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August 5
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1601–1900
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1601–1900
1607 – Antonio Barberini, Italian cardinal (d. 1671)
1623 – Antonio Cesti, Italian organist and composer (d. 1669)
1626 – Richard Ottley, English politician (d. 1670)
1662 – James Anderson, Scottish lawyer and historian (d. 1728)
1681 – Vitus Bering, Danish-born Russian explorer (d. 1741)
1694 – Leonardo Leo, Italian composer (d. 1744)
1749 – Thomas Lynch Jr., American commander and politician (d. 1779)
1797 – Friedrich August Kummer, German cellist and composer (d. 1879)
1802 – Niels Henrik Abel, Norwegian mathematician and theorist (d. 1829)
1811 – Ambroise Thomas, French composer (d. 1896)
1813 – Ivar Aasen, Norwegian poet and linguist (d. 1896)
1815 – Edward John Eyre, English explorer and politician, Governor of Jamaica (d. 1901)
1827 – Deodoro da Fonseca, Brazilian field marshal and politician, 1st President of Brazil (d. 1892)
1828 – Louise of the Netherlands (d. 1871)
1833 – Carola of Vasa (d. 1907)
1843 – James Scott Skinner, Scottish violinist and composer (d. 1927)
1844 – Ilya Repin, Russian painter and sculptor (d. 1930)
1850 – Guy de Maupassant, French short story writer, novelist, and poet (d. 1893)
1860 – Louis Wain, English artist (d. 1939)
1862 – Joseph Merrick, English man with severe deformities (d. 1890)
1866 – Carl Harries, German chemist and academic (d. 1923)
1866 – Harry Trott, Australian cricketer (d. 1917)
1868 – Oskar Merikanto, Finnish pianist and composer (d. 1924)
1872 – Oswaldo Cruz, Brazilian physician, bacteriologist, and epidemiologist, founded the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (d. 1917)
1874 – Wesley Clair Mitchell, American economist and academic (d. 1948)
1874 – Horace Rawlins, English golfer (d. 1935)
1876 – Mary Ritter Beard, American historian and activist (d. 1958)
1877 – Tom Thomson, Canadian painter (d. 1917)
1880 – Gertrude Rush, American lawyer and jurist (d. 1962)
1880 – Ruth Sawyer, American author and educator (d. 1970)
1882 – Anne Acheson, Irish sculptor (d. 1962)
1887 – Reginald Owen, English-American actor and singer (d. 1972)
1889 – Conrad Aiken, American novelist, short story writer, critic, and poet (d. 1973)
1890 – Naum Gabo, Russian-American sculptor (d. 1977)
1890 – Erich Kleiber, Austrian conductor and director (d. 1956)
1897 – Roberta Dodd Crawford, American soprano and educator (d. 1954)
1897 – Aksel Larsen, Danish lawyer and politician (d. 1972)
1900 – Rudolf Schottlaender, German philosopher, classical philologist and translator (d. 1988)
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August 5
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1901–present
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1901–present
1901 – Claude Autant-Lara, French director, screenwriter, and politician (d. 2000)
1904 – Kenneth V. Thimann, English-American botanist and microbiologist (d. 1997)
1905 – Wassily Leontief, German-American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
1906 – Joan Hickson, English actress (d. 1998)
1906 – John Huston, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1987)
1908 – Harold Holt, Australian lawyer and politician, 17th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1967)
1908 – Jose Garcia Villa, Filipino short story writer and poet (d. 1997)
1910 – Bruno Coquatrix, French songwriter and manager (d. 1979)
1910 – Herminio Masantonio, Argentinian footballer (d. 1956)
1911 – Robert Taylor, American actor and singer (d. 1969)
1912 – Abbé Pierre, French priest and humanitarian (d. 2007)
1914 – Parley Baer, American actor (d. 2002)
1916 – Peter Viereck, American poet and academic (d. 2006)
1918 – Tom Drake, American actor and singer (d. 1982)
1918 – Betty Oliphant, English-Canadian ballerina, co-founded Canada's National Ballet School (d. 2004)
1919 – Rosalind Hicks, British literary guardian and the only child of author, Agatha Christie (d. 2004)
1920 – George Tooker, American painter and academic (d. 2011)
1921 – Terry Becker, American actor, director, and producer (d. 2014)
1922 – L. Tom Perry, American businessman and religious leader (d. 2015)
1922 – Frank Stranahan, American golfer (d. 2013)
1923 – Devan Nair, Malaysian-Singaporean union leader and politician, 3rd President of Singapore (d. 2005)
1926 – Betsy Jolas, French composer
1926 – Jeri Southern, American jazz singer and pianist (d. 1991)
1929 – Don Matheson, American soldier, police officer, and actor (d. 2014)
1929 – John H. Moore II, American lawyer and judge (d. 2013)
1930 – Neil Armstrong, American pilot, engineer, and astronaut (d. 2012)
1930 – Damita Jo DeBlanc, American comedian, actress, and singer (d. 1998)
1930 – Richie Ginther, American race car driver (d. 1989)
1930 – Michal Kováč, Slovak lawyer and politician, 1st President of Slovakia (d. 2016)
1931 – Tom Hafey, Australian footballer and coach (d. 2014)
1932 – Tera de Marez Oyens, Dutch pianist and composer (d. 1996)
1932 – Vladimir Fedoseyev, Russian conductor
1934 – Karl Johan Åström, Swedish engineer and theorist
1934 – Wendell Berry, American novelist, short story writer, poet, and essayist
1934 – Gay Byrne, Irish radio and television host (d. 2019)
1935 – Michael Ballhaus, German director and cinematographer (d. 2017)
1935 – Peter Inge, Baron Inge, English field marshal (d. 2022)
1935 – Roy Benavidez, American soldier, Medal of Honor Winner (d. 1998)
1936 – Nikolai Baturin, Estonian author and playwright (d. 2019)
1936 – John Saxon, American actor (d. 2020)
1937 – Herb Brooks, American ice hockey player and coach (d. 2003)
1937 – Brian G. Marsden, English-American astronomer and academic (d. 2010)
1939 – Roger Clark, English race car driver (d. 1998)
1939 – Carmen Salinas, Mexican actress and politician (d. 2021)
1940 – Bobby Braddock, American country music songwriter, musician, and producer
1940 – Roman Gabriel, American football player, coach, and actor (d. 2024)
1940 – Rick Huxley, English bass player (d. 2013)
1941 – Bob Clark, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2007)
1941 – Leonid Kizim, Ukrainian general, pilot, and astronaut (d. 2010)
1941 – Airto Moreira, Brazilian-American drummer and composer
1942 – Joe Boyd, American record producer, founded Hannibal Records
1943 – Nelson Briles, American baseball player (d. 2005)
1943 – Sammi Smith, American country music singer-songwriter (d. 2005)
1944 – Christopher Gunning, English composer (d. 2023)
1945 – Loni Anderson, American actress
1946 – Bruce Coslet, American football player and coach
1946 – Shirley Ann Jackson, American physicist
1946 – Rick van der Linden, Dutch keyboard player and songwriter (d. 2006)
1946 – Bob McCarthy, Australian rugby league player and coach
1946 – Erika Slezak, American actress
1946 – Xavier Trias, Spanish pediatrician and politician, 118th Mayor of Barcelona
1947 – Angry Anderson, Australian singer and actor
1947 – Bernie Carbo, American baseball player
1947 – France A. Córdova, American astrophysicist and academic
1947 – Rick Derringer, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
1947 – Greg Leskiw, Canadian guitarist and songwriter
1948 – Ray Clemence, English footballer and manager (d. 2020)
1948 – Barbara Flynn, English actress
1948 – David Hungate, American bass guitarist, producer, and arranger
1948 – Shin Takamatsu, Japanese architect and academic
1950 – Luiz Gushiken, Brazilian trade union leader and politician (d. 2013)
1950 – Mahendra Karma, Indian lawyer and politician (d. 2013)
1951 – Samantha Sang, Australian pop singer
1952 – Tamás Faragó, Hungarian water polo player
1952 – John Jarratt, Australian actor and producer
1952 – Louis Walsh, Irish talent manager
1953 – Rick Mahler, American baseball player and coach (d. 2005)
1955 – Eddie Ojeda, American guitarist and songwriter
1956 – Christopher Chessun, English Anglican bishop
1956 – Jerry Ciccoritti, Canadian actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
1956 – Maureen McCormick, American actress
1957 – Larry Corowa, Australian rugby league player
1957 – David Gill, English businessman
1958 – Ulla Salzgeber, German equestrian
1959 – Pete Burns, English singer-songwriter (d. 2016)
1959 – Pat Smear, American guitarist and songwriter
1960 – David Baldacci, American lawyer and author
1961 – Janet McTeer, English actress
1961 – Athula Samarasekera, Sri Lankan cricketer and coach
1961 – Tim Wilson, American comedian, singer-songwriter, and guitarist (d. 2014)
1962 – Patrick Ewing, Jamaican-American basketball player and coach
1962 – Otis Thorpe, American basketball player
1963 – Steve Lee, Swiss singer-songwriter (d. 2010)
1963 – Ingmar De Vos, Belgian sports administrator
1963 – Mark Strong, English actor
1964 – Rory Morrison, English journalist (d. 2013)
1964 – Adam Yauch, American rapper and director (d. 2012)
1965 – Jeff Coffin, American saxophonist and composer
1965 – Motoi Sakuraba, Japanese keyboard player and composer
1966 – Jennifer Finch, American singer, bass player, and photographer
1966 – Jonathan Silverman, American actor and producer
1967 – Matthew Caws, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1968 – Terri Clark, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist
1968 – Kendo Kashin, Japanese wrestler and mixed martial artist
1968 – Marine Le Pen, French lawyer and politician
1968 – Oleh Luzhnyi, Ukrainian footballer and manager
1968 – Colin McRae, Scottish race car driver (d. 2007)
1968 – John Olerud, American baseball player
1969 – Jackie Doyle-Price, English politician
1969 – Vasbert Drakes, Barbadian cricketer
1969 – Venkatesh Prasad, Indian cricketer and coach
1969 – Rob Scott, Australian rower
1970 – James Gunn, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
1971 – Valdis Dombrovskis, Latvian academic and politician, 11th Prime Minister of Latvia
1972 – Ikuto Hidaka, Japanese wrestler
1972 – Aaqib Javed, Pakistani cricketer and coach
1972 – Darren Shahlavi, English-American actor and martial artist (d. 2015)
1972 – Jon Sleightholme, English rugby player
1972 – Theodore Whitmore, Jamaican footballer and manager
1972 – Christian Olde Wolbers, Belgian-American guitarist, songwriter, and producer
1973 – Paul Carige, Australian rugby league player
1973 – Justin Marshall, New Zealand rugby player and sportscaster
1974 – Alvin Ceccoli, Australian footballer
1974 – Kajol, Indian film actress
1974 – Olle Kullinger, Swedish footballer
1974 – Antoine Sibierski, French footballer
1975 – Dan Hipgrave, English guitarist and journalist
1975 – Josep Jufré, Spanish cyclist
1975 – Eicca Toppinen, Finnish cellist and composer
1976 – Jeff Friesen, Canadian ice hockey player
1976 – Marians Pahars, Latvian footballer and manager
1976 – Eugen Trică, Romanian footballer and manager
1977 – Eric Hinske, American baseball player and coach
1977 – Mark Mulder, American baseball player and sportscaster
1977 – Michael Walsh, English footballer
1978 – Cosmin Bărcăuan, Romanian footballer and manager
1978 – Kim Gevaert, Belgian sprinter
1978 – Harel Levy, Israeli tennis player
1979 – David Healy, Irish footballer
1980 – Wayne Bridge, English footballer
1980 – Salvador Cabañas, Paraguayan footballer
1980 – Jason Culina, Australian footballer
1980 – Jesse Williams, American actor, director, producer, and political activist
1981 – David Clarke, English ice hockey player
1981 – Carl Crawford, American baseball player
1981 – Maik Franz, German footballer
1981 – Erik Guay, Canadian skier
1981 – Travie McCoy, American rapper, singer, and songwriter
1981 – Anna Rawson, Australian golfer
1981 – Rachel Scott, American murder victim, inspired the Rachel's Challenge (d. 1999)
1982 – Jamie Houston, English-German rugby player
1982 – Lolo Jones, American hurdler
1982 – Michele Pazienza, Italian footballer
1982 – Jeff Robson, Australian rugby league player
1982 – Pete Sell, American mixed martial artist
1984 – Steve Matai, New Zealand rugby league player
1985 – Laurent Ciman, Belgian footballer
1985 – Salomon Kalou, Ivorian footballer
1985 – Gil Vermouth, Israeli footballer
1985 – Erkan Zengin, Swedish footballer
1986 – Paula Creamer, American golfer
1986 – Kathrin Zettel, Austrian skier
1988 – Michael Jamieson, Scottish-English swimmer
1988 – Federica Pellegrini, Italian swimmer
1989 – Ryan Bertrand, English footballer
1989 – Mathieu Manset, French footballer
1991 – Esteban Gutiérrez, Mexican race car driver
1991 – Konrad Hurrell, Tongan rugby league player
1991 – Daniëlle van de Donk, Dutch footballer
1991 – Andreas Weimann, Austrian footballer
1994 – Natalia García, Spanish rhythmic gymnast
1995 – Pierre-Emile Højbjerg, Danish footballer
1996 – Takakeishō Mitsunobu, Japanese sumo wrestler
1996 – Cho Seung-youn, South Korean singer-songwriter and rapper
1997 – Jack Cogger, Australian rugby league player
1997 – Olivia Holt, American actress and singer
1997 – Wang Yibo, Chinese dancer, singer and actor
1997 – Yungblud, English musician and actor
1998 – Adam Doueihi, Australian-Lebanese rugby league player
1999 – Kim Si-hyeon, South Korean singer
2000 – Tom Gilbert, Australian rugby league player
2001 – Anthony Edwards, American basketball player
2003 – Toni Shaw, British Paralympic swimmer
2004 – Gavi, Spanish footballerGAVI PABLO MARTÍN PAEZ GAVIRIA fcbarcelona.com สืบค้นเมื่อ 2 พ.ย. 2021
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August 5
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Deaths
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Deaths
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August 5
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Pre-1600
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Pre-1600
553 – Xiao Ji, prince of the Liang dynasty (b. 508)
642 – Eowa, king of Mercia
642 – Oswald, king of Northumbria
824 – Heizei, Japanese emperor (b. 773)
877 – Ubayd Allah ibn Yahya ibn Khaqan, Abbasid vizier
882 – Louis III, Frankish king (b. 863)
890 – Ranulf II, duke of Aquitaine (b. 850)
910 – Eowils and Halfdan, joint kings of Northumbria
910 – Ingwær, king of Northumbria
917 – Euthymius I of Constantinople (b. 834)
940 – Li Decheng, Chinese general (b. 863)
1063 – Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, King of Gwynedd
1364 – Kōgon, Japanese emperor (b. 1313)
1415 – Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (b. 1375)
1415 – Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham (b. 1370)
1447 – John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter (b. 1395)
1579 – Stanislaus Hosius, Polish cardinal (b. 1504)
1600 – John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie, Scottish conspirator (b. 1577)
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August 5
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1601–1900
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1601–1900
1610 – Alonso García de Ramón, Spanish soldier and politician, Royal Governor of Chile (b. 1552)
1633 – George Abbot, English archbishop and academic (b. 1562)
1678 – Juan García de Zéspedes, Mexican tenor and composer (b. 1619)
1729 – Thomas Newcomen, English engineer, invented the eponymous Newcomen atmospheric engine (b. 1664)
1743 – John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey, English courtier and politician, Vice-Chamberlain of the Household (b. 1696)
1778 – Charles Clémencet, French historian and author (b. 1703)
1778 – Thomas Linley the younger, English composer (b. 1756)
1792 – Frederick North, Lord North, English politician, Prime Minister of Great Britain (b. 1732)
1799 – Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe, English admiral and politician (b. 1726)
1868 – Jacques Boucher de Crèvecœur de Perthes, French archaeologist and historian (b. 1788)
1877 – Robert Williams (known as Trebor Mai), Welsh poet (b. 1830)
1880 – Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra, Austrian physician and dermatologist (b. 1816)
1881 – Spotted Tail, American tribal chief (b. 1823)
1895 – Friedrich Engels, German philosopher (b. 1820)
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August 5
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1901–present
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1901–present
1901 – Victoria, Princess Royal of the United Kingdom and German Empress (b. 1840)
1904 – George Dibbs, Australian politician, 10th Premier of New South Wales (b. 1834)
1911 – Bob Caruthers, American baseball player and umpire (b. 1864)
1916 – George Butterworth, British composer (b. 1885)
1921 – Dimitrios Rallis, Greek lawyer and politician, 78th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1844)
1929 – Millicent Fawcett, English trade union leader and activist (b. 1847)
1933 – Charles Harold Davis, American painter and academic (b. 1856)
1935 – David Townsend, American art director and set designer (b. 1891)
1939 – Béla Jankovich, Hungarian economist and politician, Minister of Education of Hungary (b. 1865)
1944 – Maurice Turnbull, Welsh cricketer and rugby player (b. 1906)
1946 – Wilhelm Marx, German lawyer and politician, 17th Chancellor of Germany (b. 1863)
1948 – Montagu Toller, English cricketer and lawyer (b. 1871)
1952 – Sameera Moussa, Egyptian physicist and academic (b. 1917)
1955 – Carmen Miranda, Portuguese-Brazilian actress and singer (b. 1909)
1957 – Heinrich Otto Wieland, German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1877)
1959 – Edgar Guest, English-American journalist and poet (b. 1881)
1960 – Arthur Meighen, Canadian lawyer and politician, 9th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1874)
1963 – Salvador Bacarisse, Spanish composer (b. 1898)
1964 – Moa Martinson, Swedish author (b. 1890)
1964 – Art Ross, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach (b. 1886)
1968 – Luther Perkins, American guitarist (b. 1928)
1978 – Jesse Haines, American baseball player and coach (b. 1893)
1980 – Harold L. Runnels, American soldier and politician (b. 1924)
1983 – Judy Canova, American actress and comedian (b. 1913)
1983 – Joan Robinson, English economist and author (b. 1903)
1984 – Richard Burton, Welsh actor (b. 1925)
1985 – Arnold Horween, American football player and coach (b. 1898)
1987 – Georg Gaßmann, German politician, Mayor of Marburg (b. 1910)
1991 – Paul Brown, American football player and coach (b. 1908)
1991 – Soichiro Honda, Japanese engineer and businessman, founded Honda (b. 1906)
1992 – Robert Muldoon, New Zealand politician, 31st Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1921)
1994 – Menachem Avidom, Israeli composer (b. 1908)
1994 – Alain de Changy, Belgian race car driver (b. 1922)
1998 – Otto Kretschmer, German commander (b. 1912)
1998 – Todor Zhivkov, Bulgarian commander and politician, 36th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1911)
2000 – Otto Buchsbaum, Austrian-Brazilian journalist and activist (b. 1920)
2000 – Tullio Crali, Montenegrin-Italian pilot and painter (b. 1910)
2000 – Lala Amarnath, Indian cricketer (b. 1911)
2000 – Alec Guinness, English actor (b. 1914)
2001 – Otema Allimadi, Ugandan politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Uganda (b. 1929)
2001 – Christopher Skase, Australian-Spanish businessman (b. 1948)
2002 – Josh Ryan Evans, American actor (b. 1982)
2002 – Chick Hearn, American sportscaster (b. 1916)
2002 – Franco Lucentini, Italian journalist and author (b. 1920)
2002 – Darrell Porter, American baseball player (b. 1952)
2002 – Matt Robinson, American actor, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1937)
2005 – Polina Astakhova, Russian gymnast and coach (b. 1936)
2005 – Jim O'Hora, American football player and coach (b. 1915)
2005 – Raul Roco, Filipino lawyer and politician, 31st Filipino Secretary of Education (b. 1941)
2005 – Eddie Jenkins, Welsh footballer (b. 1909)
2007 – Jean-Marie Lustiger, French cardinal (b. 1926)
2007 – Florian Pittiș, Romanian actor, singer, director, and producer (b. 1943)
2008 – Neil Bartlett, English-American chemist and academic (b. 1932)
2008 – Reg Lindsay, Australian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (b. 1929)
2009 – Budd Schulberg, American author, screenwriter, and producer (b. 1914)
2011 – Andrzej Lepper, Polish farmer and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Poland (b. 1954)
2011 – Aziz Shavershian, Australian bodybuilder (b. 1989)
2012 – Erwin Axer, Polish director and screenwriter (b. 1917)
2012 – Michel Daerden, Belgian lawyer and politician (b. 1949)
2012 – Fred Matua, American football player (b. 1984)
2012 – Martin E. Segal, Russian-American businessman, co-founded Film Society of Lincoln Center (b. 1916)
2012 – Chavela Vargas, Costa Rican-Mexican singer-songwriter and actress (b. 1919)
2012 – Roland Charles Wagner, French author and translator (b. 1960)
2013 – Ruth Asawa, American sculptor and educator (b. 1926)
2013 – Shawn Burr, Canadian-American ice hockey player (b. 1966)
2013 – Willie Dunn, Canadian singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1942)
2013 – Roy Rubin, American basketball player and coach (b. 1925)
2013 – May Song Vang, American activist (b. 1951)
2013 – Rob Wyda, American commander and judge (b. 1959)
2014 – Harold J. Greene, American general (b. 1962)
2014 – Vladimir Orlov, Russian author (b. 1936)
2014 – Chapman Pincher, Indian-English historian, journalist, and author (b. 1914)
2014 – Jesse Leonard Steinfeld, American physician and academic, 11th Surgeon General of the United States (b. 1927)
2015 – Arthur Walter James, English journalist and politician (b. 1912)
2015 – Tony Millington, Welsh footballer (b. 1943)
2018 – Alan Rabinowitz, American zoologist (b. 1953)
2019 – Toni Morrison, American author, Pulitzer Prize winner, and Nobel laureate (b. 1931).
2020 – Hawa Abdi, Somali human rights activist and physician (b. 1947)
2022 – Judith Durham, Australian singer-songwriter (b. 1943)
2022 – Cherie Gil, Filipino actress (b. 1963)
2022 – Ali Haydar, Syrian army officer (b. 1932)
2022 – Issey Miyake, Japanese fashion designer (b. 1938)
2022 – Dillon Quirke, Irish hurler (b. 1998)
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August 5
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Holidays and observances
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Holidays and observances
Christian feast day:
Abel of Reims
Addai
Afra
Cassian of Autun
Dedication of the Basilica of St Mary Major (Catholic Church)
Emygdius
Memnius
Oswald of Northumbria
August 5 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Independence Day (Burkina Faso)
Victory and Homeland Thanksgiving Day and the Day of Croatian defenders (Croatia)
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August 5
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References
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References
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August 5
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External links
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External links
Category:Days of August
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August 5
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Table of Content
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pp-pc1, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, External links
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Angula
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For
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Angula may refer to:
Aṅgula, a measure equal to a finger's breadth
Eel, a biological order of fish
Nahas Angula, former Prime Minister of Namibia
Helmut Angula
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Angula
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See also
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See also
Angul (disambiguation)
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Angula
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Table of Content
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For, See also
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ASP
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For
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ASP may refer to:
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ASP
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Combat
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Combat
ASP pistol
ASP, Inc., law enforcement weapon manufacturer
A type of extending baton
Ammunition Supply Point, military storage facility for live ammunition and explosives
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ASP
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Computing
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Computing
Active Server Pages, a web-scripting interface by Microsoft
ASP.NET, a web-application framework by Microsoft
Advanced Simple Profile, an MPEG-4 video codec profile
Answer set programming, a declarative programming paradigm
Application service provider, to customers over a network
AppleTalk Session Protocol
Association of Software Professionals
Attached Support Processor, IBM hardware system
Auxiliary storage pool, a feature of the IBM operating system
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ASP
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Education
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Education
American School of Paris
Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts, Kraków, Poland
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ASP
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Electronics
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Electronics
Audio Signal Processor, large-scale digital signal processor
Anti-skip protection or electronic skip protection in CD playback
Angle-sensitive pixel, a light sensor
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ASP
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Entertainment
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Entertainment
ASP (band), a German gothic metal band
ASP (Japanese group), Japanese idol girl group
Adult service provider (disambiguation)
Apparent Sensory Perception, a thought recording and reproduction device in William Gibson's fiction
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ASP
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Medicine and biology
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Medicine and biology
Aspartic acid, α-amino acid used in the biosynthesis of proteins
Acylation stimulating protein
American Society for Photobiology
Amnesic shellfish poisoning
Complement component 3, a protein in the complement system
Antimicrobial stewardship, effort to educate and persuade prescribers of antimicrobials to follow evidence-based prescribing
American Society of Primatologists
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ASP
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Politics
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Politics
Act of the Scottish Parliament
American Solidarity Party, a Christian Democratic political party in the United States
Australian Sex Party
Afro-Shirazi Party, political party in Tanzania
Assembly for the Sovereignty of the Peoples, a political party in Bolivia
Assembly of States Parties, the legislative body of the International Criminal Court
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ASP
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Other uses
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Other uses
Airborne Surveillance Platform, Indian defence project
Albany Student Press, newspaper of the University at Albany, The State University of New York
Alice Springs Airport (IATA airport code)
Allegany State Park
Appalachia Service Project, for housing improvement
Arkansas State Police
Asociación de Scouts del Perú
Aspendale railway station, Melbourne
Aspatria railway station, UK, National Rail code
Assault system pod or A.S.P., for the G.I. Joe doll
Association of Surfing Professionals, former name of World Surf League
Assistant superintendent of police
Additional Superintendent of Police, a police rank in India
Astronomical Society of the Pacific
Authorized service provider
Avenal State Prison in California, USA
Average selling price of goods
A.S.P. Air Strike Patrol, a 1994 video game
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ASP
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See also
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See also
ASPS (disambiguation)
Asp (disambiguation)
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ASP
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Table of Content
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For, Combat, Computing, Education, Electronics, Entertainment, Medicine and biology, Politics, Other uses, See also
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Algebraic geometry
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short description
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thumb|This Togliatti surface is an algebraic surface of degree five. The picture represents a portion of its real locus.
Algebraic geometry is a branch of mathematics which uses abstract algebraic techniques, mainly from commutative algebra, to solve geometrical problems. Classically, it studies zeros of multivariate polynomials; the modern approach generalizes this in a few different aspects.
The fundamental objects of study in algebraic geometry are algebraic varieties, which are geometric manifestations of solutions of systems of polynomial equations. Examples of the most studied classes of algebraic varieties are lines, circles, parabolas, ellipses, hyperbolas, cubic curves like elliptic curves, and quartic curves like lemniscates and Cassini ovals. These are plane algebraic curves. A point of the plane lies on an algebraic curve if its coordinates satisfy a given polynomial equation. Basic questions involve the study of points of special interest like singular points, inflection points and points at infinity. More advanced questions involve the topology of the curve and the relationship between curves defined by different equations.
Algebraic geometry occupies a central place in modern mathematics and has multiple conceptual connections with such diverse fields as complex analysis, topology and number theory. As a study of systems of polynomial equations in several variables, the subject of algebraic geometry begins with finding specific solutions via equation solving, and then proceeds to understand the intrinsic properties of the totality of solutions of a system of equations. This understanding requires both conceptual theory and computational technique.
In the 20th century, algebraic geometry split into several subareas.
The mainstream of algebraic geometry is devoted to the study of the complex points of the algebraic varieties and more generally to the points with coordinates in an algebraically closed field.
Real algebraic geometry is the study of the real algebraic varieties.
Diophantine geometry and, more generally, arithmetic geometry is the study of algebraic varieties over fields that are not algebraically closed and, specifically, over fields of interest in algebraic number theory, such as the field of rational numbers, number fields, finite fields, function fields, and p-adic fields.
A large part of singularity theory is devoted to the singularities of algebraic varieties.
Computational algebraic geometry is an area that has emerged at the intersection of algebraic geometry and computer algebra, with the rise of computers. It consists mainly of algorithm design and software development for the study of properties of explicitly given algebraic varieties.
Much of the development of the mainstream of algebraic geometry in the 20th century occurred within an abstract algebraic framework, with increasing emphasis being placed on "intrinsic" properties of algebraic varieties not dependent on any particular way of embedding the variety in an ambient coordinate space; this parallels developments in topology, differential and complex geometry. One key achievement of this abstract algebraic geometry is Grothendieck's scheme theory which allows one to use sheaf theory to study algebraic varieties in a way which is very similar to its use in the study of differential and analytic manifolds. This is obtained by extending the notion of point: In classical algebraic geometry, a point of an affine variety may be identified, through Hilbert's Nullstellensatz, with a maximal ideal of the coordinate ring, while the points of the corresponding affine scheme are all prime ideals of this ring. This means that a point of such a scheme may be either a usual point or a subvariety. This approach also enables a unification of the language and the tools of classical algebraic geometry, mainly concerned with complex points, and of algebraic number theory. Wiles' proof of the longstanding conjecture called Fermat's Last Theorem is an example of the power of this approach.
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Algebraic geometry
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Basic notions
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Basic notions
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Algebraic geometry
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Zeros of simultaneous polynomials
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Zeros of simultaneous polynomials
thumb|right|Sphere and slanted circle
In classical algebraic geometry, the main objects of interest are the vanishing sets of collections of polynomials, meaning the set of all points that simultaneously satisfy one or more polynomial equations. For instance, the two-dimensional sphere of radius 1 in three-dimensional Euclidean space R3 could be defined as the set of all points with
A "slanted" circle in R3 can be defined as the set of all points which satisfy the two polynomial equations
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Algebraic geometry
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Affine varieties
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Affine varieties
First we start with a field k. In classical algebraic geometry, this field was always the complex numbers C, but many of the same results are true if we assume only that k is algebraically closed. We consider the affine space of dimension n over k, denoted An(k) (or more simply An, when k is clear from the context). When one fixes a coordinate system, one may identify An(k) with kn. The purpose of not working with kn is to emphasize that one "forgets" the vector space structure that kn carries.
A function f : An → A1 is said to be polynomial (or regular) if it can be written as a polynomial, that is, if there is a polynomial p in k[x1,...,xn] such that f(M) = p(t1,...,tn) for every point M with coordinates (t1,...,tn) in An. The property of a function to be polynomial (or regular) does not depend on the choice of a coordinate system in An.
When a coordinate system is chosen, the regular functions on the affine n-space may be identified with the ring of polynomial functions in n variables over k. Therefore, the set of the regular functions on An is a ring, which is denoted k[An].
We say that a polynomial vanishes at a point if evaluating it at that point gives zero. Let S be a set of polynomials in k[An]. The vanishing set of S (or vanishing locus or zero set) is the set V(S) of all points in An where every polynomial in S vanishes. Symbolically,
A subset of An which is V(S), for some S, is called an algebraic set. The V stands for variety (a specific type of algebraic set to be defined below).
Given a subset U of An, can one recover the set of polynomials which generate it? If U is any subset of An, define I(U) to be the set of all polynomials whose vanishing set contains U. The I stands for ideal: if two polynomials f and g both vanish on U, then f+g vanishes on U, and if h is any polynomial, then hf vanishes on U, so I(U) is always an ideal of the polynomial ring k[An].
Two natural questions to ask are:
Given a subset U of An, when is U = V(I(U))?
Given a set S of polynomials, when is S = I(V(S))?
The answer to the first question is provided by introducing the Zariski topology, a topology on An whose closed sets are the algebraic sets, and which directly reflects the algebraic structure of k[An]. Then U = V(I(U)) if and only if U is an algebraic set or equivalently a Zariski-closed set. The answer to the second question is given by Hilbert's Nullstellensatz. In one of its forms, it says that I(V(S)) is the radical of the ideal generated by S. In more abstract language, there is a Galois connection, giving rise to two closure operators; they can be identified, and naturally play a basic role in the theory; the example is elaborated at Galois connection.
For various reasons we may not always want to work with the entire ideal corresponding to an algebraic set U. Hilbert's basis theorem implies that ideals in k[An] are always finitely generated.
An algebraic set is called irreducible if it cannot be written as the union of two smaller algebraic sets. Any algebraic set is a finite union of irreducible algebraic sets and this decomposition is unique. Thus its elements are called the irreducible components of the algebraic set. An irreducible algebraic set is also called a variety. It turns out that an algebraic set is a variety if and only if it may be defined as the vanishing set of a prime ideal of the polynomial ring.
Some authors do not make a clear distinction between algebraic sets and varieties and use irreducible variety to make the distinction when needed.
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Algebraic geometry
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Regular functions
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Regular functions
Just as continuous functions are the natural maps on topological spaces and smooth functions are the natural maps on differentiable manifolds, there is a natural class of functions on an algebraic set, called regular functions or polynomial functions. A regular function on an algebraic set V contained in An is the restriction to V of a regular function on An. For an algebraic set defined on the field of the complex numbers, the regular functions are smooth and even analytic.
It may seem unnaturally restrictive to require that a regular function always extend to the ambient space, but it is very similar to the situation in a normal topological space, where the Tietze extension theorem guarantees that a continuous function on a closed subset always extends to the ambient topological space.
Just as with the regular functions on affine space, the regular functions on V form a ring, which we denote by k[V]. This ring is called the coordinate ring of V.
Since regular functions on V come from regular functions on An, there is a relationship between the coordinate rings. Specifically, if a regular function on V is the restriction of two functions f and g in k[An], then f − g is a polynomial function which is null on V and thus belongs to I(V). Thus k[V] may be identified with k[An]/I(V).
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Algebraic geometry
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Morphism of affine varieties
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Morphism of affine varieties
Using regular functions from an affine variety to A1, we can define regular maps from one affine variety to another. First we will define a regular map from a variety into affine space: Let V be a variety contained in An. Choose m regular functions on V, and call them f1, ..., fm. We define a regular map f from V to Am by letting . In other words, each fi determines one coordinate of the range of f.
If V′ is a variety contained in Am, we say that f is a regular map from V to V′ if the range of f is contained in V′.
The definition of the regular maps apply also to algebraic sets.
The regular maps are also called morphisms, as they make the collection of all affine algebraic sets into a category, where the objects are the affine algebraic sets and the morphisms are the regular maps. The affine varieties is a subcategory of the category of the algebraic sets.
Given a regular map g from V to V′ and a regular function f of k[V′], then . The map is a ring homomorphism from k[V′] to k[V]. Conversely, every ring homomorphism from k[V′] to k[V] defines a regular map from V to V′. This defines an equivalence of categories between the category of algebraic sets and the opposite category of the finitely generated reduced k-algebras. This equivalence is one of the starting points of scheme theory.
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Algebraic geometry
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Rational function and birational equivalence
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Rational function and birational equivalence
In contrast to the preceding sections, this section concerns only varieties and not algebraic sets. On the other hand, the definitions extend naturally to projective varieties (next section), as an affine variety and its projective completion have the same field of functions.
If V is an affine variety, its coordinate ring is an integral domain and has thus a field of fractions which is denoted k(V) and called the field of the rational functions on V or, shortly, the function field of V. Its elements are the restrictions to V of the rational functions over the affine space containing V. The domain of a rational function f is not V but the complement of the subvariety (a hypersurface) where the denominator of f vanishes.
As with regular maps, one may define a rational map from a variety V to a variety V'. As with the regular maps, the rational maps from V to V' may be identified to the field homomorphisms from k(V') to k(V).
Two affine varieties are birationally equivalent if there are two rational functions between them which are inverse one to the other in the regions where both are defined. Equivalently, they are birationally equivalent if their function fields are isomorphic.
An affine variety is a rational variety if it is birationally equivalent to an affine space. This means that the variety admits a rational parameterization, that is a parametrization with rational functions. For example, the circle of equation is a rational curve, as it has the parametric equation
which may also be viewed as a rational map from the line to the circle.
The problem of resolution of singularities is to know if every algebraic variety is birationally equivalent to a variety whose projective completion is nonsingular (see also smooth completion). It was solved in the affirmative in characteristic 0 by Heisuke Hironaka in 1964 and is yet unsolved in finite characteristic.
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Algebraic geometry
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Projective variety
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Projective variety
thumb|Parabola (, red) and cubic (, blue) in projective space
Just as the formulas for the roots of second, third, and fourth degree polynomials suggest extending real numbers to the more algebraically complete setting of the complex numbers, many properties of algebraic varieties suggest extending affine space to a more geometrically complete projective space. Whereas the complex numbers are obtained by adding the number i, a root of the polynomial , projective space is obtained by adding in appropriate points "at infinity", points where parallel lines may meet.
To see how this might come about, consider the variety . If we draw it, we get a parabola. As x goes to positive infinity, the slope of the line from the origin to the point (x, x2) also goes to positive infinity. As x goes to negative infinity, the slope of the same line goes to negative infinity.
Compare this to the variety V(y − x3). This is a cubic curve. As x goes to positive infinity, the slope of the line from the origin to the point (x, x3) goes to positive infinity just as before. But unlike before, as x goes to negative infinity, the slope of the same line goes to positive infinity as well; the exact opposite of the parabola. So the behavior "at infinity" of V(y − x3) is different from the behavior "at infinity" of V(y − x2).
The consideration of the projective completion of the two curves, which is their prolongation "at infinity" in the projective plane, allows us to quantify this difference: the point at infinity of the parabola is a regular point, whose tangent is the line at infinity, while the point at infinity of the cubic curve is a cusp. Also, both curves are rational, as they are parameterized by x, and the Riemann-Roch theorem implies that the cubic curve must have a singularity, which must be at infinity, as all its points in the affine space are regular.
Thus many of the properties of algebraic varieties, including birational equivalence and all the topological properties, depend on the behavior "at infinity" and so it is natural to study the varieties in projective space. Furthermore, the introduction of projective techniques made many theorems in algebraic geometry simpler and sharper: For example, Bézout's theorem on the number of intersection points between two varieties can be stated in its sharpest form only in projective space. For these reasons, projective space plays a fundamental role in algebraic geometry.
Nowadays, the projective space Pn of dimension n is usually defined as the set of the lines passing through a point, considered as the origin, in the affine space of dimension , or equivalently to the set of the vector lines in a vector space of dimension . When a coordinate system has been chosen in the space of dimension , all the points of a line have the same set of coordinates, up to the multiplication by an element of k. This defines the homogeneous coordinates of a point of Pn as a sequence of elements of the base field k, defined up to the multiplication by a nonzero element of k (the same for the whole sequence).
A polynomial in variables vanishes at all points of a line passing through the origin if and only if it is homogeneous. In this case, one says that the polynomial vanishes at the corresponding point of Pn. This allows us to define a projective algebraic set in Pn as the set , where a finite set of homogeneous polynomials vanishes. Like for affine algebraic sets, there is a bijection between the projective algebraic sets and the reduced homogeneous ideals which define them. The projective varieties are the projective algebraic sets whose defining ideal is prime. In other words, a projective variety is a projective algebraic set, whose homogeneous coordinate ring is an integral domain, the projective coordinates ring being defined as the quotient of the graded ring or the polynomials in variables by the homogeneous (reduced) ideal defining the variety. Every projective algebraic set may be uniquely decomposed into a finite union of projective varieties.
The only regular functions which may be defined properly on a projective variety are the constant functions. Thus this notion is not used in projective situations. On the other hand, the field of the rational functions or function field is a useful notion, which, similarly to the affine case, is defined as the set of the quotients of two homogeneous elements of the same degree in the homogeneous coordinate ring.
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Algebraic geometry
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Real algebraic geometry
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Real algebraic geometry
Real algebraic geometry is the study of real algebraic varieties.
The fact that the field of the real numbers is an ordered field cannot be ignored in such a study. For example, the curve of equation is a circle if , but has no real points if . Real algebraic geometry also investigates, more broadly, semi-algebraic sets, which are the solutions of systems of polynomial inequalities. For example, neither branch of the hyperbola of equation is a real algebraic variety. However, the branch in the first quadrant is a semi-algebraic set defined by and .
One open problem in real algebraic geometry is the following part of Hilbert's sixteenth problem: Decide which respective positions are possible for the ovals of a nonsingular plane curve of degree 8.
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Algebraic geometry
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Computational algebraic geometry
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Computational algebraic geometry
One may date the origin of computational algebraic geometry to meeting EUROSAM'79 (International Symposium on Symbolic and Algebraic Manipulation) held at Marseille, France, in June 1979. At this meeting,
Dennis S. Arnon showed that George E. Collins's Cylindrical algebraic decomposition (CAD) allows the computation of the topology of semi-algebraic sets,
Bruno Buchberger presented Gröbner bases and his algorithm to compute them,
Daniel Lazard presented a new algorithm for solving systems of homogeneous polynomial equations with a computational complexity which is essentially polynomial in the expected number of solutions and thus simply exponential in the number of the unknowns. This algorithm is strongly related with Macaulay's multivariate resultant.
Since then, most results in this area are related to one or several of these items either by using or improving one of these algorithms, or by finding algorithms whose complexity is simply exponential in the number of the variables.
A body of mathematical theory complementary to symbolic methods called numerical algebraic geometry has been developed over the last several decades. The main computational method is homotopy continuation. This supports, for example, a model of floating point computation for solving problems of algebraic geometry.
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Algebraic geometry
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Gröbner basis
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Gröbner basis
A Gröbner basis is a system of generators of a polynomial ideal whose computation allows the deduction of many properties of the affine algebraic variety defined by the ideal.
Given an ideal I defining an algebraic set V:
V is empty (over an algebraically closed extension of the basis field), if and only if the Gröbner basis for any monomial ordering is reduced to {1}.
By means of the Hilbert series one may compute the dimension and the degree of V from any Gröbner basis of I for a monomial ordering refining the total degree.
If the dimension of V is 0, one may compute the points (finite in number) of V from any Gröbner basis of I (see Systems of polynomial equations).
A Gröbner basis computation allows one to remove from V all irreducible components which are contained in a given hypersurface.
A Gröbner basis computation allows one to compute the Zariski closure of the image of V by the projection on the k first coordinates, and the subset of the image where the projection is not proper.
More generally Gröbner basis computations allow one to compute the Zariski closure of the image and the critical points of a rational function of V into another affine variety.
Gröbner basis computations do not allow one to compute directly the primary decomposition of I nor the prime ideals defining the irreducible components of V, but most algorithms for this involve Gröbner basis computation. The algorithms which are not based on Gröbner bases use regular chains but may need Gröbner bases in some exceptional situations.
Gröbner bases are deemed to be difficult to compute. In fact they may contain, in the worst case, polynomials whose degree is doubly exponential in the number of variables and a number of polynomials which is also doubly exponential. However, this is only a worst case complexity, and the complexity bound of Lazard's algorithm of 1979 may frequently apply. Faugère F5 algorithm realizes this complexity, as it may be viewed as an improvement of Lazard's 1979 algorithm. It follows that the best implementations allow one to compute almost routinely with algebraic sets of degree more than 100. This means that, presently, the difficulty of computing a Gröbner basis is strongly related to the intrinsic difficulty of the problem.
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Algebraic geometry
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Cylindrical algebraic decomposition (CAD)
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Cylindrical algebraic decomposition (CAD)
CAD is an algorithm which was introduced in 1973 by G. Collins to implement with an acceptable complexity the Tarski–Seidenberg theorem on quantifier elimination over the real numbers.
This theorem concerns the formulas of the first-order logic whose atomic formulas are polynomial equalities or inequalities between polynomials with real coefficients. These formulas are thus the formulas which may be constructed from the atomic formulas by the logical operators and (∧), or (∨), not (¬), for all (∀) and exists (∃). Tarski's theorem asserts that, from such a formula, one may compute an equivalent formula without quantifier (∀, ∃).
The complexity of CAD is doubly exponential in the number of variables. This means that CAD allows, in theory, to solve every problem of real algebraic geometry which may be expressed by such a formula, that is almost every problem concerning explicitly given varieties and semi-algebraic sets.
While Gröbner basis computation has doubly exponential complexity only in rare cases, CAD has almost always this high complexity. This implies that, unless if most polynomials appearing in the input are linear, it may not solve problems with more than four variables.
Since 1973, most of the research on this subject is devoted either to improving CAD or finding alternative algorithms in special cases of general interest.
As an example of the state of art, there are efficient algorithms to find at least a point in every connected component of a semi-algebraic set, and thus to test if a semi-algebraic set is empty. On the other hand, CAD is yet, in practice, the best algorithm to count the number of connected components.
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Algebraic geometry
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Asymptotic complexity vs. practical efficiency
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Asymptotic complexity vs. practical efficiency
The basic general algorithms of computational geometry have a double exponential worst case complexity. More precisely, if d is the maximal degree of the input polynomials and n the number of variables, their complexity is at most for some constant c, and, for some inputs, the complexity is at least for another constant c′.
During the last 20 years of the 20th century, various algorithms have been introduced to solve specific subproblems with a better complexity. Most of these algorithms have a complexity .
Among these algorithms which solve a sub problem of the problems solved by Gröbner bases, one may cite testing if an affine variety is empty and solving nonhomogeneous polynomial systems which have a finite number of solutions. Such algorithms are rarely implemented because, on most entries Faugère's F4 and F5 algorithms have a better practical efficiency and probably a similar or better complexity (probably because the evaluation of the complexity of Gröbner basis algorithms on a particular class of entries is a difficult task which has been done only in a few special cases).
The main algorithms of real algebraic geometry which solve a problem solved by CAD are related to the topology of semi-algebraic sets. One may cite counting the number of connected components, testing if two points are in the same components or computing a Whitney stratification of a real algebraic set. They have a complexity of
, but the constant involved by O notation is so high that using them to solve any nontrivial problem effectively solved by CAD, is impossible even if one could use all the existing computing power in the world. Therefore, these algorithms have never been implemented and this is an active research area to search for algorithms with have together a good asymptotic complexity and a good practical efficiency.
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Algebraic geometry
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Abstract modern viewpoint
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Abstract modern viewpoint
The modern approaches to algebraic geometry redefine and effectively extend the range of basic objects in various levels of generality to schemes, formal schemes, ind-schemes, algebraic spaces, algebraic stacks and so on. The need for this arises already from the useful ideas within theory of varieties, e.g. the formal functions of Zariski can be accommodated by introducing nilpotent elements in structure rings; considering spaces of loops and arcs, constructing quotients by group actions and developing formal grounds for natural intersection theory and deformation theory lead to some of the further extensions.
Most remarkably, in the early 1960s, algebraic varieties were subsumed into Alexander Grothendieck's concept of a scheme. Their local objects are affine schemes or prime spectra which are locally ringed spaces which form a category which is antiequivalent to the category of commutative unital rings, extending the duality between the category of affine algebraic varieties over a field k, and the category of finitely generated reduced k-algebras. The gluing is along Zariski topology; one can glue within the category of locally ringed spaces, but also, using the Yoneda embedding, within the more abstract category of presheaves of sets over the category of affine schemes. The Zariski topology in the set theoretic sense is then replaced by a Grothendieck topology. Grothendieck introduced Grothendieck topologies having in mind more exotic but geometrically finer and more sensitive examples than the crude Zariski topology, namely the étale topology, and the two flat Grothendieck topologies: fppf and fpqc; nowadays some other examples became prominent including Nisnevich topology. Sheaves can be furthermore generalized to stacks in the sense of Grothendieck, usually with some additional representability conditions leading to Artin stacks and, even finer, Deligne–Mumford stacks, both often called algebraic stacks.
Sometimes other algebraic sites replace the category of affine schemes. For example, Nikolai Durov has introduced commutative algebraic monads as a generalization of local objects in a generalized algebraic geometry. Versions of a tropical geometry, of an absolute geometry over a field of one element and an algebraic analogue of Arakelov's geometry were realized in this setup.
Another formal generalization is possible to universal algebraic geometry in which every variety of algebras has its own algebraic geometry. The term variety of algebras should not be confused with algebraic variety.
The language of schemes, stacks and generalizations has proved to be a valuable way of dealing with geometric concepts and became cornerstones of modern algebraic geometry.
Algebraic stacks can be further generalized and for many practical questions like deformation theory and intersection theory, this is often the most natural approach. One can extend the Grothendieck site of affine schemes to a higher categorical site of derived affine schemes, by replacing the commutative rings with an infinity category of differential graded commutative algebras, or of simplicial commutative rings or a similar category with an appropriate variant of a Grothendieck topology. One can also replace presheaves of sets by presheaves of simplicial sets (or of infinity groupoids). Then, in presence of an appropriate homotopic machinery one can develop a notion of derived stack as such a presheaf on the infinity category of derived affine schemes, which is satisfying certain infinite categorical version of a sheaf axiom (and to be algebraic, inductively a sequence of representability conditions). Quillen model categories, Segal categories and quasicategories are some of the most often used tools to formalize this yielding the derived algebraic geometry, introduced by the school of Carlos Simpson, including Andre Hirschowitz, Bertrand Toën, Gabrielle Vezzosi, Michel Vaquié and others; and developed further by Jacob Lurie, Bertrand Toën, and Gabriele Vezzosi. Another (noncommutative) version of derived algebraic geometry, using A-infinity categories has been developed from the early 1990s by Maxim Kontsevich and followers.
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Algebraic geometry
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History
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History
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Algebraic geometry
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Before the 16th century
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Before the 16th century
Some of the roots of algebraic geometry date back to the work of the Hellenistic Greeks from the 5th century BC. The Delian problem, for instance, was to construct a length x so that the cube of side x contained the same volume as the rectangular box a2b for given sides a and b. Menaechmus () considered the problem geometrically by intersecting the pair of plane conics ay = x2 and xy = ab. In the 3rd century BC, Archimedes and Apollonius systematically studied additional problems on conic sections using coordinates. Apollonius in the Conics further developed a method that is so similar to analytic geometry that his work is sometimes thought to have anticipated the work of Descartes by some 1800 years. His application of reference lines, a diameter and a tangent is essentially no different from our modern use of a coordinate frame, where the distances measured along the diameter from the point of tangency are the abscissas, and the segments parallel to the tangent and intercepted between the axis and the curve are the ordinates. He further developed relations between the abscissas and the corresponding coordinates using geometric methods like using parabolas and curves. Medieval mathematicians, including Omar Khayyam, Leonardo of Pisa, Gersonides and Nicole Oresme in the Medieval Period, solved certain cubic and quadratic equations by purely algebraic means and then interpreted the results geometrically. The Persian mathematician Omar Khayyám (born 1048 AD) believed that there was a relationship between arithmetic, algebra and geometry. This was criticized by Jeffrey Oaks, who claims that the study of curves by means of equations originated with Descartes in the seventeenth century.
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Algebraic geometry
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Renaissance
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Renaissance
Such techniques of applying geometrical constructions to algebraic problems were also adopted by a number of Renaissance mathematicians such as Gerolamo Cardano and Niccolò Fontana "Tartaglia" on their studies of the cubic equation. The geometrical approach to construction problems, rather than the algebraic one, was favored by most 16th and 17th century mathematicians, notably Blaise Pascal who argued against the use of algebraic and analytical methods in geometry. The French mathematicians Franciscus Vieta and later René Descartes and Pierre de Fermat revolutionized the conventional way of thinking about construction problems through the introduction of coordinate geometry. They were interested primarily in the properties of algebraic curves, such as those defined by Diophantine equations (in the case of Fermat), and the algebraic reformulation of the classical Greek works on conics and cubics (in the case of Descartes).
During the same period, Blaise Pascal and Gérard Desargues approached geometry from a different perspective, developing the synthetic notions of projective geometry. Pascal and Desargues also studied curves, but from the purely geometrical point of view: the analog of the Greek ruler and compass construction. Ultimately, the analytic geometry of Descartes and Fermat won out, for it supplied the 18th century mathematicians with concrete quantitative tools needed to study physical problems using the new calculus of Newton and Leibniz. However, by the end of the 18th century, most of the algebraic character of coordinate geometry was subsumed by the calculus of infinitesimals of Lagrange and Euler.
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Algebraic geometry
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19th and early 20th century
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19th and early 20th century
It took the simultaneous 19th century developments of non-Euclidean geometry and Abelian integrals in order to bring the old algebraic ideas back into the geometrical fold. The first of these new developments was seized up by Edmond Laguerre and Arthur Cayley, who attempted to ascertain the generalized metric properties of projective space. Cayley introduced the idea of homogeneous polynomial forms, and more specifically quadratic forms, on projective space. Subsequently, Felix Klein studied projective geometry (along with other types of geometry) from the viewpoint that the geometry on a space is encoded in a certain class of transformations on the space. By the end of the 19th century, projective geometers were studying more general kinds of transformations on figures in projective space. Rather than the projective linear transformations which were normally regarded as giving the fundamental Kleinian geometry on projective space, they concerned themselves also with the higher degree birational transformations. This weaker notion of congruence would later lead members of the 20th century Italian school of algebraic geometry to classify algebraic surfaces up to birational isomorphism.
The second early 19th century development, that of Abelian integrals, would lead Bernhard Riemann to the development of Riemann surfaces.
In the same period began the algebraization of the algebraic geometry through commutative algebra. The prominent results in this direction are Hilbert's basis theorem and Hilbert's Nullstellensatz, which are the basis of the connection between algebraic geometry and commutative algebra, and Macaulay's multivariate resultant, which is the basis of elimination theory. Probably because of the size of the computation which is implied by multivariate resultants, elimination theory was forgotten during the middle of the 20th century until it was renewed by singularity theory and computational algebraic geometry.
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Algebraic geometry
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20th century
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20th century
B. L. van der Waerden, Oscar Zariski and André Weil developed a foundation for algebraic geometry based on contemporary commutative algebra, including valuation theory and the theory of ideals. One of the goals was to give a rigorous framework for proving the results of the Italian school of algebraic geometry. In particular, this school used systematically the notion of generic point without any precise definition, which was first given by these authors during the 1930s.
In the 1950s and 1960s, Jean-Pierre Serre and Alexander Grothendieck recast the foundations making use of sheaf theory. Later, from about 1960, and largely led by Grothendieck, the idea of schemes was worked out, in conjunction with a very refined apparatus of homological techniques. After a decade of rapid development the field stabilized in the 1970s, and new applications were made, both to number theory and to more classical geometric questions on algebraic varieties, singularities, moduli, and formal moduli.
An important class of varieties, not easily understood directly from their defining equations, are the abelian varieties, which are the projective varieties whose points form an abelian group. The prototypical examples are the elliptic curves, which have a rich theory. They were instrumental in the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem and are also used in elliptic-curve cryptography.
In parallel with the abstract trend of the algebraic geometry, which is concerned with general statements about varieties, methods for effective computation with concretely-given varieties have also been developed, which lead to the new area of computational algebraic geometry. One of the founding methods of this area is the theory of Gröbner bases, introduced by Bruno Buchberger in 1965. Another founding method, more specially devoted to real algebraic geometry, is the cylindrical algebraic decomposition, introduced by George E. Collins in 1973.
See also: derived algebraic geometry.
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Algebraic geometry
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Analytic geometry
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Analytic geometry
An analytic variety over the field of real or complex numbers is defined locally as the set of common solutions of several equations involving analytic functions. It is analogous to the concept of algebraic variety in that it carries a structure sheaf of analytic functions instead of regular functions. Any complex manifold is a complex analytic variety. Since analytic varieties may have singular points, not all complex analytic varieties are manifolds. Over a non-archimedean field analytic geometry is studied via rigid analytic spaces.
Modern analytic geometry over the field of complex numbers is closely related to complex algebraic geometry, as has been shown by Jean-Pierre Serre in his paper GAGA, the name of which is French for Algebraic geometry and analytic geometry. The GAGA results over the field of complex numbers may be extended to rigid analytic spaces over non-archimedean fields.
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Algebraic geometry
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Applications
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Applications
Algebraic geometry now finds applications in statistics, control theory, robotics, error-correcting codes, phylogenetics and geometric modelling. There are also connections to string theory, game theory, graph matchings, solitons and integer programming.
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Algebraic geometry
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See also
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See also
Glossary of classical algebraic geometry
Important publications in algebraic geometry
List of algebraic surfaces
Noncommutative algebraic geometry
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Algebraic geometry
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Notes
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Notes
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Algebraic geometry
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References
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References
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Algebraic geometry
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Sources
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Sources
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Algebraic geometry
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Further reading
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Further reading
Some classic textbooks that predate schemes
Modern textbooks that do not use the language of schemes
Textbooks in computational algebraic geometry
Textbooks and references for schemes
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Algebraic geometry
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External links
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External links
Foundations of Algebraic Geometry by Ravi Vakil, 808 pp.
Algebraic geometry entry on PlanetMath
English translation of the van der Waerden textbook
The Stacks Project, an open source textbook and reference work on algebraic stacks and algebraic geometry
Adjectives Project, an online database for searching examples of schemes and morphisms based on their properties
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Algebraic geometry
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Table of Content
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short description, Basic notions, Zeros of simultaneous polynomials, Affine varieties, Regular functions, Morphism of affine varieties, Rational function and birational equivalence, Projective variety, Real algebraic geometry, Computational algebraic geometry, Gröbner basis, Cylindrical algebraic decomposition (CAD), Asymptotic complexity vs. practical efficiency, Abstract modern viewpoint, History, Before the 16th century, Renaissance, 19th and early 20th century, 20th century, Analytic geometry, Applications, See also, Notes, References, Sources, Further reading, External links
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Austin, Texas
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Short description
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Austin ( ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat and most populous city of Travis County, with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties. Incorporated on December 27, 1839, it is the 26th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, the 13th-most populous city in the United States, the fifth-most populous city in the state after Houston, San Antonio, Dallas, and Fort Worth, and the second-most populous state capital city after Phoenix, Arizona. It has been one of the fastest growing large cities in the United States since 2010. Downtown Austin and Downtown San Antonio are approximately apart, and both fall along the I-35 corridor. This combined metropolitan region of San Antonio–Austin has approximately 5 million people. Austin is the southernmost state capital in the contiguous United States and is considered a Gamma + level global city as categorized by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.
As of the 2020 census, Austin had a population of 961,855. The city is the cultural and economic center of the metropolitan statistical area, which had an estimated population of 2,473,275 as of July 1, 2023. Located in within the greater Texas Hill Country, it is home to numerous lakes, rivers, and waterways, including Lady Bird Lake and Lake Travis on the Colorado River, Barton Springs, McKinney Falls, and Lake Walter E. Long.
Residents of Austin are known as Austinites. They include a diverse mix of government employees, college students, musicians, high-tech workers, and blue-collar workers. The city's official slogan promotes Austin as "The Live Music Capital of the World", a reference to the city's many musicians and live music venues, as well as the long-running PBS TV concert series Austin City Limits. Austin is the site of South by Southwest (SXSW), an annual conglomeration of parallel film, interactive media, and music festivals. The city also adopted "Silicon Hills" as a nickname in the 1990s due to a rapid influx of technology and development companies. In recent years, some Austinites have adopted the unofficial slogan "Keep Austin Weird", which refers to the desire to protect small, unique, and local businesses from being overrun by large corporations. Since the late 19th century, Austin has also been known as the "City of the Violet Crown", because of the colorful glow of light across the hills just after sunset.
Emerging from a strong economic focus on government and education, since the 1990s, Austin has become a center for technology and business. The technology roots in Austin can be traced back to the 1960s, when defense electronics contractor Tracor (now BAE Systems) began operations in the city in 1962. IBM followed in 1967, opening a facility to produce its Selectric typewriters. Texas Instruments was set up in Austin two years later, and Motorola (now NXP Semiconductors) started semiconductor chip manufacturing in 1974. A number of Fortune 500 companies have headquarters or regional offices in Austin, including 3M, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), Agilent Technologies, Amazon, Apple, Dell, Expedia, Facebook (Meta), General Motors, Google, IBM, Intel, NXP Semiconductors, Oracle, Tesla, and Texas Instruments. With regard to education, Austin is the home of the University of Texas at Austin, one of the largest universities in the U.S., with over 50,000 students. In 2021, Austin became home to Austin FC, the first (and currently only) major professional sports team in the city.
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Austin, Texas
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History
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History
Austin, Travis County and Williamson County have been the site of human habitation since at least 9200 BC. The area's earliest known inhabitants lived during the late Pleistocene (Ice Age) and are linked to the Clovis culture around 9200 BC (over 11,200 years ago), based on evidence found throughout the area and documented at the much-studied Gault Site, midway between Georgetown and Fort Cavazos.
When settlers arrived from Europe, the Tonkawa tribe inhabited the area. The Comanches and Lipan Apaches were also known to travel through the area. Spanish colonists, including the Espinosa-Olivares-Aguirre expedition, traveled through the area, though few permanent settlements were created for some time. In 1730, three Catholic missions from East Texas were combined and reestablished as one mission on the south side of the Colorado River, in what is now Zilker Park, in Austin. The mission was in this area for only about seven months, then was moved to San Antonio de Béxar and split into three missions.
During the 1830s, pioneers began to settle the area in central Austin along the Colorado River. Spanish forts were established in what are now Bastrop and San Marcos. Following Mexico's independence, new settlements were established in Central Texas. Texas State Historical Association.
thumb|Statue of the Goddess of Liberty on the Texas State Capitol grounds, prior to installation atop the rotunda
In 1835–1836, Texans fought and won independence from Mexico. Texas thus became an independent country with its own president, congress, and monetary system. In 1839, the Texas Congress formed a commission to seek a site for the new capital of the Republic of Texas to replace Houston. When he was Vice President of Texas, Mirabeau B. Lamar had visited the area during a buffalo-hunting expedition between 1837 and 1838. He advised the commissioners to consider the area on the north bank of the Colorado River (near the present-day Congress Avenue Bridge), noting the area's hills, waterways, and pleasant surroundings. It was seen as a convenient crossroads for trade routes between Santa Fe and Galveston Bay, as well as routes between Northern Mexico and the Red River. In 1839, the site was chosen, and briefly incorporated under the name "Waterloo". Texas State Historical Association. Shortly afterward, the name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin, the "Father of Texas" and the republic's first secretary of state.
The city grew throughout the 19th century and became a center for government and education with the construction of the Texas State Capitol and the University of Texas at Austin.
thumb|Second capitol building in Austin
Edwin Waller was picked by Lamar to survey the village and draft a plan laying out the new capital. The original site was narrowed to that fronted the Colorado River between two creeks, Shoal Creek and Waller Creek, which was later named in his honor. Waller and a team of surveyors developed Austin's first city plan, commonly known as the Waller Plan, dividing the site into a 14-block grid plan bisected by a broad north–south thoroughfare, Congress Avenue, running up from the river to Capital Square, where the new Texas State Capitol was to be constructed. A temporary one-story capitol was erected on the corner of Colorado and 8th Streets. On August 1, 1839, the first auction of 217 out of 306 lots total was held. The Waller Plan designed and surveyed now forms the basis of downtown Austin.
In 1840, a series of conflicts between the Texas Rangers and the Comanches, known as the Council House Fight and the Battle of Plum Creek, pushed the Comanches westward, mostly ending conflicts in Central Texas. Texas State Historical Association. Settlement in the area began to expand quickly. Travis County was established in 1840, and the surrounding counties were mostly established within the next two decades.
Initially, the new capital thrived but Lamar's political enemy, Sam Houston, used two Mexican army incursions to San Antonio as an excuse to move the government. Sam Houston fought bitterly against Lamar's decision to establish the capital in such a remote wilderness. The men and women who traveled mainly from Houston to conduct government business were intensely disappointed as well. By 1840, the population had risen to 856, nearly half of whom fled Austin when Congress recessed. The resident African American population listed in January of this same year was 176. The fear of Austin's proximity to the Indians and Mexico, which still considered Texas a part of their land, created an immense motive for Sam Houston, the first and third President of the Republic of Texas, to relocate the capital once again in 1841. Upon threats of Mexican troops in Texas, Houston raided the Land Office to transfer all official documents to Houston for safe keeping in what was later known as the Archive War, but the people of Austin would not allow this unaccompanied decision to be executed. The documents stayed, but the capital would temporarily move from Austin to Houston to Washington-on-the-Brazos. Without the governmental body, Austin's population declined to a low of only a few hundred people throughout the early 1840s. The voting by the fourth President of the Republic, Anson Jones, and Congress, who reconvened in Austin in 1845, settled the issue to keep Austin the seat of government, as well as annex the Republic of Texas into the United States.
In 1860, 38% of Travis County residents were slaves. In 1861, with the outbreak of the American Civil War, voters in Austin and other Central Texas communities voted against secession. However, as the war progressed and fears of attack by Union forces increased, Austin contributed hundreds of men to the Confederate forces. The African American population of Austin swelled dramatically after the enforcement of the Emancipation Proclamation in Texas by Union General Gordon Granger at Galveston, in an event commemorated as Juneteenth. Black communities such as Wheatville, Pleasant Hill, and Clarksville were established, with Clarksville being the oldest surviving freedomtown ‒ the original post-Civil War settlements founded by former African-American slaves ‒ west of the Mississippi River. In 1870, blacks made up 36.5% of Austin's population.
thumb|An 1873 illustration of Edwin Waller's layout for Austin
The postwar period saw dramatic population and economic growth. The opening of the Houston and Texas Central Railway (H&TC) in 1871Roots Web, retrieved July 13, 2010 turned Austin into the major trading center for the region, with the ability to transport both cotton and cattle. The Missouri, Kansas & Texas (MKT) line followed close behind. Austin was also the terminus of the southernmost leg of the Chisholm Trail, and "drovers" pushed cattle north to the railroad. Cotton was one of the few crops produced locally for export, and a cotton gin engine was located downtown near the trains for "ginning" cotton of its seeds and turning the product into bales for shipment. However, as other new railroads were built through the region in the 1870s, Austin began to lose its primacy in trade to the surrounding communities. In addition, the areas east of Austin took over cattle and cotton production from Austin, especially in towns like Hutto and Taylor that sit over the blackland prairie, with its deep, rich soils for producing cotton and hay.Martin (2009), p. 30. Texas State Historical Association.
In September 1881, Austin public schools held their first classes. The same year, Tillotson Collegiate and Normal Institute (now part of Huston–Tillotson University) opened its doors. The University of Texas held its first classes in 1883, although classes had been held in the original wooden state capitol for four years before.Martin (2009), p. 84.
During the 1880s, Austin gained new prominence as the state capitol building was completed in 1888 and claimed as the seventh largest building in the world. In the late 19th century, Austin expanded its city limits to more than three times its former area, and the first granite dam was built on the Colorado River to power a new street car line and the new "moon towers". The first dam washed away in a flood on April 7, 1900.Martin (2009), p. 107.
In the late 1920s and 1930s, Austin implemented the 1928 Austin city plan through a series of civic development and beautification projects that created much of the city's infrastructure and many of its parks. In addition, the state legislature established the Lower Colorado River Authority (LCRA) that, along with the city of Austin, created the system of dams along the Colorado River to form the Highland Lakes. These projects were enabled in large part because the Public Works Administration provided Austin with greater funding for municipal construction projects than other Texas cities.
During the early 20th century, a three-way system of social segregation emerged in Austin, with Anglos, African Americans and Mexicans being separated by custom or law in most aspects of life, including housing, health care, and education. Deed restrictions also played an important role in residential segregation. After 1935 most housing deeds prohibited African Americans (and sometimes other nonwhite groups) from using land. Combined with the system of segregated public services, racial segregation increased in Austin during the first half of the twentieth century, with African Americans and Mexicans experiencing high levels of discrimination and social marginalization.McDonald, Jason (2012). Racial Dynamics in Early Twentieth-Century Austin, Texas. Lexington Books. ISBN/9780739170977
In 1940, the destroyed granite dam on the Colorado River was finally replaced by a hollow concrete damMartin (2009). p. 111. that formed Lake McDonald (now called Lake Austin) and which has withstood all floods since. In addition, the much larger Mansfield Dam was built by the LCRA upstream of Austin to form Lake Travis, a flood-control reservoir.Martin (2009), p. 112.
In the early 20th century, the Texas Oil Boom took hold, creating tremendous economic opportunities in Southeast Texas and North Texas. The growth generated by this boom largely passed by Austin at first, with the city slipping from fourth largest to tenth largest in Texas between 1880 and 1920.
After a severe lull in economic growth from the Great Depression, Austin resumed its steady development. Following the mid-20th century, Austin became established as one of Texas' major metropolitan centers. In 1970, the U.S. Census Bureau reported Austin's population as 14.5% Hispanic, 11.9% black, and 73.4% non-Hispanic white. In the late 20th century, Austin emerged as an important high tech center for semiconductors and software. The University of Texas at Austin emerged as a major university.
The 1970s saw Austin's emergence in the national music scene, with local artists such as Willie Nelson, Asleep at the Wheel, and Stevie Ray Vaughan and iconic music venues such as the Armadillo World Headquarters. Over time, the long-running television program Austin City Limits, its namesake Austin City Limits Festival, and the South by Southwest music festival solidified the city's place in the music industry.
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Austin, Texas
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Geography
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Geography
alt=|thumb|upright=1|right|Austin as seen from space, 2020
Austin, the southernmost state capital of the contiguous 48 states, is located in Central Texas on the Colorado River. Austin is northwest of Houston, south of Dallas and northeast of San Antonio.
Austin occupies a total area of . Approximately of this area is water. Austin is situated at the foot of the Balcones Escarpment, on the Colorado River, with three artificial lakes within the city limits: Lady Bird Lake (formerly known as Town Lake), Lake Austin (both created by dams along the Colorado River), and Lake Walter E. Long that is partly used for cooling water for the Decker Power Plant. Mansfield Dam and the foot of Lake Travis are located within the city's limits. Lady Bird Lake, Lake Austin, and Lake Travis are each on the Colorado River.
The elevation of Austin varies from to approximately above sea level. Due to the fact it straddles the Balcones Fault, much of the eastern part of the city is flat, with heavy clay and loam soils, whereas the western part and western suburbs consist of rolling hills on the edge of the Texas Hill Country. Because the hills to the west are primarily limestone rock with a thin covering of topsoil, portions of the city are frequently subjected to flash floods from the runoff caused by thunderstorms. Texas State Historical Association. To help control this runoff and to generate hydroelectric power, the Lower Colorado River Authority operates a series of dams that form the Texas Highland Lakes. The lakes also provide venues for boating, swimming, and other forms of recreation within several parks on the lake shores. Texas State Historical Association.
Austin is located at the intersection of four major ecological regions, and is consequently a temperate-to-hot green oasis with a highly variable climate having some characteristics of the desert, the tropics, and a wetter climate. The area is very diverse ecologically and biologically, and is home to a variety of animals and plants. Notably, the area is home to many types of wildflowers that blossom throughout the year but especially in the spring. This includes the popular bluebonnets, some planted by "Lady Bird" Johnson, wife of former President Lyndon B. Johnson.Baird (2009), p. 225.
The soils of Austin range from shallow, gravelly clay loams over limestone in the western outskirts to deep, fine sandy loams, silty clay loams, silty clays or clays in the city's eastern part. Some of the clays have pronounced shrink-swell properties and are difficult to work under most moisture conditions. Many of Austin's soils, especially the clay-rich types, are slightly to moderately alkaline and have free calcium carbonate.
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Austin, Texas
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Cityscape
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Cityscape
Austin's skyline historically was modest, dominated by the Texas State Capitol and the University of Texas Main Building. However, since the 2000s, many new high-rise towers have been constructed. Austin is currently undergoing a skyscraper boom, which includes recent construction on new office, hotel and residential buildings. Downtown's buildings are somewhat spread out, partly due to a set of zoning restrictions that preserve the view of the Texas State Capitol from various locations around Austin, known as the Capitol View Corridors.
thumb|upright|One of the 15 remaining moonlight towers in Austin
At night, parts of Austin are lit by "artificial moonlight" from moonlight towers built to illuminate the central part of the city. The moonlight towers were built in the late 19th century and are now recognized as historic landmarks. Only 15 of the 31 original innovative towers remain standing in Austin, but none remain in any of the other cities where they were installed. The towers are featured in the 1993 film Dazed and Confused.
In December 2023, amid rising home prices, the Austin City Council loosened the city's zoning rules to permit by-right development of triplexes on each lot and loosened restrictions on tiny homes.
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Austin, Texas
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Downtown
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Downtown
The central business district of Austin is home to the tallest condo towers in the state, with The Independent (58 stories and tall) and The Austonian (topping out at 56 floors and tall). The Independent became the tallest all-residential building in the U.S. west of Chicago when topped out in 2018. In 2005, then-Mayor Will Wynn set out a goal of having 25,000 people living downtown by 2015. Although downtown's growth did not meet this goal, downtown's residential population did surge from an estimated 5,000 in 2005 to 12,000 in 2015. The skyline has drastically changed in recent years, and the residential real estate market has remained relatively strong. , there were 31 high rise projects either under construction, approved or planned to be completed in Austin's downtown core between 2017 and 2020. Sixteen of those were set to rise above tall, including four above 600', and eight above 500'. An additional 15 towers were slated to stand between 300' and 399' tall.
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Austin, Texas
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Climate
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Climate
Austin is located within the middle of a unique, narrow transitional zone between the dry deserts of the American Southwest and the lush, green, more humid regions of the American Southeast. Its climate, topography, and vegetation share characteristics of both. Officially, Austin has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa under the Köppen climate classification, Cfhl under the Trewartha climate classification). This climate is typified by long, very hot summers, short, mild winters, and warm to hot spring and fall seasons in-between. Austin averages of annual rainfall distributed mostly evenly throughout the year, though spring and fall are the wettest seasons. Sunshine is common during all seasons, with 2,650 hours, or 60.3% of the possible total, of bright sunshine per year.
Summers in Austin are very hot, with average July and August highs frequently reaching the high-90s (34–36 °C) or above. Highs reach on 123 days per year, of which 29 days reach ; all years in the 1991-2020 period recorded at least 1 day of the latter. The average daytime high is or warmer between March 1 and November 21, rising to or warmer between April 14 and October 24, and reaching or warmer between May 30 and September 18. The highest ever recorded temperature was occurring on September 5, 2000, and August 28, 2011. An uncommon characteristic of Austin's climate is its highly variable humidity, which fluctuates frequently depending on the shifting patterns of air flow and wind direction. It is common for a lengthy series of warm, dry, low-humidity days to be occasionally interrupted by very warm and humid days, and vice versa. Humidity rises with winds from the east or southeast, when the air drifts inland from the Gulf of Mexico, but decreases significantly with winds from the west or southwest, bringing air flowing from Chihuahuan Desert areas of West Texas or Northern Mexico.
Winters in Austin are mild, although occasional short-lived bursts of cold weather known as "Blue Northers" can occur. January is the coolest month with an average daytime high of . The overnight low drops to or below freezing 12 times per year, and sinks below during 76 evenings per year, mostly between mid-December and mid-February. The average first and last dates for a freeze are December 1 and February 15, giving Austin an average growing season of 288 days, and the coldest temperature of the year is normally about under the 1991-2020 climate normals, putting Austin in USDA zone 9a.
Conversely, winter months also produce warm days on a regular basis. On average, 10 days in January reach or exceed and 1 day reaches ; during the 1991-2020 period, all Januarys had at least 1 day with a high of or more, and most (60%) had at least 1 day with a high of or more. The lowest ever recorded temperature in the city was on January 31, 1949. Roughly every two years Austin experiences an ice storm that freezes roads over and cripples travel in the city for 24 to 48 hours. When Austin received of ice on January 24, 2014, there were 278 vehicular collisions.Price, Asher; Taboada, Melissa B.; Jankowski, Phillip. "Cold leads to crashes, closings, cancellations: Schools close, flights fall through as freezing rain, sleet coat area." Austin American-Statesman. January 25, 2014. Similarly, snowfall is rare in Austin."It's not always sweltering in Central Texas. Honest." Austin American-Statesman. July 27, 2008. A snow event of on February 4, 2011, caused more than 300 car crashes.Plohetski, Tony. "Wearing winter white." Austin American-Statesman. February 5, 2011. The most recent major snow event occurred February 14–15, 2021, when of snow fell at Austin's Camp Mabry, the largest two-day snowfall since records began being kept in 1948."February 2021 Historical Winter Storm Event South-Central Texas". Austin/San Antonio Weather Forecast Office. 'National Weather Service. February 2021.
Typical of Central Texas, severe weather in Austin is a threat that can strike during any season. However, it is most common during the spring. According to most classifications, Austin lies within the extreme southern periphery of Tornado Alley, although many sources place Austin outside of Tornado Alley altogether. Consequently, tornadoes strike Austin less frequently than areas farther to the north. However, severe weather and/or supercell thunderstorms can occur multiple times per year, bringing damaging winds, lightning, heavy rain, and occasional flash flooding to the city. The deadliest storm to ever strike city limits was the twin tornadoes storm of May 4, 1922, while the deadliest tornado outbreak to ever strike the metro area was the Central Texas tornado outbreak of May 27, 1997.
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Austin, Texas
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Natural disasters
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Natural disasters
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Austin, Texas
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2011 drought
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2011 drought
thumb|The 2011 Texas drought dried up many of central Texas' waterways. This boat was left to sit in the middle of what is normally a branch of Lake Travis, part of the Colorado River.
From October 2010 through September 2011, both major reporting stations in Austin, Camp Mabry and Bergstrom Int'l, had the least rainfall of a water year on record, receiving less than a third of normal precipitation. This was a result of La Niña conditions in the eastern Pacific Ocean where water was significantly cooler than normal. David Brown, a regional official with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, explained that "these kinds of droughts will have effects that are even more extreme in the future, given a warming and drying regional climate." The drought, coupled with exceedingly high temperatures throughout the summer of 2011, caused many wildfires throughout Texas, including notably the Bastrop County Complex Fire in neighboring Bastrop, Texas.
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Austin, Texas
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2018 flooding and water crisis
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2018 flooding and water crisis
In the fall of 2018, Austin and surrounding areas received heavy rainfall and flash flooding following Hurricane Sergio. The Lower Colorado River Authority opened four floodgates of the Mansfield Dam after Lake Travis was recorded at 146% full at . From October 22 to October 29, 2018, the City of Austin issued a mandatory citywide boil-water advisory after the Highland Lakes, home to the city's main water supply, became overwhelmed by unprecedented amounts of silt, dirt, and debris that had washed in from the Llano River. Austin Water, the city's water utility, has the capacity to process up to 300 million gallons of water per day; however, the elevated level of turbidity reduced output to only 105 million gallons per day. Since Austin residents consumed an average of 120 million gallons of water per day, the infrastructure was not able to keep up with demand.
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Austin, Texas
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2021 winter storm
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2021 winter storm
thumb|Austin covered in snow on February 15, 2021. Photo from ESA.
In February 2021, Winter Storm Uri dropped prolific amounts of snow across Texas and Oklahoma, including Austin. The Austin area received a total of of snowfall between February 14 and 15, with snow cover persisting until February 20.
This marked the longest time the area had had more than of snow, with the previous longest time being three days in January 1985.
Lack of winterization in natural gas power plants, which supply a large amount of power to the Texas grid, and increased energy demand caused ERCOT and Austin Energy to enact rolling blackouts in order to avoid total grid collapse between February 15 and February 18. Initial rolling blackouts were to last for a maximum of 40 minutes, however lack of energy production caused many blackouts to last for much longer, at the peak of the blackouts an estimated 40% of Austin Energy homes were without power.
Starting on February 15, Austin Water received reports of pipe breaks, hourly water demand increased from 150 million gallons per day on February 15 to a peak hourly demand of 260 million gallons per day on February 16. On the morning of February 17 demand increased to 330 million gallons per day, the resulting drop of water pressure caused the Austin area to enter into a boil-water advisory which would last until water pressure was restored on February 23.
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Austin, Texas
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2023 winter storm
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2023 winter storm
Beginning January 30, 2023 the City of Austin experienced a winter freeze which left 170,000 Austin Energy customers without electricity or heat for several days. The slow pace of repairs and lack of public information from City officials frustrated many residents. A week after the freeze and when Austin City Council members were proposing to evaluate his employment, City Manager Spencer Cronk finally apologized. On Thursday February 16, 2023, Cronk was fired by the Austin City Council for the city's response to the winter storm. Former City Manager Jesus Garcia was named Interim City Manager.
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Austin, Texas
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Parks
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Parks
The Austin Parks and Recreation Department received the Excellence in Aquatics award in 1999 and the Gold Medal Awards in 2004 from the National Recreation and Park Association.
To strengthen the region's parks system, which spans more than , The Austin Parks Foundation was established in 1992 to develop and improve parks in and around Austin. APF works to fill the city's park funding gap by leveraging volunteers, philanthropists, park advocates, and strategic collaborations to develop, maintain and enhance Austin's parks, trails and green spaces.
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Austin, Texas
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Lady Bird Lake
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Lady Bird Lake
thumb|Ann and Roy Butler Hike-and-Bike Trail along Lady Bird Lake
thumb|Sculpture Falls along the Barton Creek Greenbelt
thumb|Austin's Deep Eddy Pool is the oldest human-made pool in Texas.
thumb|Hamilton Pool Preserve|alt=
thumb|View of the Colorado River from Covert Park at Mount Bonnell|alt=
Lady Bird Lake (formerly Town Lake) is a river-like reservoir on the Colorado River. The lake is a popular recreational area for paddleboards, kayaks, canoes, dragon boats, and rowing shells. Austin's warm climate and the river's calm waters, nearly length and straight courses are especially popular with crew teams and clubs. Other recreational attractions along the shores of the lake include swimming in Deep Eddy Pool, the oldest swimming pool in Texas, and Red Bud Isle, a small island formed by the 1900 collapse of the McDonald Dam that serves as a recreation area with a dog park and access to the lake for canoeing and fishing. The Ann and Roy Butler Hike and Bike Trail forms a complete circuit around the lake. A local nonprofit, The Trail Foundation, is the Trail's private steward and has built amenities and infrastructure including trailheads, lakefront gathering areas, restrooms, exercise equipment, as well as doing Trailwide ecological restoration work on an ongoing basis. The Butler Trail loop was completed in 2014 with the public-private partnership 1-mile Boardwalk project.
Along the shores of Lady Bird Lake is the Zilker Park, which contains large open lawns, sports fields, cross country courses, historical markers, concession stands, and picnic areas. Zilker Park is also home to numerous attractions, including the Zilker Botanical Garden, the Umlauf Sculpture Garden, Zilker Hillside Theater, the Austin Nature & Science Center, and the Zilker Zephyr, a gauge miniature railway carries passengers on a tour around the park. Auditorium Shores, an urban park along the lake, is home to the Palmer Auditorium, the Long Center for the Performing Arts, and an off-leash dog park on the water. Both Zilker Park and Auditorium Shores have a direct view of the Downtown skyline.
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Austin, Texas
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Barton Creek Greenbelt
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Barton Creek Greenbelt
The Barton Creek Greenbelt is a public green belt managed by the City of Austin's Park and Recreation Department. The Greenbelt, which begins at Zilker Park and stretches South/Southwest to the Woods of Westlake subdivision, is characterized by large limestone cliffs, dense foliage, and shallow bodies of water. Popular activities include rock climbing, mountain biking, and hiking. Some well known naturally forming swimming holes along Austin's greenbelt include Twin Falls, Sculpture Falls, Gus Fruh Pool, and Campbell's Hole. During years of heavy rainfall, the water level of the creek rises high enough to allow swimming, cliff diving, kayaking, paddle boarding, and tubing.
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Austin, Texas
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Swimming holes
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Swimming holes
Austin is home to more than 50 public pools and swimming holes. These include Deep Eddy Pool, Texas' oldest human-made swimming pool, and Barton Springs Pool, the nation's largest natural swimming pool in an urban area. Barton Springs Pool is spring-fed while Deep Eddy is well-fed. Both range in temperature from about during the winter to about during the summer. Hippie Hollow Park, a county park situated along Lake Travis, is the only officially sanctioned clothing-optional public park in Texas. Hamilton Pool Preserve is a natural pool that was created when the dome of an underground river collapsed due to massive erosion thousands of years ago. The pool, located about west of Austin, is a popular summer swimming spot for visitors and residents. Hamilton Pool Preserve consists of of protected natural habitat featuring a jade green pool into which a waterfall flows.
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Austin, Texas
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Other parks
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Other parks
In May 2021, voters in the City of Austin reinstated a public camping ban. That includes downtown green spaces as well as trails and greenbelts such as along Barton Creek.
McKinney Falls State Park is a state park administered by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, located at the confluence of Onion Creek and Williamson Creek. The park includes several designated hiking trails and campsites with water and electric. The namesake features of the park are the scenic upper and lower falls along Onion Creek. The Emma Long Metropolitan Park is a municipal park along the shores of Lake Austin, originally constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps. The Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center is a botanical garden and arboretum that features more than 800 species of native Texas plants in both garden and natural settings; the Wildflower Center is located southwest of Downtown in Circle C Ranch. Roy G. Guerrero Park is located along the Colorado River in East Riverside and contains miles of wooded trails, a sandy beach along the river, and a disc golf course.
Covert Park, located on the top of Mount Bonnell, is a popular tourist destination overlooking Lake Austin and the Colorado River. The mount provides a vista for viewing the city of Austin, Lake Austin, and the surrounding hills. It was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1969, bearing Marker number 6473, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.
The Louis René Barrera Indiangrass Wildlife Sanctuary, located on the north shore of Lake Walter E. Long, is a park managed by the Austin Parks and Recreation Department with the goal of restoring the Blackland Prairie. While not open to the public, it is accessible through guided tours.
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Austin, Texas
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Demographics
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Demographics
In 2020, there were 961,855 people, up from the 2000 United States census tabulation where there were people, households, and families residing in the city. In 2000, the population density was . There were dwelling units at an average density of . There were households, out of which 26.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.1% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.7% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.14.
In the city the population was spread out, with 22.5% of the population under the age of 18, 16.6% from 18 to 24, 37.1% from 25 to 44, 17.1% from 45 to 64, and 6.7% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was , and the median income for a family was $. Males had a median income of $ compared to $ for females. The per capita income for the city was $. About 9.1% of families and 14.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.5% of those under age 18 and 8.7% of those age 65 or over. The median house price was $ in 2009, and it has increased every year since 2004. The median value of a house which the owner occupies was $318,400 in 2019—higher than the average American home value of $240,500.
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Austin, Texas
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Race and ethnicity
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Race and ethnicity
Racial composition 2022 2020 2010 2000 1990 1970 1950 White (Non-Hispanic) 47.7% 47.1% 48.7% 56.4% 61.7% 73.4% 86.6% Hispanic or Latino 32.5% 32.5% 35.1% 28.2% 23.0% 14.5% n/a Asian 8.4% 8.9% 6.2% 4.5% 3.0% 0.2% 0.1% Black or African American 7.9% 6.9% 7.7% 9.3% 12.4% 11.8% 13.3% Mixed 4.5% 3.9% 1.7% 2.9%
According to the 2010 United States census, the racial composition of Austin was 68.3% White (48.7% non-Hispanic whites), 35.1% Hispanic or Latino (29.1% Mexican, 0.5% Puerto Rican, 0.4% Cuban, 5.1% Other), 8.1% African American, 6.3% Asian (1.9% Indian, 1.5% Chinese, 1.0% Vietnamese, 0.7% Korean, 0.3% Filipino, 0.2% Japanese, 0.8% Other), 0.9% American Indian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and 3.4% two or more races.
According to the 2020 United States census, the racial composition of Austin was 72.6% White (48.3% non-Hispanic whites), 33.9% Hispanic or Latino, 7.8% African American, 7.6% Asian, 0.7% American Indian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, and 3.4% two or more races.
thumb|Map of racial distribution in Austin, 2010 U.S. census. Each dot is 25 people:
A 2014 University of Texas study stated that Austin was the only U.S. city with a fast growth rate between 2000 and 2010 with a net loss in African Americans. , Austin's African American and non-Hispanic white percentage shares of the total population was declining despite the actual numbers of both ethnic groups increasing, as the rapid growth of the Latino or Hispanic and Asian populations has outpaced all other ethnic groups in the city. Austin's non-Hispanic white population first dropped below 50% in 2005.Donahue, Emily and David Brown. "Austin's the Only Fast-Growing City in the Country Losing African-Americans" (Archive). KUT. Moody College of Communication at the University of Texas at Austin, Friday May 16, 2014. Retrieved on May 20, 2014.
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Austin, Texas
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Sexual orientation and gender identity
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Sexual orientation and gender identity
According to a survey completed in 2014 by Gallup, it is estimated that 5.3% of residents in the Austin metropolitan area identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender. The Austin metropolitan area had the third-highest rate in the nation.
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Austin, Texas
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Religion
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Religion
According to Sperling's BestPlaces, 52.4% of Austin's population are religious. The majority of Austinites identified themselves as Christians, about 25.2% of whom claimed affiliation with the Catholic Church. The city's Catholic population is served by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Austin, headquartered at the Cathedral of Saint Mary. Nationwide, 23% of Americans identified as Catholic in 2016. Other significant Christian groups in Austin include Baptists (8.7%), followed by Methodists (4.3%), Latter-day Saints (1.5%), Episcopalians or Anglicans (1.0%), Lutherans (0.8%), Presbyterians (0.6%), Pentecostals (0.3%), and other Christians such as the Disciples of Christ and Eastern Orthodox Church (7.1%). The second largest religion Austinites identify with is Islam (1.7%); roughly 0.8% of Americans nationwide claimed affiliation with the Islamic faith. The dominant branch of Islam is Sunni Islam. Established in 1977, the largest mosque in Austin is the Islamic Center of Greater Austin. The community is affiliated with the Islamic Society of North America. Judaism forms less than 0.1% of the religious demographic in Austin. Orthodox, Reform, and Conservative congregations are present in the community. The same study says that eastern faiths including Buddhism and Hinduism made up 0.9% of the city's religious population. Several Hindu temples exist in the Austin Metropolitan area with the most notable one being Radha Madhav Dham. In addition to those religious groups, Austin is also home to an active secular humanist community, hosting nationwide television shows and charity work.
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Austin, Texas
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Homelessness
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Homelessness
As of 2019, there were 2,255 individuals experiencing homelessness in Travis County. Of those, 1,169 were sheltered and 1,086 were unsheltered. In September 2019, the Austin City Council approved $62.7 million for programs aimed at homelessness, which includes housing displacement prevention, crisis mitigation, and affordable housing; the city council also earmarked $500,000 for crisis services and encampment cleanups.
In June 2019, following Martin v. Boise, a federal court ruling on homelessness sleeping in public, the Austin City Council lifted a 25-year-old ban on camping, sitting, or lying down in public unless doing so causes an obstruction. The resolution also included the approval of a new housing-focused shelter in South Austin. In early October 2019, Texas Governor Greg Abbott sent a letter to Mayor Steve Adler threatening to deploy state resources to combat the camping ban repeal. On October 17, 2019, the City Council revised the camping ordinance, which imposed increased restrictions on sidewalk camping. In November 2019, the State of Texas opened a temporary homeless encampment on a former vehicle storage yard owned by the Texas Department of Transportation.
In May 2021, the camping ban was reinstated after a ballot proposition was approved by 57% of voters. The ban introduces penalties for camping, sitting, or lying down on a public sidewalk or sleeping outdoors in or near Downtown Austin or the area around the University of Texas campus. The ordinance also prohibits solicitation at certain locations.
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Austin, Texas
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Economy
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Economy
alt=|thumb|Downtown Austin from Congress Avenue Bridge, with Texas State Capitol in background, 2012
The Greater Austin metropolitan statistical area had a gross domestic product (GDP) of $222 billion in 2022. Austin is considered to be a major center for high tech. Thousands of graduates each year from the engineering and computer science programs at the University of Texas at Austin provide a steady source of employees that help to fuel Austin's technology and defense industry sectors. As a result of the high concentration of high-tech companies in the region, Austin was strongly affected by the dot-com boom in the late 1990s and subsequent bust. Austin's largest employers include the Austin Independent School District, the City of Austin, Dell Technologies, the U.S. Federal Government, NXP Semiconductors, IBM, St. David's Healthcare Partnership, Seton Family of Hospitals, the State of Texas, the Texas State University, and the University of Texas at Austin.
Other high-tech companies with operations in Austin include 3M, Apple (the largest campus outside of Cupertino), Amazon, AMD, Apartment Ratings, Applied Materials, Arm, Bigcommerce, BioWare, Blizzard Entertainment, Buffalo Technology, Cirrus Logic, Cisco Systems, Cloudflare, Crowdstrike, Dropbox, eBay, Electronic Arts, Flextronics, Facebook, Google, Hewlett-Packard, Hoover's, HomeAway, HostGator, Indeed, Intel Corporation, Meta, National Instruments, Nintendo, Nvidia, Oracle, PayPal, Polycom, Qualcomm, Rackspace, RetailMeNot, Rooster Teeth, Samsung Group, Silicon Labs, Spansion, TikTok, United Devices, VMware, X (formerly Twitter), Xerox, and Zoho Corporation. The proliferation of technology companies has led to the region's nickname, "Silicon Hills", and spurred development that greatly expanded the city.
Tesla, Inc., an electric vehicle and clean energy company has its corporate headquarters in Austin inside Gigafactory Texas, a large vehicle assembly plant which employs over 20,000 people. The company expects to eventually have a staff of 60,000 in the Austin area as production ramps up.
Austin is also emerging as a hub for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies; the city is home to about 85 of them. In 2004, the city was ranked by the Milken Institute as the No. 12 biotech and life science center in the United States and in 2018, CBRE Group ranked Austin as #3 emerging life sciences cluster. Companies such as Hospira, Pharmaceutical Product Development, and ArthroCare Corporation are located there.
Whole Foods Market, an international grocery store chain specializing in fresh and packaged food products, was founded and is headquartered in Austin.
Other companies based in Austin include NXP Semiconductors, GoodPop, Temple-Inland, Sweet Leaf Tea Company, Keller Williams Realty, National Western Life, GSD&M, Dimensional Fund Advisors, Golfsmith, Forestar Group, EZCorp, Outdoor Voices, Tito's Vodka, Speak Social, and YETI.
In 2018, Austin metro-area companies saw a total of $1.33 billion invested. In 2018, Austin's venture capital investments accounted for more than 60 percent of Texas' total investments.
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Austin, Texas
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Top employers
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Top employers
According to Austin's comprehensive annual financial reports, the top employers by number of employees in the county are the following. "NR" indicates the employer was not ranked among the top ten employers that year.
Employer Employees(2022) Employees(2013) Employees(2004) Employees(1998)Government of Texas 39,306 36,948 University of Texas at Austin 29,597 24,183 21,000 20,342 H-E-B 20,749 11,277 City of Austin 15,548 12,372 10,617 10,606 Federal government of the United States 15,000 10,500 10,200 Dell Technologies 13,000 14,000 16,500 10,700 Ascension Seton 12,086 12,609 6,393 Amazon.com 11,000 St. David's Healthcare Partnership 10,854 7,950 5,000 Austin Independent School District 10,565 11,465 10,714 9,159IBM 6,000 6,200 7,000 Freescale Semiconductor 6,500 Texas State University 5,103 Motorola 10,000 Internal Revenue Service 5,700 Texas Department of Health 5,634 Advanced Micro Devices 4,200 Texas Department of Public Safety 4,000
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Austin, Texas
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Transportation
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Transportation
In 2009, 72.7% of Austin (city) commuters drove alone, with other mode shares being: 10.4% carpool, 6% were remote workers, 5% use transit, 2.3% walk, and 1% bicycle. In 2016, the American Community Survey estimated modal shares for Austin (city) commuters of 73.5% for driving alone, 9.6% for carpooling, 3.6% for riding transit, 2% for walking, and 1.5% for cycling. The city of Austin has a lower than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 6.9 percent of Austin households lacked a car, and decreased slightly to 6 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Austin averaged 1.65 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.
In mid-2019, TomTom ranked Austin as having the worst traffic congestion in Texas, as well as 19th nationally and 179th globally.
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Austin, Texas
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Highways
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Highways
alt=|thumb|The Pennybacker Bridge is the signature element of Loop 360 in the Texas Hill Country.
Central Austin lies between two major north–south freeways: I-35 to the east and the Mopac Expressway (Loop 1) to the west. US 183 runs from northwest to southeast, and SH 71 crosses the southern part of the city from east to west, completing a rough "box" around central and north-central Austin. Austin is the largest city in the United States to be served by only one Interstate Highway.
US 290 enters Austin from the east and merges into I-35. Its highway designation continues south on I-35 and then becomes part of SH 71, continuing to the west. Highway 290 splits from Highway 71 in southwest Austin, in an interchange known as "The Y." SH 71 continues to Brady, Texas, and Highway 290 continues west to intersect I-10 near Junction. Interstate 35 continues south through San Antonio to Laredo on the Mexican border. I-35 is the highway link to the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex in Northern Texas. There are two links to Houston (US 290 and SH 71/I-10). US 183 leads northwest of Austin toward Lampasas.
In the mid-1980s, construction was completed on Loop 360, a scenic highway that curves through the hill country from near the 71/Mopac interchange in the south to near the US 183/Mopac interchange in the north. The iconic Pennybacker Bridge, also known as the "360 Bridge," crosses Lake Austin to connect the northern and southern portions of Loop 360.
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Austin, Texas
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Tollways
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Tollways
thumb|right|Interchange of Interstate 35 and State Highway 45
SH 130 is a bypass route designed to relieve traffic congestion, starting from Interstate 35 just north of Georgetown and running along a parallel route to the east, where it bypasses Round Rock, Austin, San Marcos and New Braunfels before ending at I-10 east of Seguin, where drivers could drive west to return to I-35 in San Antonio. The first segment was opened in November 2006, which was located east of Austin–Bergstrom International Airport at Austin's southeast corner on SH 71. Highway 130 runs concurrently with SH 45 from Pflugerville on the north until it reaches US 183 well south of Austin, at which point SR 45 continues west. The entire route of SH 130 is now complete. The final leg opened on November 1, 2012. The highway is noted for having a maximum speed limit of for the entire route. The section of the toll road between Mustang Ridge and Seguin has a posted speed limit of , the highest posted speed limit in the United States.
SH 45 runs east–west from just south of US 183 in Cedar Park to 130 inside Pflugerville (just east of Round Rock). A tolled extension of State Highway Loop 1 was also created. A new southeast leg of SH 45 has recently been completed, running from US 183 and the south end of Segment 5 of TX-130 south of Austin due west to I-35 at the FM 1327/Creedmoor Road exit between the south end of Austin and Buda. The 183A Toll Road opened in March 2007, providing a tolled alternative to US 183 through the cities of Leander and Cedar Park. Currently under construction is a change to East US 290 from US 183 to the town of Manor. Officially, the tollway will be dubbed Tollway 290 with "Manor Expressway" as nickname.
Despite the overwhelming initial opposition to the toll road concept when it was first announced, all three toll roads have exceeded revenue projections.
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Austin, Texas
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Airports
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Airports
thumb|The Barbara Jordan Terminal at Austin–Bergstrom International Airport
Austin's primary airport is Austin–Bergstrom International Airport (ABIA) (IATA code AUS), located southeast of the city. The airport is on the site of the former Bergstrom Air Force Base, which was closed in 1993 as part of the Base Realignment and Closure process. Until 1999, Robert Mueller Municipal Airport was Austin's main airport until ABIA took that role and the old airport was shut down. Austin Executive Airport, along with several smaller airports outside the city center, serves general aviation traffic.
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Austin, Texas
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Intercity transit
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Intercity transit
thumb|right|Amtrak's Texas Eagle stops in Austin twice daily.
Amtrak's Austin station is located in west downtown and is served by the Texas Eagle which runs daily between Chicago and San Antonio, continuing on to Los Angeles several times a week.
Railway segments between Austin and San Antonio have been evaluated for a proposed regional passenger rail project called "Lone Star Rail". However, failure to come to an agreement with the track's current owner, Union Pacific Railroad, ended the project in 2016.
Greyhound Lines operates the current Austin Bus Station at the Eastside Bus Plaza Grupo Senda's Turimex Internacional service operates bus service from Austin to Nuevo Laredo and on to many destinations in Mexico from their station in East Austin. Megabus offers daily service to San Antonio, Dallas/Fort Worth and Houston.
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Austin, Texas
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Public transportation
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Public transportation
thumb|CapMetro Rail train at Downtown station
The Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority (CapMetro) provides public transportation to the city, primarily with its CapMetro Bus local bus service, the CapMetro Express express bus system, as well as a bus rapid transit service, CapMetro Rapid. CapMetro opened a hybrid rail system, CapMetro Rail, in 2010. The system consists of a single line serving downtown Austin, the neighborhoods of East Austin, North Central Austin, and Northwest Austin plus the suburb of Leander.
Since it began operations in 1985, CapMetro has proposed adding light rail services to its network. Despite support from the City Council, voters rejected light rail proposals in 2000 and 2014. However, in 2020, voters approved CapMetro's transit expansion plan, Project Connect, by a comfortable margin. The plan proposes 2 new light rail lines, an additional bus rapid transit line (which could be converted to light rail in the future), a second commuter rail line, several new MetroRapid lines, more MetroExpress routes, and a number of other infrastructure, technology and service expansion projects.
Capital Area Rural Transportation System connects Austin with outlying suburbs and surrounding rural areas.
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Austin, Texas
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Ride sharing
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Ride sharing
Austin is served by several ride-sharing companies including Uber and Lyft. On May 9, 2016, Uber and Lyft voluntarily ceased operations in Austin in response to a city ordinance that required ride sharing company drivers to get fingerprint checks, have their vehicles labeled, and not pick up or drop off in certain city lanes. Uber and Lyft resumed service in the summer of 2017. The city was previously served by Fasten until they ceased all operations in the city in March 2018.
Austin is also served by Electric Cab of North America's six-passenger electric cabs that operate on a flexible route from the Kramer MetroRail Station to Domain Northside and from the Downtown CapMetro Rail station and MetroRapid stops to locations between the Austin Convention Center and near Sixth and Bowie streets by Whole Foods.
Carsharing service Zipcar operates in Austin and, until 2019, the city was also served by Car2Go which kept its North American headquarters in the city even after pulling out.
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Austin, Texas
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Cycling and walking
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Cycling and walking
thumb|upright=1.25|The Pfluger Pedestrian Bridge over the Colorado River
The city's bike advocacy organization is Bike Austin. BikeTexas, a state-level advocacy organization, also has its main office in Austin.
Bicycles are a popular transportation choice among students, faculty, and staff at the University of Texas. According to a survey done at the University of Texas, 57% of commuters bike to campus.
The City of Austin and CapMetro jointly own a bike-sharing service, CapMetro Bike, which is available in and around downtown. The service is a franchise of BCycle, a national bike sharing network owned by Trek Bicycle, and is operated by local nonprofit organization Bike Share of Austin. Until 2020 the service was known as Austin BCycle. In 2018, Lime began offering dockless bikes, which do not need to be docked at a designated station.
In 2018, scooter-sharing companies Lime and Bird debuted rentable electric scooters in Austin. The city briefly banned the scooters — which began operations before the city could implement a permitting system — until the city completed development of their "dockless mobility" permitting process on May 1, 2018. Dockless electric scooters and bikes are banned from Austin city parks and the Ann and Roy Butler Trail and Boardwalk. For the 2018 Austin City Limits Music Festival, the city of Austin offered a designated parking area for dockless bikes and scooters.
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Austin, Texas
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Parking lots
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Parking lots
In November 2023, Austin became the largest city in the US that has abolished parking mandates. It did so to encourage walking, biking, and public transit use, as well as to lower the cost of housing and increase the amount of housing units that can be built in the city. Portland and Minneapolis also took this action.
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Austin, Texas
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Culture
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Culture
thumb|Museum of the Weird on Sixth Street
thumb|The Emma S. Barrientos Mexican American Cultural Center, located on Lady Bird Lake at 600 River Street
"Keep Austin Weird" has been a local motto for years, featured on bumper stickers and T-shirts. This motto has not only been used in promoting Austin's eccentricity and diversity, but is also meant to bolster support of local independent businesses. According to the 2010 book Weird City the phrase was begun by a local Austin Community College librarian, Red Wassenich, and his wife, Karen Pavelka, who were concerned about Austin's "rapid descent into commercialism and overdevelopment." The slogan has been interpreted many ways since its inception, but remains an important symbol for many Austinites who wish to voice concerns over rapid growth and development. Austin has a long history of vocal citizen resistance to development projects perceived to degrade the environment, or to threaten the natural and cultural landscapes.
According to the Nielsen Company, adults in Austin read and contribute to blogs more than those in any other U.S. metropolitan area and have the highest Internet usage in all of Texas. In 2013, Austin was the most active city on Reddit, having the largest number of views per capita.
South Congress is a shopping district stretching down South Congress Avenue from Downtown. This area is home to coffee shops, eccentric stores, restaurants, food trucks, trailers, and festivals. It prides itself on "Keeping Austin Weird," especially with development in the surrounding area(s). Many Austinites attribute its enduring popularity to the unobstructed view of the Texas State Capitol.
The Rainey Street Historic District is a neighborhood in Downtown Austin formerly consisting of bungalow style homes built in the early 20th century. Since the early 2010s, the former working class residential street has turned into a popular nightlife district. Much of the historic homes have been renovated into hotels, condominiums, bars and restaurants, many of which feature large porches and outdoor yards for patrons. The Rainey Street district is also home to the Emma S. Barrientos Mexican American Cultural Center.
Austin has been part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network under Media Arts the category.
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Austin, Texas
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Old Austin
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Old Austin
thumb|Austin, Texas average monthly rent
"Old Austin" is an adage often used by nostalgic natives. The term "Old Austin" refers to a time when the city was smaller and more bohemian with a considerably lower cost of living and better known for its lack of traffic, hipsters, and urban sprawl. It is often employed by longtime residents expressing displeasure at the rapidly changing culture, or when referencing nostalgia of Austin culture.
The growth and popularity of Austin can be seen by the expansive development taking place in its downtown landscape. This growth can have a negative impact on longtime small businesses that cannot keep up with the expenses associated with gentrification and the rising cost of real estate. A former Austin musician, Dale Watson, described his move away from Austin, "I just really feel the city has sold itself. Just because you're going to get $45 million for a company to come to town – if it's not in the best interest of the town, I don't think they should do it. This city was never about money. It was about quality of life." Though much is changing rapidly in Austin, businesses such as Thundercloud Subs are thought by many to maintain classic Austin business cultural sentiments unique to the history of the city; as Diana Burgess stated, "I definitely appreciate that they haven't raised their prices a ton or made things super fancy. I think it speaks to that original Old Austin vibe. A lot of us that grew up here really appreciate that." Aaron Franklin, owner of Franklin Barbecue, credited the Old Austin cultural mindset and community support with the success of his barbecue restaurant and the long lines that have supported his business since starting it out of a food trailer in 2009.
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Austin, Texas
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Annual cultural events
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Annual cultural events
thumb|Sixth Street on a weekend night
The O. Henry House Museum hosts the annual O. Henry Pun-Off, a pun contest where the successful contestants exhibit wit akin to that of the author William Sydney Porter.
Other annual events include Eeyore's Birthday Party, Spamarama, Austin Pride Festival & Parade in August, the Austin Reggae Festival in April, Kite Festival, Texas Craft Brewers Festival in September, Art City Austin in April, East Austin Studio Tour in November, and Carnaval Brasileiro in February. Sixth Street features annual festivals such as the Pecan Street Festival and Halloween night. The three-day Austin City Limits Music Festival has been held in Zilker Park every year since 2002. Every year around the end of March and the beginning of April, Austin is home to "Texas Relay Weekend."
Austin's Zilker Park Tree is a Christmas display made of lights strung from the top of a Moonlight tower in Zilker Park. The Zilker Tree is lit in December along with the "Trail of Lights," an Austin Christmas tradition. The Trail of Lights was canceled four times, first starting in 2001 and 2002 due to the September 11 Attacks, and again in 2010 and 2011 due to budget shortfalls, but the trail was turned back on for the 2012 holiday season.
From 1962 to 1998, the Austin Aqua Festival, or "Aqua Fest", took place on the shores of Town Lake (now known as Lady Bird Lake). Originally conceived as a summer tourism draw, the multi-day event evolved from water-themed activities to a broader civic festival due to growth and community interest. Eventually attendance and financial solvency began to dwindle as larger music and summer festivals grew in prominence.
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Austin, Texas
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Cuisine and breweries
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Cuisine and breweries
thumb|A food truck trailer park in South Austin
Notable Austin cuisine includes Texas barbecue and Tex-Mex; Franklin Barbecue in Austin's has sold out of brisket every day since its establishment. Breakfast tacos and queso are popular food items in the city; Austin is sometimes called the "home of the breakfast taco."How Austin Became the Home of the Crucial Breakfast Taco , Eater Austin, February 19, 2016, Kolaches are a common pastry in Austin bakeries due to the large Czech and German immigrant population in Texas. The Oasis Restaurant is the largest outdoor restaurant in Texas, which promotes itself as the "Sunset Capital of Texas" with its terraced views looking West over Lake Travis. Birdie's, a counter-service restaurant and wine bar that opened in 2021, was Food & Wine's 2023 Restaurant of the Year.
P. Terry's, an Austin-based fast food burger chain, has a loyal following among Austinites. Some other Austin-based chain restaurants include Amy's Ice Creams, Chuy's, DoubleDave's Pizzaworks, and Schlotzky's. The Chili's at 45th and Lamar has been the subject of internet memes since 2011.
Austin is also home to a large number of food trucks, with 1,256 food trucks operating in 2016. The city of Austin has the second-largest number of food trucks per capita in the United States. Austin's first food hall, "Fareground," features a number of Austin-based food vendors and a bar in the ground level and courtyard of One Congress Plaza.
Austin has a large craft beer scene, with over 50 microbreweries in the metro area. Drinks publication VinePair named Austin as the "top beer destination in the world" in 2019. Notable Austin-area breweries include Jester King Brewery, Live Oak Brewing Company, and Real Ale Brewing Company.
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Austin, Texas
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Music
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Music
thumb|right|2009 Austin City Limits Music Festival with view of stages and Downtown Austin
As Austin's official slogan is The Live Music Capital of the World, the city has a vibrant live music scene with more music venues per capita than any other U.S. city. Austin's music revolves around the many nightclubs on 6th Street and an annual music/film/interactive festival known as South by Southwest (SXSW). The concentration of restaurants, bars, and music venues in the city's downtown core is a major contributor to Austin's live music scene, as the ZIP Code encompassing the downtown entertainment district hosts the most bar or alcohol-serving establishments in the U.S.
The longest-running concert music program on American television, Austin City Limits, is recorded at ACL Live at The Moody Theater, located in the bottom floor of the W Hotels in Austin. Austin City Limits and C3 Presents produce the Austin City Limits Music Festival, an annual music and art festival held at Zilker Park in Austin. Other music events include the Urban Music Festival, Fun Fun Fun Fest, Wobeon Music Festival, Chaos In Tejas, Seismic Music Festival at the Concourse Project, and Old Settler's Music Festival. Austin Lyric Opera performs multiple operas each year (including the 2007 opening of Philip Glass's Waiting for the Barbarians, written by University of Texas at Austin alumnus J. M. Coetzee). The Austin Symphony Orchestra performs a range of classical, pop and family performances and is led by music director and conductor Peter Bay. The Austin Baroque Orchestra and La Follia Austin Baroque ensembles both give historically informed performances of Baroque music. The Texas Early Music Project regularly performs music from the Medieval and Renaissance eras, as well as the Baroque.
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Austin, Texas
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Film
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Film
Austin hosts several film festivals, including the SXSW (South by Southwest) Film Festival and the Austin Film Festival, which hosts international films. A movie theater chain by the name of Alamo Drafthouse Cinema was founded in Austin in 1997; the South Lamar location of which is home to the annual week-long Fantastic Fest film festival. In 2004 the city was first in MovieMaker Magazine's annual top ten cities to live and make movies.
Austin has been the location for a number of motion pictures, partly due to the influence of The University of Texas at Austin Department of Radio-Television-Film. Films produced in Austin include The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974), Songwriter (1984), Man of the House, Secondhand Lions, Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2, Nadine, Waking Life, Spy Kids, The Faculty, Dazed and Confused, The Guards Themselves, Wild Texas Wind, Office Space, The Life of David Gale, Miss Congeniality, Doubting Thomas, Slacker, Idiocracy, Death Proof, The New Guy, Hope Floats, The Alamo, Blank Check, The Wendall Baker Story, School of Rock, A Slipping-Down Life, A Scanner Darkly, Saturday Morning Massacre, and most recently, the Coen brothers' True Grit, Grindhouse, Machete, How to Eat Fried Worms, Bandslam and Lazer Team. In order to draw future film projects to the area, the Austin Film Society has converted several airplane hangars from the former Mueller Airport into filmmaking center Austin Studios. Projects that have used facilities at Austin Studios include music videos by The Flaming Lips and feature films such as 25th Hour and Sin City.
Austin also hosted the MTV series, The Real World: Austin in 2005. Season 4 of the AMC show Fear the Walking Dead was filmed in various locations around Austin in 2018. The film review websites Spill.com and Ain't It Cool News are based in Austin. Rooster Teeth Productions, creator of popular web series such as Red vs. Blue and RWBY, was also located in Austin.
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Austin, Texas
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Theater
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Theater
thumb|The State Theater and Paramount Theatre on Congress Avenue in Downtown Austin
Austin has a strong theater culture, with dozens of itinerant and resident companies producing a variety of work. A volunteer-run arts organization supporting creative expression and counter-culture community - Church of the Friendly Ghost (COTFG) helped many experimental programs get their start in Austin,TX. The city also has live performance theater venues such as the Zachary Scott Theatre Center, Vortex Repertory Company, Salvage Vanguard Theater, Rude Mechanicals' the Off Center, Austin Playhouse, Scottish Rite Children's Theater, Hyde Park Theatre, the Blue Theater, The Hideout Theatre, and Esther's Follies. The Victory Grill was a renowned venue on the Chitlin' Circuit. Public art and performances in the parks and on bridges are popular. Austin hosts the Fuse Box Festival each April featuring theater artists.
The Paramount Theatre, opened in downtown Austin in 1915, contributes to Austin's theater and film culture, showing classic films throughout the summer and hosting regional premieres for films such as Miss Congeniality. The Zilker Park Summer Musical is a long-running outdoor musical.
The Long Center for the Performing Arts is a 2,300-seat theater built partly with materials reused from the old Lester E. Palmer Auditorium.
Ballet Austin is among the fifteen largest ballet academies in the country. Each year Ballet Austin's 20-member professional company performs ballets from a wide variety of choreographers, including their artistic director, Stephen Mills. The city is also home to the Ballet East Dance Company, a modern dance ensemble, and the Tapestry Dance Company which performs a variety of dance genres.
The Austin improvisational theatre scene has several theaters: ColdTowne Theater, The Hideout Theater, and The Fallout Theater. Austin also hosts the Out of Bounds Comedy Festival, which draws comedic artists in all disciplines to Austin.
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Austin, Texas
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Libraries
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Libraries
thumb|View of Austin Central Library from César Chávez Street
The Austin Public Library is operated by the City of Austin and consists of the Central Library on César Chávez Street, the Austin History Center, 20 branches and the Recycled Reads bookstore and upcycling facility. The APL library system also has mobile libraries – bookmobile buses and a human-powered trike and trailer called "unbound: sin fronteras."
The Central Library, which is an anchor to the redevelopment of the former Seaholm Power Plant site and the Shoal Creek Walk, opened on October 28, 2017. The six-story Central Library contains a living rooftop garden, reading porches, an indoor reading room, bicycle parking station, large indoor and outdoor event spaces, a gift shop, an art gallery, café, and a "technology petting zoo" where visitors can play with next-generation gadgets like 3D printers. In 2018, Time magazine named the Austin Central Library on its list of "World's Greatest Places."
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Austin, Texas
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Museums and other points of interest
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Museums and other points of interest
thumb|The Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library on the University of Texas campus in Austin
Museums in Austin include the Texas Science and Natural History Museum, the George Washington Carver Museum and Cultural Center, Thinkery, the Blanton Museum of Art (reopened in 2006), the Bob Bullock Texas State History Museum across the street (which opened in 2000), The Contemporary Austin, the Elisabet Ney Museum, the Women and Their Work gallery, and the galleries at the Harry Ransom Center. The Texas State Capitol itself is also a major tourist attraction.
The Driskill Hotel, built in 1886, once owned by George W. Littlefield, and located at 6th and Brazos streets, was finished just before the construction of the Capitol building. Sixth Street is a musical hub for the city. The Enchanted Forest, a multi-acre outdoor music, art, and performance art space in South Austin hosts events such as fire-dancing and circus-like-acts. Austin is also home to the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum, which houses documents and artifacts related to the Johnson administration, including LBJ's limousine and a re-creation of the Oval Office.
thumb|The HOPE Outdoor Gallery, overlooked by the historic Texas Military Academy building, the oldest standing educational building in Texas; the gallery has since been demolished.Locally produced art is featured at the South Austin Museum of Popular Culture. The Mexic-Arte Museum is a Mexican and Mexican-American art museum founded in 1983. Austin is also home to the O. Henry House Museum, which served as the residence of O. Henry from 1893 to 1895. Farmers' markets are popular attractions, providing a variety of locally grown and often organic foods.
Austin also has many odd statues and landmarks, such as the Stevie Ray Vaughan Memorial, the Willie Nelson statue, the Mangia dinosaur, the Loca Maria lady at Taco Xpress, the Hyde Park Gym's giant flexed arm, and Daniel Johnston's Hi, How are You? Jeremiah the Innocent frog mural.
The Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge houses the world's largest urban population of Mexican free-tailed bats. Starting in March, up to 1.5 million bats take up residence inside the bridge's expansion and contraction zones as well as in long horizontal grooves running the length of the bridge's underside, an environment ideally suited for raising their young. Every evening around sunset, the bats emerge in search of insects, an exit visible on weather radar. Watching the bat emergence is an event that is popular with locals and tourists, with more than 100,000 viewers per year. The bats migrate to Mexico each winter.
The Austin Zoo, located in unincorporated western Travis County, is a rescue zoo that provides sanctuary to displaced animals from a variety of situations, including those involving neglect.
The HOPE Outdoor Gallery was a public, three-story outdoor street art project located on Baylor Street in the Clarksville neighborhood. The gallery, which consisted of the foundations of a failed multifamily development, was a constantly-evolving canvas of graffiti and murals. Also known as "Castle Hill" or simply "Graffiti Park", the site on Baylor Street was closed to the public in early January 2019 but remained intact, behind a fence and with an armed guard, in mid-March 2019. The gallery will build a new art park at Carson Creek Ranch in Southeast Austin.
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Austin, Texas
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Sports
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Sports
+ Austin area professional sports teams Club Sport Founded League VenueAustin BatsBasketball 2014American Basketball AssociationTravis Early College High SchoolAustin CrowsAustralian rules football 2002United States Australian Football LeagueOnion Creek Soccer ComplexAustin FCSoccer 2018Major League SoccerQ2 StadiumAustin OutlawsQuadball 2016Major League QuadballRound Rock Multipurpose ComplexAustin Rise FCSoccer 2022WPSL PROHouse ParkAustin SolUltimate 2016Ultimate Frisbee AssociationParmer FieldAustin SpursBasketball 2005NBA G LeagueH-E-B Center at Cedar ParkAustin TorchUltimate 2019Premier Ultimate League Rudolph Gamblin FieldRound Rock ExpressBaseball 2000Pacific Coast League (AAA)Dell DiamondTexas StarsIce hockey 2009American Hockey LeagueH-E-B Center at Cedar Park
alt=|thumb|Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium, home of Texas Longhorns football|220x220px
thumb|H-E-B Center stadium located in Cedar Park, Texas
thumb|Q2 Stadium of Austin FC
Many Austinites support the athletic programs of the University of Texas at Austin known as the Texas Longhorns. During the 2005–2006 academic term, the Longhorns football team was named the NCAA Division I FBS National Football Champion, and the Longhorns baseball team won the College World Series. The football team plays its home games in the state's second-largest sports stadium, Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium, seating over 101,000 fans. Baseball games are played at UFCU Disch–Falk Field.
Austin was the most populous city in the United States without a major-league professional sports team, which changed in 2021 with Austin FC's entry to MLS. Minor-league professional sports came to Austin in 1996, when the Austin Ice Bats began playing at the Travis County Expo Center; they were later replaced by the AHL Texas Stars. Austin has hosted a number of other professional teams, including the Austin Spurs of the NBA G League, the Austin Aztex of the United Soccer League, the Austin Outlaws in WFA football, and the Austin Aces in WTT tennis.
Natural features like the bicycle-friendly Texas Hill Country and generally mild climate make Austin the home of several endurance and multi-sport races and communities. The Capitol 10,000 is the largest race in Texas, and approximately fifth largest in the United States. The Austin Marathon has been run in the city every year since 1992. Additionally, the city is home to the largest 5 mile race in Texas, named the Turkey Trot as it is run annually on Thanksgiving. Started in 1991 by Thundercloud Subs, a local sandwich chain (who still sponsors the event), the event has grown to host over 20,000 runners. All proceeds are donated to Caritas of Austin, a local charity.
The Austin-founded American Swimming Association hosts several swim races around town. Austin is also the hometown of several cycling groups and the disgraced cyclist Lance Armstrong. Combining these three disciplines is a growing crop of triathlons, including the Capital of Texas Triathlon held every Memorial Day on and around Lady Bird Lake, Auditorium Shores, and Downtown Austin.
Austin is home to the Circuit of the Americas (COTA), a grade 1 Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile specification motor racing facility which hosts the Formula One United States Grand Prix. The State of Texas has pledged $25 million in public funds annually for 10 years to pay the sanctioning fees for the race. Built at an estimated cost of $250 to $300 million, the circuit opened in 2012 and is located just east of the Austin Bergstrom International Airport. The circuit also hosts the EchoPark Automotive Grand Prix NASCAR race in late March each year.
The summer of 2014 marked the inaugural season for World TeamTennis team Austin Aces, formerly Orange County Breakers of the southern California region. The Austin Aces played their matches at the Cedar Park Center northwest of Austin, and featured former professionals Andy Roddick and Marion Bartoli, as well as current WTA tour player Vera Zvonareva. The team left after the 2015 season.
In 2017, Precourt Sports Ventures announced a plan to move the Columbus Crew SC soccer franchise from Columbus, Ohio to Austin. Precourt negotiated an agreement with the City of Austin to build a $200 million privately funded stadium on public land at 10414 McKalla Place, following initial interest in Butler Shores Metropolitan Park and Roy G. Guerrero Colorado River Park. As part of an arrangement with the league, operational rights of Columbus Crew SC were sold in late 2018, and Austin FC was announced as Major League Soccer's 27th franchise on January 15, 2019, with the expansion team starting play in 2021.
The Austin Country Club is a private golf club located along the shores of the Colorado River, right next to the Pennybacker Bridge. Founded in 1899, the club moved to its third and present site in 1984, which features a challenging layout designed by noted course architect Pete Dye.
Austin is set to host the BLAST.TV Austin Major, the 22nd Counter-Strike Major esports tournament, from June 9 to 22, 2025.
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Austin, Texas
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Government
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Government
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Austin, Texas
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City government
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City government
thumb|Austin City Hall
Austin is administered by an 11-member city council (10 council members elected by geographic district plus a mayor elected at large). The council is accompanied by a hired city manager under the manager-council system of municipal governance. Council and mayoral elections are non-partisan, with a runoff in case there is no majority winner. A referendum approved by voters on November 6, 2012, changed the council composition from six council members plus a mayor elected at large to the current "10+1" district system. Supporters maintained that the at-large system would increase participation for all areas of the city, especially for those which had lacked representation from City Council.
November 2014 marked the first election under the new system. The Federal government had forced San Antonio and Dallas to abandon at-large systems before 1987; however, the court could not show a racist pattern in Austin and upheld the city's at-large system during a 1984 lawsuit. In five elections between 1973 and 1994 Austin voters rejected single-member districts.
Austin formerly operated its city hall at 128 West 8th Street. Antoine Predock and Cotera Kolar Negrete & Reed Architects designed a new city hall building, which was intended to reflect what The Dallas Morning News referred to as a "crazy-quilt vitality, that embraces everything from country music to environmental protests and high-tech swagger." The new city hall, built from recycled materials, has solar panels in its garage. The city hall, at 301 West Second Street, opened in November 2004. Kirk Watson is the current mayor of Austin, assuming the office for a second non-consecutive term on January 6, 2023.
In the 2012 elections, City Council elections were moved from May to November and City council members were given staggered term limits In 2022 Proposition D moved the term of the Austin Mayor to coincide with Presidential election years, so Kirk Watson would only serve two years unlike his predecessor Steve Adler
Law enforcement in Austin is provided by the Austin Police Department, except for state government buildings, which are patrolled by the Texas Department of Public Safety. The University of Texas Police operate from the University of Texas.
Fire protection within the city limits is provided by the Austin Fire Department, while the surrounding county is divided into twelve geographical areas known as emergency services districts, which are covered by separate regional fire departments. Emergency medical services are provided for the whole county by Austin-Travis County Emergency Medical Services.
Mayor Kirk Watson (D)
District Name Party (officially nonpartisan) References 1 Natasha Harper-Madison Democratic 2 Vanessa Fuentes Democratic 3 Jose Velasquez Democratic 4 Jose "Chito" Vela Democratic |https://ballotpedia.org/Jose_Vela 5 Ryan Alter Democratic 6 Mackenzie Kelly Republican 7 Leslie Pool Democratic 8 Paige Ellis Democratic 9 Zohaib Qadri Democratic 10 Alison Alter Democratic
In 2003, the city adopted a resolution against the USA PATRIOT Act that reaffirmed constitutionally guaranteed rights.
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Austin, Texas
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Crime
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Crime
As of 2019, Austin is one of the safest large cities in the United States. In 2019, the FBI named Austin the 11th safest city on a list of 22 American cities with a population above 400,000.
FBI statistics show that overall violent and property crimes dropped in Austin in 2015, but increased in suburban areas of the city. One such southeastern suburb, Del Valle, reported eight homicides within two months in 2016. According to 2016 APD crime statistics, the 78723 census tract had the most violent crime, with 6 murders, 25 rapes, and 81 robberies. The city had 39 homicides in 2016, the most since 1997.
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Austin, Texas
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Notable incidents
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Notable incidents
In 1884 and 1885, one of the earliest recorded serial killings in the United States occurred in Austin, in which 8 people were murdered by a suspect known as the "Servant Girl Annihilator".
One of the first American mass school shooting incidents took place in Austin on August 1, 1966, when Charles Whitman shot 43 people, killing 13 from the top of the University of Texas tower. The University of Texas tower shooting led to the formation of the SWAT team of the Austin Police Department.
In 1991, four teenage girls were murdered in a yogurt shop by an unknown assailant(s). A police officer responded to reports of a fire at the I Can't Believe It's Yogurt! store on Anderson Lane and discovered the girls' bodies in a back room. The murders remain unsolved.
In 2010, Andrew Joseph Stack III deliberately crashed his Piper PA-28 Cherokee into Echelon 1, a building in which the Internal Revenue Service was a lessee of, housing 190 employees. The resulting explosion killed one and injured 13 IRS employees, partially damaged the building and cost the IRS a total of $38.6 million. (see 2010 Austin suicide attack)
A series of bombings occurred in Austin in March 2018. Over the course of 20 days, five package bombs exploded, killing two people and injuring another five. The suspect, 23-year-old Mark Anthony Conditt of Pflugerville, Texas, blew himself up inside his vehicle after he was pulled over by police on March 21, also injuring a police officer.
In 2020, Austin was the victim of a cyberattack by the Russian group Berserk Bear, possibly related to the U.S. federal government data breach earlier that year.
On April 18, 2021, a shooting occurred at the Arboretum Oaks Apartments near The Arboretum shopping center, in which a former Travis County Sheriff's Office detective killed his ex-wife, his adoptive daughter, and his daughter's boyfriend. The suspect, who was previously charged with child sexual assault, was arrested in Manor after a 20-hour manhunt.
A mass shooting took place in the early morning of June 12, 2021, on Sixth Street, which resulted in 14 people injured and one dead. The man killed was believed to be an innocent bystander who was struck as he was standing outside a bar. A 19-year-old suspect, De'ondre "Dre" White, was formally charged and arrested in Killeen nearly two weeks after the shooting.
In 2024, Zacharia Doar, a 23-year old Palestinian-American man, was attacked and stabbed in the chest on West 26th Street, West Campus, after returning from a rally in support of Palestinian human rights. The assailant, 36-year old Bert James Baker was arrested at the scene and charged with aggravated assault with a deadly weapon.
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Austin, Texas
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Other levels of government
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Other levels of government
thumb|The 8-story U.S. Courthouse is located at Fourth, Fifth, San Antonio, and Nueces streets (opened December 2012).|alt=|220x220px
Austin is the county seat of Travis County and hosts the Heman Marion Sweatt Travis County Courthouse downtown, as well as other county government offices. The Texas Department of Transportation operates the Austin District Office in Austin. The Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) operates the Austin I and Austin II district parole offices in Austin. The United States Postal Service operates several post offices in Austin.
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Austin, Texas
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Politics
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Politics
Former Governor Rick Perry had previously referred to it as a "blueberry in the tomato soup", meaning, Austin had previously been a Democratic city in a Republican state. However, Texas currently has multiple urban cities also voting Democratic and electing Democratic mayors in elections.
After the most recent redistricting, Austin is currently divided between the 10th, 35th and 37th Congressional districts.
+ Travis County Presidential elections results Year RepublicanDemocratic202429.4% 170,61368.7% 398,253202026.4% 161,33771.4% 435,860201627.4% 126,75066.3% 306,475201236.2% 140,15260.1% 232,788200834.3% 136,98163.5% 254,017200442.0% 147,88556.0% 197,235200046.9% 141,23541.7% 125,526199639.9% 98,45452.3% 128,970199231.9% 88,10547.3% 130,546198844.9% 105,91554.1% 127,783198456.8% 124,94442.8% 94,124198045.7% 73,15146.9% 75,028197646.7% 71,03151.6% 78,585197256.3% 70,56143.2% 54,157196841.6% 34,30948.1% 39,667196431.0% 19,83868.9% 44,058196044.9% 22,10754.9% 27,022
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