title
stringlengths 1
251
| section
stringlengths 0
6.12k
| text
stringlengths 0
716k
|
|---|---|---|
Assault | New York | New York
In New York State, assault (as defined in the New York State Penal Code Article 120) requires an actual injury. Other states define this as battery; there is no crime of battery in New York. However, in New York if a person threatens another person with imminent injury without engaging in physical contact, that is called "menacing". A person who engages in that behavior is guilty of aggravated harassment in the second degree (a Class A misdemeanor; punishable with up to one year incarceration, probation for an extended time, and a permanent criminal record) when they threaten to cause physical harm to another person, and guilty of aggravated harassment in the first degree (a Class E felony) if they have a previous conviction for the same offense. New York also has specific laws against hazing, when such threats are made as requirement to join an organization. |
Assault | North Dakota | North Dakota
North Dakota law states: |
Assault | Pennsylvania | Pennsylvania
In Pennsylvania, an offender can be charged with simple assault if they:
injure someone else recklessly, knowingly, or purposefully
accidentally injure someone with a firearm or weapon
cause a needle-stick to an officer or correctional employee during a search or arrest
threaten or intimidate someone causing fear of imminent serious bodily injury
A person convicted of simple assault can be ordered to up to two years in prison as a second-degree misdemeanor.
An offender can be charged with aggravated assault if the offender:
demonstrates extreme indifference to the victim's life
injures or threatens to injure a law enforcement officer, correctional officer, firefighter, police officer, or teacher on duty, or for incapacitating any of these individuals
A person convicted of aggravated assault can face up to 10 years in prison as a second-degree felony. However, if the crime is perpetrated against a firefighter or police officer, the offender may face first-degree felony charges carrying a penalty of up to 20 years in prison. |
Assault | Tennessee | Tennessee
In Tennessee assault is defined as follows: |
Assault | See also | See also
Crime statistics
Domestic violence
Gay bashing
Hate crime
Mayhem
Offences Against the Person Act 1861 |
Assault | Citations | Citations |
Assault | General and cited references | General and cited references
|
Assault | External links | External links
A guide to the non fatal offences against the person
Category:Crimes |
Assault | Table of Content | Short description, Related definitions, Battery, Aggravated assault, Defenses, Consent, Arrest and other official acts, Punishment, Prevention of crime, Defense of property, By country, Statistics, Australia, Assault with further specific intent, Assault causing certain injuries, Assault causing death, Canada, Ancient Greece, India, Nigeria, Pacific Islands, Republic of Ireland, South Africa, United Kingdom, England and Wales, Aggravated assault, Scotland, Northern Ireland, United States, State laws, Kansas, New York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, See also, Citations, General and cited references, External links |
Álfheimr | short description | thumb|right|Dancing Elves, by August Malmström, 1866
In Norse cosmology, Álfheimr (Old Norse: , "Land of the Elves" or "Elfland"; anglicized as Alfheim), also called "Ljósálfheimr" ( , "home of the Light Elves"), is home of the Light Elves. |
Álfheimr | Attestations | Attestations
Álfheim as an abode of the Elves is mentioned only twice in Old Norse texts. |
Álfheimr | Grímnismál | Grímnismál
The Eddic poem Grímnismál describes twelve divine dwellings beginning the stanza 5 with:
Old Norse text Bellows translationYdalir call they the place where Ull
A hall for himself hath set;
And Alfheim the gods to Freyr once gave
As a tooth-gift in ancient times.
A tooth-gift is a gift given to an infant on the cutting of the first tooth. |
Álfheimr | Gylfaginning | Gylfaginning
In the 12th century Eddic prose Gylfaginning, Snorri Sturluson relates it in the stanza 17 as the first of a series of abodes in heaven:
Old Norse text Brodeur translationMany places are there, and glorious. That which is called Álfheimr is one, where dwell the peoples called Light-Elves; but the Dark-Elves dwell down in the earth, and they are unlike in appearance, but by far more unlike in nature. The Light-Elves are fairer to look upon than the sun, but the Dark-Elves are blacker than pitch.
Later in the section, in speaking of a hall in the Highest Heaven called Gimlé that shall survive when heaven and earth have died, explains:
Old Norse text Brodeur translationIt is said that another heaven is to the southward and upward of this one, and it is called Andlangr; but the third heaven is yet above that, and it is called Vídbláinn, and in that heaven we think this abode is. But we believe that none but Light-Elves inhabit these mansions now. |
Álfheimr | See also | See also
Álfheimr (region)
Alfheimbjerg
Fairyland, a folkloric location sometimes referred to as Elfame
Svartálfaheimr
Svartálfar (black elves) |
Álfheimr | Citations | Citations |
Álfheimr | Bibliography | Bibliography |
Álfheimr | Primary | Primary
|
Álfheimr | External links | External links
Category:Locations in Norse mythology
Category:Saga locations
Category:Elves
Category:Freyr |
Álfheimr | Table of Content | short description, Attestations, Grímnismál, Gylfaginning, See also, Citations, Bibliography, Primary, External links |
Ask and Embla | Short description | thumb|300px|upright|"Hœnir, Lóðurr and Odin create Askr and Embla" (1895) by Lorenz Frølich.
In Norse mythology, Ask and Embla ()—man and woman respectively—were the first two humans, created by the gods. The pair are attested in both the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, composed in the 13th century. In both sources, three gods, one of whom is Odin, find Ask and Embla and bestow upon them various corporeal and spiritual gifts. A number of theories have been proposed to explain the two figures, and there are occasional references to them in popular culture. |
Ask and Embla | Etymology | Etymology
thumb|upright|A depiction of Ask and Embla (1919) by Robert Engels.
Old Norse literally means "ash tree" but the etymology of embla is uncertain, and two possibilities of the meaning of embla are generally proposed. The first meaning, "elm tree", is problematic, and is reached by deriving *Elm-la from *Almilōn and subsequently to ('elm'). The second suggestion is "vine", which is reached through *Ambilō, which may be related to the Greek term (), itself meaning "vine, liana". The latter etymology has resulted in a number of theories.
Linguist Gunlög Josefsson claims that the name Embla comes from the roots + which would mean 'firemaker' or 'smokebringer' inflected for either gender. She connects this to the ancient practice of creating fire through a fire plough which was considered a magical and holy way of fire making in folk belief in Scandinavia long into modern times. She identifies the emergence of fire through the plowing symbolically to the moment of orgasm and hence fertilization and reproduction.
According to Benjamin Thorpe, "Grimm says the word embla, emla, signifies a busy woman, from amr, ambr, aml, ambl, assiduous labour; the same relation as Meshia and Meshiane, the ancient Persian names of the first man and woman, who were also formed from trees."Thorpe (1907:337). |
Ask and Embla | Attestations | Attestations
In stanza 17 of the Poetic Edda poem , the seeress reciting the poem states that Hœnir, Lóðurr and Odin once found Ask and Embla on land. The seeress says that the two were capable of very little, lacking in and says that they were given three gifts by the three gods:
Old Norse:
Dronke (1997:11).Benjamin Thorpe translation:
Spirit they possessed not, sense they had not,
blood nor motive powers, nor goodly colour.
Spirit gave Odin, sense gave Hœnir,
blood gave Lodur, and goodly colour.Thorpe (1866:5).Henry Adams Bellows translation:
Soul they had not, sense they had not,
Heat nor motion, nor goodly hue;
Soul gave Othin, sense gave Hönir,
Heat gave Lothur and goodly hue.Bellows (1936:8).
The meaning of these gifts has been a matter of scholarly disagreement and translations therefore vary.Schach (1985:93).
According to chapter 9 of the Prose Edda book , the three brothers Vili, Vé, and Odin, are the creators of the first man and woman. The brothers were once walking along a beach and found two trees there. They took the wood and from it created the first human beings; Ask and Embla. One of the three gave them the breath of life, the second gave them movement and intelligence, and the third gave them shape, speech, hearing and sight. Further, the three gods gave them clothing and names. Ask and Embla go on to become the progenitors of all humanity and were given a home within the walls of Midgard.Byock (2006:18). |
Ask and Embla | Theories | Theories
thumb|upright|"Ask och Embla" (1948) by Stig Blomberg |
Ask and Embla | Indo-European origins | Indo-European origins
A Proto-Indo-European basis has been theorized for the duo based on the etymology of embla meaning "vine." In Indo-European societies, an analogy is derived from the drilling of fire and sexual intercourse. Vines were used as a flammable wood, where they were placed beneath a drill made of harder wood, resulting in fire. Further evidence of ritual making of fire in Scandinavia has been theorized from a depiction on a stone plate on a Bronze Age grave in Kivik, Scania, Sweden.Simek (2007:74).
Jaan Puhvel comments that "ancient myths teem with trite 'first couples' similar to the type of Adam and his by-product Eve. In Indo-European tradition, these range from the Vedic Yama and Yamī and the Iranian Mašya and Mašyānag to the Icelandic Askr and Embla, with trees or rocks as preferred raw material, and dragon's teeth or other bony substance occasionally thrown in for good measure".Puhvel (1989 [1987]:284).
In his study of the comparative evidence for an origin of mankind from trees in Indo-European society, Anders Hultgård observes that "myths of the origin of mankind from trees or wood seem to be particularly connected with ancient Europe and Indo-Europe and Indo-European-speaking peoples of Asia Minor and Iran. By contrast the cultures of the Near East show almost exclusively the type of anthropogonic stories that derive man's origin from clay, earth or blood by means of a divine creation act".Hultgård (2006:62). |
Ask and Embla | Other potential Germanic analogues | Other potential Germanic analogues
Two wooden figures—the Braak Bog Figures—of "more than human height" were unearthed from a peat bog at Braak in Schleswig, Germany. The figures depict a nude man and a nude woman. Hilda Ellis Davidson comments that these figures may represent a "Lord and Lady" of the Vanir, a group of Norse gods, and that "another memory of [these wooden deities] may survive in the tradition of the creation of Ask and Embla, the man and woman who founded the human race, created by the gods from trees on the seashore".Davidson (1975:88—89).
A figure named Æsc (Old English "ash tree") appears as the son of Hengest in the Anglo-Saxon genealogy for the kings of Kent. This has resulted in a number of theories that the figures may have had an earlier basis in pre-Norse Germanic mythology.Orchard (1997:8).
Connections have been proposed between Ask and Embla and the Vandal kings Assi and Ambri, attested in Paul the Deacon's 7th century AD work Origo Gentis Langobardorum. There, the two ask the god Godan (Odin) for victory. The name Ambri, like Embla, likely derives from *Ambilō. |
Ask and Embla | Catalog of dwarfs | Catalog of dwarfs
A stanza preceding the account of the creation of Ask and Embla in Völuspá provides a catalog of dwarfs, and stanza 10 has been considered as describing the creation of human forms from the earth. This may potentially mean that dwarfs formed humans, and that the three gods gave them life.Lindow (2001:62—63). Carolyne Larrington theorizes that humans are metaphorically designated as trees in Old Norse works (examples include "trees of jewellery" for women and "trees of battle" for men) due to the origin of humankind stemming from trees; Ask and Embla.Larrington (1999:279). |
Ask and Embla | Modern depictions | Modern depictions
Ask and Embla have been the subject of a number of references and artistic depictions.
A sculpture depicting the two, created by Stig Blomberg in 1948, stands in Sölvesborg in southern Sweden.
Ask and Embla are depicted on two of the sixteen wooden panels by Dagfin Werenskiold on Oslo City Hall.
Ask to Embla is the title of a poem, parts of which are quoted, by R. H. Ash, one of the protagonists in A. S. Byatt's novel Possession: A Romance, which won the Booker prize in 1990.
In the video game Fire Emblem Heroes, the two main warring kingdoms are Askr and Embla, which is where the Summoner, the player, finds themselves in, as the kingdom has been at war with the Emblian Empire when the game starts. It is later revealed both kingdoms are named after a pair of Ancient Dragons; with Askr being male and Embla female.
In the videogame Valheim, the developers named an armor set after Embla, as stated in their development blog entry on November 21, 2023: "we have named this set after one of the two first humans in Norse mythology: Embla". |
Ask and Embla | See also | See also
Líf and Lífþrasir
Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology |
Ask and Embla | Bibliography | Bibliography |
Ask and Embla | Notes | Notes |
Ask and Embla | References | References
Bellows, Henry Adams (Trans.) (1936). The Poetic Edda. Princeton University Press. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation.
Byock, Jesse (Trans.) (2006). The Prose Edda. Penguin Classics.
Davidson, H. R. Ellis (1975). Scandinavian Mythology. Paul Hamlyn.
Hultgård, Anders (2006). "The Askr and Embla Myth in a Comparative Perspective". In Andrén, Anders; Jennbert, Kristina; Raudvere, Catharina (editors).Old Norse Religion in Long-term Perspectives. Nordic Academic Press.
Dronke, Ursula (Trans.) (1997). The Poetic Edda: Volume II: Mythological Poems. Oxford University Press.
Larrington, Carolyne (Trans.) (1999). The Poetic Edda. Oxford World's Classics.
Lindow, John (2001). Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford University Press.
Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell.
Puhvel, Jaan (1989 [1987]). Comparative Mythology. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Schach, Paul (1985). "Some Thoughts on Völuspá" as collected in Glendinning, R. J. Bessason, Heraldur (Editors). Edda: a Collection of Essays. University of Manitoba Press.
Thorpe, Benjamin (Trans.) (1907). The Elder Edda of Saemund Sigfusson. Norrœna Society.
Thorpe, Benjamin (Trans.) (1866). Edda Sæmundar Hinns Frôða: The Edda of Sæmund the Learned. Part I. London: Trübner & Co.
Category:Legendary progenitors
Category:Mythological first humans
Category:People in Norse mythology
Category:Mythological duos
Category:Fraxinus excelsior
Category:Mythological lovers |
Ask and Embla | Table of Content | Short description, Etymology, Attestations, Theories, Indo-European origins, Other potential Germanic analogues, Catalog of dwarfs, Modern depictions, See also, Bibliography, Notes, References |
Alabama River | short description | The Alabama River, in the U.S. state of Alabama, is formed by the Tallapoosa and Coosa rivers, which unite about north of Montgomery, near the town of Wetumpka.
Over a course of approximately , the river meanders west towards Selma, then southwest until, about from Mobile, it unites with the Tombigbee, forming the Mobile and Tensaw rivers, which discharge into Mobile Bay. |
Alabama River | Description | Description
The run of the Alabama is highly meandering. Its width varies from , and its depth from . Its length as measured by the United States Geological Survey is ,U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map , accessed April 27, 2011 and by steamboat measurement, .
The river crosses the richest agricultural and timber districts of the state. Railways connect it with the mineral regions of north-central Alabama.
After the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, the principal tributary of the Alabama is the Cahaba River, which is about long and joins the Alabama River about below Selma. The Alabama River's main tributary, the Coosa River, crosses the mineral region of Alabama and is navigable for light-draft boats from Rome, Georgia, to about above Wetumpka (about below Rome and below Greensport), and from Wetumpka to its junction with the Tallapoosa. The channel of the river has been considerably improved by the federal government.
The navigation of the Tallapoosa River – which has its source in Paulding County, Georgia, and is about long – is prevented by shoals and a fall at Tallassee, a few miles north of its junction with the Coosa. The Alabama is navigable throughout the year.
The river played an important role in the growth of the economy in the region during the 19th century as a source of transportation of goods, which included slaves. The river is still used for transportation of farming produce; however, it is not as important as it once was due to the construction of roads and railways.
Documented by Europeans first in 1701, the Alabama, Coosa, and Tallapoosa rivers were central to the homeland of the Creek Indians before their removal by United States forces to the Indian Territory in the 1830s. |
Alabama River | Lock and dams | Lock and dams
The Alabama River has three lock and dams between Montgomery and the Mobile River. The Robert F. Henry Lock & Dam is located at river mile 236.2, the Millers Ferry Lock & Dam is located at river mile 133.0, and the Claiborne Lock & Dam is located at river mile 72.5.Courtesy U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Mobile District These dams create R.E. "Bob" Woodruff Lake, William Dannely Reservoir, and Claiborne Lake respectively. |
Alabama River | Gallery | Gallery |
Alabama River | See also | See also
List of Alabama rivers
Tallapoosa River
Coosa River
Mobile River
South Atlantic-Gulf Water Resource Region |
Alabama River | References | References |
Alabama River | External links | External links
Allrefer.com
Category:Alabama placenames of Native American origin
Category:Rivers of Autauga County, Alabama
Category:Rivers of Monroe County, Alabama
Category:Rivers of Montgomery County, Alabama
Category:Rivers of Wilcox County, Alabama
Category:Rivers of Dallas County, Alabama
Category:Rivers of Mobile County, Alabama
Category:Rivers of Elmore County, Alabama
Category:Rivers of Alabama |
Alabama River | Table of Content | short description, Description, Lock and dams, Gallery, See also, References, External links |
Alain de Lille | short description | Alain de Lille (Alan of Lille; Latin: Alanus ab Insulis; 11281202/1203) was a FrenchAlain de Lille WRITTEN BY: The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica theologian and poet. He was born in Lille some time before 1128. His exact date of death remains unclear as well, with most research pointing toward it being between 14 April 1202 and 5 April 1203. He is known for writing a number of works based upon the teachings of the liberal arts, with one of his most renowned poems, De planctu Naturae ("The Complaint of Nature"), focusing on sexual conduct among humans. Although Alain was widely known during his lifetime, little is known about his personal life.Wetherbee, Winthrop. "Alan of Lille, De planctu Naturae: The Fall of Nature and the Survival of Poetry". The Journal of Medieval Latin 21 (2011): 223–51. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45019679/
As a theologian, Alain de Lille opposed scholasticism in the second half of the 12th century. His philosophy is characterized by rationalism and mysticism. Alain claimed that reason, guided by prudence, could discover most truths about the physical order without help; but in order to understand religious truth and to know God, the wise must be believers. |
Alain de Lille | Life | Life
Little is known of his life. Alain entered the schools no earlier than the late 1140s; first attending the school at Paris, and then at Chartres. He probably studied under masters such as Peter Abelard, Gilbert of Poitiers, and Thierry of Chartres. This is known through the writings of John of Salisbury, who is thought to have been a contemporary student of Alain of Lille. Alain's earliest writings were probably written in the 1150s, and probably in Paris. He spent many years as a professor of theology at the University of Paris and he attended the Lateran Council in 1179. Though the only accounts of his lectures seem to show a sort of eccentric style and approach, he was said to have been good friends with many other masters at the school in Paris, and taught there, as well as some time in southern France, into his old age. He afterwards inhabited Montpellier (he is sometimes called Alanus de Montepessulano), lived for a time outside the walls of any cloister, and finally retired to Cîteaux, where he died in 1202.
He had a very widespread reputation during his lifetime, and his knowledge caused him to be called Doctor Universalis. Many of Alain's writings cannot be exactly dated, and the circumstances surrounding his writing are often unknown as well. It does seem clear that his first notable work, Summa Quoniam Homines, was completed between 1155 and 1165, with the most conclusive date being 1160, and was probably developed through his lectures at the school in Paris. Among his numerous works two poems entitle him to a distinguished place in the Latin literature of the Middle Ages; one of these, the De planctu Naturae, is an ingenious satire on the vices of humanity. He created the allegory of grammatical "conjugation" which was to have its successors throughout the Middle Ages. The Anticlaudianus, a treatise on morals as allegory, the form of which recalls the pamphlet of Claudian against Rufinus, is agreeably versified and relatively pure in its latinity. |
Alain de Lille | Theology and philosophy | Theology and philosophy
As a theologian Alain de Lille shared in the mystic reaction of the second half of the 12th century against the scholastic philosophy. His mysticism, however, is far from being as absolute as that of the Victorines. In the Anticlaudianus he sums up as follows: Reason, guided by prudence, can unaided discover most of the truths of the physical order; for the apprehension of religious truths it must trust to faith. This rule is completed in his treatise, Ars catholicae fidei, as follows: Theology itself may be demonstrated by reason. Alain even ventures an immediate application of this principle, and tries to prove geometrically the dogmas defined in the Christian creed. This bold attempt is entirely factitious and verbal, and it is only his employment of various terms not generally used in such a connection (axiom, theorem, corollary, etc.) that gives his treatise its apparent originality.
Alan's philosophy was a sort of mixture of Aristotelian logic and Neoplatonic philosophy. The Platonist seemed to outweigh the Aristotelian in Alan, but he felt strongly that the divine is all intelligibility and argued this notion through much Aristotelian logic combined with Pythagorean mathematics. |
Alain de Lille | Works and attributions | Works and attributions
One of Alain's most notable works was one he modeled after Boethius’ Consolation of Philosophy, to which he gave the title De planctu Naturae, or The Plaint of Nature, and which was most likely written in the late 1160s. In this work, Alan uses prose and verse to illustrate the way in which nature defines its own position as inferior to that of God. He also attempts to illustrate the way in which humanity, through sexual perversion and specifically homosexuality, has defiled itself from nature and God. In Anticlaudianus, another of his notable works, Alan uses a poetical dialogue to illustrate the way in which nature comes to the realization of her failure in producing the perfect man. She has only the ability to create a soulless body, and thus she is "persuaded to undertake the journey to heaven to ask for a soul," and "the Seven Liberal Arts produce a chariot for her... the Five Senses are the horses". The Anticlaudianus was translated into French and German in the following century, and toward 1280 was re-worked into a musical anthology by Adam de la Bassée.A. J. Creighton, Anticlaudien: A Thirteenth-Century French Adaptation (Washington: 1944).Andrew Hughes, "The Ludus super Anticlaudianum of Adam de la Bassée". Journal of the American Musicological Society 23"1 (1970), 1–25. One of Alan's most popular and widely distributed works is his manual on preaching, Ars Praedicandi, or The Art of Preaching. This work shows how Alan saw theological education as being a fundamental preliminary step in preaching and strove to give clergyman a manuscript to be "used as a practical manual" when it came to the formation of sermons and art of preaching.
Alain wrote three very large theological textbooks, one being his first work, Summa Quoniam Homines. Another of his theological textbooks that strove to be more minute in its focus, is his De Fide Catholica, dated somewhere between 1185 and 1200, Alan sets out to refute heretical views, specifically that of the Waldensians and Cathars. In his third theological textbook, Regulae Caelestis Iuris, he presents a set of what seems to be theological rules; this was typical of the followers of Gilbert of Poitiers, of which Alan could be associated. Other than these theological textbooks, and the aforementioned works of the mixture of prose and poetry, Alan of Lille had numerous other works on numerous subjects, primarily including Speculative Theology, Theoretical Moral Theology, Practical Moral Theology, and various collections of poems.
Alain de Lille has often been confounded with other persons named Alain, in particular with another Alanus (Alain, bishop of Auxerre), Alan, abbot of Tewkesbury, Alain de Podio, etc. Certain facts of their lives have been attributed to him, as well as some of their works: thus the Life of St Bernard should be ascribed to Alain of Auxerre and the Commentary upon Merlin to Alan of Tewkesbury. Alan of Lille was not the author of a Memoriale rerum difficilium, published under his name, nor of Moralium dogma philosophorum, nor of the satirical Apocalypse of Golias once attributed to him; and it is exceedingly doubtful whether the Dicta Alani de lapide philosophico really issued from his pen. On the other hand, it now seems practically demonstrated that Alain de Lille was the author of the Ars catholicae fidei and the treatise Contra haereticos.
In his sermons on capital sins, Alain argued that sodomy and homicide are the most serious sins, since they call forth the wrath of God, which led to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. His chief work on penance, the Liber poenitenitalis dedicated to Henry de Sully, exercised great influence on the many manuals of penance produced as a result of the Fourth Lateran Council. Alain's identification of the sins against nature included bestiality, masturbation, oral and anal intercourse, incest, adultery and rape. In addition to his battle against moral decay, Alan wrote a work against Islam, Judaism and Christian heretics dedicated to William VIII of Montpellier. |
Alain de Lille | List of known works | List of known works
Anticlaudianus
Rhythmus de Incarnatione et de Septem Artibus
De Miseria Mundi
Quaestiones Alani Textes
Summa Quoniam Homines
Regulae Theologicae
Hierarchia Alani
De Fide Catholica: Contra Haereticos, Valdenses, Iudaeos et Paganos
De Virtutibus, de Vitiis, de Donis Spiritus Sancti
Liber Parabolarum
Distinctiones Dictionum Theologicalium
Elucidatio in Cantica Canticorum
Glosatura super Cantica
Expositio of the Pater Noster
Expositiones of the Nicene and Apostolic Creeds
Expositio Prosae de Angelis
Quod non-est celebrandum bis in die
Liber Poenitentialis
De Sex Alis Cherubim
Ars Praedicandi
Sermones |
Alain de Lille | References | References
Attribution: |
Alain de Lille | Translations | Translations
Alan of Lille, A Concise Explanation of the Song of Songs in Praise of the Virgin Mary, trans Denys Turner, in Denys Turner, Eros and Allegory: Medieval Exegesis of the Song of Songs, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 1995), 291–308
The Plaint of Nature, translated by James J Sheridan, (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1980)
Anticlaudian: Prologue, Argument and Nine Books, edited by W. H. Cornog, (Philadelphia, 1935) |
Alain de Lille | Further reading | Further reading
Alain de Lille: De planctu Naturae, ed. Nikolaus M. Häring, Studi Medievali 19 (1978), 797–879. Latin edition of the De planctu Naturae.
Dynes, Wayne R. 'Alan of Lille.' in Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, Garland Publishing, 1990. p. 32.
Alanus de insulis, Anticlaudianus, a c. di . M. Sannelli, La Finestra editrice, Lavis, 2004.
Evans, G. R. (1983), Alan of Lille: The Frontiers of Theology in the Later Twelfth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge. .
|
Alain de Lille | External links | External links
(Latin) Alanus ab Insulis, Anticlaudianus sive De officiis viri boni et perfecti
(Latin) [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/alanus/alanus1.html Alanus ab Insulis, Liber de planctu Naturae]
(Latin) Alanus ab Insulis, Omnis mundi creatura
(Latin) Alanus ab Insulis, Distinctiones dictionum theologicalium
(English) Alain of Lille, The Complaint of Nature. Translation of Liber de planctu Naturae''
Category:1110s births
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:1200s deaths
Category:Year of death uncertain
Category:Writers from Lille
Category:12th-century writers in Latin
Category:12th-century Christian mystics
Category:Scholastic philosophers
Category:Roman Catholic mystics
Category:12th-century French Catholic theologians
Category:Medieval Latin-language poets
Category:12th-century French poets
Category:12th-century French philosophers
Category:University of Paris alumni |
Alain de Lille | Table of Content | short description, Life, Theology and philosophy, Works and attributions, List of known works, References, Translations, Further reading, External links |
Alemanni | Short description | thumb|upright=1.6|Area settled by the Alemanni, and sites of Roman–Alemannic battles, third to sixth centuries
The Alemanni or AlamanniThe spelling with "e" is used in Encyc. Brit. 9th. ed., (c. 1880), Everyman's Encyc. 1967, Everyman's Smaller Classical Dictionary, 1910. The current edition of Britannica spells with "e", as does Columbia and Edward Gibbon, Vol. 3, Chapter XXXVIII. The Latinized spelling with a is current in older literature (so in the 1911 Britannica), but remains in use e.g. in Wood (2003), Drinkwater (2007).The Alemanni were alternatively known as Suebi from about the fifth century, and that name became prevalent in the high medieval period, eponymous of the Duchy of Swabia. The name is taken from that of the Suebi mentioned by Julius Caesar, and although these older Suebi did likely contribute to the ethnogenesis of the Alemanni, there is no direct connection to the contemporary Kingdom of the Suebi in Galicia. were a confederation of Germanic tribes
on the Upper Rhine River during the first millennium. First mentioned by Cassius Dio in the context of the campaign of Roman emperor Caracalla of 213 CE, the Alemanni captured the in 260, and later expanded into present-day Alsace and northern Switzerland, leading to the establishment of the Old High German language in those regions, which by the eighth century were collectively referred to as Alamannia.in pago Almanniae 762, in pago Alemannorum 797, urbs Constantia in ducatu Alemanniae 797; in ducatu Alemannico, in pago Linzgowe 873. From the ninth century, Alamannia is increasingly used of the Alsace specifically, while the Alamannic territory in general is increasingly called Suebia; by the 12th century, the name Suebia had mostly replaced Alamannia.
S. Hirzel, Forschungen zur Deutschen Landeskunde 6 (1888), p. 299.
In 496, the Alemanni were conquered by the Frankish leader Clovis and incorporated into his dominions. Mentioned as still pagan allies of the Christian Franks, the Alemanni were gradually Christianized during the seventh century. The is a record of their customary law during this period. Until the eighth century, Frankish suzerainty over Alemannia was mostly nominal. After an uprising by Theudebald, Duke of Alamannia, however, Carloman executed the Alamannic nobility and installed Frankish dukes.
During the later and weaker years of the Carolingian Empire, the Alemannic counts became almost independent, and a struggle for supremacy took place between them and the Bishopric of Constance. The chief family in Alamannia was that of the counts of , who were sometimes called margraves, and one of whom, Burchard II, established the Duchy of Swabia, which was recognized by Henry the Fowler in 919 and became a stem duchy of the Holy Roman Empire.
The area settled by the Alemanni corresponds roughly to the area where Alemannic German dialects remain spoken, including German Swabia and Baden, French Alsace, German-speaking Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Austrian Vorarlberg. The French-language name of Germany, , is derived from their name, from Old French aleman(t),recorded as aleman in c. 1100, and with final dental, alemant or alemand, from c. 1160. Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé s.v. allemand. and from French was loaned into a number of other languages, including Middle English, which commonly used the term Almains for Germans.F.C. and J. Rivington, T. Payne, Wilkie and Robinson: The Chronicle of Iohn Hardyng, 1812, p. 99.H. Kurath: Middle English Dictionary, part 14, University of Michigan Press, 1952, 1345. Likewise, the Arabic name for Germany is (Almanya), the Turkish is Almanya, the Spanish is Alemania, the Portuguese is Alemanha, the Welsh is Yr Almaen and the Persian is (Alman). |
Alemanni | Name | Name
According to Gaius Asinius Quadratus (quoted in the mid-sixth century by Byzantine historian Agathias), the name Alamanni (Ἀλαμανοι) means "all men". It indicates that they were a conglomeration drawn from various Germanic tribes. The Romans and the Greeks called them as such (Alamanni, all men, in the sense of a group composed of men of all groups in the region). This derivation was accepted by Edward Gibbon, in his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire and by the anonymous contributor of notes assembled from the papers of Nicolas Fréret, published in 1753.Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, avec les Mémoires de Littérature tirés des Registres de cette Académie, depuis l'année MDCCXLIV jusques et compris l'année MDCCXLVI, vol. XVIII, (Paris 1753) pp. 49–71. Excerpts are on-line at ELIOHS.
This etymology has remained the standard derivation of the name.It is cited in most etymological dictionaries, such as the American Heritage Dictionary (large edition) under the root, *man- .
An alternative suggestion proposes derivation from *alah "sanctuary"."the name is possibly Alahmannen, 'men of the sanctuary'" Inglis Palgrave (ed.), The Collected Historical Works of Sir Francis Palgrave, K.H. (1919), p. 443 (citing: "Bury's ed. of Gibbon (Methuen), vol. I [1902], p. 278 note; H. M. Chadwick, Origin of the English Nation [1907]").
Walafrid Strabo in the ninth century remarked, in discussing the people of Switzerland and the surrounding regions, that only foreigners called them the Alemanni, but that they gave themselves the name of Suebi.Igitur quia mixti Alamannis Suevi, partem Germaniae ultra Danubium, partem Raetiae inter Alpes et Histrum, partemque Galliae circa Ararim obsederunt; antiquorum vocabulorum veritate servata, ab incolis nomen patriae derivemus, et Alamanniam vel Sueviam nominemus. Nam cum duo sint vocabula unam gentem significantia, priori nomine nos appellant circumpositae gentes, quae Latinum habent sermonem; sequenti, usus nos nuncupat barbarorum. Walafrid Strabo, Proleg. ad Vit. S. Galli (833/4) ed. Migne (1852); Thomas Greenwood, The First Book of the History of the Germans: Barbaric Period (1836), p. 498.
The Suebi are given the alternative name of Ziuwari (as Cyuuari) in an Old High German gloss, interpreted by Jacob Grimm as Martem colentes ("worshippers of Mars").Rudolf Much, Der germanische Himmelsgott (1898), p. 192. Annio da Viterbo a scholar and historian of the 15th century claimed the Alemanni had their name from the Hebrew language, as in Hebrew the river Rhine was translated into Mannum and the people who live at its shores were called Alemannus. This was refuted by Beatus Rhenanus, a humanist of the 16th century. Rhenanus argued the term Alemanni was meant for the whole Germanic people only in late antiquity and before it was only meant to designate the population of an island in the North Sea. |
Alemanni | First appearance in historical record | First appearance in historical record
thumb|Alamannia is shown beyond Silva Marciana (the Black Forest) in the Tabula Peutingeriana. Suevia is indicated separately, further downstream of the Rhine, beyond Silva Vosagus.
Early Roman writers did not mention the Alemanni, and it is likely that they had not yet come to exist. In his Germania Tacitus (AD 90) does not mention the Alemanni. He uses the term Agri Decumates to describe the region between the Rhine, Main and Danube rivers. He says that it had once been the home of the Helvetians, who had moved westwards into Gaul in the time of Julius Caesar. The people living there in Caesar's time are not Germanic. Instead, "Reckless adventurers from Gaul, emboldened by want, occupied this land of questionable ownership. After a while, our frontier having been advanced, and our military positions pushed forward, it was regarded as a remote nook of our empire and a part of a Roman province."Tac. Ger. 29.
thumb|Alemannic belt mountings, from a seventh-century grave in the grave field at Weingarten
The Alemanni were first mentioned by Cassius Dio describing the campaign of Caracalla in 213. At that time, they apparently dwelt in the basin of the Main, to the south of the Chatti.
Cassius Dio portrays the Alemanni as victims of this treacherous emperor. They had asked for his help, according to Dio, but instead he colonized their country, changed their place names, and executed their warriors under a pretext of coming to their aid. When he became ill, the Alemanni claimed to have put a hex on him. Caracalla, it was claimed, tried to counter this influence by invoking his ancestral spirits.
In retribution, Caracalla then led the Legio II Traiana Fortis against the Alemanni, who lost and were pacified for a time. The legion was as a result honoured with the name Germanica. The fourth-century fictional Historia Augusta, Life of Antoninus Caracalla, relates (10.5) that Caracalla then assumed the name Alemannicus, at which Helvius Pertinax jested that he should really be called Geticus Maximus, because in the year before he had murdered his brother, Geta.
Through much of his short reign, Caracalla was known for unpredictable and arbitrary operations launched by surprise after a pretext of peace negotiations. If he had any reasons of state for such actions, they remained unknown to his contemporaries. Whether or not the Alemanni had been previously neutral, they were certainly further influenced by Caracalla to become thereafter notoriously implacable enemies of Rome.
This mutually antagonistic relationship is perhaps the reason why the Roman writers persisted in calling the Alemanni "barbari," meaning "savages." The archaeology, however, shows that they were largely Romanized, lived in Roman-style houses and used Roman artefacts, the Alemannic women having adopted the Roman fashion of the tunica even earlier than the men.
Most of the Alemanni were probably at the time, in fact, resident in or close to the borders of Germania Superior. Although Dio is the earliest writer to mention them, Ammianus Marcellinus used the name to refer to Germans on the Limes Germanicus in the time of Trajan's governorship of the province shortly after it was formed, around 98–99 AD. At that time, the entire frontier was being fortified for the first time. Trees from the earliest fortifications found in Germania Inferior are dated by dendrochronology to 99–100 AD.
Ammianus relates (xvii.1.11) that much later the Emperor Julian undertook a punitive expedition against the Alemanni, who by then were in Alsace, and crossed the Main (Latin Menus), entering the forest, where the trails were blocked by felled trees. As winter was upon them, they reoccupied a
"fortification which was founded on the soil of the Alemanni that Trajan wished to be called with his own name".munimentum quod in Alamannorum solo conditum Traianus suo nomine voluit appellari.
In this context, the use of Alemanni is possibly an anachronism, but it reveals that Ammianus believed they were the same people, which is consistent with the location of the Alemanni of Caracalla's campaigns. |
Alemanni | Conflicts with the Roman Empire | Conflicts with the Roman Empire
thumb|upright=1.6|The Limes Germanicus 83 to 260 CE
The Alemanni were continually engaged in conflicts with the Roman Empire in the third and fourth centuries. They launched a major invasion of Gaul and northern Italy in 268 when the Romans were forced to denude much of their German frontier of troops in response to a massive invasion of the Goths from the east. Their raids throughout the three parts of Gaul were traumatic: Gregory of Tours (died ca 594) mentions their destructive force at the time of Valerian and Gallienus (253–260), when the Alemanni assembled under their "king", whom he calls Chrocus, who acted "by the advice, it is said, of his wicked mother, and overran the whole of the Gauls, and destroyed from their foundations all the temples which had been built in ancient times. And coming to Clermont he set on fire, overthrew and destroyed that shrine which they call Vasso Galatae in the Gallic tongue," martyring many Christians (Historia Francorum Book I.32–34). Thus sixth-century Gallo-Romans of Gregory's class, surrounded by the ruins of Roman temples and public buildings, attributed the destruction they saw to the plundering raids of the Alemanni.
In the early summer of 268, the Emperor Gallienus halted their advance into Italy but then had to deal with the Goths. When the Gothic campaign ended in Roman victory at the Battle of Naissus in September, Gallienus' successor Claudius Gothicus turned north to deal with the Alemanni, who were swarming over all Italy north of the Po River.
After efforts to secure a peaceful withdrawal failed, Claudius forced the Alemanni to battle at the Battle of Lake Benacus in November. The Alemanni were routed, forced back into Germany, and did not threaten Roman territory for many years afterwards.
Their most famous battle against Rome took place in Argentoratum (Strasbourg), in 357, where they were defeated by Julian, later Emperor of Rome, and their king Chnodomarius was taken prisoner to Rome.
On January 2, 366, the Alemanni yet again crossed the frozen Rhine in large numbers, to invade the Gallic provinces, this time being defeated by Valentinian (see Battle of Solicinium). In the great mixed invasion of 406, the Alemanni appear to have crossed the Rhine river a final time, conquering and then settling what is today Alsace and a large part of the Swiss Plateau. The crossing is described in Wallace Breem's historical novel Eagle in the Snow. The Chronicle of Fredegar gives the account. At Alba Augusta (Alba-la-Romaine) the devastation was so complete, that the Christian bishop retired to Viviers, but in Gregory's account at Mende in Lozère, also deep in the heart of Gaul, bishop Privatus was forced to sacrifice to idols in the very cave where he was later venerated. It is thought this detail may be a generic literary ploy to epitomize the horrors of barbarian violence. |
Alemanni | List of battles between Romans and Alemanni | List of battles between Romans and Alemanni
thumb|upright=1.6|Europe at the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD
259, Battle of MediolanumEmperor Gallienus defeats the Alemanni to rescue Rome
268, Battle of Lake BenacusRomans under Emperor Claudius II defeat the Alemanni.
271
Battle of PlacentiaEmperor Aurelian is defeated by the Alemanni forces invading Italy
Battle of FanoAurelian defeats the Alemanni, who begin to retreat from Italy
Battle of PaviaAurelian destroys the retreating Alemanni army.
298
Battle of LingonesCaesar Constantius Chlorus defeats the Alemanni
Battle of VindonissaConstantius defeats the Alemanni.
356, Battle of ReimsCaesar Julian is defeated by the Alemanni
357, Battle of StrasbourgJulian expels the Alemanni from the Rhineland
368, Battle of SoliciniumRomans under Emperor Valentinian I defeat an Alemanni incursion.
378, Battle of ArgentovariaWestern Emperor Gratianus is victorious over the Alemanni.
451, Battle of the Catalaunian FieldsRoman General Aetius and his army of Romans and barbarian allies defeat Attila's army of Huns and other Germanic allies, including the Alemanni.
457, Battle of Campi CanniniAlemanni invade Italy and are defeated near Lake Maggiore by Majorian
554, Battle of the VolturnusByzantine General Narses defeats a combined force of Franks and Alemanni in southern Italy. |
Alemanni | Subjugation by the Franks | Subjugation by the Franks
thumb|upright=1.15|Alemannia (yellow) and Upper Burgundy (green) around 1000
The kingdom of Alamannia between Strasbourg and Augsburg lasted until 496, when the Alemanni were conquered by Clovis I at the Battle of Tolbiac. The war of Clovis with the Alemanni forms the setting for the conversion of Clovis, briefly treated by Gregory of Tours. (Book II.31) After their defeat in 496, the Alemanni bucked the Frankish yoke and put themselves under the protection of Theodoric the Great of the Ostrogoths but after his death they were again subjugated by the Franks under Theudebert I in 536. Subsequently, the Alemanni formed part of the Frankish dominions and were governed by a Frankish duke.
In 746, Carloman ended an uprising by summarily executing all Alemannic nobility at the blood court at Cannstatt, and for the following century, Alemannia was ruled by Frankish dukes. Following the treaty of Verdun of 843, Alemannia became a province of the eastern kingdom of Louis the German, the precursor of the Holy Roman Empire. The duchy persisted until 1268. |
Alemanni | Culture | Culture |
Alemanni | Language | Language
thumb|The traditional distribution area of Western Upper German (Alemannic) dialect features in the 19th and 20th centuries
The German spoken today over the range of the former Alemanni is termed Alemannic German, and is recognised among the subgroups of the High German languages. Alemannic runic inscriptions such as those on the Pforzen buckle are among the earliest testimonies of Old High German. The High German consonant shift is thought to have originated around the fifth century either in Alemannia or among the Lombards; before that, the dialect spoken by Alemannic tribes was little different from that of other West Germanic peoples.
Alemannia lost its distinct jurisdictional identity when Charles Martel absorbed it into the Frankish empire, early in the eighth century. Today, Alemannic is a linguistic term, referring to Alemannic German, encompassing the dialects of the southern two-thirds of Baden-Württemberg (German State), in western Bavaria (German State), in Vorarlberg (Austrian State), Swiss German in Switzerland and the Alsatian language of the Alsace (France). |
Alemanni | Political organization | Political organization
The Alemanni established a series of territorially defined pagi (cantons) on the east bank of the Rhine. The exact number and extent of these pagi is unclear and probably changed over time.
Pagi, usually pairs of pagi combined, formed kingdoms (regna) which, it is generally believed, were permanent and hereditary. Ammianus describes Alemanni rulers with various terms: reges excelsiores ante alios ("paramount kings"), reges proximi ("neighbouring kings"), reguli ("petty kings") and regales ("princes"). This may be a formal hierarchy, or they may be vague, overlapping terms, or a combination of both.Drinkwater (2007) 118, 120 In 357, there appear to have been two paramount kings (Chnodomar and Westralp) who probably acted as presidents of the confederation and seven other kings (reges). Their territories were small and mostly strung along the Rhine (although a few were in the hinterland).Drinkwater (2007) 223 (map) It is possible that the reguli were the rulers of the two pagi in each kingdom. Underneath the royal class were the nobles (called optimates by the Romans) and warriors (called armati by the Romans). The warriors consisted of professional warbands and levies of free men.Speidel (2004) Each nobleman could raise an average of c. 50 warriors.Drinkwater (2007) 120 |
Alemanni | Religion | Religion
thumb|The gold bracteate of Pliezhausen (sixth or seventh century) shows typical iconography of the pagan period. The bracteate depicts the "horse-stabber underhoof" scene, a supine warrior stabbing a horse while it runs over him. The scene is adapted from Roman era gravestones of the region.Michael Speidel, Ancient Germanic warriors: warrior styles from Trajan's column to Icelandic sagas, Routledge, 2004, , p. 162.
Harald Kleinschmidt, People on the move: attitudes toward and perceptions of migration in medieval and modern Europe, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003,
, p. 66.
thumb|The seventh-century Gutenstein scabbard, found near Sigmaringen, Baden-Württemberg, is a late testimony of pagan ritual in Alemannia, showing a warrior in ritual wolf costume, holding a ring-spatha.
The Christianization of the Alemanni took place during Merovingian times (sixth to eighth centuries). We know that in the sixth century, the Alemanni were predominantly pagan, and in the eighth century, they were predominantly Christian. The intervening seventh century was a period of genuine syncretism during which Christian symbolism and doctrine gradually grew in influence.
Some scholars have speculated that members of the Alemannic elite such as king Gibuld due to Visigothic influence may have been converted to Arianism even in the later fifth century.Schubert, Hans (1909). Das älteste germanische Christentum oder der Sogenannte "Arianismus" der Germanen. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr. p. 32. Cf. also Bossert, G. "Alemanni" in: Jackson, S.M. (Ed.). New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. 1, p. 114: "[the Alamannic] prince, Gibuld, was an Arian, probably converted by Goths".
In the mid-6th century, the Byzantine historian Agathias records, in the context of the wars of the Goths and Franks against Byzantium, that the Alemanni fighting among the troops of Frankish king Theudebald were like the Franks in all respects except religion, since
He also spoke of the particular ruthlessness of the Alemanni in destroying Christian sanctuaries and plundering churches while the genuine Franks were respectful towards those sanctuaries. Agathias expresses his hope that the Alemanni would assume better manners through prolonged contact with the Franks, which is by all appearances, in a manner of speaking, what eventually happened.R. Keydell, Agathiae Myrinaei historiarum libri quinque Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae. Series Berolinensis 2. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1967, p. 18f.
Apostles of the Alemanni were Columbanus and his disciple Saint Gall. Jonas of Bobbio records that Columbanus was active in Bregenz, where he disrupted a beer sacrifice to Wodan. Despite these activities, for some time, the Alemanni seem to have continued their pagan cult activities, with only superficial or syncretistic Christian elements. In particular, there was no change in burial practice, and tumulus warrior graves continued to be erected throughout Merovingian times. Syncretism of traditional Germanic animal style with Christian symbolism is also present in artwork, but Christian symbolism became more and more prevalent during the seventh century. Unlike the later Christianization of the Saxons and of the Slavs, the Alemanni seem to have adopted Christianity gradually, and voluntarily, spread in emulation of the Merovingian elite.
From c. the 520s to the 620s, there was a surge of Alemannic Elder Futhark inscriptions. About 70 specimens have survived, roughly half of them on fibulae, others on belt buckles (see Pforzen buckle, Bülach fibula) and other jewellery and weapon parts. The use of runes subsides with the advance of Christianity.
The Nordendorf fibula (early seventh century) clearly records pagan theonyms, logaþorewodanwigiþonar read as "Wodan and Donar are magicians/sorcerers", but this may be interpreted as either a pagan invocation of the powers of these deities, or a Christian protective charm against them.
A runic inscription on a fibula found at Bad Ems reflects Christian pious sentiment (and is also explicitly marked with a Christian cross), reading god fura dih deofile ᛭ ("God for/before you, Theophilus!", or alternatively "God before you, Devil!"). Dated to between AD 660 and 690, it marks the end of the native Alemannic tradition of runic literacy. Bad Ems is in Rhineland-Palatinate, on the northwestern boundary of Alemannic settlement, where Frankish influence would have been strongest.Wolfgang Jungandreas, 'God fura dih, deofile †' in: Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur, 101, 1972, pp. 84–85.
The establishment of the bishopric of Konstanz cannot be dated exactly and was possibly undertaken by Columbanus himself (before 612). In any case, it existed by 635, when Gunzo appointed John of Grab bishop. Constance was a missionary bishopric in newly converted lands, and did not look back on late Roman church history unlike the Raetian bishopric of Chur (established 451) and Basel (an episcopal seat from 740, and which continued the line of Bishops of Augusta Raurica, see Bishop of Basel). The establishment of the church as an institution recognized by worldly rulers is also visible in legal history. In the early seventh century Pactus Alamannorum hardly ever mentions the special privileges of the church, while Lantfrid's Lex Alamannorum of 720 has an entire chapter reserved for ecclesial matters alone. |
Alemanni | Genetics | Genetics
A genetic study published in Science Advances in September 2018 examined the remains of eight individuals buried at a seventh-century Alemannic graveyard in Niederstotzingen, Germany. This is the richest and most complete Alemannic graveyard ever found. The highest-ranking individual at the graveyard was a male with Frankish grave goods. Four males were found to be closely related to him. They were all carriers of types of the paternal haplogroup R1b1a2a1a1c2b2b. A sixth male was a carrier of the paternal haplogroup R1b1a2a1a1c2b2b1a1 and the maternal haplogroup U5a1a1. Along with the five closely related individuals, he displayed close genetic links to northern and eastern Europe, particularly Lithuania and Iceland. Two individuals buried at the cemetery were found to be genetically different from both the others and each other, displaying genetic links to Southern Europe, particularly northern Italy and Spain. Along with the sixth male, they might have been adoptees or slaves. |
Alemanni | See also | See also
Annales Alamannici
List of rulers of Alamannia
List of confederations of Germanic tribes
Armalausi
Varisci
Helvetii
Charietto |
Alemanni | References | References |
Alemanni | Sources | Sources
Ammianus Marcellinus, passim
O. Bremer in H. Paul, Grundriss der germanischen Philologie (2nd ed., Strassburg, 1900), vol. iii. pp. 930 ff.
Dio Cassius lxvii. ff.
Ian Wood (ed.), Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian Period: An Ethnographic Perspective (Studies in Historical Archaeoethnology), Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2003, .
Melchior Goldast, Rerum Alamannicarum scriptores (1606, 2nd ed. Senckenburg 1730)
Gregory of Tours, Historia Francorum, book ii.
C. Zeuss, Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme (Munich, 1837), pp. 303 ff. |
Alemanni | External links | External links
The Agri Decumates
The Alemanni (archived)
The Military Orientation of the Roman Emperors Septimius Severus to Gallienus (146–268 C.E.) (archived)
Brauchtum und Masken Alemannic Fastnacht
Category:Early Germanic peoples
Category:Germanic tribal confederacies
Category:History of Swabia
Category:History of Alsace
Category:Medieval history of Switzerland |
Alemanni | Table of Content | Short description, Name, First appearance in historical record, Conflicts with the Roman Empire, List of battles between Romans and Alemanni, Subjugation by the Franks, Culture, Language, Political organization, Religion, Genetics, See also, References, Sources, External links |
NYSE American | Short description | NYSE American, formerly known as the American Stock Exchange (AMEX), and more recently as NYSE MKT, is an American stock exchange situated in New York City. AMEX was previously a mutual organization, owned by its members. Until 1953, it was known as the New York Curb Exchange.
NYSE Euronext acquired AMEX on October 1, 2008, with AMEX integrated with the Alternext European small-cap exchange and renamed the NYSE Alternext U.S. In March 2009, NYSE Alternext U.S. was changed to NYSE Amex Equities. On May 10, 2012, NYSE Amex Equities changed its name to NYSE MKT LLC.
Following the SEC approval of competing stock exchange IEX in 2016, NYSE MKT rebranded as NYSE American and introduced a 350-microsecond delay in trading, referred to as a "speed bump", which is also present on the IEX. |
NYSE American | History | History |
NYSE American | The Curb market | The Curb market
thumb|350px|Curb brokers in Wall Street, New York City, 1920, a year before the trading was moved indoors. That year, journalist Edwin C. Hill described the curb trading on lower Broad Street as "a roaring, swirling whirlpool... like nothing else under the astonishing sky that is its only roof."
The exchange grew out of the loosely organized curb market of curbstone brokers on Broad Street in Manhattan. Efforts to organize and standardize the market started early in the 20th century under Emanuel S. Mendels and Carl H. Pforzheimer. The curb brokers had been kicked out of the Mills Building front by 1907, and had moved to the pavement outside the Blair Building where cabbies lined up. There they were given a "little domain of asphalt" fenced off by the police on Broad Street between Exchange Place and Beaver Street. As of 1907, the curb market operated starting at 10 AM, each day except Sundays, until a gong at 3 PM. Orders for the purchase and sale of securities were shouted down from the windows of nearby brokerages, with the execution of the sale then shouted back up to the brokerage. |
NYSE American | Organizing and 'Curb list' | Organizing and 'Curb list'
As of 1907, E. S. Mendels gave the brokers rules "by right of seniority", but the curb brokers intentionally avoided organizing. According to the Times, this came from a general belief that if a curb exchange was organized, the exchange authorities would force members to sell their other exchange memberships. However, in 1908 the New York Curb Market Agency was established, which developed appropriate trading rules for curbstone brokers, organized by Mendels. The informal Curb Association formed in 1910 to weed out undesirables. The curb exchange was for years at odds with the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), or "Big Board", operating several buildings away. Explained the New York Times in 1910, the Big Board looked at the curb as "a trading place for 'cats and dogs.'" On April 1, 1910, however, when the NYSE abolished its unlisted department, the NYSE stocks "made homeless by the abolition" were "refused domicile" by the curb brokers on Broad Street until they had complied with the "Curb list" of requirements. In 1911, Mendels and his advisers drew up a constitution and formed the New York Curb Market Association, which can be considered the first formal constitution of American Stock Exchange.http://abcnewspapers.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11281 New York Curb Market Association |
NYSE American | 1920s-1940s: Move indoors | 1920s-1940s: Move indoors
thumb|American Stock Exchange Building, constructed in 1921
In 1920, journalist Edwin C. Hill wrote that the curb exchange on lower Broad Street was a "roaring, swirling whirlpool" that "tears control of a gold-mine from an unlucky operator, and pauses to auction a puppy-dog. It is like nothing else under the astonished sky that is its only roof." After a group of Curb brokers formed a real estate company to design a building, Starrett & Van Vleck designed the new exchange building on Greenwich Street in Lower Manhattan between Thames and Rector, at 86 Trinity Place. It opened in 1921, and the curbstone brokers moved indoors on June 27, 1921. In 1929, the New York Curb Market changed its name to the New York Curb Exchange. The Curb Exchange soon became the leading international stock market, and according to historian Robert Sobel, "had more individual foreign issues on its list than [...] all other American securities markets combined."
Edward Reid McCormick was the first president of the New York Curb Market Association and is credited with moving the market indoors. George Rea was approached about the position of president of the New York Curb Exchange in 1939. He was unanimously elected as the first paid president in the history of the Curb Exchange. He was paid $25,000 per year (equivalent to $ today) and held the position for three years before offering his resignation in 1942. He left the position having "done such a good job that there is virtually no need for a full-time successor." |
NYSE American | Modernization as the American Stock Exchange | Modernization as the American Stock Exchange
In 1953, the Curb Exchange was renamed the American Stock Exchange. The exchange was shaken by a scandal in 1961, and in 1962 began a reorganization. Its reputation recently damaged by charges of mismanagement, in 1962, the American Stock Exchange named Edwin Etherington its president. Writes CNN, he and executive vice president Paul Kolton were "tapped in 1962 to clean up and reinvigorate the scandal-plagued American Stock Exchange."
As of 1971, it was the second largest stock exchange in the United States. Paul Kolton succeeded Ralph S. Saul as AMEX president on June 17, 1971, making him the first person to be selected from within the exchange to serve as its leader, succeeding Ralph S. Saul, who announced his resignation in March 1971.Rustin, Richard E. (May 14, 1971). "American Board Panel Seen Recommending Kolton, No. 2 Man, as Successor to Saul". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 30, 2010. Kaplan, Thomas (October 29, 2010). "Paul Kolton, Who Led the American Stock Exchange, Dies at 87". The New York Times. Retrieved October 29, 2010. In November 1972, Kolton was named as the exchange's first chief executive officer and its first salaried top executive.Staff (November 3, 1972). "Amex Formally Elects Paul Kolton as Chairman, Chief Executive Officer". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 30, 2010. As chairman, Kolton oversaw the introduction of options trading. Kolton opposed the idea of a merger with the New York Stock Exchange while he headed the exchange saying that "two independent, viable exchanges are much more likely to be responsive to new pressures and public needs than a single institution". Kolton announced in July 1977 that he would be leaving his position at the American Exchange in November of that year.Staff (July 17, 1977). "Paul Kolton Leaving Amex". (via Dow Jones Service) (The Pittsburgh Press (via Google News)). Retrieved July 18, 2012.
In 1977, Thomas Peterffy purchased a seat on the American Stock Exchange. Peterffy created a major stir among traders by introducing handheld computers onto the trading floor in the early 1980s. |
NYSE American | Introducing ETFs | Introducing ETFs
ETFs or exchange-traded funds had their genesis in 1989 with Index Participation Shares, an S&P 500 proxy that traded on the American Stock Exchange and the Philadelphia Stock Exchange. This product was short-lived after a lawsuit by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange was successful in stopping sales in the United States.
In 1990, a similar product, Toronto Index Participation Shares, which tracked the TSE 35 and later the TSE 100 indices, started trading on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSE) in 1990. The popularity of these products led the American Stock Exchange to try to develop something that would satisfy regulations by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
Nathan Most and Steven Bloom, under the direction of Ivers Riley, designed and developed Standard & Poor's Depositary Receipts (NYSE Arca: SPY), which were introduced in January 1993. Known as SPDRs or "Spiders", the fund became the largest ETF in the world. In May 1995, State Street Global Advisors introduced the S&P 400 MidCap SPDRs (NYSE Arca: MDY).
Barclays, in conjunction with MSCI and Funds Distributor Inc., entered the market in 1996 with World Equity Benchmark Shares (WEBS), which became iShares MSCI Index Fund Shares. WEBS originally tracked 17 MSCI country indices managed by the funds' index provider, Morgan Stanley. WEBS were particularly innovative because they gave casual investors easy access to foreign markets. While SPDRs were organized as unit investment trusts, WEBS were set up as a mutual fund, the first of their kind.
In 1998, State Street Global Advisors introduced "Sector Spiders", separate ETFs for each of the sectors of the S&P 500 Index. Also in 1998, the "Dow Diamonds" (NYSE Arca: DIA) were introduced, tracking the Dow Jones Industrial Average. In 1999, the influential "cubes" (Nasdaq: QQQ), were launched, with the goal of replicate the price movement of the NASDAQ-100.
The iShares line was launched in early 2000. By 2005, it had a 44% market share of ETF assets under management. Barclays Global Investors was sold to BlackRock in 2009. |
NYSE American | NYSE merger | NYSE merger
As of 2003, AMEX was the only U.S. stock market to permit the transmission of buy and sell orders through hand signals.Larry Harris, Trading and Exchanges, Oxford University Press US: 2003, page 104, ,
In October 2008 NYSE Euronext completed acquisition of the AMEX for $260 million in stock. Before the closing of the acquisition, NYSE Euronext announced that the AMEX would be integrated with the Alternext European small-cap exchange and renamed the NYSE Alternext U.S. The American Stock Exchange merged with the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE Euronext) on October 1, 2008. Post merger, the Amex equities business was branded "NYSE Alternext US". As part of the re-branding exercise, NYSE Alternext US was re-branded as NYSE Amex Equities. On December 1, 2008, the Curb Exchange building at 86 Trinity Place was closed, and the Amex Equities trading floor was moved to the NYSE Trading floor at 11 Wall Street. 90 years after its 1921 opening, the old New York Curb Market building was empty but remained standing. In March 2009, NYSE Alternext U.S. was changed to NYSE Amex Equities. On May 10, 2012, NYSE Amex Equities changed its name to NYSE MKT LLC.
In June 2016, a competing stock exchange IEX (which operated with a 350-microsecond delay in trading), gained approval from the SEC, despite lobbying protests by the NYSE and other exchanges and trading firms.
On July 24, 2017, the NYSE renamed NYSE MKT to NYSE American, and announced plans to introduce its own 350-microsecond "speed bump" in trading on the small and mid-cap company exchange. |
NYSE American | Products | Products
Intellidex
Stocks
Options
Exchange-traded funds (ETFs)
Structured Products
Warrants |
NYSE American | Management | Management
Past presidents of the American Stock Exchange include:
John L. McCormack (1911–1914)
Edward R. McCormick (1914–1923)
John W. Curtis (1923–1925)
David U. Page (1925–1928)
William S. Muller (1928–1932)
Howard C. Sykes (1932–1934)
E. Burd Grubb (1934–1935)
Fred C. Moffatt (1935–1939; 1942–1945)
George P. Rea (1939–1942)
Edwin Posner (1945–1947; January–September, 1962)
Edward C. Werle (February–March, 1947)
Francis Adams Truslow (1947–1951)
Edward T. McCormick (1951–1961)
Joseph F. Reilly (1961–1962)
Edwin D. Etherington (1962–1966)
Ralph S. Saul (1966–1971)
Paul Kolton (1971–1973)
Richard M. Burdge (1973–1977)
Robert J. Birnbaum (1977–1986)
Kenneth R. Leibler (1986–1990)
Past chairmen of the American Stock Exchange include:
Clarence A. Bettman (1939–1941)
Fred C. Moffatt (1941–1945)
Edwin Posner (1945–1947; 1962–1965)
Edward C. Werle (1947–1950)
Mortimer Landsberg (1950–1951)
John J. Mann (1951–1956)
James R. Dyer (1956–1960)
Joseph E. Reilly (1960–1962)
David S. Jackson (1965–1968)
Macrae Sykes (1968–1969)
Frank C. Graham Jr. (1969–1973)
Paul Kolton (1973–1978)
Arthur Levitt Jr. (1978–1989)
James R. Jones (1989–1993)
Salvatore F. Sodano (1999–2005) |
NYSE American | Gallery | Gallery |
NYSE American | See also | See also
NYSE Arca Major Market Index
Microcap stock
Economy of New York City
List of stock exchanges in the Americas
List of stock exchange mergers in the Americas
Consolidated Tape System
Hal S. Scott
Michael J. Meehan |
NYSE American | References | References |
NYSE American | Further reading | Further reading
|
NYSE American | External links | External links
NYSE American
Category:Financial services companies established in 1908
Category:Intercontinental Exchange
Category:Self-regulatory organizations in the United States
Category:Stock exchanges in the United States
Category:2008 mergers and acquisitions |
NYSE American | Table of Content | Short description, History, The Curb market, Organizing and 'Curb list', 1920s-1940s: Move indoors, Modernization as the American Stock Exchange, Introducing ETFs, NYSE merger, Products, Management, Gallery, See also, References, Further reading, External links |
August 17 | pp-move | |
August 17 | Events | Events |
August 17 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
310 – Pope Eusebius dies, possibly from a hunger strike, shortly after being banished by the Emperor Maxentius to Sicily.
682 – Pope Leo II begins his pontificate.
986 – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars: Battle of the Gates of Trajan: The Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Samuel and Aron defeat the Byzantine forces at the Gate of Trajan, with Byzantine Emperor Basil II barely escaping.
1186 – Georgenberg Pact: Ottokar IV, Duke of Styria and Leopold V, Duke of Austria sign a heritage agreement in which Ottokar gives his duchy to Leopold and to his son Frederick under the stipulation that Austria and Styria would henceforth remain undivided.
1386 – Karl Topia, the ruler of Princedom of Albania forges an alliance with the Republic of Venice, committing to participate in all wars of the Republic and receiving coastal protection against the Ottomans in return.
1424 – Hundred Years' War: Battle of Verneuil: An English force under John, Duke of Bedford defeats a larger French army under Jean II, Duke of Alençon, John Stewart, and Earl Archibald of Douglas.
1488 – Konrad Bitz, the Bishop of Turku, marks the date of his preface to Missale Aboense, the oldest known book of Finland.
1498 – Cesare Borgia, son of Pope Alexander VI, becomes the first person in history to resign the cardinalate; later that same day, King Louis XII of France names him Duke of Valentinois.
1549 – Battle of Sampford Courtenay: The Prayer Book Rebellion is quashed in England.
1560 – The Catholic Church is overthrown and Protestantism is established as the national religion in Scotland.
1585 – Eighty Years' War: Siege of Antwerp: Antwerp is captured by Spanish forces under Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, who orders Protestants to leave the city and as a result over half of the 100,000 inhabitants flee to the northern provinces.
1585 – A first group of colonists sent by Sir Walter Raleigh under the charge of Ralph Lane lands in the New World to create Roanoke Colony on Roanoke Island, off the coast of present-day North Carolina.
1597 – Islands Voyage: Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and Sir Walter Raleigh set sail on an expedition to the Azores. |
August 17 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1668 – The magnitude 8.0 North Anatolia earthquake causes 8,000 deaths in northern Anatolia, Ottoman Empire.
1717 – Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18: The month-long Siege of Belgrade ends with Prince Eugene of Savoy's Austrian troops capturing the city from the Ottoman Empire.
1723 – Ioan Giurgiu Patachi becomes Bishop of Făgăraș and is festively installed in his position at the St. Nicolas Cathedral in Făgăraș, after being formally confirmed earlier by Pope Clement XI.
1740 – Pope Benedict XIV, previously known as Prospero Lambertini, succeeds Clement XII as the 247th Pope.
1784 – Classical composer Luigi Boccherini receives a pay rise of 12,000 reals from his employer, the Infante Luis, Count of Chinchón.
1798 – The Vietnamese Catholics report a Marian apparition in Quảng Trị, an event which is called Our Lady of La Vang.
1807 – Robert Fulton's North River Steamboat leaves New York City for Albany, New York, on the Hudson River, inaugurating the first commercial steamboat service in the world.
1808 – The Finnish War: The Battle of Alavus is fought.
1827 – Dutch King William I and Pope Leo XII sign concord.
1836 – British parliament accepts registration of births, marriages and deaths.
1862 – American Indian Wars: The Dakota War of 1862 begins in Minnesota as Dakota warriors attack white settlements along the Minnesota River.
1862 – American Civil War: Major General J. E. B. Stuart is assigned command of all the cavalry of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia.
1863 – American Civil War: In Charleston, South Carolina, Union batteries and ships bombard Confederate-held Fort Sumter.
1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Gainesville: Confederate forces defeat Union troops near Gainesville, Florida.
1866 – The Grand Duchy of Baden announces its withdrawal from the German Confederation and signs a treaty of peace and alliance with Prussia.
1876 – Richard Wagner's Götterdämmerung, the last opera in his Ringcycle, premieres at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus.
1883 – The first public performance of the Dominican Republic's national anthem, Himno Nacional.
1896 – Bridget Driscoll became the first recorded case of a pedestrian killed in a collision with a motor car in the United Kingdom. |
August 17 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1914 – World War I: Battle of Stallupönen: The German army of General Hermann von François defeats the Russian force commanded by Paul von Rennenkampf near modern-day Nesterov, Russia.
1915 – Jewish American Leo Frank is lynched in Marietta, Georgia, USA after his death sentence is commuted by Governor John Slaton.
1915 – A Category 4 hurricane hits Galveston, Texas with winds at .
1916 – World War I: Romania signs a secret treaty with the Entente Powers. According to the treaty, Romania agreed to join the war on the Allied side.
1918 – Bolshevik revolutionary leader Moisei Uritsky is assassinated.
1942 – World War II: U.S. Marines raid the Japanese-held Pacific island of Makin.
1943 – World War II: The U.S. Eighth Air Force suffers the loss of 60 bombers on the Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission.
1943 – World War II: The U.S. Seventh Army under General George S. Patton arrives in Messina, Italy, followed several hours later by the British 8th Army under Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, thus completing the Allied conquest of Sicily.
1943 – World War II: First Québec Conference of Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and William Lyon Mackenzie King begins.
1943 – World War II: The Royal Air Force begins Operation Hydra, the first air raid of the Operation Crossbow strategic bombing campaign against Germany's V-weapon program.
1945 – Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta proclaim the independence of Indonesia, igniting the Indonesian National Revolution against the Dutch Empire.
1945 – The novella Animal Farm by George Orwell is first published.
1945 – Evacuation of Manchukuo: At Talitzou by the Sino-Korean border, Puyi, then the Kangde Emperor of Manchukuo, formally renounces the imperial throne, dissolves the state, and cedes its territory to the Republic of China.
1947 – The Radcliffe Line, the border between the Dominions of India and Pakistan, is revealed.
1949 – The 6.7 Karlıova earthquake shakes eastern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), leaving 320–450 dead.
1949 – Matsukawa derailment: Unknown saboteurs cause a passenger train to derail and overturn in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, killing three crew members and igniting a political firestorm between the Japanese Communist Party and the government of Occupied Japan that will eventually lead to the Japanese Red Purge.
1953 – First meeting of Narcotics Anonymous takes place, in Southern California.
1955 – Hurricane Diane made landfall near Wilmington, North Carolina, and it went on to cause major floods and kill more than 184 people.
1958 – Pioneer 0, America's first attempt at lunar orbit, is launched using the first Thor-Able rocket and fails. Notable as one of the first attempted launches beyond Earth orbit by any country.
1959 – Quake Lake is formed by the magnitude 7.2 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake near Hebgen Lake in Montana.
1960 – Aeroflot Flight 036 crashes in Soviet Ukraine, killing 34.
1962 – Peter Fechter is shot and bleeds to death while trying to cross the new Berlin Wall.
1969 – Category 5 Hurricane Camille hits the U.S. Gulf Coast, killing 256 and causing $1.42 billion in damage.
1970 – Soviet Union Venera program: Venera 7 launched. It will become the first spacecraft to successfully transmit data from the surface of another planet (Venus).
1976 – A magnitude 7.9 earthquake hits off the coast of Mindanao, Philippines, triggering a destructive tsunami, killing between 5,000 and 8,000 people and leaving more than 90,000 homeless.
1977 – The Soviet icebreaker Arktika becomes the first surface ship to reach the North Pole.
1978 – Double Eagle II becomes first balloon to cross the Atlantic Ocean when it lands in Miserey, France near Paris, 137 hours after leaving Presque Isle, Maine.
1985 – The 1985–86 Hormel strike begins in Austin, Minnesota.
1988 – President of Pakistan Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq and U.S. Ambassador Arnold Raphel are killed in a plane crash.
1991 – Strathfield massacre: In Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, taxi driver Wade Frankum shoots seven people and injures six others before turning the gun on himself.
1998 – Lewinsky scandal: US President Bill Clinton admits in taped testimony that he had an "improper physical relationship" with White House intern Monica Lewinsky; later that same day he admits before the nation that he "misled people" about the relationship.
1999 – The 7.6 İzmit earthquake shakes northwestern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), leaving 17,118–17,127 dead and 43,953–50,000 injured.
2004 – The National Assembly of Serbia unanimously adopts new state symbols for Serbia: Bože pravde becomes the new anthem and the coat of arms is adopted for the whole country.
2005 – The first forced evacuation of settlers, as part of Israeli disengagement from Gaza, starts.
2005 – Over 500 bombs are set off by terrorists at 300 locations in 63 out of the 64 districts of Bangladesh.
2008 – American swimmer Michael Phelps becomes the first person to win eight gold medals at one Olympic Games.
2009 – An accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam in Khakassia, Russia, kills 75 and shuts down the hydroelectric power station, leading to widespread power failure in the local area.
2015 – A bomb explodes near the Erawan Shrine in Bangkok, Thailand, killing at least 19 people and injuring 123 others.
2017 – Barcelona attacks: A van is driven into pedestrians in La Rambla, killing 14 and injuring at least 100.
2019 – A bomb explodes at a wedding in Kabul killing 63 people and leaving 182 injured. |
August 17 | Births | Births |
August 17 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
1153 – William IX, Count of Poitiers (d. 1156)
1465 – Philibert I, Duke of Savoy (d. 1482)
1473 – Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York (d. 1483)
1501 – Philipp II, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (d. 1529)
1556 – Alexander Briant, English martyr and saint (d. 1581)
1578 – Francesco Albani, Italian painter (d. 1660)
1578 – Johann, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, first prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (d. 1638)
1582 – John Matthew Rispoli, Maltese philosopher (d. 1639)
1586 – Johann Valentin Andrea, German theologian (d. 1654) |
August 17 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1603 – Lennart Torstensson, Swedish Field Marshal, Privy Councillour and Governor-General (d. 1651)
1629 – John III Sobieski, Polish–Lithuanian king (d. 1696)
1686 – Nicola Porpora, Italian composer and educator (d. 1768)
1753 – Josef Dobrovský, Bohemian philologist and historian (d. 1828)
1768 – Louis Desaix, French general (d. 1800)
1786 – Davy Crockett, American soldier and politician (d. 1836)
1786 – Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (d. 1861)
1801 – Fredrika Bremer, Swedish writer and feminist (d. 1865)
1828 – Jules Bernard Luys, French neurologist and physician (d. 1897)
1840 – Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, English poet and activist (d. 1922)
1845 – Henry Cadwalader Chapman, American physician and naturalist (d. 1909)
1849 – William Kidston, Scottish-Australian politician, 17th Premier of Queensland (d. 1919)
1863 – Gene Stratton-Porter, American author and photographer (d. 1924)
1865 – Julia Marlowe, English-American actress (d. 1950)
1866 – Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI, Indian 6th Nizam of Hyderabad (d. 1911)
1873 – John A. Sampson, American gynecologist and academic (d. 1946)
1877 – Ralph McKittrick, American golfer and tennis player (d. 1923)
1878 – Reggie Duff, Australian cricketer (d. 1911)
1880 – Percy Sherwell, South African cricketer and tennis player (d. 1948)
1887 – Charles I of Austria (d. 1922)
1887 – Marcus Garvey, Jamaican journalist and activist, founded Black Star Line (d. 1940)
1888 – Monty Woolley, American actor, raconteur, and pundit (d. 1963)
1889 – Lalla Carlsen, Norwegian singer and actress (d. 1967)
1890 – Stefan Bastyr, Polish soldier and pilot (d. 1920)
1890 – Harry Hopkins, American politician and diplomat, 8th United States Secretary of Commerce (d. 1946)
1893 – John Brahm, German-American director and production manager (d. 1982)
1893 – Mae West, American stage and film actress (d. 1980)
1894 – William Rootes, 1st Baron Rootes, English businessman, founded Rootes Group (d. 1964)
1896 – Leslie Groves, American general and engineer (d. 1970)
1896 – Tõnis Kint, Estonian lieutenant and politician, Prime Minister of Estonia in exile (d. 1991)
1896 – Oliver Waterman Larkin, American historian and author (d. 1970)
1899 – Janet Lewis, American poet and novelist (d. 1998)
1900 – Vivienne de Watteville, British travel writer and adventurer (d. 1957)
1900 – Pauline A. Young, American teacher, historian, aviator and activist (d. 1991) |
August 17 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1904 – Mary Cain, American journalist and politician (d. 1984)
1904 – Leopold Nowak, Austrian composer and musicologist (d. 1991)
1909 – Larry Clinton, American trumpet player and bandleader (d. 1985)
1909 – Wilf Copping, English footballer (d. 1980)
1911 – Mikhail Botvinnik, Russian chess player and engineer (d. 1995)
1911 – Martin Sandberger, German colonel and lawyer (d. 2010)
1913 – Mark Felt, American lawyer and agent, 2nd Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (d. 2008)
1913 – Oscar Alfredo Gálvez, Argentinian race car driver (d. 1989)
1913 – Rudy York, American baseball player and manager (d. 1970)
1914 – Bill Downs, American journalist (d. 1978)
1914 – Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr., American lawyer and politician (d. 1988)
1916 – Moses Majekodunmi, Nigerian physician and politician (d. 2012)
1918 – Evelyn Ankers, British-American actress (d. 1985)
1918 – Ike Quebec, American saxophonist and pianist (d. 1963)
1918 – Michael John Wise, English geographer and academic (d. 2015)
1919 – Georgia Gibbs, American singer (d. 2006)
1920 – Maureen O'Hara, Irish-American actress and singer (d. 2015)
1920 – Lida Moser, American photographer and author (d. 2014)
1921 – Geoffrey Elton, German-English historian and academic (d. 1994)
1922 – Roy Tattersall, English cricketer (d. 2011)
1923 – Carlos Cruz-Diez, Venezuelan artist (d. 2019)
1923 – Larry Rivers, American painter and sculptor (d. 2002)
1924 – Evan S. Connell, American novelist, poet, and short story writer (d. 2013)
1926 – Valerie Eliot, English businesswoman (d. 2012)
1926 – Jiang Zemin, Chinese engineer and politician, former General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (paramount leader) and 5th President of China (d. 2022)
1927 – Sam Butera, American saxophonist and bandleader (d. 2009)
1927 – F. Ray Keyser Jr., American lawyer and politician, Governor of Vermont (d. 2015)
1928 – T. J. Anderson, American composer, conductor, and educator
1928 – Willem Duys, Dutch tennis player, sportscaster, and producer (d. 2011)
1929 – Francis Gary Powers, American captain and pilot (d. 1977)
1930 – Harve Bennett, American screenwriter and producer (d. 2015)
1930 – Ted Hughes, English poet and playwright (d. 1998)
1931 – Tony Wrigley, English historian, demographer, and academic (d. 2022)
1932 – V. S. Naipaul, Trinidadian-English novelist and essayist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018)
1932 – Duke Pearson, American pianist and composer (d. 1980)
1932 – Jean-Jacques Sempé, French cartoonist (d. 2022)
1933 – Mark Dinning, American pop singer (d. 1986)
1934 – João Donato, Brazilian pianist and composer (d. 2023)
1934 – Ron Henry, English footballer (d. 2014)
1936 – Seamus Mallon, Irish educator and politician, Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland (d. 2020)
1936 – Margaret Heafield Hamilton, American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner
1938 – Theodoros Pangalos, Greek lawyer and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Greece (d. 2023)
1939 – Luther Allison, American blues guitarist and singer (d. 1997)
1940 – Eduardo Mignogna, Argentinian director and screenwriter (d. 2006)
1940 – Barry Sheerman, English academic and politician
1941 – Lothar Bisky, German businessman and politician (d. 2013)
1941 – Jean Pierre Lefebvre, Canadian director and screenwriter
1941 – Boog Powell, American baseball player
1942 – Shane Porteous, Australian actor, animator, and screenwriter
1943 – Edward Cowie, English composer, painter, and author
1943 – Robert De Niro, American actor, entrepreneur, director, and producer
1943 – John Humphrys, Welsh journalist and author
1943 – Dave "Snaker" Ray, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2002)
1944 – Larry Ellison, American businessman, co-founded the Oracle Corporation
1944 – Jean-Bernard Pommier, French pianist and conductor
1945 – Rachel Pollack, American author, poet, and educator (d. 2023)
1946 – Hugh Baiocchi, South African golfer
1946 – Martha Coolidge, American director, producer, and screenwriter
1946 – Patrick Manning, Trinidadian-Tobagonian politician, 4th Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 2016)
1947 – Mohamed Abdelaziz, Sahrawi politician, President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (d. 2016)
1947 – Gary Talley, American guitarist, singer-songwriter, and author
1948 – Alexander Ivashkin, Russian-English cellist and conductor (d. 2014)
1949 – Norm Coleman, American lawyer and politician, 52nd Mayor of St. Paul
1949 – Sue Draheim, American fiddler and composer (d. 2013)
1949 – Julian Fellowes, English actor, director, screenwriter, and politician
1949 – Sib Hashian, American rock drummer (d. 2017)
1950 – Geraint Jarman, Welsh musician, poet and television producer (d. 2025)
1951 – Richard Hunt, American Muppet performer (d. 1992)
1951 – Robert Joy, Canadian actor
1952 – Aleksandr Maksimenkov, Russian footballer and coach (d. 2012)
1952 – Nelson Piquet, Brazilian race car driver and businessman
1952 – Mario Theissen, German engineer and businessman
1952 – Guillermo Vilas, Argentinian tennis player
1953 – Mick Malthouse, Australian footballer and coach
1953 – Herta Müller, Romanian-German poet and author, Nobel Prize laureate
1953 – Korrie Layun Rampan, Indonesian author, poet, and critic (d. 2015)
1953 – Kevin Rowland, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
1954 – Eric Johnson, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
1954 – Andrés Pastrana Arango, Colombian lawyer and politician, 38th President of Colombia
1955 – Colin Moulding, English singer-songwriter and bassist
1956 – Gail Berman, American businessman, co-founded BermanBraun
1956 – Álvaro Pino, Spanish cyclist
1957 – Ken Kwapis, American director and screenwriter
1957 – Laurence Overmire, American poet, author, and actor
1957 – Robin Cousins, British competitive figure skater
1958 – Belinda Carlisle, American singer-songwriter
1958 – Fred Goodwin, Scottish banker and accountant
1958 – Maurizio Sandro Sala, Brazilian race car driver
1959 – Jonathan Franzen, American novelist and essayist
1959 – Jacek Kazimierski, Polish footballer
1959 – Eric Schlosser, American journalist and author
1959 – David Koresh, American cult leader (d. 1993)
1960 – Stephan Eicher, Swiss singer-songwriter
1960 – Sean Penn, American actor, director, and political activist
1962 – Gilby Clarke, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
1962 – Dan Dakich, American basketball player, coach, and sportscaster
1963 – Jon Gruden, American football player, coach, and sportscaster
1963 – Jackie Walorski, American politician (d. 2022)
1964 – Colin James, Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
1964 – Maria McKee, American singer-songwriter
1964 – Dave Penney, English footballer and manager
1965 – Steve Gorman, American drummer
1965 – Dottie Pepper, American golfer
1966 – Jüri Luik, Estonian politician and diplomat, 18th Estonian Minister of Defense
1966 – Rodney Mullen, American skateboarder and stuntman
1966 – Don Sweeney, Canadian ice hockey player and manager
1967 – David Conrad, American actor
1967 – Michael Preetz, German footballer and manager
1968 – Andriy Kuzmenko, Ukrainian singer-songwriter (d. 2015)
1968 – Ed McCaffrey, American football player and sportscaster
1968 – Helen McCrory, English actress (d. 2021)
1969 – Christian Laettner, American basketball player and coach
1969 – Kelvin Mercer, American rapper, songwriter and producer
1969 – Donnie Wahlberg, American singer-songwriter, actor and producer
1970 – Jim Courier, American tennis player and sportscaster
1970 – Andrus Kivirähk, Estonian author
1970 – Øyvind Leonhardsen, Norwegian footballer and coach
1971 – Uhm Jung-hwa, South Korean singer and actress
1971 – Jorge Posada, Puerto Rican-American baseball player
1971 – Shaun Rehn, Australian footballer and coach
1972 – Habibul Bashar, Bangladeshi cricketer
1974 – Giuliana Rancic, Italian-American journalist and television personality
1974 – Johannes Maria Staud, Austrian composer
1976 – Eric Boulton, Canadian ice hockey player
1976 – Geertjan Lassche, Dutch journalist and director
1976 – Serhiy Zakarlyuka, Ukrainian footballer and manager (d. 2014)
1977 – Nathan Deakes, Australian race walker
1977 – William Gallas, French footballer
1977 – Thierry Henry, French footballer
1977 – Mike Lewis, Welsh guitarist
1977 – Tarja Turunen, Finnish singer-songwriter and producer
1979 – Antwaan Randle El, American football player and journalist
1979 – Nicole Sunitsch, Austrian politician
1980 – Keith Dabengwa, Zimbabwean cricketer
1980 – Daniel Güiza, Spanish footballer
1980 – Jan Kromkamp, Dutch footballer
1980 – Lene Marlin, Norwegian singer-songwriter
1982 – Phil Jagielka, English footballer
1982 – Cheerleader Melissa, American wrestler and manager
1982 – Mark Salling, American actor and musician (d. 2018)
1983 – Dustin Pedroia, American baseball player
1984 – Dee Brown, American basketball player
1984 – Oksana Domnina, Russian ice dancer
1984 – Liam Heath, British sprint canoeist
1984 – Garrett Wolfe, American football player
1985 – Yū Aoi, Japanese actress and model
1986 – Rudy Gay, American basketball player
1986 – Tyrus Thomas, American basketball player
1988 – Brady Corbet, American actor and director
1988 – Jihadi John, Kuwaiti-British member of ISIS (d. 2015)
1988 – Natalie Sandtorv, Norwegian singer-songwriter
1988 – Erika Toda, Japanese actress
1989 – Lil B, American rapper
1989 – Rachel Corsie, Scottish footballer
1990 – Rachel Hurd-Wood, English actress
1991 – Austin Butler, American actor
1992 – Saraya Bevis, English wrestler
1992 – Alex Elisala, New Zealand-Australian rugby player (d. 2013)
1992 – Chanel Mata'utia, Australian rugby league player
1992 – Maru Teferi, Israeli marathon runner
1993 – Ederson Moraes, Brazilian footballer
1993 – Sarah Sjöström, Swedish swimmer
1993 – Xie Zhenye, Chinese athlete
1994 – Phoebe Bridgers, American singer/songwriter
1994 – Jack Conklin, American football player
1994 – Taissa Farmiga, American actress
1995 – Gracie Gold, American figure skater
1995 – Dallin Watene-Zelezniak, New Zealand rugby league player
1996 – Jake Virtanen, Canadian ice hockey player
2000 – Lil Pump, American rapper and songwriter
2003 – Nastasja Schunk, German tennis player
2003 – The Kid Laroi, Australian rapper and songwriter |
August 17 | Deaths | Deaths |
August 17 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
754 – Carloman, mayor of the palace of Austrasia
949 – Li Shouzhen, Chinese general and governor
1153 – Eustace IV, Count of Boulogne (b. 1130)
1304 – Emperor Go-Fukakusa of Japan (b. 1243)
1324 – Irene of Brunswick (b. 1293)
1338 – Nitta Yoshisada, Japanese samurai (b. 1301)
1424 – John Stewart, Earl of Buchan (b. c. 1381)
1510 – Edmund Dudley, English politician, Speaker of the House of Commons (b. 1462)
1510 – Richard Empson, English statesman
1547 – Katharina von Zimmern, Swiss sovereign abbess (b. 1478) |
August 17 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1673 – Regnier de Graaf, Dutch physician and anatomist (b. 1641)
1676 – Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen, German author (b. 1621)
1720 – Anne Dacier, French scholar and translator (b. 1654)
1723 – Joseph Bingham, English scholar and academic (b. 1668)
1768 – Vasily Trediakovsky, Russian poet and playwright (b. 1703)
1785 – Jonathan Trumbull, English-American merchant and politician, 16th Governor of Connecticut (b. 1710)
1786 – Frederick the Great, Prussian king (b. 1712)
1809 – Matthew Boulton, English businessman and engineer, co-founded Boulton and Watt (b. 1728)
1814 – John Johnson, English architect and surveyor (b. 1732)
1834 – Husein Gradaščević, Ottoman general (b. 1802)
1838 – Lorenzo Da Ponte, Italian playwright and poet (b. 1749)
1850 – José de San Martín, Argentinian general and politician, 1st President of Peru (b. 1778)
1861 – Alcée Louis la Branche, American politician and diplomat, 1st United States Ambassador to Texas (b. 1806)
1870 – Perucho Figueredo, Cuban poet and activist (b. 1818)
1875 – Wilhelm Bleek, German linguist and anthropologist (b. 1827)
1897 – William Jervois, English engineer and diplomat, 10th Governor of South Australia (b. 1821) |
August 17 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1901 – Edmond Audran, French organist and composer (b. 1842)
1903 – Hans Gude, Norwegian-German painter and academic (b. 1825)
1908 – Radoje Domanović, Serbian satirist and journalist (b. 1873)
1909 – Madan Lal Dhingra, Indian activist (b. 1883)
1918 – Moisei Uritsky, Russian activist and politician (b. 1873)
1920 – Ray Chapman, American baseball player (b. 1891)
1924 – Tom Kendall, English-Australian cricketer and journalist (b. 1851)
1925 – Ioan Slavici, Romanian journalist and author (b. 1848)
1935 – Adam Gunn, American decathlete (b. 1872)
1935 – Charlotte Perkins Gilman, American sociologist and author (b. 1860)
1936 – José María of Manila, Spanish-Filipino priest and martyr (b. 1880)
1940 – Billy Fiske, American soldier and pilot (b. 1911)
1945 – Reidar Haaland, Norwegian police officer and soldier (b. 1919)
1949 – Gregorio Perfecto, Filipino journalist, jurist, and politician (b. 1891)
1958 – Arthur Fox, English-American fencer (b. 1878)
1966 – Ken Miles, English race car driver and engineer (b. 1918)
1969 – Otto Stern, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888)
1970 – Rattana Pestonji, Thai director and producer (b. 1908)
1971 – Maedayama Eigorō, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 39th Yokozuna (b. 1914)
1971 – Wilhelm List, German field marshal (b. 1880)
1973 – Conrad Aiken, American novelist, short story writer, critic, and poet (b. 1889)
1973 – Jean Barraqué, French pianist and composer (b. 1928)
1973 – Paul Williams, American singer and choreographer (b. 1939)
1977 – Delmer Daves, American screenwriter, director and producer (b. 1904)
1979 – John C. Allen, American roller coaster designer (b. 1907)
1979 – Vivian Vance, American actress and singer (b. 1909)
1983 – Ira Gershwin, American songwriter (b. 1896)
1987 – Gary Chester, Italian drummer and educator (b. 1924)
1987 – Rudolf Hess, German soldier and politician (b. 1894)
1987 – Shaike Ophir, Israeli actor and screenwriter (b. 1929)
1988 – Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, Pakistani general and politician, 6th President of Pakistan (b. 1924)
1988 – Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr., American lawyer and politician (b. 1914)
1988 – Victoria Shaw, Australian actress (b. 1935)
1990 – Pearl Bailey, American actress and singer (b. 1918)
1993 – Feng Kang, Chinese mathematician and academic (b. 1920)
1994 – Luigi Chinetti, Italian-American race car driver and businessman (b. 1901)
1994 – Jack Morrison, Australian rugby league player (b. 1905)
1994 – Jack Sharkey, American boxer and referee (b. 1902)
1995 – Howard E. Koch, American playwright and screenwriter (b. 1902)
1995 – Ted Whitten, Australian footballer and coach (b. 1933)
1998 – Władysław Komar, Polish shot putter and actor (b. 1940)
1998 – Tadeusz Ślusarski, Polish pole vaulter (b. 1950)
2000 – Jack Walker, English businessman (b. 1929)
2004 – Thea Astley, Australian author and educator (b. 1925)
2005 – John N. Bahcall, American astrophysicist and academic (b. 1934)
2006 – Shamsur Rahman, Bangladeshi poet and journalist (b. 1929)
2007 – Bill Deedes, English journalist and politician (b. 1913)
2007 – Eddie Griffin, American basketball player (b. 1982)
2008 – Franco Sensi, Italian businessman and politician (b. 1926)
2010 – Francesco Cossiga, Italian lawyer and politician, 8th President of Italy (b. 1928)
2012 – Aase Bjerkholt, Norwegian politician, Minister of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion (b. 1915)
2012 – Victor Poor, American engineer, developed the Datapoint 2200 (b. 1933)
2012 – Patrick Ricard, French businessman (b. 1945)
2012 – John Lynch-Staunton, Canadian lawyer and politician (b. 1930)
2013 – Odilia Dank, American educator and politician (b. 1938)
2013 – Jack Harshman, American baseball player (b. 1927)
2013 – John Hollander, American poet and critic (b. 1929)
2013 – David Landes, Jewish-American historian and economist (b. 1924)
2013 – Frank Martínez, American painter (b. 1924)
2013 – Gus Winckel, Dutch lieutenant and pilot (b. 1912)
2014 – Børre Knudsen, Norwegian minister and activist (b. 1937)
2014 – Wolfgang Leonhard, German historian and author (b. 1921)
2014 – Sophie Masloff, American civil servant and politician, 56th Mayor of Pittsburgh (b. 1917)
2014 – Miodrag Pavlović, Serbian poet and critic (b. 1928)
2014 – Pierre Vassiliu, French singer-songwriter (b. 1937)
2015 – Yvonne Craig, American ballet dancer and actress (b. 1937)
2015 – Gerhard Mayer-Vorfelder, German businessman (b. 1933)
2015 – László Paskai, Hungarian cardinal (b. 1927)
2016 – Arthur Hiller, Canadian actor, director, and producer (b. 1923)
2024 – Virginia Ogilvy, Countess of Airlie, British countess (b. 1933)
2024 – Silvio Santos, Brazilian media mogul and television host (b. 1930) |
August 17 | Holidays and observances | Holidays and observances
Christian feast day:
Saint Beatrice of Silva
Saint Clare of Montefalco
Saint Hyacinth of Poland
Saint Jeanne Delanoue
Saint Mammes of Caesarea
Samuel Johnson, Timothy Cutler, and Thomas Bradbury Chandler (Episcopal Church)
August 17 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Engineer's Day (Colombia)
Independence Day, celebrates the independence proclamation of Indonesia from Japan in 1945. |
August 17 | References | References |
August 17 | External links | External links
Category:Days of August |
August 17 | Table of Content | pp-move, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, External links |
August 12 | pp-pc1 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.