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L_0718
radioactive decay
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FIGURE 11.10 After organisms die, the carbon-14 they contain is lost at a constant rate.
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textbook_images/radioactive_decay_22232.png
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nuclear energy
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FIGURE 11.11 This pellet of uranium-235 can release a huge amount of energy if it undergoes nuclear fission.
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textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22233.png
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nuclear energy
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FIGURE 11.12 The fissioning of a nucleus of uranium-235 begins when it captures a neutron. MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/5018
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textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22234.png
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nuclear energy
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FIGURE 11.13 In a nuclear chain reaction, each nuclear reaction leads to more nuclear reactions.
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textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22235.png
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nuclear energy
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FIGURE 11.14 This diagram shows the main parts of a nuclear power plant.
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textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22236.png
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nuclear energy
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FIGURE 11.15 In this nuclear fusion reaction, nuclei of two hydrogen isotopes (tritium and deu- terium) fuse together. They form a helium nucleus, a neutron, and energy.
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textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22237.png
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nuclear energy
T_3552
FIGURE 11.16 The extremely hot core of the sun radiates energy from nuclear fusion.
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textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22238.png
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nuclear energy
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FIGURE 11.17 In the thermonuclear reactor modeled here, radiation from fusion is used to heat water and form steam. The steam can then be used to turn a turbine and gen- erate electricity.
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textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22239.png
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nuclear energy
T_3553
FIGURE 11.18 Albert Einstein is considered by many to be the greatest physicist of all time.
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textbook_images/nuclear_energy_22240.png
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nuclear energy
DD_0204
This Diagram shows how a Nuclear plant Work. heat is used to boil water into steam and drive a turbine which turns a generator, making electricity. There are two separate water systems involved. One pumps fluid around the core of the reactor, absorbing the heat and keeping the pile from going into a meltdown. This liquid is kept separate because it's highly radioactive. It's pumped through carefully sealed pipes that go through a second water tank. The heat from the irradiated water heats these pipes, and then the pipes heat the the second water tank, turning that water into steam. The steam is used to spin turbines, which are kind of like an RC car's motor except kind of opposite like, this generate electricity. The turbine water is clean and relatively safe, because it's not in direct contact with the irradiated systems.
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teaching_images/nuclear_energy_7093.png
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nuclear energy
DD_0205
Nuclear energy is the energy released in nuclear reactions. Two types of reactions that release huge amounts of energy are nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. The diagram demonstrates Nuclear Fusion. Nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei come close enough to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons and/or protons). In the diagram, there are two hydrogen isotopes, Deuterium and Tritium. These combine to form a single, larger nucleus. They form a helium nucleus and a neutron. A great deal of energy is also released.
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teaching_images/nuclear_energy_8115.png
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nuclear energy
DD_0206
The diagram illustrates the process of Nuclear fission. Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of an atom into two smaller nuclei. This type of reaction releases a great deal of energy like heat and radiation from a very small amount of matter. Illustrated in the diagram is a neutron colliding with a uranium nucleus causing it to split into two smaller daughter nuclei. This process releases a large amount of energy and also releases three more fast neutrons. This type of reaction is used to create a chain reaction. If a nuclear chain reaction is uncontrolled, it produces a lot of energy all at once. This is what happens in an atomic bomb. If a nuclear chain reaction is controlled, it produces energy more slowly. This is what occurs in a nuclear power plant. The radiation from the controlled fission is used to heat water and turn it to steam. The steam is under pressure and causes a turbine to spin. The spinning turbine runs a generator, which produces electricity.
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teaching_images/nuclear_energy_8118.png
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nuclear energy
DD_0207
This is how we get electricity from nuclear power. The water near the cooling towers is through the reservoir and then back up to a filter. the water then goes through the reactor core and turns into steam. The steam from the reactor then travels into the condenser and turbines were it then goes through the generator and produces electricity.
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teaching_images/nuclear_energy_7101.png
L_0720
distance and direction
T_3556
FIGURE 12.1 These are just a few examples of people or things in motion. If you look around, youre likely to see many more.
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textbook_images/distance_and_direction_22241.png
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distance and direction
T_3556
FIGURE 12.2 To a person outside the bus, the buss motion is obvious. To children riding the bus, its motion may not be as obvious.
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distance and direction
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FIGURE 12.3 These students are running a 100-meter sprint.
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distance and direction
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FIGURE 12.4 This map shows the routes from Mias house to the school, post office, and park.
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speed and velocity
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FIGURE 12.6 Speed limit signs like this one warn drivers to reduce their speed on dangerous roads.
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speed and velocity
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FIGURE 12.7 Cars race by in a blur of motion on an open highway but crawl at a snails pace when they hit city traffic.
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speed and velocity
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FIGURE 12.8 This graph shows how far a bike rider is from her starting point at 7:30 AM until she returned at 12:30 PM.
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textbook_images/speed_and_velocity_22248.png
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speed and velocity
T_3566
FIGURE 12.9 These vectors show both the speed and direction of motion.
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acceleration
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FIGURE 12.11 How is velocity changing in each of these pictures? sudden. You feel yourself thrust forward. If the car turns right, you feel as though you are being pushed to the left. With a left turn, you feel a push to the right. The next time you ride in a car, notice how it feels as the car accelerates in each of these ways. For an interactive simulation about acceleration, go to this URL: http://phet.colorado.edu/en/
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textbook_images/acceleration_22251.png
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acceleration
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FIGURE 12.12 Gravity helps this cyclist increase his downhill velocity.
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acceleration
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FIGURE 12.13 This graph shows how the velocity of a runner changes during a 10-second sprint.
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acceleration
DD_0208
As time increases, distance increases as well. Over time, there is a steady speed and then a straight line indicates a stationary moment in time. It then returns to the start.
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teaching_images/velocity_time_graphs_8216.png
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acceleration
DD_0209
Figure 1 presents different velocity-time graphs. A velocity-time graph shows how an object's velocity or speed changes over time. The y axis represents velocity (v), while the x axis represents time (t). In the graph for constant velocity, the line remains horizontal, showing that the velocity of the object does not change over time. In the graph for constant acceleration, the line slopes upwards, showing that the velocity of the object increases over time. This increase in velocity is called acceleration. In the graph for constant retardation, the line slopes downwards, which means that velocity decreases over time. This decrease is called retardation. Retardation can also be called negative acceleration or deceleration. A moving object can both accelerate and decelerate. In the graph for irregular motion, the line moves up and down. This means that the velocity of object increases and decreases several times.
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teaching_images/velocity_time_graphs_8213.png
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acceleration
DD_0210
This Diagram shows a Velocity-time that is used for determine the acceleration of an object. The vertical axis of a velocity-time graph is the velocity of the object and the horizontal axis is the time taken from the start. When an object is moving with a constant velocity, the line on the graph is horizontal. When an object is moving with a steadily increasing velocity, or a steadily decreasing velocity, the line on the graph is straight, but sloped. The diagram shows some typical lines on a velocity-time graph. The steeper the line, the more rapidly the velocity of the object is changing. The blue line is steeper than the red line because it represents an object that is increasing in velocity much more quickly than the one represented by the red line.
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L_0723
what is force
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FIGURE 13.1 When this girl pushes the swing away from her, it causes the swing to move in that direction.
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what is force
T_3571
FIGURE 13.2 Forces can vary in both strength and direction.
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what is force
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FIGURE 13.3 A book resting on a table is acted on by two opposing forces.
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what is force
T_3575
FIGURE 13.4 When unbalanced forces are applied to an object in opposite directions, the smaller force is subtracted from the larger force to yield the net force.
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what is force
T_3575
FIGURE 13.5 When two forces are applied to an object in the same direction, the two forces are added to yield the net force. If you need more practice calculating net force, go to this URL: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/U
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friction
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FIGURE 13.7 Sometimes friction is useful. Sometimes its not.
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friction
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FIGURE 13.8 The surface of metal looks very smooth unless you look at it under a high-powered microscope.
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friction
T_3578
FIGURE 13.9 The knife-like blades of speed skates min- imize friction with the ice.
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friction
T_3579
FIGURE 13.10 When you rub the surface of a match head across the rough striking surface on the matchbox, the friction produces enough heat to ignite the match.
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friction
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FIGURE 13.11 A dolly with wheels lets you easily roll boxes across the floor.
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friction
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FIGURE 13.12 Static friction between shoes and the sidewalk makes it possible to walk without slipping.
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friction
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FIGURE 13.13 The ball bearings in this wheel reduce fric- tion between the inner and outer cylinders when they turn.
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gravity
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FIGURE 13.16 A scale measures the pull of gravity on an object.
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gravity
T_3588
FIGURE 13.17 Sir Isaac Newton discovered that gravity is universal.
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gravity
T_3591
FIGURE 13.18 The moon keeps moving around Earth rather than the sun because it is much closer to Earth.
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gravity
T_3591
FIGURE 13.19 Einstein thought that gravity is the effect of curves in space and time around mas- sive objects such as Earth. He proposed that the curves in space and time cause nearby objects to follow a curved path. How does this differ from Newtons idea of gravity?
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gravity
T_3593
FIGURE 13.20 A boy drops an object at time t = 0 s. At time t = 1 s, the object is falling at a velocity of 9.8 m/s. What is its velocity by time t = 5 ?
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gravity
T_3594
FIGURE 13.21 The cannon ball moves in a curved path because of the combined horizontal and downward forces.
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gravity
T_3595
FIGURE 13.22 Aiming at the center of a target is likely to result in a hit below the bulls eye.
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gravity
T_3595
FIGURE 13.23 In this diagram, "v" represents the forward velocity of the moon, and "a" represents the acceleration due to gravity. The line encircling Earth shows the moons actual orbit, which results from the combination of "v" and "a."
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L_0727
newtons first law
T_3598
FIGURE 14.2 Pool balls remain at rest until an unbal- anced force is applied to them. After they are in motion, they stay in motion until another force opposes their motion.
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textbook_images/newtons_first_law_22281.png
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newtons first law
T_3600
FIGURE 14.3 The tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion depends on its mass. Which box has greater inertia?
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textbook_images/newtons_first_law_22282.png
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newtons first law
T_3601
FIGURE 14.4 Force must be applied to overcome the inertia of a soccer ball at rest. Once objects start moving, inertia keeps them moving without any additional force being applied. In fact, they wont stop moving unless another unbalanced force opposes their motion. What if the rolling soccer ball is not kicked by another player or stopped by a fence or other object? Will it just keep rolling forever? It would if another unbalanced force did not oppose its motion. Friction in this case rolling friction with the ground will oppose the motion of the rolling soccer ball. As a result, the ball will eventually come to rest. Friction opposes the motion of all moving objects, so, like the soccer ball, all moving objects eventually come to a stop even if no other forces oppose their motion.
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L_0728
newtons second law
T_3603
FIGURE 14.6 Hitting a baseball with greater force gives it greater acceleration. Hitting a softball with the same amount of force results in less acceleration. Can you explain why?
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textbook_images/newtons_second_law_22285.png
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newtons second law
T_3604
FIGURE 14.7 This empty trunk has a mass of 10 kilo- grams. The weights also have a mass of 10 kilograms. If the weights are placed in the trunk, what will be its mass? How will this affect its acceleration?
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newtons third law
T_3606
FIGURE 14.9 Each example shown here includes an action and reaction.
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newtons third law
T_3607
FIGURE 14.10 A bowling ball and a softball differ in mass. How does this affect their momen- tum?
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newtons third law
T_3609
FIGURE 14.11 How can you tell momentum has been conserved in this collision?
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L_0731
buoyancy of fluids
T_3624
FIGURE 15.12 Fluid pressure exerts force on all sides of this object, but the force is greater at the bottom of the object where the fluid is deeper.
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textbook_images/buoyancy_of_fluids_22302.png
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buoyancy of fluids
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FIGURE 15.13 Whether an object sinks or floats depends on its weight and the strength of the buoyant force acting on it.
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buoyancy of fluids
T_3627
FIGURE 15.14 The substances pictured here float in a fluid because they are less dense than the fluid.
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textbook_images/buoyancy_of_fluids_22304.png
L_0732
work
T_3628
FIGURE 16.2 Carrying a box while walking does not result in work being done. Work is done only when the box is first lifted up from the ground. Can you explain why?
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textbook_images/work_22307.png
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work
T_3630
FIGURE 16.3 Weight lifters do more work when they move weights a longer distance or move heavier weights.
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work
T_3632
FIGURE 16.4 Which way of removing leaves would take less effort on your part?
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work
T_3632
FIGURE 16.5 Hair dryers vary in power. How do you think this affects drying time?
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work
T_3634
FIGURE 16.6 The horses and the tractor are both pulling a plow. The horses provide less horsepower than the tractor. Which do you think will get the job done faster?
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textbook_images/work_22311.png
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machines
T_3636
FIGURE 16.8 Both of these machines increase the force applied by the user, while reducing the distance over which the force is applied.
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machines
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FIGURE 16.9 Both of these machines increase the dis- tance over which force applied, while re- ducing the strength of the force.
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machines
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FIGURE 16.10 Both of these machines change the direction over which force is applied. The claw hammer also increases the strength of the force.
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machines
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FIGURE 16.11 A ramp is a machine because it makes work easier by changing a force. How does it change force?
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machines
T_3644
FIGURE 16.12 The input force is applied along the length of the sloping ramp surface. The output force is applied along the height of the ramp. The input distance is greater than the output distance. This means that the input force is less than the output force.
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textbook_images/machines_22317.png
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simple machines
T_3646
FIGURE 16.14 An inclined plane makes it easier to move objects to a higher elevation.
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simple machines
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FIGURE 16.15 The thin edge of a knife or chisel enters an object and forces it apart.
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textbook_images/simple_machines_22320.png
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simple machines
T_3649
FIGURE 16.16 All of these examples are screws. Can you identify the inclined plane in each example?
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textbook_images/simple_machines_22321.png
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simple machines
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FIGURE 16.17 The threads of a screw or bolt may be closer together or farther apart. How does this affect its ideal mechanical ad- vantage?
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textbook_images/simple_machines_22322.png
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simple machines
T_3650
FIGURE 16.18 Using a hammer to remove a nail changes both the direction and strength of the applied force. Where is the fulcrum of the hammer when it is used in this way?
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textbook_images/simple_machines_22323.png
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simple machines
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FIGURE 16.19 Which class of lever would you use to carry a heavy load, sweep a floor, or pry open a can of paint?
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simple machines
T_3653
FIGURE 16.20 Both a Ferris wheel and a car steering wheel have an outer wheel and an inner axle.
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simple machines
T_3654
FIGURE 16.21 In both of these examples, pulling the rope turns the wheel of the pulley.
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simple machines
DD_0211
Shown in the diagram are the six types of simple machines. A simple machine is a mechanical device that makes work easier. It includes the inclined plane, wedge, lever, wheel and axle, screw and pulley. An inclined plane is a flat surface that is slanted, or inclined, so it can help move objects across distances. A common inclined plane is a ramp used to lift heavy objects in a back of a truck. Instead of using the smooth side of the inclined plane to make work easier, you can also use the pointed edges to do other kinds of work. When you use the edge to push things apart, this movable inclined plane is called a wedge. An ax blade is one example of a wedge. Any tool that pries something loose is a lever. Levers can also lift objects. A lever is an arm that turns against a fulcrum (the point or support on which a lever pivots). Think of the claw end of a hammer that you use to pry nails loose; itÕs a lever. The Wheel and Axle makes work easier by moving objects across distances. The wheel (or round end) turns with the axle (or cylindrical post) causing movement. On a wagon, for example, a container rests on top of the axle to help transport heavy objects. A Screw helps you do work is that it can be easily turned to move itself through a solid space like turning a jar cover to keep it the jar air tight. Instead of an axle, a wheel could also rotate a rope, cord, or belt. This variation of the wheel and axle is the pulley. In a pulley, a cord wraps around a wheel. Instead of an axle, you can use the wheelÕs rotation to raise and lower objects, making work easier. On a flagpole, for example, a rope is attached to a pulley to raise and lower the flag more easily.
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compound machines
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FIGURE 16.24 A pair of scissors is a compound machine consisting of levers and wedges.
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compound machines
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FIGURE 16.25 As a third-class lever, how does a fishing rod change the force applied to the rod? How does the reel help land the fish?
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types of energy
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FIGURE 17.2 It takes energy to swing a bat. Where does the batter get her energy?
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types of energy
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FIGURE 17.3 All of these photos show things that have kinetic energy because they are moving.
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types of energy
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FIGURE 17.4 Before leaves fall from trees in autumn, they have potential energy. Why do they have the potential to fall?
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types of energy
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FIGURE 17.5 All three of these people have gravita- tional potential energy. Can you think of other examples? You Try It! Problem: Kris is holding a 2-kg book 1.5 m above the floor. What is the gravitational potential energy of the book?
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types of energy
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FIGURE 17.6 Changing the shape of an elastic material gives it potential energy.
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types of energy
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FIGURE 17.7 Energy continuously changes back and forth between potential and kinetic energy on a swing or trampoline.
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forms of energy
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FIGURE 17.9 Kinetic and potential energy add up to mechanical energy.
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forms of energy
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FIGURE 17.10 Chemical energy is stored in wood and released when the wood burns.
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forms of energy
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FIGURE 17.11 A lightning bolt is a powerful discharge of electrical energy. A battery contains stored chemical energy and converts it to electrical energy.
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forms of energy
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FIGURE 17.12 In the sun, hydrogen nuclei fuse to form helium nuclei. This releases a huge amount of energy, some of which reaches Earth.
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forms of energy
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FIGURE 17.13 Atoms are moving at the same speed in the soup on the spoon as they are in the soup in the pot. However, there are more atoms of soup in the pot, so it has more thermal energy.
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forms of energy
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FIGURE 17.14 Radio waves, microwaves, and X rays are examples of electromagnetic energy.
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forms of energy
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FIGURE 17.15 Vibrating objects such as drumheads pro- duce sound energy.
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forms of energy
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FIGURE 17.16 Energy is constantly changing form. Can you think of other examples of energy conversions?
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energy resources
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FIGURE 17.18 Whitewater rafting is an exciting sport.
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energy resources
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FIGURE 17.19 Do you use any of these fossil fuels? How do you use them? sunlight to stored chemical energy in food, which was eaten by other organisms. After the plants and other organisms died, their remains gradually changed to fossil fuels as they were pressed beneath layers of sediments. Petroleum and natural gas formed from marine organisms and are often found together. Coal formed from giant tree ferns and other swamp plants. When fossil fuels burn, they release thermal energy, water vapor, and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide produced by fossil fuel use is a major cause of global warming. The burning of fossil fuels also releases many pollutants into the air. Pollutants such as sulfur dioxide form acid rain, which kills living things and damages metals, stonework, and other materials. Pollutants such as nitrogen oxides cause smog, which is harmful to human health. Tiny particles, or particulates, released when fossil fuels burn also harm human health. Natural gas releases the least pollution; coal releases the most (see Figure 17.20). Petroleum has the additional risk of oil spills, which may seriously damage ecosystems.
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energy resources
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FIGURE 17.20 This table compares the levels of several air pollutants released by the burning of natural gas, oil, and coal.
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energy resources
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FIGURE 17.21 Do you remember Japans 2011 nuclear disaster? (Note: the map on the right is not to scale.)
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energy resources
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FIGURE 17.22 Which of the energy resources in this circle graph are renewable?
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energy resources
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FIGURE 17.23 The U.S. uses far more oil than any other country in the world. It is even far ahead of the next largest oil user, which is China. The differences in use per person in these countries are even greater.
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energy resources
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FIGURE 17.24 Small savings in energy really add up when everybody conserves energy.
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