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August 19 | pp-move | |
August 19 | Events | Events |
August 19 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
295 BC – The first temple to Venus, the Roman goddess of love, beauty and fertility, is dedicated by Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges during the Third Samnite War.
43 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, later known as Augustus, compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul.
947 – Abu Yazid, a Kharijite rebel leader, is defeated and killed in the Hodna Mountains in modern-day Algeria by Fatimid forces.
1153 – Baldwin III of Jerusalem takes control of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from his mother Melisende, and also captures Ascalon.
1458 – Pope Pius II is elected the 211th Pope.
1504 – In Ireland, the Hiberno-Norman de Burghs (Burkes) and Cambro-Norman Fitzgeralds fight in the Battle of Knockdoe.
1561 – Mary, Queen of Scots, aged 18, returns to Scotland after spending 13 years in France. |
August 19 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1604 – Eighty Years War: a besieging Dutch and English army led by Maurice of Orange forces the Spanish garrison of Sluis to capitulate.
1612 – The "Samlesbury witches", three women from the Lancashire village of Samlesbury, England, are put on trial, accused of practicing witchcraft, one of the most famous witch trials in British history.
1666 – Second Anglo-Dutch War: Rear Admiral Robert Holmes leads a raid on the Dutch island of Terschelling, destroying 150 merchant ships, an act later known as "Holmes's Bonfire".
1692 – Salem witch trials: In Salem, province of Massachusetts Bay, five people, one woman and four men, including a clergyman, are executed after being convicted of witchcraft.
1745 – Prince Charles Edward Stuart raises his standard in Glenfinnan: The start of the Second Jacobite Rebellion, known as "the 45".
1745 – Ottoman–Persian War: In the Battle of Kars, the Ottoman army is routed by Persian forces led by Nader Shah.
1759 – Battle of Lagos: Naval battle during the Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France.
1772 – Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d'état, in which he assumes power and enacts a new constitution that divides power between the Riksdag and the King.
1782 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Blue Licks: The last major engagement of the war, almost ten months after the surrender of the British commander Charles Cornwallis following the Siege of Yorktown.
1812 – War of 1812: American frigate defeats the British frigate off the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada earning the nickname "Old Ironsides".
1813 – Gervasio Antonio de Posadas joins Argentina's Second Triumvirate.
1839 – The French government announces that Louis Daguerre's photographic process is a gift "free to the world".
1848 – California Gold Rush: The New York Herald breaks the news to the East Coast of the United States of the gold rush in California (although the rush started in January).
1854 – The First Sioux War begins when United States Army soldiers kill Lakota chief Conquering Bear and in return are massacred.
1861 – First ascent of Weisshorn, fifth highest summit in the Alps.
1862 – Dakota War: During an uprising in Minnesota, Lakota warriors decide not to attack heavily defended Fort Ridgely and instead turn to the settlement of New Ulm, killing white settlers along the way. |
August 19 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1903 – The Transfiguration Uprising breaks out in East Thrace, resulting in the establishment of the Strandzha Commune.
1909 – The Indianapolis Motor Speedway opens for automobile racing. William Bourque and his mechanic are killed during the first day's events.
1920 – The Tambov Rebellion breaks out, in response to the Bolshevik policy of Prodrazvyorstka.Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stéphane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, hardcover, 858 pages, .
1927 – Patriarch Sergius of Moscow proclaims the declaration of loyalty of the Russian Orthodox Church to the Soviet Union.
1934 – The first All-American Soap Box Derby is held in Dayton, Ohio.
1934 – The German referendum of 1934 approves Adolf Hitler's appointment as head of state with the title of Führer.
1936 – The Great Purge of the Soviet Union begins when the first of the Moscow Trials is convened.
1940 – First flight of the B-25 Mitchell medium bomber.
1941 – Germany and Romania sign the Tiraspol Agreement, rendering the region of Transnistria under control of the latter.
1942 – World War II: Operation Jubilee (The Dieppe Raid): The 2nd Canadian Infantry Division leads an amphibious assault by allied forces on Dieppe, France and fails.
1944 – World War II: Liberation of Paris: Paris, France rises against German occupation with the help of Allied troops.
1945 – August Revolution: Viet Minh led by Ho Chi Minh take power in Hanoi, Vietnam.
1953 – Cold War: The CIA and MI6 help to overthrow the government of Mohammad Mosaddegh in Iran and reinstate the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
1955 – In the Northeast United States, severe flooding caused by Hurricane Diane, claims 200 lives.
1960 – Cold War: In Moscow, Russia, Soviet Union, downed American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers is sentenced to ten years imprisonment by the Soviet Union for espionage.
1960 – Sputnik program: Korabl-Sputnik 2: The Soviet Union launches the satellite with the dogs Belka and Strelka, 40 mice, two rats and a variety of plants.
1964 – Syncom 3, the first geostationary communication satellite, is launched. Two months later, it would enable live coverage of the 1964 Summer Olympics.
1965 – Japanese prime minister Eisaku Satō becomes the first post-World War II sitting prime minister to visit Okinawa Prefecture.
1978 – In Iran, the Cinema Rex fire causes more than 400 deaths.
1980 – Saudia Flight 163, a Lockheed L-1011 TriStar burns after making an emergency landing at Riyadh International Airport in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, killing 301 people.
1980 – Otłoczyn railway accident: In Poland's worst post-war railway accident, 67 people lose their lives and a further 62 are injured.
1981 – Gulf of Sidra Incident: United States F-14A Tomcat fighters intercept and shoot down two Libyan Sukhoi Su-22 fighter jets over the Gulf of Sidra.
1987 – Hungerford massacre: In the United Kingdom, Michael Ryan kills sixteen people with a semi-automatic rifle and then commits suicide.
1989 – Polish president Wojciech Jaruzelski nominates Solidarity activist Tadeusz Mazowiecki to be the first non-communist prime minister in 42 years.
1989 – Several hundred East Germans cross the frontier between Hungary and Austria during the Pan-European Picnic, part of the events that began the process of the Fall of the Berlin Wall.
1991 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The August Coup begins when Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is placed under house arrest while on holiday in the town of Foros, Ukraine.
1991 – Crown Heights riot begins.Shapiro, Edward S. (2002). "Interpretations of the Crown Heights Riot". American Jewish History.
1999 – In Belgrade, Yugoslavia, tens of thousands of Serbians rally to demand the resignation of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia President Slobodan Milošević.
2002 – Khankala Mi-26 crash: A Russian Mil Mi-26 helicopter carrying troops is hit by a Chechen missile outside Grozny, killing 118 soldiers.
2003 – A truck-bomb attack on United Nations headquarters in Iraq kills the agency's top envoy Sérgio Vieira de Mello and 21 other employees.
2003 – Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing: A suicide attack on a bus in Jerusalem, planned by Hamas, kills 23 Israelis, seven of them children.
2004 – Google Inc. has its initial public offering on Nasdaq.
2005 – The first-ever joint military exercise between Russia and China, called Peace Mission 2005 begins.
2009 – A series of bombings in Baghdad, Iraq, kills 101 and injures 565 others.
2010 – Operation Iraqi Freedom ends, with the last of the United States brigade combat teams crossing the border to Kuwait.
2013 – The Dhamara Ghat train accident kills at least 37 people in the Indian state of Bihar.
2017 – Tens of thousands of farmed non-native Atlantic salmon are accidentally released into the wild in Washington waters in the 2017 Cypress Island Atlantic salmon pen break. |
August 19 | Births | Births |
August 19 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
232 – Marcus Aurelius Probus, Roman emperor (d. 282)
1342 – Catherine of Bohemia, duchess of Austria (d. 1395)
1398 – Íñigo López de Mendoza, 1st Marquis of Santillana, Spanish poet and politician (d. 1458)
1570 – Salamone Rossi, Italian violinist and composer (probable; d. 1630)
1583 – Daišan, Chinese prince and statesman (d. 1648)
1590 – Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, English soldier and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire (d. 1649)
1596 – Elizabeth Stuart, queen of Bohemia (d. 1662) |
August 19 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1609 – Jan Fyt, Flemish painter (d. 1661)Joannes Fijt at the Netherlands Institute for Art History
1621 – Gerbrand van den Eeckhout, Dutch painter, etcher, and poet (d. 1674)
1631 – John Dryden, English poet, literary critic and playwright (d. 1700)
1646 – John Flamsteed, English astronomer and academic (d. 1719)
1686 – Eustace Budgell, English journalist and politician (d. 1737)
1689 (baptized) – Samuel Richardson, English author and publisher (d. 1761)
1711 – Edward Boscawen, English admiral and politician (d. 1761)
1719 – Charles-François de Broglie, marquis de Ruffec, French soldier and diplomat (d. 1781)
1743 – Madame du Barry, French mistress of Louis XV of France (d. 1793)
1777 – Francis I, king of the Two Sicilies (d. 1830)
1815 – Harriette Newell Woods Baker, American editor and children's book writer (d. 1893)
1819 – Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt, Luxembourger-Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1894)
1830 – Julius Lothar Meyer, German chemist (d. 1895)
1835 – Tom Wills, Australian cricketer and pioneer of Australian rules football (d. 1880)
1843 – C. I. Scofield, American minister and theologian (d. 1921)
1846 – Luis Martín, Spanish religious leader, 24th Superior General of the Society of Jesus (d. 1906)
1848 – Gustave Caillebotte, French painter and engineer (d. 1894)
1849 – Joaquim Nabuco, Brazilian politician and diplomat (d. 1910)
1858 – Ellen Willmott, English horticulturalist (d. 1934)
1870 – Bernard Baruch, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 1965)
1871 – Orville Wright, American engineer and pilot, co-founded the Wright Company (d. 1948)
1873 – Fred Stone, American actor and producer (d. 1959)
1878 – Manuel L. Quezon, Filipino soldier, lawyer, and politician, 2nd President of the Philippines (d. 1944)
1881 – George Enescu, Romanian violinist, pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1955)
1881 – George Shepherd, 1st Baron Shepherd (d. 1954)
1883 – Coco Chanel, French fashion designer, founded the Chanel Company (d. 1971)
1883 – José Mendes Cabeçadas, Portuguese admiral and politician, 9th President of Portugal (d. 1965)
1885 – Grace Hutchins, American labor reformer and researcher (d. 1969)
1887 – S. Satyamurti, Indian lawyer and politician (d. 1943)
1895 – C. Suntharalingam, Sri Lankan lawyer, academic, and politician (d. 1985)
1899 – Colleen Moore, American actress (d. 1988)
1900 – Gontran de Poncins, French author and adventurer (d. 1962)
1900 – Gilbert Ryle, English philosopher, author, and academic (d. 1976)
1900 – Dorothy Burr Thompson, American archaeologist and art historian (d. 2001) |
August 19 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1902 – Ogden Nash, American poet (d. 1971)
1903 – James Gould Cozzens, American novelist and short story writer (d. 1978)
1904 – Maurice Wilks, English engineer and businessman (d. 1963)
1906 – Philo Farnsworth, American inventor, invented the Fusor (d. 1971)
1907 – Hazari Prasad Dwivedi, Indian historian, author, and scholar (d. 1979)
1909 – Ronald King, New Zealand rugby player (d. 1988)
1910 – Saint Alphonsa, first woman of Indian origin to be canonized as a saint by the Catholic Church (d. 1946)
1911 – Anna Terruwe, Dutch psychiatrist and author (d. 2004)
1912 – Herb Narvo, Australian rugby league player, coach, and boxer (d. 1958)
1913 – John Argyris, Greek engineer and academic (d. 2004)
1913 – Peter Kemp, Indian-English soldier and author (d. 1993)
1913 – Richard Simmons, American actor (d. 2003)
1914 – Lajos Baróti, Hungarian footballer and manager (d. 2005)
1914 – Fumio Hayasaka, Japanese composer (d. 1955)
1914 – Rose Heilbron, British barrister and judge (d. 2005)
1915 – Ring Lardner, Jr., American journalist and screenwriter (d. 2000)
1915 – Alfred Rouleau, Canadian businessman (d. 1985)
1915 – Peter Kemp, British soldier, mercenary, and writer (d. 1993)
1916 – Dennis Poore, English racing driver and businessman (d. 1987)
1918 – Jimmy Rowles, American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 1996)
1919 – Malcolm Forbes, American publisher and politician (d. 1990)
1921 – Gene Roddenberry, American screenwriter and producer (d. 1991)
1922 – Jack Holland, Australian rugby league player (d. 1994)
1923 – Edgar F. Codd, English computer scientist, inventor of relational model of data (d. 2003)
1924 – Willard Boyle, Canadian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2011)
1924 – William Marshall, American actor, director, and opera singer (d. 2003)
1925 – Claude Gauvreau, Canadian poet and playwright (d. 1971)
1926 – Angus Scrimm, American actor and author (d. 2016)
1928 – Shiv Prasaad Singh, Indian Hindi writer (d. 1998)
1928 – Bernard Levin, English journalist, author, and broadcaster (d. 2004)
1929 – Bill Foster, American basketball player and coach (d. 2016)
1929 – Ion N. Petrovici, Romanian-German neurologist and academic (d. 2021)
1930 – Frank McCourt, American author and educator (d. 2009)
1931 – Bill Shoemaker, American jockey and author (d. 2003)
1932 – Thomas P. Salmon, American lawyer and politician, 75th Governor of Vermont
1932 – Banharn Silpa-archa, Thai politician, Prime Minister (1995–1996) (d. 2016)
1933 – Bettina Cirone, American model and photographer
1933 – David Hopwood, English microbiologist and geneticist
1933 – Debra Paget, American actress
1934 – David Durenberger, American soldier, lawyer, and politician (d. 2023)
1934 – Renée Richards, American tennis player and ophthalmologist
1935 – Bobby Richardson, American baseball player and coach
1936 – Richard McBrien, American priest, theologian, and academic (d. 2015)
1937 – Richard Ingrams, English journalist, founded The Oldie
1937 – William Motzing, American composer and conductor (d. 2014)
1938 – Diana Muldaur, American actress
1938 – Nelly Vuksic, Argentine conductor and musician
1939 – Ginger Baker, English drummer and songwriter (d. 2019)
1940 – Roger Cook, English songwriter, singer, and producer
1940 – Johnny Nash, American singer-songwriter (d. 2020)
1940 – Jill St. John, American model and actress
1941 – John Cootes, Australian rugby league player, priest, and businessman
1941 – Mihalis Papagiannakis, Greek educator and politician (d. 2009)
1942 – Fred Thompson, American actor, lawyer, and politician (d. 2015)
1943 – Don Fardon, English pop singer
1943 – Sid Going, New Zealand rugby player (d. 2024)
1943 – Billy J. Kramer, English pop singer
1944 – Jack Canfield, American author
1944 – Stew Johnson, American basketball player
1944 – Bodil Malmsten, Swedish author and poet (d. 2016)
1944 – Eddy Raven, American country music singer-songwriter
1944 – Charles Wang, Chinese-American businessman and philanthropist, co-founded Computer Associates International (d. 2018)
1945 – Dennis Eichhorn, American author and illustrator (d. 2015)
1945 – Charles Wellesley, 9th Duke of Wellington, English politician
1945 – Ian Gillan, English singer-songwriter
1946 – Charles Bolden, American general and astronaut
1946 – Bill Clinton, American lawyer and politician, 42nd President of the United States
1946 – Dawn Steel, American film producer (d. 1997)
1947 – Dave Dutton, English actor and screenwriter
1947 – Terry Hoeppner, American football player and coach (d. 2007)
1947 – Gerald McRaney, American actor
1947 – Gerard Schwarz, American conductor and director
1947 – Anuška Ferligoj, Slovenian mathematician
1948 – Jim Carter, English actor
1948 – Tipper Gore, American activist and author, former Second Lady of the United States
1948 – Robert Hughes, Australian actor
1948 – Christy O'Connor Jnr, Irish golfer and architect (d. 2016)
1949 – Michael Nazir-Ali, Pakistani-English bishop
1950 – Jennie Bond, English journalist and author
1950 – Sudha Murty, Indian author and teacher, head of Infosys Foundation
1951 – John Deacon, English bass player and songwriter
1951 – Gustavo Santaolalla, Argentinian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
1952 – Jonathan Frakes, American actor and director
1952 – Gabriela Grillo, German equestrian (d. 2024)
1952 – Jimmy Watson, Canadian ice hockey player
1954 – Oscar Larrauri, Argentinian racing driver
1955 – Mary-Anne Fahey, Australian actress
1955 – Peter Gallagher, American actor
1955 – Patricia Scotland, Baroness Scotland of Asthal, Dominica-born English lawyer and politician, Attorney General for England and Wales
1955 – Ned Yost, American baseball player and manager
1956 – Adam Arkin, American actor, director, and producer
1956 – José Rubén Zamora, Guatemalan journalist
1957 – Paul-Jan Bakker, Dutch cricketer
1957 – Gary Chapman, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1957 – Martin Donovan, American actor and director
1957 – Ian Gould, English cricketer and umpire
1957 – Cesare Prandelli, Italian footballer and manager
1957 – Christine Soetewey, Belgian high jumper
1957 – Gerda Verburg, Dutch trade union leader and politician, Dutch Minister of Agriculture
1958 – Gary Gaetti, American baseball player, coach, and manager
1958 – Anthony Muñoz, American football player and sportscaster
1958 – Brendan Nelson, Australian physician and politician, 47th Minister for Defence for Australia
1958 – Rick Snyder, American politician and businessman, 48th Governor of Michigan
1958 – Darryl Sutter, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
1959 – Chris Mortimer, Australian rugby league player
1959 – Ivan Neville, American singer-songwriter
1959 – Ricky Pierce, American basketball player
1960 – Morten Andersen, Danish-American football player
1960 – Ron Darling, American baseball player and commentator
1961 – Jonathan Coe, English author and academic
1963 – John Stamos, American actor
1965 – Kevin Dillon, American actor
1965 – Kyra Sedgwick, American actress and producer
1965 – James Tomkins, Australian rower
1966 – Lee Ann Womack, American singer-songwriter
1967 – Khandro Rinpoche, Indian spiritual leader
1967 – Satya Nadella, Indian-American business executive, chairman and CEO of Microsoft
1969 – Douglas Allen Tunstall Jr., American professional wrestler and politician
1969 – Nate Dogg, American rapper (d. 2011)
1969 – Matthew Perry, American actor, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2023)
1969 – Kazuyoshi Tatsunami, Japanese baseball player and coach
1969 – Clay Walker, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1970 – Fat Joe, American rapper
1971 – Mary Joe Fernández, Dominican-American tennis player and coach
1971 – João Vieira Pinto, Portuguese footballer
1972 – Roberto Abbondanzieri, Argentinian footballer and manager
1972 – Chihiro Yonekura, Japanese singer-songwriter
1973 – Marco Materazzi, Italian footballer and manager
1973 – Roy Rogers, American basketball player and coach
1973 – Tasma Walton, Australian actress
1975 – Tracie Thoms, American actress
1976 – Régine Chassagne, Canadian singer-songwriter
1977 – Iban Mayo, Spanish cyclist
1978 – Chris Capuano, American baseball player
1978 – Jakub Dvorský, Czech game designer
1978 – Thomas Jones, American football player
1979 – Oumar Kondé, Swiss footballer
1980 – Darius Campbell, Scottish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (d. 2022)
1980 – Craig Frawley, Australian rugby league player
1980 – Jun Jin, South Korean singer
1980 – Paul Parry, Welsh footballer
1980 – Michael Todd, American bass player
1981 – Nick Kennedy, English rugby player
1981 – Taylor Pyatt, Canadian ice hockey player
1981 – Percy Watson, American football player and wrestler
1982 – Erika Christensen, American actress
1982 – Melissa Fumero, American actress
1982 – J. J. Hardy, American baseball player
1982 – Kevin Rans, Belgian pole vaulter
1982 – Stipe Miocic, American professional mixed martial artist
1982 – Steve Ott, Canadian ice hockey player
1983 – Mike Conway, English racing driver
1983 – Missy Higgins, Australian singer-songwriter
1983 – Tammin Sursok, South African-Australian actress and singer
1984 – Simon Bird, English actor and screenwriter
1984 – Alessandro Matri, Italian footballer
1984 – Ryan Taylor, English footballer
1985 – David A. Gregory, American actor
1985 – Lindsey Jacobellis, American snowboarder
1986 – Sotiris Balafas, Greek footballer
1986 – Saori Kimura, Japanese volleyball player
1986 – Christina Perri, American singer and songwriter
1987 – Patrick Chung, Jamaican-American football player
1987 – Nick Driebergen, Dutch swimmer
1987 – Nico Hülkenberg, German racing driver
1988 – Kirk Cousins, American football player
1988 – Veronica Roth, American author
1989 – Romeo Miller, American basketball player, rapper, actor
1990 – Danny Galbraith, Scottish footballer
1991 – Salem Al-Dawsari, Saudi Arabian footballer
1992 – David Rittich, Czech ice hockey player
1993 – Pio Seci, Fijian rugby league player
1994 – Nafissatou Thiam, Belgian pentathlete and heptathlete
1994 – Fernando Gaviria, Colombian cyclist
1996 – Jung Ye-rin, South Korean singer and actress
1996 – Lachlan Lewis, Australian rugby league player
1999 – Ethan Cutkosky, American actor and musician
1999 – Thomas Flegler, Australian rugby league player
2000 – Keegan Murray, American basketball player
2001 – Awak Kuier, Finnish basketball player |
August 19 | Deaths | Deaths |
August 19 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
607 BC – Duke Ling of Jin, Chinese monarch
AD 14 – Augustus, Roman emperor (b. 63 BC)
780 – Credan, English abbot and saint
947 – Abu Yazid, Kharijite rebel leader (b. 873)
998 – Fujiwara no Sukemasa, Japanese noble, statesman and calligrapher (b. 944)
1072 – Hawise, Duchess of Brittany (b. 1037)
1085 – Al-Juwayni, Muslim scholar and imam (b. 1028)
1186 – Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany (b. 1158)
1245 – Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence (b. 1195)
1284 – Alphonso, Earl of Chester (b. 1273)
1297 – Louis of Toulouse, French bishop and saint (b. 1274)
1457 – Andrea del Castagno, Italian painter (b. 1421)
1470 – Richard Olivier de Longueil, French cardinal (b. 1406)
1493 – Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1415)
1506 – King Alexander Jagiellon of Poland (b. 1461)
1541 – Vincenzo Cappello, Venetian admiral and statesman (b. 1469)
1580 – Andrea Palladio, Italian architect, designed the Church of San Giorgio Maggiore and Il Redentore (b. 1508) |
August 19 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1646 – Alexander Henderson, Scottish theologian and academic (b. 1583)
1654 – Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller, Bohemian rabbi (b. 1579)
1662 – Blaise Pascal, French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher (b. 1623)
1674 – František Maxmilián Kaňka, Czech architect (d. 1766)
1680 – Jean Eudes, French priest, founded the Congregation of Jesus and Mary (b. 1601)
1691 – Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha, Ottoman commander and politician, 117th Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1637)
1702 – Anthony Grey, 11th Earl of Kent, English politician (b. 1645)
1753 – Johann Balthasar Neumann, German engineer and architect, designed Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers (b. 1687)
1808 – Fredrik Henrik af Chapman, Swedish admiral and shipbuilder (b. 1721)
1822 – Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre, French mathematician and astronomer (b. 1749)
1883 – Jeremiah S. Black, American lawyer and politician, 24th United States Attorney General (b. 1810)
1889 – Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam, French author, poet, and playwright (b. 1838)
1895 – John Wesley Hardin, American Old West outlaw, gunfighter (b. 1853)
1900 – Jean-Baptiste Accolay, Belgian violinist, composer, and conductor (b. 1833) |
August 19 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1914 – Franz Xavier Wernz, German religious leader, 25th Superior General of the Society of Jesus (b. 1844)
1915 – Tevfik Fikret, Turkish poet and educator (b. 1867)
1923 – Vilfredo Pareto, Italian sociologist and economist (b. 1845)
1928 – Stephanos Skouloudis, Greek banker and diplomat, 97th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1838)
1929 – Sergei Diaghilev, Russian critic and producer, founded Ballets Russes (b. 1872)
1932 – Louis Anquetin, French painter (b. 1861)
1936 – Federico García Lorca, Spanish poet, playwright, and director (b. 1898)
1942 – Harald Kaarmann, Estonian footballer (b. 1901)
1942 – Heinrich Rauchinger, Kraków-born painter (b. 1858)
1944 – Henry Wood, English conductor (b. 1869)
1945 – Tomás Burgos, Chilean philanthropist (b. 1875)
1950 – Giovanni Giorgi, Italian physicist and engineer (b. 1871)
1954 – Alcide De Gasperi, Italian journalist and politician, 30th Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1881)
1957 – David Bomberg, English soldier and painter (b. 1890)
1967 – Hugo Gernsback, Luxembourg-born American author and publisher (b. 1884)
1967 – Isaac Deutscher, Polish-English journalist and historian (b. 1907)
1968 – George Gamow, Ukrainian-American physicist and cosmologist (b. 1904)
1970 – Paweł Jasienica, Polish soldier and historian (b. 1909)
1975 – Mark Donohue, American race car driver and engineer (b. 1937)
1976 – Alastair Sim, Scottish-English actor (b. 1900)
1976 – Ken Wadsworth, New Zealand cricketer (b. 1946)
1977 – Aleksander Kreek, Estonian shot putter and discus thrower (b. 1914)
1977 – Groucho Marx, American comedian and actor (b. 1890)
1980 – Otto Frank, German-Swiss businessman, father of Anne Frank (b. 1889)
1981 – Jessie Matthews, English actress, singer, and dancer (b. 1907)
1982 – August Neo, Estonian wrestler (b. 1908)
1986 – Hermione Baddeley, English actress (b. 1906)
1986 – Viv Thicknesse, Australian rugby player (b. 1910)
1993 – Utpal Dutt, Bangladeshi actor, director, and playwright (b. 1929)
1994 – Linus Pauling, American chemist and biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1901)
1995 – Pierre Schaeffer, French composer and musicologist (b. 1910)
2000 – Bineshwar Brahma, Indian poet, author, and educator (b. 1948)
2001 – Donald Woods, South African journalist and activist (b. 1933)
2003 – Carlos Roberto Reina, Honduran lawyer and politician, President of Honduras (b. 1926)
2003 – Sérgio Vieira de Mello, Brazilian diplomat (b. 1948)
2005 – Mo Mowlam, English academic and politician, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (b. 1949)
2008 – Levy Mwanawasa, Zambian lawyer and politician, 3rd President of Zambia (b. 1948)
2009 – Don Hewitt, American television producer, created 60 Minutes (b. 1922)
2011 – Raúl Ruiz, Chilean director and producer (b. 1941)
2012 – Donal Henahan, American journalist and critic (b. 1921)
2012 – Ivar Iversen, Norwegian canoe racer (b. 1914)
2012 – Tony Scott, English-American director and producer (b. 1944)
2012 – Edmund Skellings, American poet and academic (b. 1932)
2013 – Musa'id bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi Arabian prince (b. 1923)
2013 – Russell S. Doughten, American director and producer (b. 1927)
2013 – Abdul Rahim Hatif, Afghan politician, 8th President of Afghanistan (b. 1926)
2013 – Donna Hightower, American singer-songwriter (b. 1926)
2014 – Samih al-Qasim, Palestinian poet and journalist (b. 1939)
2014 – Simin Behbahani, Iranian poet and activist (b. 1927)
2014 – James Foley, American photographer and journalist (b. 1973)
2014 – Candida Lycett Green, Anglo-Irish journalist and author (b. 1942)
2015 – George Houser, American minister and activist (b. 1916)
2015 – Sanat Mehta, Indian activist and politician (b. 1935)
2016 – Jack Riley, American actor and voice artist (b. 1935)
2017 – Dick Gregory, American comedian, author and activist (b. 1932)
2019 – Lars Larsen, Danish businessman and billionaire, founder and owner of the Danish retail chain JYSK (b. 1948)
2021 – Sonny Chiba, Japanese actor (b. 1939)
2022 – Tekla Juniewicz, Polish supercentenarian (b. 1906)
2023 – Václav Patejdl, Slovak musician (b. 1954)
2024 – Maria Branyas, American-Spanish supercentenarian (b. 1907) |
August 19 | Holidays and observances | Holidays and observances
Afghan Independence Day, commemorates the Treaty of Rawalpindi in 1919, granting independence from Britain (Afghanistan)
August Revolution Commemoration Day (Vietnam)
Birthday of Crown Princess Mette-Marit (Norway)
Christian Feast Day:
Bernardo Tolomei
Bertulf of Bobbio
Saint Calminius
Ezequiél Moreno y Díaz
Feast of the Transfiguration (Julian calendar), and its related observances:
Buhe (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church)
Saviour's Transfiguration, popularly known as the "Apples Feast" (Russian Orthodox Church and Georgian Orthodox Church)
Jean-Eudes de Mézeray
Louis of Toulouse
Maginus
Magnus of Anagni
Magnus of Avignon
Sebaldus
August 19 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Manuel Luis Quezón Day (Quezon City and other places in the Philippines named after Manuel L. Quezon)
National Aviation Day (United States)
World Humanitarian Day |
August 19 | References | References |
August 19 | External links | External links
Category:Days of August |
August 19 | Table of Content | pp-move, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, External links |
August 21 | pp-pc1 | |
August 21 | Events | Events |
August 21 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
959 – Eraclus becomes the 25th bishop of Liège.
1140 – Song dynasty general Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin dynasty general Wuzhu at the Battle of Yancheng during the Jin–Song Wars.
1169 – Battle of the Blacks: Uprising by the black African forces of the Fatimid army, along with a number of Egyptian emirs and commoners, against Saladin..
1192 – Minamoto no Yoritomo becomes Sei-i Taishōgun and the de facto ruler of Japan. (Traditional Japanese date: the 12th day of the seventh month in the third year of the Kenkyū (建久) era).
1331 – King Stefan Uroš III, after months of anarchy, surrenders to his son and rival Stefan Dušan, who succeeds as King of Serbia.
1415 – Henry the Navigator leads Portuguese forces to victory over the Marinids at the Conquest of Ceuta. |
August 21 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1680 – Pueblo Indians capture Santa Fe from the Spanish during the Pueblo Revolt.
1689 – The Battle of Dunkeld in Scotland.
1716 – Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War: The arrival of naval reinforcements and the news of the Battle of Petrovaradin force the Ottomans to abandon the Siege of Corfu, thus preserving the Ionian Islands under Venetian rule.
1770 – James Cook formally claims eastern Australia for Great Britain, naming it New South Wales.
1772 – King Gustav III completes his coup d'état by adopting a new Constitution, ending half a century of parliamentary rule in Sweden and installing himself as an enlightened despot.
1778 – American Revolutionary War: British forces begin besieging the French outpost at Pondichéry.
1791 – A Vodou ceremony, led by Dutty Boukman, turns into a violent slave rebellion, beginning the Haitian Revolution.
1808 – Battle of Vimeiro: British and Portuguese forces led by General Arthur Wellesley defeat French force under Major-General Jean-Andoche Junot near the village of Vimeiro, Portugal, the first Anglo-Portuguese victory of the Peninsular War.
1810 – Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, Marshal of France, is elected Crown Prince of Sweden by the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates.
1821 – Jarvis Island is discovered by the crew of the ship, Eliza Frances.
1831 – Nat Turner leads black slaves and free blacks in a rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia, which will claim the lives of 55 to 65 whites and about twice that number of blacks.
1852 – Tlingit Indians destroy Fort Selkirk, Yukon Territory.
1858 – The first of the Lincoln–Douglas debates is held in Ottawa, Illinois."First Debate: Ottawa, Illinois." NPS.gov. 21 August 2019.
1862 – The Stadtpark, the first public park in Vienna, opens to the public.
1863 – Lawrence, Kansas is destroyed by pro-Confederate guerrillas known as Quantrill's Raiders.
1878 – The American Bar Association is founded in Saratoga Springs, New York.
1879 – The locals of Knock, County Mayo, Ireland report their having seen an apparition of the Virgin Mary. The apparition is later named “Our Lady of Knock” and the spot transformed into a Catholic pilgrimage site.
1883 – An F5 tornado strikes Rochester, Minnesota, leading to the creation of the Mayo Clinic.
1888 – The first successful adding machine in the United States is patented by William Seward Burroughs. |
August 21 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1901 – Six hundred American school teachers, Thomasites, arrived in Manila on the USAT Thomas.
1911 – The Mona Lisa is stolen by Vincenzo Peruggia, a Louvre employee.
1914 – World War I: The Battle of Charleroi, a successful German attack across the River Sambre that pre-empted a French offensive in the same area.
1918 – World War I: The Second Battle of the Somme begins.
1942 – World War II: The Guadalcanal Campaign: American forces defeat an attack by Imperial Japanese Army soldiers in the Battle of the Tenaru.
1944 – Dumbarton Oaks Conference, prelude to the United Nations, begins.
1944 – World War II: Canadian and Polish units capture the strategically important town of Falaise, Calvados, France.
1945 – Physicist Harry Daghlian is fatally irradiated in a criticality accident during an experiment with the Demon core at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
1957 – The Soviet Union successfully conducts a long-range test flight of the R-7 Semyorka, the first intercontinental ballistic missile.
1959 – United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs an executive order proclaiming Hawaii the 50th state of the union. Hawaii's admission is currently commemorated by Hawaii Admission Day.
1963 – Xá Lợi Pagoda raids: The Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces loyal to Ngô Đình Nhu, brother of President Ngo Dinh Diem, vandalizes Buddhist pagodas across the country, arresting thousands and leaving an estimated hundreds dead.
1965 – The Socialist Republic of Romania is proclaimed, following the adoption of a new constitution.
1968 – Cold War: Nicolae Ceaușescu, leader of the Socialist Republic of Romania, publicly condemns the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, encouraging the Romanian population to arm itself against possible Soviet reprisals.
1968 – James Anderson Jr. posthumously receives the first Medal of Honor to be awarded to an African American U.S. Marine.
1971 – A bomb exploded in the Liberal Party campaign rally in Plaza Miranda, Manila, Philippines with several anti-Marcos political candidates injured.
1982 – Lebanese Civil War: The first troops of a multinational force lands in Beirut to oversee the Palestine Liberation Organization's withdrawal from Lebanon.
1983 – Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. is assassinated at Manila International Airport (now renamed Ninoy Aquino International Airport in his honor).
1986 – Carbon dioxide gas erupts from volcanic Lake Nyos in Cameroon, killing up to 1,800 people within a range.
1988 – The 6.9 Nepal earthquake shakes the Nepal–India border with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), leaving 709–1,450 people killed and thousands injured.
1991 – Latvia declares renewal of its full independence after its occupation by the Soviet Union since 1940.
1991 – Coup attempt against Mikhail Gorbachev collapses.
1993 – NASA loses contact with the Mars Observer spacecraft.
1994 – Royal Air Maroc Flight 630 crashes in Douar Izounine, Morocco, killing all 44 people on board.
1995 – Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 529, an Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia, attempts to divert to West Georgia Regional Airport after the left engine fails, but the aircraft crashes in Carroll County near Carrollton, Georgia, killing nine of the 29 people on board.
2000 – American golfer Tiger Woods wins the 82nd PGA Championship and becomes the first golfer since Ben Hogan in 1953 to win three majors in a calendar year.
2013 – Hundreds of people are reported killed by chemical attacks in the Ghouta region of Syria.
2017 – A solar eclipse traverses the continental United States. |
August 21 | Births | Births |
August 21 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
1165 – Philip II of France (d. 1223)
1481 – Jorge de Lencastre, Duke of Coimbra (d. 1550)
1535 – Shimazu Yoshihiro, Japanese general (d. 1619)
1552 – Muhammad Qadiri, Founder of the Naushahia branch of the Qadri order (d. 1654)
1567 – Francis de Sales, Swiss bishop and saint (d. 1622)
1579 – Henri, Duke of Rohan (d. 1638)
1597 – Roger Twysden, English historian and politician (d. 1672) |
August 21 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1625 – John Claypole, English politician (d. 1688)
1643 – Afonso VI of Portugal (d. 1683)
1660 – Hubert Gautier, French mathematician and engineer (d. 1737)
1665 – Giacomo F. Maraldi, French-Italian astronomer and mathematician (d. 1729)
1670 – James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, French general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire (d. 1734)
1725 – Jean-Baptiste Greuze, French painter and educator (d. 1805)
1754 – William Murdoch, Scottish engineer and inventor, created gas lighting (d. 1839)
1754 – Banastre Tarleton, English general and politician (d. 1833)
1765 – William IV of the United Kingdom (d. 1837)
1787 – John Owen, American governor of North Carolina (d. 1841)
1789 – Augustin-Louis Cauchy, French mathematician and academic (d. 1857)
1798 – Jules Michelet, French historian and philosopher (d. 1874)
1800 – Hiram Walden, American general and politician (d. 1880)
1801 – Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer, Dutch historian and politician (d. 1876)
1813 – Jean Stas, Belgian chemist and physician (d. 1891)
1816 – Charles Frédéric Gerhardt, French chemist and academic (d. 1856)
1823 – Nathaniel Everett Green, English painter and astronomer (d. 1899)
1826 – Carl Gegenbaur, German anatomist and academic (d. 1903)
1829 – Otto Goldschmidt, German composer, conductor and pianist (d. 1907)
1840 – Ferdinand Hamer, Dutch bishop and missionary (d. 1900)
1851 – Charles Barrois, French geologist and palaeontologist (d. 1939)
1856 – Medora de Vallombrosa, Marquise de Morès, American heiress (d. 1921)
1858 – Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria (d. 1889)
1862 – Emilio Salgari, Italian journalist and author (d. 1911)
1869 – William Henry Ogilvie, Scottish-Australian poet and author (d. 1963)
1872 – Aubrey Beardsley, English author and illustrator (d. 1898)
1878 – Richard Girulatis, German footballer and manager (d. 1963)
1879 – Claude Grahame-White, English pilot and engineer (d. 1959)
1884 – Chandler Egan, American golfer and architect (d. 1936)
1885 – Édouard Fabre, Canadian runner (d. 1939)
1886 – Ruth Manning-Sanders, Welsh-English author and poet (d. 1988)
1887 – James Paul Moody, English sailor (d. 1912)
1891 – Emiliano Mercado del Toro, Puerto Rican-American soldier (d. 2007)
1892 – Charles Vanel, French actor and director (d. 1989)
1894 – Christian Schad, German painter (d. 1982)
1895 – Blossom Rock, American actress (d. 1978)
1897 – Keith Arbuthnott, 15th Viscount of Arbuthnott, Scottish soldier and peer (d. 1966) |
August 21 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1902 – Angel Karaliychev, Bulgarian author (d. 1972)
1903 – Kostas Giannidis, Greek pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1984)
1904 – Count Basie, American pianist, composer, and bandleader (d. 1984)
1905 – Bipin Gupta, Indian actor and producer (d. 1981)
1906 – Friz Freleng, American animator, director, and producer (d. 1995)
1907 – P. Jeevanandham, Indian lawyer and politician (d. 1963)
1909 – Nikolay Bogolyubov, Russian mathematician and physicist (d. 1992)
1912 – Toe Blake, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1995)
1914 – Doug Wright, English cricketer and coach (d. 1998)
1916 – Bill Lee, American actor and singer (d. 1980)
1916 – Consuelo Velázquez, Mexican pianist and songwriter (d. 2005)
1917 – Leonid Hurwicz, Russian economist and mathematician (d. 2008)
1918 – Billy Reay, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach (d. 2004)
1921 – Reuven Feuerstein, Romanian-Israeli psychologist and academic (d. 2014)
1922 – Albert Irvin, English soldier and painter (d. 2015)
1923 – Keith Allen, Canadian-American ice hockey player, coach, and manager (d. 2014)
1924 – Jack Buck, American sportscaster (d. 2002)
1924 – Jack Weston, American actor (d. 1996)
1926 – Can Yücel, Turkish poet and translator (d. 1999)
1927 – Thomas S. Monson, American religious leader, 16th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 2018)
1928 – Addison Farmer, American bassist (d. 1963)
1928 – Art Farmer, American trumpet player and composer (d. 1999)
1928 – Bud McFadin, American football player (d. 2006)
1929 – Herman Badillo, Puerto Rican-American lawyer and politician (d. 2014)
1929 – X. J. Kennedy, American poet, translator, anthologist, editor
1929 – Ahmed Kathrada, South African politician and political prisoner (d. 2017)
1930 – Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (d. 2002)
1930 – Frank Perry, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1995)
1932 – Menashe Kadishman, Israeli sculptor and painter (d. 2015)
1932 – Melvin Van Peebles, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2021)
1933 – Janet Baker, English soprano and educator
1933 – Michael Dacher, German mountaineer (d. 1994)
1933 – Barry Norman, English author and critic (d. 2017)
1933 – Erik Paaske, Danish actor and singer (d. 1992)
1934 – Sudhakarrao Naik, Indian lawyer and politician, 13th Chief Minister of Maharashtra (d. 2001)
1934 – Paul Panhuysen, Dutch composer (d. 2015)
1936 – Wilt Chamberlain, American basketball player and coach (d. 1999)
1936 – Radish Tordia, Georgian painter and educator
1937 – Donald Dewar, Scottish politician, first First Minister of Scotland (d. 2000)
1937 – Gustavo Noboa, Ecuadorian academic and politician, 51st President of Ecuador (d. 2021)
1937 – Robert Stone, American novelist and short story writer (d. 2015)
1938 – Steve Cowper, American politician, 6th Governor of AlaskaMarie Marmo Mullaney. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1988-1994, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994. p. 13.
1938 – Kenny Rogers, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, producer, and actor (d. 2020)
1938 – Mike Weston, English rugby player (d. 2023)
1939 – James Burton, American Hall of Fame guitarist
1939 – Festus Mogae, Botswana economist and politician, third President of Botswana
1939 – Clarence Williams III, American actor (d. 2021)
1940 – Dominick Harrod, English journalist, historian, and author (d. 2013)
1940 – Endre Szemerédi, Hungarian-American mathematician and computer scientist
1941 – Jackie DeShannon, American singer-songwriter
1943 – Patrick Demarchelier, French photographer (d. 2022)
1943 – Jonathan Schell, American journalist and author (d. 2014)
1943 – Lucius Shepard, American author and critic (d. 2014)
1943 – Hugh Wilson, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2018)
1944 – Perry Christie, Bahamian politician, third Prime Minister of the Bahamas
1944 – Peter Weir, Australian director, producer, and screenwriter
1945 – Basil Poledouris, Greek-American composer, conductor (d. 2006)
1945 – Celia Brayfield, English journalist and author
1945 – Jerry DaVanon, American baseball player
1945 – Willie Lanier, American football player
1945 – Patty McCormack, American actress
1947 – Carl Giammarese, American singer-songwriter and musician
1949 – Loretta Devine, American actress and singer
1949 – Daniel Sivan, Israeli scholar and academic
1950 – Patrick Juvet, Swiss singer-songwriter and model (d. 2021)
1950 – Arthur Bremer, American attempted assassin of George Wallace
1951 – Eric Goles, Chilean mathematician and computer scientist
1951 – Glenn Hughes, English musician
1951 – Yana Mintoff, Maltese politician, economist and educator
1951 – Chesley V. Morton, American businessman and politician
1952 – Keith Hart, Canadian firefighter, wrestler, and trainer
1952 – Jiří Paroubek, Czech soldier and politician, sixth Prime Minister of the Czech Republic
1952 – Bernadette Porter, English nun and educator
1952 – Joe Strummer, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2002)
1953 – Ivan Stang, American author, publisher, and director
1954 – Archie Griffin, American football player
1954 – Steve Smith, American drummer
1954 – Mark Williams, New Zealand-Australian singer-songwriter
1956 – Kim Cattrall, English-Canadian actress
1956 – Jon Tester, American farmer and politician
1957 – Frank Pastore, American baseball player and radio host (d. 2012)
1958 – Steve Case, American businessman, co-founder of America Online (AOL)
1958 – Mark Williams, Australian footballer and coach
1959 – Anne Hobbs, English tennis player and coach
1959 – Jim McMahon, American football player and coach
1961 – Gerardo Barbero, Argentinian chess player and coach (d. 2001)
1961 – V. B. Chandrasekhar, Indian cricketer and coach (d. 2019)
1961 – Stephen Hillenburg, American marine biologist, cartoonist, animator and creator of SpongeBob SquarePants (d. 2018)
1962 – Cleo King, American actress
1962 – John Korfas, Greek-American basketball player and coach
1962 – Gilberto Santa Rosa, Puerto Rican bandleader and singer of salsa and bolero
1962 – Pete Weber, American bowler
1963 – Mohammed VI of Morocco, King of Morocco
1963 – Nigel Pearson, English footballer and manager
1964 – Gary Elkerton, Australian surfer
1965 – Jim Bullinger, American baseball player
1966 – John Wetteland, American baseball player and coach
1967 – Darren Bewick, Australian footballer
1967 – Charb, French journalist and cartoonist (d. 2015)
1967 – Carrie-Anne Moss, Canadian actress
1967 – Serj Tankian, Lebanese-born Armenian-American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and record producer
1968 – Dina Carroll, English singer-songwriter
1968 – Goran Ćurko, Serbian footballer
1968 – Laura Trevelyan, English journalist and author
1969 – Bruce Anstey, New Zealand motorcycle racer
1969 – Josée Chouinard, Canadian figure skater
1970 – Craig Counsell, American baseball player and coach
1970 – Erik Dekker, Dutch cyclist and manager
1970 – Cathy Weseluck, Canadian actress
1971 – Mamadou Diallo, Senegalese footballer
1971 – Robert Harvey, Australian footballer and coach
1971 – Liam Howlett, English keyboard player, DJ, and producer
1973 – Sergey Brin, Russian-American computer scientist and businessman, co-founded Google
1973 – Steve McKenna, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
1974 – Martin Andanar, Filipino journalist and radio host
1974 – Paul Mellor, Australian rugby league player and referee
1975 – Simon Katich, Australian cricketer and manager
1975 – Alicia Witt, American actress and musician
1976 – Alex Brooks, American ice hockey player and scout
1976 – Jeff Cunningham, Jamaican-American soccer player
1976 – Robert Miles, Australian rugby league player
1976 – Ramón Vázquez, Puerto Rican-American baseball player and coach
1978 – Peter Buxton, English rugby player and manager
1978 – Reuben Droughns, American football player and coach
1978 – Lee Gronkiewicz, American baseball player and coach
1978 – Alan Lee, Irish footballer and coach
1978 – Jason Marquis, American baseball player
1979 – Kelis, American singer-songwriter, producer, chef and author
1979 – Diego Klattenhoff, Canadian actor
1980 – Bryan Allen, Canadian ice hockey player
1980 – Burney Lamar, American race car driver
1980 – Paul Menard, American race car driver
1980 – Jasmin Wöhr, German tennis player
1981 – Jarrod Lyle, Australian golfer (d. 2018)
1981 – Cameron Winklevoss, American rower and businessman, co-founded ConnectU
1981 – Tyler Winklevoss, American rower and businessman, co-founded ConnectU
1981 – Ross Thomas, American actor
1982 – Jason Eaton, New Zealand rugby player
1982 – Omar Sachedina, Canadian television journalist, correspondent, and news anchor
1983 – Brody Jenner, American television personality and model
1983 – Scott McDonald, Australian footballer
1984 – Neil Dexter, South African cricketer
1984 – Melvin Upton, Jr., American baseball player
1984 – Alizée, French singer
1985 – Nicolás Almagro, Spanish tennis player
1985 – Aleksandra Kiryashova, Russian pole vaulter
1986 – Usain Bolt, Jamaican sprinter
1986 – Wout Brama, Dutch footballer
1986 – Koki Sakamoto, Japanese gymnast
1986 – Brooks Wheelan, American comedian and actor
1987 – DeWanna Bonner, American-Macedonian basketball player
1987 – Cody Kasch, American actor
1987 – J. D. Martinez, American baseball player
1987 – Jodie Meeks, American basketball player and coach
1988 – Robert Lewandowski, Polish footballer
1988 – Joanna Mitrosz, Polish rhythmic gymnast
1988 – Kacey Musgraves, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1989 – Charlison Benschop, Dutch footballer
1989 – James Davey, English rugby league player
1989 – Matteo Gentili, Italian footballer
1989 – Hayden Panettiere, American actress
1989 – Aleix Vidal, Spanish footballer
1990 – Bo Burnham, American comedian, musician, actor, filmmaker and poet
1990 – Christian Vázquez, Puerto Rican baseball player
1991 – Leandro Bacuna, Dutch footballer
1991 – Jesse Rutherford, American singer and songwriter
1992 – Brandon Drury, American baseball player
1992 – RJ Mitte, American actor
1992 – Felipe Nasr, Brazilian race car driver
1993 – Millie Bright, English footballer
1993 – Mike Evans, American football player
1994 – Alexandra Cooper, American podcaster
1994 – Ekin-Su Cülcüloğlu, British-Turkish reality television personality, actress and model
1995 – Dominik Kubalík, Czech ice hockey player
1996 – Karolína Muchová, Czech tennis player
1999 – Maxim Knight, American actor
2000 – Corbin Carroll, American baseball player |
August 21 | Deaths | Deaths |
August 21 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
672 – Emperor Kōbun of Japan (b. 648)
784 – Alberic, archbishop of Utrecht
913 – Tang Daoxi, Chinese general
1131 – King Baldwin II of Jerusalem
1148 – William II, Count of Nevers (b. c. 1089)
1157 – Alfonso VII of León and Castile (b. 1105)
1245 – Alexander of Hales, English theologian
1271 – Alphonse, Count of Poitiers (b. 1220)
1534 – Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, 44th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1464)
1568 – Jean Parisot de Valette, 49th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1495) |
August 21 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1614 – Elizabeth Báthory, Hungarian countess and purported serial killer (b. 1560)
1622 – Juan de Tassis, 2nd Count of Villamediana, Spanish poet and politician (b. 1582)
1627 – Jacques Mauduit, French composer and academic (b. 1557)
1673 – Henry Grey, 1st Earl of Stamford, English soldier (b. 1599)
1689 – William Cleland, Scottish poet and soldier (b. 1661)
1762 – Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, English author, poet, and playwright (b. 1689)
1763 – Charles Wyndham, 2nd Earl of Egremont, English politician, Secretary of State for the Southern Department (b. 1710)
1775 – Zahir al-Umar, Arabian ruler (b. 1690)
1796 – John McKinly, American physician and politician, first Governor of Delaware (b. 1721)
1814 – Benjamin Thompson, American-English physicist and colonel (b. 1753)
1835 – John MacCulloch, Scottish geologist and academic (b. 1773)
1836 – Claude-Louis Navier, French physicist and engineer (b. 1785)
1838 – Adelbert von Chamisso, German botanist and poet (b. 1781)
1853 – Charles Tristan, marquis de Montholon, French general (b. 1783)
1854 – Thomas Clayton, American lawyer and politician (b. 1777)
1867 – Juan Álvarez, Mexican general and president (1855) (b. 1790)
1870 – Ma Xinyi, Chinese general and politician, Viceroy of Liangjiang (b. 1821)
1888 – James Farnell, Australian politician, eighth Premier of New South Wales (b. 1825) |
August 21 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1905 – Alexander von Oettingen, Estonian theologian and statistician (b. 1827)
1910 – Bertalan Székely, Hungarian painter and academic (b. 1835)
1911 – Mahboob Ali Khan, sixth Nizam of Hyderabad State (b. 1866)
1919 – Laurence Doherty, English tennis player (b. 1875)
1935 – John Hartley, English tennis player (b. 1849)
1940 – Hermann Obrecht, Swiss lawyer and politician (b. 1882)
1940 – Ernest Thayer, American poet and author (b. 1863)
1940 – Leon Trotsky, Russian theorist and politician, founded the Red Army (b. 1879)
1943 – Henrik Pontoppidan, Danish journalist and author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1857)
1947 – Ettore Bugatti, Italian-French engineer and businessman, founded Bugatti (b. 1881)
1951 – Constant Lambert, English composer and conductor (b. 1905)
1957 – Mait Metsanurk, Estonian author and playwright (b. 1879)
1957 – Nels Stewart, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1902)
1957 – Harald Sverdrup, Norwegian meteorologist and oceanographer (b. 1888)
1960 – David B. Steinman, American engineer, designed the Mackinac Bridge (b. 1886)
1964 – Palmiro Togliatti, Italian journalist and politician, Italian Minister of Justice (b. 1893)
1968 – Germaine Guèvremont, Canadian journalist and author (b. 1893)
1971 – George Jackson, American activist and author, co-founded the Black Guerrilla Family (b. 1941)
1974 – Buford Pusser, American police officer (b. 1937)
1974 – Kirpal Singh, Indian spiritual master (b. 1894)
1978 – Charles Eames, American architect, co-designed the Eames House (b. 1907)
1979 – Giuseppe Meazza, Italian footballer and manager (b. 1910)
1981 – Kaka Kalelkar, Indian Hindi Writer(b. 1885)
1983 – Benigno Aquino Jr., Filipino journalist and politician (b. 1932)
1988 – Teodoro de Villa Diaz, Filipino guitarist and songwriter (b. 1963)
1988 – Ray Eames, American architect, co-designed the Eames House (b. 1912)
1989 – Raul Seixas, Brazilian singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1945)
1993 – Tatiana Troyanos, American soprano and actress (b. 1938)
1995 – Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Indian-American astrophysicist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1910)
1995 – Chuck Stevenson, American race car driver (b. 1919)
1996 – Mary Two-Axe Earley, Canadian indigenous women's rights activist (b. 1911)
2000 – Tomata du Plenty, American singer-songwriter and playwright (b. 1948)
2000 – Daniel Lisulo, Zambian politician, third Prime Minister of Zambia (b. 1930)
2000 – Andrzej Zawada, Polish mountaineer and author (b. 1928)
2001 – Calum MacKay, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1927)
2003 – John Coplans, British artist (b. 1920)
2003 – Kathy Wilkes, English philosopher and academic (b. 1946)
2004 – Sachidananda Routray, Indian Oriya-language poet (b. 1916)
2005 – Martin Dillon, American tenor and educator (b. 1957)
2005 – Robert Moog, American businessman, founded Moog Music (b. 1934)
2005 – Dahlia Ravikovitch, Israeli poet and translator (b. 1936)
2005 – Marcus Schmuck, Austrian mountaineer (b. 1925)
2006 – Bismillah Khan, Indian musician, Bharat Ratna recipient (b. 1916)
2006 – Paul Fentener van Vlissingen, Dutch businessman and philanthropist (b. 1941)
2007 – Frank Bowe, American academic (b. 1947)
2007 – Siobhan Dowd, British author (b. 1960)
2007 – Elizabeth P. Hoisington, American general (b. 1918)
2008 – Jerry Finn, American engineer and producer (b. 1969)
2009 – Rex Shelley, Singaporean engineer and author (b. 1930)
2010 – Rodolfo Enrique Fogwill, Argentinean sociologist and author (b. 1941)
2012 – Georg Leber, German soldier and politician, Federal Minister of Defence for Germany (b. 1920)
2012 – J. Frank Raley Jr., American soldier and politician (b. 1926)
2012 – Don Raleigh, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1926)
2012 – Guy Spitaels, Belgian academic and politician, seventh Minister-President of Wallonia (b. 1931)
2012 – William Thurston, American mathematician and academic (b. 1946)
2013 – Jean Berkey, American lawyer and politician (b. 1938)
2013 – Sid Bernstein, American record producer (b. 1918)
2013 – C. Gordon Fullerton, American colonel, engineer, and astronaut (b. 1936)
2013 – Fred Martin, Scottish footballer (b. 1929)
2013 – Enos Nkala, Zimbabwean politician, Zimbabwean Minister of Defence (b. 1932)
2014 – Gerry Anderson, Irish radio and television host (b. 1944)
2014 – Helen Bamber, English psychotherapist and academic (b. 1925)
2014 – Steven R. Nagel, American colonel, engineer, and astronaut (b. 1946)
2014 – Jean Redpath, Scottish singer-songwriter (b. 1937)
2014 – Albert Reynolds, Irish businessman and politician, ninth Taoiseach of Ireland (b. 1932)
2015 – Colin Beyer, New Zealand lawyer and businessman (b. 1938)
2015 – Wang Dongxing, Chinese commander and politician (b. 1916)
2015 – Jimmy Evert, American tennis player and coach (b. 1924)
2017 – Bajram Rexhepi, First Kosovan Prime Ministers of UN mission administration in Kosovo (b. 1954)
2018 – Stefán Karl Stefánsson, Icelandic actor and singer (b. 1975)
2019 – Celso Piña, Mexican singer, composer, arranger, and accordionist (b. 1953)
2024 – Nell McCafferty, Northern Irish journalist, playwright and civil rights campaigner (b. 1944)
2024 – Bill Pascrell, American politician (b. 1937)
2024 – John Amos, American actor (b. 1939) |
August 21 | Holidays and observances | Holidays and observances
Christian Feast Day:
Abraham of Smolensk (Eastern Orthodox Church)
Euprepius of Verona
Maximilian of Antioch
Our Lady of Knock
Pope Pius X
Sidonius Apollinaris
August 21 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Ninoy Aquino Day (Philippines)
Youth Day (Morocco)
World Senior Citizen's Day |
August 21 | References | References |
August 21 | External links | External links
Category:Days of August |
August 21 | Table of Content | pp-pc1, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, External links |
Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) | Short description | The Dodo is a fictional character appearing in Chapters 2 and 3 of the 1865 book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson). The Dodo is a caricature of the author. A popular but unsubstantiated belief is that Dodgson chose the particular animal to represent himself because of his stammer, and thus would accidentally introduce himself as "Do-do-dodgson".
Historically, the dodo was a flightless bird that lived on the island of Mauritius, east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. It became extinct in the mid 17th century during the colonisation of the island by the Dutch. |
Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) | ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' | Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
thumb|left|upright|Depiction by Arthur Rackham, 1907
In this passage Lewis Carroll incorporated references to the original boating expedition of 4 July 1862 during which Alice's Adventures were first told, with Alice as herself, and the others represented by birds: the Lory was Lorina Liddell, the Eaglet was Edith Liddell, the Dodo was Dodgson, and the Duck was Rev. Robinson Duckworth. In order to get dry after a swim, the Dodo proposes that everyone run a Caucus race – where the participants run in patterns of any shape, starting and leaving off whenever they like, so that everyone wins. At the end of the race, Alice distributes comfits from her pocket to all as prizes. However this leaves no prize for herself. The Dodo inquires what else she has in her pocket. As she has only a thimble, the Dodo requests it from her and then awards it to Alice as her prize. The Caucus Race, as depicted by Carroll, is a satire on the political caucus system, mocking its lack of clarity and decisiveness. |
Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) | Interpretations | Interpretations |
Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) | Disney animated film version | Disney animated film version
In the Disney film, the Dodo plays a much greater role in the story than in the book. He is merged with the character of Pat the Gardener, which leads to him sometimes being nicknamed Pat the Dodo, but this name is never mentioned in the film. The Dodo is also the leader of the caucus race. He has the appearance and personality of a sea captain. The Dodo is voiced by Bill Thompson and animated by Milt Kahl.
Dodo is first seen as Alice is floating on the sea in a bottle. Dodo is seen singing, but when Alice asks him for help, he does not notice her. On shore, Dodo is seen on a rock, organizing a caucus race. This race involves running around until one gets dry, but the attempts are hampered by incoming waves.
Dodo is later summoned by the White Rabbit, when the rabbit believes a monster, actually Alice having magically grown to a giant size, is inside his home. Dodo brings Bill the Lizard, and attempts to get him to go down the chimney. Bill refuses at first, but Dodo is able to convince him otherwise. However, the soot causes Alice to sneeze, sending Bill high up into the sky. Dodo then decides to burn the house down, much to the chagrin of the White Rabbit. He begins gathering wood, such as the furniture, for this purpose. However, Alice is soon able to return to a smaller size and exit the house by eating a carrot from the White Rabbit's garden.
The White Rabbit soon leaves, while Dodo asks for matches, not realizing that the situation has been resolved. He then asks Alice for a match, but when she doesn't have any, Dodo complains about the lack of cooperation and uses his pipe to light the fire.
The Dodo later appears briefly at the end of the film, conducting another Caucus Race while Alice is being chased by the Queen of Hearts and her card soldiers.
In Alice's Wonderland Bakery, appears Captain Dodo, being unknown if he is the same character from the film, or a descendant as is the case of other characters from Wonderland in the series (the plot placed several decades after the events in the film). Captain Dodo also has a son named Jojo. |
Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) | Tim Burton's ''Alice in Wonderland'' version | Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland version
In Tim Burton's adaptation of Alice in Wonderland, the Dodo's appearance retains the subtle apparent nature from John Tenniel's illustration. He bears a down of brilliant blue and wears a navy blue waistcoat and white spats along with glasses and a cane. He is one of Alice's good-willed advisers, taking first note of her abilities as the true Alice. He is also one of the oldest inhabitants. His name is Uilleam, and he is portrayed by Michael Gough. He goes with the White Rabbit, Tweedledum and Tweedledee, and Dormouse to take Alice to Caterpillar to decide whether Alice is the real one. He is later captured by the Red Queen's forces. When Alice came to the Red Queen's castle, he was seen at the Red Queen's castle yard as a caddy for the Queen's croquet game. After the Red Queen orders the release of the Jubjub bird to kill all her subjects from rebelling, he is then seen briefly running from it when the Tweedles went to hide from it and escaped but was snatched by the Jubjub and was never seen again throughout the film.
His name may be based on a lecture on William the Conqueror from Chapter Three of the original novel. The character is voiced by Michael Gough in his final feature film role before his death in 2011. Gough came out of retirement to appear in the film but the character only speaks three lines, so Gough managed to record in one day. |
Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) | References | References
Category:Lewis Carroll characters
Category:Fictional flightless birds
Category:Literary characters introduced in 1865
Category:Dodo
Category:Male characters in literature |
Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) | Table of Content | Short description, ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'', Interpretations, Disney animated film version, Tim Burton's ''Alice in Wonderland'' version, References |
Lory (disambiguation) | Wiktionary | A Lory is a small to medium-sized arboreal parrot.
Lory may also refer to: |
Lory (disambiguation) | People | People
Al De Lory (1930–2012), an American record producer, arranger, conductor and session musician
Donna De Lory (born 1964), an American singer, dancer and songwriter
Milo B. Lory (1903–1974), an American sound editor |
Lory (disambiguation) | Other uses | Other uses
Lory, a fictional parrot, a minor character in the Alice series by Lewis Carroll
Lory Lake, in Minnesota, U.S.
Lory State Park, near Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S. |
Lory (disambiguation) | See also | See also
Lorry (disambiguation)
Lori (disambiguation)
Loris (disambiguation)
Loris, strepsirrhine primates |
Lory (disambiguation) | Table of Content | Wiktionary, People, Other uses, See also |
Albert | wiktionary | Albert may refer to: |
Albert | Companies | Companies
Albert Computers, Inc., a computer manufacturer in the 1980s
Albert Czech Republic, a supermarket chain in the Czech Republic
Albert Heijn, a supermarket chain in the Netherlands
Albert Market, a street market in The Gambia
Albert Music, an Australian music company now known as Alberts
Albert Productions, a record label
Albert (organisation), an environmental organisation concerning film and television productions |
Albert | Entertainment | Entertainment
Albert (1985 film), a Czechoslovak film directed by František Vláčil
Albert (2015 film), a film by Karsten Kiilerich
Albert (2016 film), an American TV movie
Albert (album), by Ed Hall, 1988
"Albert" (short story), by Leo Tolstoy
Albert (comics), a character in Marvel Comics
Albert (Discworld), a character in Terry Pratchett's Discworld series
Albert, a character in Dario Argento's 1977 film Suspiria |
Albert | People | People
Albert (given name)
Albert (surname)
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Albert (dancer) (François-Ferdinand 1789–1865), French ballet dancer
Albert, a ring name of professional wrestler Matt Bloom (born 1972) |
Albert | Places | Places |
Albert | Canada | Canada
Albert (1846–1973 electoral district), a provincial electoral district in New Brunswick from 1846 to 1973
Albert (federal electoral district), a federal electoral district in New Brunswick from 1867 to 1903
Albert (provincial electoral district), a provincial electoral district in New Brunswick
Albert County, New Brunswick
Rural Municipality of Albert, Manitoba, Canada |
Albert | United States | United States
Albert, Kansas
Albert Township, Michigan
Albert, Oklahoma
Albert, Texas, a ghost town
The Albert (Detroit), formerly the Griswold Building, an American apartment block |
Albert | Elsewhere | Elsewhere
Albert (Belize House constituency), a Belize City-based electoral constituency
Albert, New South Wales, a town in Australia
Electoral district of Albert, a former electoral district in Queensland, Australia
Albert, Somme, a French commune |
Albert | Transportation | Transportation
Albert (automobile), a 1920s British light car
Albert (motorcycle), a 1920s German vehicle brand
Albert (tugboat), a 1979 U.S. tugboat |
Albert | Other | Other
719 Albert, Amor asteroid
Albert (crater), a lunar crater
The Albert, a pub in London
Albert and Alberta Gator, mascots for the Florida Gators |
Albert | See also | See also
Alberta (disambiguation)
Alberts (disambiguation)
Alberte (born 1963), a Danish singer and actress
Albertet, a diminutive of Albert
Albret, a seigneurie in Landes, France
Aubert, an Anglo-Saxon surname |
Albert | Table of Content | wiktionary, Companies, Entertainment, People, Places, Canada, United States, Elsewhere, Transportation, Other, See also |
Albert I | '''Albert I''' | Albert I may refer to: |
Albert I | People | People |
Albert I | Born before 1300 | Born before 1300
Albert I, Count of Vermandois (917–987)
Albert I, Count of Namur ()
Albert I of Moha
Albert I of Brandenburg (), first margrave of Brandenburg
Albert I, Margrave of Meissen (1158–1195)
Albert I of Käfernburg (), Archbishop of Magdeburg
Albert I of Pietengau ()
Albert I, Lord of Mecklenburg (after 1230–1265)
Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1236–1279), second duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Albert I of Germany (1255–1308), king of Germany and archduke of Austria
Albert I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (–1316) |
Albert I | Born after 1300 | Born after 1300
Albert I, Duke of Bavaria (1336–1404), duke of Bavaria-Straubing, count of Holland, Hainault and Zealand
Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard
Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen ()
Albert I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels (1468–1511)
Albert I, Duke of Prussia (1490–1568), first Duke of Prussia
Albert I, Prince of Monaco (1848–1922)
Albert I of Belgium (1875–1934), king of the Belgians
Albert I Kalonji Ditunga (1929–2015), Congolese politician |
Albert I | Other uses | Other uses
Albert I (monkey), the first mammal used in a subspace rocket launch, June 11, 1948 |
Albert I | See also | See also
Albert (given name) |
Albert I | Table of Content | '''Albert I''', People, Born before 1300, Born after 1300, Other uses, See also |
Albert II | '''Albert II''' | Albert II may refer to: |
Albert II | Monkeys | Monkeys
Albert II (monkey), first primate and first mammal in space, died on impact following V-2 flight June 14, 1949 |
Albert II | People | People
Albert II, Count of Namur (died 1067)
Albert II, Count of Tyrol (died 1120s)
Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg (–1220)
Albert II, Archbishop of Riga (1200–1273)
Albert II, Margrave of Meissen (1240–1314),
Albert II, Duke of Saxony (1250–1298)
Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (–1318)
Albert II of Austria (1298–1358)
Albert II, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (died 1362)
Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg (1318–1379)
Albert II, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing (1368–1397)
Albert II, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg (1369–1403)
Albert II of Germany (1397–1439), King of Germany, Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, Duke of Austria
Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (1419–1485)
Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard (1400s)
Albert II, Count of Hoya (1526–1563)
Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1620–1667)
Albert II of Belgium (born 1934), King of the Belgians
Albert II, Prince of Monaco (born 1958), ruler of the principality of Monaco
Albert II, Prince of Thurn and Taxis (born 1983), Prince of Thurn und Taxis, German prince |
Albert II | Table of Content | '''Albert II''', Monkeys, People |
Albert III | '''Albert III''' | Albert III may refer to:
Albert III, Count of Namur (1048–1102)
Albert III, Count of Habsburg (died 1199)
Albert III, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel (–1300)
Albert III, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (1281–1308)
Albert III, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (died 1359)
Albert III, Count of Gorizia (died 1374)
Albert III of Mecklenburg (c. 1338 – 1412)
Albert III, Duke of Austria (1349–1395)
Albert III, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg (1375/1380–1422)
Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg (1414–1486)
Albert III, Duke of Bavaria (1438–1460)
Albert III, Duke of Saxony (1443–1500) |
Albert III | Table of Content | '''Albert III''' |
Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach | Use dmy dates | Albert II (; 28 March 15228 January 1557) was the margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (Brandenburg-Bayreuth) from 1527 to 1553. He was a member of the Franconian branch of the House of Hohenzollern. Because of his bellicose nature, Albert was given the cognomen Bellator ("the Warlike") during his lifetime. Posthumously, he became known as Alcibiades. |
Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach | Biography | Biography
Albert was born in Ansbach and, losing his father Casimir in 1527, he came under the regency of his uncle George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, a strong adherent of Protestantism.
In 1541, he received Bayreuth as his share of the family lands, but as the chief town of his principality was Kulmbach, he is sometimes referred to as the Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach.
His restless and turbulent nature marked him out for a military career; and having collected a small band of soldiers, he assisted Emperor Charles V in his war with France in 1543.
The Peace of Crépy in September 1544 deprived him of this employment, but he won a considerable reputation, and when Charles was preparing to attack the Schmalkaldic League, he took pains to win Albert's assistance.
Sharing in the attack on the Electorate of Saxony, Albert was taken prisoner at Rochlitz in March 1547 by Elector John Frederick of Saxony, but was released as a result of the Emperor's victory at the Battle of Mühlberg in the succeeding April.
He then followed the fortunes of his friend Elector Maurice of Saxony, deserted Charles, and joined the league which proposed to overthrow the Emperor by an alliance with King Henry II of France.
He took part in the subsequent campaign, but when the Peace of Passau was signed in August 1552 he separated himself from his allies and began a crusade of plunder in Franconia, which led to the Second Margrave War.
Having extorted a large sum of money from the citizens of Nuremberg, he quarrelled with his supporter, the French King, and offered his services to the Emperor.
Charles, anxious to secure such a famous fighter, gladly assented to Albert's demands and gave the imperial sanction to his possession of the lands taken from the bishops of Würzburg and Bamberg; and his conspicuous bravery was of great value to the Emperor on the retreat from the Siege of Metz in January 1553.
When Charles left Germany a few weeks later, Albert renewed his depredations in Franconia. These soon became so serious that a league was formed to crush him, and Maurice of Saxony led an army against his former comrade.
The rival forces met at Sievershausen on 9 July 1553, and after a combat of unusual ferocity Albert was put to flight. Henry, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, then took command of the troops of the league, and after Albert had been placed under the Imperial ban in December 1553 he was defeated by Duke Henry, and compelled to flee to France.
He there entered the service of Henry II of France and had undertaken a campaign to regain his lands when he died at Pforzheim on 8 January 1557.
He is defined by Thomas Carlyle as "a failure of a Fritz," with "features" of a Frederick the Great in him, "but who burnt away his splendid qualities as a mere temporary shine for the able editors, and never came to anything, full of fire, too much of it wildfire, not in the least like an Alcibiades except in the change of fortune he underwent". He was buried at Heilsbronn Münster. His hymn "Was mein Got will, das g'scheh allzeit" was translated as "The will of God is always best".it is #477 in Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary, #758 in Lutheran Service Book, and #435 in Christian Worship: A Lutheran Hymnal, see also the entry for the hymn on hymnary.org |
Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach | References | References |
Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach | Citations | Citations |
Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach | Works cited | Works cited
Endnote: See J. Voigt, Markgraf Albrecht Alcibiades von Brandenburg-Kulmbach (Berlin, 1852).
Category:1522 births
Category:1557 deaths
Category:16th-century people from the Holy Roman Empire
Category:House of Hohenzollern
Category:People from Ansbach
Category:People from the Principality of Ansbach
Category:Margraves of Bayreuth |
Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach | Table of Content | Use dmy dates, Biography, References, Citations, Works cited |
Albert the Bear | Short description | Albert the Bear (; 1100 – 18 November 1170) was the first margrave of Brandenburg from 1157 to his death and was briefly duke of Saxony between 1138 and 1142. |
Albert the Bear | Life | Life
Albert was the only son of Otto, Count of Ballenstedt, and Eilika, daughter of Magnus Billung, Duke of Saxony. He inherited his father's valuable estates in northern Saxony in 1123, and on his mother's death, in 1142, succeeded to one-half of the lands of the house of Billung. Albert was a loyal vassal of his relation, Lothar I, Duke of Saxony, from whom, about 1123, he received the Margraviate of Lusatia, to the east; after Lothar became King of the Germans, he accompanied him on a disastrous expedition to Bohemia against the upstart, Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia in 1126 at the Battle of Kulm, where he suffered a short imprisonment.
Albert's entanglements in Saxony stemmed from his desire to expand his inherited estates there. After the death of his brother-in-law, Henry II, Margrave of the Nordmark, who controlled a small area on the Elbe called the Saxon Northern March, in 1128, Albert, disappointed at not receiving this fief himself, attacked Udo V, Count of Stade, the heir, and was consequently deprived of Lusatia by Lothar. Udo, however, was said to have been assassinated by servants of Albert on 15 March 1130 near Aschersleben. In spite of this, Albert went to Italy in 1132 in the train of the king, and his services there were rewarded in 1134 by the investiture of the Northern March, which was again without a ruler.
In 1138 Conrad III, the Hohenstaufen King of the Germans, deprived Albert's cousin and nemesis, Henry the Proud, of his Saxon duchy, which was awarded to Albert if he could take it. After some initial success in his efforts to take possession, Albert was driven from Saxony, and also from his Northern March by a combined force of Henry and Jaxa of Köpenick, and compelled to take refuge in south Germany. Henry died in 1139 and an arrangement was found. Henry's son, Henry the Lion, received the duchy of Saxony in 1142. In the same year, Albert renounced the Saxon duchy and received the counties of Weimar and Orlamünde.
Once he was firmly established in the Northern March, Albert's covetous eye lay also on the thinly populated lands to the north and east. For three years he was occupied in campaigns against the Slavic Wends, who as pagans were considered fair game, and whose subjugation to Christianity was the aim of the Wendish Crusade of 1147 in which Albert took part. Albert was a part of the army that besieged Demmin, and at the end of the war, recovered Havelberg, which had been lost since 983. Diplomatic measures were more successful, and by an arrangement made with the last of the Wendish princes of Brandenburg, Pribislav-Henry of the Hevelli, Albert secured this district when the prince died in 1150. Taking the title "Margrave in Brandenburg", he pressed the crusade against the Wends, extended the area of his mark, encouraged Dutch and German settlement in the Elbe-Havel region (Ostsiedlung), established bishoprics under his protection, and so became the founder of the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1157, which his heirs — the House of Ascania — held until the line died out in 1320.
In 1158 a feud with Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, was interrupted by a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. On his return in 1160, he, with the consent of his sons, Siegfried not being mentioned, donated land to the Knights of Saint John in memory of his wife, Sofia, at Werben on the Elbe. Around this same time, he minted a pfennig in memory of his deceased wife. In 1162 Albert accompanied Emperor Frederick Barbarossa to Italy, where he distinguished himself at the storming of Milan.
In 1164 Albert joined a league of princes formed against Henry the Lion, and peace being made in 1169, Albert divided his territories among his six sons. He died on 18 November 1170, and was buried at Ballenstedt. |
Albert the Bear | Cognomen | Cognomen
thumb|upright|Foundation of the memorial to Albert at Spandau Citadel.
Albert's personal qualities won for him the cognomen of the Bear, "not from his looks or qualities, for he was a tall handsome man, but from the cognisance on his shield, an able man, had a quick eye as well as a strong hand, and could pick what way was straightest among crooked things, was the shining figure and the great man of the North in his day, got much in the North and kept it, got Brandenburg for one there, a conspicuous country ever since," says Thomas Carlyle, who called Albert "a restless, much-managing, wide-warring man." He was also called "the Handsome." |
Albert the Bear | Marriage and children | Marriage and children
Albert was married in 1124 to Sophie of Winzenburg (died 25 March 1160) and they had the following children:
Otto I, Margrave of Brandenburg (1126/1128–7 March 1184)
Count Hermann I of Orlamünde (died 1176), father of Siegfried III, Count of Weimar-Orlamünde
Siegfried (died 24 October 1184), Bishop of Brandenburg from 1173 to 1180, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen, the first ranked prince, from 1180 to 1184
Heinrich (died after 1185), a canon in Magdeburg
Count Albert of Ballenstedt (died after 6 December 1172)
Count Dietrich of Werben (died after 5 September 1183)
Count Bernhard of Anhalt (1138/1142–9 February 1212), Duke of Saxony from 1180 to 1212 as Bernard III
Hedwig (d. 1203), married to Otto II, Margrave of Meissen
Gertrude, married in to Duke Děpold of Moravia
Unknown daughter, married to Vladislav of Olomouc, the eldest son of Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia
Adelheid (died before 1162), a nun in Lamspringe
Unknown daughter, married before 1146 Otto the Younger, son of Otto of Salm
Sybille (died ), Abbess of Quedlinburg |
Albert the Bear | Notes | Notes |
Albert the Bear | References | References |
Albert the Bear | Works cited | Works cited
|
Albert the Bear | General references | General references
|
Albert the Bear | External links | External links
Thomas Carlyle, History of Friedrich ii Chapter iv: Albert the Bear
The History Files: Rulers of Brandenburg
Albert 00
Category:Margraves of Brandenburg
Category:Counts of Anhalt
Category:People from Brandenburg an der Havel
Category:Christians of the Wendish Crusade
Category:1100s births
Category:1170 deaths
Category:Year of birth uncertain
Category:Place of birth unknown |
Albert the Bear | Table of Content | Short description, Life, Cognomen, Marriage and children, Notes, References, Works cited, General references, External links |
Albert of Brandenburg | Short description | Albert of Brandenburg (; 28 June 149024 September 1545) was a German cardinal, elector, Archbishop of Mainz from 1514 to 1545, and Archbishop of Magdeburg from 1513 to 1545.
Through his notorious sale of indulgences, he became the catalyst for Martin Luther's Reformation and its staunch opponent. |
Albert of Brandenburg | Biography | Biography |
Albert of Brandenburg | Career | Career
thumb|right|Cardinal Albert, Archbishop of Magdeburg and Mainz, by Albrecht Dürer
Born in Cölln on the Spree, now a central part of Berlin, into the ruling House of Hohenzollern, Albert was the younger son of John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg and Margaret of Thuringia.
After their father's death in 1499, Albert's older brother Joachim I Nestor became elector of Brandenburg while Albert held only the title of a margrave of Brandenburg. Albert studied at the university of Frankfurt (Oder), and in 1513 became Archbishop of Magdeburg at the age of 23 and administrator of the Diocese of Halberstadt. Endnote: See
J. H. Hennes, Albrecht von Brandenburg, Erzbischof von Mainz und Magdeburg (Mainz, 1858)
J. May, Der Kurfürst, Kardinal, und Erzbischof Albrecht II. von Mainz und Magdeburg (Munich, 1865–1875)
W. Schum, Kardinal Albrecht von Mainz und die Erfurter Kirchenreformation (Halle, 1878)
P. Redlich, Kardinal Albrecht von Brandenburg, und das neue Stift zu Halle (Mainz, 1900).
In 1514 he was also elected Archbishop of Mainz and thus sovereign of the Electorate of Mainz and archchancellor of the Holy Roman Empire. By electing him, the Mainz cathedral chapter hoped for the support of the Elector of Brandenburg in defending the city of Erfurt, which belonged to the archbishopric of Mainz, against the expansionist efforts of the neighboring Saxon dukes. However, this choice violated the canonical prohibition to hold more than one bishopric. Albert also did not meet the requirements for taking over any diocese, since he had not yet reached the age, and he didn't have a college degree; therefore he received a study dispensation in 1513. Albert borrowed 20,000 guilders from Jacob Fugger to pay the confirmation fee to the Roman Curia (see: simony).Luther's nuisance: indulgence for the new building of St. Peter's, Letter of indulgence for the good of the new building of St. Peter's in Rome, 1517, Herzog August Library, Wolfenbüttel In 1514 Albert suggested to Pope Leo X that a special indulgence be announced in his three dioceses as well as in his native diocese of Brandenburg and that half of the income should be used for the construction of the new St. Peter's Basilica and half for Albert's own cash register. The papal bull was issued on 31 March 1515.Christiane Schuchard: What is an indulgence commissioner?; in: ed. H. Kühne, Johann Tetzel and the indulgence: Companion volume to the exhibition »Tetzel - indulgence - purgatory«; exhibition in St. Nikolai church (Jüterbog) and in the monks' monastery; ISBN 978-3-86732-262-1 publisher Lukas Verlag, July 2017, p. 122 The indulgence was entrusted to Albert in 1517 for publication in Saxony and Brandenburg. It cost him the considerable sum of ten thousand ducats,At first, "the pope demanded twelve thousand ducats for the twelve apostles. Albert offered seven thousand ducats for the seven deadly sins. They compromised on ten thousand, presumably not for the Ten Commandments". Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1950), p. 75, online and Albert employed Johann Tetzel for the actual preaching of the indulgence. Later, Martin Luther addressed a letter of protest to Albert concerning the conduct of Tetzel.
Largely in reaction to Tetzel's actions, Luther wrote his famous Ninety-five Theses, which led to the Reformation. Luther sent these to Albert on 31 October 1517, and according to a disputableAccording to Roland Bainton, for example, it is true. Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1950), p. 79, online tradition, nailed a copy to the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg. Albert forwarded the theses to Rome, suspecting Luther of heresy.
As Archbishop of Mainz, he tried unsuccessfully in 1515 and 1516 to expel the Jews living in Mainz.Arye Maimon: Der Judenvertreibungsversuch Albrechts II. von Mainz und sein Mißerfolg (1515/.16), in: Jahrbuch für westdeutsche Landesgeschichte Albert II of Mainz's attempt to expel the Jews and its failure (1515/16). In: Yearbook for West German regional history. Volume 4, 1978, pp. 191-220. In 1518, at the age of 28, he was made a cardinal. When the imperial election of 1519 drew near, partisans of the two leading candidates (kings Charles I of Spain and Francis I of France) eagerly solicited the vote of the Prince-Archbishop of Mainz, and Albert appears to have received a large amount of money for his vote. The electors eventually chose Charles, who became the Emperor Charles V.
Like other high-ranking clergymen of his time, Archbishop Albert lived in concubinage, gave his lovers gifts and favored his children as far as possible without causing much offense. Recent research assumes that he lived in a marriage-like relationship at first with Elisabeth "Leys" Schütz from Mainz and then with the Frankfurt widow Agnes Pless, née Strauss. With Leys Schütz he had a daughter named Anna, whom he married to his secretary Joachim Kirchner.Kerstin Merkel: Albrecht and Ursula. A hike through literature and the formation of legends. In: Andreas Tacke (ed.): »... we want to give love space«. Concubinage of ecclesiastical and secular princes around 1500 (= publication series of the Moritzburg Foundation, Art Museum of the State of Saxony-Anhalt. Original title: Albrecht und Ursula. Eine Wanderung durch Literatur und Legendenbildung. In: Andreas Tacke (Hrsg.): »... wir wollen der Liebe Raum geben«. Konkubinate geistlicher und weltlicher Fürsten um 1500 (= Schriftenreihe der Stiftung Moritzburg, Kunstmuseum des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt; 3). Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen 2006, ISBN 3-8353-0052-0, p. 157–187.
thumb|left|Cardinal Albert, Archbishop of Mainz, as Saint Jerome while studying, by Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1526
Albert's large and liberal ideas, his correspondence with leading humanists, his friendship with Ulrich von Hutten whom he drew to his court, and his political ambitions, appear to have raised hopes that he could be won over to Protestantism; but after the German Peasants' War of 1525 he ranged himself definitely among the supporters of Catholicism, and was among the princes who joined the League of Dessau in July 1525.
From 1514 until his flight on 21 February 1541, Albert ruled mostly from his residence Moritzburg in Halle. In 1531, he had a spacious new residential palace built there. Albert also needed a prestigious church that met his expectations at a central location in his residenz town. He feared for his peace of mind in heaven, and collected more than 8,100 relics and 42 holy skeletons which needed to be stored. From 1529, he had two parish churches standing next to each other demolished and only their four towers from with pointed helmets stood. Between these towers he had a large new nave built, which was named Market Church of Our Lady since she received a Marian patronage. However, these precious treasures, known as Hallesches Heilthum (the Halle sanctuary), indirectly related to the sale of indulgences which had triggered the Reformation a few years before because it should attract pilgrims willing to pay. Then, the cardinal and the Catholic members of the town council wanted to repress the growing influence of the Reformation by holding far grander Masses and services in a new church dedicated solely to the Blessed Virgin Mary, whose excessive worship Luther disliked.
thumb|Meeting of Saint Erasmus of Formiae and Saint Maurice, by Matthias Grünewald, between 1517 and 1523. Grünewald used Albert of Mainz, who commissioned the painting, as the model for St. Erasmus (left).
Albert's hostility towards the reformers, however, was not so extreme as that of his brother Joachim I; and he appears to have exerted himself towards peace, although he was a member of the League of Nuremberg, formed in 1538 as a counterpoise to the League of Schmalkalden. New doctrines nevertheless made considerable progress in his dominions, and he was compelled to grant religious liberty to the inhabitants of Magdeburg in return for 500,000 florins. In his later years, he showed more intolerance towards the Protestants, and favoured the teaching of the Jesuits in his dominions.
The Market Church of Our Lady in Halle, which had been built to defend against the spread of Reformation sympathies, was the spot where Justus Jonas officially introduced the Reformation into Halle with his Good Friday sermon in 1541. The service must have been at least partly conducted in the open air, because at that time construction had only been finished at the eastern end of the nave. Jonas began a successful preaching crusade and attracted so many people that the church overflowed. Albert left the town permanently after the estates in the city had announced that they would take over his enormous debt at the bank of Jakob Fugger. Halle became Protestant and in 1542 Jonas was appointed as priest to St. Mary's and, in 1544, bishop over the city. |
Albert of Brandenburg | Patron of the arts | Patron of the arts
He became a friend of science and a patron of the arts. As a patron of learning, he counted Erasmus among his friends. However, Albert's ideas about founding a Catholic university in Halle were not implemented. Nonetheless, he adorned Halle Cathedral and Mainz Cathedral in sumptuous fashion, and took as his motto the words (Latin for "I have loved, O Lord, the beauty of thy house", from Psalm 25:8). Matthias Grünewald and Lucas Cranach the Elder created magnificent paintings for the Halle Cathedral which was decorated from 1519 to 1525 with 16 Passion altars with 140 pictures by Cranach and his workshop, the largest single commission in German art history. Grünewald contributed the famous wood painting Saint Erasmus and Saint Maurice. Albert also ordered paintings from Hans Baldung Grien and a cycle of 18 life-size statues of saints from Peter Schro in Mainz, which can still be admired in Halle Cathedral today. In 1526 he donated the market fountain in Mainz. In 1521, Martin Luther referred to the ever-growing collection of relics as the "idol of Halle".
thumb|upright=0.6|Albert's tomb in Mainz Cathedral
When Albert left Halle for good in 1541 and moved to his residence in Aschaffenburg in the electoral state of Mainz, he took with him the collection of relics, his private art collection and a large part of the works of art he had donated to the cathedral and other Catholic churches that now became Protestant. He sold parts of the treasure of relics in order to be able to settle claims of the cathedral chapters of Magdeburg and Halberstadt; the sanctuaries are scattered today. He took his private paintings with him to his residence in Johannisburg Castle, where a large part was plundered and destroyed in 1552 during the Second Margrave War. He had the works of art brought from Halle Cathedral hung in the St. Peter und Alexander's church, where they survived all wars until the Elector-Archbishop Carl Theodor von Dalberg had them brought to Johannisburg Castle in 1803. There they were evacuated in good time before the damaging fire caused by bombing in 1945. Today they can be seen in the reconstructed castle in the Staatsgalerie Aschaffenburg, which was reopened in 2023 after several years of renovation.Staatsgalerie Aschaffenburg wiedereröffnet (State Gallery Aschaffenburg reopened), in: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 7 May 2023 Despite the losses caused by wars, looting and sales, the Aschaffenburg collection is considered the largest Cranach collection in Europe. In addition to 17 altar wings, some of which consist of several panels, and individual paintings from the Cranach workshop, 9 autographed works by the older and 2 by the younger Cranach are on display. In addition, a crucifixion group by Hans Baldung Grien and a large number of paintings by Cranach's students. Some other altars and paintings from the school are also preserved in the St. Peter und Alexander's church and its museum. Other paintings are in the Alte Pinakothek in Munich. |
Albert of Brandenburg | Death | Death
Albert died at the Martinsburg, Mainz in 1545.Biographical Dictionary BRANDENBURG, Albrecht von (1490-1545) His tomb is in Mainz Cathedral. |
Albert of Brandenburg | Ancestry | Ancestry |
Albert of Brandenburg | References | References |
Albert of Brandenburg | Sources | Sources
Helmut Börsch-Supan, et al. "Hohenzollern, House of." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 24 Jul. 2016.
Roesgen, Manfred von. Kardinal Albrecht von Brandenburg : ein Renaissancefürst auf dem Mainzer Bischofsthron. Moers : Steiger, 1980.
Schauerte, Thomas and Andreas Tacke. Der Kardinal Albrecht von Brandenburg : Renaissancefürst und Mäzen. 2 v. Regensburg : Schnell + Steiner, 2006. Contents: Bd. 1. Katalog / herausgegeben von Thomas Schauerte—Bd. 2. Essays / herausgegeben von Andreas Tacke ; mit Beiträgen von Bodo Brinkmann ... [et al.]. Note: Exhibition held September 9November 26, 2006, Halle an der Saale.
"Prayer Book of Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg." The J. Paul Getty Museum, viewed 24 July 2016. |
Albert of Brandenburg | External links | External links
Category:1490 births
Category:1545 deaths
Category:16th-century German cardinals
Category:Archbishop-electors of Mainz
Category:Archbishops of Magdeburg
Category:Clergy from Berlin
Category:Knights' War
Category:Roman Catholic prince-bishops of Halberstadt
Category:Simony
Category:Sons of prince-electors |
Albert of Brandenburg | Table of Content | Short description, Biography, Career, Patron of the arts, Death, Ancestry, References, Sources, External links |
Albert, Duke of Prussia | Short description | Albert of Prussia (; 17 May 149020 March 1568) was a German prince who was the 37th grand master of the Teutonic Knights and, after converting to Lutheranism, became the first ruler of the Duchy of Prussia, the secularized state that emerged from the former Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights. Albert was the first European ruler to establish Lutheranism, and thus Protestantism, as the official state religion of his lands. He proved instrumental in the political spread of Protestantism in its early stage, ruling the Prussian lands for nearly six decades (1510–1568).
Albert was great-grandson of the converted pagan ruler Jogaila of Poland and Lithuania, vanquisher of the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Grunwald. He was also a member of the Brandenburg-Ansbach branch of the House of Hohenzollern. He became grand master of the Teutonic Knights in their attempt to diplomatically win over the Polish-Lithuanian union. His skill in political administration and leadership ultimately succeeded in reversing the decline of the Teutonic Order. But Albert was sympathetic to the demands of Martin Luther, whose teachings had become popular in his lands. So he rebelled against the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire by converting the Teutonic state into a Protestant and hereditary realm, the Duchy of Prussia, for which he paid homage to his uncle, Sigismund I, king of Poland. That arrangement was confirmed by the Treaty of Kraków in 1525. Albert pledged a personal oath to the king and in return was invested with the duchy for himself and his heirs.
Albert's rule in Prussia was fairly prosperous. Although he had some trouble with the peasantry, the confiscation of the lands and treasures of the Catholic Church enabled him to propitiate the nobles and provide for the expenses of the newly established Prussian court. He was active in imperial politics, joining the League of Torgau in 1526, and acted in unison with the Protestants in plotting to overthrow Emperor Charles V after the issue of the Augsburg Interim in May 1548. Albert established schools in every town and founded the University of Königsberg in 1544. He promoted culture and arts, patronising the works of Erasmus Reinhold and Caspar Hennenberger. During the final years of his rule, Albert was forced to raise taxes instead of further confiscating now-depleted church lands, causing peasant rebellion. The intrigues of the court favourites Johann Funck and Paul Skalić also led to various religious and political disputes. Albert spent his final years virtually deprived of power, and died at Tapiau on 20 March 1568. His son, Albert Frederick, succeeded him as Duke of Prussia. |
Albert, Duke of Prussia | Early life | Early life
Albert was born in Ansbach in Franconia as the third son of Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach. His mother was Sophia, daughter of Casimir IV Jagiellon, Grand Duke of Lithuania and king of Poland, and his wife Elisabeth of Austria. His great-grandfather was Władysław II Jagiełło, the last pagan ruler in Europe, who defeated the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410. He was raised for a career in the Church and spent some time at the court of Hermann IV of Hesse, Elector of Cologne, who appointed him canon of the Cologne Cathedral.
Not only was he quite religious; he was also interested in mathematics and science and sometimes is claimed to have contradicted the teachings of the Church in favour of scientific theories. His career was forwarded by the Church, however, and institutions of the Catholic clerics supported his early advancement.
Turning to a more active life, Albert accompanied Emperor Maximilian I to Italy in 1508 and after his return spent some time in the Kingdom of Hungary. |
Albert, Duke of Prussia | Grand Master | Grand Master
thumb|upright|left|As grand master of the Teutonic Order, painting from 1522
thumb|upright|Coat of arms as grand master of the Teutonic Order
Duke Frederick of Saxony, grand master of the Teutonic Order, died in December 1510. Albert was chosen as his successor early in 1511 in the hope that his relationship to his maternal uncle, Sigismund I the Old, Grand Duke of Lithuania and king of Poland, would facilitate a settlement of the disputes over eastern Prussia, which had been held by the order under Polish suzerainty since the Second Peace of Thorn (1466).
The new grand master, aware of his duties to the empire and to the papacy, refused to submit to the crown of Poland. As war over the order's existence appeared inevitable, Albert made strenuous efforts to secure allies and carried on protracted negotiations with Emperor Maximilian I. The ill-feeling, influenced by the ravages of members of the Order in Poland, culminated in a war which began in December 1519 and devastated Prussia. Albert was granted a four-year truce early in 1521.
The dispute was referred to Emperor Charles V and other princes, but as no settlement was reached Albert continued his efforts to obtain help in view of a renewal of the war. For this purpose, he visited the Diet of Nuremberg in 1522, where he made the acquaintance of the Reformer Andreas Osiander, by whose influence Albert was won over to Protestantism.
The grand master then journeyed to Wittenberg, where he was advised by Martin Luther to abandon the rules of his order, to marry, and to convert Prussia into a hereditary duchy for himself. This proposal, which was understandably appealing to Albert, had already been discussed by some of his relatives; but it was necessary to proceed cautiously, and he assured Pope Adrian VI that he was anxious to reform the order and punish the knights who had adopted Lutheran doctrines. Luther for his part did not stop at the suggestion, but in order to facilitate the change made special efforts to spread his teaching among the Prussians, while Albert's brother, Margrave George of Brandenburg-Ansbach, laid the scheme before their uncle, Sigismund I the Old of Poland. |
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