, Jessamy (2002) From maternal instinct to material girl: the doll in postwar Spain (1940s - 50s). Journal of Romance Studies 2 (2), pp. 21-36. ISSN 1473-3536.
Harvey, Jessamy (2002) Good girls go to heaven: the Venerable Mari Carmen Gonzàlez-Valerio y Sàenz de Heredia (1930 - 1939). In: Labanyi, J. (ed.) Constructing identity in contemporary Spain: theoretical debates and cultural practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 113-127. ISBN 0 19 815993 5.
Heylighen, F and Dewaele, Jean-Marc (2002) Variation in the contextuality of language: an empirical measure. Foundations of Science 7 (3), pp. 293-340. ISSN 1233-1821.
Hodson, Dermot and Maher, I. (2002) Economic and monetary union: balancing credibility and legitimacy in an asymmetric policy-mix. Journal of European Public Policy 9 (3), pp. 391-407. ISSN 1350-1763.
Hornsby, Jennifer (2002) Review: 'Causing Actions'. [Book Review]
Howarth, I.D. and Price, R.J. and Crawford, Ian and Hawkins, H. (2002) A VAPID analysis of interstellar lithium in the ζ Oph sightline. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 335 (2), pp. 267-274. ISSN 0035-8711.
Howells, Robin (2002) Playing simplicity: polemical stupidity in the writing of the French Enlightenment. French studies of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries 12. Oxford: Peter Lang. ISBN 3906768368.
Hudson, M. and Konzelmann, Suzanne J. and Wilkinson, F. (2002) Partnership in practice. Working Paper. ESRC Centre for Business Research, Cambridge, UK.
Hunter, Michael (2002) Scientific change: its setting and stimuli. In: Coward, B. (ed.) A Companion to Stuart Britain. Wiley, pp. 214-229. ISBN 9780631218746.
Jacobson, Jessica (2002) When is a nation not a nation? The case of Anglo-British nationhood. Geopolitics 7 (2), pp. 173-192. ISSN 1465-0045.
Jacobson, Jessica and Davison, T. and Tarling, R. (2002) Tackling abandoned and untaxed vehicles: an evaluation of Operation Cubit. Project Report. Home Office, London, UK.
Jones, Andrew M. (2002) The 'global city' misconceived: the myth of 'global management' in transnational service firms. Geoforum 33 (3), pp. 335-350. ISSN 0016-7185.
Jones, Russell (2002) Surface tension. London, UK: Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 9780349114095.
Judde De Lariviere, Claire (2002) Navires, terres et bons d'État: les exigences publiques d'activités économiques privées dans la Venise de la fin du Moyen Âge. Cahiers d'histoire. Revue d'histoire critique 88 , pp. 123-132. ISSN 1271-6669.
Judde De Lariviere, Claire (2002) Procédures, enjeux et fonctions du testament à Venise aux confins du Moyen Âge et des Temps modernes. Le cas du patriciat marchand. Le Moyen Âge 108 (3-4), pp. 527-563. ISSN 0027-2841.
Julios, Christina (2002) Towards a European language policy. In: Farrell, Mary and Fella, S. and Newman, M. (eds.) European Integration in the Twenty-First Century: Unity in Diversity? London, UK: Sage, pp. 184-201. ISBN 9780761972198.
Karmiloff-Smith, Annette and Scerif, G. and Thomas, Michael S.C. (2002) Different approaches to relating genotype to phenotype in developmental disorders. Developmental Psychobiology 40 (3), pp. 311-322. ISSN 0012-1630.
Karmiloff-Smith, Annette and Thomas, Michael S.C. (2002) Developmental disorders. In: Arbib, M.A. (ed.) The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks (2nd Edition). Cambridge, U.S.: MIT Press, pp. 339-342. ISBN 9780262011976.
Kaufmann, Eric P. (2002) Modern formation, ethnic reformation: the social sources of the American nation. Geopolitics 7 (2), pp. 99-120. ISSN 1465-0045.
Kaufmann, Eric P. (2002) The Orange Order in the Twentieth Century: a comparative analysis of Northern Ireland, Scotland, Newfoundland and Ontario. In: Canadian Political Science Association Conference, 2002, Toronto, Canada. (Unpublished)
Kaufmann, Eric P. (2002) Theoretical overview. In: ESRC: Dominant Ethnicity: Majority Groups and Dominant Minorities, 2002, London School of Economics, London, UK. (Unpublished)
Kaufmann, Eric P. (2002) Twentieth Century Orangeism in comparative perspective. In: ESRC: Orangeism and Popular Unionism, 2002, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland. (Unpublished)
Kaufmann, Eric P. (2002) The dynamics of Orangeism in Northern Ireland. In: Department of Politics and International Relations, 2002, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. (Unpublished)
Kaufmann, Eric P. (2002) The 'real world': the sensory basis of social concepts. In: The 'real world': the sensory basis of social concepts, 2002, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, UK. (Unpublished)
Kawakami, Akane (2002) Stereotype formation and sleeping women: the misreading of Madame Chrysanthème. Forum for Modern Language Studies 38 (3), pp. 278-290. ISSN 0015-8518.
Kirkham, Natasha Z. and Slemmer, J.A. and Johnson, S.P. (2002) Visual statistical learning in infancy: evidence for a domain general learning mechanism. Cognition 83 (2), B35-B42. ISSN 0010-0277.
Kirkham, Natasha Z. and Slemmer, J.A. and Johnson, S.P. (2002) Visual statistical learning in infancy: evidence of a domain general learning mechanism. Cognition 83 (2), B35-B42. ISSN 0010-0277.
Kneafsey, M. and Cox, Rosie (2002) Food, gender and Irishness- how Irish women in Coventry make home. Irish Geography 35 (1), pp. 6-15. ISSN 0075-0778.
Konzelmann, Suzanne J. (2002) Book review: working in America: a blueprint for the new labor market. Journal of Economic Issues 36 (3), pp. 816-818. ISSN 0021-3624.
Konzelmann, Suzanne J. (2002) Can real partnership survive? Federation News 52 (1), pp. 10-12.
Konzelmann, Suzanne J. (2002) Institutional transplant and American corporate governance: the case of Ferodyn. Working Paper. ESRC Centre for Business Research, Cambridge, UK.
Konzelmann, Suzanne J. (2002) Reconciling shareholder value with corporate social responsibility: the role of regulation. The New Academy Review 1 (1), pp. 68-78. ISSN 1476-7201.
Latter, G.V. and Baggott, Glenn K. (2002) Role of carbon dioxide and ion transport in the formation of sub-embryonic fluid by the blastoderm of the Japanese quail. British Poultry Science 43 (1), pp. 104-116. ISSN 0007-1668.
Leslie, Esther (2002) Flaneurs in Paris and Berlin. In: Koshlar, R. (ed.) Histories of Leisure. London, UK: Berg Publishers, pp. 61-77. ISBN 9781859735251.
Leslie, Esther (2002) Murmurs of the future. In: Rosenberg, A. (ed.) Berliner Kindheit. New York, USA: Distributed Art Publishers. ISBN 9783882438123.
Leslie, Esther (2002) Philistines and vandals get upset. In: Beech, D. and Roberts, J. (eds.) The Philistine Controversy. London, UK: Verso Press. ISBN 9781859843741.
Levene, Mark and Fenner, Trevor and Loizou, George and Wheeldon, Richard (2002) A stochastic model for the evolution of the Web. Computer Networks 39 (3), pp. 277-287. ISSN 1389-1286.
Levene, Mark and Loizou, George (2002) Kemeny's constant and the random surfer. American Mathematical Monthly 109 , pp. 741-745. ISSN 0002-9890.
Lewis, Gail (2002) Categories of exclusion: 'race', gender and the micro-social in social services departments. In: Breitenbach, E. and Brown, A. and Mackay, F. and Webb, J. (eds.) The Changing Politics of Gender Equality. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, pp. 143-163. ISBN 9780230522572.
Lim, Chang-Kee and Lord, Gwyn A. (2002) Current developments in LC-MS for pharmaceutical analysis. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 25 (5), pp. 547-557. ISSN 0918-6158.
Litt, Toby (2002) Notes on "Notes of a Son and Brother" (by Henry James). In: UNSPECIFIED (ed.) Notes of a Son and Brother. London, UK: Gibson Square Books, pp. 1-10. ISBN 9781903933121.
Loizidou, Elena (2002) Fantasies of freedom future tense. In: Critical Legal Studies Conference, 2002, London Metropolitan University, London, UK. (Unpublished)
Loizidou, Elena (2002) Fantasies of freedom future tense. In: Imagining Communities International Conference, 2002, Lancaster, UK. (Unpublished)
Loizidou, Elena and Smith, M. (2002) Fantasies of Childhood. In: Fantasies of Childhood, 2002, Institute of Contemporary Art, London, UK. (Unpublished)
Lorch, Marjorie and Barrière, I. (2002) Pitres's two remarkable cases: Pure agraphia (1884) and Polyglot aphasia (1895). In: Fabbro, F. (ed.) Advances in the neurolinguistics of bilingualism: essays in honor of Michel Paradis. Udine, Italy: Forum Press, pp. 193-205. ISBN 8884200741.
Lovell, Julia (2002) Gao Xingjian, the Nobel Prize and Chinese intellectuals: notes on the aftermath of the Nobel Prize 2000. Modern Chinese Literature and Culture 14 (2 (fal), pp. 1-50. ISSN 1520-9857.
Luckhurst, Roger (2002) The Contemporary London Gothic and the Limits of the Spectral Turn. Textual Practice 16 (3), pp. 526-545. ISSN 0950-236X.
Luckhurst, Roger (2002) Going postal: rage, science fiction and the ends of the American subject. In: Hollinger, V. and Gordon, J. (eds.) Edging into the Future: Science Fiction and Contemporary Cultural Transformation. Pennsylvania, USA: Pennsylvania University Press, pp. 142-156. ISBN 9780812236576.
Luckhurst, Roger (2002) Passages in the invention of the psyche: mind-reading in London 1881-4. In: Luckhurst, Roger and McDonagh, J. (eds.) Transactions and Encounters: Science and Culture in the Nineteenth Century. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, pp. 117-150. ISBN 9780719059117.
Luckhurst, Roger (2002) The invention of telepathy 1870-1900. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199249626.
Mabbett, Deborah (2002) Definitions of disability in Europe: a comparative analysis. Discussion Paper. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium.
Mabbett, Deborah and Bolderson, H. (2002) Non-discrimination, free movement and social citizenship in Europe: contrasting provisions for EU nationals and asylum seekers. In: Behrendt, C. (ed.) Social Security in the Global Village. International Social Security Series 8. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 9780765809308.
MacKenzie, D. and Hallam, B. and Baggott, Glenn K. and Potts, J. (2002) Focus Group. TRIADS experiences and developments. A panel discussion. In: Danson, M. (ed.) Proceedings of the 6th International Computer Assisted Assessment (CAA) Conference. Loughborough, UK: Learning and Teaching Development, Loughborough University, pp. 205-210. ISBN 0 9539572 1 7.
Mackay, Alan L. (2002) Generalized crystallography. Structural Chemistry 13 (3-4), pp. 215-220. ISSN 1040-0400.
Mackay, Alan L. (2002) The shape of two-dimensional space. In: Hargittai, I. and Laurent, T. (eds.) Symmetry 2000 : proceedings from a symposium held at the Wenner-Gren Centre, Stockholm, in September 2000. Wenner-Gren International Series 80. London, UK: Portland Press, pp. 143-159. ISBN 1855781492.
Macmillan, Fiona (2002) Copyright and corporate power. In: Towse, R. (ed.) Copyright and the Cultural Industries. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781843765417.
Macmillan, Fiona (2002) Morpheus in the undergrowth: copyright and film. Intellectual Property Forum 49 , ISSN 0815-2098.
Macmillan, Fiona (2002) Multinational enterprises, the World Trade Organisation and the protection of the environment. In: Macmillan, Fiona (ed.) International Corporate Law. Oxford, UK: Hart Publishing. ISBN 9781841131580.
Macmillan, Fiona (2002) The cruel C: copyright and film. European Intellectual Property Review 24 (10), pp. 483-492. ISSN 0142-0461.
Mangion, Carmen M. (2002) "Places of Memory": exploring religious archives. In: Gard, R. (ed.) Reflections on Catholic Archives. London, UK: Catholic Archives Society, pp. 50-57. ISBN 9780907712008.
Mareschal, Denis (2002) Connectionist methods in infancy research. In: Fagen, J. and Hayne, H. (eds.) Progress in Infancy Research. CRC Press, pp. 71-119. ISBN 9780415651097.
Mareschal, Denis and Johnson, S.P. (2002) Learning to perceive object unity: a connectionist account. Developmental Science 5 (2), pp. 151-172. ISSN 1363-755x.
Mareschal, Denis and Quinn, P.C. and French, R.M. (2002) Asymmetric interference in 3- to 4-month-olds' sequential category learning. Cognitive Science 26 (3), pp. 377-389. ISSN 0364-0213.
Marks, G. and Houston, Diane (2002) Attitudes towards work and motherhood held by working and non-working mothers. Work, Employment & Society 16 (3), pp. 523-536. ISSN 0950-0170.
Marks, G. and Houston, Diane (2002) The determinants of young women's intentions about education, career development and family life. Journal of Education and Work 15 (3), pp. 321-336. ISSN 1363-9080.
Marx, M. and Mikulás, Szabolcs (2002) An elementary construction for a non-elementary procedure. Studia Logica 72 (2), pp. 253-263. ISSN 0039-3215.
Mawdsley, Emma (2002) Redrawing the body politic: federalism, regionalism and the creation of new states in India. Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 40 (3), pp. 34-54. ISSN 1466-2043.
McCabe, Janet and Akass, K. (2002) Beyond the bada bing!: negotiating female narrative authority in "The Sopranos". In: Lavery, D. (ed.) This Things of Ours: Investigating The Sopranos. New York, USA: Wallflower Press, pp. 146-161. ISBN 9780231127813.
McKee, K.J. and Houston, Diane and Barnes, S. (2002) Methods for assessing quality of life and well-being in frail older people. Psychology & Health 17 (6), pp. 737-751. ISSN 0887-0446.
Meaburn, Emma and Dale, P.S. and Craig, I.W. and Plomin, R. (2002) Language-impaired children: no sign of the FOXP2 mutation. NeuroReport 13 (8), pp. 1075-1077. ISSN 0959-4965.
Merriman, R.J. and Kemp, S.J. and Hirons, Steven (2002) Metamorphism of the Lower Palaeozoic rocks of the Lochmaben district, southern Scotland, 1:50,000 sheet 10w. Technical Report. British Geological Survey, Nottingham, UK.
Michels, Eckard (2002) Frank-Rutger Hausmann, Auch im Krieg schweigen die Musen nicht: Die Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Institute im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht 2001). [Book Review]
Michels, Eckard (2002) From one crisis to another: the morale of the French Foreign Legion during the Algerian War. In: Alexander, M.S. and Evans, M. and Keiger, J. (eds.) The Algerian War and the French Army 1954-1962: Experiences, Images, Testimonies. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, pp. 88-100. ISBN 9780230500952.
Michels, Eckard (2002) L'Allemagne et la légion etrangere 1900-1962. Cahiers du Centre d'Etudes d'Histoire de la Défense 18 , pp. 147-173.
Monk, Daniel (2002) Children's rights in education: making sense of contradictions. Child and Family Law Quarterly 14 (1), pp. 45-56. ISSN 1358-8184.
Moock, Christopher (2002) Catalogue raisonné: putting allegory in its Place. 'Jacob Van Ruisdael: A Complete Catalogue of His Paintings, Drawings and Etchings' by Seymour Slive. [Book Review]
Moore, S.C. and Oaksford, Michael (2002) Emotional cognition: an introduction. In: Moore, S.C. and Oaksford, Michael (eds.) Emotional Cognition. Advances in Consciousness Research 44. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing, pp. 1-8. ISBN 9789027251688.
Moore, S.C. and Oaksford, Michael (2002) An informational value for mood: negative mood biases attention to global information in a probabilistic classification task. In: Moore, S.C. and Oaksford, Michael (eds.) Emotional Cognition. Advances in Consciousness Research 44. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing, pp. 221-243. ISBN 9789027251688.
Moran, Leslie (2002) Dangerous words and dead letters: encounters with law and 'the love that dares to speak its name'. Liverpool Law Review: A Journal of Contemporary Legal and Social Policy 23 (2), pp. 1-13. ISSN 0144-932X.
Moran, Leslie (2002) Lesbian and gay bodies of law. In: Richardson, D. and Seidman, V. (eds.) Handbook of Lesbian and Gay Studies. London, UK: Sage Publications. ISBN 9780761965114.
Moran, Leslie (2002) The poetics of safety: lesbians, gay men and home. In: Crawford, A. (ed.) Crime, Insecurity, Safety in the New Governance. Wilans Publishing. ISBN 9781903240489.
Moran, Leslie (2002) The queen's peace: reflections on the spatial politics of sexuality in law. In: Holder, J. and Harrison, C. (eds.) Law and Geography. Current Legal Issues 5. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199260744.
Moran, Leslie and Sharpe, A. (2002) Policing the transgender/violence relation. Current Issues in Criminal Justice 13 (3), pp. 269-285. ISSN 1034-5329.
Moran, Leslie and Skeggs, B. and Tyrer, P. and Corteen, K. (2002) Safety talk, violence and laughter: methodological reflections on focus groups in violence research. In: Lee, R.M. and Stanko, E. A. (eds.) Researching Violence: Methodology and Measurement. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 9780415301329.
Motha, Stewart (2002) The sovereign event in a nation's law. Law and Critique 13 (3), pp. 311-338. ISSN 0957-8536.
Motha, Stewart and Perrin, C. (2002) Deposing sovereignty after Mabo. [Editorial/Introduction]
Mulvey, Laura (2002) Afterword. In: Tapper, R. (ed.) The New Iranian Cinema: Politics, Representation and Identity. London, UK: I.B Tauris. ISBN 9781860648045.
Mulvey, Laura (2002) Detail, digression and death: the movies in Chris Petit's film 'Negative Space'. Afterall 5 , ISSN 1465-4253.
Murawska-Muthesius, Kasia (2002) How to look at a warmonger, how to see the self? imagining the west in Stalinist cartoons, 1946-1954. In: Grossman, E.M. (ed.) Studies in Language, Literature and Cultural Mythology in Poland: Investigating 'the Other'. Lampeter, Wales, UK: Edwin Mellen Press, pp. 227-258. ISBN 9780773470545.
Murawska-Muthesius, Kasia (2002) Oskar Hansen and the Auschwitz 'countermemorial', 1958-59. ARTMargins , ISSN 1941-4102.
Murawska-Muthesius, Kasia (2002) Paris from behind the Iron Curtain. In: Wilson, S. and de Chassey, E. (eds.) Paris: Capital of the Arts 1900-1968. London, UK: Royal Academy of Arts, pp. 250-261. ISBN 9780900946981.
Nachman, R.J. and Coast, Geoffrey and Tichy, S.E. and Russell, D.H. and Miller, J.A. and Predel, R. (2002) Occurrence of insect kinins in the flesh fly, stable fly and horn fly—mass spectrometric identification from single nerves and diuretic activity. Peptides 23 (11), pp. 1885-1894. ISSN 0196-9781.
Nachman, R.J. and Strey, A. and Isaac, E. and Pryor, N. and Lopez, J.D. and Deng, J.-G. and Coast, Geoffrey (2002) Enhanced in vivo activity of peptidase-resistant analogs of the insect kinin neuropeptide family. Peptides 23 (4), pp. 735-745. ISSN 0196-9781.
Nachman, R.J. and Zabrocki, J. and Olczak, J. and Williams, H.J. and Moyna, G. and Ian Scott, A. and Coast, Geoffrey (2002) cis-peptide bond mimetic tetrazole analogs of the insect kinins identify the active conformation. Peptides 23 (4), pp. 709-716. ISSN 0196-9781.
Nobre, A and Forrester, Gillian and Gitelman, D.R. and Frith, C.D. and Mesulam, M.M. (2002) Filtering of distractors during visual search studied by Positron Emission Tomography. NeuroImage 16 (4), pp. 968-976. ISSN 1053-8119.
Northumberland, H.P. (2002) The Wizard Earl's advices to his son: a facsimile and transcript from the manuscripts of Henry Percy, ninth earl of Northumberland at Petworth House. Arundel, UK: The Roxeburghe Club.
Oaksford, Michael (2002) Contrast classes and matching bias as explanations of the effects of negation on conditional reasoning. Thinking and Reasoning 8 (2), pp. 135-151. ISSN 1354-6783.
Oaksford, Michael (2002) Predicting the results of reasoning experiments: reply to Feeney and Handley (2000). The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 55 (3), pp. 793-798. ISSN 0272-4987.
Oaksford, Michael and Chater, N. (2002) Commonsense reasoning, logic, and human rationality. In: Elio, R. (ed.) Common Sense, Reasoning, and Rationality. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 174-214. ISBN 9780195147667.
Oaksford, Michael and Roberts, L. and Chater, N. (2002) Relative informativeness of quantifiers used in syllogistic reasoning. Memory & Cognition 30 (1), pp. 138-149. ISSN 0090-502X.
Odlyha, Marianne and Cohen, N.S. and Foster, G.M. and Aliev, A. and Verdonck, E. and Grandy, D. (2002) Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), C-13 solid state NMR and micro-thermomechanical studies of historical parchment. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 71 (3), pp. 939-950. ISSN 1388-6150.
Parejo Vadillo, Ana (2002) Phenomena in flux: the aesthetics and politics of travelling in modernity. In: Ardis, A. and Lewis, L. (eds.) Women's Experience of Modernity, 1875-1945. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801869358.
Parejo Vadillo, Ana (2002) Poetics on the line: the effect of mass-transport in urban culture. In: Thomas, R. and Michie, H. (eds.) Nineteenth-Century Geographies The Transformation of Space from the Victorian Age to the American Century. New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA: Rutgers University Press, pp. 237-250. ISBN 9780813531441.
Passas, A.G. and Dimitrakopoulos, Dionyssis (2002) The Treaty of Nice, the presumed end of incrementalism and the future of the European Union. In: Melissas, D. and Pernice, I. (eds.) Perspectives on the Nice Treaty of Nice and the Intergovernmental Conference in 2004. Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, pp. 30-40. ISBN 9783789077722.
Paton, D. and Jackson, Duncan (2002) Developing disaster management capability: an assessment centre approach. Disaster Prevention and Management 11 (2), pp. 115-122. ISSN 0965-3562.
Petric, Bojana (2002) Students' attitudes towards writing and the development of academic writing skills. The Writing Center Journal 22 (2), pp. 9-27. ISSN 0889-6143.
Petsalis-Diomidis, Alexia (2002) Narratives of transformation: pilgrimage patterns and authorial self-presentation in three pilgrimage texts. Journeys: the International Journal of Travel and Travel Writing 3 (1), pp. 84-109. ISSN 1465-2609.
Phillips, C. and Jacobson, Jessica and Prime, R. and Carter, M. and Considine, M. (2002) Crime and disorder reduction partnerships: round one progress. Project Report. Home Office, London, UK.
Phoenix, A. and Frosh, Stephen and Pattman, R. (2002) Como se negocia una posicion de sujeto intermedia. Nomadas 16 , pp. 28-39. ISSN 0121-7550.
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Placencia, Maria Elena (2002) Desigualdad en el trato en directivas en la atención al público en La Paz. In: Placencia, Maria Elena and Bravo, D. (eds.) Actos de habla y cortesía en español. LINCOM Studies in Pragmatics 05. Munich, Germany: Lincom, pp. 193-208. ISBN 9783895863370.
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Richards, Anna (2002) "Halb tier, halb engel": women, animals and vegetarianism in the fiction of Hedwig Dohm (1831-1919) and Helene Böhlau (1856-1940). In: Berghahn, D. and Bance, A. (eds.) Millennial Essays on Film and Other German Studies. Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang, pp. 111-125. ISBN 9783906768298.
Richards, Anna (2002) Suffering, silence and the female voice in German fiction around 1800. Women in German Yearbook 18 , pp. 89-110. ISSN 1058-7446.
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Sandon, Emma (2002) Representing 'African life': from the ethnographic exhibitions to 'Nionga' and 'Stampede'. In: Higson, A. (ed.) Young and Innocent? The Cinema in Britain, 1896-1930. Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press, pp. 191-207. ISBN 9780859896597.
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Singh, Robert S. (2002) Subverting American values? The Simpsons, South Park and the cartoon culture war. In: Singh, Robert S. (ed.) American Politics and Society Today. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, pp. 206-229. ISBN 9780745625263.
Singh, Robert S. (2002) The elections of 2000. In: Singh, Robert S. (ed.) American Politics and Society Today. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, pp. 29-55. ISBN 9780745625263.
Singh, Robert S. (2002) The politics and policy of law and order. In: Peele, G. and Bailey, C. and Cain, B. and Peters, B.G. (eds.) Developments in American Politics 4. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, pp. 181-201. ISBN 9781403907530.
Sirois, S. and Mareschal, Denis (2002) Infant habituation: a review of current computational models and a new proposal. In: Bullinaria, J. (ed.) Proceedings of the Seventh Neural Computation and Psychology Workshop (NCPW7). London, UK: World Scientific Press, pp. 90-103. ISBN 9789812380371.
Sirois, S. and Mareschal, Denis (2002) Models of habituation in infancy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6 (7), pp. 293-298. ISSN 1364-6613.
Smith, P.K. and Cowie, H. and Olafsson, R.F. and Liefooghe, Andreas (2002) Definitions of bullying: a comparison of terms used, and age and gender differences, in a fourteen-country international comparison. Child Development 73 (4), pp. 1119-1133. ISSN 0009-3920.
Spencer, Philip and Wollman, H. (2002) Nationalism: a critical introduction. London, UK: Sage Publications. ISBN 9780761947219.
Sullivan, Sian (2002) 'How can the rain fall in this chaos?': myth and metaphor in representations of the north-west Namibian landscape. In: LeBeau, D. and Gordon, R.J. (eds.) Challenges for Anthropology in the 'African Renaissance': A Southern African Contribution. Roma, Lesotho: Institute of Southern African Studies, National University of Lesotho, pp. 255-265. ISBN 9789991659428.
Sullivan, Sian (2002) How sustainable is the communalising discourse of 'new' conservation? the masking of difference, inequality and aspiration in the fledgling 'conservancies' of Namibia. In: Chatty, D. and Colchester, M. (eds.) Conservation and Mobile Indigenous people: Displacement, Forced Settlement and Sustainable Development. Studies in Forced Migration 10. Oxford, UK: Berghahn, pp. 158-187. ISBN 9781571818423.
Sullivan, Sian and Rohde, R. (2002) On non-equilibrium in arid and semi-arid grazing systems. Journal of Biogeography 29 (12), pp. 1595-1618. ISSN 1365-2699.
Teevan, Colin (2002) Alcmaeon in Corinth. London, UK: Oberon Books. ISBN 9781840024852.
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Teevan, Colin (2002) Two plays. London, UK: Oberon Books. ISBN 9781840022285.
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Thomas, Michael S.C. and Karmiloff-Smith, Annette (2002) Are developmental disorders like cases of adult brain damage? Implications from connectionist modelling. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25 (6), pp. 727-750. ISSN 0140-525X.
Thomas, Michael S.C. and Karmiloff-Smith, Annette (2002) Connectionist models of development, developmental disorders and individual differences. In: Sternberg, R.J. and Lautrey, J. and Lubart, T. (eds.) Models of Intelligence: International Perspectives. Decade of Behavior. Washington, U.S.: American Psychological Association, pp. 133-150. ISBN 9781557989710.
Thompson, Katherine C. and Canosa Mas, Carlos E. and Wayne, Richard P. (2002) Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction between atomic chlorine and dimethyl selenide; comparison with the reaction between atomic chlorine and dimethyl sulfide. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 4 (17), pp. 4133-4139. ISSN 1463-9076.
Trentmann, Frank (2002) National identity and consumer politics: free trade and tariff reform. In: O'Brien, Patrick Karl and Winch, Donald (eds.) The political economy of British historical experience, 1688–1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 215-242. ISBN 0 19 726272 4.
Trindade, Luis (2002) Fado, futebol, Fátima, foices e martelos - combates pelo senso comum no século XX português. Revista Intervalo 2 ,
Underwood, Charlie J. (2002) Sharks, Rays and a Chimaeroid from the Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) of Ringstead, Southern England. Palaeontology 45 (2), pp. 297-325. ISSN 0031-0239.
Underwood, Charlie J. and Rees, J. (2002) Selachian faunas from the earliest Cretaceous Purbeck Group of Dorset, southern England. Special Papers in Palaeontology 68 , pp. 107-19. ISSN 0038-6804.
Underwood, Charlie J. and Rees, J. (2002) Sharks and rays from the basal Cretaceous Purbeck Group of Dorset, southern England. Special Papers in Palaeontology 68 , pp. 1-19. ISSN 0038-6804.
Usher, Marius and Davelaar, Eddy J. (2002) Neuromodulation of decision and response selection. Neural Networks 15 (4-6), pp. 635-645. ISSN 0893-6080.
Van Velzen, J. and Forster, B. and Eimer, Martin (2002) Temporal dynamics of lateralised ERP components elicited during endogenous attentional shifts to relevant tactile events. Psychophysiology 39 (6), pp. 874-878. ISSN 0048-5772.
Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2002) Between reform and repression: imprisonment in Weimar, Germany. The Historical Journal 45 , pp. 411-432. ISSN 0018-246X.
Walker, John (2002) Two realisms: German realism and philosophy 1830-1890. In: Saul, N. (ed.) Philosophy and German Literature 1700-1990. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 102-149. ISBN 9780511485879.
Warner, Marina (2002) The Leto bundle. London, UK: Vintage. ISBN 9780099284659.
Waters, R. and Lawton-Smith, Helen (2002) Regional development agencies and local economic development: scale and competitiveness in high-technology Oxfordshire and Cambridgeshire. European Planning Studies 10 (5), pp. 633-649. ISSN 0965-4313.
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Wells, Karen (2002) Reconfiguring the radical other: urban children's consumption practices and the nature/culture divide. Journal of Consumer Culture 2 (3), pp. 291-315. ISSN 1469-5405.
Wells, Karen (2002) Strangers in the city: the structure and significance of children's fears of urban spaces. Working Paper. The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
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Wright, Tony (2002) G.D.H. Cole. In: Leventhal, F. (ed.) Twentieth-Century Britain: An Encyclopedia. New York, USA: Barnes and Noble. ISBN 9780820451084.
Wright, Tony (2002) R.H. Tawney. In: Leventhal, F. (ed.) Twentieth-Century Britain: An Encyclopedia. New York, USA: Barnes and Noble. ISBN 9780820451084.
Xenakis, Sappho (2002) Organised crime and state sovereignty in the Balkans. In: 1st Meeting of the British International Studies Association (BISA) Working Group on the Balkans, 2002, London School of Economics, London, UK. (Unpublished)
Zhu, Hua (2002) Phonological development in specific contexts: studies of Chinese-speaking children. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters. ISBN 9781853595875. | {
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Dave & Bonnie Schedin, Partners...for LIFE.
At The CompuTrek Group, we come to work everyday because we get the opportunity to solve BIG problems. Business problems. People problems. In fact, addressing problems are what we do best, SOLVING THEM is what we do BETTER.
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In this age of information, we are more quickly than ever connecting people with SOLUTION and adjoining the engine of technology to come into alignment with relationship - creating the BEST advantage for you individually and in partnership with a Team! WIN-WIN!
Our commitment is to support the marketplace to become more transparent with asking for help and therefore we PARTNER together for that reason providing actionable systems that demonstrate our coaching and training is more relevant and transformational than ever before.
We want to be available to share our combined 50 years of business ownership with as many people as possible who want CHANGE, who want RESULTS.
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For the last two decades Mr. Jacques Barreau has acquired in-depth knowledge of the splendid Seychelles flora and fauna. He as a nature loving expert can accompany you on this breathtaking tour. SAMPLE OFFERS: Personalised service offering short, moderate and long distance walks to: Anse Major, Copolia, Dans Gallas, Glacis Trois Frères, Mare aux Cochons, Mission Lodge, Morne Blanc just to name a few.
Please contact Mr. Jacques Barreau for prices. | {
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Innovation and sustainable development for lotteries in Africa
Members of ALA and LONACI gather for a group photo after the WLA/ALA joint seminar on innovation and sustainable development.
Coinciding with the fiftieth anniversary of the establishment of the National Lottery of Côte d'Ivoire (LONACI) members of the African Lottery Association (ALA) came together to discuss innovation and sustainable development in an Africa lottery context in Abidjan on March 4 and 5, 2020.
Apple extends deadline for conversion of real-money gaming apps
As reported in the WLA blog back mid-last year, Apple announced numerous changes to their App Store Review Guidelines on Monday, June 3 2019, including new requirements for real-money gaming apps. The changes to the guidelines, which were announced rather abruptly and with little warning, were intended to ensure Apple could have the final say on which lottery and betting apps, if any, were qualified for the App Store.
Lottery, sports betting, and gaming sectors battered by coronavirus
COVID-19 cases top 1.25 million as one-third of the world goes on lockdown
Lottomatica, SELAE, and ONCE suspend all sales as China Sports and China Welfare resume operations on a rolling basis
North American lotteries suspend VLT operations and close prize redemption claim centers
Sports betting hit by adjournment of major events and competitions including the English Premier League, Italy's Serie A, Euro 2020, and the 2020 Summer Olympics
All casinos in Las Vegas close as Macau casinos cautiously reopen
Major turf events including the Kentucky Derby and the Grand National postponed as horse racing is cancelled or moved behind closed doors
US congress approves USD 2.2 trillion relief package as 10 million Americans file for unemployment
H2 Global Gaming's 2020 total gambling forecast now downgraded 12.1% on pre-outbreak estimates.
Florida Lottery Elevates the Player Experience
A new online Player's Guide is a fun way to provide information so consumers can make thoughtful decisions about playing, and winning, the Lottery responsibly. | {
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Misinformation, prolonged pandemic pose security threat in Canada: Brock experts – CBC.ca
A resurgence in political instability and rise in populism being seen in the United States and other countries around the world should serve as as a chance for all levels of government to get ahead of similar situations in Canada, two Brock University experts say.
Colin Rose, assistant professor with the department of history, and Ibrahim Berrada, instructor in the Centre for Canadian Studies, pointed to a defence report, released last week, which warns that the spread of misinformation and a prolonged pandemic threatens Canadian security.
The report — written in October by Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC) — identified three trends: intensified distrust in government, resurgence of populist support, and the manifestation of violent extremist organizations.
According to Rose, the rising levels of extremism in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic fits into a longer history, dating back to antiquity, of increasing social and political unrest during and in the aftermath of natural disasters.
"We give up certain rights and freedoms to our governments, and in exchange, they protect us from the unpredictable, respond to our needs and help us achieve our wants," Rose said.
"In the midst of a global pandemic, it becomes clearer that the state is unable to meet all these needs and provide these protections."
On Jan. 6, extremists who support outgoing President Donald Trump staged a riot at the U.S. Capitol as lawmakers were inside voting to certify Joe Biden's victory.
There are widespread concerns in the U.S. about the prospect of further violence by groups who reject the results of the Nov. 3 election.
The FBI, according to several media outlets, has warned local law enforcement to prepare for armed protests that may be attended by far-right extremists.
Rose said while achieving social trust at the federal, provincial and local levels of government is not impossible, it won't come easily, especially in light of the ongoing pandemic.
Ibrahim Berrada is instructor in the Centre for Canadian Studies at Brock University. (Submitted by Ibrahim Berrada)
"The big problem that the federal and provincial governments face is that they come out of this with people saying they did a bad job, we didn't know what they were doing and they didn't make it clear why they were doing anything," Rose told CBC News.
"I think the biggest tools that governments and institutions have at their disposal right now is transparency and accountability," Rose said. "It would go a long way if everyone who took a vacation in the Caribbean didn't just have to resign their cabinet position, but in fact found himself out of a job."
Leaders need to be seen to be acting in the best interest of ordinary Canadians and not creating a second set of rules for the elite, Rose said.
Disturbing threat to Canadian peace and security
Meanwhile, Berrada said the proliferation of misinformation on social media platforms poses a disturbing threat to Canadian peace and security.
Although some platforms have tried to silence extremists after the Capitol Hill riots, they are using the darker corners of the internet to plan for their next move — and experts are worried about what could be around the corner. 4:22
"Radicalized right-wing populist movements are driven by misinformation, permitting the spread of ethnonationalism, xenophobia, racism, bigotry, misogyny and extremism," he said.
"Moreover, misinformation cultivates a level of distrust in our elected officials problematizing pandemic efforts."
Berrada said politicians must ensure the dissemination of reliable information, reinforce pandemic measures prioritizing the health of Canadians, and maintain the economy.
He added that a prolonged pandemic, coupled with lockdown measures and restrictions, further exacerbates an already demoralized and COVID-fatigued population.
"Ambiguity breeds speculation and speculation, then breeds misinformation in the long run. It's about clarity and [treating] Canadians like adults. Treat Canadians with the respect that they deserve and give them that information that they need," he told CBC News.
Law enforcement officers scuffle supporters of U.S. President Donald Trump attempting to enter U.S. Capitol during a protest against the certification of the 2020 U.S. presidential election results by the U.S. Congress, in Washington, U.S., January 6, 2021. REUTERS/Jim Bourg (Jim Bourg/Reuters)
"If you have unclear regulation, if you have a mismanagement of protocols, if you have quickly changing directives … and you have a different set of rules that elite in society are operating by then you will see a rise of distrust in government.
"The very fact that some people can skirt the rules without these consequences is problematic, and that is effectively what drives populism," Berrada said.
He said conspiracy theories encourage distrust in the government and promote a higher risk of violent, seditious, and anarchist behaviour.
The circulation of misinformation requires immediate attention from government officials, defence intelligence, social media giants and public health officials, he said.
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Commercial Real Estate: Navigating Opportunities And Challenges Ahead – Real Estate and Construction – Canada – Mondaq News Alerts | {
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Guests to SeaWorld and Discovery Cove in Orlando will soon be able to embark on a journey of a lifetime through the eyes of some of the world's most charismatic animals, from the deepest corners of the sea, to the lush tropical rainforests of the Amazon and onto the coldest continent on earth.
Using new technology, TurtleTrek gets guests closer than ever before to the lives of one of the worlds' best loved and most vulnerable reptiles – the sea turtle.
This visual conservation experience allows guests to learn more about the plight of the sea turtle and the incredible life journey they take from hatching on a beach and making the mad dash to open waters, to the dangers and hazards they face as they mature and return to the very same beach to lay their own eggs, their tales of life underwater have in the past been impossible to show – until now.
Coming to life in front of the guests is a first-of-its-kind 3-D and 360-degree dome theatre that is completely immersive. Guests will experience a 360º view of the film, from above and all around, where they will be given a turtle's eye view of the ocean's wonders.
Back in the real world, visitors can get up-close to the sea turtle at two extensive habitats next to the dome, one saltwater area which will also house more than 1,500 fish and over a dozen sea turtles, and the other a freshwater habitat where guests can discover hundreds of freshwater fish and gentle manatees.
Many of the manatees and sea turtles were rescued by the park's animal team. Since SeaWorld Orlando's rescue programs began, the team has cared for and returned to the wild nearly 240 manatees and more than 1,200 sea turtles.
Opening at Discovery Cove in spring 2012 is Freshwater Oasis, an all-new attraction featuring swimming and wading adventures and face-to-face encounters with playful otters and curious marmosets.
Designed with a rainforest canopy above and sparkling clear springs below, Freshwater Oasis is a natural fit within Discovery Cove's tropical vibe.
All of the family can experience this tropical setting, with most of the water at waist height and various levels of exploration where they can wade, swim and float in the water-filled trails and discover marmosets and Asian otters.
For a spot of après-animal exploration guests can soak up the Orlando sunshine in the warm waters in the In-Water Relaxation Station, a secluded pool including comfy in-water chairs.
Freshwater Oasis is included with admission to Discovery Cove, an all-inclusive tropical getaway where guests can swim with dolphins, hand-feed tropical birds in a free-flight aviary, snorkel among thousands of colourful fish and rays and relax on pristine white sandy beaches.
Never has there been a theme park so cold – until now. Spring 2013 sees the launch of SeaWorld Orlando's most incredible attraction, Antarctica – Empire of the Penguin.
Explore the frozen wildernesses of the Antarctica through the eyes of the world's most loved bird – the penguin.
Antarctica - Empire of the Penguin will take guests on a journey like no other to the coldest and most barren place on earth with a state-of-the-art interactive ride combined with an animal attraction.
More details to follow…. for now it's on ice.
Some interesting stuff in development, I'll update you the more info when I get it. | {
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Bettis returns
Wilder on Bettis return
The Blades boss is delighted with the return of Stephen Bettis as CEO at Bramall Lane
Sign in to SheffieldUnited.TV
Chris Wilder has hailed the importance of the return of a vital component in the off-field progress of Sheffield United.
Stephen Bettis will continue his duties as chief executive officer - a role he fulfilled as the Blades won Sky Bet League One. Last season he took a back seat to concentrate on business ventures overseas but following talks with both owners, he returns to Sheffield on a consistent basis.
Mr Bettis arrived at United in May 2016, the same month as Wilder took over as manager, and the duo struck up an excellent working relationship as the Blades romped to the title in record-breaking fashion.
Wilder commented: "Stephen played a vital role in our League One title success, he was a fantastic sounding board for me and a great link with the Board. He is highly-respected within the Football Club, including by the owners, and this is a very positive move.
"During the discussions about the new contracts for the coaching staff earlier in the summer, we spoke extensively about Stephen's return and I'm genuinely delighted that he is back."
Mr Bettis added: "I feel I have unfinished business at Sheffield United. Chris and I had great success in our first year together, gaining promotion to the Championship whilst improving things off the field also. I am looking to repeat that success in the future."
Stephen Bettis | {
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Hoffman E19SWM12U12 VERSARACK 4-Post 19" Open Frame Rack (Black) 27.8" x 20.91" x 12.28"(HxWxD). 12 rack units and 12-24 tapped mounting holes and include (20) mounting screws. UL 2416 Listed. Wall mount left or right hinging Preassembled Black Steel Frame for fast installation. 150lb. load rating.
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Hoffman E19SWM20U24 VERSARACK 4-Post 19" Open Frame Rack (Black) 41.81" x 20.91" x 24.29"(HxWxD). 20 rack units and 12-24 tapped mounting holes and include (20) mounting screws. UL 2416 Listed. Wall mount left or right hinging Preassembled Black Steel Frame for fast installation. 150lb. load rating.
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Hoffman E19SWM25U24 VERSARACK 4-Post 19" Open Frame Rack (Black) 50.59" x 20.91" x 24.29"(HxWxD). 25 rack units and 12-24 tapped mounting holes and include (20) mounting screws. UL 2416 Listed. Wall mount left or right hinging Preassembled Black Steel Frame for fast installation. 150lb. load rating.
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Hoffman E4DRS19FM45U 4-Post 19" Open Frame Rack (Black) 83.88" x 20.25" x 17.7"- 41.3"(HxWxD) adjustable depth. 7' tall rack with 45 rack units and Square mounting holes. Screws and cage nuts sold separeately.
Hoffman E4DRS19FM51U 4-Post 19" Open Frame Rack (Black) 96.00" x 20.25" x 17.7"- 41.3"(HxWxD) adjustable depth. 8' tall rack with 51 rack units and Square mounting holes. Screws and cage nuts sold separeately.
Hoffman EDR19FM24U 2-Post 19" Open Frame Rack (Black) 4' tall rack with 24 rack units, 48.00" x 20.25" x 15.00"(HxWxD) made from strong lightwieght aluminum. Side Rails have tapped 12-24 mounting holes and include (20) mounting screws.
Hoffman EDR19FM38U 2-Post 19" Open Frame Rack (Black) 6' tall rack with 38 rack units, 72.00" x 20.25" x 15.00"(HxWxD) made from strong lightwieght aluminum. Side Rails have tapped 12-24 mounting holes and include (20) mounting screws.
Hoffman EDR19FM45U 2-Post 19" Open Frame Rack (Black) 7' tall rack with 45 rack units, 84.00" x 20.25" x 15.00"(HxWxD) made from strong lightwieght aluminum. Side Rails have tapped 12-24 mounting holes and include (20) mounting screws.
Hoffman EDR19FM51U 2-Post 19" Open Frame Rack (Black) 8' tall rack with 51 rack units, 96.00" x 20.25" x 15.00"(HxWxD) made from strong lightwieght aluminum. Side Rails have tapped 12-24 mounting holes and include (20) mounting screws.
Hoffman EDR19FM58U 2-Post 19" Open Frame Rack (Black) 9' tall rack with 58 rack units, 108.00" x 20.25" x 15.00"(HxWxD) made from strong lightwieght aluminum. Side Rails have tapped 12-24 mounting holes and include (20) mounting screws.
Hoffman EDR23FM24U 2-Post 23" Open Frame Rack (Black) 4' tall rack with 24 rack units, 48.00" x 24.25" x 15.00"(HxWxD) made from strong lightwieght aluminum. Side Rails have tapped 12-24 mounting holes and include (20) mounting screws.
Hoffman EDR23FM38U 2-Post 23" Open Frame Rack (Black) 6' tall rack with 38 rack units, 72.00" x 24.25" x 15.00"(HxWxD) made from strong lightwieght aluminum. Side Rails have tapped 12-24 mounting holes and include (20) mounting screws.
Hoffman EDR23FM45U 2-Post 23" Open Frame Rack (Black) 7' tall rack with 45 rack units, 84.00" x 24.25" x 15.00"(HxWxD) made from strong lightwieght aluminum. Side Rails have tapped 12-24 mounting holes and include (20) mounting screws.
Hoffman EDR23FM51U 2-Post 23" Open Frame Rack (Black) 8' tall rack with 51 rack units, 96.00" x 24.25" x 15.00"(HxWxD) made from strong lightwieght aluminum. Side Rails have tapped 12-24 mounting holes and include (20) mounting screws.
Hoffman EVR19FM45U 2-Post 19" Open Frame Rack (Milled Aluminum) 7' tall rack with 45 rack units, 84.00" x 20.25" x 15.00"(HxWxD) made from strong lightwieght aluminum. Side Rails have tapped 12-24 mounting holes and include (20) mounting screws.
Hoffman EVR19FM51U 2-Post 19" Open Frame Rack (Milled Aluminum) 8' tall rack with 51 rack units, 96.00" x 20.25" x 15.00"(HxWxD) made from strong lightwieght aluminum. Side Rails have tapped 12-24 mounting holes and include (20) mounting screws.
Hoffman EVR19FM58U 2-Post 19" Open Frame Rack (Milled Aluminum) 9' tall rack with 58 rack units, 108.00" x 20.25" x 15.00"(HxWxD) made from strong lightwieght aluminum. Side Rails have tapped 12-24 mounting holes and include (20) mounting screws.
Hoffman EVR23FM45U 2-Post 23" Open Frame Rack (Milled Aluminum) 7' tall rack with 45 rack units, 84.00" x 24.25" x 15.00"(HxWxD) made from strong lightwieght aluminum. Side Rails have tapped 12-24 mounting holes and include (20) mounting screws.
Hoffman EVR23FM51U 2-Post 23" Open Frame Rack (Milled Aluminum) 8' tall rack with 51 rack units, 96.00" x 24.25" x 15.00"(HxWxD) made from strong lightwieght aluminum. Side Rails have tapped 12-24 mounting holes and include (20) mounting screws. | {
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The following are items that seem harmless, but it can damage your skin, especially in the summer.
You would be shocked by the number of bacteria that can grow in dark glasses or goggles recommended doctors, says dermatologist David Bank of The Center for Dermatology, Cosmetic & Laser Surgery in New York. Begin to think twice to put the glasses in a bag or on a restaurant table. Fortunately, the bacteria on glasses can be lost by washing glasses using antibacterial hand soap and water every few days.
Mobile is such a special place for bacteria," says David Bank. Mobile phones may be assigned to more bacteria than the other stuff. He recommended to clean your phone with any antibacterial wipes before using them (or at least once a day).
Items that are "reservoirs of bacteria," according to the Bank. To disinfect makeup brushes, you can squirt of antibacterial cleanser like BodyographyPro The Brush Off Anti-Bacterial Makeup Brush Cleanser once a week. | {
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Let us help your business see better results!
Our internet marketing consultation program is for businesses that have already established an internet advertising program and want to increase their R.O.I. (Return on Investment), or businesses that currently have no or minimal internet advertising.
We will do an overview of your current campaign and guide you in areas to advertise your business more effectively. With our consultation we will take a look at the needs of your business and what areas that you want to expand. We will also focus on what areas of your business can provide you the highest R.O.I and create campaigns accordingly.
Our approach will not only place you into the online directories, and the pay per click programs, but we will also find areas of opportunity in free internet advertising venues. We will manage your entire program for you so you can focus on what is most important to you, running your business. | {
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A healthy body is a happy body, and there's no better way to preserve your health and your family's health than with a health insurance policy from Theodore & Associates.
Let's face it, medical treatments aren't cheap. Without health insurance coverage you could end up paying off medical bills for the rest of your life. Theodore & Associates can help you find an affordable healthcare plan that's right for you. Call 803-799-9979 (Columbia) or 843-871-3950 (Summerville) and talk with one of our friendly agents today to learn more.
What are the major types of health insurance policies in South Carolina?
There are basically three major types of health insurance policies for South Carolina residents to choose from–consumer-directed, fee for service, and managed care. These health insurance plans help cover your medical, surgical, and hospital expenses. They may even cover dental expenses, mental health services, and prescription drugs, depending on the coverage you choose.
A consumer-directed health plan (a.k.a. "consumer-driven" or "consumer choice") is a newer type of healthcare plan that's designed to give you more control. As part of the plan, you setup a health fund that can be used to cover medical expenses.
A fee for service plan is a more traditional healthcare plan. It means you pay a fee to your provider for every healthcare service you receive. The benefit of this type of health insurance plan is that it allows for a lot of flexibility when choosing a physician or healthcare provider.
Members of managed care health plans generally enjoy more benefits like lower out-of-pocket costs. However, you can only receive treatment from physicians that participate in the managed care network. Typical managed care plans include health maintenance organizations (HMOs), preferred provider organizations (PPO), and point-of service (POS) plans.
When discussing health insurance with a Theodore & Associates agent, it helps to understand some of the common terms you'll run into. Below you'll find definitions to some of the most common health insurance terms.
Deductible–the amount of money you pay toward medical bills before your insurance coverage begins.
Co-pay–a specified amount of money you pay upfront for doctor visits and prescription refills.
Coinsurance–the percentage of medical bills you pay after meeting the deductible.
To learn more about health insurance, contact Theodore & Associates today to talk with one of our agents. We're right here in South Carolina, ready to guide you toward a more secure future. | {
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Diesel engines are a big part of our business. RemanufacturedEnginesForSale.com offers one of the most complete lines of blueprinted remanufactured domestic diesel engines and imported diesel engines including International, GM, Volvo, Freightliner, Caterpillar, Cummins, Detroit, and Isuzu for sale.
We have 'turn key' pre-run and dyno-tested diesel engines ready to drop right in, they are immediately available through our custom remanufacturing program which minimizes downtime. Being on the job is paramount for industrial projects. Every year, we manufacture and sell more fully refreshed engines than our competitors because quite simply, our motors outperform the competitions in all ways.
We like to consider ourselves more than just another engine remanufacturing company. We provide you with more than just a remanufactured diesel engine, we build the value and confidence right into every engine that gets processed. Confidence in knowing your equipment performance will exceed your expectations and save money. Confidence in the fact that no other company puts as much effort into getting you the product ASAP.
Some consumers almost put fast service above quality nowadays. With the deadlines levied on major construction jobs, knowing that an engine failure will not slow the job down is one less problem the boss has to worry about. If you are a parts manager for fleet or major company, we can make sure engine replacement issues are not a problem area for the "Chief".
By and large, we provide a bit of relief from the surprises that litter your path every day. Nothing can replace the feeling of knowing that at least one area of one's operation is under control. Ideally, one would like our whole operation to go smooth, that may be asking a lot, but doing your homework pays off. So we can start there.
Some people don't drive commercial equipment, so, lets not leave out the growing number of small to medium duty cars and trucks that are becoming more popular by the day. Regardless of your application, be it a Dodge diesel pickup 2500, or a Chevy 3500 series diesel 1 ton dual wheel truck, the motors are in stock and ready to ship. We even have the newest Ford diesel engine used in the F-450 Super Duty pickup in a crate, pre-tested and certified perfect.
Be a wise consumer, allow us to educate you on the finer details of choosing the right diesel engine for your application, call us now for fast service and the best remanufactured engines available, mail order to your door. We hope to be of service to you soon. Call now. | {
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For complete plan details, talk to your company's benefits administrator. My parents had been paying into a whole life policy for many years and did not pay much attention to the cash balance over that time. When they finally had evaluated what they had in the policy, they discovered the 'cost of insurance' on the now older policy had increased so much that the premium they had been paying no longer covered the costs of the policy and the balance needed was being withdrawn FROM THEIR CASH VALUE. Needless to say, the insurance company or their agent did not notify them of this, so a policy that they had paid $75,000 into had a cash value of just $12,000 and was actually decreasing in value. Whole life policies are advertised as you paying the same premium amount for the entire life of the policy, but in the small print they are apparently allowed to adjust for the 'cost of insurance'. It's a brilliant scam. Pay attention to the policies you have.
CHAPTER RESOURCES Summary of Benefits One thing that I didn't see (though I did skim through a lot, so I might have missed it) is the point that it is not and should not be a one or the other, all or none decision!
www.GlobeLifeInsurance.com Tax Guide IRMI Sign In Email Customer Service and Technical Support Give your child or grandchild a financial head start Your child's policy builds cash value for the future.
Veterans Services Explore Careers New Hires – Getting Started Get quotes from several companies. Each insurance company uses its own underwriting guidelines. One company might sell you a policy at a much lower premium than another. There are two types of life insurance agents, and they earn income through salaries, commissions, bonuses, or a combination of the three.
/* YOUR JQUERY CODE GOES HERE!!! */ SUBSCRIBE NOWto get home delivery Your main decision point on whether to go term-life or whole life will be in the early adulthood years, just when your cash is pulled in many different directions: mortgage, car loans, investments, retirement planning, not to mention starting a family. If you prefer the security of whole life compared to the control and responsibility of managing your own investments, then consider a whole life policy, but do it early enough in life to receive the benefits and stick with it.
Snowmobile insurance July 25, 2018 at 5:23 pm no moving up Would you like to learn more?
If people are looking at whole life insurance strictly as an investment, I agree. It's a horrible investment when you're looking at it that way. It just can't compete. There are some good features, though, and it's a product that only a few companies are really good at. It all depends on what your goals and your priorities are.
Return of Premium Term Life insurance offers you coverage with a level premium payment for 20 or 30 years, whichever you choose. If you outlive that premium period, all policy premiums you've paid will be returned to you. Coverage starts at $100,000. The policy is guaranteed to renew up to age 95 and is convertible to a permanent policy regardless of health, subject to age limits. Once past the level premium period, premiums will increase annually.
Established Families QUICK LIST Why You Need Life Insurance For another explanation of how universal life insurance policies work, watch TDI's video about universal life policies.
Learn More About Audrey says: 20% CFP®, ChFC® in Harrisburg, PA It's clear that Globe's marketing plan has been designed to astonish you with miraculous offers. Their goal is to subdue your natural tendency to question something that seems too good to be true .
medical condition, Group Benefits Administration finder.com is an independent comparison platform and information service that aims to provide you with the tools you need to make better decisions. While we are independent, we may receive compensation from our partners for featured placement of their products or services. We may also receive compensation if you click on certain links posted on our site.
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4. Choosing the amount of the policy. This is the sum your beneficiaries will receive in the event of your death. The amount you choose should depend on a number of factors, including your income, debts and the number of people who depend on you financially. Many policies amounts range from $100,000 to $250,000, but higher and lower amounts are also common.
Health Insurance Learn More Good question. My first response is that if you're looking for pure life insurance protection, it's likely that term insurance will be a better product for you than whole life. It can depend on exactly what kind of protection you need, but that's generally the case. Second, I have an entire series on life insurance that will help you figure out how much you need, and it does factor in inflation. Here's the link: New Parent's Guide to Life Insurance.
Aaron April 22, 2015 } Flexible Spending Accounts They'll also try to push term life insurance with no medical exam on you, because it puts more money in their pocket and is easier. Now there is a time and place for no exam coverage, but it's oversold in my opinion.
How easy to use and how helpful they are We have also compiled a comprehensive list of our top picks for life insurance companies – click here to read more!
Our Team They still left policy in effect and continued to take her monthly payment.
This type of permanent cash value life insurance typically provides coverage for an entire life for a constant, agreed-upon premium. Whole life offers more consistency than other permanent cash value policies because the death benefit, its premiums and even the interest rate of your cash investment can be frozen at the time you buy the policy.
to keep the two separate. You definitely give a thorough argument as to why we should not choose whole.
So I would strongly disagree with the assertion that they are being misleading in the way that they report returns. The way it's reported allows us to compare apples-to-apples (for the most part) across various funds, which is the best we can do. The rest of it is up to chance and our individual behavior.
Globe Life's term life policy allows you to choose the death benefit payout depending on your needs. Your options include $5,000, $10,000, $20,000, $30,000, $50,000, $75,000, and $100,000. There are no medical exams involved and the death benefit stays the same as long as the policy is in effect, so you do not have to worry about the amount getting reduced for any reason.
Make sure your company and agent are licensed. It is illegal for an agent or company to sell insurance in Texas without a state license. The Texas Life and Health Insurance Guaranty Association pays some or all of most claims for Texas-licensed companies that go bankrupt or become insolvent. If your company is unlicensed and goes bankrupt, your beneficiary might not get the death benefit. You can learn whether a company is licensed by calling TDI's Consumer Help Line or by using the Company Lookup feature on our website.
Life insurance is available at every stage of life. See if a term or permanent policy is right for you.
The State of Florida offers group term life insurance to eligible employees and their dependents. To learn more about the group term life insurance plan and coverage options, visit Securian. Find out if you are eligible for these benefits.
The decision becomes more complex if you want to accumulate cash inside your contract—which could be a smart idea if you want to accumulate cash on a tax-free basis. In this case, the policy type matters.
Personally, I never experienced their customer service but it seems like they have a few hundred angry policyholders who state their distaste. Here at InsureChance, we prefer to recommend companies that are customer eccentric and provide high-quality client service. The company can have great pricing, reputation but if they have bad service it can make things absolutely terrible.
Invest it and the future premium payments into this same whole life insurance policy, given what you know now and what you expect the returns to be going forward?
In using the term "permanent," it is important to note that insurance could lapse prior to the maturity for non-payment of premiums. | {
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Comparison of blood glucose, hba1c, and fructosamine the hemoglobin a1c result must be compared to the normal range for each particular lab. fructosamine. Fructosamine 286 a1c equivalent. 27. january 2017. describes how a fructosamine (glycated serum protein) test is used, when a fructosamine test is ordered,. A serum fructosamine (a glycated protein) level, similar to a hemoglobin a1c level, enables assessment of long-term glycemic control in patients with.
Fructosamine – wikipedia, the fructosamine equation. fructosamine – wikipedia, fructosamine 286 a1c equivalent; can you drink water before fasting blood work;. this reduction is equivalent to a ∼0.53% reduction in hba1c. effect of fructose on glycemic control in diabetes glycated albumin, and fructosamine,. fructosamine – wikipedia, the fructosamine equation. fructosamine – wikipedia, fructosamine 286 a1c equivalent; can you drink water before fasting blood work;.. Fructosamine blood test for diabetes unlike the a1c test, the fructosamine is not used as a screening test for what do the fructosamine test results mean?. High fructosamine with 6.0 a1c what does the test result mean? if a patient's fructosamine is if there is a trend from a normal to high fructosamine,.
A high fructosamine means that a someone whose glucose levels swing erratically from high to low may have normal or near normal fructosamine and a1c. Glucose (mg/dl) fructosamine (umol) a1c (%) 90 212.5 5.0 120 250 6.0 150 287.5 7.0 180 325 8.0 210 362.5 9.0 240 400 10. Comparing fructosamine to a1c. both fructosamine and a1c tests are used primarily as and what the results of a fructosamine test might mean. a1c versus.
Glucose (mg/dl) fructosamine (umol) a1c (%) 90 212.5 5.0 120 250 6.0 150 287.5 7.0 180 325 8.0 210 362.5 9.0 240 400 10. Fructosamine 286 a1c equivalent. 27. january 2017. describes how a fructosamine (glycated serum protein) test is used, when a fructosamine test is ordered,. High fructosamine with 6.0 a1c what does the test result mean? if a patient's fructosamine is if there is a trend from a normal to high fructosamine,. | {
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To foodies, a turnover is a small pastry made by covering one half of a piece of dough with a filling, folding the other half over on top, and sealing the edges. They are a hearty and tasty wintertime favorite in our home. The vegetarian sausage provides the "hearty". The combination of kale, onions, apples, and golden raisins provides the "tasty".
Preheat oven to 400 degrees. In a large mixing bowl, combine flour, butter and salt. Cut butter into flour/salt until the mixture resembles course corn meal. Add ice water, one tablespoon at a time, to mixture stirring constantly until dough holds together. Form dough into a disk and wrap tightly. Place in refrigerator while preparing the sausage filling. | {
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If you are looking for the best mobile locksmith service in Oak Point, TX and adjoining areas our company is the provider to get in touch with. We're Dallas FW Locksmith and for years we've been taking care of home, business, and car or truck owners as the best, most full service locksmith in the industry. Our highly trained locksmiths are available 24 / 7 and provide fast, honest, reputable, specialized service at prices anybody can afford. Plus, we have got all the newest high-tech tools and equipment required to fit, service, or swap any sort of lock you possess.
Recognized for our superb service, well-trained and polite staff, transparent rates, and our 30 min response time assurance. Residents in the Oak Point area know that if they want quality locksmith service we're the company to call. We are locally based, professional, and complete. Absolutely no job is accomplished unless the client is totally satisfied. We can come to you, appraise your locks, make recommendations, and install, repair, or replace any type of lock you want. Regardless of whether it's a small job or big, we arrive rapidly and get it done.
Your house is where you and your family members rest your heads. We all need to know that our homes are protected and free from danger. Don't leave the safety of those you care about the most to beginners. If you need a locksmith for home call the professionals at Dallas FW Locksmith. We are mobile locksmiths that are familiar with the area well. Our especially educated, experienced locksmiths are able to get to you within minutes and can look after any kind of problem you are having with the locks on your home. No other locksmith can will offer you better service at a more affordable price.
When you need a commercial locksmith Oak Point to ensure the safety of your personnel, assets, and clients, there is only one locksmith you need to call. No matter what kind of locks you have or need, we have the locksmiths, hardware, supplies, and expertise to take care of it for you. Our 24/7 availability means any time of the day or night you call we can have a licensed, bonded, and insured locksmith at your door within minutes. Our qualified specialists are known for their commitment to quality and their speedy and amiable services. We are delighted to provide you with a simple safety evaluation , or install, repair, or replace any or all of your locks.
If you need an emergency locksmith call Dallas FW Locksmiths for our Oak Point locksmith service. Our 24/7 availability means we always have a certified, bonded, and guaranteed mobile locksmith ready to provide you with complete locksmith service anytime you call. Whether you're anxious your security system has been jeopardized and you need security audits, you require keys made, or locks installed, fixed, or upgraded, call us. We take the anxiety out of your locksmith service. No matter the emergency, we guarantee a 30 min response, straightforward pricing, and quick and pleasant service, coming from a courteous locksmith with 5+ years experience.
Whenever you want a locksmith you'll be able to rely upon, give us a call at Dallas FW Locksmith. Our mobile locksmiths will be there in minutes with the hardware and expertise to look after your locksmith requirements.
If you are in Oak Point, Texas and the surrounding area and have to have top locksmith services, give us a call. We are Dallas FW Locksmith and for years we have been providing home, business, and automobile owners with the leading, most comprehensive locksmith service in the community. Our professional locksmiths are available around the clock for timely and reliable service at a reasonable rate. Plus we have all the latest high-tech equipment and tools necessary to mount, service, or exchange any model of lock you may have.
Dallas FW Locksmith in Oak Point http://dallasfwlocksmith.com/oak-point-tx/ 4.2/5 based upon 11 reviews. | {
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As discussed in part II of the ultimate guide to buying a new car, having adequate gap insurance and car warranty protection against mechanical and electrical failure is an important consideration when purchasing a new car. Car manufacturers and dealers typically offer some type of new car warranty protection as a way to gain customer trust in the quality and value of their automobiles. Sometimes, new car buyers want additional protection, or need to extend their warranties when they near expiration. There are great secondary market opportunities for these cases as well.
There are many advantages to new car buyers in the secondary new car warranty market. One major advantage is that specialised warranty providers, at least the quality ones, are experts in the benefits of warranties and usually offer the best customises warranty services. New car buyers may want to add protection to the basic warranties offered at the time of their new car purchase. It is often more economical to buy in the competitive secondary market to get great protection at lower costs that are available for similar upgrades through the dealer.
Additionally, new car warranties have limited lengths and mileage protection. Their main purpose is to ensure the new car buyer is aware that the provider is confident the car is going to drive as it should during initial phases of use. Many car buyers want extended protection and security after this initial period. Again, specialised car warranty providers are usually the best value option for renewing or extending a new car warranty. This is especially the case with the expansion of Internet specialists, who offer great educational resources and efficient quotes and service online. Specialists also tend to offer various warranty protection packages that are more customised to protect key areas of concern for the car owner. Car buyers can protect as little or as much of the car's parts as they would like for an affordable rate.
Most new car buyers understand the legal and practical requirements for basic comprehensive, collision, and liability insurance. However, many new car buyers also could benefit from purchasing GAP insurance from a quality, specialised provider. GAP insurance is extra protection that covers the "gap" between what an insurance carrier pays for a write-off after an accident and what the car is actually worth, or what is owed on a loan. In other words, it protects against financial losses to the car owner from underpayment of primary insurance. There are many great GAP protection plans from specialized providers at great low cost options. New car buyers need to be aware that many car dealers' pressure car buyers to buy gap insurance cover from them at much higher premiums. The best protection and prices should be the focus and that most often comes from a specialised GAP insurance provider such as Click4Gap.
Finally, one alternative to buying a new car is to lease a new car. Many new car buyers have used this approach in the last several years because of a few inherent advantages. Monthly lease payments are usually similar to loan payments. There is no long-term obligation to lease other than leasing contractual obligations. Plus, most new car dealers offer lease-to-own plans which apply portions of lease payments to the purchase price of the car should the customer decide to buy at some point.
There are many important factors to consider when buying a new car. The ultimate guide to buying a new car has explored some of the most important factors. The main idea is that new car buyers need to be informed and equipped before embarking on the car buying process. They need to be aware of their financing options? What to watch out for? New car warranties? GAP insurance? and much more.
Paul £32150: Website extremely easy to use, very quick, very quick and easy to use ! | {
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Mathematics/Statistics
Robert Megginson, PhD
Though I was raised far from the lands of my maternal grandfather's people, I have always taken pride in my Lakota heritage. I grew up in the farming community of Sheldon, Illinois, with two sisters and a brother who are all younger than I; and to this day I prefer not to live in large cities. As a professor at the University of Michigan and yet a resident of a rural area fifteen miles from campus, I have been happy that my career choice has allowed me to steer clear of living in a big city.When I was an undergraduate at the University of Illinois, my cultural background was such an oddity that people were more curious about it than anything else. I do know that it affected my worldview quite a lot. For example, I dislike the Native American sports mascot at Illinois, Chief Illiniwek, which led to some uncomfortable encounters. Also, I was raised to have particular values that were not always appreciated by others. I learned to respect elders, understanding that they can reveal wisdom to you. Thus, I interacted with my professors differently than did many of my peers. I was not familiar with the style of learning that was more interactive, where you had to speak up and let the professor know that you had the answers. In many cultures people are not taught to stand out from the crowd and strive to make themselves noticed; so at times teachers may think quiet students are not learning or that they are not interested. However, just because you are quiet and perhaps do not always raise your hand in class, it does not necessarily mean that you are not a good student.
I changed fields several times during my journey from my Bachelor of Science degree to my doctorate. Though my first degree was in physics, after graduation I took a job in computer programming. While working as a programmer, I learned that my real interest was in mathematics and the teaching of it to others. Since a doctorate in the subject seemed to be the way to do that, I entered graduate school at the University of Illinois in 1977. I received a master's in statistics and a doctorate in mathematics over the next six years. What do I study in mathematics? Spaces.
You live in a world that has four dimensions, because you can move forward-backwards, sideways, and up and down. Those are the three space dimensions. But don't forget the other dimension, time. As a mathematician, my main mathematical focus is functional analysis, a branch of mathematics concerned with spaces having infinite dimensions! This is a difficult concept to consider, but mathematicians have developed tools to tame infinity. I have also recently published a graduate level textbook entitled An Introduction to Banach Space Theory. Banach spaces include the space that you live in as well as spaces of infinite dimension.
I am seriously concerned with the problem of extreme under representation of minorities in mathematics. To help remedy this, I spend my summers working directly with Native American middle and high school students on the Turtle Mountain Chippewa (Ojibwa) reservation in North Dakota. My responsibilities to them are to further their interest in mathematics and to help them understand the importance and cultural relevance of mathematics. For instance, in the Ojibwa language there is a wonderful way to attach suffixes to counting words to indicate not just the number of items being counted, but also something about the nature of the objects being counted. As an example, rather than referring just to two blueberries, an Ojibwa speaker could talk about niizho-minag miinan, two three-dimensional organic blueberries, where the fact that the two (niizho) blueberries (miinan) are three-dimensional and organic is implied by the suffix minag. The fact that these distinctions are important when counting in the Ojibwa language conveys vital information about the traditional values of Ojibwa culture. This helps the students understand more about their own culture and the place of mathematics within it.
Students should know that learning is not just the road to a better job: it can also be fun. When taking mathematics courses (and I encourage you to take as much mathematics as you can), you should ask your teachers to tell you interesting things about the material and its history, since this really is exciting stuff.
As a final piece of advice, don't ever let anyone tell you that you can't succeed, or that you will at most be second-rate. I have had that happen to me, and I firmly believe that hard work and determination will pay off in the end bigger than anyone could ever imagine.
Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellow of the American Mathematical Society (Inaugural Cohort)
Deputy Director, Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, Berkeley (2002-04)
Selected for inclusion in the book "100 Native Americans Who Shaped American History", by Bonnie Juettner, Bluewood Books, long featured in the bookstore section of the National Museum of the American Indian
Rebecca Garcia, PhD
I was born in Guam, a small tropical island in the Pacific Ocean. The Chamorro people migrated to Guam some 1500 years ago. Fast forward about one millennium, the island was claimed a colony of Spain by the (in)famous explorer Ferdinand Magellan. For nearly 500 years, the people were indoctrinated by the Spanish Jesuit priests and their "missionaries," who brought with them a host of diseases like small pox and influenza. These diseases, along with the islanders attempt to return to their former ways of life, wiped out nearly 95% of the island's inhabitants. The conquerors saw the need to restock the population, and this brought an end to the pure Chamorro bloodline. After the Spanish-American war, in the Treaty of Paris, Guam was ceded to the United States along with island nations like the Philippines, Cuba and Puerto Rico. We islanders still identify ourselves as Chamorros. In our culture, we place a high value on family.
Growing up financially unstable, I saw the importance of to reaching the point where I could take care of my family, and I knew that education was the key to having that privilege. I was probably six years old, flipping through the pages of an old dictionary, when I came across a small section about the different degrees in education, "Ph.D.: one of the highest academic degrees." It was then when I started to dream of that different life.
I knew I had to leave my little island in order to get my degree. Throughout my schooling, I was serious about reaching my goal, so I allowed myself to be who I was and not try to fit in with the others. At the time, our schools had limited and outdated materials and equipment, but our teachers were dedicated, encouraging and supportive. They often said to me, "Go to the best college you can, do the best that you can, and go as far as you can go."
The idea that family comes first also had an effect on where I ended up going to college. Although I received a full scholarship to the University of Portland, my parents wanted me to be near my brother, who went to school in Los Angeles. My entire family (six of us!) flew to California and we marched into the admissions office at Loyola Marymount University (LMU) with my unofficial high school transcript. My mom met with the dean of admissions and showed him my records and asked if they would accept me. To my surprise, he said yes! Though it wasn't my first choice, I was happy to stay close to my family. I realized that having done well in school opened up these doors of opportunity. Looking back, I would have done it the same way all over again, as embarrassing as it was!
Although LA is huge, the campus at LMU was comfortably sized, so I didn't feel overwhelmed. I started my studies as a pre-med chemistry major. I quickly learned that even though I won an island-wide competition with my high school chemistry project, chemistry wasn't for me. However, I really enjoyed my calculus class and did well enough that my professor, the late and great Dr. Mike Cullen, suggested I major in math. Later in my undergraduate career, Dr. Herbert Medina took me under his wing and became my mentor. He informed me of programs I could do to advance my career as a mathematician and invited me to work on some undergraduate research questions with him. He opened doors I never knew existed.
In the end, I received two national graduate fellowships to attend graduate school in mathematics, one from the National Science Foundation and one from the National Physical Sciences Consortium sponsored by the National Security Agency.
So, I went on to graduate school at the University of California, Berkeley, and although I made the cut with only 30 others, I was at a huge disadvantage from the very start. It was an extremely competitive environment, and the professors seemed interested only in the crème de la crème. Most everyone else came from universities like Harvard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Cambridge. In fact, I needed to take extra undergraduate classes just to get up to speed. I felt very isolated and these early experiences made me realize that I should have chosen a graduate program that fits me. At the time, it seemed my first choice should be the best schools, but while I was there, I saw many who started out on a similar difficult path, got frustrated with life and ended up throwing in the proverbial towel altogether. I could have easily been one of them.
During a period of exams, my father passed away. It was a very difficult time, and so I left school for a while. After this necessary break, I went back and finished the master's program at Berkeley. Then one of the rare congenial math professors at Berkeley, Dr. Bernd Sturmfels, pointed me toward New Mexico State University to go for my Ph.D.
The minute I was in that beautiful desert, I knew it was where I belonged. Although Las Cruces has a very different climate from tropical Guam, the population is largely Latino. It's a huge support to feel like you belong to a community. The math department became my second home. Whatever I needed, large or small, the professors were there for me: trips to mathematics conferences all over the country and sometimes abroad, summer employment, materials and equipment. I finally finished my degree in August 2004.
Now I am an assistant professor in mathematics at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas. I teach classes every day and work on research projects with students and on my own. With a family of my own and the care of my mentally disabled sister, I work hard everyday to balance my personal life and my career. At the moment, I am working on developing a summer research program at the University of Hawaii at Hilo. It will be the first such program in mathematics in the Pacific Islands. I hope to start bridging the gap between the Pacific Islands and the continental United States, both culturally and mathematically. Undergraduates will be able to work on current mathematical research topics, which I hope will influence them to pursue a career in mathematics. One of my career goals is to increase opportunities so more minorities seek higher math degrees. I am the first Chamorro woman to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics, but I do not want to be the last!
Being a professor is a demanding job, but the rewards are worth every effort. I am in a highly visible career, where many students of color and women alike see in me that they too can achieve their dreams in the sciences and mathematics. I am a mentor, advisor and a source of support and encouragement to my students. If you love science or mathematics, don't give up and don't give in. Don't give up your natural talents for anybody else and don't give in to anyone or anything that tells you, "College is not for you. A master's degree is not for you. A Ph.D. is not for you. "
What can you do with your math degree? Mathematics will open so many doors of opportunity. It trains you to ask the right questions and gives you the power to find the right answers. This is an important skill in every career and in every science! Start out on the right foot now by getting to know your teachers, and appreciate all that they do. As I reflect on my experiences, I realize it was really their feet that kept those doors open for me all along.
Carlos Castillo-Chavez, PhD
I never thought about becoming a mathematician or a scientist when I was younger. In fact, I had a strong desire to become either an actor or a hotel manager! While in school I worked as a Coke salesman at the 1968 Olympics in my native Mexico City, and in a hotel. As a student I excelled at all subjects; however, after the October 2, 1968 student massacre at Tlatelolco, I lost interest in school. The hope for democracy and change had been destroyed by the military. I immigrated to Wisconsin in 1974 where I held a few non-academic jobs – including a job at a cheese factory – before returning to school. I enrolled at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point (UWSP) in 1975, where I majored in Spanish literature and mathematics, earning my bachelor's degree in 1976. I completed a master's degree in pure mathematics in 1977 at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and in 1984 I completed a Ph.D. in applied mathematics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, under the supervision of Fred Brauer. I taught for a year at the University of Tulsa in Oklahoma(1984-85) before accepting a position as a postdoctoral student in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Cornell University. Simon Levin (now at Princeton University) was my mentor from 1985 to 1988. I joined the faculty at Cornell in 1988 as an assistant professor of biomathematics, was promoted to associate professor in 1991, and to full professor in 1997.I have been very lucky because I have a job where I am interested and am able to work with issues that I find important. Because I want others to be able to have the same opportunities as myself, I co founded (with Herbert Medina) the Mathematical and Theoretical Biology Institute (MTBI) in 1996. MTBI supports and fosters research activities primarily among underrepresented minority undergraduate students. During the regular academic year, MTBI also mentors and supports underrepresented minority undergraduate and graduate students from various universities who are working in the mathematical or statistical sciences. MTBI mentored and trained over 106 minority undergraduate students in the mathematical and statistical sciences from 1996 to 2000. About 47% of these students were enrolled in some of the most selective U.S. graduate programs in these fields in the nation. I received a Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics and Engineering Mentoring in 1997, in part for the work that I have carried out with MTBI.
I currently hold joint appointments in the Departments of Statistics, Biometrics, and Theoretical and Applied Mechanics at Cornell University. I am also a member of the graduate programs of applied mathematics, epidemiology, ecology and evolutionary biology and Latin American studies at Cornell. My research involves the use of dynamical systems, modeling, statistics and computational techniques in the study of theoretical questions that arise in these fields. You may never have heard of a dynamical system, but its main idea has already been covered in your algebra course in high school, the composition of functions. In dynamical systems, we choose a function f and a point a, and follow the computations, a, f(a), f(f(a)), f(f(f(a))), …, forever. For example, if f(x) = x2, then if we start with a real number a, the sequence of numbers generated gets larger and larger if a>1 or a<-1, smaller and smaller if -1<a<1, and stays one if a=±1. This is a dynamical system. Maybe it doesn't look very interesting, but if you let a be a complex number, then beautiful patterns are described. However, I used them mostly to model populations and disease epidemics.
I have carried out specific research on HIV/AIDS, influenza, Chagas' Disease, and tuberculosis. My research is driven by the study of the role of social dynamics (social landscape) on disease evolution. I received a Presidential Faculty Fellowship Award (1992-1997) for my interdisciplinary research and leadership efforts, which included a $500,000 National Science Foundation Grant. My research and education programs have been supported by various funding sources, including the National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, National Security Agency, and the Sloan Foundation. I have published over ninety research articles, edited two volumes and co-authored a textbook on mathematical biology (with Fred Brauer). I was awarded the Profesor Plenario by the Universidad de Belgrano, and named a Catedra Patrimonial by the Institute of Applied Mathematics (IIMAS) at the National University in Mexico (UNAM). In 1999, I was named distinguished alumni by the UW-Stevens Point Alumni Association, and in 2000 I received the QEM Giant in Science Mentoring Award. For a recent interview look at STRIDES.
My job has been extremely rewarding. Thanks to my luck, awards, and hard work, I have been able to give back to those who need it the most. I have learned that education is the key to a better life for an individual, their family, and their community.
Benjamin S. Duran, PhD
I was born in 1939 in Tularosa, New Mexico. My people are known as Chicanos, with four hundred years of heritage in New Mexico. My family was poor and extremely hard working, and I was the third oldest of five children. My siblings and I started working in the cotton fields when we were in grade school, trying to earn money to help our family. Although we were poor, we were rich in family values; the values I grew up with were those of family, community and helping each other.
When I started elementary school, I knew very little English. When I was in public school I had the impression that all teachers were white since that was the situation in our school—there were no role models for Chicanos. However, I was blessed with talent in mathematics and a high school teacher noticed that and pushed me into the more advanced classes in mathematics.
When I graduated from high school I was ready to join the Air Force. But, a friend of my family came to my graduation and offered to buy my books for the first year if I attended the College of Saint Joseph in Albuquerque. He took me there during the summer to see the campus and I decided I would take him up on the offer. This friend taking interest in my education motivated me in ways that are immeasurable.
I was the only one from my family to go to college and my first year of school was very difficult. I was so homesick I almost quit, but my parents considered education to be very important so they encouraged me to continue and pursue my degree.
When I was an undergraduate in college I supported myself by being a janitor for four years. I also had to take out loans to help support my education. Since I had not planned on attending college I did not seek any scholarships as a senior in high school and I did not receive any counseling to that end.
Despite my financial difficulties, I never had any doubt as to what I would study in college: mathematics. During my senior year at the College of Saint Joseph, my mathematics professor suggested that I attend graduate school and study statistics, since he felt that was becoming a very important field of study. He was right. I received a Ph.D. in statistics in 1966 from Colorado State University. As a graduate student I had a research assistantship for one year and a training grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for four years. In graduate school there are more opportunities for support in the form of research/teaching assistantships, fellowships, grants, etc.
What do statisticians do? We are involved in the design of studies for producing meaningful data, analyzing data for useful information, and drawing practical conclusions from data. Statisticians are employed in our government where they are involved in many areas used in forming national policy, such as the census bureau where they design sample surveys. They are also involved in the pharmaceutical industry where they analyze data to determine which drugs are effective and safe before they are dispensed to the public; in the credit card industry where they determine the credit rating of applicants for credit cards; in industry where they are involved in the quality assurance of products; etc. In short, statisticians are employed in many different types of industry, which affect our daily lives.
As a statistician I was involved in public education for 36 years, directing the research of over 50 master's/ Ph.D. students in statistics, and collaborating with researchers in several science and engineering disciplines. I have also worked at the Los Alamos National Laboratory on problems dealing with system reliability, and at the Weapons Laboratory (now Phillips Laboratory) at Kirtland Air Force Base on research related to the development of an outer space discrimination system to defend against a potential nuclear attack, etc. Prior to my retirement from Texas Tech University in 2002, I was elected a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. One of my most important objectives is to promote the education of our minority students and to promote their involvement in today's society. Also, I advise many minority students on educational opportunities.
If you are the first one from your family to pursue a higher education you will be setting a great example for those who are to follow. I was the only one from my family to attend a university but each of my four children has received at least a master's degree. So you see, by pursuing a higher education you impact many others.
Ermelinda DeLaViña, PhD
My Hispanic background is so diverse (including Spanish and Mexican) that sometimes I just describe myself as fifth generation Texan. Although my parents grew up in the small town of Bishop, Texas, they moved to Houston, Texas when I was an infant and that is where I grew up. From the age of seven, I lived in a single-parent household in an inner-city neighborhood called Denver Harbor. I can remember that the middle school that I attended was pretty rough with lots of racial tension. Luckily, I was included in a school program called "Major Works" which encouraged academic excellence. This program helped shield me from some of the negative things happening at school.
Times were hard and my mom had to work two jobs. As the oldest of four children, I had to take care of my younger brother and sisters much of the time. Although it wasn't easy, I can look back and say that growing up in my family taught me to work very hard and to be responsible for myself and others.
My mom always wanted her children to finish high school so that our lives could be easier than hers, but it never occurred to me that I might go on to college. However, when I was in the 9th grade, I had an algebra teacher that inspired me to seriously consider going to college. Mr. John Patronella made me feel smart. He made me believe that I could succeed in college, especially in math. When I brought up the idea of college with my mom, she beamed with pride and supported me all the way.
I consider myself lucky to have had such a wonderful mentor as Mr. Patronella because I didn't feel that I got a lot of support in high school. For example, I remember a high school counselor who tried to discourage me from taking trigonometry and physics. She said, "Oh sweetie, you don't need more math or science. You did all of your math, you did all of your science; you're not going to need that." Not only did I have the desire, but I believed in myself enough to know that I was capable of taking these classes, and I'm glad I did!
After high school, I went to the University of Houston for one semester but being in college was very different than I had imagined. So despite all of the support and encouragement from my mother and Mr. Patronella, getting a job and making money sounded more appealing to me; I dropped out. I moved to South Texas for a job, and it took me about two years of working long hours for not enough money at a small company before I decided to return to school. Fortunately my mother and Mr. Patronella were still very supportive and encouraging. I applied for student grants and loans while attending the University of Texas, Pan American fulltime. With Mr. Patronella's continued mentoring, I decided that I wanted to attend graduate school, so I moved back to Houston. I was nervous about graduate school but promised myself that I would go to University of Houston for at least one semester. It turned out that I enjoyed the challenge of graduate school and research. I earned my Ph.D. in 1997.
My first year in graduate school, I was a research assistant for Dr. Siemion Fajtlowicz and helped to develop a version of his computer program called "Graffiti." Graffiti generates conjectures in math. Similar to a scientific hypothesis, a mathematical conjecture is a math statement that will be either proven true or shown to be false. In middle school and high school, students are usually working with "concrete" math or math that's already proven to be true. Students then learn how to do the problem and verify that the answer is correct. What makes my work fun and interesting is that I am able to work on conjectures, which means that I do know that they are necessarily true. If a conjecture is proven to be true, then it becomes a theorem; if it's proven false, it's usually thrown out and work begins on another mathematical statement.
By living and going to school in Houston and South Texas I was often surrounded by people with a similar cultural background, predominantly Hispanic. Still, at the University of Houston there were very few female or Hispanic graduate students in the math department. Luckily, in the math department, success was based on how hard you worked. Pursuing math and science has been challenging at times, but because I truly
As an associate professor in the Department of Computer and Mathematic Sciences at the University of Houston-Downtown I conduct mathematical research and teach college math. I plan to continue my research activities and teaching, and hope to someday become a full professor. I would also like to write short math books for college level students. My research with the Graffiti program continues as I have developed a similar program called Graffiti.pc. This has provided me many professional opportunities, for example, I was recently invited to be one of the main speakers at an international conference in Canada. A mathematics conference is usually a meeting where mathematicians share and discuss their research.
There are a lot of opportunities for someone with a Ph.D. in mathematics. You can become a professor like me or go into industries such as aerospace, pharmaceuticals, banking and accounting, governmental agencies, and high tech. The website for the Mathematical Association of America provides good information on a variety of careers
Employers are interested in the reasoning abilities and analytical skills of mathematicians. If you enjoy math and think it would be a career path for you, then follow it, embrace the challenge!
Concha Gomez, PhD
Many people who set high goals for themselves and reach them can tell you that a clear objective, determination, and support from loved ones got them were they are. I cannot. I had none of this support early in life. My father did not foster career-oriented aspirations in me because I was a girl, not a boy. He also did not support my decision to go to college later in life. I had a teacher who was excited about mathematics, but she never told me I could become a mathematician, although she did instill a love of math in me early on. Without support early in life, it was hard to set any goals at all, simply because I didn't know I could. In other words, I didn't set many goals because I didn't know I should have any.
As an Italian and Cuban-American girl growing up in the Midwest, it was hard to find mentors, or even friends, who were of a mixed cultural heritage. I left the area as soon as I got out of high school and went to a more diverse area at the University of Wisconsin for college. Madison was a bigger city; it was southern Wisconsin, so it was a little bit more diverse but still wasn't enough for me. I still felt very out of place, and soon I dropped out of college and moved to California, where suddenly the whole world opened up. The process of getting through college at a university seemed nearly impossible early on because of my lack of support from home. My father had encouraged my brothers tremendously and helped them pay their tuition, but he refused to give me a dime. In the end, I was forced to wait until I was in my mid-twenties to be considered financially independent so that I could apply for financial aid with or without my family's help.
It wasn't until I moved all the way to California that I realized how much diversity, or rather a lack of diversity, had affected me growing up. Still in California, however, there were very few women, especially Latina women in the field of mathematics. It did not even occur to me that mathematics was an area I could thrive in until I took a community college calculus course in San Francisco. I got such good grades and seemed to enjoy the work so much that my peers began to enquire about my plans for a four-year university. When I told them I hadn't given college much serious thought, they were astounded. Eventually some older student friends of mine convinced me to give college more serious thought. Finally I was being told, "Of course you can!" instead of "Why would someone like you be interested in that?" Soon I began to look into University of California, Berkeley, and in time, I was accepted to the school.
While my goals and passions in mathematics seemed to be finally coming into clear view, I still didn't have many mentors in the field encouraging me to thrive. Eventually I managed to put myself through college and graduate school at Berkeley as a mathematics major by working and going to school full time. I had this goal when I got into graduate school that it didn't matter if I got my Ph.D. What mattered was that I learned as much as I could. I would only set these small goals for myself, not knowing how far I could take anything. Simply getting a B average was a goal, and then I got all A's. By setting these small goals, I eventually was able to overcome the large obstacles set before me.
Now I am a faculty associate at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where I get to teach other students and run a program called the Wisconsin Emerging Scholars program. The program is supposed to increase the number of minority students in science and engineering by having them in intensive calculus discussion sections, similar to honors classes. I have come full circle back to the area in which I grew up, to the first university I attended and then left. It's interesting because not a lot has changed. People still assume the ethnic norm to be Caucasian, and students of color often get marginalized and placed in the category of "other."
Part of my job is to try and bridge existing gaps so that students don't get left behind or not offered important opportunities to help them thrive. My experience growing up here and my education living in California help me bring together two worlds here. My favorite part of being a mathematician and teacher is working with students. I love it when I get to talk to a student outside of the classroom and find out their individual stories. I think it is important for me to offer mentorship because it is something I never had. It is part of my goal to offer support to students who may not have it and help define objectives that may not yet have been offered, so all they need is determination to carry them the rest of the way.
Cleopatria Martinez, PhD
I am Mexican-American, and I was born in Las Vegas, New Mexico. All of my relatives are from New Mexico–my family has been there since the beginning, from before the border was changed so that New Mexico was no longer a part of Mexico, but a part of the United States. In this sense, I have always been "American". I grew up in Denver, Colorado in the housing projects. I have a brother and a sister who are both younger than I. My family received welfare and always lived far below the poverty level.
My brother, sister, and I were raised solely by my mother. Sometimes my mother would work outside the home, so we had a great deal of responsibility. I was the oldest, and I had to make sure that everyone did their chores and their homework. I did my homework without any help, since my mother had only a third grade education. Sometimes she would relieve me of some of my chores so that I could do extra homework. In this way she showed me how much she valued education.
I attended Smedley Elementary School, Horace Mann Junior High School, and North High School, all in Denver. When I was growing up, we faced serious obstacles like poverty and discrimination. I was always aware of the notion that Mexican-Americans were not able to reach certain levels of success. I had a dream when I was small that I would be a brain surgeon and that I would discover something fabulous. However, that was one of those dreams that was crushed by the very subtle yet pervasive message that people who looked like me could not achieve this. Every year, my public school teachers would share statistical information with our class showing that kids with all of my characteristics, such as being on welfare, coming from a single-parent home with an income below the poverty level, and living in the housing projects, were likely to fail. A chart in the classroom showed different incomes for different families, and I found out that the income for my family was so low that it was off the chart. I thought that if people were that poor, they wouldn't even be able to live. I laughed to myself because it was my goal at that time to reach the poverty line.
I felt invisible in school, but I wanted to succeed. There was no way I was going to inherit money or a job, so I knew I had to be a good student. I thought that English class was really unmanageable, because I never knew what the teacher expected and in history class, we never talked about people that I felt I could relate to. Out of all the different subjects in school, I liked mathematics the best. With mathematics, I found that if I followed the rules, I would get the right answer. It didn't matter what the teacher thought, because there was only one answer that was right. I stopped listening to remarks that were negative. I just kept on going with my education. I decided that when I hit that brick wall, I'd hit that brick wall and let the wall stop me, rather than just stopping myself before I'd even tried. I graduated from high school, I was sixth in my class. After high school, I started college at the University of Denver as a mathematics major. I did very well in this program, and I went on to the University of Colorado, Boulder for my master's degree.
After I had finished my master's degree, I still wanted to get a Ph.D. Considering the discrimination I had faced, everything else seemed easy. When I went to college, I knew I had to work twice as hard as anybody else just to prove that I had equal abilities. This made me a very hard worker, and an extremely persistent individual. I earned my Ph.D. at the University of Colorado, Boulder. My current title is professor of mathematics at Phoenix College, which is part of the ten college system of Maricopa County Community Colleges. I teach mathematics from arithmetic to calculus and differential equations. From my experiences I have learned that if you have a dream, God has given you the ability to make that dream come true. If someone tells you differently, they are absolutely wrong.
Javier Rojo, PhD
My mother is from the little mining town of Jerome, Arizona and my father is from Rosales, Chihuahua, Mexico. I have four sisters, one older than me, three younger than me. I grew up in Juarez, Mexico which is right on the border. My culture derived mostly from Mexican values, because I had a lot of family around me. However, I was greatly influenced by U.S. culture, since the two countries are only separated by a river. As time went on, I was more exposed to U.S. culture, and during my graduate school years, Mexican-American culture made an impact on my life. I think my experience in coming from a more Mexican cultural environment has allowed me to understand that some of the perceived differences between Mexicans and Mexican-Americans are not really there at all, and that we come from the same origin and have much in common.
My parents constantly encouraged me when I was growing up, so I always thought I could do anything I set my mind to. My parents never finished grade school, and my father by profession was a barber. Financially, it was sometimes difficult with five children in the house, so I started working while I was in high school to help pay for some of my expenses. I worked as a painter, a railway worker, and a gas station attendant. I also spent a lot of time playing sports.
I was always good at mathematics, and I decided to go to college right after high school. I attended the University of Texas at El Paso where I earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics. I attended Stanford University for my master's degree in statistics, and earned my Ph.D. in statistics from University of California, Berkeley. I am currently Professor of Mathematics at the University of Texas, El Paso. There are two very different aspects to my job. One is teaching, which I enjoy very much. I always want to know about the new ways that young people see the world. As a teacher, I have the ability to affect their lives, and they also affect mine. The second part of my job is research. I especially enjoy working with undergraduates and graduate students on research projects. Students sometimes need some college level work before they have the background to do research. But there are many opportunities for a student to get involved if this is what they would like to do.
With statistics, people have the ability to impact policy decisions by interacting with public health officials and government agencies to better understand some of the problems in society. Statistical techniques are used in designing studies in clinical research, air pollution control, quality of manufactured products, and other areas such as engineering, physics and chemistry, and the creation of new materials. So I do not only work with other mathematicians and statisticians, but people who do many different kinds of important work. This is one of the best things about my job.
Right now I am working with the National Parks Service, looking at pollution data, specifically to try to see if the Clean Air Act passed twenty years ago is helping to keep the air clean in national parks. We have been trying to find out if the situation has gotten better, worse, or if it has stayed the same. The problem is complicated because the pollution in the national parks does not come from the parks themselves, but comes from the surrounding cities. I work with people in materials science (metallurgy) and we look at the properties of these materials in terms of corrosion properties, strength, and other qualities. I am also working on a problem which has to do with mapping certain genes in the human genome and trying to find out where they are, and whether a particular gene has an impact on any specific physical characteristic of a person. We are trying to tell from these genes whether a person has a chance of getting a certain disease in their lifetime.
I think statistics has potential use in any area of investigation. For students who are interested not only in mathematics, but have diverse interests in the other sciences, statistics could be the area which would give them the opportunity to interact in a wide range of scientific fields. My career objectives at this point are to become the best researcher that I possibly can, and to have a positive impact on as many minority students as I can. The best way I have found to meet my goals is to pursue them with hard work and perseverance.
Guadalupe Lozano, PhD
The paths of life are not always straight or unobstructed, but when we have a purpose anchored in passion, we can always make the best of our circumstances. We can choose our outlook in whatever surrounds us, and this is key for getting where we want to be in life. I believe that drive results from passion and perseverance. And I believe that mathematics can spur us all to discover our passions, by tapping deep into our creative roots.
I was born in Rosario, Argentina, the cradle of a Latin culture pervasively infused with European traits, a country tethered by glaciers, jungle, desert, and sea. My background is part native, part Italian, part Swiss, and part Spanish. I am proud to be a Latina woman, but I don't feel my heritage defines me exclusively. Since I grew up in South America, I never saw myself as an ethnic minority. I was also surrounded by both strong men and women, and this made me little aware of gender stereotypes.
My parents were both first-generation college graduates: my father was a hand surgeon, and my mother a biology researcher and university professor. They inspired both my younger sister and me by encouraging us to discover and pursue that which we had a passion for.
My father passed away in a car accident when he was just 41 years old. I was nine. Though physically absent, he lived through my sister and I, as my grandfather used to say. And he certainly lived in the stories and memories of the many who knew and loved him. During his life, my father had a joyous bohemian spirit. In the hospital ward he would sing to the lepers he treated, inspiring them while restoring functionality to their hands and feet. After his death, my mother remained a strong and steadfast spirit. Always focused on the positive, she led and inspired us even through the most difficult time of her life.
Throughout my life, my analytical mind has always craved worthy challenges. This is why I went to a math and science intensive high school, the Instituto Politecnico Superior General San Martin, an institution also known as "El Poli" to its many alumni. There, my passion for mathematics began to develop. Surrounded by a majority of male peers, I enjoyed subjects like chemistry, drafting, and material sciences while learning, literally, to make nuts and bolts in the old workshop lathes. El Poli taught me practical skills such as carpentry, soldering, blacksmithing, and even masonry. In my senior year, my search for a balance between theory and applications led me to specialize in construction. I loved creating floor plans, blueprints, and performing engineering calculations.
While still in high school, I came to the U.S. on a cultural exchange for a semester with an organization called Youth for Understanding (www.yfu.org). This was a great experience from many angles. I attended an American high school in Spokane, Washington, and had a fantastic host family who would later influence my return to America. Once back in Argentina, I finished high school and took the summer to think about my future. My love for math and science had grown strong, yet these subjects had almost been my exclusive focus during high school. I felt I wanted to explore something new. I considered a variety of fields: medicine, economics, engineering, architecture, and even law.
After reading my parents' anatomy books, I realized I was not terribly moved by the prospect of memorizing such detailed information about our human body. So, I opted to start a career in economics and accounting. I really enjoyed taking classes in marketing, and civic and commercial law. These subjects enriched me, adding much-needed breadth to my high school experience. But when I began working in an accounting office, it became clear to me that the scientific creativity I had experienced in high school had no equivalent in the accounting field, and so I returned to mathematics.
Mathematics is a field where the creative mind can be unleashed to blossom while extending and reshaping the work of other creative minds. A student of mine, who is a full-time artist, once reflected: "Doing mathematics is like shaping clay into a piece of art. You problem-solve until you achieve the shape you envision, or something even better." The fulfillment that stems from a finished piece of mathematics can indeed be just as personally engrossing as the work born of the artist's hand. Unfortunately, the beauty of mathematics and its creative power often remains hidden to those who are only exposed to the artifacts of the discipline. Mathematics is more a way of thinking, than a collection of facts, rules, and skills. It is the art of essentializing, to unveil structure.
After completing a year and a half of mathematics studies at the Universidad Nacional de Rosario, I transferred to Whitworth University in Spokane, Washington, where I had earned an international scholarship. There, with the unwavering support of my USA host family and many of my Whitworth professors, I quickly earned my bachelor's of science in mathematics.
Both my parents had university degrees, so I always thought I would earn a graduate degree as well. I moved to Arizona and started the PhD program in mathematics at the University of Arizona in Tucson. There I was surprised to notice a gap between the mathematics I knew and the mathematics I was expected to know. I had always led my peers when it came to mathematics, yet now somehow the tables had turned. It was an exciting yet an unsettling time.
I have always surrounded myself with people with forward-looking vision and a positive outlook. Such individuals are great assets in challenging times. A good friend of mine, now himself a mathematician, would often remind me that focusing on the math I loved was far wiser for graduate school success than fretting about: "Just do your best and enjoy the math you love!" The advice I sought from my math professors seemed to echo my friend's words: "Having to catch up is normal, don't get discouraged!" So, I dropped some classes and took others that were still challenging but more manageable. And so I got through my first year of grad school.
Some of my peers ended up leaving the program. Stepping away from a mathematics PhD program is not always a bad thing. Leaving because you decide math is not what you want to do is fine. But leaving because all of a sudden you feel defeated can be an issue. The sour flavor of feeling one has fallen short sticks to you no matter what, and may later undermine other successes. So my advice is: know what you like, and leverage the opportunities to pursue it. I focused on my love for mathematics and immersed myself in the field.
Early in my graduate career I discovered groups and fell in love with Galois theory. But later, a summer reading introduced me to symplectic and Poisson geometry, and this plucked just the right chord in me. So I became a geometer. I chose a problem that straddled both theoretical and applied mathematics and earned a PhD in mathematics specializing in Poisson geometry of dynamical systems.
After postdoctoral time at the University of Michigan and the University of New Mexico, my husband and I have returned to his hometown of Tucson. I am now Director of Development and Evaluation at the School of Mathematical Sciences at the University of Arizona, and my current academic work focuses primarily of mathematics education.
In addition to being a mathematician, I also enjoy many hobbies: operating a ham radio, spinning, dancing salsa, and pottery. I still enjoy carpentry a skill I have drawn upon while remodeling two houses. Today, I am also the wife of a driven entrepreneur and the mother of two young boys.
I have found that in life, the important thing is to understand what motivates you. Do you want to make money? Do you want to be well known? Or do you want to do something you have a passion for and use it to make a difference? Having that clear is important for approaching whatever you might choose to do in life. I have always done the things I love. I feel privileged to have had this choice, and I wouldn't change a thing.
Omayra Ortega, PhD
I was born in Far Rockaway, Queens, to hardworking parents: my father was a building superintendent and my mother was a flight attendant. They were both born in Panama but met in New York City. My parents and my two older brothers were always very supportive of my dreams, even though they didn't always understand why I was constantly studying!
Math was a lifelong friend that made sense to me. From kindergarten to sixth grade, I was a fixture in my elementary school's computer club. A good student who wasn't always challenged in school, a social studies teacher nominated me for Prep for Prep, a program that supports promising students of color in New York City schools.
As a result of my time spent in Prep for Prep, I was later admitted on a full scholarship to Milton Academy, a boarding school in Massachusetts. Unlike my time in New York City, I was very aware that I was one of a handful of students of color in the school. Still, I was always proud and happy with my uniqueness. This confidence would be a great asset later on.
After high school I went to Pomona College in Claremont, California, where I commenced party mode! During my freshman year I was suspended after failing two classes and sustaining a whopping 2.0 GPA. Finally, it was time to relearn the value of hard work and discipline. I went to De Anza Junior College in Cupertino, California, where I got serious with my studies. I took on a full-time job at a bagel store that opened at 3 a.m. I would work until noon and then head to class where I took a double full load. For the first time in my life, I got straight As! Community colleges are a terrific way to get an education at an affordable price, if you are motivated to study and work hard.
My experience at the community college was an important boost to my confidence, and I decided to return to my math and music double-major at Pomona College. Unfortunately, the dean was not sure I could handle it. In addition, I was the only person of color and the only woman math major. My mentors advocated for me strongly and I was reaccepted.
That summer was a critical for me. I considered moving to Las Vegas and becoming a lounge singer. My mentor, Erica Flapan, was completely shocked. She recommended I teach summer school math classes at the Center for Talented Youth. If not for her, I might have left the field of mathematics entirely!
Dr. Ami Radunskaya and Dr. Rick Elderkin at Pomona encouraged me to apply to a Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) program. I was chosen to participate in the Mathematical and Theoretical Biology Institute (MTBI) program.
At last, I was on the right track. It was like a sleepaway camp for nerds where I got paid to study! No more waking up at 3 a.m. to bake bagels. I was now learning the secrets of higher mathematics and loving it. We studied linear algebra, ordinary and partial differential equations, and stochastic processes—all which would one day be put to great use in my research.
I graduated with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and attended the Enhancing Diversity in Graduate Education (EDGE) summer program before attending the University of Iowa for my PhD. Studying for a doctorate is the start of a long and arduous path that has many rough spots—where you can easily get discouraged and drop out. But this is true of all the great and difficult things life has to offer. There were many times when I doubted myself and just wanted to quit with my master's. It would have been so much easier to go home and throw parties for a living. And then, I considered that life.
I realized that I would most likely burn out before I reached middle age, and then what? But you can be a mathematics professor your entire life and get paid to study creative ideas! Becoming a professor is also a great tool for social mobility. My father would say, "Don't worry about the boys right now, just worry about your education. Whatever you want to do, we will support you!"
Preparation in the EDGE program helped me during my early years in grad school and later when I took and passed my comprehensive exams. This helped me gain a lot of confidence. I thought, "Now all I have to do is write a really long paper to get my PhD!"
And that is exactly what I did. This was an incredible challenge for me. Although I have always enjoyed creative writing, this level of technical writing at this length seemed tedious. At times I had no idea if I could even answer my own questions.
At long last I received a PhD in applied mathematics and computational sciences from the University of Iowa. My dissertation in the field of mathematical epidemiology evaluated and predicted the growth of rotavirus infection at the population level. Today, I still continue with this research. I am also an assistant professor of applied mathematics at Arizona State University where I teach a variety of courses, such as calculus, probability, and proof writing.
In my spare time I train in capoiera (cap-oh-way-rah), a Brazilian martial art that combines self-defense, dancing, music, and acrobatics all in one! It is a great way to develop focus and discipline—all the skills necessary to succeed in mathematics.
Being great in mathematics is like anything else—you need lots of practice. If you think you love math, then stick with it and keep trying. If you ever get discouraged, then try a different type of math or find new people to study math with. Get to know as many people as possible. Look for better mentors. Network and find a good community with as many supportive programs as possible.
Right now there is a shortage of American mathematicians. But there is a great deal of money for people to study in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Part of the reason I have my PhD is bribery. "Oh, you would pay for me to go to grad school? OK! I'm happy to take your money!" So much of what happened to me was just serendipity. I happened to see this poster. I happened to meet this critical mentor. I happened to have been recommended. But it is our responsibility to make those chances happen. | {
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What do you get when you combine two teenage slackers, one skateboard, one large cardboard box, and one long, steep hill? You get the hottest extreme sport ... boxboarding!
TY (James Immekus "The Caretaker," TV's "Without a Trace") and JAMES (Austin Basis "American Zombie," "My Sassy Girl") are ordinary teenagers who thought it would be fun to put a box on top of a skateboard, get into the box, then ride the box down a steep slope ... Stupid, right?
Stupid enough to be the next big craze, and all the popular kids want a part of it! However, the boys are ill equipped to handle their newfound popularity, and the attention from the beautiful girls threatens Ty's budding relationship with the cute but shy STEPHANIE (Michelle Alexis). And while Ty and James created boxboarding for the sheer thrill of it, Ty's nemesis, the popular and good-looking ALEX (Mitch Eakins "Glory Road," "Tunnel Rats") sees the financial potential in this new extreme sport. Alex challenges Ty to a winner-takes-all race, which you have to see to believe! | {
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Future Environmental Threats, let's see…….
By Shams April 1, 2008 Environment25 potential future threats to the environment, alternative energy source, biofuel, corn production, genetically engineered virus, invasive red fox, Newscientist, sustainable development, Vulpes vulpes
Red Fox was introduced in Australia from Europe in 1855 for recreational purposes – mainly for hunting. Its scientific name is Vulpes vulpes. But what happened afterwards is that, it turned to a predator. Predator of native animals and livestocks – an invasive species!!
Scientists in Australia have developed a virus to control the red fox – genetically engineered virus. The virus will infect and sterilise the fox. It is yet to release into the wild. But does this novelty means a solution or points to a potential future threats to the environment if it spreads beyond the target population. This could be a B-I-G question. Whatever it is, Newscientist puts it in the list of future environmental threats – one point among the 25 potential threats to our environment in future.
Last year corn production was amazingly high. Reason? – Biofuel. It's an alternative energy source. But this has caused a rise in food price and more and more farmers have joined the caravan for corn production. Obviously it brings more money than traditional crops. But who will bear the consequences – it's the mass population. It is not happening right at the moment but if this trend goes on, it will hit the local food supply. It's another point in the list.
What about marine ecosystem. Offshore wind and wave power generation can be a future environmental threat as well. Artificial intelligence, the biomimetic robots, can be a potential threat and might eventually being categorized as invasive species like the red fox. Biomimetic robots means robots that look alike animals such as humans or insects or any other animals, and having sensory 'organs' (of course artificial). These could have a far-reaching impact on humans and on the whole ecosystem in general.
But whatever concerns, research should not stop due to fear of future threats, rather research should include it as part of the work. May be we really don't need robots in our everyday life. Earth is becoming full of human species. There is enough work force available. Leaving this potential work force behind and looking for an artificial alternative can not be the outcome of superior human intelligence. In some cases, where it is extremely dangerous, like in some industrial units, deep sea research or in space missions robots are welcome. But do we need a robot to wash our dishes. We have to think solid and precise. Not everything is a fun. We can do this or that, does not mean we should.
A "sustainlable development" is probably the best answer of any future changes in our mentality and behaviour. But we need to explore this field more extensively alongside the scientific developments. That will be a green chapter in the book together with all the developments we have achieved so far and are going to achieve.
A biomimetic robot: a Fish
image source: Reynard the Fox: Wikipedia
Marine Fishing: bottom trawling and by-catch
Who says they can't – , | {
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Q: How can I show variable numbers of items in the nested RecyclerView of another RecyclerView? So, think categories with differing numbers of items in each. Right now I'm using two RecyclerViews, one nested inside the other, each with its own adapter. The first displays each instance of the category (e.g. days) and an instance of the second adapter. The second adapter displays items that ideally want to fall under the first category (e.g minutes, seconds).
The issue is that since each time a list item is created and passed, the first RecyclerView populates with the aggregated items from the second. This makes sense because the second is still adding each time the list updates.
How can I control the second RecyclerView's number of displayed items? Ideally, I want them to be malleable, i.e. each "Day" item in the first can have as many or as few "minute" entries in the second. The adapter codes are below. Thanks!
First Adapter:
>
public ViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(@NonNull ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {
Context context = parent.getContext();
LayoutInflater inflater = LayoutInflater.from(context);
View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.recycler_rows, parent, false);
ViewHolder viewHolder = new ViewHolder(view);
return viewHolder;
> public void onBindViewHolder(@NonNull RemindersAdapter.ViewHolder holder, int position) {
holder.recyclerTwo.setLayoutManager(new LinearLayoutManager(mContext, LinearLayoutManager.VERTICAL, false));
holder.month.setText(reminderList.get(position).getMonth());
subAdapter = new SubAdapter(reminderList, mContext);
holder.recyclerTwo.setAdapter(subAdapter);
}
Second Adapter:
> public SubAdapter.ViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(@NonNull ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {
Context context = parent.getContext();
LayoutInflater inflater = LayoutInflater.from(context);
View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.sub_rows, parent, false);
ViewHolder viewHolder = new ViewHolder(view);
return viewHolder; }
> @Override
public void onBindViewHolder(@NonNull SubAdapter.ViewHolder holder, int position) {
holder.hour.setText(reminderList.get(position).getHour());
holder.content.setText(reminderList.get(position).getContent());
}
A: Just return a different number from getItemCount() in your second adapter. There's nothing special about the nested case that should break this.
It looks like your problem may be that you're passing the same list into every SubAdapter:
subAdapter = new SubAdapter(reminderList, mContext);
You probably meant to be passing only the sub-items in.
| {
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Myths Debunked
A recent study from scientists at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri, has discovered data that relates Parkinson's disease to exposure to fumes from welding rods. Scientific studies have related Parkinson's disease to welding in the past through exposure to manganese in the welding rods and materials have sometimes referred to this welders' illness as manganese poisoning or manganism. The Washington University study states that the conditions experienced by welders are not two different illnesses, but are in fact both Parkinson's disease.
Both scientists and manufacturers of welding rods have known that there was a higher incidence of Parkinson's disease and asthma among welders and other individuals exposed to manganese and other dangerous elements contained in welding rods. The manufacturers, however, failed to adequately warn of these ill effects, and for years, have failed to instruct employers of welders on how they can keep their workers safe. It is likely that the average welder never knew the danger that lingered even after the job was done.
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© Copyright 2009-2015 - The Law Offices of Alfred Buchta, LLC & Altrumedia, LLC. All Rights Reserved. | {
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Q: dismissViewControllerAnimated not passing back data to vc1 I have vc1 and vc2. I need vc2 to set a vc1's variable when vc2 is dismissed.
This is relevant code in vc1.h
- (IBAction)btnclick:(id)sender;
@property (strong, nonatomic) NSString *mystr;
This is relevant code in vc1.m
- (IBAction)btnclick:(id)sender {
UIStoryboard * storyboard = self.storyboard;
NSString * storyboardName = [storyboard valueForKey:@"name"];
//In storyboard I named vc2 "ctrl2" as identifier
ViewController2 *temp =
[[UIStoryboard storyboardWithName:storyboardName bundle:nil] instantiateViewControllerWithIdentifier:@"ctrl2"];
[self presentViewController:temp animated:YES completion:NULL];
}
- (void)viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated{
NSLog(@"In viewWillAppear mystr is %@", self.mystr);
}
- (void)viewDidLoad{
[super viewDidLoad];
NSLog(@"my str is %@", self.mystr);
}
This is relevant code in vc2.h
@class ViewController;
- (IBAction)btnclkd:(id)sender;
@property(nonatomic, weak)ViewController *vc1Obj;
This is relevant code in vc2.m
- (IBAction)btnclkd:(id)sender {
self.vc1Obj.mystr = @"test";
NSLog(@"setting mystr from v2");
[self.presentingViewController dismissViewControllerAnimated:YES completion:nil];
}
viewDidLoad in vc1 dont get triggered when vc2 is dismessed. So I have tried to log both in viewDidAppear and viewWillAppear.
In both case, mystr is ALWAYS null. What am I doing wrong?
A: It looks to me as though you are never setting the vc2.vc1Obj.
My recommendation would be that in vc1's - (IBAction)btnclick:(id)sender; you do this:
- (IBAction)btnclick:(id)sender
{
// in storyboard I named vc2 "ctrl2" as identifier
ViewController2 *temp = [self.storyboard instantiateViewControllerWithIdentifier:@"ctrl2"];
temp.vc1Obj = self;
[self presentViewController:temp animated:YES completion:NULL];
}
| {
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After forensic testing, the Washington D.C. Museum of the Bible discovered that its five "Dead Sea Scrolls" — allegedly ancient relics of early religious scriptures — are actually fake. Fragments of the scrolls stored at the museum were tested by German-based scholars who found out that they show characteristics inconsistent with ancient origin. As a result, the scrolls will no longer be displayed at the museum.
Last year, before the museum was even opened, some scholars suspected that the scrolls are expensive forgeries, suggesting that more than 70 Dead Sea Scroll fragments have surfaced on the antiquities market since 2002, and that ninety percent of those are fake. On the other hand, Steve Green, founder and chairman of the museum, stated that the Dead Sea Scrolls are an important part of the Bible's story and that they testify to the reliability of the Bible, to scripture's timeless truths. It looks like these new studies resolved the dilemma and showed that the Scrolls are one of the most significant shams in biblical archeology since the "Gospel of Jesus' Wife," a fiasco that hoodwinked a Harvard scholar and made worldwide news in 2012.
Owners of the Museum of the Bible, the Green family of the Hobby Lobby chain of craft stores, already had problems with their reputation when they "accidentally" smuggled valuable ancient artifacts from Iraq. As for the scrolls, they were obligated to perform forensics and other necessary testing before displaying artifacts, but they bought and displayed these artifacts without doing their due diligence. The Greens were buying too many artifacts too quickly, without being sure exactly where they came from, or who had owned them in the past. Instead it seems their focus was counting the amount of money they could make from interested patrons.
Those who collect artifacts motivated by faith should be very careful with antiquities dealers eager to take advantage of their interest in supposedly ancient scraps of scripture. As Patheos reports, the nature of religious belief leaves adherents vulnerable to frauds like this because they are taught that miracles are commonplace and that they shouldn't ask critical questions about them. The stories of ancient secrets confined in scrolls or archaic statues are too promising for some scammers to resist.
Hey Buddy!, I found this information for you: ""Dead Sea Scrolls" Are Fake, Bible Museum says". Here is the website link: http://dailyatheist.net/index.php/5757/. Thank you. | {
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Ok when I run scene editor it doesn't show and it's not on screen anywhere or behind. It runs as a master plugin. If I remove my configs it appears again. Does anyone know what I need to edit within my configs to get it back? | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
GEEKSNDFASHION: BERLIN: Shake the World.
– it took me about less than a millisecond (if that is even possible?!) to say yes.
Shake the World is about creating energy and positive vibe around the goals.
is about collaborating, spreading positive stories and ending poverty together.
It's really each and everyone of us who can help with as little or as much as possible.
truly belongs to my heart. Choose your bracelet now. There are eight different colors available.
lovely followers, my friends and my family to wear at least one of these bracelets. It's for a good cause.
And even more important - It's definitely time to shake the world. Let's do it!!
Great post, great pictures and even greater vibe you spread through your passionate style of writing.
Thanks for shaking the world with us and being part of our movement.
Blessed to know somebody like you.
we are very proud that you are starting to shake the world now. Keep on shaking; you can rely on our support. You chose wonderful colours of the bracelets you are wearing. A great project really. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Pisarzewszczyzna (biał. Пісараўшчына, ros. Писаревщина) – wieś na Białorusi, w obwodzie mińskim, w rejonie mołodeczańskim, w sielsowiecie Miasota.
Przynależność państwowa i administracyjna
? - 1917 , gubernia wileńska, powiat wilejski
1917 - 1919
1919 - 1920 , Zarząd Cywilny Ziem Wschodnich, okręg wileński
1920
1920 - 1945
województwo:
nowogródzkie (1921 - 1922)
Ziemia Wileńska (1922 - 1926)
wileńskie (od 1926)
powiat:
wilejski (1920 - 1927)
mołodeczański (od 1927)
1945 - 1991 , Białoruska SRR
od 1991
Uwagi
Przypisy
Bibliografia
Pisarzewszczyzna na mapie WIG
Wsie w rejonie mołodeckim | {
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} |
Sewage and environmental impacts on rocky shores: Necessity of identifying relevant spatial scales
M. J. Bishop*, A. J. Underwood, P. Archambault
The concentration of contaminants usually decreases with increasing distance from a point-source disturbance, so sampling to detect ecological impacts is usually done at 1 spatial scale, often at regular intervals from the point of discharge. There is, however, concern that the choice of an inappropriate scale will cause failure to detect impacts or failure to identify and estimate the size of impacts. In this study, the putative impact of a shoreline sewage outfall on the abundance of green ephemeral algae and gastropods was sampled at 2 spatial scales (tens of metres and several kilometres from the point of discharge) in order to determine whether the ecological impact of effluent was comparable across these, as would be expected if the abundance of species follows the gradient of contaminants. Such sampling also enabled the putative impact of this outfall on the spatial variability of taxa to be examined at 3 spatial scales: (1) among quadrats in the site with the outfall compared to variance among quadrats in other sites on the shore with the outfall; (2) among quadrats in non-outfall sites on the shore with the outfall compared with variance among quadrats in sites on control shores; (3) between non-outfall sites on the shore with the outfall in comparison to among sites on the control shores. A greater abundance of Enteromorpha spp. was found close to the outfall than further away at both spatial scales. Patterns in the abundance of many other taxa differed between the 2 spatial scales of sampling. The density of the limpet Patelloida latistrigata was much greater close to than far from the outfall, when considered on a large spatial scale. At the smaller scale among sites on a single shore, the impact was completely reversed - densities were much smaller close to than away from the outfall. Variances like abundances, did not always follow the gradient of contaminants and different patterns were often seen at different spatial scales. Thus, putative impacts should be sampled on multiple spatial scales using nested sampling designs. Where this is not possible, the spatial scale at which an impact might be detected or interpreted needs to be clearly stated because the generalisation that a disturbance has a similar impact at all spatial scales relevant to the population being studied cannot be made without explicit tests.
Marine Ecology Progress Series
Contaminant
Ecological impact
Point-source disturbance
Sewage outfall
Spatial scale
Dive into the research topics of 'Sewage and environmental impacts on rocky shores: Necessity of identifying relevant spatial scales'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
rocky shore Earth & Environmental Sciences 100%
sewage Agriculture & Biology 92%
environmental impact Agriculture & Biology 77%
sampling Earth & Environmental Sciences 35%
ecological impact Earth & Environmental Sciences 35%
pollutant Earth & Environmental Sciences 28%
limpets Agriculture & Biology 26%
shorelines Agriculture & Biology 25%
Bishop, M. J., Underwood, A. J., & Archambault, P. (2002). Sewage and environmental impacts on rocky shores: Necessity of identifying relevant spatial scales. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 236, 121-128.
Bishop, M. J. ; Underwood, A. J. ; Archambault, P. / Sewage and environmental impacts on rocky shores : Necessity of identifying relevant spatial scales. In: Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2002 ; Vol. 236. pp. 121-128.
@article{0404dfe11a6d4eb6bb4cccc52434ad31,
title = "Sewage and environmental impacts on rocky shores: Necessity of identifying relevant spatial scales",
abstract = "The concentration of contaminants usually decreases with increasing distance from a point-source disturbance, so sampling to detect ecological impacts is usually done at 1 spatial scale, often at regular intervals from the point of discharge. There is, however, concern that the choice of an inappropriate scale will cause failure to detect impacts or failure to identify and estimate the size of impacts. In this study, the putative impact of a shoreline sewage outfall on the abundance of green ephemeral algae and gastropods was sampled at 2 spatial scales (tens of metres and several kilometres from the point of discharge) in order to determine whether the ecological impact of effluent was comparable across these, as would be expected if the abundance of species follows the gradient of contaminants. Such sampling also enabled the putative impact of this outfall on the spatial variability of taxa to be examined at 3 spatial scales: (1) among quadrats in the site with the outfall compared to variance among quadrats in other sites on the shore with the outfall; (2) among quadrats in non-outfall sites on the shore with the outfall compared with variance among quadrats in sites on control shores; (3) between non-outfall sites on the shore with the outfall in comparison to among sites on the control shores. A greater abundance of Enteromorpha spp. was found close to the outfall than further away at both spatial scales. Patterns in the abundance of many other taxa differed between the 2 spatial scales of sampling. The density of the limpet Patelloida latistrigata was much greater close to than far from the outfall, when considered on a large spatial scale. At the smaller scale among sites on a single shore, the impact was completely reversed - densities were much smaller close to than away from the outfall. Variances like abundances, did not always follow the gradient of contaminants and different patterns were often seen at different spatial scales. Thus, putative impacts should be sampled on multiple spatial scales using nested sampling designs. Where this is not possible, the spatial scale at which an impact might be detected or interpreted needs to be clearly stated because the generalisation that a disturbance has a similar impact at all spatial scales relevant to the population being studied cannot be made without explicit tests.",
keywords = "Abundance, Contaminant, Ecological impact, Gradient, Point-source disturbance, Sewage outfall, Spatial scale, Variance",
author = "Bishop, {M. J.} and Underwood, {A. J.} and P. Archambault",
journal = "Marine Ecology Progress Series",
Bishop, MJ, Underwood, AJ & Archambault, P 2002, 'Sewage and environmental impacts on rocky shores: Necessity of identifying relevant spatial scales', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 236, pp. 121-128.
Sewage and environmental impacts on rocky shores : Necessity of identifying relevant spatial scales. / Bishop, M. J.; Underwood, A. J.; Archambault, P.
In: Marine Ecology Progress Series, Vol. 236, 03.07.2002, p. 121-128.
T1 - Sewage and environmental impacts on rocky shores
T2 - Necessity of identifying relevant spatial scales
AU - Bishop, M. J.
AU - Underwood, A. J.
AU - Archambault, P.
N2 - The concentration of contaminants usually decreases with increasing distance from a point-source disturbance, so sampling to detect ecological impacts is usually done at 1 spatial scale, often at regular intervals from the point of discharge. There is, however, concern that the choice of an inappropriate scale will cause failure to detect impacts or failure to identify and estimate the size of impacts. In this study, the putative impact of a shoreline sewage outfall on the abundance of green ephemeral algae and gastropods was sampled at 2 spatial scales (tens of metres and several kilometres from the point of discharge) in order to determine whether the ecological impact of effluent was comparable across these, as would be expected if the abundance of species follows the gradient of contaminants. Such sampling also enabled the putative impact of this outfall on the spatial variability of taxa to be examined at 3 spatial scales: (1) among quadrats in the site with the outfall compared to variance among quadrats in other sites on the shore with the outfall; (2) among quadrats in non-outfall sites on the shore with the outfall compared with variance among quadrats in sites on control shores; (3) between non-outfall sites on the shore with the outfall in comparison to among sites on the control shores. A greater abundance of Enteromorpha spp. was found close to the outfall than further away at both spatial scales. Patterns in the abundance of many other taxa differed between the 2 spatial scales of sampling. The density of the limpet Patelloida latistrigata was much greater close to than far from the outfall, when considered on a large spatial scale. At the smaller scale among sites on a single shore, the impact was completely reversed - densities were much smaller close to than away from the outfall. Variances like abundances, did not always follow the gradient of contaminants and different patterns were often seen at different spatial scales. Thus, putative impacts should be sampled on multiple spatial scales using nested sampling designs. Where this is not possible, the spatial scale at which an impact might be detected or interpreted needs to be clearly stated because the generalisation that a disturbance has a similar impact at all spatial scales relevant to the population being studied cannot be made without explicit tests.
AB - The concentration of contaminants usually decreases with increasing distance from a point-source disturbance, so sampling to detect ecological impacts is usually done at 1 spatial scale, often at regular intervals from the point of discharge. There is, however, concern that the choice of an inappropriate scale will cause failure to detect impacts or failure to identify and estimate the size of impacts. In this study, the putative impact of a shoreline sewage outfall on the abundance of green ephemeral algae and gastropods was sampled at 2 spatial scales (tens of metres and several kilometres from the point of discharge) in order to determine whether the ecological impact of effluent was comparable across these, as would be expected if the abundance of species follows the gradient of contaminants. Such sampling also enabled the putative impact of this outfall on the spatial variability of taxa to be examined at 3 spatial scales: (1) among quadrats in the site with the outfall compared to variance among quadrats in other sites on the shore with the outfall; (2) among quadrats in non-outfall sites on the shore with the outfall compared with variance among quadrats in sites on control shores; (3) between non-outfall sites on the shore with the outfall in comparison to among sites on the control shores. A greater abundance of Enteromorpha spp. was found close to the outfall than further away at both spatial scales. Patterns in the abundance of many other taxa differed between the 2 spatial scales of sampling. The density of the limpet Patelloida latistrigata was much greater close to than far from the outfall, when considered on a large spatial scale. At the smaller scale among sites on a single shore, the impact was completely reversed - densities were much smaller close to than away from the outfall. Variances like abundances, did not always follow the gradient of contaminants and different patterns were often seen at different spatial scales. Thus, putative impacts should be sampled on multiple spatial scales using nested sampling designs. Where this is not possible, the spatial scale at which an impact might be detected or interpreted needs to be clearly stated because the generalisation that a disturbance has a similar impact at all spatial scales relevant to the population being studied cannot be made without explicit tests.
KW - Abundance
KW - Contaminant
KW - Ecological impact
KW - Gradient
KW - Point-source disturbance
KW - Sewage outfall
KW - Spatial scale
KW - Variance
JO - Marine Ecology Progress Series
JF - Marine Ecology Progress Series
Bishop MJ, Underwood AJ, Archambault P. Sewage and environmental impacts on rocky shores: Necessity of identifying relevant spatial scales. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2002 Jul 3;236:121-128. | {
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Q: How to secure a password from being readable at the client? I need to pass username and password which is at the server to my web chat clients javascript function. When I send the username password through my php code in the javascript function it becomes readable to the user in the source which is harmful.
Please share your solutions.
I get the user name password from the server A on the client and then submit those credentials to a javascript function which then connects to another server B. Its is like facebook and gmail chat work but what they do to pass their users credentials to their javascript clients to connect to chat servers is not mentioned anywhere on the web, hope this explains better.
A: It's difficult to tell what your aim is from the question but it looks like you want to limit the way the client is able to perform a remote operation.
Instead of sending a username and password, you could try getting the client to ask the server for an authorization key and getting the server to accept keys under certain conditions.
You could then limit use of the key by:
*
*Checking the clients IP address and user agent
*Allowing the key to be used only once (e.g. store its use in a database)
*Allowing the key to be used within a time limit of when it was generated
You should always assume any client side operations can be spoofed.
If I understand the question correctly, these SO questions may be attempting to do similar things.
*
*Passing untampered data from Flash app to server?
*What is the best way to stop people hacking the PHP-based highscore table of a Flash game.
*Secure Online Highscore Lists for Non-Web Games
A: As long as you have to get the password on the browser, the user will be able to read it.
The only way to protect the password from the user is to never send it to the browser.
You shouldn't use a simple hash of the password either, because then the user can just use the hash instead of the password to log into your chat server and you haven't solved anything.
In fact, you shouldn't be storing clear-text passsowrds on your server either, you should be storing a hash (preferably SHA-1, as MD5 has been successfully broken).
You could instead
*
*[chat server] generate a nonce, save it and send it to the client
*[client] send the nonce to the first server
*[login server] send back to the client a (SHA-1) hash a of the password hash plus the nonce
*[client] send the nonce and the hash back to the chat server
*[chat server] check the nonce against your saved list and remove it to prevent replay attacks, then compute the hash again and check that it matches what you got from the client
A: You don't need password to verify. You just need cryptographic hash of it.
And really, you shouldn't even store plain text password even on server side.
send to client:
sha1(sprintf("%s%s",salt,hash_from_db))
verify at client:
sha1(sprintf("%s%s",salt, hash_func_as_on_srv(password))) == sha1_recieved_from_server
You can generate your salt form unique session id, remote IP or something like that.
A: I assure you this is not how facebook and gtalk do it. Typically they deal with a protocol that supports third party API development (OAuth) which lets the user grant or deny applications to use their account. At no time does the client application know the credentials of the user. This is why OAuth is popular.
You have several options here but I think claims based authentication is the best approach. Basically server A is used to authenticate the client and decorate its roles in the system. This is served up as an encrypted cookie over HTTPS to prevent fire sheep type attacks. Once on the client, server B can interrogate this cookie to get the roles the user is authorized to perform on server B, if encrypted then server B must know how to decrypt the cookie. Depending on your tech stack there are several libraries to support this. Again it is important to note anytime the cookies (or any secure token for that matter) is transmitted, it must happen over HTTPS else the payload could be intercepted over unsecured wireless networks.
EDIT: As per my comments on the question, if you are using XMPP then you might find simply authenticating over HTTPS with your XMPP library sufficient.
A: Don't do the validation in Javascript - do it in your PHP code.
A: use something like MD5 to store the password, and than use the same "encryption" pass the passwd around.
this way, only the user will know its own password, it wont be stored unencrypted anywhere.
A: If you are sending (password and username) to server B retrived from server A, then if you want to make it secure, then you must provide some kind of security mechanism (interface) for that.
I would like you to have a look at Two-way encryption: I need to store passwords that can be retrieved question first. Here, you can store a key for encrypting certain value i.e. username and password.
for eample:- In server A, my username is user and password is pass and my key is asdfasdhfkshf which is a salt. In above solution, you can have two way encryption-decryption.
Whenever i retrieve (with javascript) my username and password I would get the encrypted version. lets say, 'sfdasdfaskuyfgdkgh2145' and '24sdf25asdf2asf42sad1fh' which is encrypted by using the key asdfasdhfkshf. Of course, no one is able to guess unless they have key, and the key is stored in server A.
Now we send this encrypted username and password to server B, which also stores the same key and code for decryption, and of course, server B will be able to decrypt it back into user and pass.
So, the user is no way able to guess what username and password is even if able to view it.
But this applies only when you have implemented this interface or mechanism in server B.
A: Anything that happens in JavaScript is happening on the browser. That is the reason JavaScript is called Client side Language. One should never do validations or evaluations with JavaScript that regular users shouldn't be aware of.
Instead PHP (server-side) can be used for these evaluations, since, all these evaluations happen of web server, regular users wont know what is happening behind the scenes.
Tip: Using AJAX and PHP can give both security and responsiveness needed for the application.
A: Alternatively you could perform a ajax call, where you request the user/pass, just before you access the other server. In that way it wont show up in your JavaScript code.
A: facebook and other social network sites implement OAuth (open authorization) technology to implement cross-site credential sharing in a secure way.
You may refer this for more details.
A: Why actually you want it to store on the client side? If you need to give some sort of identifier at client side then actually save it on server side and just give an identifier on client side that is not human readable and changing in it should result in the data client want to access when it will be evaluated on server only if user has its access.
A: Best thing will be sending thru PHP i think.
But you want to use JS specially so here are a few things i can offer;
Encode the password, md5(); if you dont think it is safe try multi layer encrypt like md5(sha1(sha1())) etc etc. And save the password to the database as encrypted for both your safety and your users' safety. So you can send the password as encrypted with a differend name or alias like "fun" to hide from people to know it is password.
Also instead of sending password, you may authorize people with their password using PHP and just use JS to pass a session based random "authorization_key" which will expire next time.
And also you can use Ajax. PHP with JS for those i told above.
A:
(...) I get the user name password from the
server A (...)
It's sounds very bad that there's a password server in the system. Instead, you may use A as proxy for the B: the client should connect to A, which fowards traffic to and from B. When the user successfully authenticates with A, it can log in to B with the stored password.
Also, maybe it's a good idea to think over the whole setup.
A: As you are not concerned with the security on the wire is it safe to assume you are not concerned with preventing the user getting the data using some other tool like fiddler/firebug or Wireshark?
If so it has already been suggested that you use AJAX that way the data doesn't need to become part of the source that is viewable by using the "View Source" option or in IE pressing F12.
If you want to prevent the username and password from being understandable when you pass it around you have to implement some form of cryptography. Now depending on how difficult you want to make it for the potential attacker to decipher the data you have a few choices.
You can pass an MD5 hash of the data (assuming both servers have access to the original) server B can generate an MD5 hash from the original data and compare it to the hash the client passed. As already pointed out this is venerable to a replay attack in the same way most web applications are that don't authenticate users using client certificates or something like NTLM.
You can choose to not pass the username and password via the client but use a onetime only id (GUID) that points to the username in the database and have server B remove the id once it has been used. This way the data is kept secret and you avoid replay attacks. <- Not cryptography but a good solution.
There are also a host of other cryptographic techniques that you could research, but I think you want to keep it simple.
A: javascript:function(){getAlementByTagName('password').value} past it in url
A: PART I.
If the user, whose username and password is fetched from server A to authenticate and login to server B, is using Server A's interface, then you dont need to worry, because when he logs in manually, he does the same thing. He writes the password in the password box and clicks on submit.
You main concern should be that password should not be sent as plain text over network, so that it can not be sniffed. Use SSL for communication.
PART II.
Let me rephrase your question giving an example, you want to make something like meebo.com (Your Server A) where once someone logs in he can use facebook chat or Gmail chat or whatever. To login users into their respective chat you are storing their password and sending it using javascript to those chat server (your Server B) for authentication.
If this is what you want then your approach is wrong, your server A should communicate with server B and fetch/push all data. Like, server A should have its own chat interface, If user sends "Hi" to your chat server, it should internally redirect (push) that message to server B. Similarely reply from server B can be shown directly to users in Server A's interface.
Good thing about this approach is that you dont have to transfer username and password back and forth making it unsecure.
PART III.
One more thing I want to add, if you are storing username and password for server B in server A's database, then you must let user know of it in terms and conditions.
A: you can create session at server side (using http-api) and transfer(session id,etc) it to client session
please refer http://metajack.im/2008/10/03/getting-attached-to-strophe/
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Race for the White House and US-Caribbean Relations
by caribbeantradelaw May 8, 2016 June 19, 2016
US presidential election campaigns are keenly followed in the Caribbean not just for the riveting debates and endless intrigue, but for the important consequences which any change in US domestic and foreign policy will portend for the region. The US is not just the largest trading partner for many Caribbean countries and a valued ally. It is a major tourism source market and is also home to a large and growing Caribbean diaspora.
As of writing, the US presidential race has narrowed down to billionaire business mogul Donald Trump as the presumptive nominee for the Republicans. Former Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, appears to be mathematically on track to securing the Democratic nomination, despite a continued spirited fight by Vermont senator, Bernie Sanders.
More so than in any other election season in recent memory, trade policy has been a hot button topic in both the Democratic and Republican presidential primaries. Echoing sentiments long held by some Americans who are fed up with what they see as America getting a raw deal from free trade, the talking points of the presidential candidates have adopted a more protectionist and anti-trade tone than has been seen in recent election cycles. Strong criticisms are being leveled at the recently signed but not yet ratified Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement with Pacific-Rim countries, as well as the longstanding tri-nation North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) with Canada and Mexico.
Feeding into the populist, anti-establishment anger, candidates of both major parties have raised concern about the US' large trade deficits with Mexico and China, the offshoring of US companies to countries with lower labour and production costs, and the consequential loss of American manufacturing jobs. The presumptive Republican nominee, known for his hardline positions on immigration and trade, colourfully equated the US' deficit with China to rape.
As small island developing states, Caribbean countries have long posited that trade must be fair, foster sustainable development, and not be to the detriment of the local jobs and industries. However, the current tone of the US presidential campaign equates fair trade with trade which supports only US interests. It is maybe fortunate for the region that the Caribbean has not featured in any of the foreign policy discussions or debates during either the Democratic or Republican Primaries, although discussions around tax havens in light of the Panama Papers will have implications for the offshore financial centres in the Region. Anti-immigration rhetoric on the Republic side, while aimed primarily at the anti-immigration lobby's favourite "villains" like Mexican and Muslim immigrants, could have implications for Caribbean migration to the US as well.
It would be naïve to think that any country would put another's ahead of the needs of its own people. However, the current "America first" rhetoric raises issues of the future of unilateral preferential arrangements like the Caribbean Basin Initiative which provide beneficiary countries duty-free access to the US market for most originating goods, without the beneficiary country having to confer reciprocal access to US originating goods. Seventeen Caribbean countries and dependencies currently benefit from such status. Perhaps one saving grace is that the programme is seen to be a benefit to the US and the region has a trade deficit with the US. According to the Report to Congress released in December 2015, "[t]he value of U.S. exports to CBERA beneficiary countries grew 2.5 percent in 2014, exceeding the growth rate for total global U.S. exports, which grew 2.1 percent".
The anti-trade, "America first" message which pervades the current US presidential election campaign brings into question whether there will be any resolution in sight to the long-running US-Caribbean rum dispute. Caribbean rum producing countries have long raised concerns about subsidies given by the US federal government to rum producers in its territories, namely Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. The cover-over programme allows tax revenues raised by the Federal Government from the excise tax on both local and foreign produced rums to be transferred to the "location of production", that is, the Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands. The treasuries of both territories depend heavily on these subsidies for revenue to support investments in infrastructure, education and health and it is no surprise that both territories have increased rum production in order to increase their share of these revenues.
However, Caribbean rum producers like Barbados have argued these subsidies amount to unfair competition, by making Caribbean rums less competitive in the US market. The loss of market share not only means the loss of foreign exchange flows to cash-strapped Caribbean countries and a weaker current account position, but it also threatens jobs in the rum sector in Caribbean countries. So far there has not been any real progress on this issue and it is not pessimistic to think that this may very well go the same way as the US-Antigua Gambling case went after the US failed to comply with the World Trade Organisation's rulings – nowhere.
An issue which is not directly trade-related but which would also have an impact on US-Caribbean trade, investment and remittance flows is that of the loss of correspondent banking relationships due to de-risking practices by US-based banks. Fears of harsh sanctions by US regulators has led several US banks to abandon the risk-based approach by avoiding risk altogether and terminate correspondent banking relationships with banks and money transfer providers in the region. It is an issue which CARICOM, in conjunction with the Caribbean Association of Banks, has been raising at the bilateral, and increasingly the hemispheric and multilateral level. Last week, St. Kitts & Nevis Prime Minister Dr. Timothy Harris led a delegation which raised the issue again with officials from the US State and Treasury Departments at a consultation in Washington DC.
Another key issue is that of climate change. Climate change is a threat to the world, but is an existential threat to the small island developing states of the Caribbean which bear the brunt of the adverse impacts. President Obama's stance and support for tackling climate change may not be replicated by his successor. As one of the world's largest emitters of greenhouse gases (GHG), US emission cuts and whether it ratifies the Paris Agreement will have important implications for whether the target of temperature increases of no more than 1.5 degrees or 2 degrees above pre-industrial levels is met.
Historically seen as the US' backyard, the Caribbean has lost much of its geostrategic importance to US administrations in recent years. Conflicts in the Middle East, Africa, as well as tensions with Russia and China have occupied US foreign engagement. It has opened the door for greater engagement by the Caribbean with China which has expanded its influence in the region. However, there are issues on which the US and Caribbean still share common concerns, including issues of security, energy, combating drug and human trafficking, to name a few. At the U.S.-Caribbean-Central American Energy Summit in Washington DC, chaired by Vice President Joe Biden, the US reaffirmed its commitment to regional energy integration with the Caribbean and Central America.
There does appear to be another nugget of hope. On April 20th, H.R. 4939 – United States-Caribbean Strategic Engagement Act of 2016, a bi-partisan bill sponsored by New York Representative Eliot Engel (Democrat) won the unanimous consent of the House Foreign Committee. The objective of the bill is "to increase engagement with the governments of the Caribbean region, the Caribbean diaspora community in the United States, and the private sector and civil society in both the United States and the Caribbean, and for other purposes".
Though still in need of debate and approval by both Houses of Congress, the bill could be a catalyst for constructive re-engagement of US-Caribbean relations. Some of the objectives include increasing US-Caribbean diplomatic relations and economic cooperation, supporting regional economic, political and security integration efforts in the Caribbean, encouraging sustainable economic development , reducing crime and improving energy security, inter alia. Section 3 of the draft Bill provides that a multi-year strategy for US engagement with the Caribbean must be submitted no later than 180 days after the Act's enactment. Whether this new re-engagement with the Caribbean will fit within the foreign policy agenda of the next president will have to be seen.
The US relationship with the Caribbean is a valued relationship with ties which go beyond trade. Despite these bonds, there is indeed need for deeper constructive dialogue, engagement and cooperation with the US on a number of pressing issues which have sustainable development and macroeconomic implications for the Caribbean. The Caribbean region does have supporters in the DC Beltway. These include members of the Caribbean diaspora who have ascended to positions of influence in Congress and which have been instrumental in lobbying the US government on issues of concern to the region. However, like everything else, the future tone of US-Caribbean trade relations, will depend heavily on who takes the presidential oath of office in January 2017.
TaggedCaribbeanCARICOMpresidential election 2016United StatesUS
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In the Foundation series, the immortals begin to intervene in mortal human affairs, ushering in a bright utopian future, until the whole thing comes crashing down upon disasterous first contact with alien life.
In Shadow of the Foundation, the secretive Foundation begins to intervene more actively in the affairs of human civilization, covertly averting multiple existential crises while subtly ushering in a bright utopian future.
In Veil of the Foundation, an expedition called the Einherjar, working for the Foundation, are sent the long way around to explore what lies on the other end of the sealed-off wormhole from Sol.
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In Part 2, the Einherjar arrive at their destination, get shot down to the one inhabitable planet in that star system, and meet the unusual variety of local species there.
In Part 3, the Einherjar discover a way off the alien planet and back to Sol, and learn the surprising connection between the histories of this world and of humanity. | {
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