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Charles Grice "Lefty" Driesell (born December 25, 1931) is an American retired college basketball coach. He was the first coach to win more than 100 games at four different NCAA Division I schools, Driesell led the programs of Davidson College, the University of Maryland, James Madison University, and Georgia State University. He earned a reputation as "the greatest program builder in the history of basketball." At the time of his retirement in 2003, he was the fourth-winningest NCAA Division I men's basketball college coach, with 21 seasons of 20 or more wins, and 21 conference or conference tournament titles. Driesellplayed college basketball at Duke University. Early life Driesell was born on December 25, 1931 in Norfolk, Virginia to Frank Driesell, a jeweler who had emigrated from Germany. In the fourth grade, Driesell received the nickname "Lefty" for his left handedness. He attended Granby High School and quickly became a star on the basketball team. Driesell earned the city's most outstanding player trophy and All-State recognition while leading Granby to the Virginia State Basketball Championship. He was named tournament MVP, totaling 59 points in three games. After graduating high school in 1950 Driesell received a full scholarship to attend DukeUniversity, where he played center on the basketball team under head coach Harold Bradley. Driesell graduated with a bachelor's degree in education in 1954. Coaching career After college in 1954, Driesell took an office job with Ford Motor Company. Driesell also found time to renew his playing career by joining the Virginia semi-pro ranks, where he once scored 59 points in a single game and earned a tryout with the then Minneapolis Lakers (later Los Angeles Lakers) of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was also given a chance to enter the coaching profession when his prep alma mater offeredhim its junior varsity position for both football and basketball. After convincing his wife he could offset a significant pay cut by also selling World Book Encyclopedias part-time, he accepted the job and produced back-to-back unbeaten football teams and a city basketball champion in his first two years. Driesell was promoted to varsity basketball coach in 1957, going 15-5 before moving to traditional in-state basketball power Newport News High School. There he inherited a team in the midst of a winning streak that he would build to a still-standing state record 57 straight. That unbeaten team won the Virginia Groupcollege basketball program in the middle of a still unrivaled dynasty. While Driesell fell short of that overreaching goal, he was successful in leading the Terrapins to eight NCAA Tournament appearances, a National Invitation Tournament (NIT) championship, two Atlantic Coast Conference regular season championships, and one Atlantic Coast Conference tournament championship. Maryland was ranked as high as No. 2 in the Associated Press rankings for four consecutive seasons from 1972 to 1976., and produced a number of All-Americans, including the Number 2 pick in the 1986 NBA draft, Len Bias. Driesell coached the Maryland Terrapins from 1969 to 1986. In1974, he signed a can't miss prospect sure to dominate college basketball, 6' 10" center Moses Malone. Instead, Malone opted to join the ABA Utah Stars, becoming the first modern era player to proceed directly from high school into professional basketball; by the time he retired, he'd become a 16-time ABA and NBA All-Star, three-time NBA MVP, and Naismith Basketball Hall of Famer. Among other top names during Driesell's Maryland tenure are NBA stars Tom McMillen, Len Elmore, John Lucas, Albert King, Buck Williams and Len Bias. Bias was regarded by many at the time of his draft by theBoston Celtics as potentially as great or greater than fellow ACC legend at rival University of North Carolina Michael Jordan, then emerging as an NBA sensation. He died tragically the night of his selection. At Maryland, Driesell began the now nationwide tradition of Midnight Madness. According to longstanding NCAA rules, college basketball teams were not permitted to begin practices until October 15. Driesell traditionally began the first practice with a requirement that his players run one mile in six minutes, but found that the players were too fatigued to practice effectively immediately afterwards. At 12:03 a.m. on October 15, 1971,Driesell held a one-mile run at the track around Byrd Stadium, where a crowd of 1,000 fans had gathered after learning of the unorthodox practice session. The event soon became a tradition to build excitement for the basketball team's upcoming season. Midnight Madness has been adopted by many national programs such as UNC, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan State and Duke. In 1972, Maryland defeated Niagara, 100–69 to secure the NIT championship. Driesell said that the season attained the three goals he had set for the program at the time of his hiring: "national prominence", "national ranking", and "a national championship". Onkind of hero. All we did was try to get the kids out. It was just lucky that we were fishing right in front of the houses." For these actions, Driesell was awarded the NCAA Award of Valor. In the 1974 ACC Men's Basketball Tournament, Maryland was defeated by North Carolina State University in overtime 103-100, eliminating it from participating in that season's NCAA basketball tournament. Many consider it to be one of the greatest college basketball games of all time. NC State eventually went on to win the 1974 National Championship, with Maryland finishing No. 4 in the finala cocaine-induced heart attack. A subsequent investigation revealed that Bias had exhausted all his athletic eligibility yet was still 21 credits short of a degree. On October 29, Driesell resigned as head coach and took a position as an assistant athletic director. He also worked as a television analyst during college basketball games. Some members of the media widely described Driesell as a scapegoat of chancellor John B. Slaughter and the university administration. James Madison Driesell resumed his career as the head coach of the James Madison University Dukes in 1988, staying until 1996. His teams captured five Colonial AthleticAssociation regular season championships, one tournament championship, and an appearance in the NCAA Tournament. Georgia State Driesell then moved to Georgia State, which he led to four Atlantic Sun Conference regular season championships and one tournament championship in six years. He retired from coaching on January 3, 2003 in the middle of his 41st season as a head coach, ranked No. 4 in NCAA Division I wins behind only Dean Smith, Adolph Rupp, and Bob Knight. Driesell is the only basketball coach to win at least 100 games at four different colleges. Driesell led four of his squads to theNCAA Award of Valor for helping save lives from a July 12, 1973 structure fire. In 1995, Driesell was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame. On April 2, 2007, Driesell was inducted as a member of the second class of the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame. The University of Maryland Athletic Hall of Fame inducted Driesell in 2002. On August 13, 2008, he was inducted as a member of the inaugural class of the Hampton Roads Sports Hall of Fame, which honors athletes, coaches, and administrators who made contributions to sports in southeastern Virginia. On May 25,2011, Driesell was inducted into the Southern Conference Hall of Fame. In 2003, Georgia State University dedicated their basketball court to Driesell. On April 2, 2010, the first annual Lefty Driesell Award for the best defensive player in NCAA Division I basketball was bestowed upon its first recipient, Jarvis Varnado of Mississippi State. In February 2017, the University of Maryland hung a banner in the Xfinity Center to honor his career at the university. Lefty accepted the honor alongside of numerous former players, assistant coaches, and family. Driesell was nominated numerous times for the Basketball Hall of Fame, receiving widesupport from contemporaries. In 2018, Driesell was selected for induction into the Hall of Fame. He was formally inducted on September 7, 2018. Personal life While a student at Duke University, Driesell eloped with his wife, Joyce on December 14, 1952. The two had met while in the ninth and eighth grades, respectively. The couple has four children. His son, Chuck, was hired as an assistant on the Maryland coaching staff under Gary Williams in 2006, and served from 2010-2015, as the head basketball coach at The Citadel. Chuck also served as an assistant for his father, while at JMU.coaching record College See also List of college men's basketball coaches with 600 wins References External links Georgia State bio (archived from 2002) College playing statistics Category:1931 births Category:Living people Category:American men's basketball players Category:American people of German descent Category:American Presbyterians Category:Basketball coaches from Virginia Category:Basketball players from Virginia Category:College men's basketball head coaches in the United States Category:Davidson Wildcats men's basketball coaches Category:Duke Blue Devils men's basketball players Category:Georgia State Panthers men's basketball coaches Category:High school basketball coaches in the United States Category:James Madison Dukes men's basketball coaches Category:Maryland Terrapins athletic directors Category:Maryland Terrapins men's basketball coaches Category:Naismith Memorial
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Koo Hsien-jung (; Romaji: Ko Ken’ei; 2 February 1866 – 9 December 1937) was a Taiwanese businessman and politician who enjoyed strong links to the colonial administration of Taiwan under Japanese rule. He founded the Koos Group of companies, the largest business group in Taiwan. Koo was a businessman at the time of the Treaty of Shimonoseki in which Qing dynasty China ceded Taiwan to Japan. When the Japanese forces arrived in Taiwan in 1895, Koo initiated contact with the Japanese forces in Keelung and urged them to enter Taipei to restore order. Koo's close links to the Japanese allowedhim both to pursue a successful political career (he became the first Taiwanese to be appointed by the emperor to the House of Peers of Japan, in 1934) and to build a collection of businesses that formed the nucleus of today's Koos Group of companies. Koo had four concubines, eight sons and four daughters. His fifth son, Koo Chen-fu, inherited control of his father's business and served as the negotiator for Taiwan during the Wang–Koo summit. His eighth son, Koo Kwang-ming, became a leader of the Taiwan Independence movement. His grandson is Richard Koo, an economist specializing in balance sheet
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Xylocopa combusta is a species of carpenter bee. Description Xylocopa combusta has a black body with black hair on the head and the thorax. Bristles on the pygidial area are reddish. Distribution This species can be found in Sierra Leone, Equatorial Guinea, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Somalia, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Mozambique, Angola. References Eardley, C. D. (1987) Catalogue of Apoidea (Hymenoptera) in Africa south of the Sahara, Part 1, The genus Xylocopa Latreille (Anthophoridae), Entomology Memoir, No. 70 B. Bonelli, “Osservazioni etoecologiche sugli Imenotteri aculeati dell'Etiopia. VII Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) combusta Smith (Hymenoptera Anthophoridae),” Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia della Universita degli
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Cuba, and also became a second home for trendy and influential bands from New York City. The son experienced a period of transformation from 1925 to 1928, when it evolved from a marginal genre of music to perhaps the most popular type of music in Cuba. A turning point that made this transformation possible occurred when then-president Machado publicly asked La Sonora Matancera to perform at his birthday party. In addition, the acceptance of son as a popular music genre in other countries contributed to more acceptance of son in mainstream Cuba. At that time many sextets were founded suchcontribution of son is its influence on present day Latin music. Son is specifically considered to be the foundation on which salsa was created. Although the "classic son" continues to be a very important musical foundation for all kinds of Latin music, it is no longer a popular music genre in Cuba. Younger generations of Cubans prefer the faster, dance-oriented son-derivatives such as timba or salsa. Older generations continue to preserve the son as one of the music genres they listen to, specifically in Oriente, where they tend to maintain more traditional versions of the son compared to Havana. The
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Calday Grange Grammar School (abbreviated to CGGS; also known as Calday, Calday Grange) is a non-denominational selective state-funded grammar school, founded in 1636, situated on Caldy Hill in the town of West Kirby on the Wirral peninsula, England. The school admits boys from age 11 to 18, and since 1985 girls for the sixth form only. The school has academy status, hosts the Wirral Able Children Centre, and has been awarded Sportsmark Gold and Investors in People status. Geography The school stands in a residential area of Wirral close to the Dee Estuary. Students come primarily from Wirral, Deeside andCheshire areas. The main site at the top of Caldy Hill is occupied by the school buildings, sports cages and field, with a larger field located over Grammar School Lane. A mile southeast of the main school buildings, along Column Road/Telegraph Road, are the Glasspool Fields Sports Facility including 3 rugby pitches, a cricket square and a sand-based artificial hockey field. The school is surrounded by suburban housing development and the protected heathlands and woods of Grange, Caldy and Thurstaston. School history and status Founded in 1636, Calday Grange Grammar School is Wirral's oldest surviving grammar school. It was establishedas a free grammar school on the present site by local landowner William Glegg. From when it started with 12 pupils, the school has grown into an establishment of over 1300 students – which includes over 400 male and female students in the Sixth Form. Calday Grange Grammar School became a trust school on 1 January 2009, transferring ownership of the school land and buildings to a Charitable Trust called "The Calday Grange Trust". The Calday Grange Trust is a partnership between Calday Grange Grammar School, The University of Liverpool, Unilever Research and Development and Maestro Services Ltd. Calday GrangeGrammar School was the first Wirral School to convert to Trust Status. In September 2011, the school informed parents that "The School has received notification from Companies House that the Calday Grange Trust Company has been dissolved. This has been notified to the Governing Body who contacted Wirral Local Authority and indicated their wish to revert to the Foundation Schools Instrument of Government". In July 2011, the process for converting to an Academy school was begun, and the school converted to academy status with effect from 1 January 2013. Performance In 2019 the school was inspected and judged Good. In
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Bidorpitia columna is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Loja Province, Ecuador. The wingspan is about 14 mm for males and 27 mm for females. The ground colour of the forewings is pale ferruginous to the middle and dark brownish ferruginous in the posterior are, with refractive suffusions and rust-brown strigulation (fine streaks). The markings are brown with a rust admixture. The hindwings are cream tinged with orange in the terminal third. Etymology The species name refers to shape of the uncus and is derived from Latin columna (meaning column). References Category:Moths described in
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Amarjeet Kushwaha (alternatively Amarjit Kushwaha) is an Indian activist, lawyer and politician. He is a leader in the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation. He was the national president of the Revolutionary Youth Association in India. Personal life and education Amarjeet Kushwaha was brought up in the Siwan district of Bihar. He attended the M.M.M. PG College, Bhatparrani, Deoria and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree. Later he got a graduation for a second time with a Bachelor of Laws degree from Gorakhpur University. Kushwaha is married to Maya Devi. Activism During his course in Gorakhpur University, Kushwaha joined
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Sons of Saint Louis invaded Spain to restore the absolute power of Ferdinand VII and when those triumphed ending the liberal triennium exiled to England. There he prepared a statement which he himself led, landing on the coast of Malaga from Gibraltar on December 2, 1831, with sixty men accompanying him, but they fell into the trap that had been laid before him by the absolutist authorities and were arrested. Nine days later, on December 11, Torrijos and 48 of his fellow survivors were shot without trial on the beach of San Andres de Málaga, a fact that was immortalizedMerced, next to the birthplace of the painter Pablo Picasso. Under the monument to Torrijos in the middle of the square are the tombs of 48 of the 49 men shot; One of them, British, was buried in the English cemetery (Malaga). Biography Childhood and youth Torrijos was born March 20, 1791, in Madrid to a family of Andalusian bureaucrats in the service of the Monarchy. He was the third of four children born to Cristóbal de Torrijos and Chacón, of Seville, and Maria Petronila Uriarte and Borja, in El Puerto de Santa María. His paternal grandfather, Bernardo de Torrijos,to the aid of the officers Luis Daoiz and Pedro Velarde who were out of ammunition in the artillery park of Madrid. They sent him to negotiate with the French general Gobert but in the middle of the mission, the popular anti-French revolt erupts in the capital and so he is arrested. He was only saved from being shot by the intervention of a field helper who knew Joaquin Murat. At that time he was seventeen and had the rank of captain. He later joined the defence of Valencia,Murcia and those of Catalonia, being "one of the few military cadresof 1812 in Murcia. King Fernando VII, after being forced to accept the Constitutional Monarchy, tried to attract Torrijos to his side and offered to transfer him to Madrid with the position of colonel of the regiment that bore his name, but Torrijos flatly refused. Which was worth the marginalization of any responsibility on the part of the "moderate" liberal governments. He supported the patriotic societies defended by the liberals "exaltados" and was inducted in June 1820 into the famous Fontana de Oro and in the Lovers of the Constitutional Order. Torrijos and other "exalted" Liberals created a secret societyemigration, according to their condition of Refugees, not political prisoners. "It surrendered with all the honors: the arms were seized, but no one was shot, neither were prisoners nor reprisals. In the few days, on November 7, 1823, Rafael del Riego was Executed on the Plaza de la Cebada in Madrid, was the sad symbol of the defeat of the liberals at the hands of the Holy Alliance, and on November 18 Torrijos and his wife embarked for Marseilles, where they arrived on 1 December. Thus began an exile that would irreversibly change their lives." Exile in England (1824–1830) InFrance he stayed only five months because of the hostility shown by his government to the Spanish liberal exiles, who were heavily guarded by the police and who were not allowed to reside in the border departments with Spain. At that time Torrijos claimed for him and for his subordinates the salary stipulated in the agreement of surrender of Cartagena which the government refused to pay – they would only collect after the revolution of 1830] triumphed in France – and entered in Contact with the general Lafayette, deputy and one of the main leaders of the liberal opposition toAmerica", without even knowing the language, and that "it always served to the homeland that had adopted, doing as it should abstraction of people and matches. " A few months after going to live in London, the most radical Spanish liberal exiles created on 1 February 1827 a "Board of the uprising in Spain" that was presided over by Torrijos, thus becoming the top leader of this liberal sector " Exalted "who had distanced himself from the more moderate positions of Francisco Espoz and Mina, who until then had been the leader of liberals exiled in England and who atthe time was quite skeptical about the chances of success of a pronouncement in Spain against the absolutism of Fernando VII. The pronouncement of 1831 Rock of Gibraltar during the times of Torrijos. In May of 1830 Torrijos presented his plan for the insurrection consisting in the penetration "in circumference" in the Peninsula to attack the center, Madrid, from several points, which would begin the "break", that is to say, the entrance in Spain of the conspirators in London led by himself would be the signal for the uprising. On July 16, 1830, the Board of London was dissolved. Appointedof the garrisons and where all the liberals were willing to second him. " Unfortunately Torrijos paid more attention to "Viriato", and to some genuine liberals who also wrote him encouraging him, than to the Junta de Málaga that tried to dissuade him from landing on those shores if he did not have enough forces. On November 30, two boats with sixty men headed by Torrijos, who were sufficient for the project since the landing did not have a military character, only intended to tread Spanish land and "pronounce", which would constitute the "break" that would trigger the Liberal uprisingthroughout Spain. They had printed a Manifesto to the Nation, in addition to several proclamations. "As symbolic elements, uniforms, tricolor flags (red and yellow, with two blue-blue stripes) and emblems with arms of Spain. Their mottos:" Patria, Libertad e Independencia ", and the cry of" Long live the freedom! " On the morning of December 2, they saw the city of Malaga, after almost forty hours of travel. Arriving at the coast they were surprised by the ship Neptune '', which opened fire on the liberals. With no more shelter than the land itself, Torrijos and his men hurried today December 4, 1831, Coin Realist Volunteers fired their weapons to indicate that the liberals had been located and were surrounded. Then the attack began. The Liberals, for their part, opened fire from within. Torrijos finally decided to surrender and hope that in Malaga the course of events had changed. The group was taken prisoner and marched to the Convent of San Andrés (Málaga) | Convento de los Carmelitas Descalzos de San Andrés, where they would spend their last hours. At 11:30 in the morning on Sunday 11 December, Torrijos and his 48 companions were executed. A monument honors the
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The Grissom Gang is a 1971 American crime neo noir directed and produced by Robert Aldrich from a screenplay by Leon Griffiths. The film is the second adaptation of the 1939 novel No Orchids for Miss Blandish by James Hadley Chase; a previous version had been made in Britain in 1948. The cast includes Kim Darby, Scott Wilson, Tony Musante, Robert Lansing, Irene Dailey, Connie Stevens, Wesley Addy, Joey Faye and Ralph Waite. Plot In 1931, a Missourian meat heiress is robbed by three men, who panic after murdering her boyfriend and kidnap her. At their hideout, the three areas a theatrical agent who can help Anna's singing career. He gets her talking about past criminal associations and learns where the missing girl might be. A furious Eddie kills Anna, then goes after Barbara only to have Slim stab him to death. Ma uses a machine gun to fight police and kills her husband Doc when he tries to surrender. Slim dies in a hail of bullets, but when Barbara weeps over him, her disgusted father walks away. Cast Kim Darby as Barbara Blandish Scott Wilson as Slim Grissom Tony Musante as Eddie Hagan Robert Lansing as Dave FennerIrene Dailey as Gladys "Ma" Grissom Connie Stevens as Anna Borg Wesley Addy as John P. Blandish Don Keefer as Doc Joey Faye as Woppy Ralph Waite as Mace Production The film was based on the novel No Orchids for Miss Blandish which had been controversial ever since originally published. It had been turned into a controversial British film in 1948. Gene D. Phillips of Loyola University of Chicago wrote that "It is a matter of record that [the novel] No Orchids for Miss Blandish was heavily indebted to Sanctuary for its plot line." Therefore he considers this film tobe inspired by Sanctuary. The success of The Dirty Dozen led to Robert Aldrich signing a multi-picture contract with ABC Pictures. In May 1970 Martin Baum, president of ABC, announced Aldrich's company, Aldrich and Associates, would make The Grissom Gang, in June, at Aldrich's studios. Filming was pushed back to July. Aldrich says he was partly inspired to make it by the fact it was set in the 1930 and would not be in as much danger of being dated. "You have to be terribly careful about not making a picture that will be affected by a change in theaudience's framework of acceptance between the time you start and the time you finish," he said. "That's an enormous problem. Whatever you say today risks strongly going out of date in the fifteen month time-lag between the start of shooting and release." Lead roles went to Kim Darby, best known for True Grit, and Scott Wilson, best known for In Cold Blood. Darby said "every actress in town had been up for" her role, with Michelle Phillips and Barbara Hershey among those who tested. Darby says "I really learned a lot from Mr. Aldrich during the shooting... and I thinkeasy." "I don't think Mr. Aldrich ever even referenced the novel while we were shooting," said Darby. "At that time, I had thought that we were working off of an original screenplay." The film originally ended with Blandish committing suicide by jumping in the river. But after test screenings this was changed as it was felt unnecessary since "her life was lost and useless anyway" according to Aldrich. Difference from 1948 adaptation Previously filmed in England in 1948 under its original title, the central conceit was that the heiress, who felt stifled by her upper-class life-style, fell in love withthe abductor and his comparative freedom to live his life on the edge. In this remake, Aldrich and Griffiths reversed this angle: the heiress merely strings him along in an attempt to escape. This version was also played more for laughs, in particular the outlandishly deranged behavior of the gang. The time period and locale have also been changed from 1948 New York in the first adaptation to 1931 Missouri in the remake. Release "I think it's a good picture," said Aldrich shortly before the film came out. "It's a personal story; but, yes, it has quite a bit ofviolence. Grissom Gang may or may not make money. It's not a commercially-oriented picture. It won't make money for us because it's cross-collateralized back against our lawsuit with ABC." (The lawsuit he was referring to involved ABC cancelling a proposed Western Aldrich wanted to make called Rebellion.) Critical reception At the time of its release, reviewers criticized the melodramatic extremes of the script and the fact that the cast is shown sweating throughout the entire film. Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote, "You don't really have to think very much about The Grissom Gang to call it offensive,the Chicago Sun-Times was only slightly less harsh, saying, "We've been here before, most memorably with Bonnie and Clyde, but also with Roger Corman's seamy examination of the Barker family in Bloody Mama. Robert Aldrich's new film owes something to both. To Bonnie and Clyde for its convincing period feel, and to Bloody Mama for its treatment of a violent, sexually twisted family of criminals," adding "...the movie is deliberately melodramatic, and to such an overdone degree that (if you suspend your sanity for an hour or so) you can almost wallow in it. Everyone screams, shouts, flashes knives ateach other and sweats a lot." Variety also added, "Provided with a script that offers absolutely no insight into the inner lives of its people, director Robert Aldrich takes matters a step further by directing his actors in performances that strain the bounds of credulity. Wilson and Kim Darby, as the kidnapped girl, make stabs at more than one dimension, but when they indulge in caricatures of feeling, as they often do, they cancel out the rest of their work." Modern critics hold the film in a slightly higher regard, with TimeOut saying "For one thing, the eponymous family, whokidnap '30s heiress Miss Blandish, are never glamorised but portrayed as a pathetic, ignorant bunch of grotesques; for another, as the petulant and spoilt heroine turns the sadistic and murderous Slim Grissom's love for her to her own cruelly humiliating purposes, the film becomes an unsentimental exploration of perverse power-games played between two characters whose very different family backgrounds cannot conceal the latent vulnerability they both share." The film holds a 67% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Box office The film earned $340,000 in North American rentals and $250,000 in other countries. It recorded an overall loss of $3,670,000. Itannounced that The Grissom Gang would become available on Blu-ray via Kino Lorber in the United States and Canada. The set was expected to arrive in early 2018, however, its release date was moved and will be available from November 27, 2018. An additional DVD set will also be released. Legacy In 2009 Empire Magazine named it #12 in a poll of the 20 Greatest Gangster Movies You've Never Seen* (*Probably) See also List of American films of 1971 Notes External links Category:1971 films Category:American crime drama films Category:American films Category:1970s crime drama films Category:Films scored by Gerald Fried Category:Films
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Mr Love & Justice is the twelfth studio album by folk-rock musician Billy Bragg, and the second to be recorded with his backing band The Blokes. The title is taken from the 1960 novel by Colin MacInnes. Two versions are available on CD. The first is a single-disc album featuring The Blokes, the second is a limited-edition double-disc release. Disc one is the same as the standard issue, but is referred to as Band Version; the second disc, Solo Version, contains the same twelve tracks performed just by Bragg with electric and acoustic guitars. The album was recorded at ChapelStudios, Lincolnshire in March 2007, with additional recordings taken from a session that was recorded at The Butchers Shop, London NW5 in September 2006. The solo version of the album was recorded by Bragg at Mojo Sound Studios in Devon in September 2007. The first single to be released from the album was "I Keep Faith" which was released on limited edition 7" on 17 March 2008. The second single from the album was a double a-side of "The Beach Is Free" and "I Almost Killed You" which was released as a download single on 21 July 2008. Franz Nicolay,of The Hold Steady, listed Mr Love & Justice as one of his favourite albums of 2008. Reception The album so far has a score of 71 out of 100 from Metacritic based on "generally favorable reviews". Filter gave the album a score of 82 out of 100 and said, "Flourishes of horns add to the traditional band instrumentation, giving Bragg a solid foundation on which to convey his message." Paste gave the album a favorable review and said that "Rather than being a return to form, it’s a leap forward in maturity, depth and nuance." Billboard gave the albumlegend Robert Wyatt, he taps classic soul." The Phoenix gave the album three stars out of four and said it isn’t without its misfires [...] but it is Bragg’s most assured statement since hooking up with Wilco a decade ago to give life to lost Woody Guthrie lyrics." The A.V. Club gave the album a B and said that while Bragg "doesn't scale the heights he achieved on earlier albums, at least the mountains are visible from here." Spin gave it a score of seven out of ten and said that "Bragg gets the balance of message and music justabout right." Other reviews are pretty average or mixed: Q gave the album three stars out of five and said that the Blokes "too often impede [Bragg's] thoughtful lyrics." Hot Press gave the album an average review and stated: "Bragg is taking stock. He’s now doing it for himself, at his own pace. Those in search of revelation from an old punk with a new perspective will be left hanging." BBC Music gave the album a mixed review and said it was "not at all bad, but compared to Bragg's own Talking with the Taxman About Poetry or Workers Playtimeit doesn't fare at all well." Now gave the album two stars out of five and said that it "finds [Bragg] in his comfort zone provided by the Blokes and producer Grant Showbiz under yet another title copped from novelist Colin MacInnes." Track listing All songs written by Billy Bragg. "I Keep Faith" "I Almost Killed You" "M for Me" "The Beach is Free" "Sing Their Souls Back Home" "You Make Me Brave" "Something Happened" "Mr Love & Justice" "If You Ever Leave" "O Freedom" "The Johnny Carcinogenic Show" "Farm Boy" Japanese bonus tracks "Ash Wednesday" "Goodbye, Goodbye" Personnel Billy
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Francis Doyle Gleeson, S.J. (January 17, 1895 – April 30, 1983) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He was the first Bishop of Fairbanks from 1962 to 1968, previously serving as Vicar Apostolic of Alaska from 1948 to 1962. Life and church Gleeson was born in Carrollton, Missouri, to Charles and Mary (Doyle) Gleason, but later moved with his family to Yakima, Washington. He received his early education at the parochial school of St. Joseph's Church, and attended Marquette Catholic High School before studying at Gonzaga University in Spokane. He entered the Society of Jesus (more commonly knownas the Jesuits) in 1912, and studied philosophy at Mount St. Michael Scholasticate in Spokane and theology at St. Francis Xavier in Oña, Spain. Gleeson was ordained to the priesthood in Oña on July 29, 1926. Returning to Washington, he served as rector of Bellarmine Preparatory School in Tacoma. He then served as superior of St. Stanislaus Mission in Lewiston, Idaho; rector of the Jesuit novitiate in Sheridan, Oregon; and superior of St. Mary's Indian Mission in Omak, Washington. On January 8, 1948, Pope Pius XII named him Titular Bishop of Cotenna and Vicar Apostolic of Alaska. He was consecrateda bishop on April 8, 1948, by Archbishop Edward Daniel Howard of Portland. The co-consecrators were Bishops Charles Daniel White of Spokane and Martin Michael Johnson of Nelson, British Columbia, Canada. The Diocese of Juneau was established on June 23, 1951, and the area served by Bishop Gleeson was reduced to the northern part of Alaska. On August 8, 1962, Pope Blessed John XXIII named Bishop Gleeson as the first bishop of the Diocese of Fairbanks. From 1962–1965, he attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council. Pope Paul VI accepted his resignation as Bishop of Fairbanks on November
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The Botanischer Garten Marburg (20 hectares), also known as the Neuer Botanischer Garten Marburg, is a botanical garden maintained by the University of Marburg, located on Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, Marburg, Hesse, Germany, and open daily. An admission fee is charged. The garden was created between 1961-1977 to replace the Alter Botanischer Garten Marburg, dating from 1810. Its construction involved movement of some 80,000 m³ of earth, creating a pond and a brook about 1 km long, as well as a major effort to build greenhouses. The garden was inaugurated in June 1977 to celebrate the university's 450th anniversary. Outdoor areas of thetropical fern house (182 m², 7 m); succulent house (227 m², 7 m); Australian outback house (182 m², 7 m); and carnivorous plant house (not open to the public). See also Alter Botanischer Garten Marburg List of botanical gardens in Germany References Botanischer Garten Marburg Horst Becker: Der Alte Botanische Garten in Marburg an der Lahn (Die Blauen Bücher), Königstein 1997, . Volker Melzheimer, Hans Christian Weber: Führer durch den Botanischen Garten der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 1995. Marburg. Botanischer Garten der Phillips-Universität in: Loki Schmidt (ed.): Die botanischen Gärten in Deutschland, Hamburg (Hoffmann und Campe) 1997, pages 221-224. Rudolf Schmitz:
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William Villiers, 2nd Viscount Grandison (1614 – 29 September 1643) was an English knight, Irish peer, and Cavalier soldier who was fatally wounded leading a cavalry attack at the storming of Bristol. Early life and family Villiers was the eldest son of Sir Edward Villiers, a half-brother of the influential George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, by his marriage to Barbara St John (c. 1592–1672) a daughter of Sir John St John, of Lydiard Tregoze. His maternal grandmother, Lucy Hungerford, had been a daughter of Sir Walter Hungerford of Farleigh Castle. Apart from being a nephew of Buckingham, the younghim to major. At the storming of Bristol, on 26 July 1643, Grandison was one of the three brigadiers under the command of Prince Rupert of the Rhine and led his brigade in a charge on the Prior's Hill Fort and a redoubt at Stokes Croft. The attack was repulsed, and Grandison was fatally wounded, together with his cousin Edward St John, a son of his uncle Sir John St John.. Grandison did not die immediately, surviving until 29 September, when he died of a fever presumably related to the injury (Hyde explicitly states that the wound caused his death).the Restoration and the early years of her great-grandchildren. Lord Grandison's youngest brother, Edward, was the father of Edward Villiers, 1st Earl of Jersey, and the present-day Viscount Grandison is his descendant, William Villiers (born 1976), a film executive. Eulogy by Clarendon Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon wrote of Grandison in The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England The Chancellor of the Exchequer referred to in this is Hyde himself. Lydiard portrait A portrait of Grandison survived at Lydiard House, his mother's family home in Wiltshire, as of 2006. It is catalogued as by the schoolof Anthony van Dyck. At the bottom right of the canvas is the name "LD. GRANDISSON". This painting was engraved about 1714 by Pieter van Gunst, who identified it as "William Villiers, Vicount Grandisson, Father to ye Late Duchesse of Cleaveland", with the attribution "A v. Dyk pinx". Theresa Lewis, in her Lives of the Friends and Contemporaries of Lord Chancellor Clarendon (1852), gives an unmistakable description of this portrait and reports that two copies of it then existed, one owned by the Duke of Grafton, a direct descendant of Grandison's, and the other by Earl Fitzwilliam. Another portrait Asimilar but more sumptuous portrait of a young man, also known as Viscount Grandison, said to have belonged to George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, was at Stocks Park, Hertfordshire, before being exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1893 as the property of Arthur Kay, Esq. After that it was sold to H. O. Miethke, who quickly sold it to Jacob Herzog of Vienna. Exhibited as "William Villiers, Viscount Grandison", this had a great impact at a Van Dyck Tercentenary Exhibition at Antwerp in 1899, and in 1901 the portrait was bought by William Collins Whitney, who paid $125,000 for
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Bedari, a Pakistani Urdu black and white film, was a classic melodious film of 1956.This film had an identical plot and the songs like Indian film Jagriti (1954), with replacement of some words, and music were taken directly from Jagriti as well. Rattan Kumar (Syed Nazir Ali), who had moved to Pakistan with his family, acted in Bedari also. When 'Bedari' was released in Pakistan in 1956, it too made fabulous business in the first few weeks of exhibition. However, it dawned upon the Pakistani cinemagoers that they were watching a plagiarized film. There was a mass uproar that causedpublic demonstrations against exhibition of the plagiarized film. The Censor Board of Pakistan immediately put a ban on this film. Music The music of the film was composed by Fateh Ali Khan. The songs were written by Fayyaz Hashmi, and sung by Munawwar Sultana and Saleem Raza. A song which was a straight lift of the 'De Di Humein Azaadi' tune. Startlingly, it was titled Aye Quaid-e-Azam Tera Ehsaan. The lines 'De di humein azaadi bina khadag bina dhal/ Sabarmati ke sant tu ne kar diya kamaal' had been changed to 'De di humein azaadi ki duniya huyi hairaan/ AyeQuaid-e-Azam tera ehsaan hai ehsaan'. In other words, a song celebrating the Indian Father of the Nation had been transposed to eulogize his Pakistani counterpart. , by Munawwar Sultana , by Saleem Raza , by Saleem Raza Highlight of this film was its popular film songs and music. Fateh Ali Khan was the foremost sitar-player at that time in Pakistan and composed the music of this film. Bedari was also a debut film of now renowned Pakistani actor Qazi Wajid who, as a teenage student, played a very funny role of a student with a stammer disorder. References External links
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Christian "Chris" James Hopkins (born February 26, 1985) is a former American football tight end. He played college football at the University of Toledo and high school football at Hyde Park High School in Chicago. He was signed by the New York Giants as an rookie free agent on July 30, 2011. Hopkins earned a Super Bowl ring as a member of the Giants team who topped the New England Patriots by a score of 21–17 in Super Bowl XLVI on February 5, 2012. References External links Toledo Rockets Bio New York Giants Profile Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:American football
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Reid Venable Moran (June 30, 1916 – January 21, 2010) was an American botanist and the curator of botany at the San Diego Natural History Museum from 1957 to 1982. Moran was the world authority on the Crassulaceae, a family of succulent plants, and in particular the genus Dudleya, the subject of his Ph.D. dissertation. He named at least 18 plants new to science — some in that family and some not — and published many papers elucidating relationships within the Crassulaceae. As a mark of the respect he earned among his peers, more than a dozen plants have beennamed for him. Jane Goodall described Moran as "a sort of living myth in botanical exploration in Baja California and the Pacific Islands of Mexico," citing specifically his analysis of the environmental impact of introduced species (especially goats) on the flora of Guadalupe Island. Biography Born in Los Angeles, California on June 30, 1916 to Edna Louise Venable and Robert Breck Moran (a petroleum geologist), Moran was raised in Pasadena. He received his B. A. from Stanford University in 1939 and his M. S. from Cornell University in 1942. After service as a navigator in the Army Air Corps from1942 to 1946, Moran received his Ph.D. in Botany from the University of California, Berkeley in 1951. His doctoral dissertation was titled "A Revision of Dudleya (Crassulaceae)." Moran conducted a botanical survey of the Channel Islands for the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History and performed taxonomic work for the Santa Barbara Botanical Garden and the Bailey Hortorium at Cornell University before joining the San Diego Museum of Natural History as curator of botany, succeeding Ethel Bailey Higgins in 1957. Moran specialized in the systematics of the Crassulaceae (the stonecrop family), and in the floristics of the Baja Californiapeninsula. In addition to a large number of technical research papers, Moran published The Flora of Guadalupe Island and the treatment of the Crassulaceae for the Flora of North America (Vol. 8, published in 2009). He co-authored (with Frank W. Gould) The Grasses of Baja California, Mexico in 1981 and (with Geoffrey A. Levin) The Vascular Flora of Isla Socorro, Mexico in 1989. Among Moran's publications was "Cneoridium dumosum (Nuttall) Hooker F. Collected March 26, 1960, at an Elevation of about 1450 Meters on Cerro Quemazón, 15 Miles South of Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California, México, Apparently for aSoutheastward Range Extension of Some 140 Miles" (1966), a paper which comprised, apart from its title and acknowledgements, just five words and a reference number. Moran died on January 21, 2010, in Clearlake, California. See the list of genera and species described by Moran. References External links Works by Reid Moran at JSTOR Works by Reid Moran at the Biodiversity Heritage Library The San Diego Natural History Museum Research Library houses a significant collection of Reid Moran’s papers and photographs. Finding aid to the Reid Moran Collection, Online Archive of California. Moran's 18 volumes of field notes are digitized and
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"(I Just Want It) To Be Over" is a song by American singer Keyshia Cole. It was written by the singer along with Alicia Keys, Taniesha Smith, and Kerry "Krucial" Brothers for her debut album, The Way It Is (2005). Production on the song was helmed by the latter. Released on April 5, 2005 as the album's second single, "(I Just Want It) To Be Over" became a moderate success on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, peaking at number 30. It also reached number one on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension
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Romain Leleu (born 7 November 1983) is a French classical trumpeter. He is the elder brother of tuba player Thomas Leleu. Life Born in lille, Leleu waselectedrévélation soliste instrumental by the Victoires de la Musique Classique in 2009. Trained by Éric Aubier, he entered the Conservatoire de Paris at age 15, and received in 2003 a First Prize for trumpet with "very good" mention, followed by the Chamber Music prize, unanimously. He then improved his skills with Reinhold Friedrich at the Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe. With a wide repertoire, from Baroque Concertos to the creation of new works, he performsas a soloist in France and abroad, with notably the Orchestre National de Lille, the , the Orchestre d’Auvergne, the , the , the Orchestre symphonique et lyrique de Nancy, the Orchestre de chambre de Paris, the Orchestre Régional de Cannes, the French Republican Guard Band, the , the Orchestra Ensemble Kanazawa, the Orquesta Sinfonica de Mineria - Mexico... Leleu is a regular guest at French and international festivals: Festival de La Roque-d'Anthéron, , , Festival de Radio France et Montpellier, , Folle Journée de Nantes, etc. Many contemporary creators call on him, as do Martín Matalon (premiere of TrameXII for trumpet and orchestra), Philippe Hersant (Création de Folk Tunes for solo trumpet), Karol Beffa (premiere of the Concerto for trumpet and orchestra, Subway for trumpet and piano and Buenos Aires for brass quintet)… In chamber music, Romain Leleu performs regularly with Thierry Escaich, Olivier Vernet, Ghislain Leroy, Laurent Lefèvre, Igor Tchetuev, the Convergences ensemble, the Kheops Ensemble… Leleu has been nominated "classic revelation" of the (2005), winner of the Lyon International Chamber Music Competition (2005), of the International competition "Lieksa Brass Week" in Finland, of the Groupe Banque Populaire (2009) foundation, of the SAFRAN for music foundation (2010),and of the Del Duca foundation prize of the Académie des Beaux Arts (2011). Leleu regularly leads master classes in France as well as abroad (Académie Internationale de Courchevel, Seoul National University, Tokyo College of Music, - Mexico, University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music - USA, Tbilissi Conservatory of music - Georgia…). Leleu is a laureate of the Del Duca foundation of the Académie des Beaux Arts. He is also a Chevalier de l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres, January 2016 class. Leleu has been teaching trumpet at the Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique de Lyon since 2018. DiscographyTrumpet concertos (Aparté/Harmonia Mundi) (2015), works by Jolivet, Delerue, Beffa, Robin, Matalon, with the Orchestre d'Auvergne Sur la route (Aparté/Harmonia Mundi), works by Bartók, Piazzolla, Tchaikovsky, Bellini, Michel Legrand, Nino Rota... with the Convergences Ensemble (April 2013 (AP052) Trumpet concertos (Aparté/Harmonia Mundi), Concertos by Haydn, Hummel, Neruda. Baltic Chamber Orchestra - Emmanuel Leducq-Barôme. Cadences by Stockhausen and Penderecki. Famous trumpet sonatas: Romain Leleu/Julien Le Pape, works by Brandt, Enescu, Raymond Gallois-Montbrun, Beffa, Escaich... (Indésens/codaex) Slavonic Spirit: Romain Leleu/Julien Le Pape, works by Bohme, Glazunov, Rachmaninov, Arutunian, Rimsky-Korsakov... (2010) (Aparté/Harmonia Mundi) Les Vents français (Compilation Sony) References External links Romain Lelue
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The Pacific Coast Borax Company (PCB) was a United States mining company founded in 1890 by the American borax magnate Francis "Borax" Smith, the "Borax King". History The roots of the Pacific Coast Borax Company lie in Mineral County, Nevada, east of Mono Lake, where Smith, while contracting to provide firewood to a small borax operation at nearby Columbus Marsh, spotted Teels Marsh while looking westward from the upper slopes of Miller Mountain where the only nearby trees were growing. Eventually, to satisfy his curiosity, Smith and two assistants visited Teels Marsh and collected samples, that proved to assay higher1880, the separate and previously existing Pacific Borax Company (with no "Coast" in the name) was acquired by Smith. Frank Smith also developed holdings with his business associate William Tell Coleman at the Harmony Borax Works as well as the Meridian Borax Company, which were subsequently combined to form the Pacific Borax, Salt & Soda Company in 1888. The Pacific Coast Borax Co. name was not adopted until Smith acquired all of Coleman's borax interests in central Nevada and California, after Coleman's bankruptcy, and incorporated them all under the new company name in 1890. Death Valley The Harmony Borax Workswere part of what was acquired from Coleman by Smith in 1890. The borax was shipped via the Death Valley Railroad that the company built to the east, from Ryan, California to Death Valley Junction, California. It then transferred to the narrow gauge Death Valley Railroad to meet up with the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad (T&T) which ran from the Amargosa Valley south to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway railhead in Ludlow, California. The Borax Museum, located in Death Valley National Park, has a locomotive on display from the Death Valley Railroad. Other mines As Death Valley miningran down, Smith developed new mines in the Calico Mountains near Yermo, California, and built the Borate and Daggett Railroad to haul product to the railhead in Daggett, California. Later, the company developed methods to process material from Searles Lake in the Searles Valley, building the company town of Westend and a siding on the Trona Railway for shipping to the railhead at Searles, California. One of the earliest reinforced concrete buildings constructed in the United States was the Pacific Coast Borax Company's refinery in Alameda, California, designed by Ernest L. Ransome and built in 1893. It was the firstBorax The company established and aggressively developed and marketed the 20 Mule Team Borax trademark in order to promote the sale of its product. The name derived from the 20-mule teams that were used to transport borax out of Death Valley in the 1880s from Harmony Borax Works near Furnace Creek Ranch, owned by William Tell Coleman at that time and sold to Smith in 1890. They also produced Boraxo hand soap. The radio version of Death Valley Days ran from 1930 to 1951. The TV series Death Valley Days was hosted at one point by "Borateem-pitchman" and future U.S.the Amargosa Hotel. In 1967, Corkhill Hall became Marta Becket's renowned Amargosa Opera House. U.S. Borax In 1956, the Pacific Coast Borax Company merged with United States Potash Corporation to form U.S. Borax, which itself was acquired by Rio Tinto Minerals (Rio Tinto Group) in 1967. As a wholly owned subsidiary, the company now is called Rio Tinto Borax and continues to supply nearly half the world's borates. In 1988, U.S. Borax sold its flagship Boraxo, Borateem and 20 Mule Team product lines to Dial Corporation. It continues to operate the Rio Tinto Borax Mine, which is the largest open-pitmine in California next to the company town of Boron, in the Mojave Desert east of Mojave, California. The Trona operation later became part of Searles Valley Minerals. Notes References http://www.boraxminers.com - ILWU - Borax Miners. (2010) External links Views of the Borax Industry, ca. 1898-ca. 1915, The Bancroft Library Category:Defunct mining companies of the United States Category:Chemical companies of the United States Category:Mining in California Category:Death Valley Category:History of the Mojave Desert region Category:History of mining in the United States Category:History of Inyo County, California Category:Searles Valley Category:Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad Category:Companies based in Inyo County, California Category:Companies based
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Ardozyga chenias is a species of moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1904. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from New South Wales and Victoria. Characteristics The wingspan is about 16 mm. The forewings are fuscous, sprinkled with whitish and sometimes with dark fuscous, towards the costa posteriorly much suffused with white. There is a small dark fuscous spot on the base of the costa and a white mark from the base in the middle, as well as narrow very oblique dark fuscous marks from the costa at one-fifth, and
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Lieutenant-General Francis Palmes MP (died 1719) was a noted favourite general of the Duke of Marlborough. Early life Palmes was the second son of Francis Palmes of Carcraig and Elizabeth Taylor, daughter of Thomas Taylor of Ballyport, County Limerick. The Palmes family of Carcraig was a cadet branch of the Palmes family of Naburn. Military career Palmes began a lengthy military career shortly after the Revolution, being granted a captain's commission in the regiment of the eldest son of the Earl of Devonshire in 1688. He served in Ireland through the 1690s and rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel.He saw service during the War of the Spanish Succession. Battle of Blenheim Palmes assumed command of his regiment at the Battle of Blenheim. Reports from the battle state that 'hardly anyone was more instrumental to the success of that day' than Palmes, and his endeavours appear to have attracted the attention of the Duke of Marlborough. The Duke of Marlborough recommended Palmes for appointment to the rank of brigadier general. In August he was promoted to this rank and commissioned as brevet colonel of horse. Marlborough's patronage of a similar note was also received by two other Irishmen, theEarl of Cardogan and Thomas Meredyth in the mid-1700s. Palmes was closely associated with the two. The Duke of Marlborough was accused as having Brigadier Cadogan, Brigadier Palmes and Brigadier Meredith as his favourites. A poem from 1707 recognised this close relationship between Palmes and the Duke of Marlborough and states that 'Palmes was to marry Marlborough's illegitimate daughter and receive a portion of £10,000'. He was promoted to major-general in 1707. Political positions Palmes stood at the by-election on 23 January 1707 for West Looe and was successful. He did not stand for re-election in 1708. Diplomatic missions FromFebruary 1708 Palmes travelled extensively, undertaking mission to the United Provinces, Hanover, Prussia, Vienna and Savoy in order to concert measures with the allies. He was promoted to lieutenant-general in the Army in 1709 and became envoy to Poland in 1718. References External links Sir Guy Palmes, A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain, John Burke, 1835 Appointment of Palmes in Rutland, Record Office Catalog, Leicestershire County Council Parliamentary Pardon of Guy Palmes, British History Online Palmes-Lindley family memorial, Otley, Yorkshire, Flickr.com Category:Year of birth unknown Category:1719 deaths Category:British Army generals Category:Members of the pre-1707 English
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Chrysostomos Loizos "Max" Nikias (; born September 30, 1952) is a Cypriot-American academic, and served as the 11th University of Southern California president, a position he held from August 3, 2010, to August 7, 2018. He holds the Malcolm R. Currie Chair in Technology and the Humanities and is president emeritus of the university. He had been at USC since 1991, as a professor, director of national research centers, dean, provost, and president. He also served as chair of the College Football Playoff (CFP) Board of Managers (2015-2018) as chair of the board of the Keck Medical Center at USC(2009-2018), as member of the board of directors of the Alfred Mann Institute for Biomedical Engineering (2001-2018), and as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Chadwick School, an independent school in Palos Verdes Peninsula, Calif. (2001-2010). He is currently a tenured professor in electrical engineering with a secondary appointment in classics, and the director of the USC Institute for Technology Enabled Higher Education. In May 2018, 200 tenured USC professors (out of 4,604 university faculty) demanded Nikias's resignation for how his administration dealt with nearly 300 incidents of sexual assault and sexual misconduct allegations over 27 yearsthe couple have two daughters, Georgiana and Maria. He received a degree in electrical and mechanical engineering from the National Technical University of Athens in 1977, and has an academic interest in Athenian drama and democracy. Nikias earned a master's degree in 1980 and a Ph.D in 1982 in electrical engineering at the State University of New York at Buffalo. His predecessor as USC president, Steven Sample, was likewise an electrical engineer, and served as president of SUNY-Buffalo from 1982 to 1991. Career Associate Dean and Center Director in the USC Viterbi School of Engineering (1991–2001) Nikias served as foundingfrom China, many of whom were seeing a gynecologist for the first time, and made sexually and racially inappropriate comments. In a letter to USC's Board of Trustees, a group of faculty members wrote that they had come together to "express our outrage and disappointment over the mounting evidence of President Nikias' failure to protect our students, our staff, and our colleagues from repeated and pervasive sexual harassment and misconduct." According to USC Trustees, however, the internal investigation of the Tyndall matter did not reveal "moral failing in university leadership... it occurred because non-academic offices such as human resources didthe Woodrow Wilson Center's Award for Public Service, UNICEF's Spirit of Compassion Award, as well as the State University of New York at Buffalo's Distinguished Alumni Award and Clifford C. Furnas Memorial Award. He also received honorary doctorates from Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion; his alma mater, the National Technical University of Athens; the University of Cyprus; University of Crete; University of Piraeus; and University of Strathclyde. Nikias was awarded the Aristeia medal, the Republic of Cyprus' highest honor in the letters, arts, and sciences. In addition, he received the USC Black Alumni Association's Thomas Kilgore Service Award, thedistributions and applications. New York: Wiley, c1995. xiii, 168 p. : ill. ; 25 cm. Nikias, C. L. and Petropulu, A. P. Higher-order spectra analysis: a nonlinear signal processing framework. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : PTR Prentice Hall, c1993. xxii, 537 p. : ill. ; 25 cm. J. G. Proakis, C. Rader, F. Ling, and C. L. Nikias. Advanced Signal Processing. Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992. References External links USC President Emeritus biography Category:1952 births Category:Living people Category:Presidents of the University of Southern California Category:American electrical engineers Category:University of Connecticut faculty Category:Northeastern University faculty Category:National Technical University of Athens alumni Category:University at
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The 1931 Tour de France was the 25th edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris with a flat stage on 30 June, and Stage 12 occurred on 13 July with a flat stage to Marseille. The race finished in Paris on 26 July. Stage 1 30 June 1931 - Paris to Caen, Stage 2 1 July 1931 - Caen to Dinan, Stage 3 2 July 1931 - Dinan to Brest, Stage 4 3 July 1931 - Brest to Vannes, Stage 5 4 July 1931 - Vannes to Les Sables d'Olonne, Stage
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Aaron Royle (born 26 January 1990) is an Australian triathlete. Youth career He is a former under-23 world champion. 2014 season Royle took third at the event in Auckland in the 2014 ITU World Triathlon Series. He won a bronze in the mixed relay at the 2014 Commonwealth Games. 2015 season Royle took third at the event in Stockholm in the 2015 ITU World Triathlon Series. 2016 season Royle took third at the event in Leeds in the 2016 ITU World Triathlon Series. He competed at the 2016 Olympics where he finished 9th. References External links Category:1990 births Category:Living people
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More of Tom Lehrer was the second studio album recorded by musical satirist Tom Lehrer. The LP contains the same songs (in the same sequence) as the live album An Evening Wasted with Tom Lehrer, which was recorded and released earlier in the same year. The album was recorded and mixed in a single three-hour session at the RCA Studios in New York on July 8, 1959. When Reprise Records took over the distribution of Lehrer's works in the 1960s, they chose to represent Lehrer's 1959 material with the live versions of An Evening Wasted, and as a consequence Moreof... remained out of print for several decades. It was eventually reissued by Rhino Records as part of the 1997 album Songs & More Songs by Tom Lehrer and in the 2000 box set The Remains of Tom Lehrer. Although More of... was originally released in monophonic and stereo versions, the producers of the Rhino releases opted for the mono mix. Track listing Side 1 "Poisoning Pigeons in the Park" "Bright College Days" "A Christmas Carol" "The Elements (song)" (music by Arthur Sullivan) "Oedipus Rex" "In Old Mexico" Side 2 "Clementine" "It Makes a Fellow Proud to Be a Soldier"
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MMA gloves or grappling gloves are small, open-fingered gloves used in mixed martial arts bouts. They usually have around 4–6 oz of padding and are designed to provide some protection to the person wearing the glove, but leave the fingers available for grappling maneuvers such as clinch fighting and submissions. History Small, open-fingered gloves were first mandatory in Japan's Shooto promotion and were later adopted by the UFC as it developed into a regulated sport. Gloves were introduced to protect fighters' fists from injuries, as well as reduce the number of facial lacerations (and stoppages due to cuts) that fighters
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Lara Grice (born August 11, 1971) is an American actress known for The Mechanic (2011), The Final Destination (2009) and Déjà Vu (2006). She was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. Grice began her career studying at the University of Dallas, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts in acting. She has appeared in movies with WWE stars John Cena, Rob Van Dam and Paul Wight (aka The Big Show). Filmography Film Television References External links Category:1971 births Category:Living people Category:21st-century American actresses Category:Actresses from New Orleans Category:People from New Orleans Category:American film actresses Category:American television actresses Category:University of Dallas alumni
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The Embassy of the United States of America in Dhaka is the diplomatic mission of the United States in Bangladesh. The embassy has 400 staff led by the US Ambassador to Bangladesh. History The United States established its consulate-general in Dacca in 1949, when the city was the capital of East Bengal in the Dominion of Pakistan. During the independence of Bangladesh, it was the site of the famous Blood Telegram sent by then-Consul-general Archer Blood detailing atrocities committed by the Pakistani Army during Operation Searchlight. The United States recognized the independence of Bangladesh on 4 April 1972. Herbert D.Spivack was the principal American diplomatic officer in Dhaka at the time. Four days later, the United States and Bangladesh agreed to establish diplomatic relations at the embassy level. The consulate-general was officially upgraded to an embassy on 18 May 1972. The present embassy buildings opened in 1989. Architecture The US Embassy complex is inspired by Mughal Bengali architecture. The exterior surface walls are composed of terracotta brick tiles. A lawn filled with palm trees and a moat surrounds the main building. The complex is sometimes nicknamed as the "Red Fort". It was designed by the Boston architectural firm of
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The Spring River Bridge, is a historic bridge carrying Riverview Drive over the Spring River south of Mammoth Spring, Arkansas. The bridge is a concrete girder structure with five spans, and a total length of . The bridge is about wide, with simple cast concrete guard rails. The bridge rests on concrete abutments and piers. The bridge was built in 1916 by H. B. Walton as part of a county effort to improve its road infrastructure and is a well-preserved local example of early concrete bridge construction. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.
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Lowell Jay Milken (born November 29, 1948) is an American businessman, philanthropist, and co-founder and chairman of the Milken Family Foundation. He is also the founder of the TAP System for Teacher and Student Advancement as well as co-founder of Knowledge Universe, a provider of early childhood education. Milken is a former senior vice-president in the junk bond-trading operation of Drexel Burnham Lambert, headed by his brother Michael Milken. Lowell Milken has founded several more nonprofit organizations, including the Lowell Milken Family Foundation and the Lowell Milken Center. In 2000, he was named one of America's most generous philanthropists bySchool in Van Nuys. Milken graduated Phi Beta Kappa and summa cum laude from the University of California, Berkeley. He earned a J.D. degree from the University of California, Los Angeles, where he was a member of the Order of the Coif honor society and an editor of the UCLA Law Review. Milken graduated in the top ten percent of his class at UCLA School of Law. Business career After graduating from UCLA Law, Milken joined the law firm of Irell & Manella, where he specialized in business and tax law. He spent four years working as an associate atthe Los Angeles-based firm. Milken particularly enjoyed and excelled at the tax-study lunches at Irell & Manella, where a senior attorney at the firm presented a complicated case and the lawyers in attendance attempted to come up with unique solutions. In 1979, he joined Drexel Burnham Lambert's High Yield and Convertible Bond Department, also known as the "junk bond" department. His brother Michael Milken had moved the operation to Los Angeles the year before, and he hired Lowell to serve as a departmental senior vice-president until he resigned in 1989. His duties were reported to be "mostly administrative", but he1990, Lowell was characterized as an "unassuming family man" being used as a "bargaining chip", indicted only to put pressure on his brother. Lowell later became chairman and a shareholder of Heron International, a real estate firm in London, England. He acquired a majority interest in the company in the early 1990s. In 1996, Lowell co-founded Knowledge Universe with Michael Milken and Larry Ellison. In 2003, they became the sole owners of the company. In the United States, Knowledge Universe is the largest early childhood education company and operates under the KinderCare Learning Centers, Knowledge Beginnings, CCLC, The Grove School,of unsung heroes who have made a profound and positive difference on the course of history and includes a 6,000-square-foot museum space with permanent and rotating exhibitions. In May 2016, the Lowell Milken Center for Unsung Heroes opened a museum in Fort Scott, Kansas. Milken has partnered with the Prostate Cancer Foundation to present the Lowell Milken Prostate Cancer Foundation Young Investigator Award to scientists for work in the field of prostate cancer. The Lowell Milken Institute for Business Law and Policy was founded at UCLA School of Law in 2011. In 2014, with an initial endowment of two millionUnion College in Los Angeles presented Milken with a Doctor of Humane Letters, honoris causa. Milken was honored as one of UCLA School of Law's 2009 Alumnus of the Year for his accomplishments in public and community service, particularly in the area of education and school reform. In May 2015, Milken accepted an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Chapman University's George L. Argyros School of Business and Economics at Chapman University. The Education Commission of the States honored Milken as the 2017 recipient of the James Bryant Conant Award. The award is named for the co-founder of Education Commission
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Bruce Kenneth Waibel (July 9, 1958 – September 2, 2003) was an American musician who played for several artists and bands. He was last remembered for playing bass guitar and touring with rock band FireHouse. He died in 2003 and his death was ruled a suicide. Biography Bruce Waibel was born on July 9, 1958, in Livingston, New Jersey. When he was still a child, he moved to Florida. He started playing guitar when he was 9 years old. In 1982, Waibel joined the Gregg Allman band as a roadie. Eventually he started playing guitar but switched to bass guitarduring his last seven years with the band. He recorded three albums with them, earning two gold records. Waibel also performed with Marshall Tucker, Captain Beyond, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Rick Derringer and others. He met guitarist Bill Leverty (guitarist of FireHouse) in 2000 and was invited to audition for the band that year. He played with them for three years, recording one album (O2). He left the band in 2003 because he wanted to spend more time with his family. He also played bass on Leverty's first solo album, Wanderlust. On September 2, 2003, Waibel was found dead at a
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Millicent Carey McIntosh (November 30, 1898 – January 3, 2001) was an educational administrator and American feminist who led the Brearley School (1930–1947), and most prominently Barnard College (1947–1962). The first married woman to head one of the Seven Sisters, she was "considered a national role model for generations of young women who wanted to combine career and family," advocating for working mothers and for child care as a dignified profession. Early life McIntosh was born in Baltimore, Maryland on November 30, 1898 to Anthony Morris Carey and Margaret Cheston Thomas, both active Quakers. Her mother was a member ofBryn Mawr College's first graduating class (1889). Her aunt, M. Carey Thomas, also a leader in women's education, founded the Bryn Mawr School in Baltimore. McIntosh attended Bryn Mawr College for her undergraduate, majoring in Greek and English and graduating in 1920 magna cum laude . McIntosh studied economics at Cambridge University, and earned an English Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University with a dissertation on 14th century mystery plays. After graduating with her Ph.D. in 1926, McIntosh became an assistant professor of English at Bryn Mawr College. Shortly afterward, we was appointed dean of freshman and then acting dean ofthe college. Later, she headed the Brearley School for seventeen years, where she pioneered a sex education class for sixth grade students. Her husband was the pediatrician Rustin McIntosh, with whom she had five children. Barnard career McIntosh became Dean of Barnard College in 1947, and became the institution's first President in 1952. She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1966. After Barnard, she helped to found Kirkland College in the 1960s. References Category:1898 births Category:2001 deaths Category:American centenarians Category:American feminists Category:Presidents of Barnard College Category:Barnard College faculty Category:Bryn Mawr College faculty Category:Bryn
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Józef Skrobiński (born 26 January 1910 in Wólka near Mława, died on 22 January 1979 in Łódź) was a Polish film director and painter. Biography Józef Skrobiński was born on 26 January 1910 in Wólka near Mława (now Mława) in Poland. In 1930–1934 he studied mathematics at the Warsaw University and painting in professor W. Witwicki's class. In 1946 he started his work at the Animated Film Studio and then in Education Film Studio. Skrobiński was a specialist in animated films. Starting in 1951, he made his own films as a director. The subjects of his films were astronomy, mathematics,and physics. He also made some films at Studio of Animated Films in Łódź. Skrobiński directed or produced over 40 animated and popular science films or films for schools. Skrobiński as a painter belonged to the ‘realism school' in paintings. His paintings were presented at national and regional painting exhibitions in Poland and abroad in the period 1946 - 1979. He was a member of the Association of Polish Artists. In 1979 the city of Łódź recognized him with a lifetime achievement award in painting. References External links Józef Skrobiński at the Artnet.com Józef Skrobiński - biography at the website
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Italian Fascism (), also known as Classical Fascism or simply Fascism, is the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy by Giovanni Gentile and Benito Mussolini. The ideology is associated with a series of three political parties led by Benito Mussolini, namely the Revolutionary Fascist Party (PFR) founded in 1915, the succeeding National Fascist Party (PNF) which was renamed at the Third Fascist Congress on 7–10 November 1921 and ruled the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 until 1943 and the Republican Fascist Party that ruled the Italian Social Republic from 1943 to 1945. Italian Fascism is also associated with thepost-war Italian Social Movement and subsequent Italian neo-fascist movements. Italian Fascism was rooted in Italian nationalism, national syndicalism, revolutionary nationalism and the desire to restore and expand Italian territories, which Italian Fascists deemed necessary for a nation to assert its superiority and strength and to avoid succumbing to decay. Italian Fascists also claimed that modern Italy is the heir to ancient Rome and its legacy and historically supported the creation of an Italian Empire to provide spazio vitale ("living space") for colonization by Italian settlers and to establish control over the Mediterranean Sea. Italian Fascism promoted a corporatist economic systemwhereby employer and employee syndicates are linked together in associations to collectively represent the nation's economic producers and work alongside the state to set national economic policy. This economic system intended to resolve class conflict through collaboration between the classes. Italian Fascism opposed liberalism, especially classical liberalism that Mussolini and Fascist leaders denounced as "the debacle of individualism", but rather than seeking a reactionary restoration of the pre-French Revolutionary world which it considered to have been flawed, it had a forward-looking direction. Fascism was opposed to Marxist socialism because of the latter's typical opposition to nationalism, but it was alsoopposed to the reactionary conservatism developed by Joseph de Maistre. It believed the success of Italian nationalism required respect for tradition and a clear sense of a shared past among the Italian people, alongside a commitment to a modernised Italy. Originally, Italian Fascists were very opposed to National Socialism as fascism in Italy did not espouse Nordicism and did not initially espouse some antisemitism inherent to Nazi ideology, although some fascists held racist ideas in their thoughts and created few racial policies in the beginning of Fascist rule of Italy. As Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany grew politically closer inthe latter half of the 1930s, Italian laws and policies became explicitly antisemitic due to extreme pressure from Nazi Germany (even though antisemitic laws were not commonly enforced in Italy), including the passage of the Italian Racial Laws. When the Fascists were in power, they also persecuted some linguistic minorities in Italy (a phenomenon historically registered also in democratic states). Principal beliefs Nationalism Italian Fascism is based upon Italian nationalism and in particular seeks to complete what it considers as the incomplete project of Risorgimento by incorporating Italia Irredenta (unredeemed Italy) into the state of Italy. The National Fascist Party(PNF) founded in 1921 declared that the party was to serve as "a revolutionary militia placed at the service of the nation. It follows a policy based on three principles: order, discipline, hierarchy". It identifies modern Italy as the heir to the Roman Empire and Italy during the Renaissance and promotes the cultural identity of Romanitas (Roman-ness). Italian Fascism historically sought to forge a strong Italian Empire as a Third Rome, identifying ancient Rome as the First Rome and Renaissance-era Italy as the Second Rome. Italian Fascism has emulated ancient Rome and Mussolini in particular emulated ancient Roman leaders, suchas Julius Caesar as a model for the Fascists' rise to power and Augustus as a model for empire-building. Italian Fascism has directly promoted imperialism, such as within the Doctrine of Fascism (1932), ghostwritten by Giovanni Gentile on behalf of Mussolini: Irredentism and expansionism Fascism emphasized the need for the restoration of the Mazzinian Risorgimento tradition that pursued the unification of Italy, that the Fascists claimed had been left incomplete and abandoned in the Giolittian-era Italy. Fascism sought the incorporation of claimed "unredeemed" territories to Italy. To the east of Italy, the Fascists claimed that Dalmatia was a land ofItalian culture whose Italians, including those of Italianized South Slavic descent, had been driven out of Dalmatia and into exile in Italy, and supported the return of Italians of Dalmatian heritage. Mussolini identified Dalmatia as having strong Italian cultural roots for centuries via the Roman Empire and the Republic of Venice. The Fascists especially focused their claims based on the Venetian cultural heritage of Dalmatia, claiming that Venetian rule had been beneficial for all Dalmatians and had been accepted by the Dalmatian population. The Fascists were outraged after World War I, when the agreement between Italy and the Entente Alliesin the Treaty of London of 1915 to have Dalmatia join Italy was revoked in 1919. The Fascist regime supported annexation of Yugoslavia's region of Slovenia into Italy that already held a portion of the Slovene population, whereby Slovenia would become an Italian province, resulting in a quarter of Slovene ethnic territory and approximately 327,000 out of total population of 1.3 million Slovenes being subjected to forced Italianization. The Fascist regime imposed mandatory Italianization upon the German and South Slavic populations living within Italy's borders. The Fascist regime abolished the teaching of minority German and Slavic languages in schools, Germanand Slavic language newspapers were shut down and geographical and family names in areas of German or Slavic languages were to be Italianized. This resulted in significant violence against South Slavs deemed to be resisting Italianization. The Fascist regime supported annexation of Albania, claimed that Albanians were ethnically linked to Italians through links with the prehistoric Italiotes, Illyrian and Roman populations and that the major influence exerted by the Roman and Venetian empires over Albania justified Italy's right to possess it. The Fascist regime also justified the annexation of Albania on the basis that—because several hundred thousand people of Albaniandescent had been absorbed into society in southern Italy already—the incorporation of Albania was a reasonable measure that would unite people of Albanian descent into one state. The Fascist regime endorsed Albanian irredentism, directed against the predominantly Albanian-populated Kosovo and Epirus, particularly in Chameria inhabited by a substantial number of Albanians.<ref>Bernd Jürgen Fischer. 'Albania at war, 1939–1945. West Lafayette, Indiana, USA: Purdue University Press, 1999. P. 70-73.</ref> After Italy annexed Albania in 1939, the Fascist regime endorsed assimilating Albanians into Italians and colonizing Albania with Italian settlers from the Italian Peninsula to gradually transform it into an Italian land. TheFascist regime claimed the Ionian Islands as Italian territory on the basis that the islands had belonged to the Venetian Republic from the mid-14th until the late 18th century. To the west of Italy, the Fascists claimed that the territories of Corsica, Nice and Savoy held by France were Italian lands.Mussolini Unleashed, 1939–1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986, 1999. P. 38. During the period of Italian unification in 1860 to 1861, Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, who was leading the unification effort, faced opposition from FrenchEmperor Napoleon III who indicated that France would oppose Italian unification unless France was given Nice and Savoy that were held by Piedmont-Sardinia, as France did not want a powerful state having control of all the passages of the Alps. As a result, Piedmont-Sardinia was pressured to concede Nice and Savoy to France in exchange for France accepting the unification of Italy. The Fascist regime produced literature on Corsica that presented evidence of the italianità (Italianness) of the island. The Fascist regime produced literature on Nice that justified that Nice was an Italian land based on historic, ethnic and linguisticgrounds. The Fascists quoted Medieval Italian scholar Petrarch who said: "The border of Italy is the Var; consequently Nice is a part of Italy". The Fascists quoted Italian national hero Giuseppe Garibaldi who said: "Corsica and Nice must not belong to France; there will come the day when an Italy mindful of its true worth will reclaim its provinces now so shamefully languishing under foreign domination". Mussolini initially pursued promoting annexation of Corsica through political and diplomatic means, believing that Corsica could be annexed to Italy through first encouraging the existing autonomist tendencies in Corsica and then independence of Corsicafrom France, that would be followed by annexation of Corsica into Italy. To the north of Italy, the Fascist regime in the 1930s had designs on the largely Italian-populated region of Ticino and the Romansch-populated region of Graubünden in Switzerland (the Romansch are a people with a Latin-based language). In November 1938, Mussolini declared to the Grand Fascist Council: "We shall bring our border to the Gotthard Pass". The Fascist regime accused the Swiss government of oppressing the Romansch people in Graubünden. Mussolini argued that Romansch was an Italian dialect and thus Graubünden should be incorporated into Italy. Ticino wasalso claimed because the region had belonged to the Duchy of Milan from the mid-fourteenth century until 1515, as well as being inhabited by Italian speakers of Italian ethnicity. Claim was also raised on the basis that areas now part of Graubünden in the Mesolcina valley and Hinterrhein were held by the Milanese Trivulzio family, who ruled from the Mesocco Castle in the late 15th century. Also during the summer of 1940, Galeazzo Ciano met with Hitler and Ribbentrop and proposed to them the dissection of Switzerland along the central chain of the Western Alps, which would have left Italya response to Italy's invasion of Ethiopia. Italian irredentists had claimed that territories on the coast of North Africa were Italy's Fourth Shore and used the historical Roman rule in North Africa as a precedent to justify the incorporation of such territories to Italian jurisdiction as being a "return" of Italy to North Africa. In January 1939, Italy annexed territories in Libya that it considered within Italy's Fourth Shore, with Libya's four coastal provinces of Tripoli, Misurata, Benghazi and Derna becoming an integral part of metropolitan Italy. At the same time, indigenous Libyans were given the ability to apply for"Special Italian Citizenship" which required such people to be literate in the Italian language and confined this type of citizenship to be valid in Libya only. Tunisia that had been taken by France as a protectorate in 1881 had the highest concentration of Italians in North Africa and its seizure by France had been viewed as an injury to national honour in Italy at what they perceived as a "loss" of Tunisia from Italian plans to incorporate it. Upon entering World War II, Italy declared its intention to seize Tunisia as well as the province of Constantine of Algeria fromFrance. To the south, the Fascist regime held an interest in expanding Italy's African colonial possessions. In the 1920s, Italy regarded Portugal as a weak country that was unbecoming of a colonial power due to its weak hold on its colonies and mismanagement of them and as such Italy desired to annexe Portugal's colonies. Italy's relations with Portugal were influenced by the rise to power of the authoritarian conservative nationalist regime of Salazar, which borrowed fascist methods, though Salazar upheld Portugal's traditional alliance with Britain. Race In a 1921 speech in Bologna, Mussolini stated that "Fascism was born... out ofa profound, perennial need of this our Aryan and Mediterranean race".Neocleous, Mark. Fascism. Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. p. 35 In this speech, Mussolini was referring to Italians as being the Mediterranean branch of the Aryan Race, Aryan in the meaning of people of an Indo-European language and culture. Italian Fascism emphasized that race was bound by spiritual and cultural foundations and identified a racial hierarchy based on spiritual and cultural factors. While Italian Fascism based its conception of race on spiritual and cultural factors, Mussolini explicitly rejected notions that biologically "pure" races were still considered arelevant factor in racial classification. He claimed that italianità had assimilatory capacity. It used spiritual and cultural conceptions of race to make land claims on Dalmatia and to justify an Italian sphere of influence in the Balkans based on then-present and historical Italian cultural influence in the Balkans. The Fascist regime justified colonialism in Africa by claiming that the spiritual and cultural superiority of Italians as part of the white race, justified the right for Italy and other powers of the white race to rule over the black race, while asserting the racial segregation of whites and blacks in itscolonies. It claimed that Fascism's colonial goals were to civilize the inferior races and defend the purity of Western civilization from racial miscegenation that it claimed would harm the intellectual qualities of the white race. It claimed that the white race needed to increase its natality in order to avoid being overtaken by the black and yellow races that were multiplying at a faster rate than whites. Within Italy, the Italian Empire and territory identified as spazio vitale for Italy a cultural-racial hierarchy that ranked the peoples in terms of value who lived there was clearly defined by 1940, duringwhich plans for Italy's spazio vitale were being formalized by the regime. The Fascist regime considered Italians to be superior to other peoples of the Mediterranean region—including Latin, Slavic and Hellenic peoples—because only Italians had achieved racial unity and full political consciousness via the Fascist regime. Latin, Slavic and Hellenic peoples were regarded as superior to Turkic, Semitic and Hamitic peoples. Amongst indigenous peoples of Africa, the racial hierarchy regarded indigenous North Africans as superior to indigenous people in Italian East Africa. Though believing in the racial superiority of Europeans over non-Europeans, the Fascist regime displayed diplomatic courtesy to non-Europeans.The regime held an alliance with Japan within the Tripartite Pact between Germany, Italy and Japan. Indian independence movement leader Mahatma Gandhi visited Italy in 1931 and was invited by Mussolini for a personal visit, providing Gandhi full diplomatic courtesy. Fascist official Italo Balbo during his transatlantic flight from Italy to the United States in 1933 visited with leaders of the Sioux tribe and accepted the Sioux's honorary bestowing of his incorporation into the Sioux with the Sioux position and name "Chief Flying Eagle". Italian Fascism strongly rejected the common Nordicist conception of the Aryan Race that idealized "pure" Aryansas having certain physical traits that were defined as Nordic such as blond hair and blue eyes. Nordicism was divisive because Italians – and especially southern Italians - had faced discrimination from Nordicist proponents in countries like the United States out of the view that non-Nordic southern Europeans were inferior to Nordics. In Italy, the influence of Nordicism had a divisive effect in which the influence resulted in Northern Italians who regarded themselves to have Nordic racial heritage considered themselves a civilized people while negatively regarding Southern Italians as biologically inferior. At least some of the stereotypes about Southern Italiansin their view inferior. However, traditional Nordicist claims of Mediterraneans being degenerate due to having a darker colour of skin than Nordics had long been rebuked in anthropology through the depigmentation theory that claimed that lighter skinned peoples had been depigmented from a darker skin, this theory has since become a widely accepted view in anthropology. Anthropologist Carleton S. Coon in his work The races of Europe (1939) subscribed to depigmentation theory that claimed that Nordic race's light-coloured skin was the result of depigmentation from their ancestors of the Mediterranean race. Mussolini refused to allow Italy to return again toItaly, such as stating that the art of Northern Italy was "nothing but pure German". In the aftermath of Austrian Nazis killing Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in 1934, an ally of Italy, Mussolini became enraged and responded by angrily denouncing Nazism. Mussolini rebuked Nazism's Nordicism, claiming that the Nazis' emphasizing of a common Nordic "Germanic race" was absurd by saying that "a Germanic race does not exist. [...] We repeat. Does not exist. Scientists say so. Hitler says so". The fact that Germans were not purely Nordic was indeed acknowledged by prominent Nazi racial theorist Hans F. K. Günther inhis 1922 book Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes (Racial Science of the German People), where Günther recognized Germans as being composed of five racial types, namely Nordic, Mediterranean, Dinaric, Alpine and East Baltic while asserting that the Nordics were the highest in a racial hierarchy of the five types. By 1936, the tensions between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany reduced and relations became more amicable. In 1936, Mussolini decided to launch a racial programme in Italy and was interested in the racial studies being conducted by Giulio Cogni. Cogni was a Nordicist, but did not equate Nordic identity with Germanic identityas was commonly done by German Nordicists. Cogni had travelled to Germany where he had become impressed by Nazi racial theory and sought to create his own version of racial theory. On 11 September 1936, Cogni sent Mussolini a copy of his newly published book Il Razzismo (1936). Cogni declared the racial affinity of the Mediterranean and Nordic racial subtypes of the Aryan race and claimed that the intermixing of Nordic Aryans and Mediterranean Aryans in Italy produced a superior synthesis of Aryan Italians. Cogni addressed the issue of racial differences between northern and southern Italians, declaring Southern Italians wereItalian Fascism did not recognize Nordic heritage within Italians, then the Mediterranean inferiority complex would return to Italian society. Therefore, in summer 1938 the Fascist government officially recognized Italians as having Nordic heritage and being of Nordic-Mediterranean descent and in a meeting with PNF members. In June 1938 in a meeting with PNF members, Mussolini identified himself as Nordic and declared that previous policy of focus on Mediterraneanism was to be replaced by a focus on Aryanism. The Fascist regime began publication of the racialist magazine La Difesa della Razza in 1938. The Nordicist racial theorist Guido Landra took athe Italian community. After Article 7 of the Manifesto, the remainder claimed that peoples of the Oriental race, African races and Jews, as not belonging to the Italian race; and in Article 10 declared that the physical and psychological characteristics of the Italian people must not be altered by crossbreeding with non-European races. The Manifesto received substantial criticism, including its assertion of Italians being a "pure race", as critics viewed the notion as absurd. La Difesa published other theories that described long-term Nordic Aryan amongst Italians, such as the theory that in the Eneolithic age Nordic Aryans arrived in Italy.Rellini. Rellini rejected the notion of large scale invasions of Italy by Nordic Aryans in the Eneolithic age and claimed that Italians were an indigenous people descended from the Cro-Magnons. Rellini claimed that Mediterranean and later Nordic peoples arrived and peacefully intermixed in small numbers with the indigenous Italian population. In 1941, the PNF's Mediterraneanists through the influence of Giacomo Acerbo put forward a comprehensive definition of the Italian race. However, these efforts were challenged by Mussolini's endorsement of Nordicist figures with the appointment of staunch spiritual Nordicist Alberto Luchini as head of Italy's Racial Office in May 1941, aswell as with Mussolini becoming interested with Julius Evola's spiritual Nordicism in late 1941. Acerbo and the Mediterraneanists in his High Council on Demography and Race sought to bring the regime back to supporting Mediterraneanism by thoroughly denouncing the pro-Nordicist Manifesto of the Racial Scientists. The Council recognized Aryans as being a linguistic-based group and condemned the Manifesto for denying the influence of pre-Aryan civilization on modern Italy, saying that the Manifesto "constitutes an unjustifiable and undemonstrable negation of the anthropological, ethnological, and archaeological discoveries that have occurred and are occurring in our country". Furthermore, the Council denounced the Manifestofor "implicitly" crediting Germanic invaders of Italy in the guise of the Lombards for having "a formative influence on the Italian race in a disproportional degree to the number of invaders and to their biological predominance". The Council claimed that the obvious superiority of the ancient Greeks and Romans in comparison with the ancient Germanic tribes made it inconceivable that Italian culture owed a debt to ancient Aryan Germans. The Council denounced the Manifesto's Nordicist supremacist attitude towards Mediterraneans that it claimed was "considering them as slaves" and was "a repudiation of the entire Italian civilization". Attitude and policies regardinghaving caused havoc in ancient Rome. Although Mussolini held these negative attitudes, he was aware that Italian Jews were a deeply integrated and small community in Italy who were by and large perceived favourably in Italy for fighting valiantly for Italy in World War I. Of the 117 original members of the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento founded on 23 March 1919, five were Jewish. Since the movement's early years, there were a small number of prominent openly antisemitic Fascists such as Roberto Farinacci. There were also prominent Fascists who completely rejected antisemitism, such as Italo Balbo who lived in Ferrarathat had a substantial Jewish community that was accepted and antisemitic incidents were rare in the city. In response to his observation of large numbers of Jews amongst the Bolsheviks and claims (that were later confirmed to be true) that the Bolsheviks and Germany (that Italy was fighting in World War I) were politically connected, Mussolini said antisemitic statements involving the Bolshevik-German connection as being an "unholy alliance between Hindenburg and the synagogue". Mussolini came to believe rumours that Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin was of Jewish descent. In an article in Il Popolo d'Italia in June 1919, Mussolini wrote aearlier accused of being a traitor during World War I. Another prominent Jewish Italian Fascist was Ettore Ovazza, who was a staunch Italian nationalist and an opponent of Zionism in Italy. 230 Italian Jews took part in the Fascists' March on Rome in 1922. In the early 1920s, Mussolini was cautious on topics of Italian Jewish financiers that arose from time to time from antisemitic elements in the Fascist movement, while he regarded them as untrustworthy he believed that he could draw them to his side. In 1932, Mussolini made his private attitude about Jews known to the Austrian ambassadorthose practicing the religion of Judaism was affected by the Fascists' accommodation of the Catholic Church beginning in the early 1920s in which it sought to remove previous provisions of equality of faiths and impose state support of the supremacy of Catholicism. In 1928, frustration arose in the regime over Zionism in which Mussolini responded to the Italian Zionist Congress by publicly declaring a question to Italy's Jews on their self-identity: "Are you a religion or are you a nation?". Zionist and anti-Zionist Jews responded, the anti-Zionist Jews professed they were religious Jews as part of the Italian nation, whileZionist Jews declared that there was no dispute between Zionism and said that all Italian Jews held patriotic respect for Italy. Upon these responses arriving, Mussolini declared that these revealed that a Jewish problem existed in terms of Jewish identity in Italy as a result of conflicting national loyalties amongst Zionist Jews by saying: The Fascists at this time were not wholly opposed to Zionism, but took an instrumental approach to it as they were hostile to it when it caused conflict in Italy with the country's Catholic community and when such Zionists were seen as associated with British interests,though they were favourable to Zionists who opposed the British and sought Italy's support as their protector. In the early 1930s, Mussolini held discussions with Zionist leadership figures over proposals to encourage the emigration of Italian Jews to the mandate of Palestine, as Mussolini hoped that the presence of pro-Italian Jews in the region would weaken pro-British sentiment and potentially overturn the British mandate. At the 1934 Montreux Fascist conference chaired by the Italian-led Comitati d'Azione per l'Universalita di Roma (CAUR) that sought to found a Fascist International, the issue of antisemitism was debated amongst various fascist parties, with somemore favourable to it and others less favourable. Two final compromises were adopted, creating the official stance of the Fascist International: In a discussion with President of the World Zionist Organization Chaim Weizmann over requests for Italy to provide refuge for Jews fleeing Nazi Germany, Mussolini agreed that he would accept Jewish refugees, but warned Weizmann about consequences if such Jews harmed Italy by saying: Italian Fascism's attitudes towards Zionism and Jews in general underwent a shift in response to the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. At the outset of the war, Mussolini sought to gain favourable support for Italy's intervention inEthiopia and appealed to Zionists by offering them a solution to the Jewish question, in which Italy would set aside a certain amount of territory from conquered Ethiopia to be a homeland for Jews. Mussolini claimed that territory from conquered Ethiopia would make an ideal homeland for the Jews, noting that there were large numbers of Falasha already living there who identified as Jews. However, Zionist leaders rejected this proposal by saying that they would only live in the Holy Land in the Levant. Mussolini viewed this as an offensive snub and responded in frustration saying: "If Ethiopia is goodenough for my Italians why isn't it good enough for you Jews?". Afterwards, Mussolini's relations with the Zionist movement cooled and became aggravated with his observation that many Jews opposed the Italo-Ethiopian War, to which he responded: In 1936, the Fascist regime began to promote racial antisemitism and Mussolini claimed that international Jewry had sided with Britain against Italy during Italy's war with Ethiopia. Historian Renzo De Felice believed that the Fascist regime's pursuit of alliance with Nazi Germany that began in 1936 explains the adoption of antisemitism as a pragmatic component of pursuit of that alliance. De Felice's interpretationhas been challenged by H. Stuart Hughes, who has claimed that direct Nazi pressure to adopt antisemitic policy had little or no impact on Mussolini's decision. Hughes notes that the Fascist version of antisemitism was based on spiritualist considerations while eschewing anthropological or biological arguments, unlike the Nazi version of antisemitism. Italian Fascism adopted antisemitism in the late 1930s and Mussolini personally returned to invoke antisemitic statements as he had done earlier. The Fascist regime used antisemitic propaganda for the Spanish Civil War from 1937 to 1938 that emphasized that Italy was supporting Spain's Nationalist forces against a "Jewish International".In 1938, Fascist Italy passed the Italian Racial Laws which forbid Jews from their citizenship and forbid sexual relations and marriages between Italians and Jews. The adoption of such racial laws was met with opposition from Fascist members including Balbo, who regarded antisemitism as having nothing to do with Fascism and staunchly opposed the antisemitic laws. Totalitarianism In 1925, the PNF declared that Italy's Fascist state was to be totalitarian. The term "totalitarian" had initially been used as a pejorative accusation by Italy's liberal opposition that denounced the Fascist movement for seeking to create a total dictatorship. However, the Fascistsresponded by accepting that they were totalitarian, but presented totalitarianism from a positive viewpoint. Mussolini described totalitarianism as seeking to forge an authoritarian national state that would be capable of completing Risorgimento of the Italia Irredenta, forge a powerful modern Italy and create a new kind of citizen – politically active Fascist Italians. The Doctrine of Fascism (1932) described the nature of Italian Fascism's totalitarianism, stating the following: American journalist H. R. Knickerbocker wrote in 1941: "Mussolini's Fascist state is the least terroristic of the three totalitarian states. The terror is so mild in comparison with the Soviet or NaziItaly's colonies Italian Fascism displayed extreme levels of violence. The deaths of one-tenth of the population of the Italian colony of Libya occurred during the Fascist era, including from the use of gassings, concentration camps, starvation and disease; and in Ethiopia during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and afterwards by 1938 a quarter of a million Ethiopians had died. Corporatist economics Italian Fascism promoted a corporatist economic system. The economy involved employer and employee syndicates being linked together in corporative associations to collectively represent the nation's economic producers and work alongside the state to set national economic policy. Mussolini declared sucheconomics as a "Third Alternative" to capitalism and Marxism that Italian Fascism regarded as "obsolete doctrines". For instance, he said in 1935 that orthodox capitalism no longer existed in the country. Preliminary plans as of 1939 intended to divide the country into 22 corporations which would send representatives to Parliament from each industry. State permission was required for almost any business activity, such as ending employment or expanding a factory. All wages were set by the government. However, restrictions on labor were greater. While corporations still could earn profits, Italian Fascism supported criminalization of strikes by employees and lockouts byemployers as illegal acts it deemed as prejudicial to the national community as a whole. Similar to the Bolsheviks in Soviet Russia, Mussolini nationalized all independent trade unions into one government-operated syndicate, the Confistrada, mandating union membership for every worker. Age and gender roles The Italian Fascists' political anthem was called Giovinezza (Youth). Fascism identifies the physical age period of youth as a critical time for the moral development of people that will affect society. Italian Fascism pursued what it called "moral hygiene" of youth, particularly regarding sexuality. Fascist Italy promoted what it considered normal sexual behaviour in youth whiledenouncing what it considered deviant sexual behaviour. It condemned pornography, most forms of birth control and contraceptive devices (with the exception of the condom), homosexuality and prostitution as deviant sexual behaviour. Fascist Italy regarded the promotion of male sexual excitation before puberty as the cause of criminality amongst male youth. Fascist Italy reflected the belief of most Italians that homosexuality was wrong. Instead of the traditional Catholic teaching that it was a sin, a new approach was taken, based on then-modern psychoanalysis, that it was a social disease. Fascist Italy pursued an aggressive campaign to reduce prostitution of young women.Mussolini perceived women's primary role to be childbearers while men were warriors, once saying that "war is to man what maternity is to the woman". In an effort to increase birthrates, the Italian Fascist government gave financial incentives to women who raised large families and initiated policies designed to reduce the number of women employed. Italian Fascism called for women to be honoured as "reproducers of the nation" and the Italian Fascist government held ritual ceremonies to honour women's role within the Italian nation. In 1934, Mussolini declared that employment of women was a "major aspect of the thorny problemof unemployment" and that for women working was "incompatible with childbearing". Mussolini went on to say that the solution to unemployment for men was the "exodus of women from the work force". Although the initial Fascist Manifesto contained a reference to universal suffrage, this broad opposition to feminism meant that when it granted women the right to vote in 1925 it was limited purely to voting in local elections.Kevin Passmore, Women, Gender and Fascism in Europe, p. 16 Tradition Italian Fascism believed that the success of Italian nationalism required a clear sense of a shared past amongst the Italian peoplealong with a commitment to a modernized Italy. In a famous speech in 1926, Mussolini called for Fascist art that was "traditionalist and at the same time modern, that looks to the past and at the same time to the future". Traditional symbols of Roman civilization were utilized by the Fascists, particularly the fasces that symbolized unity, authority and the exercise of power. Other traditional symbols of ancient Rome used by the Fascists included the she-wolf of Rome. The fasces and the she-wolf symbolized the shared Roman heritage of all the regions that constituted the Italian nation. In 1926, thefasces was adopted by the Fascist government of Italy as a symbol of the state. In that year, the Fascist government attempted to have the Italian national flag redesigned to incorporate the fasces on it. However, this attempt to incorporate the fasces on the flag was stopped by strong opposition to the proposal by Italian monarchists. Afterwards, the Fascist government in public ceremonies rose the national tricolour flag along with a Fascist black flag. However, years later and after Mussolini was forced from power by the King in 1943 only to be rescued by German forces, the Italian Social Republicfounded by Mussolini and the Fascists did incorporate the fasces on the state's war flag, which was a variant of the Italian tricolour national flag. The issue of the rule of monarchy or republic in Italy was an issue that changed several times through the development of Italian Fascism, as initially Italian Fascism was republican and denounced the Savoy monarchy. However, Mussolini tactically abandoned republicanism in 1922 and recognized that the acceptance of the monarchy was a necessary compromise to gain the support of the establishment to challenge the liberal constitutional order that also supported the monarchy. King Victor EmmanuelIII had become a popular ruler in the aftermath of Italy's gains after World War I and the army held close loyalty to the King, thus any idea of overthrowing the monarchy was discarded as foolhardy by the Fascists at this point. Importantly, Fascism's recognition of monarchy provided Fascism with a sense of historical continuity and legitimacy. The Fascists publicly identified King Victor Emmanuel II, the first King of a reunited Italy who had initiated the Risorgimento, along with other historic Italian figures such as Gaius Marius, Julius Caesar, Giuseppe Mazzini, Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Giuseppe Garibaldi and others,for being within a tradition of dictatorship in Italy that the Fascists declared that they emulated. However, this compromise with the monarchy did not yield a cordial relationship between the King and Mussolini. Although Mussolini had formally accepted the monarchy, he pursued and largely achieved reducing the power of the King to that of a figurehead. The King initially held complete nominal legal authority over the military through the Statuto Albertino, but this was ended during the Fascist regime when Mussolini created the position of First Marshal of the Empire in 1938, a two-person position of control over the militaryof Italy upon an Italian success in the then-anticipated major war about to erupt in Europe. After being removed from office and placed under arrest by the King in 1943, with the Kingdom of Italy's new non-fascist government switching sides from the Axis to the Allies, Italian Fascism returned to republicanism and condemnation of the monarchy. On 18 September 1943, Mussolini made his first public address to the Italian people since his rescue from arrest by allied German forces, in which he commended the loyalty of Hitler as an ally while condemning King Victor Emmanuel III of the Kingdom ofItaly for betraying Italian Fascism. On the topic of the monarchy removing him from power and dismantling the Fascist regime, Mussolini stated: "It is not the regime that has betrayed the monarchy, it is the monarchy that has betrayed the regime" and that "When a monarchy fails in its duties, it loses every reason for being. ... The state we want to establish will be national and social in the highest sense of the word; that is, it will be Fascist, thus returning to our origins". The Fascists at this point did not denounce the House of Savoy in theentirety of its history and credited Victor Emmanuel II for his rejection of "scornfully dishonourable pacts" and denounced Victor Emmanuel III for betraying Victor Emmanuel II by entering a dishonourable pact with the Allies. The relationship between Italian Fascism and the Catholic Church was mixed, as originally the Fascists were highly anti-clerical and hostile to Catholicism, though from the mid to late 1920s anti-clericalism lost ground in the movement as Mussolini in power sought to seek accord with the Church as the Church held major influence in Italian society with most Italians being Catholic. In 1929, the Italian government signedthe Lateran Treaty with the Holy See, a concordat between Italy and the Catholic Church that allowed for the creation of a small enclave known as Vatican City as a sovereign state representing the papacy. This ended years of perceived alienation between the Church and the Italian government after Italy annexed the Papal States in 1870. Italian Fascism justified its adoption of antisemitic laws in 1938 by claiming that Italy was fulfilling the Christian religious mandate of the Catholic Church that had been initiated by Pope Innocent III in the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, whereby the Pope issued strictregulation of the life of Jews in Christian lands. Jews were prohibited from holding any public office that would give them power over Christians and Jews were required to wear distinctive clothing to distinguish them from Christians. Doctrine The Doctrine of Fascism (La dottrina del fascismo, 1932) by the actualist philosopher Giovanni Gentile is the official formulation of Italian Fascism, published under Benito Mussolini's name in 1933. Gentile was intellectually influenced by Hegel, Plato, Benedetto Croce and Giambattista Vico, thus his actual idealism philosophy was the basis for Fascism. Hence, the Doctrines Weltanschauung proposes the world as action in therealm of humanity — beyond the quotidian constrictions of contemporary political trend, by rejecting "perpetual peace" as fantastical and accepting Man as a species continually at war; those who meet the challenge, achieve nobility. To wit, actual idealism generally accepted that conquerors were the men of historical consequence, e.g. the Roman Julius Caesar, the Greek Alexander the Great, the Frank Charlemagne and the French Napoleon. The philosopher–intellectual Gentile was especially inspired by the Roman Empire (27 BC – AD 476, 1453), from whence derives Fascism: In 1925, Mussolini assumed the title Duce (Leader), derived from the Latin dux (leader), aRoman Republic military-command title. Moreover, although Fascist Italy (1922–1943) is historically considered an authoritarian–totalitarian dictatorship, it retained the original "liberal democratic" government façade: the Grand Council of Fascism remained active as administrators; and King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy could—at the risk of his crown—dismiss Mussolini as Italian Prime Minister as in the event he did. Gentile defined Fascism as an anti-intellectual doctrine, epistemologically based on faith rather than reason. Fascist mysticism emphasized the importance of political myths, which were true not as empirical facts, but as "metareality". Fascist art, architecture and symbols constituted a process which converted Fascism intoa sort of a civil religion or political religion. La dottrina del fascismo states that Fascism is a "religious conception of life" and forms a "spiritual community" in contrast to bourgeois materialism. The slogan Credere Obbedire Combattere ("Believe, Obey, Fight") reflects the importance of political faith in Fascism. According to historian Zeev Sternhell, "most syndicalist leaders were among the founders of the Fascist movement", who in later years gained key posts in Mussolini's regime. Mussolini expressed great admiration for the ideas of Georges Sorel, who he claimed was instrumental in birthing the core principles of Italian fascism. J. L. Talmonargued that Fascism billed itself "not only as an alternative, but also as the heir to socialism".La dottrina del fascismo proposed an Italy of greater living standards under a one-party Fascist system than under the multi-party liberal democratic government of 1920. As the leader of the National Fascist Party (PNF, Partito Nazionale Fascista), Mussolini said that democracy is "beautiful in theory; in practice, it is a fallacy" and spoke of celebrating the burial of the "putrid corpse of liberty". In 1923, to give Deputy Mussolini control of the pluralist parliamentary government of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946), an economist, theBaron Giacomo Acerbo, proposed—and the Italian Parliament approved—the Acerbo Law, changing the electoral system from proportional representation to majority representation. The party who received the most votes (provided they possessed at least 25 percent of cast votes) won two-thirds of the parliament; the remaining third was proportionately shared among the other parties, thus the Fascist manipulation of liberal democratic law that rendered Italy a one-party state. In 1924, the PNF won the election with 65 percent of the votes, yet the United Socialist Party refused to accept such a defeat—especially Deputy Giacomo Matteotti, who on 30 May 1924 in ParliamentVictor Emmanuel III. Moreover, when the King supported Prime Minister Mussolini the socialists quit Parliament in protest, leaving the Fascists to govern unopposed. In that time, assassination was not yet the modus operandi norm and the Italian Fascist Duce usually disposed of opponents in the Imperial Roman way: political arrest punished with island banishment. Conditions precipitating Fascism Nationalist discontent After World War I (1914–1918), despite the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) being a full-partner Allied Power against the Central Powers, Italian nationalism claimed Italy was cheated in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919), thus the Allies had impeded Italy's progress to becominga "Great Power". Thenceforth, the PNF successfully exploited that "slight" to Italian nationalism in presenting Fascism as best-suited for governing the country by successfully claiming that democracy, socialism and liberalism were failed systems. The PNF assumed Italian government in 1922, consequent to the Fascist Leader Mussolini's oratory and Blackshirt paramilitary political violence. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, the Allies compelled the Kingdom of Italy to yield to Yugoslavia the Croatian seaport of Fiume (Rijeka), a mostly Italian city of little nationalist significance, until early 1919. Moreover, elsewhere Italy was then excluded from the wartime secret Treaty of London(1915) it had concorded with the Triple Entente; wherein Italy was to leave the Triple Alliance and join the enemy by declaring war against the German Empire and Austria-Hungary in exchange for territories at war's end, upon which the Kingdom of Italy held claims (see Italia irredenta). In September 1919, the nationalist response of outraged war hero Gabriele D'Annunzio was declaring the establishment of the Italian Regency of Carnaro. To his independent Italian state, he installed himself as the Regent Duce and promulgated the Carta del Carnaro (Charter of Carnaro, 8 September 1920), a politically syncretic constitutional amalgamation of right-wingand left-wing anarchist, proto-fascist and democratic republican politics, which much influenced the politico-philosophic development of early Italian Fascism. Consequent to the Treaty of Rapallo (1920), the metropolitan Italian military deposed the Regency of Duce D'Annunzio on Christmas 1920. In the development of the fascist model of government, D'Annunzio was a nationalist and not a fascist, whose legacy of political–praxis ("Politics as Theatre") was stylistic (ceremony, uniform, harangue and chanting) and not substantive, which Italian Fascism artfully developed as a government model.Roger Eatwell, Fascism: A History (1995)p. 49 At the same time, Mussolini and many of his revolutionary syndicalist adherents gravitatedtowards a form of revolutionary nationalism in an effort to "identify the 'communality' of man not with class, but with the nation". According to A. James Gregor, Mussolini came to believe that "Fascism was the only form of 'socialism' appropriate to the proletarian nations of the twentieth century" while he was in the process of shifting his views from socialism to nationalism. Enrico Corradini, one of the early influences on Mussolini's thought and later a member of his administration, championed the concept of proletarian nationalism, writing about Italy in 1910: "We are the proletarian people in respect to the restof the world. Nationalism is our socialism". Mussolini would come to use similar wording, for instance referring to Fascist Italy during World War II as the "proletarian nations that rise up against the plutocrats". Labor unrest Given Italian Fascism's pragmatic political amalgamations of left-wing and right-wing socio-economic policies, discontented workers and peasants proved an abundant source of popular political power, especially because of peasant opposition to socialist agricultural collectivism. Thus armed, the former socialist Benito Mussolini oratorically inspired and mobilized country and working-class people: "We declare war on socialism, not because it is socialist, but because it has opposed nationalism"."occupation of the factories" in the late summer of 1920 did fascism become really widespread. The industrialists began to throw their financial support behind Mussolini after he renamed his party and retracted his former support for Lenin and the Russian Revolution. Moreover, toward the end of 1920, fascism began to spread into the countryside, bidding for the support of large landowners, particularly in the area between Bologna and Ferrara, a traditional stronghold of the Left, and scene of frequent violence. Socialist and Catholic organizers of farm hands in that region, Venezia Giulia, Tuscany, and even distant Apulia, were soon attackedby Blackshirt squads of Fascists, armed with castor oil, blackjacks, and more lethal weapons. The era of squadrismo and nightly expeditions to burn Socialist and Catholic labor headquarters had begun. During this time period, Mussolini's fascist squads also engaged in violent attacks against the Church where "several priests were assassinated and churches burned by the Fascists". Fascism empowered Italy's use of daredevil elite shock troops, known as the Arditi, beginning in 1917, was an important influence on Fascism. The Arditi were soldiers who were specifically trained for a life of violence and wore unique blackshirt uniforms and fezzes. The Arditiformed a national organization in November 1918, the Associazione fra gli Arditi d'Italia, which by mid-1919 had about twenty thousand young men within it. Mussolini appealed to the Arditi and the Fascists' squadristi, developed after the war, were based upon the Arditi. World War I inflated Italy's economy with great debts, unemployment (aggravated by thousands of demobilised soldiers), social discontent featuring strikes, organised crime and anarchist, socialist and communist insurrections. When the elected Italian Liberal Party Government could not control Italy, the Fascist Revolutionary Party (Partito Fascista Rivoluzionario, PFR) leader Mussolini took matters in hand, combating those issues with the7–10 November 1921. The Liberal government preferred Fascist class collaboration to the Communist Party of Italy's class conflict should they assume government as had Vladimir Lenin's Bolsheviks in the recent Russian Revolution of 1917, although Mussolini had originally praised Lenin's October Revolution and publicly referred to himself in 1919 as "Lenin of Italy".The Manifesto of the Fascist Struggle (June 1919) of the PFR presented the politico-philosophic tenets of Fascism. The manifesto was authored by national syndicalist Alceste De Ambris and Futurist movement leader Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. The manifesto was divided into four sections, describing the movement's objectives in political, social,Facta and assume the government of Italy to restore nationalist pride, restart the economy, increase productivity with labor controls, remove economic business controls and impose law and order. On 28 October, whilst the "March" occurred, King Victor Emmanuel III withdrew his support of Prime Minister Facta and appointed PNF Leader Benito Mussolini as the sixth Prime Minister of Italy. The March on Rome became a victory parade: the Fascists believed their success was revolutionary and traditionalist. Economy Until 1925, when the liberal economist Alberto de Stefani, although a former member of the squadristi, was removed from his post as Ministerof Economics (1922–1925), Italy's coalition government was able to restart the economy and balanced the national budget. Stefani developed economic policies that were aligned with classical liberalism principles as inheritance, luxury and foreign capital taxes were abolished; and life insurance (1923) and the state communications monopolies were privatised and so on. During Italy's coalition government era, pro-business policies apparently did not contradict the State's financing of banks and industry. Political scientist Franklin Hugh Adler referred to this coalition period between Mussolini's appointment as prime minister on 31 October 1922 and his 1925 dictatorship as "Liberal-Fascism, a hybrid, unstable, and transitoryBanco di Roma (Bank of Rome), the Banco di Napoli (Bank of Naples) and the Banco di Sicilia (Bank of Sicily) also were state-financed. In 1924, a private business enterprise established Unione Radiofonica Italiana (URI) as part of the Marconi company, to which the Italian Fascist Government granted official radio-broadcast monopoly. After the defeat of Fascism in 1944, URI became Radio Audizioni Italiane (RAI) and was renamed RAI — Radiotelevisione Italiana with the advent of television in 1954. Given the overwhelmingly rural nature of Italian economy in the period, agriculture was vital to Fascist economic policies and propaganda. To strengthenpart of his economic "battles" for Land, the Lira and Grain. As Prime Minister, Mussolini physically participated with the workers in doing the work; the "politics as theatre" legacy of Gabriele D' Annunzio yielded great propaganda images of Il Duce as "Man of the People". A year after the creation of the IRI, Mussolini boasted to his Chamber of Deputies: "Three-fourths of the Italian economy, industrial and agricultural, is in the hands of the state".Carl Schmidt, The Corporate State in Action, London: Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1939, pp. 153–76 As Italy continued to nationalize its economy, the IRI "became the ownernot only of the three most important Italian banks, which were clearly too big to fail, but also of the lion's share of the Italian industries". During this period, Mussolini identified his economic policies with "state capitalism" and "state socialism", which later was described as "economic dirigisme", an economic system where the state has the power to direct economic production and allocation of resources. By 1939, Fascist Italy attained the highest rate of state–ownership of an economy in the world other than the Soviet Union, where the Italian state "controlled over four-fifths of Italy's shipping and shipbuilding, three-quarters of itspig iron production and almost half that of steel". Relations with the Catholic Church In the 19th century, the forces of Risorgimento (1815–1871) had conquered Rome and taken control of it away from the Papacy, which saw itself henceforth as a prisoner in the Vatican. In February 1929, as Italian Head of Government, Mussolini concluded the unresolved Church–State conflict of the Roman Question (La Questione romana) with the Lateran Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See, establishing the Vatican City microstate in Rome. Upon ratification of the Lateran Treaty, the papacy recognized the state of Italy inVatican built a secret property empire using Mussolini's millions . Papacy used offshore tax havens to create £500m international portfolio, featuring real estate in UK, France and Switzerland. The Guardian, 21 January 2013 Not long after the Lateran Treaty was signed, Mussolini was almost "excommunicated" over his "intractable" determination to prevent the Vatican from having control over education. In reply, the Pope protested Mussolini's "pagan worship of the state" and the imposition of an "exclusive oath of obedience" that obligated everyone to uphold fascism. Once declaring in his youth that "religion is a species of mental disease", Mussolini "wanted theappearance of being greatly favoured by the Pope" while simultaneously "subordinate to no one". Mussolini's widow attested in her 1974 book that her husband was "basically irreligious until the later years of his life". Influence outside Italy The Fascist government model was very influential beyond Italy. In the twenty-one-year interbellum period, many political scientists and philosophers sought ideological inspiration from Italy. Mussolini's establishment of law and order to Italy and its society was praised by Winston Churchill, Sigmund Freud, George Bernard Shaw and Thomas Edison as the Fascist government combated organised crime and the Mafia with violence and vendetta (honour).Italian Fascism was copied by Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party, the Russian Fascist Organization, the Romanian National Fascist Movement (the National Romanian Fascia, National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement) and the Dutch fascists were based upon the Verbond van Actualisten journal of H. A. Sinclair de Rochemont and Alfred Haighton. The Sammarinese Fascist Party established an early Fascist government in San Marino and their politico-philosophic basis essentially was Italian Fascism. In the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Milan Stojadinović established his Yugoslav Radical Union. They wore green shirts and Šajkača caps and used the Roman salute. Stojadinović also adopted the title of Vodja.In Switzerland, pro-Nazi Colonel Arthur Fonjallaz of the National Front became an ardent Mussolini admirer after visiting Italy in 1932 and advocated the Italian annexation of Switzerland whilst receiving Fascist foreign aid. The country was host for two Italian politico-cultural activities: the International Centre for Fascist Studies (CINEF — Centre International d' Études Fascistes) and the 1934 congress of the Action Committee for the Universality of Rome (CAUR — Comitato d' Azione della Università de Roma). In Spain, the writer Ernesto Giménez Caballero in Genio de España (The Genius of Spain, 1932) called for the Italian annexation of Spain, ledby Mussolini presiding an international Latin Roman Catholic empire. He then progressed to close associated with Falangism, leading to discarding the Spanish annexation to Italy. Italian Fascist intellectuals Benito Mussolini Massimo Bontempelli Giuseppe Bottai Enrico Corradini Carlo Costamagna Julius Evola Enrico Ferri Giovanni Gentile Corrado Gini Agostino Lanzillo Curzio Malaparte Filippo Tommaso Marinetti Robert Michels Angelo Oliviero Olivetti Sergio Panunzio Giovanni Papini Giuseppe Prezzolini Alfredo Rocco Edmondo Rossoni Margherita Sarfatti Ardengo Soffici Ugo Spirito Giuseppe Ungaretti Gioacchino Volpe Italian Fascist slogans Me ne frego ("I don't give a damn!"), the Italian Fascist motto. Libro e moschetto, fascista perfetto ("Book andDuce, a noi ("Duce, to us"). Mussolini ha sempre ragione ("Mussolini is always right"). Vincere, e vinceremo ("To win, and we shall win!"). See also Definitions of fascism Economy of Italy under fascism Fascism Fascist syndicalism Italian fascist states Kingdom of Italy (1922–1943; as a fascist state) Italian Social Republic (1943–1945) Model of masculinity under fascist Italy National Fascist Party Propaganda of Fascist Italy Sicilian mafia during the fascism Squadrismo Fascist architecture References Sources "Labor Charter" (1927–1934). Mussolini, Benito. Doctrine of Fascism which was published as part of the entry for fascismo in the Enciclopedia Italiana 1932. Sorel, Georges. Reflectionson Violence. Further reading General De Felice, Renzo Interpretations of Fascism, translated by Brenda Huff Everett, Cambridge; London: Harvard University Press, 1977 . Eatwell, Roger. 1996. Fascism: A History. New York: Allen Lane. Hughes, H. Stuart. 1953. The United States and Italy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Mises, Ludwig von. 1944. Omnipotent Government: The Rise of the Total State and Total War. Grove City: Libertarian Press. Paxton, Robert O. 2004. The Anatomy of Fascism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, . Payne, Stanley G. 1995. A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press . Reich, Wilhelm. 1970. TheMass Psychology of Fascism. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. Seldes, George. 1935. Sawdust Caesar: The Untold History of Mussolini and Fascism. New York and London: Harper and Brothers. Alfred Sohn-Rethel Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism, London, CSE Bks, 1978 . Adler, Frank, and Danilo Breschi, eds., Special Issue on Italian Fascism, TELOS 133 (Winter 2005). Fascist ideology De Felice, Renzo Fascism: An Informal Introduction to Its Theory and Practice: An Interview with Michael Ledeen, New Brunswick, N.J. : Transaction Books, 1976 . Fritzsche, Peter. 1990. Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany. New York:Oxford University Press. . Gregor, A. James "Mussolini's Intellectuals: Fascist Social and Political Thought". Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 2005. . Griffin, Roger. 2000. "Revolution from the Right: Fascism," chapter in David Parker (ed.) Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition in the West 1560–1991, Routledge, London. Laqueur, Walter. 1966. Fascism: Past, Present, Future, New York: Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Schapiro, J. Salwyn. 1949. Liberalism and The Challenge of Fascism, Social Forces in England and France (1815–1870). New York: McGraw-Hill. Laclau, Ernesto. 1977. Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory: Capitalism, Fascism, Populism. London: NLB/Atlantic Highlands Humanities Press. Sternhell, Zeev withMario Sznajder and Maia Asheri. [1989] 1994. The Birth of Fascist Ideology, From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution., Trans. David Maisei. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. International fascism Coogan, Kevin. 1999. Dreamer of the Day: Francis Parker Yockey and the Postwar Fascist International. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Autonomedia. Gregor, A. James. 2006. "The Search for Neofascism: The Use and Abuse of Social Science". New York: Cambridge University Press. Griffin, Roger. 1991. The Nature of Fascism. New York: St. Martin's Press. Paxton, Robert O. 2004. The Anatomy of Fascism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Weber, Eugen. [1964] 1985. Varieties of Fascism: Doctrines ofRevolution in the Twentieth Century, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, contains chapters on fascist movements in different countries. Wallace, Henry. "The Dangers of American Fascism". The New York Times'', Sunday, 9 April 1944. Trotsky, Leon. 1944 "Fascism, What it is and how to fight it" Pioneer Publishers (pamphlet). External links "Fascist Italy and the Jews: Myth versus Reality", an online lecture by Dr. Iael Nidam-Orvieto of Yad Vashem. "Fascism Part I – Understanding Fascism and Anti-Semitism". "The Functions of Fascism", a radio lecture by Michael Parenti. "The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism" (1933), authorized translation. "Italian Fascism". Category:Fascism
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Betty Loren-Maltese is the former town president of Cicero, Illinois. She is a member of the Republican Party and received national attention for her role in an insurance scam which robbed the town of $12 million. Biography Loren-Maltese was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, but she was raised in the Chicago area. After working as a waitress, realtor, and newspaper publisher, she became active in the politics of Cicero, a suburb adjacent to the west side of Chicago. Her husband, Frank Maltese, was the Cicero township assessor and mid-level mobster; among other duties, he was the driver for Cicero town
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William Verbeck (January 18, 1861 - August 24, 1930) was a Dutch–American educator and soldier. He served as head of the St. John's Military Academy in New York. He also served as Adjutant General of New York, commander of the New York National Guard from June 1, 1910, to January 1, 1913, and was given the rank of Brigadier General. Early life and education Verbeck was born in Nagasaki, Japan, on January 18, 1861, the son of Guido Verbeck and Maria Verbeck (née Manion). His father worked in Nagasaki as a missionary and educator for the Dutch Reformed Church. He
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Vanja Rupena (born ) is a Croatian model. She won the 1996 Miss Croatia beauty pageant and represented Croatia in the Miss World 1996 pageant in Bangalore, India. She appeared on the cover of the Croatian edition of Elle magazine in July 2006, July 2009 and November 2010. In May 2010 she became host of RTL's reality documentary series Hrvatski Top Model, the Croatian edition of America's Next Top Model. References External links Vanja Rupena at the Fashion Model Directory Category:1978 births Category:Living people Category:People from Koper Category:Miss World 1996 delegates Category:Croatian female models Category:Croatian beauty pageant winners Category:Slovenian people
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Orona atoll, also known as Hull Island, is one of the Phoenix Islands in the Republic of Kiribati. It measures approximately by , and like Kanton, is a narrow ribbon of land surrounding a sizable lagoon with depths of . Numerous passages connect the lagoon to the surrounding ocean, only a couple of which will admit even a small boat. Total land area is , and the maximum elevation is nine metres. Kiribati declared the Phoenix Islands Protected Area in 2006, with the park being expanded in 2008. The 164,200-square-mile (425,300-square-kilometer) marine reserve contains eight coral atolls including Orano. Althoughoccupied at various times during the past, including as late as 2004, Orona is uninhabited today. Flora and fauna Like Manra, Orona is covered with coconut palms (mostly on the western side), towering above the surface. The remainder of the atoll is covered with scrub forest, herbs, and grasses, with a maximum height of . Feral cats exist on the island, together with rats, pigs, and dogs. Ducks and chickens were raised by the former inhabitants, but it is unknown whether any remain. Orona also boasts three species of lizards, land and hermit crabs, together with approximately fifty species ofinsects. Turtles are also known to use the island as a nesting area. Unlike Manra, whose lagoon is too salty for marine life, Orona's lagoon teems with fish and giant clams. A survey of Orona carried out in 2006 did not detect rats. However, Polynesian rats were located on the island in 2009, as well as more than 20 cats. History Like Manra, Orona contains evidence of prehistoric Polynesian inhabitation. An ancient stone marae stands on the eastern tip of the island, together with ruins of shelters, graves and other platforms. No one is certain who discovered Orona or when,but history shows that it was named "Hull Island" in honor of Commodore Isaac Hull, USN by Commander Charles Wilkes of the USS Vincennes when he visited the island on 26 August 1840 in the United States Exploring Expedition. It continued to be generally known by this name until the Republic of Kiribati was granted independence in 1979, when its name was changed to the I-Kiribati Orona. Unlike Manra, Orona does not seem to have been worked for guano, and was apparently not claimed (unlike the other Phoenix Islands) by American guano diggers. The British flag was raised there on11 July 1889, and the island became part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony. Orona was leased in 1916 to a Captain Allen of the "Samoan Shipping and Trading Company", and became a copra plantation. Allen's lease was bought out by the British government in 1938. It was one of the islands involved in the Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme, the final colonial expansion of the British Empire. Residents were evacuated in 1963, due to persistent drought and the declining copra market. Photos of the abandoned settlement, Arariki, circa 1967, may be seen here. Hull Island Post Office opened on1 January 1939 and closed around January 1964. After being abandoned, the island was reoccupied by American authorities in 1970 and administered from the Canton and Enderbury Islands Condominium. British and American claims to the island ended in 1979 with the independence of Kiribati from Great Britain and the signing of the Treaty of Tarawa in which the US retains the right to re-establish a military base. Administration was transferred to Kiribati authority in 1981. The island was briefly reoccupied between 2001 and 2004 by trepangers from the Gilbert Islands supported by a patrol boat of the Kiribati Navy. Orona,
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The Duke of York’s Royal Military School, more commonly called the Duke of York’s, is a co-educational Academy (for students aged 11 to 18) with military traditions in Dover, Kent. Since becoming an Academy in 2010, the school is now sponsored by the MOD, and accepts applications from any student wishing to board. Before 2010, only those students whose parents were serving or had served in the armed forces were eligible. With the transition to Academy status, the school became a state boarding academy (and is both a member of the State Boarding Forum and Boarding Schools Association) and oversightof decorated armed forces personnel. History Founded in 1803 by act of Royal Warrant dating from 1801, the school was until 1892 called the Royal Military Asylum. The school’s primary purpose was to educate the orphans of British servicemen killed in the Napoleonic Wars of 1793-1815. Between 1803 and 1909 the Royal Military Asylum was located at what is now known as the Duke of York's Headquarters in Chelsea, London. The school was co-educational; making the Duke of York's the second co-educational boarding school in the United Kingdom. The first co-educational institution was the Royal Hibernian Military School in Dublin,was highly unusual given the post was not an active command and his predecessors and successors were never promoted in post. In 1892, the Royal Military Asylum was renamed The Duke of York's Royal Military School and in the process became an all-boys school. In 1909, the school relocated to new premises constructed on the cliffs above Dover in Kent. For the duration of World War I (1914–1918), the school was evacuated to Hutton, near Brentwood, Essex. The reason for the evacuation was to provide the military authorities with a transit point in Dover for troops moved to and fromthe Western Front. In 1940 the school was evacuated to the Saunton Sands Hotel, Braunton, North Devon, returning to Dover in 1946. In 1994, the school re-admitted girls and returned to co-education. Academic standards Between 2007 and 2009 more than 90% of pupils gained 5 or more GCSEs at grades A*-C (including English and Mathematics). More than 13% of grades were A*/A during the same period. During this period (2007–2009) 19% of grades gained were A/B at AS level and 12% of grades were A/B at A2 level. A total of 32% of grades gained were passes at A2 level.productions such as the annual dance festival and Grand Day production are great showcases to show what the school has to offer in the art form. Bi-centenary and new Colours The School celebrated its bi-centenary in 2001–02. It held a commemorative service at Christmas in 2001 as well as a special Parade at the end of 2003, when it received new colours from Prince Andrew Duke of York. The school celebrated the centenary of its move to Dover in 2009 and amongst many special events hosted a reception at the House of Lords, as well as parades and drama productions.A change in traditions Until 1999 the School's headmasters were all serving military officers of the rank of at least lieutenant colonel. Since then there have been four civilian headmasters. The school also has a regimental sergeant major among its staff whose primary role is to co-ordinate military standards and drill discipline. The school's first civilian students were accepted in 2011 after the school was granted academy status. Prior to this, the school had taken only students whose parents were veterans or currently serving in the United Kingdom's military forces. Notable alumni Alumni are known as "Dukies". Lieutenant-General Sir GaryCoward ret'd, CB, OBE, beginning his career in the Royal Artillery before transferring to the Army Air Corps, Coward was Quarter-Master General of the British Armed Forces, formerly Chief of Staff of the Permanent Joint Headquarters and before that General Officer Commanding United Kingdom Joint Helicopter Command. Coward is decorated with the Order of the Bath and the Order of the British Empire. Major General David Mark Cullen ret'd CB, OBE was a senior British Army officer. He served as the Assistant Chief of the General Staff from 2013 to 2015. Ramon Tikaram, stage and screen actor who shot to
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Sir Henry James "Harry" Pearce, KBE (born 1 November 1953) is a fictional character, head of the counter-terrorism department ("Section D") of MI5 as featured in the British television series Spooks. He was played by Peter Firth during the whole run of the series from 2002 to 2011, and reprised for the 2015 film, Spooks: The Greater Good. Career Prior career After attending the University of Oxford, Pearce went to the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst before joining the Light Blue Dragoons. Upon leaving the army, he joined MI5, where he completed his training in June 1977. His first assignment atArmy Faction, and undertook a black op with only C's knowledge, before his secondment ended in November 1979. On his return to MI5, Pearce was assigned to Section D, the counter-terrorism department (then at Gower Street), where he was a junior field officer. During his time as an officer, he saved the lives of two Prime Ministers (Thatcher and Major). Pearce was promoted to senior field officer between October 1986 and December 1988, and appointed to his current role in January 1994 As Head of Section D In Episode 2 of Series 7, Harry, through Lucas North, manages to frameArkady Kachimov, the FSB resident in London, as an MI5 mole. Under cover of providing him protection, Harry and Ros meet with him, but Harry shoots Kachimov in revenge for the death of Adam Carter. In Episode 3 of Series 7, Harry learned from Lucas North that Russian intelligence interrogated him about an operation called Sugarhorse. Harry contacts his mentor, Bernard Qualtrough, a retired spy to consult him about who could have been a mole within this highly classified operation. In Episode 8 of Series 7, after negotiating with the head of FSB operations in London to not kill hisrefuse to believe he is dead. Harry is interrogated by the officers about uranium weapons that he stole from them in Baghdad. The plan was to use these weapons to justify the war in Iraq but Harry went rogue to stop them. He hid the uranium and told only one officer at MI5 about the uranium's location: Ruth Evershed. Harry and a captured Ruth once again meet and their kidnappers use Ruth's new family to try to get them to reveal the location of the uranium. Ruth tells them but they shoot her husband. It is revealed that they hadalready checked the location she gave and that it wasn't there. Harry is the only person who really knows where the uranium is. Refusing to tell them, the officer threatens to kill Ruth but is killed by Lucas before he can. Back on the Grid, Malcolm, who went out of his way to save Ruth's stepson, tells Harry that he wants to retire. Though reluctant at first, he accepts and Malcolm leaves MI5. In Episode 2 of Series 8, Nicholas Blake, the Home Secretary, comes to Harry and tells him that he was informed of a secret meeting in Baselson, FSB officer Sasha Gavrik, with them as part of their protection programme. Sasha, knowing his mother is a former western spy, suspects Harry may still be running her as an MI5 asset and demands he break all contact with Elena. After confessing to Ruth at the end of the episode that he and Elena had been lovers, Ruth suggests taking Sasha Gavrik out of action in order to protect Elena from being revealed as a former MI5 asset, but Harry refuses and reveals to Ruth the reason behind this is that not only were he and Elena lovers, butand trades it for Ruth's freedom. At the end of the episode she questions him over his decision, little realising that Albany is a fake and isn't a threat to National Security. Harry is then told by the Home Secretary that an investigation is to take place into his entire career and is asked to prepare for life after MI5. In Episode 1 of Series 10 during the tribunal it is revealed that Albany was indeed a fake. Harry defends his decision to trade Albany for Ruth's life as it wasn't a threat to national security and that Ruth wasmore valuable to the nation than a worthless piece of technology. He has also prepared a report on Ruth which catches the attention of Home Secretary William Towers. In the same episode Harry asks Ruth to be his escort at the Russian reception while trying to talk to former Russian spy and MI5 asset Elena Gavrik who is in the UK with her husband, Russian Minister Ilya Gavrik. During Episode 1 their son, Sasha Gavrik comes across information that suggests Harry has been running Elena as an MI5 asset. He threatens Harry, asking him to cut off all contact withElena. Harry tells his team about Elena's involvement as an MI5 asset during the Cold War. Elena has been receiving messages from an impersonator claiming to be Harry. He tells Ruth, who agrees to help him in revealing who has been posing as him. During the Russian Reception, someone attempts to assassinate Ilya Gavrik. Harry manages to contact Elena, asking for them to meet in private. At the end of the episode Harry reveals to Ruth that he and Elena had been lovers, and that Sasha Gavrik is their son. In episode 2 he tells her she's the only oneposition of Security Advisor to the Home Secretary but decides not to make a choice as she needs to speak to Harry about it first before considering the position. In Episode 4, after suspecting Jim Coaver may be behind the recent attacks in both MI5 and Ilya Gavrik, Harry attempts to gain evidence against him with Ruth's help by using Elena Gavrik as bait to draw him out. However the operation goes horribly wrong and Elena is attacked, when an assassin (previously seen in episode 1 and working for the CIA) attempts to shoot at her. She misses and Elenamotives about Jim Coaver and believes he is still in love with Elena Gavrik. Harry though determined to prove Jim is impersonating him and attacking the Gavriks and MI5 proceeds to interrogate Coaver despite Ruth's concerns. During episode Elena meets Harry at an MI5 safehouse where he tells her he suspects her husband Ilya Gavrik of attacking the partnership, responsible for Tariq's death, attacking Ilya and MI5 and impersonating him. She outwardly refuses to believe him and they discuss their past, when he had attempted to extract both her and Sasha from Berlin at Treptower Park, before Coaver had stoppedholding her. Before he leaves he kisses her goodbye. At the very end of the episode Harry visits the memorial naming every MI5 officer he has lost which now includes Ruth's name. He then returns to MI5 to work and Section D continues. Honours In Series 6, Episode 3, Harry receives a letter from 10 Downing Street, informing him that The Queen wished to bestow a knighthood upon him. He already held a CBE, the honour immediately below that of the Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire he now holds. Reception This character is considered by manysurvived four cliffhangers where it appears he is about to be killed (series 2, series 4, series 7 and series 9) and the tenth series is a plotline that revolves around Harry; his past and his relationship with Ruth. He is the only character to have appeared in every single episode in the show. Benji Wilson of The Daily Telegraph in describing Harry and Ruth's relationship commented that "(Ruth's) scenes with Peter Firth, another fine player, have become self-contained little bubbles of weltschmerz within every recent episode". References Category:Television characters introduced in 2002 Category:Spooks characters Category:Fictional secret agents and spies
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Joe Palooka in the Counterpunch is a 1949 American film directed by Reginald Le Borg. It was one in the series of Joe Palooka films for Monogram starring Leon Errol. It was co-written by Cy Endfield. Cast Leon Errol as Knobby Walsh Joe Kirkwood, Jr. as Joe Palooka Elyse Knox as Anne Howe Marcel Journet as Anton Kindel Sheila Ryan as Myra Madison Frank Sully as Looie Ian Wolfe as Prof. Lilliquist Walter Sande as Austin Douglass Dumbrille as Capt. Lance Douglas Fowley as Thurston Eddie Gribbon as Canvasback Ralph Graves as Dr. Colman= Roland Dupree as Bellboy Gertrude Messinger
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Company of Heroes: Opposing Fronts (abbreviated CoH:OF) is the stand alone expansion pack to Company of Heroes, a real-time strategy game for computers running the Windows operating system. It was announced on April 5, 2007. Opposing Fronts was developed by Canadian-based RTS developer Relic Entertainment, and published by THQ. The game was released on September 25, 2007 in the US and September 28 in Europe. Another standalone expansion to the CoH series, Tales of Valor, was released in April 2009. Gameplay Dynamic Environmental Effects System Opposing Fronts implements a Dynamic Weather Effects system consisting of real time weather effects andElite's campaign is based on driving back Allied forces during Operation Market Garden. It features eight playable missions following a Panzer Elite Kampfgruppe in occupied Netherlands that is bracing itself for one of the largest airborne invasions in history. Compatibility Company of Heroes players are able to play against Company of Heroes: Opposing Fronts users. Those who own both games can either play as the Americans or the British against the Wehrmacht or the Panzer Elite. Those who own only Company of Heroes can play only as the American or Wehrmacht armies. Factions British 2nd Army The British are thewith only those who own the expansion. This stand-alone setup is similar to Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War, another Relic title, and its subsequent expansions. Opposing Fronts requires customers to create an online account for multiplayer. In an effort by Relic to counter piracy, the game requests account authentication if Internet access is detected. Otherwise, a standard DVD check is used. Reception Company of Heroes: Opposing Fronts was generally very well received. References External links Official Site Category:2007 video games Category:Company of Heroes Category:Games for Windows certified games Category:MacOS games Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games Category:Real-time strategy video games Category:THQ
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Lopra () is a village on the island of Suðuroy in the Faroe Islands, with the postal code FO 926. In 2009 its population was 96. It is located in the Municipality of Sumba along with the villages of Akrar, Sumba and Víkarbyrgi (now deserted), constituting the southernmost settlements in the Faroe Islands. The name Lopra may have its origin in the gaelic word "lobar" which translates into English as leprosy, and Lopra may be a pre-Norse settlement of Gaelic hermits from c. 6th to c. 8th century AD. During the 1980s and 1990s there were attempts at drilling foroil and gas in Lopra, without success. Lopranseiði and Lopransholmur Lopranseiði and Lopransholmur are beautiful sights near Lopra. Turn left just before you enter the village, if you come from Vágur, and go by foot towards west. Be careful not to fall over the edge, when you come to Loprans Eiði. From Lopranseiði you can see Beinisvørð towards south and almost half of the west coast of Suðuroy. Westerbeek went shipwreck south of Lopranseiði A Dutch ship named SS Westerbeek was shipwrecked near Lopranseiði on 2 September 1742. 80 men survived the accident, one died in the attempt to climbthe steep cliff of Lopranseiði, 10 men lost their lives while still on board, they were ill and stayed in bed when the accident took place. Three of the survivors were allowed to leave the Faroe Islands a short time after the accident, with Danish ships which were in Tórshavn at that time. But the captains of these two ships refused to take all 80 men with them to Denmark. So 77 of the survivors had to live in the Faroe Islands for 9 months, before they could go back to the Netherlands and to the other countries where theycame from. The Whaling Station in Lopra In 1901 the company Suderø, founded by the Norwegian Peder Olsen Bogen, built a whaling station in Lopra, this station, like so many others had been located in Finnmarken, Norway before being dismantled and transported across the sea. After ten years, Suderø would become probably the largest whaling company in the country. Bogen was one of the great influences on commercial whaling in Norway, Faroe Islands and the great seas, before he died in 1914 (born 1861) he had founded seven whaling companies, and was director of five land based whaling stations, four
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William Douglas McHugh (September 10, 1859 – December 26, 1923) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Nebraska. Education and career Born in Galena, Illinois, McHugh read law in 1883 and was in private practice in Galena from 1883 to 1888, and in Omaha, Nebraska from 1888 to 1896. Federal judicial service McHugh received a recess appointment from President Grover Cleveland on November 20, 1896, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Nebraska vacated by Judge Elmer Scipio Dundy. He was nominated to the sameposition by President Cleveland on December 8, 1896, who subsequently withdrew the nomination on February 1, 1897. McHugh's service terminated on March 3, 1897, with the sine die adjournment of the United States Senate of the 54th United States Congress and the end of Cleveland's Presidency. Later career and death Following his departure from the federal bench, McHugh resumed private practice in Omaha from 1897 to 1920. He was general counsel to the International Harvester Corporation in Chicago, Illinois from 1920 to 1923. He died on December 26, 1923, in Chicago. References Sources Category:1859 births Category:1923 deaths Category:People from Galena,
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Francis Ariioehau Sanford (May 11, 1912 – December 21, 1996) was a French Polynesian politician. He served as a member of the French National Assembly from 1967 until 1978. Early life Sanford was born in Papeete and had an American grandfather. He initially worked in the docks, before becoming a waiter and then a teacher. After 1932, he became a civil servant, becoming Station chief in the Gambier Islands. In 1939 he married Elisa Snow, with whom he had five children. During World War II he rallied the "Free French" and acted as liaison officer to the Americans in BoraBora. After the war he returned to education, working as a teacher in Bora Bora. In 1956 he was appointed Director of Primary Education in the French Polynesian government. Political career In 1965 Sanford was elected mayor of Faa'a. In the 1967 elections to the French National Assembly, he was elected as the French Polynesian deputy, defeating incumbent MP John Teariki by 13,633 votes to 13,285. In the National Assembly he initially joined the Independent Republicans, before switching to the Progress and Modern Democracy group following the 1968 elections. He later joined the Reformist Movement after its foundation in 1972.
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Bernice Morton (born 9 April 1969) she is a Saint Kitts and Nevis athlete. She was part of the first ever team to represent Saint Kitts and Nevis at the Olympic Games when she competed at the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in the 4 x 100 metres relay, but the team failed to finish so didn't qualify for the next round. References Category:1969 births Category:Living people Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis female sprinters Category:Olympic athletes of Saint Kitts and Nevis Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Commonwealth Games Category:Commonwealth Games competitors for Saint Kitts and Nevis Category:Athletes (track and field)
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George Sprague Brooks (1895–1961) was a playwright, author, editor and lecturer whose work appeared frequently in the Saturday Evening Post. Early life Born February 7, 1895 in Pearl Creek, Wyoming County, New York, George S. Brooks was the great-great-grandson of Revolutionary War brigadier general and chaplain David Brooks. George S. Brooks attended Middleburg Academy, Salt Lake Collegiate Institute and the high school at Warsaw, New York. He then attended University of Rochester in fall 1931. He was friends with classics scholar James Marshall Campbell. The two had youthful plans of building a law practice together, but when Brooks failed the
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for both amateur and professional chefs, competing for the title of "Israel's most talented chef". It is hosted by Miri Bohadana. The show has four stages: The blind auditions, training camp, kitchen battles, and finals. The blind auditions During this stage, candidates have one hour to prepare a dish, which is then sent to the show's three judges for a blind taste test. The judges don't see the candidate, and know nothing about him or her. During the test, the candidate watches the judges on a monitor and hears some of what the judges say, until just before they deliverIn the semi-final, 5 contestants compete against each other preparing dishes invented by the show's own chefs. In the final episode, 4 candidates (In the second season two only) compete in two tasks. The first task is judged by the three chefs in a blind taste test, followed by eliminating two contestants. The second task is graded by 24 of Israel's leading chefs, who choose that season's winner. Judges Meir Adoni (seasons 1-2), an Israeli chef and one of the owners of the restaurant "Katit" in Tel Aviv. He also owns the restaurants "Hamizlala", "Blue Sky", and "Lumina". Meir isa kind and a sensitive chef who cries a lot on the series. Assaf Granit (seasons 1-3), an Israeli chef and one of the owners of the restaurant "Machneyuda" in Jerusalem. He also owns the restaurants "Yuda'le", "Muna", "Hasadna", and "The Palomer" in London, which declared as "The Best Restaurant In London" in three different contests. Assaf is well known by his tough nature, the moody face and the bad temper, but the Israeli audience came to know by now that deep inside he is very shy and sensitive. In Israel he won the nickname "The Bad Boy Of TheKitchen". In 2016 he got a documentary series of his own, called "Kitchen's Revolution", which is based on Gordon ramasay's T.V show "kitchen nightmares". Today, Granit is the presenter of domino's pizza after publishing a new line of chef's pizzas made by him. Moshik Roth (seasons 1-3), an Israeli chef and head chef of &samhoud places in Amsterdam, which holds two Michelin stars, an achievement attained by no other Israeli chef. Yossi Shitrit (season 3), an Israeli chef and head chef of the "Kitchen Market" and "Mashiya" restaurants in Tel Aviv. References Category:Television programmes on Channel 2 (Israel) Category:Cooking television
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Club Valencia is a Maldivian football club based in Malé, Maldives that plays in the Dhivehi Premier League. Club Valencia was the first Maldivian club to pay a salary for its players. Club Valencia has won 05 National Championships, 05 Maldives FA Cups, 06 Maldives Cup Winners' Cups, and 03 POMIS Cups and Youth Championship 2013. History The notion of establishing a football club named Club Valencia arose in the late 1970s from the players of blue and gold teams participating in the Junior Football Pool organized by National Sports Academy. The first two names proposed to the government forapproval as the name of the club were Youth Recreation Movement and Juvenile Valencia Athletico; both were rejected. The third name, Club Valencia was then approved by the government. The present chairman of the club is Mr. Adheel Jaleel who was elected to the post in 2015. Players Current Squad Honours League/Championship Maldives National Championship: 5 1993, 1994, 1998, 1999, 2008 Dhivehi League: 5 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2008 Male' League: 1 2005 Maldives FA Cup: 5 1988, 1995, 1999, 2004, 2016 FAM Youth Championship: 1 2013 Maldives Cup Winners' Cup: 6 1996, 1997, 1998, 2004, 2005, 2007 POMIS Cup:
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The Melomaniac () is a 1903 French silent film directed by Georges Méliès. Plot A music master leads his band to a field where five telegraph lines are strung on utility poles. Hoisting up a giant treble clef, he turns the set of lines into a giant musical staff. He then uses copies of his own head to spell out the tune for "God Save the King," and his band joins in. Production and release Méliès himself plays the lead role of the music master. The superimposition effects in The Mélomaniac, allowing multiple Méliès heads to appear on the staff,
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Floating Staircase is a ghost story/mystery novel by American writer Ronald Malfi. It was published in 2011 by Medallion Press, with a limited edition hardcover collectors edition from Thunderstorm Books, which contained an original author's "Afterward" not in the paperback novel. The novel was nominated by the Horror Writers Association for a Bram Stoker Award for Best Novel, and it won a Gold IPPY Award for best horror novel of 2011. Synopsis Following the success of his latest novel, Travis Glasgow and his wife Jodie buy their first house in the western Maryland town of Westlake, across the street from
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Andy De Emmony (born ; sometimes spelled DeEmmony) is a British television and film director. Career De Emmony has worked primarily in comedy, including Red Dwarf VI, Father Ted, Spitting Image. He has directed two features: the comedy sequel West is West and the comedy horror Love Bite. He has won one BAFTA (British Academy Television Award for Best Comedy (Programme or Series), Father Ted, 1999) and has picked up nominations for his work on Spitting Image, Cutting It, The Canterbury Tales and Kenneth Williams: Fantabulosa!. References External links Category:Living people Category:BAFTA winners (people) Category:English television directors Category:English television producers
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Pablo Elías Pedraza Bustos (born 10 March 1995) is a Bolivian footballer who plays for Barnechea in the Primera B de Chile. Club career In 2008 Pedraza began his career at the youth sector of Club Blooming. During 2011 he started training with the first team, and made his top flight debut the following year. In July 2015, he was hoping to get more playing time; he transferred to Real Potosí as he was unable to secure a place on the first team due to his inexperience. International career Pedraza was summoned for the Bolivian U-20 team to play in
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Aristid von Grosse was a German nuclear chemist. During his work with Otto Hahn, he got access to waste material from radium production, and with this starting material he was able in 1927 to isolate protactinium oxide and was later able to produce metallic protactinium by decomposition of protactinium iodide. From 1948 to 1969, he was president of the Research Institute of Temple University and was later affiliated with the laboratories of the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia until his retirement in 1979. In 1971, he received a United States Atomic Energy Commission award in recognition of his "outstanding contributions to
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Turbo bruneus, common name the brown (Pacific) dwarf turban or the little burnt turbo, is a species of sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae. Description The length of the shell varies between 20 mm and 50 mm. Distribution This marine species occurs in the Red Sea, in the Central Indo-Pacific, in the Western Pacific Ocean, off East India, the Philippines and off Western Australia. References Röding, P.F. 1798. Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat Joa. Hamburg : Trappii 199 pp Rajagopal, A.S. & Mookherjee, H.P. 1978. Contributions to the molluscan fauna
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USS Laboon (DDG-58) is an in the United States Navy. She is named for Father John Francis Laboon (1921–1988), a captain in the Chaplain Corps of the United States Navy, who was awarded the Silver Star during World War II while serving on the submarine . Construction and career Laboon keel was laid down on 23 March 1992 at the Bath Iron Works shipyard in Bath, Maine. She was launched on 20 February 1993. Laboon was commissioned on 18 March 1995, commanded by CDR Douglas D. McDonald. In the fall of 1996, she fired Tomahawk missiles at targets in Iraq,thus becoming the first Arleigh Burke-class destroyer to engage in combat. In 1998, Laboon took part in NATO Exercise Dynamic Response 98, together with 's Amphibious Ready Group. On 12 September 2012, Laboon was ordered to the coast of Libya in what the Pentagon called a "contingency" in case a strike was ordered. This was in response to the 2012 diplomatic missions attacks. On 21 June 2015, Laboon entered the Black Sea along with the French ship as part of NATO's presence missions following the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. While in the Black Sea, Laboon participated in
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Richardis of Schwerin (; 1347 – April 23 or July 11, 1377) was Queen of Sweden as the consort of King Albert. Life Richardis was the child of Otto I, Count of Schwerin (d. 1357) and Matilda of Mecklenburg-Werle (d. 1361) and the paternal niece of Richardis of Schwerin, Duchess of Schleswig, the wife of the former Valdemar III of Denmark. She was engaged to Albert of Mecklenburg, who was also to be king of Sweden. In Wismar on 12 October 1352, the marriage contract was signed. It was not until 1365, however, that they were married in person and
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Michael Kevin Pollan (; born February 6, 1955) is an American author, journalist, activist, and the Lewis K. Chan Arts Lecturer and Professor of Practice of Non-Fiction at Harvard University. Pollan is also professor of journalism at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism. Pollan is best known for his books which explore the socio-cultural impacts of food in books like The Botany of Desire and The Omnivore's Dilemma. Early years Pollan was born to a Jewish family on Long Island, New York. He is the son of author and financial consultant Stephen Pollan and columnist Corky Pollan. Pollan receiveda B.A. in English from Bennington College in 1977 and an M.A. in English from Columbia University in 1981. Career The Botany of Desire In The Botany of Desire, Pollan explores the concept of co-evolution, specifically of humankind's evolutionary relationship with four plants—apples, tulips, marijuana, and potatoes—from the dual perspectives of humans and the plants. He uses case examples that fit the archetype of four basic human desires, demonstrating how each of these botanical species are selectively grown, bred, and genetically engineered. The apple reflects the desire for sweetness, the tulip for beauty, marijuana for intoxication, and the potato forcontrol. Throughout the book, Pollan explores the narrative of his own experience with each of the plants, which he then intertwines with a well-researched exploration into their social history. Each section presents a unique element of human domestication, or the "human bumblebee" as Pollan calls it. These range from the true story of Johnny Appleseed to Pollan's first-hand research with sophisticated marijuana hybrids in Amsterdam, to the alarming and paradigm-shifting possibilities of genetically engineered potatoes. The Omnivore's Dilemma In The Omnivore's Dilemma, Pollan describes four basic ways that human societies have obtained food: the current industrial system, the big organicoperation, the local self-sufficient farm, and the hunter-gatherer. Pollan follows each of these processes—from a group of plants photosynthesizing calories through a series of intermediate stages, ultimately into a meal. Along the way, he suggests that there is a fundamental tension between the logic of nature and the logic of human industry, that the way we eat represents our most profound engagement with the natural world, and that industrial eating obscures crucially important ecological relationships and connections. On December 10, 2006, The New York Times named The Omnivore's Dilemma one of the five best nonfiction books of the year. Onof corn for purposes ranging from fattening cattle to massive production of corn oil, high-fructose corn syrup, and other corn derivatives. He describes what he sees as the inefficiencies and other drawbacks of factory farming and gives his assessment of organic food production and what it's like to hunt and gather food. He blames those who set the rules (e.g., politicians in Washington, D.C., bureaucrats at the United States Department of Agriculture, Wall Street capitalists, and agricultural conglomerates like Archer Daniels Midland) of what he calls a destructive and precarious agricultural system that has wrought havoc upon the diet, nutrition,(fermenting). The book also features Samin Nosrat, who later became known for the bestselling cookbook Salt, Fat, Acid, Heat, and as "the chef who taught Michael Pollan how to cook." How to Change Your Mind In 2018, Pollan wrote How to Change Your Mind, a book about the history and future of psychedelic drugs. He argues that psilocybin and LSD are not drugs that make people crazy, which he calls the biggest misconception people have about psychedelics, but rather drugs that can help a person become "more sane" by, for example, eliminating a fear of death. While promoting his bookon TV, he explained that along with LSD and psilocybin, his research included ingesting ayahuasca and 5-MeO-DMT, and that he experienced a dissolution of ego. Other work Pollan is a contributing writer for the New York Times Magazine and a former executive editor for Harper's Magazine. His first book, Second Nature: A Gardener's Education, was published in 1991. Pollan has contributed to Greater Good, a social psychology magazine published by the Greater Good Science Center at the University of California, Berkeley. His article "Edible Ethics" discusses the intersection of ethical eating and social psychology. In his 1998 book A Placeof My Own: The Education of an Amateur Builder, Pollan methodically traced the design and construction of the out-building where he writes. The 2008 re-release of this book was re-titled A Place of My Own: The Architecture of Daydreams. Pollan wrote and narrated an audiobook, Caffeine: How Caffeine Created the Modern World, for Audible.com In 2014, Pollan wrote the foreword in the healthy eating cookbook The Pollan Family Table. The book is co-authored by his mother, Corky Pollan, and sisters, Lori Pollan, Dana Pollan, and Tracy Pollan. Pollan also co-starred in the documentary, Food, Inc. (2008), for which he wasBoston Museum of Science, awarded annually to "an individual who has made an outstanding contribution toward public understanding and appreciation of science and the vital role it plays in our lives" and was named as a fellow at Harvard University's Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. He has also won the James Beard Leadership award, the Reuters World Conservation Union Global Awards in environmental journalism, the James Beard Foundation Awards for best magazine series in 2003, and the Genesis Award from the Humane Society of the United States. His articles have been anthologized in Best American Science Writing (2004), Best Americanof scientists and journalists have similarly characterized Pollan's work as biased against GMOs. For example, after Pollan posted a tweet that was critical of a New York Times article on GMOs, U.C. Berkeley biologist Michael Eisen posted a tweet calling Pollan's comment "a new low even in Pollan's 'anti-GMO crusade'". In response to Pollan's statement that GMOs have been one "tremendous disappointment," food writer James Cooper criticized Pollan's tendency to cite poor or selected scientific sources. In 2014, Pollan co-hosted a discussion and informal debate on the topic of genetic modification at UC Berkeley featuring prominent plant geneticist Pamela Ronald,professor at UC Davis, whose research-based position "strongly disagrees with Pollan’s view that G.M.O. crops, broadly, are failing." A New Yorker reporter observed that Pollan's largely anti-GMO student base at the discussion itself constituted, "a kind of monoculture," yet that Pollan sought "to introduce an invasive species" by engaging Ronald. The event, while predictably contentious, reportedly produced a rare instance of courteous, productive exchange between the two main sharply-opposed viewpoints on genetically-modified crops. Bibliography Books Essays and reporting References External links (video) Michael Pollan on the Politics of Food from UC Television (UCTV) "The omnivore's next dilemma" at TED Talks"In Defense of Food" at The Free Library of Philadelphia, January 10, 2008 Skewed View from the Berkeley Hills: Why Michael Pollan and Alice Waters should quit celebrating food-price hikes by Tom Philpott, Grist, April 4, 2009. Food and Fossil Fuels by Melissa Moser, UNC News 21 Project, , June 25, 2009 Why are Farmers Afraid of Michael Pollan? by Jim Goodman, CounterPunch, September 25, 2009 Michael Pollan on "Food Rules: An Eater’s Manual" – video report by Democracy Now! Category:1955 births Category:Living people Category:Alumni of Mansfield College, Oxford Category:American botanical writers Category:American food writers Category:American male journalists Category:American magazine
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Lieutenant-General Omer Lavoie, CMM, MSC, CD is a senior officer in the Canadian Forces. He was the commander of the 4th Canadian Division until the summer of 2014. He was promoted to Major General in January 2016, and appointed Commander 1 Division. He served as Battle Group Commander of the 1 RCR Battle Group, Task Force 3-06, from July 2006 to February 2007 in Kandahar, Afghanistan. Biography Lt Gen Omer Lavoie joined the CF in 1983 as a private soldier in the Lake Superior Scottish Regiment. Upon high school graduation, he transferred to the Regular Force and attended Royal RoadsMilitary College from 1985-1989. Upon completion of infantry phase training, he was posted to Second Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment. Lt Gen Lavoie's regimental employment includes service with 2 RCR, 1 RCR and as the Regimental Adjutant. As a member of 2 RCR, he was employed as a platoon commander, officer commanding reconnaissance platoon and as a company second-in command. While posted to 1 RCR, he served as the battle group operations officer and as Officer Commanding the Duke of Edinburgh's Company. Lt Gen Lavoie's extra regimental service has included postings to Canadian Forces Northern Area Headquarters in Yellowknife, attendanceat the CF Command and Staff College in Toronto, and staff officer to Director General Strategic Planning in National Defence Headquarters. Lt Gen Lavoie assumed command of 1st Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment on 24 June 2005. Shortly after his appointment, Brig-Gen. Lavoie commenced specialized training for OP ATHENA and deployed to Afghanistan in August 2006. Lt Gen Lavoie's operational experience includes employment as a rifle platoon commander during the OKA Crisis, as a company second-in-command in Croatia and Bosnia in 1992/1993, and as a battle group operations officer in Kosovo in 1999/2000. He was Commanding Officer of the 1RCR Battle Group in Afghanistan in 2006/2007. In February 2019, Lavoie was promoted to Lieutenant General and appointed Deputy Commander of Allied Joint Force Command Naples. Awards MGen Lavoie has been awarded the Meritorious Service Cross for his role in leading 1st Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment Battle Group in Afghanistan and has been awarded the NATO Meritorious Service Medal for leading NATO's first offensive ground operation at the Battle Group level and defeating the enemy during Operation MEDUSA. The citation reads: "From August 2006 to February 2007, Lieutenant-Colonel Lavoie commanded the 1st Battalion, Royal Canadian Regiment Battle Group, insouthern Afghanistan. He played a leading role in two complex brigade operations, including Operation MEDUSA, the most significant ground combat operation in NATO’s history. His battle group’s actions throughout their operational tour set the conditions for thousands of Afghans to return to their homes. During this period of sustained intense combat, Lieutenant-Colonel Lavoie led from the front, sharing the dangers and harsh living conditions of his troops. His exceptional professionalism and leadership in combat brought great credit to the Canadian Forces, to Canada and to NATO." References Category:Canadian Army officers Category:Living people Category:Canadian military personnel of the War in Afghanistan
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Wilton Park is a public park located in Batley, West Yorkshire, England. Opened to the public in 1909 in the grounds of an old mansion (which now serves as the Bagshaw Museum) by the Batley Corporation, the park now serves the whole of the town. The park contains a lake, formal gardens, a large area of natural woodland and open fields. Facilities include bowling greens, tennis courts and a paddling pool. A railway line once ran through the park. Despite being closed many years ago, its path is still evident, as is the bridge which lies directly in front of
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Eurrhyparodes splendens is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1895. It is found in the US from Arizona and Texas through the Mexican states of Xalapa, Veracruz, Morelos, Guerrero and Yucatán to Guatemala and Costa Rica. The wingspan is about 19 mm. The forewings are dark brown, crossed by three fine waved yellowish-white lines. The third line, outer margin and part of the inner margin bordered by a metallic steel-blue band. The hindwings are crossed by two yellowish-white lines from the costal to the inner margin. There is a third waved line. Both
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Relations:[["Eurrhyparodes splendens", "parent taxon", "Eurrhyparodes"]] |
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"Mr Potter Takes a Rest Cure" is a short story by P. G. Wodehouse, which first appeared in the United States in the 23 January 1926 issue of Liberty under the title "The Rest Cure", and in the United Kingdom in the February 1926 Strand. It was included in the collection Blandings Castle and Elsewhere (1935). It is a Bobbie Wickham story. Plot summary J. H. Potter, a New York publisher, is, on the advice of his doctor, taking a restful vacation in London. He accepts an invitation to stay at Skeldings Hall, which is owned by Lady Wickham, ato pursue a publishing contract with Potter. Once again, a female novelist trying to manipulate a publisher finds, in Wodehouse's universe, that this is easier said than done. Style Robert Hall used the story as an example of a Wodehouse short story where the romantic element is only a minor part of the story and treated farcically, as in Gandle's interrupted proposal of marriage to Bobbie Wickham, in contrast to stories in which romance plays a larger role or is not involved at all. The other example Hall gave of a short story similar to "Mr Potter Takes a Rest
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Bruno Tiago Fernandes Andrade (born 1 April 1981), known as Bruno Tiago, is a Portuguese retired footballer who played as a midfielder. After very brief spells in the Primeira Liga and unassuming stints in Spain, he was forced to retire still in his 20s due to injury. Club career Bruno Tiago was born in Santo Tirso, Porto District. Having grown through the ranks of Minho's Vitória S.C. he moved to Spain in 2000–01, joining second division club UD Salamanca where he would remain two and a half seasons (with a loan to lowly Real Ávila CF in between), without anyimpact. Bruno Tiago returned to Portugal in January 2003 where, after a spell with Sport Clube Dragões Sandinenses, he signed with Gil Vicente F.C. for the 2004–05 campaign. He made his Primeira Liga debut on 28 August 2004 in a 2–3 away loss against Sporting CP, and finished his first year with 25 league appearances. In July 2007, Bruno Tiago moved to Vitória's neighbours S.C. Braga. Only one week into pre-season he seriously broke his leg, being ruled out for the season's duration; following a two-year spell on the sidelines, he was forced to retire from the game at only
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Slánoll, son of Ollom Fotla, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. He succeeded to throne on the death of his brother Fínnachta. It is said that there was no disease during his reign (his name is explained as Old Irish slán, "whole, healthy"; oll, "great, ample"). After a reign of fifteen, or seventeen, or thirty years, he was found dead of unknown causes in his bed in Tara, and was succeeded by his brother Géde Ollgothach. When his body was dug up forty years later by his son Ailill, it showed no
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Caught You is a roots reggae album released by Steel Pulse in 1980. It is Steel Pulse's third studio album. It was released in the United States as Reggae Fever. Track listing All songs written by David Hinds except as shown. "Drug Squad" – 3:53 "Harassment" – 4:18 "Reggae Fever" – 3:26 "Shining" (Alphonso Martin) – 3:55 "Heart of Stone (Chant Them)" – 5:00 "Rumours (Not True)" – 3:52 "Caught You Dancing" – 3:25 "Burning Flame" – 3:09 "Higher Than High" (Basil Gabbidon) – 3:18 "Nyahbinghi Voyage" – 5:00 Personnel David Hinds - vocals, guitar Basil Gabbidon - lead guitar
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The City of Moreland is a local government area in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia. It comprises the inner northern suburbs between 4 and 11 kilometres from the Melbourne CBD. It was created in 1994 during the forced amalgamations of local governments by the state government, being created from the former local government areas of the City of Brunswick, the City of Coburg and the southern part of the City of Broadmeadows. The Moreland Local Government Area covers 51 km², and in June 2018, it had a population of 181,725. In 2004 the Victorian Electoral Commission (VEC), an independent authority created underevent, an art in public spaces show located along the Upfield transport corridor. The Council also sponsors various street festivals around the municipality, the best known being the Sydney Road Street Party. One of the highlights of the Moreland City Council is the public library. Moreland City Libraries have five branches. Other services provided by Moreland Council include maternal and child health service, waste and recycling collection, parks and open space, youth space called Oxygen, services for children, and aged services. Suburbs Brunswick Brunswick East Brunswick West Coburg Coburg North (shared with the City of Darebin) Fawkner (shared with theCity of Hume) Fitzroy North (shared with the City of Yarra) Glenroy Hadfield Gowanbrae Oak Park Parkville (shared with the City of Melbourne) Pascoe Vale Pascoe Vale South Tullamarine (shared with the cities of Brimbank and Hume) Council Current composition Councillors are elected from three multi-member wards, two electing four members, and one electing three, for a total of eleven councillors. The current council was elected in October 2016, and its composition is: In order of election by ward, is: Council election results Mayors The current Mayor is Natalie Abboud and the Deputy Mayor is Mark Riley. They were elected
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Hamskifte (Danish for Moulting) is former Blue Foundation singer Kirstine Stubbe Teglbjærg'''s first solo album. The album is a mix of electronic and acoustic music. The texts are written and sung in Danish as Kirstine wanted to sing in the language of her mother. The album has been released for vinyl to present the correct sound, but is also disponible on CD. Some former members of Blue Foundation appears on the album such as drummer Nikolaj Bundvig which has played on two tracks. Both bassists Sune Martin and Anders Wallin are also playing on the album. Wallin is the mainbassist of the record. He also added drums. Her brother, David Stubbe Teglbjærg also appears on Tæppet Er Faldet''. Track listing "Drømmenes Lyd" - 4:13 "Levende Igen" - 3:40 "Broerne Brænder" - 4:59 "Lysvæld Og Sol" - 5:05 "Under Isen" - 4:10 "Hamskifte" - 3:17 "Tungt Er Mit Hår" - 4:28 "Tæppet Er Faldet" - 3:25 "Det Larmer Ikke Mere" - 2:20 Personnel Musicians Kirstine Stubbe Teglbjærg - Vocals, Guitar, Würlitzer, Piano, Synthesizer, Organ Pipes, Daf Drum, Glass, Bottles, Glockenspiel, Bells, Field Recordings Dodebum - Synthesizer (tracks: 1 to 8), programmation (track: 1), glockenspiel (track: 6) Anders Wallin - bass,bass recording (tracks: 2, 4, 6, 7, 8), drums recording (tracks: 3, 6, 8) Sune Martin - additional bass, bass recording (track: 8) Rune Kielsgaard - drums (tracks: 2, 6, 7, 8) Nikolaj Bundvig - additional drums (tracks: 3, 8) Peter Bruun - drums (track: 3), additional drums (track: 6) David Stubbe Teglbjærg - additional vocals (track: 8) Angela - tambourine (track: 8) Technique Kirstine Stubbe Teglbjærg - Composing, Writing, Arranged, Recording, Producer Dyre Gormsen & Jon Schumann - mixing (tracks: 1, 7, 8) Adam Coel - assistant mix engineer Geoff Pesche - mastering Anders Wallin - drums recording (tracks:
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Powell Library is the main college undergraduate library on the campus of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Powell Library is also known as the College Library. It was constructed from 1926 to 1929 and was one of the original four buildings that comprised the UCLA campus in the early period of the university's life. Its Romanesque Revival architecture design, its historic value and its popularity with students make it one of the defining images of UCLA. Style Like the building facing it across the quad, Royce Hall, the building's exterior is modeled after Milan's Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio. Theentrance of the library is adorned with several mosaics, one of which depicts two men holding a book bearing the phrase, from Cicero's Pro Archia Poeta, "Haec studia adulescentiam alunt, senectutem oblectant" ("These studies nourish youth and delight old age"), an appropriate dictum for the vast collection for undergraduate students. There are also Renaissance Printers' Marks on the ceiling. History The library is named for Lawrence Clark Powell, the University Librarian at UCLA from 1944 to 1961 and Dean of the Graduate School of Library Service from 1960 to 1966. It is part of the extensive UCLA Library system. Thebeing louder than most libraries. Others explain that it is because this library has a room called Night Powell that is open 24/7 beginning on third week. Currently, the whole library is open 24/7 during tenth and finals week. The Inquiry Desk staff provides fruit and coffee during this stressful time. Powell hosts de-stressor programs during tenth and finals week, which include bringing therapy dogs, origami stations, and meditation. Located in the second floor Rotunda, this UCLA library often hosts events. Past events include the Edible Book Festival, Silent Disco, Video Game Orchestra, and International Games Day. Services The Hoover
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1332 Marconia, provisional designation , is a dark asteroid and the parent body of the Marconia family located in the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It measures approximately in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 9 January 1934, by Italian astronomer Luigi Volta at the Observatory of Turin in Pino Torinese, northern Italy. It was named for Italian electrical engineer Guglielmo Marconi. The uncommon L-type asteroid has a rotation period of 19.2 hours. Orbit and classification Marconia is the parent body of the Marconia family (), a tiny asteroid family of less than 50 known members. It orbits theSun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 4 months (1,958 days; semi-major axis of 3.06 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed in October 1905, as at Heidelberg Observatory, where the body's observation arc begins as in March 1924, almost 10 years prior to its official discovery observation at Pino Torinese. Physical characteristics Marconia has been characterized as an L-type asteroid in the Bus–DeMeo taxonomic system, while in the SMASS classification, it is an31.0°) and (220.0°, 31.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β). Conversely, another lightcurve inversion study by an international collaboration gave a longer spin rate of 32.1201 hours. Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Marconia measures between 44.93 and 52.009 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.063. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0527 and a diameter of 43.90 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.6. Naming This minor planet was named after GuglielmoMarconi (1874–1937), an Italian electrical engineer, pioneer and inventor of radio. In 1909, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics together with Karl Ferdinand Braun (also see ). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (). The lunar crater Marconi was also named in his honor. References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001332 Category:Discoveries by Luigi
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Lubomír Kubica (born 10 March 1979) is a Czech association footballer who last played for FC Tescoma Zlín in the Czech 2. Liga. Club career Kubica previously played for FC Baník Ostrava, FK Drnovice in the Czech Gambrinus liga, FC Irtysh Pavlodar in Kazakhstan, FK AS Trenčín in Slovakia, for NK Maribor in the Slovenian Prva Liga Telekom Slovenije, for F.C. Ashdod in the Israeli Premier League and FC Inter Baku in the Azerbaijan Premier League. References External links Profile at Inter Baku's Official Site Profile at NK Maribor Stats from Maribor on PrvaLiga Profile at ČMFS website http://www.one.co.il/Article/131468.html Category:Living
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Julia Terziyska (; born 5 March 1996) is a Bulgarian tennis player. Terziyska has a career-high WTA singles ranking of world No. 307, achieved on 28 December 2015. She also has a career-high doubles ranking of No. 238, achieved on 5 August 2019. Terziyska has won eleven singles and 15 doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. Terziyska made her Fed Cup debut for Bulgaria in 2018. Playing in that competition, she has a win-loss record of 1–1. ITF finals Singles: 18 (11 titles, 7 runner–ups) Doubles (15–15) Fed Cup Terziyska made her Fed Cup debut for Bulgaria in 2018,
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The Israel Mathematical Union (IMU) () is an association of professional mathematicians in Israel. It is a member of the European Mathematical Society and the International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, and has reciprocity membership agreements with the American Mathematical Society and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. The Union was founded on 2 March 1953 and held its first meeting with eleven short lectures on 28 September of that year. Early members included Binyamin Amirà, Michael Fekete, and Abraham Fraenkel, who represented the Union at the 1954 International Congress of Mathematicians in Amsterdam, as well as ShmuelAgmon, Jacob Levitzki, and Dov Jarden. Prizes The Israel Mathematical Union awards three major prizes: The Anna and Lajos Erdős Prize in Mathematics, awarded to an Israeli mathematician under the age of 41. The Levitzki Prize in Algebra, awarded biennially to a young Israeli mathematician for research in Algebra or related areas. The Haim Nessyahu Prize in Mathematics, awarded for outstanding achievements in a mathematical Ph.D. dissertation. Presidents Yakar Kannai (1981–1982) Shmuel Kantorovitz (1983–1984) Raphael Artzy (1985–1986) Moshe Jarden (1987–1988) Zvi Ziegler (1989–1990) Yisrael Aumann (1991–1992) Miriam Cohen (1993–1994) Stephen Gelbart (1995–1996) Lawrence Zalcman (1997–1998) Joseph Zaks (1999–2000) Vitali Milman
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Relations:[["Israel Mathematical Union", "country", "Israel"], ["Israel Mathematical Union", "inception", "1953"]] |
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Dan D (meaning D-Day in Slovene) is a popular Slovenian rock band that has been formed in 1996 in Novo Mesto and has published five albums till now. Band members The group was formed from the remnants of the Mercedes Band musical ensemble by the singer Tomislav Jovanovič (nicknamed Tokac) and the drummer Dušan Obradinovič (nicknamed Obra) who later invited his friend Marko Turk (Tučo) as the rhythm guitar, Primož Špelko as the bass guitar, and Aleš Bartelj as the solo guitar. After Primož Špelko and Aleš Bartelj left, the band invited the bass guitarist Andrej Zupančič and the keyboardist
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Support Your Local Sheriff! (also known as The Sheriff) is a 1969 American comedy western film directed by Burt Kennedy and starring James Garner, Joan Hackett, and Walter Brennan. The supporting cast features Harry Morgan, Jack Elam, Bruce Dern and Chubby Johnson. The picture was distributed by United Artists and produced by William Bowers (who also wrote the screenplay) and Bill Finnegan. The film parodies the iconic story of the western hero who tames a lawless frontier town. Its title was derived from a popular 1960s campaign slogan "Support Your Local Police". Plot The Old West town of Calendar, Colorado,springs up almost overnight when clumsy, hotheaded Prudy Perkins (Joan Hackett) notices gold in a freshly dug grave during a funeral. Her father Olly (Harry Morgan) becomes mayor of the new settlement. He and the other members of the town council (Henry Jones, Walter Burke) bemoan the town's descent into chaos and corruption, and are tired of the tolls exacted on their gold shipments by the Danbys, a family of near-outlaws who control the only shipping route out of town. The town has no sheriff, as most people are too busy prospecting, and the few who have taken the jobhave been run out of town or killed. Jason McCullough (James Garner), a confident and exceptionally skilled gunfighter who says he is only passing through town on his way to Australia, sees Joe Danby (Bruce Dern) gun down a man in the town's saloon. Needing money after encountering the town's ruinous rate of inflation, McCullough takes the job of sheriff, impressing the mayor and council with his uncanny marksmanship. He breaks up a street brawl, and later at the Perkins house meets Prudy, despite her attempts to avoid him due to her embarrassing circumstances. McCullough arrests Joe and tosses himin the town's unfinished jail, which lacks bars for the cell doors and windows, keeping the dimwitted Joe in his cell through tricks and psychology. McCullough acquires a reluctant deputy in scruffy Jake (Jack Elam), previously known as the "town character". Joe's arrest infuriates his father, Pa Danby (Walter Brennan), who is not accustomed to his family being challenged. Pa Danby mounts various attempts to get Joe out of jail, and when those fail, sends in a string of hired guns, whom McCullough defeats with ease. Meanwhile, McCullough enlists Jake's help in an unsuccessful attempt to prospect for gold, andby McCullough, Jake, and Prudy. After a lengthy but unproductive gunfight, McCullough bluffs his way to victory using Joe as a hostage and the old cannon mounted in the center of town. As all the Danbys are marched off to jail, the supposedly unloaded cannon fires, smashing Madame Orr's, the town brothel, and scattering the resident prostitutes and the four civic leaders who were inside. Sheriff McCullough and Prudy get engaged. In a closing monologue, Jake breaks the film's fourth wall and directly informs the audience that they get married and McCullough goes on to become governor of the stateof Colorado, never making it to Australia (although he reads about it a lot), while Jake becomes sheriff and "one of the most beloved characters in western folklore". Cast James Garner as Jason McCullough Joan Hackett as Prudy Perkins Walter Brennan as Pa Danby Harry Morgan as Olly Perkins Jack Elam as Jake Henry Jones as Henry Jackson Bruce Dern as Joe Danby Willis Bouchey as Thomas Devery Kathleen Freeman as Mrs. Danvers Walter Burke as Fred Johnson Chubby Johnson as Brady Gene Evans as Tom Danby Dick Peabody as Luke Danby Dick Haynes as Bartender Production Support Your LocalSheriff! was the first producing effort by Garner and his Cherokee production company, completed on a "shoestring" budget of $750,000. Early in pre-production, Paramount Pictures threatened a lawsuit as the studio contended that the first scene was "lifted" from their musical Paint Your Wagon (1969) where a similar gold mine discovery is featured. Eventually, Garner was able to show where the original screenplay had found its source material, and the lawsuit went away. Reception Support Your Local Sheriff was considered a "bomb" as it did not do any business in its first week, with United Artists clamouring to pull thefilm. Garner challenged them to match a $10,000 stake to keep the film in one theatre for a week. The result was impressive as "word of mouth" increased attendance until there were crowds around the theatre by the end of the engagement. Support Your Local Sheriff was the 20th most popular film at the U.S. box office in 1969. Follow-up In 1971 director Burt Kennedy re-teamed with James Garner, Harry Morgan, and Jack Elam to make another western comedy, Support Your Local Gunfighter, with different characters but a similar comedic tone. Many of the original supporting cast re-appeared as well.
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Mark J. Cardillo is an American chemist currently at The Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation and an Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. References Category:Living people Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Category:Place of birth missing (living people) Category:Year of birth missing (living people) He received his PhD in Chemistry from Cornell University and then worked as a post doctoral fellow in Genoa,Italy.Afterwards he was a Post doctoral Fellow at MIT in Richard Swoebel's group. From there he accepted a position at (AT & T) Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill,New Jersey.
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Doroțcaia is a village in the Dubăsari District, Republic of Moldova, situated on the eastern bank of the River Dniester. The village was a place of fighting during 1992 War of Transnistria. It is now under the control of the central authorities from Chișinău. The Grigoriopol Romanian-language school which was not allowed to function by the authorities of Transnistria was moved to the village in 2002. According to the 2014 Moldovan Census, the village had a population of 3,038, of whom 2,976 were ethnic Moldovans, 44 were from ethnic minorities, and 18 were undeclared. Political problems On the eastern edge
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Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is a country in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula. With a land area of approximately , Saudi Arabia is geographically the largest sovereign state in Western Asia, the second-largest in the Arab world (after Algeria), the fifth-largest in Asia, and the 12th-largest in the world. Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast and Yemen to the south; it is separated from Egypt and Israel by theGulf of Aqaba. It is the only country with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast, and most of its terrain consists of arid desert, lowland and mountains. As of October 2018, the Saudi economy was the largest in the Middle East and the 18th largest in the world. Saudi Arabia also has one of the world's youngest populations: 50 percent of its 33.4 million people are under 25 years old. The territory that now constitutes Saudi Arabia was the site of several ancient cultures and civilizations. The prehistory of Saudi Arabia shows some of the earliesttraces of human activity in the world. The world's second-largest religion, Islam, emerged in modern-day Saudi Arabia. In the early 7th century, the Islamic prophet Muhammad united the population of Arabia and created a single Islamic religious polity. Following his death in 632, his followers rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim rule beyond Arabia, conquering huge and unprecedented swathes of territory (from the Iberian Peninsula in the West to modern-day Pakistan in the East) in a matter of decades. Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the Rashidun (632–661), Umayyad (661–750), Abbasid (750–1517) and Fatimid (909–1171) caliphates as wellas numerous other dynasties in Asia, Africa and Europe. The area of modern-day Saudi Arabia formerly consisted of mainly four distinct regions: Hejaz, Najd and parts of Eastern Arabia (Al-Ahsa) and Southern Arabia ('Asir). The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by Ibn Saud. He united the four regions into a single state through a series of conquests beginning in 1902 with the capture of Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud. Saudi Arabia has since been a totalitarian absolute monarchy, effectively a hereditary dictatorship governed along Islamist lines. The ultraconservative Wahhabi religious movementwithin Sunni Islam has been called "the predominant feature of Saudi culture", with its global spread largely financed by the oil and gas trade. Saudi Arabia is sometimes called "the Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Al-Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca) and Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam. The state's official language is Arabic. Petroleum was discovered on 3 March 1938 and followed up by several other finds in the Eastern Province. Saudi Arabia has since become the world's second largest oil producer (behind the US) and the world's largest oil exporter, controlling theworld's second largest oil reserves and the sixth largest gas reserves. The kingdom is categorized as a World Bank high-income economy with a high Human Development Index and is the only Arab country to be part of the G-20 major economies. The state has attracted criticism for a variety of reasons including: its treatment of women, its excessive and often extrajudicial use of capital punishment, state-sponsored discrimination against religious minorities and atheists, its role in the Yemeni Civil War, sponsorship of Islamic terrorism, its failure to take adequate measures against human trafficking, state-sanctioned racism and antisemitism, its poor human rightsrecord, and its strict interpretation of Sharia law. The kingdom has the world's fifth-highest military expenditure and, according to SIPRI, was the world's second largest arms importer from 2010 to 2014. Saudi Arabia is considered a regional and middle power. In addition to the GCC, it is an active member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and OPEC. Etymology Following the amalgamation of the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, the new state was named al-Mamlakah al-ʿArabīyah as-Saʿūdīyah (a transliteration of in Arabic) by royal decree on 23 September 1932 by its founder, Abdulaziz bin Saud. Although this is normally translatedas "the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" in English, it literally means "the Saudi Arab kingdom", or "the Arab Saudi Kingdom". The word "Saudi" is derived from the element as-Saʿūdīyah in the Arabic name of the country, which is a type of adjective known as a nisba, formed from the dynastic name of the Saudi royal family, the Al Saud (). Its inclusion expresses the view that the country is the personal possession of the royal family. Al Saud is an Arabic name formed by adding the word Al, meaning "family of" or "House of", to the personal name of anancestor. In the case of the Al Saud, this is Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin, the father of the dynasty's 18th-century founder, Muhammad bin Saud. History Prehistory There is evidence that human habitation in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to about 125,000 years ago. A 2011 study found that the first modern humans to spread east across Asia left Africa about 75,000 years ago across the Bab-el-Mandeb connecting the Horn of Africa and Arabia. The Arabian peninsula is regarded as a central figure in the understanding of hominin evolution and dispersals. Arabia underwent an extreme environmental fluctuation in the Quaternaryas sheep, goats, dogs, in particular of the Saluki race, ostriches, falcons and fish were discovered in the form of stone statues and rock engravings. Al-Magar statues were made from local stone, and it seems that the statues were fixed in a central building that might have had a significant role on the social and religious life of the inhabitants. In November 2017, hunting scenes showing images of most likely domesticated dogs, resembling the Canaan dog, wearing leashes were discovered in Shuwaymis, a hilly region of northwestern Saudi Arabia. These rock engravings date back more than 8,000 years, making themthe earliest depictions of dogs in the world. At the end of the 4th millennium BC, Arabia entered the Bronze Age after witnessing drastic transformations; metals were widely used, and the period was characterized by its 2 m high burials which was simultaneously followed by the existence of numerous temples, that included many free-standing sculptures originally painted with red colours. Pre-Islamic The earliest sedentary culture in Saudi Arabia dates back to the Ubaid period, upon discovering various pottery sherds at Dosariyah. Initial analysis of the discovery concluded that the eastern province of Saudi Arabia was the homeland of the earliestsettlers of Mesopotamia, and by extension, the likely origin of the Sumerians. However, experts such as Joan Oates had the opportunity to see the Ubaid period sherds in eastern Arabia and consequently conclude that the sherds dates to the last two phases of Ubaid period (period three and four), while handful examples could be classified roughly as either Ubaid 3 or Ubaid 2. Thus the idea that colonists from Saudi Arabia had emigrated to southern Mesopotamia and founded the region's first sedentary culture was abandoned. Climatic change and the onset of aridity may have brought about the end of thisphase of settlement, as little archaeological evidence exists from the succeeding millennium. The settlement of the region picks up again in the period of Dilmun in the early 3rd millennium. Known records from Uruk refer to a place called Dilmun, associated in several occasions with copper and in later period it was a source of imported woods in southern Mesopotamia. A number of scholars have suggested that Dilmun originally designated the eastern province of Saudi Arabia, notably linked with the major Dilmunite settlements of Umm an-Nussi and Umm ar-Ramadh in the interior and Tarout on the coast. It is likelythat Tarout Island was the main port and the capital of Dilmun. Mesopotamian inscribed clay tablets suggests that, in the early period of Dilmun, a form of hierarchical organized political structure existed. In 1966 an earthworks in Tarout exposed ancient burial field that yielded a large impressive statue dating to the Dilmunite period (mid 3rd millennium BC). The statue was locally made under strong Mesopotamian influence on the artistic principle of Dilmun. By 2200 BC, the centre of Dilmun shifted for unknown reasons from Tarout and the Saudi Arabian mainland to the island of Bahrain, and a major developed settlementsappeared in Bahrain for the first time, where a laborious temple complex and thousands of burial mounds that dates to this period were discovered. By the Late Bronze Age, a historically recorded people and land (Median and the Medianites) in the north-western portion of Saudi Arabia are well-documented in the Bible. Centered in Tabouk, Median stretched from Wadi Arabah in the north to the area of al-Wejh in the south. The capital of Median was Qurayyah, it consists of a large fortified citadel encompassing 35 hectares and below it lies a walled settlement of 15 hectares. The city hosted aswider domain that marked the pinnacle of Lihyan civilization. The third state occurred during the early 3rd century BC with bursting economic activity between the south and north that made Lihyan acquire large influence suitable to its strategic position on the caravan road. Lihyan was a powerful and highly organized ancient Arabian kingdom that played a vital cultural and economic role in the north-western region of the Arabian Peninsula. The Lihyanites ruled over large domain from Yathrib in the south and parts of the Levant in the north. In antiquity, Gulf of Aqaba used to be called Gulf of Lihyan.A testimony to the extensive influence that Lihyan acquired. The Lihyanites fell into the hands of the Nabataeans around 65 BC upon their seizure of Hegra then marching to Tayma, and to their capital Dedan in 9 BC. The Nabataeans ruled large portions of north Arabia until their domain was annexed by the Roman Empire. Middle Ages and rise of Islam Shortly before the advent of Islam, apart from urban trading settlements (such as Mecca and Medina), much of what was to become Saudi Arabia was populated by nomadic pastoral tribal societies. The Islamic prophet Muhammad was born in Meccain about 571 CE. In the early 7th century, Muhammad united the various tribes of the peninsula and created a single Islamic religious polity. Following his death in 632, his followers rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim rule beyond Arabia, conquering huge and unprecedented swathes of territory (from the Iberian Peninsula in west to modern day Pakistan in east) in a matter of decades. Arabia soon became a more politically peripheral region of the Muslim world as the focus shifted to the vast and newly conquered lands. Arabs originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia, the Hejaz in particular, founded the Rashidun(632–661), Umayyad (661–750), Abbasid (750–1517) and the Fatimid (909–1171) caliphates. From the 10th century to the early 20th century, Mecca and Medina were under the control of a local Arab ruler known as the Sharif of Mecca, but at most times the Sharif owed allegiance to the ruler of one of the major Islamic empires based in Baghdad, Cairo or Istanbul. Most of the remainder of what became Saudi Arabia reverted to traditional tribal rule. For much of the 10th century, the Isma'ili-Shi'ite Qarmatians were the most powerful force in the Persian Gulf. In 930, the Qarmatians pillaged Mecca, outragingthe Muslim world, particularly with their theft of the Black Stone. In 1077–1078, an Arab Sheikh named Abdullah bin Ali Al Uyuni defeated the Qarmatians in Bahrain and al-Hasa with the help of the Great Seljuq Empire and founded the Uyunid dynasty. The Uyunid Emirate later underwent expansion with its territory stretching from Najd to the Syrian desert. They were overthrown by the Usfurids in 1253. Ufsurid rule was weakened after Persian rulers of Hormuz captured Bahrain and Qatif in 1320. The vassals of Ormuz, the Shia Jarwanid dynasty came to rule eastern Arabia in the 14th century. The Jabridstook control of the region after overthrowing the Jarwanids in the 15th century and clashed with Hormuz for more than two decades over the region for its economic revenues, until finally agreeing to pay tribute in 1507. Al-Muntafiq tribe later took over the region and came under Ottoman suzerainty. The Bani Khalid tribe later revolted against them in 17th century and took control. Their rule extended from Iraq to Oman at its height and they too came under Ottoman suzerainty. Ottoman Hejaz In the 16th century, the Ottomans added the Red Sea and Persian Gulf coast (the Hejaz, Asir andAl-Ahsa) to the Empire and claimed suzerainty over the interior. One reason was to thwart Portuguese attempts to attack the Red Sea (hence the Hejaz) and the Indian Ocean. Ottoman degree of control over these lands varied over the next four centuries with the fluctuating strength or weakness of the Empire's central authority. These changes contributed to later uncertainties, such as the dispute with Transjordan over the inclusion of the sanjak of Ma'an, including the cities of Ma'an and Aqaba. Foundation of the Saud dynasty The emergence of what was to become the Saudi royal family, known as the AlSaud, began in Nejd in central Arabia in 1744, when Muhammad bin Saud, founder of the dynasty, joined forces with the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, founder of the Wahhabi movement, a strict puritanical form of Sunni Islam. This alliance formed in the 18th century provided the ideological impetus to Saudi expansion and remains the basis of Saudi Arabian dynastic rule today. The first "Saudi state" established in 1744 in the area around Riyadh, rapidly expanded and briefly controlled most of the present-day territory of Saudi Arabia, sacking Karbala in 1802 and capturing Mecca in 1803, but was destroyedby 1818 by the Ottoman viceroy of Egypt, Mohammed Ali Pasha. A much smaller second "Saudi state", located mainly in Nejd, was established in 1824. Throughout the rest of the 19th century, the Al Saud contested control of the interior of what was to become Saudi Arabia with another Arabian ruling family, the Al Rashid, who ruled the Emirate of Jabal Shammar. By 1891, the Al Rashid were victorious and the Al Saud were driven into exile in Kuwait. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Ottoman Empire continued to control or have a suzerainty over most of thepeninsula. Subject to this suzerainty, Arabia was ruled by a patchwork of tribal rulers, with the Sharif of Mecca having pre-eminence and ruling the Hejaz. In 1902, Abdul Rahman's son, Abdul Aziz—later to be known as Ibn Saud—recaptured control of Riyadh bringing the Al Saud back to Nejd, creating the third "Saudi state". Ibn Saud gained the support of the Ikhwan, a tribal army inspired by Wahhabism and led by Faisal Al-Dawish, and which had grown quickly after its foundation in 1912. With the aid of the Ikhwan, Ibn Saud captured Al-Ahsa from the Ottomans in 1913. In 1916, withSultan of Nejd in 1921. With the help of the Ikhwan, the Kingdom of Hejaz was conquered in 1924–25 and on 10 January 1926, Ibn Saud declared himself King of Hejaz. A year later, he added the title of King of Nejd. For the next five years, he administered the two parts of his dual kingdom as separate units. After the conquest of the Hejaz, the Ikhwan leadership's objective switched to expansion of the Wahhabist realm into the British protectorates of Transjordan, Iraq and Kuwait, and began raiding those territories. This met with Ibn Saud's opposition, as he recognized thedanger of a direct conflict with the British. At the same time, the Ikhwan became disenchanted with Ibn Saud's domestic policies which appeared to favor modernization and the increase in the number of non-Muslim foreigners in the country. As a result, they turned against Ibn Saud and, after a two-year struggle, were defeated in 1929 at the Battle of Sabilla, where their leaders were massacred. On 23 September 1932, the two kingdoms of the Hejaz and Nejd were united as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and that date is now a national holiday called Saudi National Day. Post-unification The newkingdom was reliant on limited agriculture and pilgrimage revenues. In 1938, vast reserves of oil were discovered in the Al-Ahsa region along the coast of the Persian Gulf, and full-scale development of the oil fields began in 1941 under the US-controlled Aramco (Arabian American Oil Company). Oil provided Saudi Arabia with economic prosperity and substantial political leverage internationally. Cultural life rapidly developed, primarily in the Hejaz, which was the center for newspapers and radio. However, the large influx of foreign workers in Saudi Arabia in the oil industry increased the pre-existing propensity for xenophobia.At the same time, the government becameincreasingly wasteful and extravagant. By the 1950s this had led to large governmental deficits and excessive foreign borrowing. In 1953, Saud of Saudi Arabia succeeded as the king of Saudi Arabia, on his father's death, until 1964 when he was deposed in favor of his half brother Faisal of Saudi Arabia, after an intense rivalry, fueled by doubts in the royal family over Saud's competence. In 1972, Saudi Arabia gained a 20 percent control in Aramco, thereby decreasing US control over Saudi oil. In 1973, Saudi Arabia led an oil boycott against the Western countries that supported Israel in theYom Kippur War against Egypt and Syria. Oil prices quadrupled. In 1975, Faisal was assassinated by his nephew, Prince Faisal bin Musaid and was succeeded by his half-brother King Khalid. By 1976, Saudi Arabia had become the largest oil producer in the world. Khalid's reign saw economic and social development progress at an extremely rapid rate, transforming the infrastructure and educational system of the country; in foreign policy, close ties with the US were developed. In 1979, two events occurred which greatly concerned the government, and had a long-term influence on Saudi foreign and domestic policy. The first was theIranian Islamic Revolution. It was feared that the country's Shi'ite minority in the Eastern Province (which is also the location of the oil fields) might rebel under the influence of their Iranian co-religionists. There were several anti-government uprisings in the region such as the 1979 Qatif Uprising. The second event was the Grand Mosque Seizure in Mecca by Islamist extremists. The militants involved were in part angered by what they considered to be the corruption and un-Islamic nature of the Saudi government. The government regained control of the mosque after 10 days and those captured were executed. Part of theresponse of the royal family was to enforce a much stricter observance of traditional religious and social norms in the country (for example, the closure of cinemas) and to give the Ulema a greater role in government. Neither entirely succeeded as Islamism continued to grow in strength. In 1980, Saudi Arabia bought out the American interests in Aramco. King Khalid died of a heart attack in June 1982. He was succeeded by his brother, King Fahd, who added the title "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques" to his name in 1986 in response to considerable fundamentalist pressure to avoid useof "majesty" in association with anything except God. Fahd continued to develop close relations with the United States and increased the purchase of American and British military equipment. The vast wealth generated by oil revenues was beginning to have an even greater impact on Saudi society. It led to rapid technological (but not cultural) modernisation, urbanization, mass public education and the creation of new media. This and the presence of increasingly large numbers of foreign workers greatly affected traditional Saudi norms and values. Although there was dramatic change in the social and economic life of the country, political power continuedto be monopolized by the royal family leading to discontent among many Saudis who began to look for wider participation in government. In the 1980s, Saudi Arabia spent $25 billion in support of Saddam Hussein in the Iran–Iraq War. However, Saudi Arabia condemned the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and asked the US to intervene. King Fahd allowed American and coalition troops to be stationed in Saudi Arabia. He invited the Kuwaiti government and many of its citizens to stay in Saudi Arabia, but expelled citizens of Yemen and Jordan because of their governments' support of Iraq. In 1991,Saudi Arabian forces were involved both in bombing raids on Iraq and in the land invasion that helped to liberate Kuwait. Saudi Arabia's relations with the West began to cause growing concern among some of the ulema and students of sharia law and was one of the issues that led to an increase in Islamist terrorism in Saudi Arabia, as well as Islamist terrorist attacks in Western countries by Saudi nationals. Osama bin Laden was a Saudi citizen (until stripped of his citizenship in 1994) and was responsible for the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in East Africa and the 2000USS Cole bombing near the port of Aden, Yemen. 15 of the 19 terrorists involved in September 11 attacks in New York City, Washington, D.C., and near Shanksville, Pennsylvania were Saudi nationals. Many Saudis who did not support the Islamist terrorists were nevertheless deeply unhappy with the government's policies. Islamism was not the only source of hostility to the government. Although now extremely wealthy, Saudi Arabia's economy was near stagnant. High taxes and a growth in unemployment have contributed to discontent, and has been reflected in a rise in civil unrest, and discontent with the royal family. In response, aFahd suffered a debilitating stroke, and the Crown Prince, Abdullah, assumed the role of de facto regent, taking on the day-to-day running of the country. However, his authority was hindered by conflict with Fahd's full brothers (known, with Fahd, as the "Sudairi Seven"). From the 1990s, signs of discontent continued and included, in 2003 and 2004, a series of bombings and armed violence in Riyadh, Jeddah, Yanbu and Khobar. In February–April 2005, the first-ever nationwide municipal elections were held in Saudi Arabia. Women were not allowed to take part in the poll. In 2005, King Fahd died and was succeededby Abdullah, who continued the policy of minimum reform and clamping down on protests. The king introduced a number of economic reforms aimed at reducing the country's reliance on oil revenue: limited deregulation, encouragement of foreign investment, and privatization. In February 2009, Abdullah announced a series of governmental changes to the judiciary, armed forces, and various ministries to modernize these institutions including the replacement of senior appointees in the judiciary and the Mutaween (religious police) with more moderate individuals and the appointment of the country's first female deputy minister. On 29 January 2011, hundreds of protesters gathered in the cityof Jeddah in a rare display of criticism against the city's poor infrastructure after deadly floods swept through the city, killing 11 people. Police stopped the demonstration after about 15 minutes and arrested 30 to 50 people. Since 2011, Saudi Arabia has been affected by its own Arab Spring protests. In response, King Abdullah announced on 22 February 2011 a series of benefits for citizens amounting to $36 billion, of which $10.7 billion was earmarked for housing. No political reforms were announced as part of the package, though some prisoners indicted for financial crimes were pardoned. On 18 March thesame year, King Abdullah announced a package of $93 billion, which included 500,000 new homes to a cost of $67 billion, in addition to creating 60,000 new security jobs. Although male-only municipal elections were held on 29 September 2011, Abdullah allowed women to vote and be elected in the 2015 municipal elections, and also to be nominated to the Shura Council. Since 2001, Saudi Arabia has engaged in widespread internet censorship. Most online censorship generally falls into two categories: one based on censoring "immoral" (mostly pornographic and LGBT-supportive websites along with websites promoting any religious ideology other than Sunni Islam)and one based on a blacklist run by Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Media, which primarily censors websites critical of the Saudi regime or associated with parties that are opposed to or opposed by Saudi Arabia. Politics Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy. However, according to the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia adopted by royal decree in 1992, the king must comply with Sharia (Islamic law) and the Quran, while the Quran and the Sunnah (the traditions of Muhammad) are declared to be the country's constitution. No political parties or national elections are permitted. Critics regard it as a totalitarian dictatorship.The Economist rated the Saudi government as the fifth most authoritarian government out of 167 rated in its 2012 Democracy Index, and Freedom House gave it its lowest "Not Free" rating, 7.0 ("1=best, 7=worst") for 2019. In the absence of national elections and political parties, politics in Saudi Arabia takes place in two distinct arenas: within the royal family, the Al Saud, and between the royal family and the rest of Saudi society. Outside of the Al-Saud, participation in the political process is limited to a relatively small segment of the population and takes the form of the royal familyrecent years there have been limited steps to widen political participation such as the establishment of the Consultative Council in the early 1990s and the National Dialogue Forum in 2003. The rule of the Al Saud faces political opposition from four sources: Sunni Islamist activism; liberal critics; the Shi'ite minority—particularly in the Eastern Province; and long-standing tribal and regionalist particularistic opponents (for example in the Hejaz). Of these, the minority activists have been the most prominent threat to the government and have in recent years perpetrated a number of violent incidents in the country. However, open protest against the government,even if peaceful, is not tolerated. Monarchy and royal family The king combines legislative, executive, and judicial functions and royal decrees form the basis of the country's legislation. The king is also the prime minister, and presides over the Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia and Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia. The royal family dominates the political system. The family's vast numbers allow it to control most of the kingdom's important posts and to have an involvement and presence at all levels of government. The number of princes is estimated to be at least 7,000, with most power and influenceto his death in 2012, Prince Saud who had been Minister of Foreign Affairs since 1975 and current King Salman, who was Minister of Defense and Aviation before he was crown prince and Governor of the Riyadh Province from 1962 to 2011. The current Minister of Defense is Prince Mohammad bin Salman, the son of King Salman and Crown Prince. The royal family is politically divided by factions based on clan loyalties, personal ambitions and ideological differences. The most powerful clan faction is known as the 'Sudairi Seven', comprising the late King Fahd and his full brothers and their descendants.Ideological divisions include issues over the speed and direction of reform, and whether the role of the ulema should be increased or reduced. There were divisions within the family over who should succeed to the throne after the accession or earlier death of Prince Sultan. When prince Sultan died before ascending to the throne on 21 October 2011, King Abdullah appointed Prince Nayef as crown prince. The following year Prince Nayef also died before ascending to the throne. The Saudi government and the royal family have often, over many years, been accused of corruption. In a country that is saidarms deal. Prince Bandar denied the allegations. Investigations by both US and UK authorities resulted, in 2010, in plea bargain agreements with the company, by which it paid $447 million in fines but did not admit to bribery. Transparency International in its annual Corruption Perceptions Index for 2010 gave Saudi Arabia a score of 4.7 (on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 is "highly corrupt" and 10 is "highly clean"). Saudi Arabia has undergone a process of political and social reform, such as to increase public transparency and good governance. However, nepotism and patronage are widespread when doingbusiness in the country. The enforcement of the anti-corruption laws is selective and public officials engage in corruption with impunity. A number of prominent Saudi Arabian princes, government ministers, and businesspeople, including Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal, were arrested in Saudi Arabia in November 2017. There has been mounting pressure to reform and modernize the royal family's rule, an agenda championed by King Abdullah both before and after his accession in 2005. The creation of the Consultative Council in the early 1990s did not satisfy demands for political participation, and, in 2003, an annual National Dialogue Forum was announced that wouldallow selected professionals and intellectuals to publicly debate current national issues, within certain prescribed parameters. In 2005, the first municipal elections were held. In 2007, the Allegiance Council was created to regulate the succession. In 2009, the king made significant personnel changes to the government by appointing reformers to key positions and the first woman to a ministerial post. However, these changes have been criticized as being too slow or merely cosmetic. Al ash-Sheikh and role of the ulema Saudi Arabia is almost unique in giving the ulema (the body of Islamic religious leaders and jurists) a direct role ingovernment. The preferred ulema are of the Salafi persuasion. The ulema have also been a key influence in major government decisions, for example the imposition of the oil embargo in 1973 and the invitation to foreign troops to Saudi Arabia in 1990. In addition, they have had a major role in the judicial and education systems and a monopoly of authority in the sphere of religious and social morals. By the 1970s, as a result of oil wealth and the modernization of the country initiated by King Faisal, important changes to Saudi society were under way and the power ofby the Al ash-Sheikh, the country's leading religious family. The Al ash-Sheikh are the descendants of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the 18th-century founder of the Wahhabi form of Sunni Islam which is today dominant in Saudi Arabia. The family is second in prestige only to the Al Saud (the royal family) with whom they formed a "mutual support pact" and power-sharing arrangement nearly 300 years ago. The pact, which persists to this day, is based on the Al Saud maintaining the Al ash-Sheikh's authority in religious matters and upholding and propagating Wahhabi doctrine. In return, the Al ash-Sheikh support theAl Saud's political authority thereby using its religious-moral authority to legitimize the royal family's rule. Although the Al ash-Sheikh's domination of the ulema has diminished in recent decades, they still hold the most important religious posts and are closely linked to the Al Saud by a high degree of intermarriage. Legal system The primary source of law is the Islamic Sharia derived from the teachings of the Qur'an and the Sunnah (the traditions of the Prophet). Saudi Arabia is unique among modern Muslim states in that Sharia is not codified and there is no system of judicial precedent, giving judgesthe power to use independent legal reasoning to make a decision. Saudi judges tend to follow the principles of the Hanbali school of jurisprudence (or fiqh) found in pre-modern texts and noted for its literalist interpretation of the Qur'an and hadith. Because the judge is empowered to disregard previous judgments (either his own or of other judges) and may apply his personal interpretation of Sharia to any particular case, divergent judgements arise even in apparently identical cases, making predictability of legal interpretation difficult. The Sharia court system constitutes the basic judiciary of Saudi Arabia and its judges (qadi) and lawyersform part of the ulema, the country's Islamic scholars. Royal decrees are the other main source of law; but are referred to as regulations rather than laws because they are subordinate to the Sharia. Royal decrees supplement Sharia in areas such as labor, commercial and corporate law. Additionally, traditional tribal law and custom remain significant. Extra-Sharia government tribunals usually handle disputes relating to specific royal decrees. Final appeal from both Sharia courts and government tribunals is to the King and all courts and tribunals follow Sharia rules of evidence and procedure. The Saudi system of justice has been criticized forfor sorcery took place in September 2014. Studies have shown that Saudi Arabia has one of the lowest crime rates in the world although there are differing views as to whether this is attributable to the legal system or other factors such as social structures. Although repeated theft can be punishable by amputation of the right hand, only one instance of judicial amputation was reported between 2007 and 2010. Homosexual acts are punishable by flogging or death. In April 2020, Saudi Supreme Court issued a directive to eliminate the punishment of flogging from the Saudi court system, and it isto be replaced by imprisonment or fines. Atheism or "calling into question the fundamentals of the Islamic religion on which this country is based" is considered a terrorist crime. Lashings are a common form of punishment and are often imposed for offences against religion and public morality such as drinking alcohol and neglect of prayer and fasting obligations. Retaliatory punishments, or Qisas, are practised: for instance, an eye can be surgically removed at the insistence of a victim who lost his own eye. Families of someone unlawfully killed can choose between demanding the death penalty or granting clemency in returnfor a payment of diyya (blood money), by the perpetrator. Even after allowing women to drive and work, public places in Saudi Arabia are still gender-segregated and the kingdom has very strict laws on how unrelated men and women can dine together. In September 2018, a man was arrested by the Saudi authorities for appearing in a video with his female colleague while having breakfast at a hotel, where they both work. Foreign relations Saudi Arabia joined the UN in 1945 and is a founding member of the Arab League, Gulf Cooperation Council, Muslim World League, and the Organization ofthe Islamic Conference (now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation). It plays a prominent role in the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and in 2005 joined the World Trade Organization. Saudi Arabia supports the intended formation of the Arab Customs Union in 2015 and an Arab common market by 2020, as announced at the 2009 Arab League summit. Since 1960, as a founding member of OPEC, its oil pricing policy has been generally to stabilize the world oil market and try to moderate sharp price movements so as to not jeopardise the Western economies. In 1973, Saudi Arabia andother Arab nations imposed an oil embargo against the United States, United Kingdom, Japan and other Western nations which supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War of October 1973. The embargo caused an oil crisis with many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy. Between the mid-1970s and 2002 Saudi Arabia expended over $70 billion in "overseas development aid". However, there is evidence that the vast majority was, in fact, spent on propagating and extending the influence of Wahhabism at the expense of other forms of Islam. There has been an intense debate over whether Saudiaid and Wahhabism has fomented extremism in recipient countries. The two main allegations are that, by its nature, Wahhabism encourages intolerance and promotes terrorism. Counting only the non-Muslim-majority countries, Saudi Arabia has paid for the construction of 1359 mosques, 210 Islamic centres, 202 colleges and 2000 schools. Saudi Arabia and the United States are strategic allies, and since President Barack Obama took office in 2009, the US has sold $110 billion in arms to Saudi Arabia. However, the relationship between Saudi Arabia and the United States became strained and have witnessed major decline during the last years of the Obamaadministration, although Obama had authorized US forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their military intervention in Yemen, establishing a joint coordination planning cell with the Saudi military that is helping manage the war, and CIA used Saudi bases for drone assassinations in Yemen. In the first decade of the 21st century the Saudi Arabia paid approximately $100 million to American firms to lobby the U.S. government. On May 20, 2017, President Donald Trump and King Salman signed a series of letters of intent for Saudi Arabia to purchase arms from the United States totaling US$110billion immediately, and $350 billion over 10 years. In the Arab and Muslim worlds, Saudi Arabia is considered to be pro-Western and pro-American, and it is certainly a long-term ally of the United States. However, this and Saudi Arabia's role in the 1991 Persian Gulf War, particularly the stationing of US troops on Saudi soil from 1991, prompted the development of a hostile Islamist response internally. As a result, Saudi Arabia has, to some extent, distanced itself from the US and, for example, refused to support or to participate in the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. China and SaudiArabia are major allies, with relationship between the two countries growing significantly in recent decades. Majority of Saudi Arabians also expressed a favorable view of China. In February 2019, Crown Prince Mohammad defended China's Xinjiang re-education camps for Uyghur Muslims, saying "China has the right to carry out anti-terrorism and de-extremisation work for its national security." In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Saudi Arabia, have signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's treatment of Uyghurs and other Muslim minority groups in the Xinjiang region. The consequences of the 2003 invasion and the Arab Spring ledto increasing alarm within the Saudi monarchy over the rise of Iran's influence in the region. These fears were reflected in comments of King Abdullah, who privately urged the United States to attack Iran and "cut off the head of the snake". The tentative rapprochement between the US and Iran that began in secret in 2011 was said to be feared by the Saudis, and, during the run up to the widely welcomed deal on Iran's nuclear programme that capped the first stage of US–Iranian détente, Robert Jordan, who was US ambassador to Riyadh from 2001 to 2003, said "[t]heSaudis' worst nightmare would be the [Obama] administration striking a grand bargain with Iran." A trip to Saudi by US President Barack Obama in 2014 included discussions of US–Iran relations, though these failed to resolve Riyadh's concerns. In order to protect the house of Khalifa, the monarchs of Bahrain, Saudi Arabia invaded Bahrain by sending military troops to quell the uprising of Bahraini people on 14 March 2011. The Saudi government considered the two-month uprising as a "security threat" posed by the Shia who represent the majority of Bahrain population. On 25 March 2015, Saudi Arabia, spearheading a coalition ofSunni Muslim states, started a military intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was deposed in the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings. At least 56,000 people have been killed in armed violence in Yemen between January 2016 and October 2018. Saudi Arabia, together with Qatar and Turkey, openly supported the Army of Conquest, an umbrella group of anti-government forces fighting in the Syrian Civil War that reportedly included an al-Qaeda linked al-Nusra Front and another Salafi coalition known as Ahrar al-Sham. Saudi Arabia was also involved in the CIA-led Timber Sycamorecovert operation to train and arm Syrian rebels. Following a number of incidents during the Hajj season, the deadliest of which killed at least 2,070 pilgrim in 2015 Mina stampede, Saudi Arabia has been accused of mismanagement and focusing on increasing money revenues while neglecting pilgrims' welfare. In March 2015, Sweden scrapped an arms deal with Saudi Arabia, marking an end to a decade-old defense agreement with the kingdom. The decision came after Swedish Foreign Minister Margot Wallstrom was blocked by the Saudis while speaking about democracy and women's rights at the Arab League in Cairo. This also led toSaudi Arabia recalling its ambassador to Sweden. Saudi Arabia has been seen as a moderating influence in the Arab–Israeli conflict, periodically putting forward a peace plan between Israel and the Palestinians and condemning Hezbollah. Following the Arab Spring Saudi Arabia offered asylum to deposed President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali of Tunisia and King Abdullah telephoned President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt (prior to his deposition) to offer his support. In early 2014 relations with Qatar became strained over its support for the Muslim Brotherhood, and Saudi Arabia's belief that Qatar was interfering in its affairs. In August 2014 both countriesappeared to be exploring ways of ending the rift. Saudi Arabia and its allies have criticized Qatar-based TV channel Al Jazeera and Qatar's relations with Iran. In 2017, Saudi Arabia imposed a land, naval and air blockade on Qatar. Saudi Arabia halted new trade and investment dealings with Canada and suspended diplomatic ties in a dramatic escalation of a dispute over the kingdom’s arrest of women's rights activist Samar Badawi on 6 August 2018. Tensions have escalated between Saudi Arabia and its allies after the disappearance of Jamal Khashoggi from the Saudi consulate in Istanbul. Turkish officials are highly skepticalof Khashoggi being murdered inside the consulate; this has strained the already suffering Saudi Arabia–Turkey relations. As stated by Ozgur Unluhisarcikli, director of the German Marshall Fund’s Ankara office "Turkey is maintaining a very delicate balance in its relations with Saudi Arabia. The relations have the potential of evolving into a crisis at any moment." The pressure on Saudi to reveal the insights about Khashoggi’s disappearance from the US and other European countries has increased. Saudi-US relations took an ugly turn on 14 October 2018, when Trump promised "severe punishment" if the royal court was responsible for Khashoggis’ death. TheSaudi Foreign Ministry retaliated with an equal statement saying, "it will respond with greater action," indicating the kingdom’s "influential and vital role in the global economy." A joint statement was issued by Britain, France and Germany also demanding a "credible investigation to establish the truth about what happened, and — if relevant — to identify those bearing responsibility for the disappearance of Jamal Khashoggi, and ensure that they are held to account." The US expects its Gulf allies involved in the coalition in Yemen to put in more efforts and address the rising concerns about the millions that have beenpushed to the brink of famine. According to the United Nations, the Arabian peninsula nation is home to the world’s worst humanitarian crisis. More than 50,000 children in Yemen died from starvation in 2017. The famine in Yemen is the direct result of the Saudi-led intervention and blockade of the rebel-held area. In the wake of Jamal Khashoggi's murder in October 2018, the US secretary of state Mike Pompeo and the US defence secretary Jim Mattis have called for a ceasefire in Yemen within 30 days followed by UN-initiated peace talks. Pompeo has asked Saudi Arabia and the UAE tostop their airstrikes on populated areas in Yemen. Theresa May backed the US call to end the coalition. President of the International Rescue Committee David Miliband called the US announcement as "the most significant breakthrough in the war in Yemen for four years". Jeremy Hunt, the UK Foreign Secretary, on his visit to Saudi Arabia and the UAE on 12 November 2018, is expected to raise the need for a ceasefire from all sides in the four-year long Yemen civil war. The US called for a ceasefire within 30 days. Andrew Smith, of Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT), said thatHunt and Boris Johnson "played an utterly central and complicit role in arming and supporting the Saudi-led destruction of Yemen." Allegations of sponsoring global terrorism According to the Iraqi prime minister Nouri al-Maliki in March 2014, Saudi Arabia along with Qatar provided political, financial and media support to terrorists against the Iraqi government. Similarly, President of Syria Bashar al-Assad noted that the sources of the extreme ideology of terrorist organization Islamic State and al-Qaeda affiliate groups are the Wahabbism that has been supported by the royal family of Saudi Arabia. The relations with the U.S. became strained following 9/11 terrorattacks. American politicians and media accused the Saudi government of supporting terrorism and tolerating a jihadist culture. Indeed, Osama bin Laden and 15 out of the 19 9/11 hijackers were from Saudi Arabia; in ISIL-occupied Raqqa, in mid-2014, all 12 judges were Saudi. The leaked US Department of State memo, dated 17 August 2014, says that "governments of Qatar and Saudi Arabia...are providing clandestine financial and logistic support to ISIS and other radical groups in the region." According to former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, "Saudi Arabia remains a critical financial support base for al-Qaida, the Taliban, LeT andother terrorist groups... Donors in Saudi Arabia constitute the most significant source of funding to Sunni terrorist groups worldwide." Former CIA director James Woolsey described it as "the soil in which Al-Qaeda and its sister terrorist organizations are flourishing." The Saudi government denies these claims or that it exports religious or cultural extremism. In April 2016, Saudi Arabia has threatened to sell off $750 billion in Treasury securities and other US assets if Congress passes a bill that would allow the Saudi government to be sued over 9/11. In September 2016, the Congress passed the Justice Against Sponsors of TerrorismAct that would allow relatives of victims of the September 11 attacks to sue Saudi Arabia for its government's alleged role in the attacks. Congress overwhelmingly rejected President Barack Obama's veto. According to Sir William Patey, former British ambassador to Saudi Arabia, the kingdom funds mosques throughout Europe that have become hotbeds of extremism. "They are not funding terrorism. They are funding something else, which may down the road lead to individuals being radicalised and becoming fodder for terrorism," Patey said. He said that Saudi has been funding an ideology that leads to extremism and the leaders of the kingdomare not aware of the consequences. Military Saudi Arabia has one of the highest percentages of military expenditure in the world, spending more than 10% of its GDP in its military. The Saudi military consists of the Royal Saudi Land Forces, the Royal Saudi Air Force, the Royal Saudi Navy, the Royal Saudi Air Defense, the Saudi Arabian National Guard (SANG, an independent military force), and paramilitary forces, totaling nearly 200,000 active-duty personnel. In 2005 the armed forces had the following personnel: the army, 75,000; the air force, 18,000; air defense, 16,000; the navy, 15,500 (including 3,000 marines); and theSANG had 75,000 active soldiers and 25,000 tribal levies. In addition, there is an Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah military intelligence service. The kingdom has a long-standing military relationship with Pakistan, it has long been speculated that Saudi Arabia secretly funded Pakistan's atomic bomb programme and seeks to purchase atomic weapons from Pakistan, in near future. The SANG is not a reserve but a fully operational front-line force, and originated out of Ibn Saud's tribal military-religious force, the Ikhwan. Its modern existence, however, is attributable to it being effectively Abdullah's private army since the 1960s and, unlike the rest of thearmed forces, is independent of the Ministry of Defense and Aviation. The SANG has been a counterbalance to the Sudairi faction in the royal family: The late prince Sultan, former Minister of Defense and Aviation, was one of the so-called 'Sudairi Seven' and controlled the remainder of the armed forces until his death in 2011. Spending on defense and security has increased significantly since the mid-1990s and was about US$63.7 billion, as of 2016. Saudi Arabia ranks among the top 10 in the world in government spending for its military, representing about 7 percent of gross domestic product in 2005.Its modern high-technology arsenal makes Saudi Arabia among the world's most densely armed nations, with its military equipment being supplied primarily by the US, France and Britain. The United States sold more than $80 billion in military hardware between 1951 and 2006 to the Saudi military. On 20 October 2010, the US State Department notified Congress of its intention to make the biggest arms sale in American history—an estimated $60.5 billion purchase by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The package represents a considerable improvement in the offensive capability of the Saudi armed forces. 2013 saw Saudi military spending climb to$67bn, overtaking that of the UK, France and Japan to place fourth globally. The United Kingdom has also been a major supplier of military equipment to Saudi Arabia since 1965. Since 1985, the UK has supplied military aircraft—notably the Tornado and Eurofighter Typhoon combat aircraft—and other equipment as part of the long-term Al-Yamamah arms deal estimated to have been worth £43 billion by 2006 and thought to be worth a further £40 billion. In May 2012, British defence giant BAE signed a £1.9bn ($3bn) deal to supply Hawk trainer jets to Saudi Arabia. According to the Stockholm International Peace ResearchInstitute, SIPRI, in 2010–14 Saudi Arabia became the world's second largest arms importer, receiving four times more major arms than in 2005–2009. Major imports in 2010–14 included 45 combat aircraft from the UK, 38 combat helicopters from the US, four tanker aircraft from Spain and over 600 armoured vehicles from Canada. Saudi Arabia has a long list of outstanding orders for arms, including 27 more combat aircraft from the UK, 154 combat aircraft from the US and a large number of armoured vehicles from Canada. Saudi Arabia received 41 percent of UK arms exports in 2010–14. France authorized $18 billionin weapons sales to Saudi Arabia in 2015 alone. The $15 billion arms deal with Saudi Arabia is believed to be the largest arms sale in Canadian history. In 2016, the European Parliament decided to temporarily impose an arms embargo against Saudi Arabia, as a result of the Yemen civilian population's suffering from the conflict with Saudi Arabia. In 2017, Saudi Arabia signed a 110 billion dollar arms deal with the United States. Saudi Arabia is Britain’s largest arms customer, with more than £4.6 billion worth of arms bought since the start of Saudi-led coalition in Yemen. A recent pollconducted by YouGov for Save the Children and Avaaz stated that 63 percent of British people oppose the sale of weapons to Saudi. Following the killing of Jamal Khashoggi, a nonbinding resolution was passed in the European Parliament on 25 October 2018, urging EU countries to impose an EU-wide arms embargo on Saudi Arabia. Germany became the first Western government to suspend future arms deal with the kingdom after Angela Merkel stated that "arms exports can't take place in the current circumstances." Human rights Human Rights organizations such as Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and Freedom House condemn both theSaudi criminal justice system and its severe punishments. There are no jury trials in Saudi Arabia and courts observe few formalities. Human Rights Watch, in a 2008 report, noted that a criminal procedure code had been introduced for the first time in 2002, but it lacked some basic protections and, in any case, had been routinely ignored by judges. Those arrested are often not informed of the crime of which they are accused or given access to a lawyer and are subject to abusive treatment and torture if they do not confess. At trial, there is a presumption of guiltand the accused is often unable to examine witnesses and evidence or present a legal defense. Most trials are held in secret. An example of sentencing is that of UK pensioner and cancer victim Karl Andree, aged 74, who faced 360 lashes for home brewing alcohol. He was later released due to intervention by the British government. Saudi Arabia is widely accused of having one of the worst human rights records in the world. Human rights issues that have attracted strong criticism include the extremely disadvantaged position of women (see Women below), capital punishment for homosexuality, religious discrimination, the lackof religious freedom and the activities of the religious police (see Religion below). Between 1996 and 2000, Saudi Arabia acceded to four UN human rights conventions and, in 2004, the government approved the establishment of the National Society for Human Rights (NSHR), staffed by government employees, to monitor their implementation. To date, the activities of the NSHR have been limited and doubts remain over its neutrality and independence. Saudi Arabia remains one of the very few countries in the world not to accept the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In response to the continuing criticism of its human rightsrecord, the Saudi government points to the special Islamic character of the country, and asserts that this justifies a different social and political order. The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom had unsuccessfully urged President Barack Obama to raise human rights concerns with King Abdullah on his March 2014 visit to the Kingdom especially the imprisonments of Sultan Hamid Marzooq al-Enezi, Saud Falih Awad al-Enezi, and Raif Badawi. For example, Ali Mohammed Baqir al-Nimr was arrested in 2012 when he was 17 years old for taking part in an anti-government protests in Saudi Arabia during the Arab Spring. InMay 2014, Ali al-Nimr was sentenced to be publicly beheaded and crucified. In 2013, the government deported thousands of non-Saudis, many of them who were working illegally in the country or had overstayed their visas. Many reports abound, of foreigner workers being tortured either by employers or others. This resulted in many basic services suffering from a lack of workers, as many Saudi Arabian citizens are not keen on working in blue collar jobs. Saudi Arabia has a "Counter-Radicalization Program" the purpose of which is to "combat the spread and appeal of extremist ideologies among the general populous (sic)" andto "instill the true values of the Islamic faith, such as tolerance and moderation." This "tolerance and moderation" has been called into question by the Baltimore Sun, based on the reports from Amnesty International regarding Raif Badawi, and in the case of a man from Hafr al-Batin sentenced to death for rejecting Islam. In September 2015, Faisal bin Hassan Trad, Saudi Arabia's ambassador to the UN in Geneva, has been elected Chair of the United Nations Human Rights Council panel that appoints independent experts. In January 2016, Saudi Arabia executed the prominent Shia cleric Sheikh Nimr who had called forpro-democracy demonstrations and for free elections in Saudi Arabia. In August 2017, ten Nobel Peace Prize laureates, including Desmond Tutu and Lech Wałęsa, urged Saudi Arabia to stop the executions of 14 young people for participating in the 2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests. On 2 October 2018, Saudi journalist and Washington Post columnist Jamal Khashoggi went missing after entering the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, Turkey. According to Turkish government sources there is audio and video evidence for him having been murdered and dismembered inside the consulate. In December 2019, Saudi Arabia organized a big budget electronic dance music festival, MDL Beastto the kingdom, "the region’s biggest music event". However, it attracted a lot controversy when lots of its high profile attendees, including Armie Hammer, Joan Smalls and Wilmer Valderrama, were criticized for engaging in "image rehab" for the kingdom, overlooking the continued human rights abuses in the country. In April 2020, the Saudi Supreme Court stated under a royal decree by King Salman that minors who commit crimes will no longer face the death sentence, but will be sentenced to a maximum of 10 years of imprisonment in a juvenile detention facility. Geography Saudi Arabia occupies about 80 percent ofthe Arabian Peninsula (the world's largest peninsula), lying between latitudes 16° and 33° N, and longitudes 34° and 56° E. Because the country's southern borders with the United Arab Emirates and Oman are not precisely marked, the exact size of the country is undefined. The CIA World Factbook estimates and lists Saudi Arabia as the world's 13th largest state. It is geographically the largest country in the Arabian Plate. Saudi Arabia's geography is dominated by the Arabian Desert, associated semi-desert and shrubland (see satellite image) and several mountain ranges and highlands. It is, in fact, a number of linked desertsand includes the Rub' al Khali ("Empty Quarter") in the southeastern part of the country, the world's largest contiguous sand desert. Though there are a few lakes in the country, Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the world by area with no permanent rivers. Wadis, however, are very numerous. The fertile areas are to be found in the alluvial deposits in wadis, basins, and oases. The main topographical feature is the central plateau which rises abruptly from the Red Sea and gradually descends into the Nejd and toward the Persian Gulf. On the Red Sea coast, there is anarrow coastal plain, known as the Tihamah parallel to which runs an imposing escarpment. The southwest province of Asir is mountainous, and contains the Mount Sawda, which is the highest point in the country. Except for the southwestern province of Asir, Saudi Arabia has a desert climate with very high day-time temperatures and a sharp temperature drop at night. Average summer temperatures are around , but can be as high as . In the winter the temperature rarely drops below . In the spring and autumn the heat is temperate, temperatures average around . Annual rainfall is extremely low. Theof which are venomous. Saudi Arabia is home to a rich marine life. The Red Sea in particular is a rich and diverse ecosystem. More than 1200 species of fish have been recorded in the Red Sea, and around 10 percent of these are found nowhere else. This also includes 42 species of deepwater fish. The rich diversity is in part due to the of coral reef extending along its coastline; these fringing reefs are 5000–7000 years old and are largely formed of stony acropora and porites corals. The reefs form platforms and sometimes lagoons along the coast and occasionalother features such as cylinders (such as the Blue Hole (Red Sea) at Dahab). These coastal reefs are also visited by pelagic species of Red Sea fish, including some of the 44 species of shark. The Red Sea also contains many offshore reefs including several true atolls. Many of the unusual offshore reef formations defy classic (i.e., Darwinian) coral reef classification schemes, and are generally attributed to the high levels of tectonic activity that characterize the area. Domesticated animals include the legendary Arabian horse, Arabian camel, sheep, goats, cows, donkeys, chickens etc. Reflecting the country's dominant desert conditions, Saudi Arabia'splant life mostly consists of herbs, plants and shrubs that require little water. The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is widespread. Administrative divisions Saudi Arabia is divided into 13 regions (; manatiq idāriyya, sing. منطقة إدارية; mintaqah idariyya). The regions are further divided into 118 governorates (; muhafazat, sing. محافظة; muhafazah). This number includes the 13 regional capitals, which have a different status as municipalities (; amanah) headed by mayors (; amin). The governorates are further subdivided into sub-governorates (; marakiz, sing. مركز; markaz). The 13 regions of Saudi Arabia. Cities Economy As of October 2018, Saudi Arabia is the largesteconomy in the Middle East and the 18th largest in the world. Saudi Arabia has the world's second-largest proven petroleum reserves and the country is the largest exporter of petroleum. It also has the fifth-largest proven natural gas reserves. Saudi Arabia is considered an "energy superpower". It has the third highest total estimated value of natural resources, valued at US$34.4 trillion in 2016. Saudi Arabia's command economy is petroleum-based; roughly 63% of budget revenues and 67% of export earnings come from the oil industry. It is strongly dependent on foreign workers with about 80% of those employed in the privatesector being non-Saudi. Challenges to the Saudi economy include halting or reversing the decline in per-capita income, improving education to prepare youth for the workforce and providing them with employment, diversifying the economy, stimulating the private sector and housing construction, and diminishing corruption and inequality. The oil industry constitutes about 45% of Saudi Arabia's nominal gross domestic product, compared with 40% from the private sector (see below). Saudi Arabia officially has about of oil reserves, comprising about one-fifth of the world's proven total petroleum reserves. In the 1990s, Saudi Arabia experienced a significant contraction of oil revenues combined with ahigh rate of population growth. Per capita income fell from a high of $11,700 at the height of the oil boom in 1981 to $6,300 in 1998. Taking into account the impact of the real oil price changes on the Kingdom's real gross domestic income, the real command-basis GDP was computed to be 330.381 billion 1999 USD in 2010. Increases in oil prices in the aughts helped boost per capita GDP to $17,000 in 2007 dollars (about $7,400 adjusted for inflation), but have declined since oil price drop in mid-2014. OPEC (the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) limits its members'oil production based on their "proven reserves." Saudi Arabia's published reserves have shown little change since 1980, with the main exception being an increase of about between 1987 and 1988. Matthew Simmons has suggested that Saudi Arabia is greatly exaggerating its reserves and may soon show production declines (see peak oil). From 2003 to 2013, "several key services" were privatized—municipal water supply, electricity, telecommunications—and parts of education and health care, traffic control and car accident reporting were also privatized. According to Arab News columnist Abdel Aziz Aluwaisheg, "in almost every one of these areas, consumers have raised serious concerns aboutthe performance of these privatized entities." The Tadawul All Share Index (TASI) of the Saudi stock exchange peaked at 16,712.64 in 2005, and closed at 8,535.60, at the end of 2013. In November 2005, Saudi Arabia was approved as a member of the World Trade Organization. Negotiations to join had focused on the degree to which Saudi Arabia is willing to increase market access to foreign goods and in 2000, the government established the Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority to encourage foreign direct investment in the kingdom. Saudi Arabia maintains a list of sectors in which foreign investment is prohibited,but the government plans to open some closed sectors such as telecommunications, insurance, and power transmission/distribution over time. The government has also made an attempt at "Saudizing" the economy, replacing foreign workers with Saudi nationals with limited success. Saudi Arabia has had five-year "Development Plans" since 1970. Among its plans were to launch "economic cities" (e.g. King Abdullah Economic City) to be completed by 2020, in an effort to diversify the economy and provide jobs. four cities were planned. The King has announced that the per capita income is forecast to rise from $15,000 in 2006 to $33,500 in 2020.The cities will be spread around Saudi Arabia to promote diversification for each region and their economy, and the cities are projected to contribute $150 billion to the GDP. In addition to petroleum and gas, Saudi also has a significant gold mining sector in the ancient Mahd adh Dhahab region and significant other mineral industries, an agricultural sector (especially in the southwest but not only) based on vegetables, fruits, dates etc. and livestock, and large number of temporary jobs created by the roughly two million annual hajj pilgrims. Statistics on poverty in the kingdom are not available through the UNbillion. The deal raised more than initially planned and was the first time the PIF had incorporated loans and debt instruments into its funding. According to data from Fitch Ratings, over two years starting from May 2016 Saudi Arabia went from having zero debt to raising $68 billion in dollar-denominated bonds and syndicated loans—one of the fastest rates among emerging economies. Each year, about a quarter-million young Saudis enter the job market. With the first phase of Saudization into effect, 70% of sales job are expected to be filled by Saudis. However, the private sector still remains hugely dominated byforeigners. The rate of local unemployment is 12.9%, its highest in more than a decade. According to a report published by Bloomberg Economics in 2018, the government needs to produce 700,000 jobs by 2020 to meet its 9% unemployment target. Agriculture Serious large-scale agricultural development began in the 1970s. The government launched an extensive program to promote modern farming technology; to establish rural roads, irrigation networks and storage and export facilities; and to encourage agricultural research and training institutions. As a result, there has been a phenomenal growth in the production of all basic foods. Saudi Arabia is now completelyself-sufficient in a number of foodstuffs, including meat, milk and eggs. The country exports wheat, dates, dairy products, eggs, fish, poultry, fruits, vegetables and flowers to markets around the world. Dates, once a staple of the Saudi diet, are now mainly grown for global humanitarian aid. In addition, Saudi farmers grow substantial amounts of other grains such as barley, sorghum and millet. As of 2016, in the interest of preserving precious water resources, domestic production of wheat has ended. The Kingdom likewise has some of the most modern and largest dairy farms in the Middle East. Milk production boasts aremarkably productive annual rate of 1,800 gallons per cow, one of the highest in the world. The local dairy manufacturing company Almarai is the largest vertically integrated dairy company in the Middle East. The Kingdom's most dramatic agricultural accomplishment, noted worldwide, was its rapid transformation from importer to exporter of wheat. In 1978, the country built its first grain silos. By 1984, it had become self-sufficient in wheat. Shortly thereafter, Saudi Arabia began exporting wheat to some 30 countries, including China and the former Soviet Union, and in the major producing areas of Tabuk, Hail and Qasim, average yields reached3.6 tons per acre. The Kingdom has, however, stepped up fruit and vegetable production, by improving both agricultural techniques and the roads that link farmers with urban consumers. Saudi Arabia is a major exporter of fruits and vegetables to its neighbors. Among its most productive crops are watermelon, grapes, citrus fruits, onions, squash and tomatoes. At Jizan in the country's well-watered southwest, the Al-Hikmah Research Station is producing tropical fruits including pineapples, paw-paws, bananas, mangoes and guavas. The olive tree is indigenous to Saudi Arabia. In 2018 the Al Jouf Agricultural Development Company received a certificate of merit from TheGuinness World Records for the largest modern olive plantation in the world. The farm covers 7730 hectares and has 5 million olive trees. The Guinness World Records also took into consideration their production capacity of 15000 tonnes of high quality of olive oil, while the kingdom consumes double that. The Al Jouf farms are located in Sakaka, a city in the north-western part of Saudi Arabia, which is a deeply-rooted in history. Sakaka dates back more than 4,000 years. The Al Jouf region has millions of olive trees and the expected number is expected to go up to 20 milliontrees soon. Consuming non-renewable groundwater resulted in the loss of an estimated four fifths of the total groundwater reserves by 2012. Water supply and sanitation Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia is characterized by significant investments in seawater desalination, water distribution, sewerage and wastewater treatment leading to a substantial increase in access to drinking water and sanitation over the past decades. About 50% of drinking water comes from desalination, 40% from the mining of non-renewable groundwater and 10% from surface water, especially in the mountainous southwest of the country. The capital Riyadh, located in the heart of the country,is supplied with desalinated water pumped from the Persian Gulf over a distance of 467 km. Given the substantial oil wealth, water is provided almost for free. Despite improvements service quality remains poor. For example, in Riyadh water was available only once every 2.5 days in 2011, while in Jeddah it is available only every 9 days. Institutional capacity and governance in the sector are weak, reflecting general characteristics of the public sector in Saudi Arabia. Since 2000, the government has increasingly relied on the private sector to operate water and sanitation infrastructure, beginning with desalination and wastewater treatment plants.Since 2008, the operation of urban water distribution systems is being gradually delegated to private companies as well. Tourism Although most tourism in Saudi Arabia still largely involves religious pilgrimages, there is growth in the leisure tourism sector. According to the World Bank, approximately 14.3 million people visited Saudi Arabia in 2012, making it the world's 19th-most-visited country. Tourism is an important component of the Saudi Vision 2030 and according to a report conducted by BMI Research in 2018, both religious and non-religious tourism have significant potential for expansion. Starting December 2018, the kingdom will offer an electronic visa forforeign visitors to attend sport events and concerts. The "sharek" visa process will start with 15 December, Saudia Ad Diriyah E Prix race. In September 2019, the Kingdom announced its plans to open visa applications for visitors, where people from about 50 countries would be able to get tourist visas to Saudi. Demographics The population of Saudi Arabia as of July 2013 is estimated to be 26.9 million, including between 5.5 million and 10 million non-nationalized immigrants, though the Saudi population has long proved difficult to accurately estimate due to Saudi leaders' historical tendency to inflate census results. Saudi populationhas grown rapidly since 1950 when it was estimated to be 3 million, and for many years had one of the highest birthrates in the world at around 3 percent a year. The ethnic composition of Saudi citizens is 90% Arab and 10% Afro-Asian. Most Saudis live in the Hejaz (35%), Najd (28%), and the Eastern Province (15%). Hejaz is the most populated region in Saudi Arabia. As late as 1970, most Saudis lived a subsistence life in the rural provinces, but in the last half of the 20th century the kingdom has urbanized rapidly. about 80% of Saudis livein urban metropolitan areas—specifically Riyadh, Jeddah, or Dammam. Its population is also quite young with over half the population under 25 years old. A large fraction are foreign nationals. (The CIA Factbook estimated that foreign nationals living in Saudi Arabia made up about 21% of the population. Other estimates are 30% or 33%) As recently as the early 1960s, Saudi Arabia's slave population was estimated at 300,000. Slavery was officially abolished in 1962. Languages The official language of Saudi Arabia is Arabic. The three main regional variants spoken by Saudis are Hejazi Arabic (about 6 million speakers), Najdi Arabic (about8 million speakers), and Gulf Arabic (about 0.2 million speakers). Faifi is spoken by about 50,000. Saudi Sign Language is the principal language of the deaf community. The large expatriate communities also speak their own languages, the most numerous of which are Tagalog (700,000), Rohingya (400,000), Urdu (380,000), Egyptian Arabic (300,000), and Indonesian (250,000). Religions Virtually all Saudi citizens are Muslim (officially, all are), and almost all Saudi residents are Muslim. Estimates of the Sunni population of Saudi Arabia range between 75% and 90%, with the remaining 10–25% being Shia Muslim. The official and dominant form of Sunni Islam inSaudi Arabia is commonly known as Wahhabism (proponents prefer the name Salafism, considering Wahhabi derogatory) , which was founded in the Arabian Peninsula by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab in the 18th century. Other denominations, such as the minority Shia Islam, are systematically suppressed. According to estimates there are about 1,500,000 Christians in Saudi Arabia, almost all foreign workers. Saudi Arabia allows Christians to enter the country as foreign workers for temporary work, but does not allow them to practice their faith openly. The percentage of Saudi Arabian citizens who are Christians is officially zero, as Saudi Arabia forbids religious conversionfrom Islam (apostasy) and punishes it by death. According to Pew Research Center there are 390,000 Hindus in Saudi Arabia, almost all foreign workers. There may be a significant fraction of atheists and agnostics in Saudi Arabia, although they are officially called "terrorists". In its 2017 religious freedom report, the US State Department named Saudi Arabia a Country of Particular Concern (CPC). Foreigners Saudi Arabia's Central Department of Statistics & Information estimated the foreign population at the end of 2014 at 33% (10.1 million). The CIA Factbook estimated that foreign nationals living in Saudi Arabia made up about 21% ofthe population. Other sources report differing estimates. Indian: 1.5 million, Pakistani: 1.3 million, Egyptian: 900,000, Yemeni: 800,000, Bangladeshi: 400,000, Filipino: 500,000, Jordanian/Palestinian: 260,000, Indonesian: 250,000, Sri Lankan: 350,000, Sudanese: 250,000, Syrian: 100,000 and Turkish: 80,000. There are around 100,000 Westerners in Saudi Arabia, most of whom live in compounds or gated communities. Foreign Muslims who have resided in the kingdom for ten years may apply for Saudi citizenship. (Priority is given to holders of degrees in various scientific fields, and exception made for Palestinians who are excluded unless married to a Saudi national, because of Arab League instructions barring theArab states from granting them citizenship.) Saudi Arabia is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention. As Saudi population grows and oil export revenues stagnate, pressure for "Saudization" (the replacement of foreign workers with Saudis) has grown, and the Saudi government hopes to decrease the number of foreign nationals in the country. Saudi Arabia expelled 800,000 Yemenis in 1990 and 1991 and has built a Saudi–Yemen barrier against an influx of illegal immigrants and against the smuggling of drugs and weapons. In November 2013, Saudi Arabia expelled thousands of illegal Ethiopian residents from the Kingdom. Various Human Rightsentities have criticised Saudi Arabia's handling of the issue. Over 500,000 undocumented migrant workers — mostly from Somalia, Ethiopia, and Yemen — have been detained and deported since 2013. Monarchs (1932–present) King Abdulaziz (1932–1953); second longest reigning Saudi monarch. King Saud (1953–1964); third longest reigning Saudi monarch. King Faisal (1964–1975); fourth longest reigning Saudi monarch. King Khalid (1975–1982); sixth longest reigning Saudi monarch. King Fahd (1982–2005); longest reigning Saudi monarch. King Abdullah (2005–2015); fifth longest reigning Saudi monarch. King Salman (2015–present); current monarch. Crown Princes (1933–present) Crown Prince Saud bin Abdulaziz (1933–1953); became King. Crown Prince of King Abdulaziz. CrownPrince. Defense Minister of Saudi Arabia. Son of King Salman. Culture Saudi Arabia has centuries-old attitudes and traditions, often derived from Arab civilization. The main factors that influence the culture of Saudi Arabia are Islamic heritage and Bedouin traditions as well as its historical role as an ancient trade center. Religion in society The ejazi region, where the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina are located, is the destination of the Ḥajj pilgrimage, and often deemed to be the cradle of Islam. Islam is the state religion of Saudi Arabia and its law requires that all citizens be Muslims.Neither Saudi citizens nor guest workers have the right of freedom of religion. The official and dominant form of Islam in the kingdom—Wahhabism—arose in the central region of Najd, in the 18th century. Proponents call the movement "Salafism", and believe that its teachings purify the practice of Islam of innovations or practices that deviate from the seventh-century teachings of Muhammad and his companions. The Saudi government has often been viewed as an active oppressor of Shia Muslims because of the funding of the Wahhabi ideology which denounces the Shia faith. Prince Bandar bin Sultan, Saudi ambassador to the United States,stated: "The time is not far off in the Middle East when it will be literally 'God help the Shia'. More than a billion Sunnis have simply had enough of them." Saudi Arabia is one of the few countries that have "religious police" (known as Haia or Mutaween), who patrol the streets "enjoining good and forbidding wrong" by enforcing dress codes, strict separation of men and women, attendance at prayer (salat) five times each day, the ban on alcohol, and other aspects of Sharia (Islamic law). (In the privacy of the home behavior can be far looser, and reports fromas the Muhammad's birthday and the Day of Ashura, (an important holiday for the 10–25 percent of the population that is Shīʿa Muslim), are tolerated only when celebrated locally and on a small scale. Shia also face systematic discrimination in employment, education, the justice system according to Human Rights Watch. Non-Muslim festivals like Christmas and Easter are not tolerated at all, although there are nearly a million Christians as well as Hindus and Buddhists among the foreign workers. No churches, temples or other non-Muslim houses of worship are permitted in the country. Proselytizing by non-Muslims and conversion by Muslims toanother religion is illegal, and the distribution of "publications that have prejudice to any other religious belief other than Islam" (such as Bibles), was reportedly punishable by death. In legal compensation court cases (Diyya) non-Muslim are awarded less than Muslims. Atheists are legally designated as terrorists. And at least one religious minority, the Ahmadiyya Muslims, had its adherents deported, as they are legally banned from entering the country. Islamic heritage sites Saudi Wahhabism is hostile to any reverence given to historical or religious places of significance for fear that it may give rise to 'shirk' (idolatry), and the most significantthe first Caliph), Umar (the second Caliph), Ali (Muhammad's son-in-law and the fourth Caliph), and Salman al-Farsi (another of Muhammad's companions). Five cultural sites in Saudi Arabia are designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Al-Hijr Archaeological Site (Madâin Sâlih); the Turaif district in the city of Diriyah; Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Mecca; Al-Ahsa Oasis; and Rock Art in the Hail Region. Ten other sites submitted requests for recognition to UNESCO in 2015. There are six elements inscribed on UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity list: Al-Qatt Al-Asiri, female traditional interior wall decoration in Asir; Almezmar, drumming and dancing withsticks; Falconry, a living human heritage; Arabic coffee, a symbol of generosity; Majlis, a cultural and social space; Alardah Alnajdiyah, dance, drumming and poetry in Saudi Arabia. In June 2014, the Council of Ministers approved a law that gives the Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage the means to protect Saudi Arabia's ancient relics and historic sites. Within the framework of the 2016 National Transformation Program, also known as Saudi Vision 2030, the kingdom allocated 900 million euros to preserve its historical and cultural heritage. Saudi Arabia also participates in the International Alliance for the Protection of Heritage inConflict Areas (ALIPH), created in March 2017, with a contribution of 18.5 million euros. In 2017, Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman promised to return Saudi Arabia to the "moderate Islam" of the era before the 1979 Iranian revolution. A new center, the King Salman Complex for the Prophet’s Hadith, was established that year to monitor interpretations of the Prophet Mohammed’s hadiths to prevent them being used to justify terrorism. In March 2018, the Crown Prince met the Archbishop of Canterbury during a visit to the UK, pledging to promote interfaith dialogue. In Riyadh the following month King Salman met thehead of the Vatican’s Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue. In July 2019, UNESCO signed a letter with the Saudi Minister of Culture of In which Saudi Arabia contribute US$25 million to UNESCO for the preservation of heritage. Dress Saudi Arabian dress strictly follows the principles of hijab (the Islamic principle of modesty, especially in dress). The predominantly loose and flowing, but covering, garments are suited to Saudi Arabia's desert climate. Traditionally, men usually wear a white ankle length garment woven from wool or cotton (known as a thawb), with a keffiyeh (a large checkered square of cotton held in placethe country. Women's clothes are often decorated with tribal motifs, coins, sequins, metallic thread, and appliques. Ghutrah () is a traditional headdress typically worn by Arab men. It is made of a square of cloth ("scarf"), usually cotton, folded and wrapped in various styles around the head. It is commonly worn in areas with an arid climate, to provide protection from direct sun exposure, and also protection of the mouth and eyes from blown dust and sand. Agal () is an item of Arab headgear constructed of cord which is fastened around the Ghutrah to hold it in place. Theagal is usually black in colour. Thawb () is the standard Arabic word for garment. It is ankle-length, usually with long sleeves, similar to a robe. Bisht () is a traditional Arabic men's cloak usually only worn for prestige on special occasions such as weddings. Abaya () is a woman's garment. It is a black cloak which loosely covers the entire body except the head. Some women choose to cover their faces with a niqāb and some do not. Some abayas cover the top of the head as well. Arts and entertainment During the 1970s, cinemas were numerous in thedancing to the beat of drums and tambourines. Bedouin poetry, known as nabaṭī, is still very popular. Censorship has limited the development of Saudi literature, although several Saudi novelists and poets have achieved critical and popular acclaim in the Arab world—albeit generating official hostility in their home country. These include Ghazi Algosaibi, Abdelrahman Munif, Turki al-Hamad and Rajaa al-Sanea. In 2016, the General Entertainment Authority was formed to oversee the expansion of the Saudi entertainment sector. The first concerts in Riyadh for 25 years took place the following year. Other events since the GEA’s creation have included comedy shows, professionalwrestling events and monster truck rallies. In 2018 the first public cinema opened after a ban of 35 years, with plans to have more than 2,000 screens running by 2030. Developments in the arts in 2018 included Saudi Arabia’s debut appearances at the Cannes Film Festival and the Venice Biennale. At the same time, David Guetta declared that "There is obviously a very big effort in Saudi to open to music and to artists". This was after he performed a concert attended by more than 10,000 people in the heritage site north-west of Riyadh. The concert also included shows byEnrique Iglesias and The Black Eyed Peas. Guetta’s comments come as Saudi Arabia increasingly attracts big name western music acts to perform in the kingdom. Since his concert last November, Mariah Carey, Sean Paul and Akon all performed in various Saudi cities. Sport Football is the national sport in Saudi Arabia. The Saudi Arabia national football team is considered as one of Asia's most successful national teams, having reached a joint record 6 AFC Asian Cup finals, winning three of those finals (1984, 1988, and 1996) and having qualified for the World Cup four consecutive times ever since debuting atthe 1994 tournament. In the 1994 FIFA World Cup under the leadership of Jorge Solari, Saudi Arabia beat both Belgium and Morocco in the group stage before falling to defeat Sweden in the round of 16. During the 1992 FIFA Confederations Cup, which was played in Saudi Arabia, the country reached the final, losing 1–3 to Argentina. Scuba diving, windsurfing, sailing and basketball (which is played by both men and women) are also popular with the Saudi Arabian national basketball team winning bronze at the 1999 Asian Championship. More traditional sports such as horse racing and camel racing are alsopopular. A stadium in Riyadh holds races in the winter. The annual King's Camel Race, begun in 1974, is one of the sport's most important contests and attracts animals and riders from throughout the region. Falconry, another traditional pursuit, is still practiced. Women's sport is controversial due to the suppression of female participation in sport by conservative Islamic religious authorities, however this restriction has eased slightly in recent years. Until 2018 women were not permitted in sport stadiums. Segregated seating, allowing women to enter, has been developed in three stadiums across major cities. Saudi Arabia, in its vision for modernizationintroduced the nation to a number of international sporting events, bringing sports stars to the Kingdom. However, in August 2019, the kingdom's strategy received criticism for appearing as a method of sportswashing soon after Saudi's US based 2018 lobbying campaign foreign registration documentations got published online. The documents showed Saudi Arabia as allegedly implementing a ‘sportswashing’ strategy, inclusive of meetings and official calls with supreme authorities of associations like the Major League Soccer (MLS), World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), National Basketball Association (NBA). The strategy is being viewed as a method of sportswashing following the chaos spread across Yemen since 4years. On October 31, 2019, Saudi Arabia hosted the first ever women’s wrestling match held by the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). However, the superstar players Lacey Evans and Natalya were required to cover their arms and legs by wearing bodysuits during the fight, instead of the more revealing gear that they would normally wear. Saudi Arabia, in December 2019, came under fire for using Western sports to rehabilitate global image tarnished following the continued crackdown on dissidents. Critics accused the kingdom of "sportswashing", as it turned a blind eye to the unending violation of human rights in the country againstwomen, minorities, rights advocates and critics. Only two years after Saudi Arabia signed a contract of 10 years with WWE, an increasing number of wrestlers denied to visit Riyadh. In 2018, superstars like John Cena, Kevin Owens and Daniel Bryan refused to fly to Saudi, over the Kingdom’s declining human rights records citing Jamal Khashoggi’s assassination. In January 2020, several other WWE superstars casted doubt over visiting Saudi, following the heightened tensions in Middle East due to assassination of Qassem Soleimani. Cuisine Saudi Arabian cuisine is similar to that of the surrounding countries in the Arabian Peninsula and the widerArab world, and has influenced and been influenced by Turkish, Indian, Persian, and African food. Islamic dietary laws are enforced: pork is not allowed and other animals are slaughtered in accordance with halal. Kebabs and falafel are popular, as is shāwarmā (shawarma), a marinated grilled meat dish of lamb, mutton, or chicken. As in other Arab countries of the Arabian Peninsula, machbūs (kabsa), a rice dish with lamb, chicken, fish or shrimp, is among the national dishes as well as the dish mandi (food). Flat, unleavened taboon bread is a staple of virtually every meal, as are dates, fresh fruit,yoghurt and hummus. Coffee, served in the Arabic style, is the traditional beverage but tea and various fruit juices are popular as well. Arabic coffee is a traditional beverage in Arabian cuisine. The earliest substantiated evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree is from the 15th century, in the Sufi monasteries of Arabia. Women Women do not have equal rights to men in the kingdom; the U.S. State Department considers Saudi Arabian government's discrimination against women a "significant problem" in Saudi Arabia and notes that women have few political rights due to the government's discriminatory policies.The World Economic Forum 2010 Global Gender Gap Report ranked Saudi Arabia 129th out of 134 countries for gender parity. Other sources had complained of an absence of laws criminalizing violence against women. Under Saudi law, every adult female must have a male relative as her "guardian" (wali), As of 2008, a woman was required to have permission from her male guardian in order to travel, study, or work. A royal decree passed in May 2017 allowed them to avail government services such as education and healthcare without the need of a consent of a male guardian. The order howeveronly obtain a divorce with the consent of her husband or judicially if her husband has harmed her. In practice, it is very difficult for a Saudi woman to obtain a judicial divorce. With regard to the law of inheritance, the Quran specifies that fixed portions of the deceased's estate must be left to the Qur'anic heirs and generally, female heirs receive half the portion of male heirs. The average age at first marriage among Saudi females is 25 years in Saudi Arabia, with child marriage no longer common. , Saudi women constitute 13% of the country's native workforce despiteSPA news agency. The religious police, known as the mutawa, impose many restrictions on women in public in Saudi Arabia. The restrictions include forcing women to sit in separate specially designated family sections in restaurants, to wear an abaya and to cover their hair. Although Saudi Arabia imposes a strict dress code on women throughout the country by using religious police, female anchors working for Al-Arabia news network which is partly owned by Prince Abdulaziz, the son of the late King Fahad, are prohibited from wearing a veil and are encouraged to adopt a Western dress code. A few Saudiwomen have risen to the top of the medical profession; for example, Dr. Ghada Al-Mutairi heads a medical research center in California and Dr. Salwa Al-Hazzaa is head of the ophthalmology department at King Faisal Specialist Hospital in Riyadh and was the late King Fahad's personal ophthalmologist. In February 2017, Saudi Arabia appointed its first woman to head the Saudi Stock Exchange. As of 2018, two women hold cabinet positions in the Saudi government: Dr Tamadur bint Youssef Al Ramah, who was appointed deputy labor minister that year; and Norah bint Abdallah Al Faiz, who became deputy minister of educationin charge of women’s affairs in 2009. Political, economic, and social changes of the 2010s On 25 September 2011, King Abdullah announced that Saudi women would gain the right to vote (and to be candidates) in municipal elections, provided that a male guardian grants permission. Women were allowed to vote and be candidates in the 12 December 2015 municipal elections. In August 2013, a law was passed that criminalized domestic violence against women. The ban includes penalties of a 12-month jail sentence and fines of up to 50,000 riyals ($13,000). In February 2017, Saudi Arabia appointed its first woman tohead the Saudi Stock Exchange. In April 2017, bin Salman announced a project to build one of the world's largest cultural, sports and entertainment cities in Al Qidiya, southwest of Riyadh. The 334-square kilometre city will include a safari and a Six Flags theme park. As of February 2018, Saudi women can now open their own business, without a male's permission. In March 2018, a law was passed allowing Saudi mothers to retain custody of their children after divorce without having to file any lawsuits. In April 2018, the first public cinema opened in Saudi Arabia after a ban of35 years, with plans to have more than 2,000 screens running by 2030. In June 2018, King Salman issued a decree allowing women to drive, lifting the world's only ban on women drivers. Other domestic reforms include significant regulations restricting the powers of the religious police and establishing a national entertainment authority that has hosted comedy shows, pro wrestling events, and monster truck rallies. Further cultural developments include the first Saudi public concerts by a female singer, the first Saudi sports stadiums to admit women, and an increased presence of women in the workforce. On 1 August 2019, Saudi Arabiaallowed women to travel abroad, register a divorce or a marriage, and apply for official documents without the consent of a male guardian. The laws also grant the women the eligibility for the guardianship of minor children. On 27 September 2019, Saudi Arabia announced new changes to tourist visas for non-religious visits, allowing citizens of 49 countries to apply for E-Visa for 90 days. In 2 January 2020, Saudi Arabia announced three days Events-Only visa for expats living in United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Kuwait. Education Education is free at all levels. The school system is composed of elementary, intermediate,and secondary schools. A large part of the curriculum at all levels is devoted to Islam, and, at the secondary level, students are able to follow either a religious or a technical track. The rate of literacy is 97.1% among males and is about 92.71% among females (2017). Classes are segregated by sex. Higher education has expanded rapidly, with large numbers of Universities and colleges being founded particularly since 2000. Institutions of higher education include the country's first university, King Saud University founded in 1957, the Islamic University at Medina founded in 1961, and the King Abdulaziz University in Jeddahof Academic Ranking of World Universities 2018, ranked two Saudi universities, King Abdulaziz University and King Saud University, among the top 150 universities in the World. According to critics, Saudi curriculum is not just dominated by Islam but suffers from Wahhabi dogma that propagates hatred towards non-Muslim and non-Wahhabis and lacks technical and other education useful for productive employment. Memorization by rote of large parts of the Qur'an, its interpretation and understanding (Tafsir) and the application of Islamic tradition to everyday life is at the core of the curriculum. Religion taught in this manner is also a compulsory subject forall University students. As a consequence, Saudi youth "generally lacks the education and technical skills the private sector needs" according to the CIA. Similarly, The Chronicle of Higher Education wrote in 2010 that "the country needs educated young Saudis with marketable skills and a capacity for innovation and entrepreneurship. That's not generally what Saudi Arabia's educational system delivers, steeped as it is in rote learning and religious instruction." The religious sector of the Saudi national curriculum was examined in a 2006 report by Freedom House which concluded that "the Saudi public school religious curriculum continues to propagate an ideology ofhate toward the 'unbeliever', that is, Christians, Jews, Shiites, Sufis, Sunni Muslims who do not follow Wahhabi doctrine, Hindus, atheists and others". The Saudi religious studies curriculum is taught outside the Kingdom via Saudi-linked madrasah, schools, and clubs throughout the world. Critics have described the education system as "medieval" and that its primary goal "is to maintain the rule of absolute monarchy by casting it as the ordained protector of the faith, and that Islam is at war with other faiths and cultures". Saudi Arabia sponsors and promotes the teaching of Wahhabism ideology which is adopted by Sunni Jihadist groupssuch as ISIS, Al-Qaeda and the Nusra Front. This radical teaching takes place in Saudi funded mosques and madrasas across the Islamic world from Morocco to Pakistan to Indonesia. According to the educational plan for secondary (high school) education 1435–1438 Hijri, students enrolling in the "natural sciences" path are required to take five religion subjects which are: Tawhid, Fiqh, Tafseer, Hadith and Islamic Education and Quran. In addition, students are required to take six science subjects which are Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geology and Computer. The approach taken in the Saudi education system has been accused of encouraging Islamic terrorism,leading to reform efforts. Following the 9/11 attacks, the government aimed to tackle the twin problems of encouraging extremism and the inadequacy of the country's university education for a modern economy, by slowly modernising the education system through the "Tatweer" reform program. The Tatweer program is reported to have a budget of approximately US$2 billion and focuses on moving teaching away from the traditional Saudi methods of memorization and rote learning towards encouraging students to analyze and problem-solve. It also aims to create an education system which will provide a more secular and vocationally based training. In 2018, Saudi Arabiaranked 28th worldwide in terms of high-quality research output according to the scientific journal Nature. This makes Saudi Arabia the best performing Middle Eastern, Arab and Muslim country. Saudi Arabia spends 8.8% of its gross domestic product on education, compared with the global average of 4.6%. Health care Saudi Arabia has a life expectancy of 74.87 years (73.67 for males and 76.48 for females) according to the latest data for the year 2017 from the World Bank. Infant mortality in 2018 was 6 per 1,000. In 2016, 69.7% of the adult population was overweight and 35.5% was obese. See alsoIndex of Saudi Arabia-related articles Outline of Saudi Arabia List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia Islam Sunni Islam Wahhabism Islamism House of Saud Notes References Bibliography External links Saudi Arabia official government website Saudi Arabia profile from the BBC News Key Development Forecasts for Saudi Arabia from International Futures Category:Arabian Peninsula Category:Arabic-speaking countries and territories Category:G20 nations Category:Kingdoms Category:Member states of OPEC Category:Member states of the Arab League Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Category:Member states of the United Nations Category:Middle Eastern countries Category:Near Eastern countries Category:Totalitarian states Category:Western Asian countries Category:States and territories established
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Erik Albert Mennega (January 6, 1923 – January 27, 1998) was a Dutch botanist, plant taxonomist, and author. Biography Mennega studied biology at Utrecht University, receiving his degree in 1947. He was then hired as a taxonomist at the Utrecht University Botanic Gardens. He spent much of his time identifying botanical collections at the original garden in Baarn, as well as identifying at documenting species at the Von Gimborn Arboretum. He remained at the gardens until his retirement in 1984. In 1988, Frans Stafleu and Richard Sumner Cowan published the second edition of Taxonomic Literature: A Selective Guide to BotanicalPublications and Collections, with Dates, Commentaries, and Types. After Cowan left the project, Stafleu began collaborating with Mennega on a supplement series. The two wrote and published six volumes between 1992 and 2000, the last two posthumously. Mennega took over the majority of writing and compiling after 1995 due to the decline of Stafleu's health. Mennega himself died of a heart attack on January 27, 1998. Botanist Alberta Mennega was Mennega's aunt. Selected publications Stafleu, F. A., Cowan, R. S., & Mennega, E. A. (1979). Taxonomic literature: A selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types.
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Giovanni Battista (Giambattista) Foggini (25 April 1652 – 12 April 1725) was an Italian sculptor active in Florence, renowned mainly for small bronze statuary. Biography Born in Florence, the young Foggini was sent to Rome by the Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany to join the so-called Accademia Fiorentina, and apprentice in the Roman sculptural studio of Ercole Ferrata, a pupil of Algardi. He was also tutored in drawing by the Accademia's first director (1673–86), Ciro Ferri, who was a pupil of Cortona. Returning to Florence in 1676, he became the court sculptor for Cosimo III. After the son of PietroTacca, Fernando, died in 1686, the mantle of the premier local sculptor fell to Foggini, who would become the Medici's Architetto Primario e Primo scultore della Casa Serenissima as well as Soprintendente dei Lavori (1687–1725). In 1687, Foggini acquired the foundry in Borgo Pinti that had once belonged to the sculptor Giambologna. This allowed him to specialize in small bronzes, produced mainly and profitably for export. His adaptation of Pietro Tacca's Moors was the basis of bronze and ceramic reproductions for the connoisseur market well into the 18th century. In Florence, his masterpieces are his sculptural relief work in theCapella Corsini of the Chiesa del Carmine. The chapel was erected by Bartolomeo and Cardinal Neri Corsini in memory of their recently canonized ancestral family member, San Andrea Corsini. It contains three large marble reliefs depicting his life: San Andrea in Glory, The Mass of San Andrea Corsini and The Battle of Anghiari (1685–87). He also completed works in Cappella Feroni in the Annunziata. Another work is the main staircase of the Medici-Riccardi Palace in Florence. Among his small bronzes are David with the Head of Goliath. Foggini's pupils included Fernando Fuga, his nephew Filippo della Valle, Balthasar Permoser, Giovacchino
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Mark John Ovendale (22 November 1973 – 29 August 2011) was an English football goalkeeper. Playing career Ovendale was born in Leicester and began his career with local village team Leverington before joining Wisbech Town. He moved to Northampton Town, playing six league games in the 1994-95 season. He joined Welsh champions Barry Town in August 1997 and after a successful first season, joined Bournemouth for a fee of £30,000 in July 1998. He quickly became the first choice in the Bournemouth goal, making his Cherries' debut on the opening day of the 1998-99 season, a 2-0 win at homewas forced to retire from playing in June 2007 due to a hip injury. Coaching career Mark joined Wimborne Town in a coaching role in August 2008 but made a few appearances in goal for the club during the 2008-09 season. Death He died in August 2011 from cancer. Days after Ovendale's death, his old club Barry Town honoured him into the Barry Town Hall of Fame and a memorial match was held at the Newport Stadium. References External links Category:1973 births Category:2011 deaths Category:Sportspeople from Leicester Category:English footballers Category:Northampton Town F.C. players Category:A.F.C. Bournemouth players Category:Luton Town F.C. players
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Tariq Lamptey (born 30 September 2000) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for club Brighton & Hove Albion and the England national under-20 team. Club career Chelsea Lamptey was born in Hillingdon, Greater London. He is a product of the Chelsea youth system, joining the academy at the age of 7. On 29 December 2019, Lamptey made his professional debut for Chelsea against Arsenal in the Premier League, replacing Fikayo Tomori. Speaking to Chelsea TV after the game, Lamptey described how nervous he was making his debut: "My heart was racing, this is the moment meand my family have been waiting for." Lamptey became the seventh academy graduate to make a first-team appearance during Frank Lampard's managerial tenure at Chelsea, following in the footsteps of Mason Mount, Billy Gilmour, Reece James, Marc Guehi, Tino Anjorin and Ian Maatsen. Brighton & Hove Albion On 31 January 2020, the winter transfer deadline day, Lamptey completed a permanent transfer to Brighton & Hove Albion F.C., signing a three and a half year deal. Career statistics References Category:2000 births Category:Living people Category:Footballers from Hillingdon Category:English footballers Category:England youth international footballers Category:Association football defenders Category:Chelsea F.C. players Category:Brighton & Hove
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A System Deployment Image (aka SDI) is a file format used primarily with Microsoft products to contain an arbitrary disk image, including boot sector information. Description The System Deployment Image (SDI) file format is often used to allow the use of a virtual disk for startup or booting. Some versions of Microsoft Windows allow for "RAM booting", which is essentially the ability to load an SDI file into memory and then boot from it. The SDI file format also lends itself to network booting using the Preboot Execution Environment (PXE). Another usage is hard disk imaging. The SDI file itself
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Rhynchospora colorata, also known as starrush whitetop, white star sedge and white-topped sedge, is a perennial sedge with white bracts, giving it the appearance of white petals with long, green points. It is native to southeastern North America, from Virginia west to New Mexico in the United States, and south into the Caribbean islands. The inflorescence is a dense cluster of small spikes, each containing several tiny flowers. It sits on top of 3–10 green and white bracts that grow to 10–15 cm long. They look much like leaves, but the real leaves arise from the base of the plant.
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Livio Wenger (born 20 January 1993) is a Swiss long track speed skater and inline speed skater. In 2017, he competed in The World Games 2017 in Wroclaw, Poland where he won a silver medal in the 10k track points-elimination. At the 2018 Winter Olympics he competed in the 1500 metres, 5000 metres and in the Mass start where he finished fourth. Personal records References Category:1993 births Category:Living people Category:Swiss male speed skaters Category:Olympic speed skaters of Switzerland Category:Speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics Category:Place of birth missing (living people) Category:World Games silver medalists Category:Competitors at the 2017 World
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Luiz Mattar (born August 18, 1963) is a former professional tennis player from Brazil. He played on the professional tour from 1985–1995, during which time he won seven top-level singles titles and five tour doubles titles. Mattar's career-high rankings were World No. 29 in singles (in 1989) and World No. 55 in doubles (in 1991). His career prize money totalled $1,493,136. Career finals Singles (7 wins, 4 losses) Doubles (5 wins, 6 losses) External links Category:Brazilian male tennis players Category:Olympic tennis players of Brazil Category:Brazilian people of Lebanese descent Category:Tennis players of Lebanese descent Category:Sportspeople from São Paulo Category:Tennis players
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Anno Domini High Definition is the fourth full-length studio album by Polish progressive rock band Riverside and also the first full length Riverside album that is separate from the Reality Dream suite. The album was released in Poland on 15 June 2009 through Mystic Production and was released worldwide on 19 June 2009 through InsideOut. The album was a commercial success in the band's home country of Poland where it reached the top of the official album chart. The art design and direction was, once again, handled by Travis Smith. A special edition of the album includes a bonus DVD,filmed during a December 2008 live performance at Amsterdam's Paradiso club. Track listing "Hyperactive" – 5:45 "Driven to Destruction" – 7:06 "Egoist Hedonist" – 8:57 "Different?" "Hedonist Party" "Straw Man Dance" "Left Out" – 10:59 "Hybrid Times" – 11:53 Special edition bonus DVD 'Live in Amsterdam 2008' "Volte-Face" - 8:50 "I Turned You Down" - 5:10 "Reality Dream III" - 5:16 "Beyond The Eyelids" - 7:23 "Conceiving You" - 4:18 "Ultimate Trip (excerpt)" - 5:24 "02 Panic Room (single version)" - 4:20 Personnel Riverside Mariusz Duda – vocals, bass, acoustic guitar Piotr Grudziński – guitar Michał Łapaj – keyboards, theremin
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Marvin Golden (born 21 December 1976) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. He played at club for Hunslet Parkside ARLFC, the Leeds Rhinos including in 1996's, 1997's, 1998's and 1999's Super League, Bramley (loan), Halifax, the London Broncos in 2001's Super League, the Doncaster Dragons and the Widnes Vikings in 2003's Super League, he also played for Illawarra Steelers (non-First Grade) in Australia, as a , or . Background Marvin Golden was born in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, he now works for TRAD Safety Systems located in Morley, West Yorkshire, England.
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Senhora do Destino (English: Her Own Destiny) is a Brazilian telenovela that was produced and aired by TV Globo from June 28, 2004 to March 11, 2005, with a total of 221 episodes. Replacing Celebridade and being replaced by América. Written by Aguinaldo Silva with the collaboration of Filipe Miguez, Gloria Barreto, Maria Elisa Berredo and Nelson Nadotti. Directed by Luciano Sabino, Marco Rodrigo, Claudio Boeckel, with general and core direction of Wolf Maya. Nazaré Tedesco, Renata Sorrah's character, is the great villain of the plot, and entered the history of Brazilian television drama as one of the best knownand cruel villains of Brazilian soap operas. Featured Suzana Vieira, José Wilker, Carolina Dieckmann, Eduardo Moscovis, Letícia Spiller, José Mayer, Leonardo Vieira, Débora Falabella, Marcello Antony, Dan Stulbach, Tania Khalill, Carol Castro, Dado Dolabella, Marília Gabriela, José de Abreu, Leandra Leal and Renata Sorrah in leading roles. Production The telenovela had provisional title of Dinastia. But one businessman registered the mark before, and two months before its debut had its name changed to Senhora do Destino. Carolina Dieckmann and Adriana Esteves participated in the first phase, playing the characters Maria do Carmo and Nazaré Tedesco respectively. The first recordings startedin May 2004. Dieckmann returned to the second phase of history to play Maria do Carmo's stolen daughter. Along with her, actress Renata Sorrah also appeared in the telenovela. Their first scenes in the second phase aired on the July 24, 2004 episode. The telenovela had a first phase of four episodes showing the theme of military dictatorship in Brazil. After that, the story takes place at a fictional time, which had characteristics of the early 1990s and the 2000s, as stated by the author. This has given rise to a number of criticisms, since, due to the age ofcould play Lindalva, which was not accepted by the board, since Carolina Dieckmann was already confirmed on paper, causing her to refuse the character as a protest. The actress reversed the decision days later and contacted the board to accept the role, but Susana Vieira had already been confirmed in her place. Susana was scheduled to play Nazaré, but with the problem with Regina, was eventually moved to the role of Maria do Carmo, while Renata Sorrah was invited to play the antagonist at the request of Susana herself who was her personal friend. Raul Cortez would play Colonel Justinoin Cabocla, but gave up the character to accept Barão de Bonsucesso at Aguinaldo Silva's request. The director thought of removing Marcello Antony from the cast when the actor was arrested for drug possession in April 2004, before starting the telenovela recordings, however decided to keep it. Barbara Borges was reserved for the telenovela when she was still in Malhação at the request of the author himself, who had already approved her work in his telenovela Porto dos Milagres. Miriam Pires died on September 7, 2004 of toxoplasmosis after recording 62 episodes, but her character was not killed in thetelenovela, explaining that she had been injured and needed to rest, but several characters were visiting her to continue the story. Transmission In Brazil, it was re-presented at Vale a Pena Ver de Novo from March 2 to August 21, 2009, in 123 episodes, replacing Mulheres Apaixonadas and being replaced by Alma Gêmea. During the screening of this rerun, episode 92, which was to air on July 7, 2009, did not air due to the broadcast of Michael Jackson's funeral. The episode 117, which would be aired on August 12, 2009 also did not air, due to the transmission ofthe friendly between Brazil and Estonia. It was re-aired from March 13 to December 8, 2017, in 195 episodes, replacing Cheias de Charme and being replaced by Celebridade (its original predecessor), making it the longest rerun of the track. Senhora do Destino has already been sold to 36 countries. Opening The opening of the telenovela and the song "Encontros e Despedidas" (composed by Milton Nascimento and Fernando Brant, performed by Maria Rita), showing photos of people, with color photos of the telenovela actors, while the black and white photos were of anonymous. Plot The plot is divided into two phases.former maid, sees the figure of a mysterious person very close to his home, implying that Nazareth might still be alive. Leandro marries Claudia, who becomes pregnant. Viriato, after spending a period in France specializing in cooking, returns to Brazil and reunites with Duda, who is pregnant, with whom he had married. Plínio, married to Angelica, who becomes pregnant with him, earns from Yara the permission to stay with the son Dado, since she will move to Japan. Regininha becomes pregnant with her boyfriend João Manoel and they both rush the marriage. Danielle and Venancio, married, discover that they willof Do Carmo and daughter of Reginaldo, will be elected mayor of Vila São Miguel, always seeking to ensure respect and honesty. Cast Reception Ratings The telenovela debut had 52 audience points. Hit a hearing record on October 14, 2004, when it scored 55 points. In the episode of that day was shown the scene of the first meeting between Maria do Carmo and her daughter Lindalva. This record was exceeded on October 26, 2004, when it registered 58 points. On the occasion, the scenes of the fight between Maria do Carmo and Nazaré were shown. The lowest rating of
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untrue. On its initial release, the single was commercially unsuccessful and failed to chart. Two follow-up singles, "Sunday Papers" and "One More Time", were also chart failures. However, when "Is She Really Going Out with Him?" was rereleased in 1979 after Jackson's reputation and new wave music grew in popularity, the single saw more attention and became a chart success. This second release reached the top 20 in the UK and top 30 in the US, becoming one of Jackson's highest charting singles worldwide. Since then, the song has been praised as one of Jackson's greatest and most famous andimmediately popular with the band; Jackson recalled in his autobiography, "Everyone liked it. It was catchy, they said, and had the makings of a hit. I wouldn't know a hit, I protested, from a hole in my head. I liked all my songs, and if I'd written a hit it was by accident. But I appreciated the enthusiasm, and something else, too: a growing feeling that I was up to something". The final version of the song was recorded with American producer David Kershenbaum in August 1978 after Jackson was signed to A&M Records. According to Jackson, the song originatedfollow-up singles, "Sunday Papers" and "One More Time", were released, but neither charted. However, when the Look Sharp! album began to gain notoriety and British new wave music grew more popular in the United States, a reissue of the single was released in July 1979 with the new catalogue number AMS 7459. The new release of the single saw much greater success than the initial pressing, reaching number 13 in Britain and number 21 in America. "Is She Really Going Out with Him?" was also a chart success in other nations, reaching the top 10 in Ireland and Canada and
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"Wish Wish" is a song by American producer DJ Khaled featuring American rappers Cardi B and 21 Savage, taken from Khaled's 2019 studio album Father of Asahd. It was released on May 17, 2019, as track two on its parent album. This song marked the second time each artist had worked with another, their firsts being: Cardi B & 21 Savage in "Bartier Cardi" (2017), 21 Savage & DJ Khaled in "Iced Out My Arms" (2017), and DJ Khaled & Cardi B in "Dinero" (2018). Critical reception Carl Lamarre of Billboard noted that the song established 21 Savage as a"go-to feature" and that his appearance is met with "unmatched wit". Thomas Hobbs of NME . A.D. Amorosi at Variety wrote that Cardi's presence on the song is the most notable and that she elevated it "into a tuneful, spicy trap epic". Music video Both collaboration and video were first teased on February 12, 2019. The music video was released on May 20, 2019, along with a series of videos from Khaled's album Father of Asahd. It was directed by Eif Rivera and co-directed by Khaled. The video shows Cardi B dancing in a black catsuit and Chanel swimsuit, as
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Jabari Jerell Blash (born July 4, 1989) is an American professional baseball outfielder for the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). He made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut in 2016 with the San Diego Padres. He has also played in MLB for the Los Angeles Angels. Career Blash was drafted by the Chicago White Sox in the 29th round of the 2007 Major League Baseball draft out of Charlotte Amalie High School in St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. He did not sign and attended Alcorn State University, but was unable to play baseball due to issues withhis academic transcript. He transferred to Miami-Dade College, and had a .353 batting average and 10 home runs in 102 at-bats for the school's baseball team. He was then drafted by the Texas Rangers in the ninth round of the 2009 Major League Baseball draft. He again did not sign and returned to Miami-Dade. Seattle Mariners The Seattle Mariners chose Blash in the eighth round of the 2010 Major League Baseball draft and he signed. Blash made his professional debut for the Pulaski Mariners. In 2013, he hit 25 home runs with a .915 on-base plus slugging (OPS) while playingfor the High Desert Mavericks and Jackson Generals. He started 2014 back with Jackson and was promoted to the Tacoma Rainiers in April. San Diego Padres The Oakland Athletics selected Blash in the 2015 Rule 5 draft and then traded him to the San Diego Padres as the player to be named later from the December 2 trade in which the Athletics acquired Yonder Alonso. Blash made the Padres' Opening Day roster. He batted 3-for-25 (.120) with 13 strikeouts, and was designated for assignment on May 13. He cleared waivers and the Mariners declined his return, allowing him to beoutrighted into San Diego's minor league system. After playing for the El Paso Chihuahuas, the Padres promoted him back to the major leagues on July 30. On May 9, 2017, Blash was optioned down to AAA to make room for Matt Szczur on the roster. Los Angeles Angels On December 12, 2017, the Padres traded Blash to the New York Yankees for Chase Headley and Bryan Mitchell. The Yankees designated Blash for assignment on February 20, 2018, in order to make room for Brandon Drury, who was acquired earlier in the day in a three-team trade. The next day, theYankees traded Blash to the Los Angeles Angels for a player to be named later or cash considerations. In 24 games with the Angels, Blash hit only .103 with 1 RBI. On November 29, 2018, Blash was released by the Angels. Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles On December 7, 2018, Blash signed a contract with the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the 2019 season worth ¥120 million. On December 3, 2019, Blash signed a 1-year extension to remain with the Eagles. Personal life Blash's younger brother, Jamori, a 23rd-round draft pick in 2017, is a firstbaseman in the Washington Nationals organization. References External links Category:1989 births Category:Living people Category:American expatriate baseball players in Japan Category:Charros de Jalisco players Category:Clinton LumberKings players Category:El Paso Chihuahuas players Category:Everett AquaSox players Category:High Desert Mavericks players Category:Jackson Generals (Southern League) players Category:Leones del Escogido players Category:Los Angeles Angels players Category:Major League Baseball left fielders Category:Major League Baseball players from the United States Virgin Islands Category:Major League Baseball right fielders Category:Miami Dade Sharks baseball players Category:Nippon Professional Baseball designated hitters Category:Nippon Professional Baseball outfielders Category:People from Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Category:Pulaski Mariners players Category:Salt Lake Bees players Category:San Diego
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The Association for Learning Technology (ALT) is a United Kingdom professional body and learned society. Founded in 1993 as a Registered Charity, ALT brings together people and organisations with an interest in the use of learning technology. Membership ALT has over 170 organisational and sponsoring members, and over 2,290 individual members as reported in the 2016/17 accounts. Organisational members include the majority of the UK's universities. Sponsoring members include public sector agencies such as the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills and the Higher Education Academy, and companies such as Blackboard, Google, Microsoft and Toshiba. There are three categories of
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Alexander Gordon Cowie (27 February 1889 – 7 April 1916) was an English first-class cricketer, soldier and poet. Cowie was educated at Charterhouse School and Caius College, Cambridge. A tall, strongly built right-arm fast bowler who could bowl "alarmingly fast", he made his first-class debut for Cambridge University in 1910 and was awarded his blue. He made nine first-class appearances for Cambridge University in the 1910 and 1911 seasons, taking 43 wickets at an average of 23.25. His best figures were 6 for 87 off 18.5 overs against Sussex in his second match; five of his victims were bowled. Inhis next match, immediately afterwards, he took 5 for 64 and 4 for 89 (match figures of 37.4–7–153–9) to lead Cambridge to a nine-wicket victory over Yorkshire. Later in 1910 he played two matches for Hampshire in the County Championship, taking 5 for 94 in Lancashire's first innings in the second match. He lost form in 1911. With the onset of the First World War Cowie was commissioned in the British Army. He became a Captain in the Seaforth Highlanders. He was wounded in 1915, but returned to active duty. He died on 7 April 1916 after being fatally woundedwhile serving in Mesopotamia. A short poem of his, titled "Lines by Captain Alexander Gordon Cowie, Seaforth Highlanders", appeared after his death in The Lotus Magazine and has since been anthologized in books of war poetry. References External links Alexander Cowie at Cricinfo Alexander Cowie at CricketArchive Category:1889 births Category:1916 deaths Category:People from Lymington Category:English cricketers Category:Cambridge University cricketers Category:Hampshire cricketers Category:British Army cricketers Category:British Army personnel of World War I Category:Seaforth Highlanders officers Category:British military personnel killed in World War I Category:Oxford and Cambridge Universities cricketers Category:People educated at Charterhouse School Category:Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge Category:English
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Novel with Cocaine, or sometimes Cocain Romance ( - Roman s kokainom), is a mysterious Russian novel first published in 1934 in a Parisian émigré publication, Numbers, and subtitled "Confessions of a Russian opium-eater". Its author was given as M. Ageyev. The English translation of the title fails to convey the double meaning of the Russian "Роман," meaning both "novel" and "romance." Description Novel with Cocaine is a Dostoevskyan psychological novel of ideas, which explores the interaction between psychology, philosophy, and ideology in its frank portrayal of an adolescent's cocaine addiction. The story relates the formative experiences of narrator Vadimat school and with women before he turns to drug abuse and the philosophical reflections to which it gives rise. Although Ageyev makes little explicit reference to the Russian Revolution of 1917, the novel's obsession with addictive forms of thinking finds resonance in the historical background, in which "our inborn feelings of humanity and justice" provoke "the cruelties and satanic transgressions committed in its name." Publication history Following its original publication in Numbers, the novel was published in book form; it was scorned as decadent and disgusting, to use the term applied to it by Vladimir Nabokov. In 1983 thenovel was translated into French and published to nearly unanimous praise; an English translation (by Michael Henry Heim) was published in 1984. After the French translation was published, there was some brief speculation in literary circles as to whether Novel with Cocaine might actually be the work of Nabokov, perhaps one of his mystifications; the consensus is now that Nabokov was not the author. Nabokov's son Dmitri addresses this issue in an afterword to his 1986 English translation of VN's novel The Enchanter. The real author of the book is Mark Levi, a mysterious Russian émigré who sent in a
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Hans Lauda (25 March 1896 – 21 January 1974) was an Austrian industrialist who co-founded the Federation of Austrian Industries and served as president from 1946 to 1960. He was the paternal grandfather of Formula One World Champion Niki Lauda. Early life Hans Lauda was born on 25 March 1896 in Vienna. His father worked in hydraulic engineering and bridge construction. Lauda studied at the Theresianum, and the University of Vienna, where he earned a doctorate in law. He was known as "Old Lauda". He was interested in Formula One, and drove to the Nürburgring and to Monaco to watchin a New York Times report on the progress of the Marshall Plan. He reported that Austria would employ 20,000 former government officials. He served as chairman of the Association of Industrialists, and in 1951, he proposed a successful bill to freeze wages, to try and counteract inflation in the country. Lauda was also a president of the Austrian Red Cross, from 1956 to 1974. Relationship with Niki Lauda Hans Lauda was the paternal grandfather of Formula One World Champion Niki Lauda. Aged 10, Niki accused Hans of "double standards" after he accepted a medal of honour from socialist mayor
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Infinity Broadcasting Corporation was a radio company that existed from 1972 until 2005. It was founded by Michael A. Wiener and Gerald Carrus. It became associated with popular radio personalities like Howard Stern, Opie and Anthony, Don Imus and Mike Francesa. Infinity merged with CBS Corporation in 1997 and later became part of Viacom in 2000, when CBS and Viacom merged, serving as the radio division of CBS. After the Viacom split in 2005, Infinity changed its name to CBS Radio. History Formation and pre-merger Infinity was founded in 1972 by two former Metromedia executives Michael A. Wiener and GeraldCarrus, with the acquisition of KOME, an FM radio station that served the San Francisco Bay Area, and finally received its license by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) a year later. In 1979, Infinity acquired WBCN in Boston. In 1981, Mel Karmazin was brought in as new president. Karmazin oversaw the operation of New York's WNEW-AM (now WBBR) and WNEW-FM for Metromedia. Soon after, the company acquired fellow New York stations WNEW-FM, WKTU (now WNYL; the present-day WKTU is owned by iHeartMedia), WZRC, and WFAN the following years, followed by WYSP-FM in Philadelphia. In 1983, Infinity absorbed KXYZ in Houstonand WJMK and WJJD in Chicago. Infinity became a publicly traded company in 1986. Within a year, it had purchased six more stations: KROQ-FM in Los Angeles, WJFK-FM in Washington, D.C., WQYK-AM/FM in Tampa, and KVIL-AM/FM in Dallas. Karmazin and three other company executives took the company private in 1988 and took it public again in 1992. In 1993, Infinity was expanded to 22 radio stations. Merger with CBS and Viacom As a result of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which loosened ownership restrictions of broadcast stations, Infinity was able to quickly acquire more stations, gradually increasing its portfolio to75 stations. In 1996, it was announced that Westinghouse Electric Corporation (which owned CBS) would acquire Infinity Broadcasting. Karmazin had attempted to acquire CBS, but Michael Jordan, CEO of Westinghouse, refused to sell the firm to Karmazin but instead agreed to buy Infinity. The $4.9 billion deal was completed on December 31, 1996. As a result of the Westinghouse purchase, Infinity was merged into the CBS Radio Group, with Karmazin as president. Karmazin soon became chairman and CEO of CBS Radio, and took the control of the CBS television network. Shortly after, Westinghouse sold its non-broadcasting assets and renamed itselfas CBS Corporation. In 1998, CBS decided to spin off a portion of its radio and outdoor advertising holdings as Infinity Broadcasting Corporation, once again bringing the Infinity name back to the public. The stock offering was the largest in the media industry at the time and raised $2.87 billion. The most significant move during 1999, however, was the deal struck with Viacom in September. Sumner Redstone, CEO of Viacom, shot down Karmazin's offer to buy Viacom. Karmazin then offered CBS to Redstone, who eventually made a $37 billion proposal to merge the two companies. Viacom completed the CBS Corp.purchase in May 2000, and it retained 80% ownership of Infinity. At that same year, Infinity acquired Outdoor Systems and renamed it Infinity Outdoor. Under the new ownership by Viacom, Infinity acquired 18 radio stations from its competitor, Clear Channel Communications (now iHeartMedia), which needed to divest them as part of its own merger with AMFM Incorporated. The company also purchased Giraudy SA, an outdoor advertising company based in France. In 2002, Viacom acquired the remaining shares of Infinity that it did not already own, making it a wholly owned subsidiary. At that time, Infinity Outdoor was separated from InfinityBroadcasting and renamed Viacom Outdoor. Departure of Mel Karmazin and Epilogue Karmazin resigned on May 2004, due to many differences with Redstone. Karmazin later said he didn't get along with Redstone and found it difficult to be "No. 2" at a company, but particularly under Redstone. The two executives continued to snipe at each other through the media even a year after Karmazin left Viacom. On December 14, 2005, Infinity Broadcasting reverted to CBS Radio, and joined with the CBS and UPN networks (the latter of which would later merge with former rival network The WB to form The CW),Paramount's television properties, Showtime Networks, Viacom Outdoor, Simon & Schuster, and Paramount Parks into a revived CBS Corporation. At that time, CBS Corp. spun off the "new" Viacom, which includes MTV Networks, BET, and Paramount Pictures, among other assets. CBS Radio was sold to Entercom on November 17, 2017. For a while the Infinity Radio name and logo were used for an online-only variety hits station on CBS Radio's streaming platform, InfinityRadio.com and Radio.com, presumably to prevent trademark dilution. References External links Infinity Radio official website SEC filing (Form S-4) relating to split Category:Defunct radio broadcasting companies of the United
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Eoghan Hickey (born 29 October 1981 in Dublin, Ireland) is a former professional rugby union player who played for seven professional clubs throughout four countries. During the 2005–06 Celtic League Hickey played for Leinster, before transferring to Munster for the 2006–07 Celtic League. Prior to this, he played for UCD in the All-Ireland League. In 2007 he transferred to London Irish on a two-year contract before joining Wasps in 2009. In 2010 he returned home to Dublin to play with Lansdowne in the All Ireland League, before joining up with the Italian club Petrarca Padova for the 2011→2012 season. From2012→2015, Hickey played with Massy based in south west Paris during which time he completed his third university degree. He has represented Ireland Schools, the Ireland Universities, Ireland U21 and Ireland A, and has also played in the Heineken Cup and the Celtic League. During his playing career, Hickey also completed a BSc in Statistics from University College Dublin, an MSc in Climate Change Impacts & Sustainability from Brunel University London, and an MBA from HEC Paris. In addition, Hickey also holds a Graduate Diploma in Business Studies, a Certificate in Advanced Management and a Certificate in Mergers & Acquisitions.
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In software engineering, the module pattern is a design pattern used to implement the concept of software modules, defined by modular programming, in a programming language with incomplete direct support for the concept. This pattern can be implemented in several ways depending on the host programming language, such as the singleton design pattern, object-oriented static members in a class and procedural global functions. In Python, the pattern is built into the language, and each .py file is automatically a module. Definition & Structure The module software design pattern provides the features and syntactic structure defined by the modular programming paradigm
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Angelo Gilardino (born 16 November 1941 in Vercelli) is an Italian composer, guitarist and musicologist. Career During his concert career, from 1958 to 1981, he premiered hundreds of new works for the guitar. He taught at the Liceo Musicale G. B. Viotti in Vercelli from 1965 to 1981, and held a professorship at the Antonio Vivaldi Conservatory in Alessandria from 1981 to 2004. The Conservatory awarded him the Marengo Music Prize in 1998. Gilardino has composed much music for solo guitar, as well as chamber music and concertos. His solo works include five volumes of Studi di virtuosità e ditrascendenza (1981-1988), two numbered sonatas (1985, 1986) as well as several titled sonatas and sonatinas, two sets of variations (1989, 1991), and Ikonostas for a guitar tuned in G (2004). The Studi di virtuosità e di trascendenza represent one of the most significant contributions to the guitar repertoire in the 20th century. The title places the collection in the tradition of the Transcendental Etudes by Franz Liszt. Numbers 1 through 48 have dedications that play an important role in identifying influences and traditions that are important to the composer, and help provide a context in which to interpret the individualetudes. These have been recorded by the guitarist Cristiano Porqueddu for Brilliant Classics. He has also written four works for guitar with guitar orchestra, seven concertos for guitar, some in combination with other instruments (including mandolin and accordion), and several duets (for guitar with bassoon, cello, violin and vibraphone). From 1967 to 2006, Gilardino supervised the publication of hundreds of new guitar works by Edizioni Musicali Bèrben. He has also discovered the Variazioni by Ottorino Respighi and several works written for the guitarist Andrés Segovia by Cyril Scott, Pierre de Bréville, Lennox Berkeley and many others. He was artistic directorof the Andrés Segovia Foundation of Linares from 1997 to 2005. In 2009 the Guitar Foundation of America conferred upon him the prestigious Artistic Achievement Award which is reserved for performers, composers, pedagogues, and scholars who have made monumental contributions to the development of the art and life of the classical guitar. Quotes "I am not a good interpreter of my own music - I never played it and I avoid giving lessons with my music on the stand. " - rec.music.classical.guitar (Jan 23 2003) "I have no connection with my pieces, except when I am composing them. Since then,especially when published, they belong to everybody, and I am no longer especially fond of a piece or of another. I feel insignificant and unimportant in respect of the music I write. I have to add - to be quite honest - that when teaching I do not like to deal with my own music. [...] when it happens I have to teach a piece of my own, I feel rather uncertain about what to say." - Interview with Angelo Gilardino "Actually, since 1981 to March of this year I was active as a professor in a conservatory and -even without giving concerts - I followed learning a lot about guitar, due mainly to the excellence of students who have cooperated with me. But, I confirm, you are right, I am no technician at all - my work with players has developed in the area of interpretation. I have taught people who could play much better than I did even when I was a concert player." rec.music.classical.guitar (Aug 31 2004) List of works Solo guitar Canzone Notturna (1968) Estrellas para Estarellas (1970) Abreuana (1971) Araucaria (1971) Appaloosa (1972) Luceat (1972) Trepidazioni per Thebit (1972) Ocram (1973) Tenebrae factae sunt(1973) Studi di virtuosità e di trascendenza (1981-1988) Sonata No. 1 (Omaggio ad Antonio Fontanesi) (1985) Sonata No. 2 (Hivern florit) (1986) Variazioni sulla Follìa (1989) Musica per l'angelo della Melancholìa (1991) Variazioni sulla Fortuna (Nell'antologia Fortune 1993) (1991) Winterzeit after Robert Schumann (2000) Colloquio con Andrés Segovia (2002) Sonatine des fleurs et des oiseaux (2002) Tríptico de las visiones (2002) Catskill Pond (2003) La casa del faro (2003) Sonata Mediterranea (2004) Sonata del Guadalquivir (2004) Annunciazione (Omaggio al Beato Angelico) (2004) Ikonostas (Omaggio a Pavel Florenskij) (2004) Memory of Antinous (Omaggio a Marguerite Yourcenar) (2004) A Quiet Song -To the Memory of John W. Duarte (2005) Cantico di Gubbio (2007) Sonata di Lagonegro (2008) Winter Tales (2008; for Russian 7-string guitar) Sette Preludi (2012) Guitar and guitar ensemble Concerto d'estate for guitar and guitar quartet (1992) Concierto de Córdoba for guitar and guitar quartet (1993) Poema d'inverno for guitar and guitar duo (1994) Concerto d'autunno for guitar and small guitar orchestra (1994-1995) Feste lontane for four guitars (2007) Sonetti giuliani for four guitars (2008) Guitar and orchestra Leçons de Ténèbres - concerto for guitar and chamber orchestra (1996) Fiori di novembre - concerto for mandolin, guitar and chamberorchestra (1997) Concerto Italiano for four guitars and orchestra (1998) La casa delle ombre - concerto for flute, guitar and strings (1999) Liederkonzert for two guitars and chamber orchestra (2000) En las tierras altas - concerto for accordion, guitar and strings (2001) Star of the Morning for guitar, cello and orchestra (2004) Concerto-Serenata for bass clarinet, guitar and strings (2006) Concerto di Novgorod for Russian seven-string guitar and orchestra (2006) Concerto di Oliena for guitar and orchestra (2007) Chamber music Preghiere per gli innocenti for voice and guitar (1997) Canzoni dimenticate (1999) Sonatina-Lied No. 1 for bassoon and guitar (1999)Sonatina-Lied No. 2 for violin and guitar (2000) Fantasia concertante sul Gran Solo op. 14 di Sor for violin, viola, cello and guitar (2000) Retrato de Andrés Segovia for string orchestra (2001) Sonata Romantica (Homage to Franz Schubert) for cello and guitar: an elaboration of the piece of the same name by Manuel M. Ponce for solo guitar (2002) Retrato de Francisco Tárrega for chamber orchestra with guitar (2004) Partita for vibraphone and guitar (2005) Sonatina-Lied No. 3 for flute and guitar (2005) Iberia (da Albéniz e Tárrega) for flute, viola and guitar (2006) Sonatina-Lied No. 4 for mandolin andguitar (2006) Quartetto "I castelli d'acqua" for two mandolins, mandola and guitar (2006) Sonatina-Lied No. 5 for oboe and guitar (2006) Quintetto di Lucedio for guitar and string quartet (2008) Trio - Fiori del deserto for flute, viola and guitar (2009) Chitarra Battente Albero solitario - ricordo della grande pittrice Lucana Maria Padula for Chitarra battente and Guitar (2017) for Cordaminazioni (Marcello De Carolis and Luca Fabrizio) Concerto di Matera for chitarra battente and ten instruments (2018) for Marcello De Carolis Complete discography Gilardino as performer LP: Series of Contemporary Guitar Music - Angelo Gilardino plays Haug, Wissmer, Duarte, Tansman,Berkeley La Chitarra Nel Secolo XX - Vol. I, Compositori Italiani (Rosetta, Chailly, Maghini, Bettinelli, Mosso) Gilardino's compositions played by others LUIGI ATTADEMO - plays "Variazioni sulla Follìa" CD "Folías" Guitart Collection Guit 2026 www.luigiattademo.it GIANLUCA BARBERO plays "Studio n. 6 – Soledad - Omaggio a Francisco Goya" "Studio n. 47 – Le rose sulla neve – In memoriam Eso Peluzzi" Map – Lr Cd 116 LUIGI BISCALDI and QUARTETTO DI ASTI plays "Concerto d'estate" per chitarra sola e quartetto di chitarre "Concierto de Córdoba" para guitarra solista y cuarteto de guitarras BERCD 833-2 Bèrben PIERO BONAGURI esegue "Colloquio conAndrés Segovia" "Pocci 2004" Guitar Reference VP Music Media Chitarrista MICHAEL BRACKEN plays "Sonata n. 2 – Hivern Florit" "Good News" Atma Disques TRIO CITHAROEDIA plays "Poema d'inverno" per tre chitarre "Ferenc Farkas, Angelo Gilardino Complete works for Guitar Trio" NIC 1051 - Guitart Collection ANGELO COLONE plays "Studio n. 18 – Omaggio a de Falla" "Sintesi" Map – Lr Cd 087 ANGELO COLONE esegue plays "Tema con variazioni (Omaggio a Fernando Sor)" "Già la pioggia è con noi (Omaggio a Salvatore Quasimodo)" "Sacrificio" (Omaggio ad Agustin Barrios Mangoré) "Concerto per chitarra e orchestra da camera – Leçons de Ténèbres""Jondo (Omaggio a Joaquin Turina) "Soledad (Omaggio a Francisco Goya) "Paesaggio lucano (Omaggio al pittore Mauro Masi)" CD "Angelo Angelo" www.angelocolone.it MARCO DE SANTI plays "Quattro Studi di virtuosità e di trascendenza" "Ocram" EMI I.071 WILLIAM FEASLEY plays "Soledad (Omaggio a Francisco Goya)" "Echoes of Goya" SONORA SO22587CD FABIO FEDERICO plays "Elegia di marzo" "Mediterranea" "Alleluia" "El rosario" "Jondo" CD "Estudios" Etnoworld Classical www.fabiofederico.com REZA GANJAVI plays "Canzoni Dimenticate" per varie formazioni a duo con chitarra CD "In Friendship" TILMAN HOPPSTOCK plays "Etude n. 3" CD "The 20th Century Guitar" Signum SigX90-00 LUIGI GIFFI plays "Elegia di marzo" "Sacrificio" "Quattuorin Musica" MARTHA MASTERS plays "Colloquio con Andrés Segovia" CD "Viaggio in Italia" GSP1031CD LUCIO MATARAZZO plays "Quattro Studi di virtuosità e di trascendenza" CD "LM & friends" CD GUITART COLLECTION ALBERTO MESIRCA plays "Annunciazione – Omaggio al Beato Angelico" "Ikonostas – Omaggio a Pavel Florenskij "Ikonostas" Map – Lr Cd 112 MICHAEL PARTINGTON plays "Studio n. 12 (Omaggio a Prokofiev)" "20th Century Guitar" Roserecord Rose 1004CD CRISTIANO PORQUEDDU plays "Sonata n. 2 - Hivern Florit" "Embarquement pour Cithère" "Omaggio a Sergej Prokof'ev" "Les arbres rouges" Seicorde 188IT www.cristianoporqueddu.com CRISTIANO PORQUEDDU plays "Studies 1-12" CD Trascendentia Vol.I Seicorde 188IT www.trascendentia.comCRISTIANO PORQUEDDU plays "Studies 13-24" Trascendentia Vol.II Seicorde 188IT www.trascendentia.com CRISTIANO PORQUEDDU plays "Studies 25-36" Trascendentia Vol.III Seicorde 188IT www.trascendentia.com CRISTIANO PORQUEDDU plays "Studies 37-48" Trascendentia Vol IV Seicorde SNR019 www.trascendentia.com CRISTIANO PORQUEDDU plays "Studies 49-60" Trascendentia Vol V www.trascendentia.com MARCELLO RIVELLI plays "Sonata n. 2 - Hivern Florit" Guitart Collection Guit 2030 GIANLUCA SABBADIN plays "Studio n. 47 – Le rose sulla neve" "Studio n, 18 – El rosario" "Studio n. 4 – Elegia di marzo" CD "Recital per chitarra sola" GIULIO TAMPALINI plays "Works for Guitar 2002-2004" www.giuliotampalini.it CORDAMINAZIONI (MARCELLO DE CAROLIS - LUCA FABRIZIO) plays "Albero solitario- ricordo della grande pittrice lucana Maria Padula" www.cordaminazioni.com References Sources Annala, Hannu and Mätlik, Heiki, "Gilardino, Angelo", Handbook of Guitar and Lute Composers, Mel Bay Publications, 2008, p. 77. Colonna, Maurizio, "Gilardino, Angelo" in Chitarristi-compositori del XX secolo: le idee e le loro conseguenze, F. Muzzio, 1990, p. 315. Guitar Foundation of America, Artistic Achievement Award (2009): Angelo Gilardino External links Angelo Gilardino Website Angelo Gilardino official website AG Blog Angelo Gilardino official blog Interviews Interview (by Isolde Schaupp) Recordings LP recordings / Liner Notes (Oviatt Library Digital Collections - restricted access) Category:1941 births Category:20th-century classical composers Category:21st-century classical
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### User:
Cook, Serve, Delicious! 3 (stylized as 3?!) is an upcoming restaurant simulation game developed by Vertigo Gaming. It was released on Steam early access in January 2020, and will be fully released in 2020. It is the sequel to Cook, Serve, Delicious! 2. Gameplay Cook, Serve, Delicious! 3 narratively follows the previous game in a dystopian America in 2042 that has been ravaged by war, which had caused the destruction of the former restaurant. Two search and recovery androids, Cleaver and Whisk (voiced by Havana Mahoney and Negaoryx, respectively) find the chef (the player-character) still alive, and offer them their
### Assistant:
| Nodes:[["Cook, Serve, Delicious! 3", {"description":'2020 video game', "alias":['Cook, Serve, Delicious! 3?!']}], ["Early access", {}]]
Relations:[["Cook, Serve, Delicious! 3", "business model", "Early access"]] |
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