Hessa/tqa-multimodalContext-all · Datasets at Hugging Face

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L_0219	local winds	T_1373	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/local_winds_20900.png
L_0219	local winds	T_1374	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/local_winds_20901.png
L_0219	local winds	T_1377	FIGURE 1.3 As air rises over a mountain it cools and loses moisture, then warms by compres- sion on the leeward side. The resulting warm and dry winds are Chinook winds. The leeward side of the mountain experi- ences rainshadow effect.	image	textbook_images/local_winds_20902.png
L_0219	local winds	T_1378	FIGURE 1.4	image	textbook_images/local_winds_20903.png
L_0219	local winds	T_1378	FIGURE 1.5	image	textbook_images/local_winds_20904.png
L_0219	local winds	T_1379	FIGURE 1.6 A haboob in the Phoenix metropolitan area, Arizona.	image	textbook_images/local_winds_20905.png
L_0239	mid latitude cyclones	T_1437	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/mid_latitude_cyclones_20942.png
L_0239	mid latitude cyclones	T_1437	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/mid_latitude_cyclones_20943.png
L_0245	modern biodiversity	T_1472	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/modern_biodiversity_20970.png
L_0245	modern biodiversity	T_1472	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/modern_biodiversity_20971.png
L_0245	modern biodiversity	T_1472	FIGURE 1.3 Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/116513	image	textbook_images/modern_biodiversity_20972.png
L_0254	observations and experiments	T_1500	FIGURE 1.1 This satellite image shows how the extent of glaciers in Glacier National Park has changed in recent years.	image	textbook_images/observations_and_experiments_20994.png
L_0254	observations and experiments	T_1500	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/observations_and_experiments_20995.png
L_0275	predicting weather	T_1577	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/predicting_weather_21045.png
L_0275	predicting weather	T_1577	FIGURE 1.2 By predicting Hurricane Ritas path, it is likely that lives were saved.	image	textbook_images/predicting_weather_21046.png
L_0276	pressure and density of the atmosphere	T_1580	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/pressure_and_density_of_the_atmosphere_21047.png
L_0290	roles in an ecosystem	T_1632	FIGURE 1.1 A llama grazes near Machu Picchu, Peru	image	textbook_images/roles_in_an_ecosystem_21076.png
L_0290	roles in an ecosystem	T_1633	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/roles_in_an_ecosystem_21077.png
L_0290	roles in an ecosystem	T_1634	FIGURE 1.3	image	textbook_images/roles_in_an_ecosystem_21078.png
L_0296	scientific community	T_1655	FIGURE 1.1 Participants share their results at a scien- tific conference.	image	textbook_images/scientific_community_21090.png
L_0297	scientific explanations and interpretations	T_1656	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/scientific_explanations_and_interpretations_21091.png
L_0297	scientific explanations and interpretations	T_1657	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/scientific_explanations_and_interpretations_21092.png
L_0298	scientific method	T_1661	FIGURE 1.1 Atmospheric carbon dioxide has been in- creasing at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii since 1958. The small ups and downs of the red line are seasonal vari- ations. The black line is the annual aver- age.	image	textbook_images/scientific_method_21093.png
L_0325	temperature of the atmosphere	T_1754	FIGURE 1.1 Papers held up by rising air currents above a radiator demonstrate the important principle that warm air rises.	image	textbook_images/temperature_of_the_atmosphere_21153.png
L_0325	temperature of the atmosphere	T_1756	FIGURE 1.2 Most of the important processes of the atmosphere take place in the lowest two layers: the troposphere and the stratosphere.	image	textbook_images/temperature_of_the_atmosphere_21154.png
L_0332	tornadoes	T_1782	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/tornadoes_21166.png
L_0332	tornadoes	T_1782	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/tornadoes_21167.png
L_0332	tornadoes	T_1785	FIGURE 1.3	image	textbook_images/tornadoes_21168.png
L_0332	tornadoes	T_1785	FIGURE 1.4	image	textbook_images/tornadoes_21169.png
L_0332	tornadoes	T_1786	FIGURE 1.5 April 27-28, 2011. The cold air mass is shown by the mostly continuous clouds. Warm moist air blowing north from the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico is indicated by small low clouds. Thun- derstorms are indicated by bright white patches.	image	textbook_images/tornadoes_21170.png
L_0339	types of marine organisms	T_1807	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/types_of_marine_organisms_21181.png
L_0339	types of marine organisms	T_1807	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/types_of_marine_organisms_21182.png
L_0339	types of marine organisms	T_1808	FIGURE 1.3	image	textbook_images/types_of_marine_organisms_21183.png
L_0339	types of marine organisms	T_1810	FIGURE 1.4	image	textbook_images/types_of_marine_organisms_21184.png
L_0339	types of marine organisms	T_1811	FIGURE 1.5	image	textbook_images/types_of_marine_organisms_21185.png
L_0339	types of marine organisms	T_1811	FIGURE 1.6	image	textbook_images/types_of_marine_organisms_21186.png
L_0339	types of marine organisms	T_1813	FIGURE 1.7	image	textbook_images/types_of_marine_organisms_21187.png
L_0339	types of marine organisms	T_1813	FIGURE 1.8 Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/186568	image	textbook_images/types_of_marine_organisms_21188.png
L_0352	weather fronts	T_1879	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/weather_fronts_21231.png
L_0352	weather fronts	T_1879	FIGURE 1.2 The cold air mass is dense, so it slides beneath the warm air mass and pushes it up.	image	textbook_images/weather_fronts_21232.png
L_0352	weather fronts	T_1880	FIGURE 1.3 A squall line.	image	textbook_images/weather_fronts_21233.png
L_0352	weather fronts	T_1880	FIGURE 1.4	image	textbook_images/weather_fronts_21234.png
L_0352	weather fronts	T_1880	FIGURE 1.5	image	textbook_images/weather_fronts_21235.png
L_0352	weather fronts	T_1881	FIGURE 1.6	image	textbook_images/weather_fronts_21236.png
L_0352	weather fronts	T_1881	FIGURE 1.7	image	textbook_images/weather_fronts_21237.png
L_0353	weather maps	T_1882	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/weather_maps_21238.png
L_0353	weather maps	T_1882	FIGURE 1.2 Isobars can be used to help visualize high pressure (H) and low pressure (L) cells.	image	textbook_images/weather_maps_21239.png
L_0353	weather maps	T_1882	FIGURE 1.3 Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/186527	image	textbook_images/weather_maps_21240.png
L_0354	weather versus climate	T_1884	FIGURE 1.1 Winter weather at Lake Tahoe doesnt much resemble winter weather in San Diego even though theyre both in Califor- nia.	image	textbook_images/weather_versus_climate_21241.png
L_0357	wind power	T_1891	FIGURE 1.1 Wind turbines like the ones shown here turn wind into electricity without creating pollution.	image	textbook_images/wind_power_21246.png
L_0359	scientific ways of thinking	T_1899	FIGURE 1.1 The water cycle	image	textbook_images/scientific_ways_of_thinking_21249.png
L_0359	scientific ways of thinking	T_1900	FIGURE 1.2 Bacteria can be grown on different types of gel to see what they can consume.	image	textbook_images/scientific_ways_of_thinking_21250.png
L_0359	scientific ways of thinking	T_1900	FIGURE 1.3 This amazing fossil reptile is named Dimetrodon. It lived almost 300 million years ago. It was a dinosaur ancestor. What do you think scientists might be able to learn about it from its fossilized bones?	image	textbook_images/scientific_ways_of_thinking_21251.png
L_0360	what is life science	T_1903	FIGURE 1.5 Human red and white blood cells	image	textbook_images/what_is_life_science_21253.png
L_0360	what is life science	T_1904	FIGURE 1.6 Evolution explains how there came to be so many different species of organisms on Earth	image	textbook_images/what_is_life_science_21254.png
L_0361	the scientific method	T_1908	FIGURE 1.8 Scientific method flow chart	image	textbook_images/the_scientific_method_21256.png
L_0361	the scientific method	T_1909	FIGURE 1.9 Posters are a quick, visual way for scien- tists to communicate the results of their research to other scientists. Professional science posters serve the same purpose as science fair posters.	image	textbook_images/the_scientific_method_21257.png
L_0363	safety in life science research	T_1916	FIGURE 1.14 Common safety symbols	image	textbook_images/safety_in_life_science_research_21262.png
L_0364	introduction to plants	T_1922	FIGURE 10.2 Many birds build their nests in trees. Plant materials are often used to build them.	image	textbook_images/introduction_to_plants_21264.png
L_0364	introduction to plants	T_1926	FIGURE 10.3 These stalks of celery contain bundles of vascular tissue inside ground tissue.	image	textbook_images/introduction_to_plants_21265.png
L_0364	introduction to plants	T_1928	FIGURE 10.4 Two types of root systems	image	textbook_images/introduction_to_plants_21266.png
L_0364	introduction to plants	T_1930	FIGURE 10.5 Nodes and internode of a stem	image	textbook_images/introduction_to_plants_21267.png
L_0364	introduction to plants	T_1931	FIGURE 10.6 Variation in plant leaves	image	textbook_images/introduction_to_plants_21268.png
L_0364	introduction to plants	T_1931	FIGURE 10.7 Stoma on the surface of a leaf, greatly enlarged	image	textbook_images/introduction_to_plants_21269.png
L_0364	introduction to plants	T_1931	FIGURE 10.8 Tree height (left) represents growth in length. Tree rings (right) represent growth in width.	image	textbook_images/introduction_to_plants_21270.png
L_0364	introduction to plants	T_1932	FIGURE 10.9 This diagram shows the general life cycle of a plant. There is variation in the details of the life cycle of different plant species.	image	textbook_images/introduction_to_plants_21271.png
L_0364	introduction to plants	DD_0100	This diagram illustrates three different types of leaves: simple, palmately compound, and pinnately compound. Simple leaves have undivided blades with either lobed or toothed margins. Compound leaves, in contrast, are composed of multiple leaflets. Compound leaves are further grouped into palmate and pinnate leaves. Palmate leaves have leaflets radiating outwards from the end of the petiole, while the leaflets of a pinnate leave are all arranged around the middle vein. To identify whether a leaf is simple or compound, inspect the base of the leaf. Every leaf, whether simple or compound, will have a bud at the base of its petiole, but individual leaflets of a compound leaf will not. All leaves, regardless of type, serve a common function; to help the plant produce food by converting sunlight into chemical energy that the plant can consume.	image	teaching_images/types_leaves_4403.png
L_0364	introduction to plants	DD_0101	The diagram shows plant leaves and their variety of shapes. Leaves are the keys not only to plant life but to virtually all life on land. The primary role of leaves is to collect sunlight and make food by photosynthesis. Leaves vary in size, shape, and how they are arranged on stems. Each type of leaf is well suited for the plants environment. It maximizes light exposure while conserving water, reducing wind resistance, or benefiting the plant in some other way in its particular habitat. For example, some leaves are divided into many smaller leaflets. This reduces wind resistance and water loss. Leaves are basically factories for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which plant produces their own food. A leaf is covered with dermal cells. They secrete waxy cuticle to prevent evaporation of water from the leaf. A factory has doors and windows to let some materials enter and leave. The surface of the leaf has tiny pores called stomata (stoma, singular). They can open and close to control the movement of gases between the leaves and the air.	image	teaching_images/types_leaves_4757.png
L_0364	introduction to plants	DD_0102	This diagram depicts the parts of a plant. The root is the part of the plant that lies below the surface It helps to anchor the plant in the soil. It also absorbs nutrients and water from the soil. The stem, leaves, fruits and flowers are present above the surface. Stems support the plant and transport water and nutrients from the roots and food in the form of glucose from the leaves to other plant parts. A plant usually has many leaves which are green in color. Leaves are designed to capture sunlight which the plant uses to make food through a process called photosynthesis. Flowers are usually colorful and attract bees that help in pollination. Fruits provide a covering for seeds.	image	teaching_images/parts_plant_1131.png
L_0364	introduction to plants	DD_0103	The diagram shows four ways leaves can be arranged on their stems. The titles describe the names of these arrangements, which help scientists identify the family and type of plant. A simple leaf arrangement consists of a single leaf attached to the stem. A pinnately compound leaf consists of several leaves or leaflets attached in parallel pairs to a central stem, with a leaf at the tip of the stem. A palmately compound leaf consists of more than three leaflets attached at a central point, reminiscent of a human hand (or palm). A doubly compound leaf is twice divided. The leaflets are arranged in pairs along a stem, which itself is arranged in pairs along a larger stem. The more area a leaf takes up, the more sunlight it can absorb, but in return it will lose more moisture to air flow. Small leaflets, such as doubly compound leaves, reduce both wind resistance and water loss.	image	teaching_images/types_leaves_4528.png
L_0364	introduction to plants	DD_0104	This diagram shows the cross section of a leaf. The leaves are the major site of food production for the plant, through a process called photosynthesis. A leaf is made of many layers covered by two layers of tough skin cells (the epidermis). The epidermis also secretes a waxy substance called cuticle. Each pair of guard cells forms a pore (called stoma; the plural is stomata). Gases enter and exit the leaf through the stomata. Veins support the leaf and are filled with vessels that transport food, water, and minerals to the plant. Most food production takes place in the palisade mesophyll. Gas exchange occurs in the air spaces between the oddly-shaped cells of the spongy mesophyll.	image	teaching_images/parts_leaf_3135.png
L_0364	introduction to plants	DD_0105	The diagram below shows a very basic picture of a plant leaf including 6 parts of said leaf. Transport is carried out by veins containing vascular tissue. Petiole is the thin flat portion that attaches the leaf to a stem. The blade is the part of the leaf that is most commonly associated with the idea of a leaf. Axil is the upper angle of a leaf. A stipule is a small appendage to a leaf and typically comes in pairs.	image	teaching_images/parts_leaf_1118.png
L_0364	introduction to plants	DD_0106	The diagram below shows the different parts of a plant. The root of a plant perform two main functions. First, they anchor the plant to the ground. Second, they absorb water and various nutrients dissolved in water from the soil. Plants use the water to make food. The stem is along with the root one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold leaves, flowers, cones, axillary buds, or other stems. The Branch is a woody structural member connected to but not part of the central trunk of a tree (or sometimes a shrub). A leaf is an above-ground plant organ. Its main functions are photosynthesis and gas exchange. A flower is a special kind of plant part. The flower grows on a stalk äóñ a thin node äóñ which supports it. Flowers have petals. Inside the part of the flower that has petals are the parts which produce pollen and seeds.	image	teaching_images/parts_plant_1145.png
L_0364	introduction to plants	DD_0107	The diagram shows the main parts of a cross section of a typical plant leaf. The cross section of a typical leaf is divisible into three main parts namely, the Epidermis, Mesophyll, and the Veins. The Epidermis is made of several layers of cells that are sandwiched between two layers. The Epidermis protects the tissues which lie between them and also helps in the process of gaseous exchange. Epidermis is further divisible into two types called, the Upper Epidermis and the Lower Epidermis. Beneath the Epidermis is the Mesophyll where Photosynthesis takes place. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their own food like sugars & amino acids. The Veins (surrounded by the Bundle sheath cells) provides the necessary support to the leaf in the transport of water and plant food to other parts of the plant. The Stoma located in the Lower Epidermis is an opening that control the gaseous exchange that occurs between the leaf and the atmosphere during photosynthesis. The gas exchange involves the use of common gas like Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen.	image	teaching_images/parts_leaf_3854.png
L_0364	introduction to plants	DD_0108	The diagram shows a leaf identification chart. Plants have leaves in many different shapes, arrangements, margins and venation. Leaves are classified as either alternate, spiral, opposite, or whorled. Plants that have only one leaf per node have leaves that are said to be either alternate or spiral. Alternate leaves alternate on each side of the stem in a flat plane, and spiral leaves are arranged in a spiral along the stem. In an opposite leaf arrangement, two leaves arise at the same point, with the leaves connecting opposite each other along the branch. If there are three or more leaves connected at a node, the leaf arrangement is classified as whorled. The leaf margin is the boundary area extending along the edge of the leaf. There are lots of different types of leaf margins that are important for plant identification. Some common types include entire, crenate and lobate. Leaf venation refers to the arrangement pattern of the veins of the leaf. The pattern of leaf venation is also an important characteristic for the identification of plants. Leaf venation has two common types - reticulate venation and parallel venation. In reticulate venation, all the veins are interconnected, like the strands of the net. In parallel venation, the veins run parallel or nearly parallel to each other and are connected by smaller veins.	image	teaching_images/types_leaves_6317.png
L_0364	introduction to plants	DD_0109	The diagram below shows the different types of leaf margins. The leaf margin is the boundary area extending along the edge of the leaf. There are lots of different types of leaf margins that are important for plant identification. The entire margin leaf has no serrated edges, and is composed by one continuous, smooth surface around the whole plant. The singly-toothed margin is a leaf with serrated or toothed edges that point upwards, like the viola or mint leaf. It is the most common type of leaf, as it brings more of the leaf's surface into contact with the air and so facilitates photosynthesis. The doubly-toothed has small and larger serrations, twice serrated. Lobed edged leaves are characterized by their lobes slightly marked, nervations coming from the center of the leaf and a serrated base.	image	teaching_images/types_leaves_966.png
L_0364	introduction to plants	DD_0110	This diagram shows the parts of a leaf. The Blade is the broad flat part of the leaf. The Petiole is the stemlike part of the leaf that joins the blade to the stem. The Stipules are two small flaps that grow at the base of the petiole of some plants. A leaf has several veins. Veins carry food and water in a leaf. They also support the blade. The large central vein which extends from the base of the blade to its tip is called the Midrib. Smaller veins connect the midrib to other parts of the blade.	image	teaching_images/parts_leaf_557.png
L_0364	introduction to plants	DD_0111	This diagram shows the structure of a flowering plant. The roots are located underground and often span out further than the plant itself does. The roots take up water and nutrients from the ground to feed the plant. These materials move up through the stem to the fruit, flowers, and leaves. The plant takes in water, sunlight, and CO2 to produce oxygen and glucose. As the plant takes in more nutrients, water, sunlight, and CO2, it grows and produces flowers and fruit. Flowers and fruit attract insects who will feed on nectar while spreading pollen and seeds from plant to plant. This helps the plant reproduce and form new plants that will work in the same way.	image	teaching_images/parts_plant_6274.png
L_0365	evolution and classification of plants	T_1935	FIGURE 10.11 Individual stonewort alga (left) and an un- derwater field of stoneworts (right)	image	textbook_images/evolution_and_classification_of_plants_21273.png
L_0365	evolution and classification of plants	T_1937	FIGURE 10.12 Liverworts are small plants that grow close to the ground.	image	textbook_images/evolution_and_classification_of_plants_21274.png
L_0365	evolution and classification of plants	T_1942	FIGURE 10.13 Modern ferns are similar to early vascular plants. The yellow structures on this fern are sporangia. They produce spores for reproduction.	image	textbook_images/evolution_and_classification_of_plants_21275.png
L_0365	evolution and classification of plants	T_1945	FIGURE 10.14 Parts of a seed	image	textbook_images/evolution_and_classification_of_plants_21276.png
L_0365	evolution and classification of plants	T_1946	FIGURE 10.15 Dandelion seeds have tiny "parachutes" that let the wind carry them. Maple tree seeds have "wings" that act like little gliders. Burdock seeds are covered with tiny hooks that cling to animal fur.	image	textbook_images/evolution_and_classification_of_plants_21277.png
L_0365	evolution and classification of plants	T_1946	FIGURE 10.16 Seed-bearing cone and loose, naked seeds	image	textbook_images/evolution_and_classification_of_plants_21278.png
L_0365	evolution and classification of plants	T_1948	FIGURE 10.17 Parts of a typical flower	image	textbook_images/evolution_and_classification_of_plants_21279.png
L_0365	evolution and classification of plants	T_1951	FIGURE 10.18 This bee is peppered with yellow pollen grains that it will carry to other flowers of the same species.	image	textbook_images/evolution_and_classification_of_plants_21280.png
L_0365	evolution and classification of plants	T_1951	FIGURE 10.19 Modern nonvascular plant: moss	image	textbook_images/evolution_and_classification_of_plants_21281.png
L_0365	evolution and classification of plants	T_1952	FIGURE 10.20 Modern seedless vascular plant: fern	image	textbook_images/evolution_and_classification_of_plants_21282.png
L_0365	evolution and classification of plants	DD_0112	This diagram shows the various parts of a flower. The flower shown in the diagram has large bright pink petals. It has two green colored sepals at the bottom. The sepals protect the flower when it is still a bud. The male reproductive part is called a stamen. Stamen has an anther on the top and a long stalk-like filament at the bottom.The female reproductive part known as the pistil is at the center of the flower and it consists of the stigma, style and ovary.The stigma is the top of the pistil. It is sticky to help it "catch" pollen. The style connects the stigma to the ovary.The ovary is where eggs form and seeds develop. The ovules are present inside the ovary. The ovules develop into seeds after fertilization. As seeds develop, the ovary turns into a fruit.	image	teaching_images/parts_flower_1130.png
L_0365	evolution and classification of plants	DD_0113	The diagram shows the internal structure of a corn kernel or corn seed. The seed has three main parts seed coat, endosperm and the embryo. The seed coat is the outermost part of the seed and it protects both the endosperm and the embryo. The endosperm is below the seed coat. It stores food in the seed. The embryo is what gives rise to a new plant. Early growth and development of a plant embryo inside a seed is called germination.The embryo consists of the embryonic leaves, cotyledon and the primary root.	image	teaching_images/parts_seed_7242.png
L_0365	evolution and classification of plants	DD_0114	The diagram shows the different parts of a flower. The male reproductive organ in a flower is the stamen. It has a stalk-like filament that ends in an anther. The anther is where pollen forms. Pollen are powdery grains that contain the male reproductive cells the plant. The ovary is where eggs form and seeds develop. As seeds develop, the ovary turns into a fruit. Petals are usually the most visible parts of a flower. They may be large and showy and are often brightly colored. Together, all of the petals of a flower are called a corolla. Leaf-like green sepals protect the flower while it is still a bud. Collectively the sepals are called the calyx which is the outermost whorl of parts that form a flower.	image	teaching_images/parts_flower_3422.png
L_0365	evolution and classification of plants	DD_0115	Below is a diagram of a basic flower. Usually, the petals are on the outside of the flower and the most visible. Inside, the stamen has a stalk-like filament that ends in an anther. The anther is where pollen forms. The female reproductive organ in a flower is the pistil. It consists of a stigma, style, and ovary. The ovary is where eggs form and seeds develop. As seeds develop, the ovary turns into a fruit. The fruit protects the seeds. It also attracts animals that may eat the fruit and help disperse the seeds.	image	teaching_images/parts_flower_3369.png
L_0365	evolution and classification of plants	DD_0116	The diagram highlights the key features of a bean seed. A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering. Bean seeds are dicot seeds as they have two cotyledons in its seed and can be split in half lengthwise into the two cotyledons. A seed coat protects the internal parts of the seed from fungi, bacteria and insects and prevents water loss. The main components of the embryo are the cotyledons, epicotyl, hypocotyl and the radicle. The cotyledons refer to the seed leaves which are attached to the embryonic axis. The epicotyl refers to the embryonic axis above the point of attachment of the cotyledon(s). The hypocotyl refers to the embryonic axis below the point of attachment of the cotyledon(s), connecting the epicotyl and the radicle, being the stem-root transition zone. The radicle which refers to the basal tip of the hypocotyl, grows into the primary root.	image	teaching_images/parts_seed_3.png
L_0366	plant responses and special adaptations	T_1955	FIGURE 10.23 Example of phototropism	image	textbook_images/plant_responses_and_special_adaptations_21285.png
L_0366	plant responses and special adaptations	T_1956	FIGURE 10.24 The leaves of many trees turn brilliant colors of red and yellow when days grow shorter in the fall.	image	textbook_images/plant_responses_and_special_adaptations_21286.png
L_0366	plant responses and special adaptations	T_1959	FIGURE 10.25 This willow tree produces a compound that fights bacteria.	image	textbook_images/plant_responses_and_special_adaptations_21287.png
L_0366	plant responses and special adaptations	T_1959	FIGURE 10.26 Water lilies and cattails have different adaptations for life in the water.	image	textbook_images/plant_responses_and_special_adaptations_21288.png
L_0366	plant responses and special adaptations	T_1960	FIGURE 10.27 A saguaro cactus is adapted for extreme dryness.	image	textbook_images/plant_responses_and_special_adaptations_21289.png
L_0366	plant responses and special adaptations	T_1962	FIGURE 10.28 Venus fly traps are carnivorous plants.	image	textbook_images/plant_responses_and_special_adaptations_21290.png
L_0367	what are animals	T_1963	FIGURE 11.1 Diversity of the Animal Kingdom: (left to right) jellyfish, worm, snail, beetle, gorilla, and snake.	image	textbook_images/what_are_animals_21291.png

L_0219

local winds

T_1373

FIGURE 1.1

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local winds

T_1374

FIGURE 1.2

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L_0219

local winds

T_1377

FIGURE 1.3 As air rises over a mountain it cools and loses moisture, then warms by compres- sion on the leeward side. The resulting warm and dry winds are Chinook winds. The leeward side of the mountain experi- ences rainshadow effect.

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textbook_images/local_winds_20902.png

L_0219

local winds

T_1378

FIGURE 1.4

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local winds

T_1378

FIGURE 1.5

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local winds

T_1379

FIGURE 1.6 A haboob in the Phoenix metropolitan area, Arizona.

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mid latitude cyclones

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FIGURE 1.1

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mid latitude cyclones

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FIGURE 1.2

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modern biodiversity

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FIGURE 1.1

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modern biodiversity

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FIGURE 1.2

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modern biodiversity

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FIGURE 1.3 Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/116513

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observations and experiments

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FIGURE 1.1 This satellite image shows how the extent of glaciers in Glacier National Park has changed in recent years.

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observations and experiments

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FIGURE 1.2

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predicting weather

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FIGURE 1.1

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predicting weather

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FIGURE 1.2 By predicting Hurricane Ritas path, it is likely that lives were saved.

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pressure and density of the atmosphere

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FIGURE 1.1

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roles in an ecosystem

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FIGURE 1.1 A llama grazes near Machu Picchu, Peru

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roles in an ecosystem

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FIGURE 1.2

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roles in an ecosystem

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FIGURE 1.3

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scientific community

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FIGURE 1.1 Participants share their results at a scien- tific conference.

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scientific explanations and interpretations

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FIGURE 1.1

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scientific explanations and interpretations

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FIGURE 1.2

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scientific method

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FIGURE 1.1 Atmospheric carbon dioxide has been in- creasing at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii since 1958. The small ups and downs of the red line are seasonal vari- ations. The black line is the annual aver- age.

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temperature of the atmosphere

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FIGURE 1.1 Papers held up by rising air currents above a radiator demonstrate the important principle that warm air rises.

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temperature of the atmosphere

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FIGURE 1.2 Most of the important processes of the atmosphere take place in the lowest two layers: the troposphere and the stratosphere.

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tornadoes

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FIGURE 1.1

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tornadoes

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FIGURE 1.2

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tornadoes

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FIGURE 1.3

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tornadoes

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FIGURE 1.4

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tornadoes

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FIGURE 1.5 April 27-28, 2011. The cold air mass is shown by the mostly continuous clouds. Warm moist air blowing north from the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico is indicated by small low clouds. Thun- derstorms are indicated by bright white patches.

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types of marine organisms

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FIGURE 1.1

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types of marine organisms

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FIGURE 1.2

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types of marine organisms

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FIGURE 1.3

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types of marine organisms

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FIGURE 1.4

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types of marine organisms

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FIGURE 1.5

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types of marine organisms

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FIGURE 1.6

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types of marine organisms

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FIGURE 1.7

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types of marine organisms

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FIGURE 1.8 Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/186568

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weather fronts

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FIGURE 1.1

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weather fronts

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FIGURE 1.2 The cold air mass is dense, so it slides beneath the warm air mass and pushes it up.

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weather fronts

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FIGURE 1.3 A squall line.

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weather fronts

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FIGURE 1.4

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weather fronts

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FIGURE 1.5

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weather fronts

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FIGURE 1.6

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weather fronts

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FIGURE 1.7

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weather maps

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FIGURE 1.1

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weather maps

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FIGURE 1.2 Isobars can be used to help visualize high pressure (H) and low pressure (L) cells.

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weather maps

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FIGURE 1.3 Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/186527

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weather versus climate

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FIGURE 1.1 Winter weather at Lake Tahoe doesnt much resemble winter weather in San Diego even though theyre both in Califor- nia.

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wind power

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FIGURE 1.1 Wind turbines like the ones shown here turn wind into electricity without creating pollution.

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scientific ways of thinking

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FIGURE 1.1 The water cycle

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scientific ways of thinking

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FIGURE 1.2 Bacteria can be grown on different types of gel to see what they can consume.

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scientific ways of thinking

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FIGURE 1.3 This amazing fossil reptile is named Dimetrodon. It lived almost 300 million years ago. It was a dinosaur ancestor. What do you think scientists might be able to learn about it from its fossilized bones?

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what is life science

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FIGURE 1.5 Human red and white blood cells

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what is life science

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FIGURE 1.6 Evolution explains how there came to be so many different species of organisms on Earth

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the scientific method

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FIGURE 1.8 Scientific method flow chart

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the scientific method

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FIGURE 1.9 Posters are a quick, visual way for scien- tists to communicate the results of their research to other scientists. Professional science posters serve the same purpose as science fair posters.

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safety in life science research

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FIGURE 1.14 Common safety symbols

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introduction to plants

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FIGURE 10.2 Many birds build their nests in trees. Plant materials are often used to build them.

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introduction to plants

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FIGURE 10.3 These stalks of celery contain bundles of vascular tissue inside ground tissue.

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introduction to plants

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FIGURE 10.4 Two types of root systems

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introduction to plants

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FIGURE 10.5 Nodes and internode of a stem

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introduction to plants

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FIGURE 10.6 Variation in plant leaves

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introduction to plants

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FIGURE 10.7 Stoma on the surface of a leaf, greatly enlarged

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introduction to plants

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FIGURE 10.8 Tree height (left) represents growth in length. Tree rings (right) represent growth in width.

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introduction to plants

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FIGURE 10.9 This diagram shows the general life cycle of a plant. There is variation in the details of the life cycle of different plant species.

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introduction to plants

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This diagram illustrates three different types of leaves: simple, palmately compound, and pinnately compound. Simple leaves have undivided blades with either lobed or toothed margins. Compound leaves, in contrast, are composed of multiple leaflets. Compound leaves are further grouped into palmate and pinnate leaves. Palmate leaves have leaflets radiating outwards from the end of the petiole, while the leaflets of a pinnate leave are all arranged around the middle vein. To identify whether a leaf is simple or compound, inspect the base of the leaf. Every leaf, whether simple or compound, will have a bud at the base of its petiole, but individual leaflets of a compound leaf will not. All leaves, regardless of type, serve a common function; to help the plant produce food by converting sunlight into chemical energy that the plant can consume.

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introduction to plants

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The diagram shows plant leaves and their variety of shapes. Leaves are the keys not only to plant life but to virtually all life on land. The primary role of leaves is to collect sunlight and make food by photosynthesis. Leaves vary in size, shape, and how they are arranged on stems. Each type of leaf is well suited for the plants environment. It maximizes light exposure while conserving water, reducing wind resistance, or benefiting the plant in some other way in its particular habitat. For example, some leaves are divided into many smaller leaflets. This reduces wind resistance and water loss. Leaves are basically factories for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which plant produces their own food. A leaf is covered with dermal cells. They secrete waxy cuticle to prevent evaporation of water from the leaf. A factory has doors and windows to let some materials enter and leave. The surface of the leaf has tiny pores called stomata (stoma, singular). They can open and close to control the movement of gases between the leaves and the air.

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introduction to plants

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This diagram depicts the parts of a plant. The root is the part of the plant that lies below the surface It helps to anchor the plant in the soil. It also absorbs nutrients and water from the soil. The stem, leaves, fruits and flowers are present above the surface. Stems support the plant and transport water and nutrients from the roots and food in the form of glucose from the leaves to other plant parts. A plant usually has many leaves which are green in color. Leaves are designed to capture sunlight which the plant uses to make food through a process called photosynthesis. Flowers are usually colorful and attract bees that help in pollination. Fruits provide a covering for seeds.

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introduction to plants

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The diagram shows four ways leaves can be arranged on their stems. The titles describe the names of these arrangements, which help scientists identify the family and type of plant. A simple leaf arrangement consists of a single leaf attached to the stem. A pinnately compound leaf consists of several leaves or leaflets attached in parallel pairs to a central stem, with a leaf at the tip of the stem. A palmately compound leaf consists of more than three leaflets attached at a central point, reminiscent of a human hand (or palm). A doubly compound leaf is twice divided. The leaflets are arranged in pairs along a stem, which itself is arranged in pairs along a larger stem. The more area a leaf takes up, the more sunlight it can absorb, but in return it will lose more moisture to air flow. Small leaflets, such as doubly compound leaves, reduce both wind resistance and water loss.

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introduction to plants

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This diagram shows the cross section of a leaf. The leaves are the major site of food production for the plant, through a process called photosynthesis. A leaf is made of many layers covered by two layers of tough skin cells (the epidermis). The epidermis also secretes a waxy substance called cuticle. Each pair of guard cells forms a pore (called stoma; the plural is stomata). Gases enter and exit the leaf through the stomata. Veins support the leaf and are filled with vessels that transport food, water, and minerals to the plant. Most food production takes place in the palisade mesophyll. Gas exchange occurs in the air spaces between the oddly-shaped cells of the spongy mesophyll.

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introduction to plants

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The diagram below shows a very basic picture of a plant leaf including 6 parts of said leaf. Transport is carried out by veins containing vascular tissue. Petiole is the thin flat portion that attaches the leaf to a stem. The blade is the part of the leaf that is most commonly associated with the idea of a leaf. Axil is the upper angle of a leaf. A stipule is a small appendage to a leaf and typically comes in pairs.

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introduction to plants

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The diagram below shows the different parts of a plant. The root of a plant perform two main functions. First, they anchor the plant to the ground. Second, they absorb water and various nutrients dissolved in water from the soil. Plants use the water to make food. The stem is along with the root one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold leaves, flowers, cones, axillary buds, or other stems. The Branch is a woody structural member connected to but not part of the central trunk of a tree (or sometimes a shrub). A leaf is an above-ground plant organ. Its main functions are photosynthesis and gas exchange. A flower is a special kind of plant part. The flower grows on a stalk äóñ a thin node äóñ which supports it. Flowers have petals. Inside the part of the flower that has petals are the parts which produce pollen and seeds.

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introduction to plants

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The diagram shows the main parts of a cross section of a typical plant leaf. The cross section of a typical leaf is divisible into three main parts namely, the Epidermis, Mesophyll, and the Veins. The Epidermis is made of several layers of cells that are sandwiched between two layers. The Epidermis protects the tissues which lie between them and also helps in the process of gaseous exchange. Epidermis is further divisible into two types called, the Upper Epidermis and the Lower Epidermis. Beneath the Epidermis is the Mesophyll where Photosynthesis takes place. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their own food like sugars & amino acids. The Veins (surrounded by the Bundle sheath cells) provides the necessary support to the leaf in the transport of water and plant food to other parts of the plant. The Stoma located in the Lower Epidermis is an opening that control the gaseous exchange that occurs between the leaf and the atmosphere during photosynthesis. The gas exchange involves the use of common gas like Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen.

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introduction to plants

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The diagram shows a leaf identification chart. Plants have leaves in many different shapes, arrangements, margins and venation. Leaves are classified as either alternate, spiral, opposite, or whorled. Plants that have only one leaf per node have leaves that are said to be either alternate or spiral. Alternate leaves alternate on each side of the stem in a flat plane, and spiral leaves are arranged in a spiral along the stem. In an opposite leaf arrangement, two leaves arise at the same point, with the leaves connecting opposite each other along the branch. If there are three or more leaves connected at a node, the leaf arrangement is classified as whorled. The leaf margin is the boundary area extending along the edge of the leaf. There are lots of different types of leaf margins that are important for plant identification. Some common types include entire, crenate and lobate. Leaf venation refers to the arrangement pattern of the veins of the leaf. The pattern of leaf venation is also an important characteristic for the identification of plants. Leaf venation has two common types - reticulate venation and parallel venation. In reticulate venation, all the veins are interconnected, like the strands of the net. In parallel venation, the veins run parallel or nearly parallel to each other and are connected by smaller veins.

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introduction to plants

DD_0109

The diagram below shows the different types of leaf margins. The leaf margin is the boundary area extending along the edge of the leaf. There are lots of different types of leaf margins that are important for plant identification. The entire margin leaf has no serrated edges, and is composed by one continuous, smooth surface around the whole plant. The singly-toothed margin is a leaf with serrated or toothed edges that point upwards, like the viola or mint leaf. It is the most common type of leaf, as it brings more of the leaf's surface into contact with the air and so facilitates photosynthesis. The doubly-toothed has small and larger serrations, twice serrated. Lobed edged leaves are characterized by their lobes slightly marked, nervations coming from the center of the leaf and a serrated base.

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introduction to plants

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This diagram shows the parts of a leaf. The Blade is the broad flat part of the leaf. The Petiole is the stemlike part of the leaf that joins the blade to the stem. The Stipules are two small flaps that grow at the base of the petiole of some plants. A leaf has several veins. Veins carry food and water in a leaf. They also support the blade. The large central vein which extends from the base of the blade to its tip is called the Midrib. Smaller veins connect the midrib to other parts of the blade.

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introduction to plants

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This diagram shows the structure of a flowering plant. The roots are located underground and often span out further than the plant itself does. The roots take up water and nutrients from the ground to feed the plant. These materials move up through the stem to the fruit, flowers, and leaves. The plant takes in water, sunlight, and CO2 to produce oxygen and glucose. As the plant takes in more nutrients, water, sunlight, and CO2, it grows and produces flowers and fruit. Flowers and fruit attract insects who will feed on nectar while spreading pollen and seeds from plant to plant. This helps the plant reproduce and form new plants that will work in the same way.

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