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Middle Pavement | Notable buildings | Notable buildings
1, Middle Pavement (Grade II listed)
15, Middle Pavement (Grade II listed)
51, Bridlesmith Gate (Grade II listed) |
Middle Pavement | References | References
Category:Streets in Nottingham
Category:Buildings and structures in Nottingham |
Middle Pavement | Table of Content | Short description, Notable buildings, References |
Draft:Blindspotting (EPs) | Short description | Blindspotting: The Collin EP and Blindspotting: The Miles EP were two musical projects curated by Republic Records for the 2018 film Blindspotting directed by Carlos López Estrada in his feature directorial debut and starred Daveed Diggs and Rafael Casal. The EPs were released in lieu of an official soundtrack album for the film and featured licensed songs from musicians around Oakland and Bay Area. The Collin EP was released first on July 13, 2018, while The Miles EP released on November 23. |
Draft:Blindspotting (EPs) | Background | Background
The film as well as the two musical projects, featured featured dozens of licensed songs from Bay Area artists. To Diggs and Casal, it was important that the music used in the film be from the city. According to Diggs, "The sound of the city was as important as anything else. For us, maybe even more important because we have real input. We can make a music choice that we thought will add to the humanity of everything." Diggs and Casal even picked musicians from the area to perform on the score to find a sound that was specific to Oakland. Musicians, including drummer John Mader from Oakland, The Regiment Horns from Berkeley, and bassist Josh Hari from Oakland performed on the score.
Michael Yezerski composed the score, who wrote 21 original pieces. The music was devided into two sections: "song cues and psychological darker more traumatic cues". Yezerski added that to capture the grittiness and the texture of Oakland, the production sound mixer recorded the sounds in Oakland, such as the BART trains, traffic and cityscape, and used all the location sound recordings of BART trains and traffic sounds in the music. He described the sound as musical textures being put through musical filters and being matched with tones and layers which resulting in being part of the musical wall of sound. Yezerski said "there are points in the film where the music had to swell through these moments of extreme tension or psychological trauma". Tracking the emotions has been considered a challenging part, as the film starts as a buddy comedy which provided a lighter, funk-based score with the horns in the band show variety of sound, and changes to darker tone at the later part. He set up around 10–20 layers of instruments in the first cue and within 45 minutes, around three layers of instruments were used by putting musical filters, messing and distorting them by watching the visuals.
In lieu of a soundtrack album, two EPs were released. The Collin EP and The Miles EP are meant to represent both characters' perspectives, with Casal saying "It really felt like a way for people to drop into the music environment of the film. ... The spirit of each project is driven by being in the head or environment of the character." Several of the tracks include features by notable Bay Area artists, including Too $hort and T-Pain, and much of Diggs' and Casals' lyrics come from spoken word pieces they have performed in the past. The opening tracks on both EPs, "Commander Smiley" and "Commander Miles," were recorded for the film, but were ultimately cut. The only original tracks featured in the film are "In My City," "Running to the Sky," and "Not a Game," with the rest being exclusive to the soundtrack EPs.
Blindspotting additionally features several rap performances by Diggs and Casal, which were not included in the EPs. The freestyle at the film's climax was entirely written by Casal, and the word choice remained mostly unchanged for years. |
Draft:Blindspotting (EPs) | Albums | Albums |
Draft:Blindspotting (EPs) | ''The Collin EP'' | The Collin EP
The Collin EP is described by Casal as being "little more cerebral, it’s if Collin were to think out loud". It was released on July 13, 2018, through Republic Records.
+Chart performance for The Collin EP Chart (2018) Peakposition |
Draft:Blindspotting (EPs) | ''The Miles EP'' | The Miles EP
Casal described The Miles EP is "trappier, 808 kind of music that the Bay Area is also known for that I imagine is what Miles drives around listening to. I imagine he's a little stoned, it’s a little angrier, a little grittier." Republic Records initially intended to release the album on August 10, 2018, but was delayed due to licensing issues. Later, the album was released on November 23. The song "Time & Distance" was removed from the album after its release, owing to the difficulties in acquiring license for that song.
+Chart performance for The Miles EP Chart (2018) Peakposition |
Draft:Blindspotting (EPs) | ''The Town EP'' | The Town EP
Besides the two musical projects, a third EP, The Town was intended to be released on August 10. A third project, The Town EP, had a planned August 10 release date (along with the original release date of The Miles EP), and was described as being "more anthemic in trying to represent a little more sense of the timeless sense of the town." The project was never released, however. |
Draft:Blindspotting (EPs) | References | References |
Draft:Blindspotting (EPs) | Table of Content | Short description, Background, Albums, ''The Collin EP'', ''The Miles EP'', ''The Town EP'', References |
File:Marc (cycling team).png | Summary | Summary |
File:Marc (cycling team).png | Licensing | Licensing |
File:Marc (cycling team).png | Table of Content | Summary, Licensing |
File:Maes Pils (cycling team).png | Summary | Summary |
File:Maes Pils (cycling team).png | Licensing | Licensing |
File:Maes Pils (cycling team).png | Table of Content | Summary, Licensing |
File:Miko–de Gribaldy.png | Summary | Summary |
File:Miko–de Gribaldy.png | Licensing | Licensing |
File:Miko–de Gribaldy.png | Table of Content | Summary, Licensing |
File:Rotan Spiessens.png | Summary | Summary |
File:Rotan Spiessens.png | Licensing | Licensing |
File:Rotan Spiessens.png | Table of Content | Summary, Licensing |
File:S.E.F.B (cycling team).png | Summary | Summary |
File:S.E.F.B (cycling team).png | Licensing | Licensing |
File:S.E.F.B (cycling team).png | Table of Content | Summary, Licensing |
File:Smith's (cycling team).png | Summary | Summary |
File:Smith's (cycling team).png | Licensing | Licensing |
File:Smith's (cycling team).png | Table of Content | Summary, Licensing |
File:Splendor (cycling team).png | Summary | Summary |
File:Splendor (cycling team).png | Licensing | Licensing |
File:Splendor (cycling team).png | Table of Content | Summary, Licensing |
File:Pauwels Sauzen–Vastgoedservice.png | Summary | Summary |
File:Pauwels Sauzen–Vastgoedservice.png | Licensing | Licensing |
File:Pauwels Sauzen–Vastgoedservice.png | Table of Content | Summary, Licensing |
File:Team3M-jersey.jpg | Summary | Summary |
File:Team3M-jersey.jpg | Licensing | Licensing |
File:Team3M-jersey.jpg | Table of Content | Summary, Licensing |
File:Ventilair–Steria.gif | Summary | Summary |
File:Ventilair–Steria.gif | Licensing | Licensing |
File:Ventilair–Steria.gif | Table of Content | Summary, Licensing |
Mining in Costa Rica | [[File:Visita Crucitas Presidente Rodrigo Chaves Foto Julieth Méndez 16-7-2022-51.jpg | thumb|Artisanal gold mining in Costa Rica.
Costa Rica has an active metalliferous mining industry producing gold and a quarrying industry producing aggregates such as limestone, clay, silica and diatomite. |
Mining in Costa Rica | History | History
Costa Rica became known as the "Rich Coast" to Spanish settlers because of the rich goldworking by the native cultures. Juan Vazquez de Coronado is said to have been the first European settler to attempt mining in the country, with limited success.
Mining for gold in Costa Rica began proper following the discovery of the Avocado Mines (Minas del Aguacate) by Bishop Garcia, Bishop of Costa Rica, in 1815. The discovery was announced by Don Rafael Gallegos, the second president of Costa Rica, and named Sacra Familia (Holy Family). A gold rush occurred and Upon hearing about the discovery, Richard Trevithick who was then in Peru, travelled to Costa Rica in 1824 to work the Sacra Familia mines under the Anglo-Costa Rica Mining Company; the project was said to be unsuccessful. Other attempts by Cornish miners are said to have occurred in the 1830s and 1840s.
A "second cycle" of mining occurred in the early 20th century following closure of most of earlier mines by the 1870s. |
Mining in Costa Rica | Notable Mines | Notable Mines
As described by Reitz (1902).
thumb|Plan of the Aguacate gold mines. |
Mining in Costa Rica | [[:es:Montes_del_Aguacate | Avocado District
Aguacate Mines - this consisted of approximately 6 smaller workings: the Main Lode, La Minita (discovered in 1832), San Miguel (discovered in 1826 and worked until 1862), Guapinol (discovered 1823), El Balsa (discovered and worked 1825, also known as the veta Oreamunos or the Mina de San Rafael. Minted Costa Rica's first gold coin), La Cigueña (between Guapinol and La Cigueña) and Don Eusebio (part of San Rafael).
Sacra Familia Mines - adjoining the Aguacate mines on the northwest. Prior to closure in 1884, the mine had its own stamping mill, ores were transported by oxcart. Some of the individual workings were known as Cardinilla, Potrero Alto and Sobre Cañon de San Francisco. There was an arrastra situated on the Rio Quebrada Honda.
Los Castros - adjoining the Aguacate Mines on the northeast on the continuation of the Oreamunos lode. Discovered in 1822, its constituent workings were known as Don Ricardo, El Manto, El Pochote, Don Antonio Pinto, Lacre , Sequiera and Don José Antonio Castro.
El Porvenir - west of the Aguacate Mines on the Rio Machuca, a short distance north of San Mateo. In 1902 it was being worked by the Rio Grande Gold Mining Company.
Quebrada Honde Mine - adjoining the Sacra Familia Mines on the west on the Rio Quebrada Honde. Worked three lodes to a maximum depth of 400ft. Closed by 1857. |
Mining in Costa Rica | [[:es:Cantón_de_Montes_de_Oro | Gold Mountain District
Trinidad Mine - worked by an English company in 1902.
La Union - worked by the San Francisco based Union Mining Company in 1902.
Macacona Mine - closed c.1870.
Bella Vista and la Montezuma - situated near the village of Miramar, Puntarenas district. |
Mining in Costa Rica | [[Abangares (canton) | Abangares District
Abangarez Gold Fields, Limited - worked lodes known as Tres Hermanos (6 to 20ft wide) and the Big Gilo (6 to 12ft).
Tres Amigos Mine - worked by the Boston Mines Company.
Las Cañas Syndicate - worked a lode known as the Esperanza.
Guanacaste Syndicate - worked lodes known as the Gier and the Oracu. |
Mining in Costa Rica | Mining | Mining
While some 17 metalliferous commodities are known to have occurrences, only gold, silver and manganese have been worked productively.
+Gold ProductionYearKg20131500201413502015950201675020174255201852002019450020205992021647Total19,751 |
Mining in Costa Rica | Quarrying | Quarrying
In 2021 1,510,654m3 limestone, 80m3 kaoline, 244,635m3 silica and 14,642m3 diatomite were produced. |
Mining in Costa Rica | Gallery | Gallery |
Mining in Costa Rica | See also: | See also:
Costa Rican Directorate of Geology and Mines |
Mining in Costa Rica | References | References |
Mining in Costa Rica | External Links | External Links
Dirección de Geología y Minas
US Geological Survey Mineral Resource Data System |
Mining in Costa Rica | Table of Content | [[File:Visita Crucitas Presidente Rodrigo Chaves Foto Julieth Méndez 16-7-2022-51.jpg, History, Notable Mines, [[:es:Montes_del_Aguacate, [[:es:Cantón_de_Montes_de_Oro, [[Abangares (canton), Mining, Quarrying, Gallery, See also:, References, External Links |
Draft:Bajirao's march to Delhi | AFC submission |
Bajirao's march to Delhi also known as Bajirao's dash upon Delhi was an invasion led by the Maratha Peshwa Bajirao I on the Mughal Capital Delhi, Bajirao started from Pune on November 12, 1736 and divided his army into two units as per his war strategy.
One led by his General, Malhar rao Holkar who started looting the lower Ganges-Yamuna Doab and attacking few places. Holkar entered Jalesar and faced the Mughal army, where he was defeated.
The fearful Maratha army suffered heavy loses but was successful in withdraw. Bajirao then planned to skip the direct Delhi-Agra route and moved towards Delhi from the Jat country.
There, he defeated the Mughal army at the borders of Delhi and started to withdraw back as he got the news of a Mughal army heading towards him. The campaign though resulted Indecisive, forced the Mughal Emperor to pay money to the Marathas. |
Draft:Bajirao's march to Delhi | Prelude | Prelude
thumb|The map portrays Bajirao I's route from Pune to Ater during his Delhi Expedition |
Draft:Bajirao's march to Delhi | Campaigns in Malwa and Bundelkhand | Campaigns in Malwa and Bundelkhand
Bajirao gathered a big army of 50,000 horsemen and started his journey from Pune on November 12, 1736. In December, he arrived in Bhopal, which was ruled by a chief named Yar Muhammad. Bajirao made him pay 500,000 rupees before moving on to Bhilsa on January 5, 1737, where he met two other leaders, Malharji Holkar and Ranoji Scindia. After a short fight, they took control of the Bhilsa fort on January 13. Next, they entered Bundelkhand and reached Orchha in February 1737. Pilaji Jadhav Rao reported that they collected taxes from Orchha, Narwar, and Datia. Hence, Malwa and Bundelkhand were conquered. |
Draft:Bajirao's march to Delhi | Attack on Bhadawar and Ater | Attack on Bhadawar and Ater
Ater and Bhadawar were protected by Sadat Khan, and Gopal Singh decided to fight against the Marathas. He gathered an army of 7,000 men, many horses, and 45 elephants to fight against them. Meanwhile, Aniruddha Singh's brother joined the Marathas and told them a secret to win the battle. The Marathas divided their army into two groups: one group fought against Aniruddha, and the other group attacked Ater. The king had to run away to the safety of Ater fort. From there, he sent messages to Sadat Khan asking for help. Baji Bhivrao was given the task of crossing the Yamuna River, and he got help from Chhatrasal's son, Hirde Sa. They took control of the river crossings and boats, which stopped Sadat Khan from crossing the river. Raja Gopal Singh, who was in a difficult situation, came out of the fort and met Bajirao. Bajrao asked for a lot of money, 20 lakh rupees, as a penalty. 15 lakh rupees were paid in cash, and the rest was promised to be paid later. The capture of Ater on February 18, 1737, finally woke up the Mughal court, and they started making big preparations to fight against the Marathas. |
Draft:Bajirao's march to Delhi | The Expedition | The Expedition
At Ater, Bajirao was only about 30 miles south of Agra. Two big Mughal armies, led by Khan Durran and Qamruddin Khan, were moving towards Agra and seemed to be blocking the direct road to Delhi. Sadat Khan's army from the doab region was trying to cross the Yamuna River to join them. So, the Peshwa came up with a plan to create a distraction by launching a surprise attack into the doab region. |
Draft:Bajirao's march to Delhi | Battle of Jalesar | Battle of Jalesar
thumb|Malhar rao Holkar in the Lower DoabOn March 1, 1737, Malharji Holkar, Satvaji Jadhav, and Baji Bhivrao led a fast-moving army of 10,000 Horse men, who were lightly equipped and movable. They crossed the Yamuna River at Rapri, which is about 30 miles northwest of Etawah. Then, they started raiding and looting cities in the doab region. First, Holkar went to Etawah, and then moved on to Shukohabad, Firozabad, and Itimadpur, looting the area. The chief of Shukohabad, Lalji Khatri, paid Holkar 1.5 lakh rupees and gave him an elephant to spare his city. At Itimadpur, Holkar came very close to Agra, just a dozen miles away across the Yamuna River. After that, Holkar turned east and went deeper into the doab region, attacking Jalesar.
At that time, Sadat Khan was in Etawah. He quickly marched his army east to find Holkar's army. On March 12, 1737, at sunrise, Holkar's army encountered Sadat Khan's vanguard, led by Abul Mansur Khan (later known as Safdar Jung), which had 12,000 horse men. Holkar started to surround this army, but Mansur Khan withdraw, with the Marathas chasing him. This led Holkar to face the main army of 50,000 men led by Sadat Khan himself. Realizing his army was too small to fight an army six times larger, Holkar decided to withdraw. The Mughal army chased after them, killing around 1,500 Marathas, including some of their leaders. During the chase, the Marathas got lost and entered the Yamuna River at the wrong place, causing many to drown. The remaining army finally reached Baji Rao's camp at Kotila, near Gwalior.
The Siyar-ul-Mutaqherin states the event as:
Sadat Khan crossed the Yamuna River and arrived in Agra. According to the Siyar-ul-Mutaqherin, before giving up the chase, Sadat Khan reached the north bank of the Chambal River, intending to drive away Bajirao's main army. However, he couldn't find a single Maratha soldier. Sadat Khan then returned to Agra. He wrote a letter to the Nizam, claiming that he had defeated the Marathas and punished them. He also sent similar letters to the Emperor, stating that he had defeated the Marathas and chased them south of the Chambal River. The Emperor was joyfull with Sadat Khan's news and rewarded him with expensive gifts.
Just as Sadat Khan was about to take action, he received a letter from Khan Dauran saying that he was on his way to join him and suggested that Sadat Khan wait a little until they could proceed together to defeat the Marathas. Sadat Khan was already mounted on his horse, unsure of what to do. However, he eventually decided to stop his march and instead moved west to meet Khan Dauran near Mathura three days later. Meanwhile, Qamruddin Khan and Bangash were still about 30 kilometers from Delhi, on their way to Ajmer, waiting for the Marathas to arrive in that area. When Khan Dauran arrived in Agra, they spent six or seven days socializing and enjoying each other's company. Khan Dauran brought with him 25,000 horsemen, many cannons, and elephants. Soon, Muhammad Khan Bangash joined them with an additional 12,000 men. As a result, there were nearly 90,000 men gathered around Agra, while Wazir Qamruddin Khan, who was closer to Delhi, was only a day's march to the west of them. |
Draft:Bajirao's march to Delhi | Bajirao's reaction | Bajirao's reaction
At Kotila, near Gwalior, Bajirao judged the situation. He had three options to consider. The safest choice was to withdraw back to the Deccan, as three massive Mughal armies were blocking his path to Delhi. The second option was to stay in the gap of the Chambal River, near Ater or Gwalior, for an extended period. However, this option was not safe either. The third and most daring option was to press on and launch an attack on Delhi itself.
In his letter to Chimaji Appa, he wrote : |
Draft:Bajirao's march to Delhi | The Dash to Delhi | The Dash to Delhi
thumb|Bajirao's presence in the Delhi region
Bajirao traveled nearly 200 kilometers in just four days and nights, passing through the camps of Wazir and Sadat Khan, and avoiding multiple Mughal armies to the south of the capital. He reached the gates of Delhi, achieving this journey in a short time. Meanwhile, Sadat Khan, Khan Dauran, and Bangash were still 140 kilometers away, at Radha Kund near Mathura, on Tuesday, March 23rd.
In Delhi, Bajirao made a bold statement by appearing at the Ram Navami festival being held at the Kalika temple, near the Khizrabad grove. The festival was busy with people, and Bajirao's men took advantage of the situation by looting some goods, elephants, and camels. The Siyar-ul-Mutaqherin, a historical text, describes the shock and distrubance caused by Bajirao's arrival at the many fairs and markets that surrounded Tughlaqabad, a region located to the south of the walled city of Delhi.
Before Bajirao's arrival, afraid citizens had already ran to the city, sharing stories of their scary encounters. The first to bring the news to the city were pilgrims who had been robbed and mistreated by Bajirao's men. Filled with fear, they created a huge disturbance at the city gates, shouting that Bajirao had arrived in Delhi. When asked what was wrong, they reported that Bajirao was in the city. The news was then brought to the Emperor and his advisors, who first laughed at the idea, thinking it was impossible. Ashob, a historian who lived at the time, describes the scene in detail:
The city and the Emperor's court were in a state of disturbance throughout the night. It was unbelievable that the Marathas had reached Delhi, considering that two large armies were placed to the south of the capital. People wondered if these armies had been defeated, which would leave the Emperor with no choice but to surrender. Sad-ud-din Khan, an experienced soldier who had fought under the Nizam, felt that it was beneath the Emperor's dignity to personally lead the army against the Marathas, whom he considered to be "lowly" and "mere ploughmen". He also thought it would be even more shameful to hide behind the fort walls. Instead, he suggested that the remaining 10,000 to 12,000 horsemen and 20,000 foot soldiers in the city should be sent to fight the Marathas. Amir Khan, the Emperor's current favorite, was chosen to lead the troops. Leaving a small force to guard the Emperor and securing the boats on the Yamuna River behind the fort in case they needed to escape to protect the women, the army gathered under Amir Khan's command near the Misri Khan gate in the Paharganj area at night. Some more Mughal officers joined him, and they set up a defensive position with guns and intervals from the city to Tal Katora. As sunrise broke, the Marathas still hadn't attacked.
Then, a young and energetic officer named Mir Hasan Koka Khan saw an opportunity to gain fame and interfered in the situation. He called the Emperor for hiding and marched out to join Amir Khan's forces. However, Amir Khan cautioned against acting foolishly and didn't encourage a hurried attack on the Marathas. But the young officers ignored his advice, gathered around 7,000 to 8,000 men, and insulted Amir Khan. They then set out towards Rakabganj, where they were spotted by the alert Bajirao. |
Draft:Bajirao's march to Delhi | Battle with Mir Hasan Koka | Battle with Mir Hasan Koka
Sarvaji Jadhav tricked Mir Hasan Koka and his inexperienced soldiers into moving forward, moving them about two miles away from Amir Khan's main force. At that moment, Bajirao received a message from Sarvaji Jadhav and launched a full-scale attack on the Mughal army with his entire force, defeating and destroying most of it.
Bajirao's own letter describes the situation : |
Draft:Bajirao's march to Delhi | Sudden Retreat | Sudden Retreat
At the lake (jheel), Bajirao received news that Qamruddin Khan's army was getting close. Qamruddin was the nearest to Delhi, only about 100 kilometers away at Kaman Pahari. After a short stop at Malcha, he moved to Mehramnagar, which is west of Delhi and near the current airport. From there, he went to the rest stop of Alla Vardi in Gurgaon.
The Emperor stayed up late in his court, waiting for messengers to confirm that the enemy had left. The messengers also brought news that the Wazir, accompanied by his cousin Azimullah at the front and the Nizam's eldest son Ghaziuddin at the back, were approaching the capital city. |
Draft:Bajirao's march to Delhi | Battle with the Wazir, Badshahpur | Battle with the Wazir, Badshahpur
At Badshahpur, the Wazir didn't want to engage in a battle as the day was coming to an end, especially since he had only half of his troops with him and they weren't prepared for battle. It was March 31, 1737. However, his cousin Azimullah was ready to fight.
As night fell, the Wazir's main army finally caught up with his advance group. As they faced more and more enemy soldiers, the Marathas decided to withdraw. At night, they moved away from the battlefield and headed towards Rajputana, traveling all through the night until they reached Rewari and Kot Putli. |
Draft:Bajirao's march to Delhi | Aftermath | Aftermath
Khan Dauran received news of Bajirao's attack while he was in Agra, at a place called Gau Ghat. He marched quickly for three days, taking short breaks, and joined the Wazir's army the day after Bajirao's battle. Sadat Khan arrived two days later. By that time, Bajirao had already reached Kotputli. The four Mughal leaders decided that the best course of action was to go to the royal court and congratulate the Emperor on the occasion of the Eid festival. However, Sadat Khan fell out of favor with the Emperor. He had asked the Emperor for control of four provinces: Agra, Malwa, Gujarat, and Ajmer, and promised to keep the Marathas from entering the north. The Emperor gave a loose response and didn't grant him his demands, instead ordering him to return to Awadh and Bangash to protect Agra. The Wazir and Khan Durran were told to go back to their homes. |
Draft:Bajirao's march to Delhi | List of Military engagements | List of Military engagements
DateConflictMarathasMughalsResult1 March 1737Plunder of DoabMaratha EmpireMughal EmpireMarathas under Malhar rao Holkar Plundered the Doab region
Etawah, Shukohabad, Firozabad and Itimadpur plundered and looted.12th March 1737Battle at JalesarMaratha EmpireMughal EmpireMaratha armies destroyed, Mughals killing about 1500 of them.30th March 1737Plunder of Kalika TempleMaratha EmpireMughal EmpireBajirao suddenly arrives at the borders of Delhi, plundering and looting few of the pilgrims.31st March 1737Battle of TalikotaMaratha EmpireMughal EmpireMarathas under Bajirao defeats and destroys almost all of the Mughal army under Mir Koka.1st-2nd April 1737Skirmish at BadshahpurMaratha EmpireMughal EmpireBoth Marathas and Mughals avoids pitched battle.
Few horses and elephants seized by Marathas, with the loss of 30 men. |
Draft:Bajirao's march to Delhi | References | References
:Category:1730s
:Category:18th century in India |
Draft:Bajirao's march to Delhi | Table of Content | AFC submission, Prelude, Campaigns in Malwa and Bundelkhand, Attack on Bhadawar and Ater, The Expedition, Battle of Jalesar, Bajirao's reaction, The Dash to Delhi, Battle with Mir Hasan Koka, Sudden Retreat, Battle with the Wazir, Badshahpur, Aftermath, List of Military engagements, References |
Georgian–Shaddadid Wars | Short description | The Georgian–Shaddadid Wars were a series of medieval conflicts between the Kingdom of Georgia and the Muslim Shaddadid dynasty over control of strategic cities in the South Caucasus, particularly Ani and Tbilisi. Beginning in the early 11th century and lasting until the end of the 12th, these wars saw shifting alliances, repeated sieges, and decisive Georgian victories under kings like Bagrat IV, David IV, and Tamar. The wars culminated in the eventual annexation of Shaddadid territories and the fall of the dynasty. |
Georgian–Shaddadid Wars | Background | Background
Following the decline of Arab authority in the South Caucasus, the Shaddadids emerged as a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin, ruling key cities such as Dvin, Ganja, and later Ani. Their rise coincided with the consolidation of the Georgian Bagratid monarchy, which sought to expand its influence southward into historically Armenian and Caucasian territories. This strategic expansion brought Georgia into direct conflict with the Shaddadids, sparking a series of wars motivated by territorial ambition, religious rivalry, and the desire to control major trade and military routes in the region. |
Georgian–Shaddadid Wars | History | History
1012: Bagrat III of Georgia successfully besieged Shamkir, forcing the Shaddadids to pay tribute until his death.1026: King George I of Georgia launched another siege of Shamkir, but was ultimately defeated.1030: While returning from a successful campaign against Georgia, Emir Fadl I was ambushed and defeated, reportedly losing 10,000 men.1034: The poet Qatran Tabrizi praised Lashkari II for his victory over Armenian and Georgian princes during his stay in Ganja1040: King Bagrat IV of Georgia dispatched 4,000 Georgian auxiliaries to assist the Armenians. The allied forces defeated Abu'l-Aswar at the Battle of Tashir.1049: When Lashkari ibn Musa died in 1049, Anushirvan ibn Lashkari succeeded him, but he was still underage, and real power lay with the chamberlain (hajib) Abu Mansur, who served as regent. Abu Mansur immediately agreed to surrender several frontier fortresses to the Kakhetians, the Georgians and Byzantines, in order "to restrain their greed for Arran".1053: Abu'l-Aswar seized the (unidentified) fortress of Basra from the Georgians, and refortified and garrisoned it with many men.1064–1068: Alp Arslan invaded Georgia with the support of Shaddadids and vassalized many leaders such as Aghsartan I of Kakheti1068: Emir Fadl II invaded Georgia with a force of 33,000 men but was defeated and captured by local ruler Aghsartan I. In exchange for his release, Fadl ceded several fortresses along the Iori River. King Bagrat IV ransomed him and restored a local emir in Tbilisi under Georgian vassalage.1121: The Battle of Didgori resulted in a decisive Georgian victory over the Seljuks, who had been supported by the Shaddadids.1124: King David IV of Georgia successfully besieged Ani, liberating the city and much of northern Armenia from Muslim control.1174: King George III of Georgia once again besieged and captured Ani from the Shaddadids.1196: The Zakarids, supported by the Georgians, 1199: Queen Tamar of Georgia besieged Ani for the final time, effectively ending Shaddadid rule and deposing their last ruler, Sultan ibn Mahmud. |
Georgian–Shaddadid Wars | Aftermath | Aftermath
Continuous Georgian military pressure throughout the 11th and 12th centuries gradually weakened Shaddadid power. The decisive blow came during the reign of Queen Tamar, when Georgian forces captured Ani in 1199, deposing the last Shaddadid ruler. The former Shaddadid territories were absorbed into the Georgian and Zakarid domains, bringing an end to Muslim emirates in northern Armenia and solidifying Georgia’s status as a dominant regional power in the South Caucasus. |
Georgian–Shaddadid Wars | References | References |
Georgian–Shaddadid Wars | Sources | Sources
|
Georgian–Shaddadid Wars | Table of Content | Short description, Background, History, Aftermath, References, Sources |
Amphidromus mariani | short description | Amphidromus mariani is a species of air-breathing tree snail, an arboreal gastropod mollusk in the family Camaenidae. |
Amphidromus mariani | Description | Description
The length of this dextral shell attains 33 mm. MNHN, Paris: holotype |
Amphidromus mariani | Distribution | Distribution
This species is endemic to Vietnam |
Amphidromus mariani | References | References
mariani
Category:Gastropods described in 2024 |
Amphidromus mariani | Table of Content | short description, Description, Distribution, References |
Draft:Ayodele Busuyi Olawale (Wale Embassy) | Wale Embassy
Wale Embassy (born Ayodele Busuyi Olawale, 4 August 1981) is a Nigerian Juju Highlife musician, songwriter, and performer. He is the founder of Wale Embassy First Entertainment and has performed across Nigeria and internationally, contributing to the preservation and promotion of indigenous Yoruba music.
Early Life and Education
Wale Embassy was born in Ikere, Ekiti State, Nigeria. He developed a passion for music early in life through his involvement in the Christ Apostolic Church choir, where he was mentored by Mr. Adamolekun. During this time, he learned traditional African drums, piano, and basic music theory, including sight reading and singing.
In 2003, he enrolled at the College of Education, Ikere Ekiti (now Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology) where he studied music education (double major). He actively participated in the college band and various school events, graduating in 2009.
Career
Wale Embassy began his professional music journey as a backup tenor singer with the Great Akins Music Band. In 2010, he left to establish his own band and released his debut album, The Message, in 2011.
He went on to register his own label, Wale Embassy First Entertainment, and became a member of the Association of Juju Musicians of Nigeria. His music, which blends Juju, Highlife, and traditional Yoruba rhythms, has earned him recognition in the Nigerian music community and among the diaspora. In 2012, he was invited to perform in South Africa, where he recorded the song My Journey to South Africa.
Discography
Wale Embassy’s discography includes several singles and albums:
Oldies
Praise Medley | Wale Embassy
Wale Embassy (born Ayodele Busuyi Olawale, 4 August 1981) is a Nigerian Juju Highlife musician, songwriter, and performer. He is the founder of Wale Embassy First Entertainment and has performed across Nigeria and internationally, contributing to the preservation and promotion of indigenous Yoruba music.
Early Life and Education
Wale Embassy was born in Ikere, Ekiti State, Nigeria. He developed a passion for music early in life through his involvement in the Christ Apostolic Church choir, where he was mentored by Mr. Adamolekun. During this time, he learned traditional African drums, piano, and basic music theory, including sight reading and singing.
In 2003, he enrolled at the College of Education, Ikere Ekiti (now Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology) where he studied music education (double major). He actively participated in the college band and various school events, graduating in 2009.
Career
Wale Embassy began his professional music journey as a backup tenor singer with the Great Akins Music Band. In 2010, he left to establish his own band and released his debut album, The Message, in 2011.
He went on to register his own label, Wale Embassy First Entertainment, and became a member of the Association of Juju Musicians of Nigeria. His music, which blends Juju, Highlife, and traditional Yoruba rhythms, has earned him recognition in the Nigerian music community and among the diaspora. In 2012, he was invited to perform in South Africa, where he recorded the song My Journey to South Africa.
Discography
Wale Embassy’s discography includes several singles and albums:
Oldies
Praise Medley
Appreciation
My Image
In His Presence
Adoration 2.0
Aronipin
Old Tunes
Choose Wisely
Maje O Jemi Baba
Personal Life
Wale Embassy is married to Oyinkansola Roseline Ayodele, and they have two daughters: Orinayo-Korewa and Orinayo-Murewa.
Awards and Recognition
O2 Fans Club Award
Supreme Council of Ikere Youth Award |
Draft:Ayodele Busuyi Olawale (Wale Embassy) | Table of Content | Wale Embassy
Wale Embassy (born Ayodele Busuyi Olawale, 4 August 1981) is a Nigerian Juju Highlife musician, songwriter, and performer. He is the founder of Wale Embassy First Entertainment and has performed across Nigeria and internationally, contributing to the preservation and promotion of indigenous Yoruba music.
Early Life and Education
Wale Embassy was born in Ikere, Ekiti State, Nigeria. He developed a passion for music early in life through his involvement in the Christ Apostolic Church choir, where he was mentored by Mr. Adamolekun. During this time, he learned traditional African drums, piano, and basic music theory, including sight reading and singing.
In 2003, he enrolled at the College of Education, Ikere Ekiti (now Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology) where he studied music education (double major). He actively participated in the college band and various school events, graduating in 2009.
Career
Wale Embassy began his professional music journey as a backup tenor singer with the Great Akins Music Band. In 2010, he left to establish his own band and released his debut album, The Message, in 2011.
He went on to register his own label, Wale Embassy First Entertainment, and became a member of the Association of Juju Musicians of Nigeria. His music, which blends Juju, Highlife, and traditional Yoruba rhythms, has earned him recognition in the Nigerian music community and among the diaspora. In 2012, he was invited to perform in South Africa, where he recorded the song My Journey to South Africa.
Discography
Wale Embassy’s discography includes several singles and albums:
Oldies
Praise Medley |
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/7n3 | <noinclude>__TOC__</noinclude> | __TOC__ |
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/7n3 | 01 May 2025 | 01 May 2025 |
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/7n3 | Suspected sockpuppets | Suspected sockpuppets
7n3 awakened from several months of hibernation to pick up GA reviews for three of Ieslie's nominations (#1, #2), #3) and quick-passed them with minimal engagement. Review style very similar to one of Ieslie's reviews here. Worth noting that nearly all of 7n3's contributions have concerned the French singer Leslie, which suspiciously resembles Ieslie's username. ~~ AirshipJungleman29 (talk) 14:37, 1 May 2025 (UTC) |
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/7n3 | <big>Comments by other users</big> | Comments by other users
Accused parties may also comment/discuss in this section below. See Defending yourself against claims. |
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/7n3 | <big>Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments</big> | Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments
. PhilKnight (talk) 15:06, 1 May 2025 (UTC)
PhilKnight (talk) 15:07, 1 May 2025 (UTC) |
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/7n3 | Table of Content | <noinclude>__TOC__</noinclude>, 01 May 2025, Suspected sockpuppets, <big>Comments by other users</big>, <big>Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments</big> |
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/requests/Orphic Hymns | Orphic Hymns | Orphic Hymns
This is the archived discussion of the TFAR nomination for the article below. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as Wikipedia talk:Today's featured article/requests). Please do not modify this page.
The result was: scheduled for Wikipedia:Today's featured article/June 29, 2025 by Wehwalt (talk) 10:12, 2 May 2025 (UTC)
The Orphic Hymns are a collection of eighty-seven ancient Greek hymns addressed to various deities, which were attributed in antiquity to the mythical poet Orpheus. They were composed in Asia Minor (in modern-day Turkey), most likely around the 2nd or 3rd centuries AD, and seem to have belonged to a cult community which used them in ritual. The collection is preceded by a proem (or prologue), in which Orpheus addresses the legendary poet Musaeus. The individual hymns in the collection, all of which are brief, typically call for the attention of the deity they address, before describing them and highlighting aspects of their divinity, and then appealing to them with a request. The first codex containing the Orphic Hymns to reach Western Europe arrived in Italy in the first half of the 15th century, and in 1500 the first printed edition of the Hymns was published in Florence.
Most recent similar article(s): I don't recall anything similar
Main editors: Michael Aurel
Promoted: April 2025
Reasons for nomination: User's first FA, unusual topic, no serious date connection. The blurb will need work.
Support as nominator. Gerda Arendt (talk) 14:37, 1 May 2025 (UTC)
Support as author. It's worth noting that this is the 525th year since the editio princeps (or first printed edition) of the Hymns was published, as noted in the last sentence of the blurb (though, seeing as we don't have the exact day of publication, this perhaps isn't of much significance here?). – Michael Aurel (talk) 21:59, 1 May 2025 (UTC)
Support High quality historical article, and it can't easily be placed on a specific anniversary because the topic is so ancient. Harizotoh9 (talk) 01:24, 2 May 2025 (UTC) |
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/requests/Orphic Hymns | Table of Content | Orphic Hymns |
List of regencies and cities in East Java | short description | The Indonesian province of East Java comprises the following 29 regencies () and 9 cities (kota, previously kotamadya and kota pradja).
center|frameless|1024x1024px|Sub-region of East Java
Region CodeName ofCity orRegencySeatArea
(km2)Pop'n
2000CensusPop'n
2010CensusPop'n
2020CensusPop'n
mid 2024EstimateHDI 2014 estimate 35.01Pacitan RegencyPacitan0.638 () 35.02Ponorogo RegencyPonorogo0.674 () 35.03Trenggalek RegencyTrenggalek0.661 () 35.04Tulungagung RegencyTulungagung0.694 () 35.05Blitar RegencyKanigoro0.668 () 35.72Blitar City0.752 () 35.06Kediri RegencyNgasem0.684 () 35.71Kediri City0.746 () 35.07Malang RegencyKepanjen0.655 () 35.73Malang City0.789 () 35.79Batu City(a)0.718 () Southern region totals 35.08Lumajang RegencyLumajang0.623 () 35.09Jember RegencyJember0.626 () 35.10Banyuwangi RegencyBanyuwangi0.673 () 35.11Bondowoso RegencyBondowoso0.634 () 35.12Situbondo RegencySitubondo0.639 () 35.13Probolinggo RegencyKraksaan0.630 () 35.74Probolinggo City0.704 () Tapal Kuda ("horseshoe")/Eastern region totals 35.78Surabaya City0.788 () 35.25Gresik Regency (includes Bawean Island)Gresik0.728 () 35.24Lamongan RegencyLamongan0.694 () 35.16Mojokerto RegencyMojosari0.702 () 35.76Mojokerto City0.750 () 35.14Pasuruan RegencyBangil0.643 () 35.75Pasuruan City0.732 () 35.15Sidoarjo RegencySidoarjo0.767 () Surabaya region totals 35.22Bojonegoro RegencyBojonegoro0.652 () 35.17Jombang RegencyJombang0.690 () 35.19Madiun RegencyCaruban0.686 () 35.77Madiun City0.788 () 35.20Magetan RegencyMagetan0.702 () 35.18Nganjuk RegencyNganjuk0.695 () 35.21Ngawi RegencyNgawi0.677 () 35.23Tuban RegencyTuban0.645 () Northwest region totals East Java (excluding Madura) totals 35.26Bangkalan RegencyBangkalan0.607 () 35.27Sampang RegencySampang0.569 () 35.28Pamekasan RegencyPamekasan 0.626 () 35.29Sumenep RegencySumenep0.614 () Madura region totals Total for all regions0.681 ()
Note: (a) the 2000 population of Batu City is included in the total for Malang Regency, from which it was separated on 21 June 2001. |
List of regencies and cities in East Java | Reference | Reference
Regencies, Indonesia
East Java |
List of regencies and cities in East Java | Table of Content | short description, Reference |
Sky Orunia | Short description | Sky Orunia was a local television operating in the years 1989–1996, broadcasting its program in the Tricity. |
Sky Orunia | History | History
It was one of the first independent private television stations in Poland. Very low-power broadcasting began in 1989 on the initiative of Zbigniew Klewiado, owner of a TV repair shop. The headquarters was located in one of the most neglected districts of Gdańsk–Orunia, hence the name of the station. In 1990, the transmitter power was improved, which covered the entire district and part of Śródmieście. The program was broadcast in violation of copyright, without the required license, but with the consent of the mayor of Gdańsk Franciszek Jamroż. It broadcast reports from the life of the district, cartoons for children, church masses were broadcast, and in the evenings, movie hits were shown from a friendly rental shop VHS. In 1994, the television received a license National Broadcasting Council to broadcast in the entire Tricity, beating, among others, the Gdynia station Polonia 1 as the Tele-Top.
The Sky Orunia appeared on UHF channel 22 on December 6, 1994, broadcasting there for over a year – until December 14, 1995, when the manager of the Gdańsk skyscraper Prorem cut off the station's electricity supply due to the station's debt. |
Sky Orunia | Closing and death | Closing and death
After several months of renewed broadcasting only via cable television, the station ceased operations in mid-1996.
The owner of the station Zbigniew Klewiado died on February 6, 2017 after a long and difficult battle with cancer at the age of 68. |
Sky Orunia | References | References
Category:Television channels and stations established in 1989
Category:1996 disestablishments in Poland
Category:Defunct television channels in Poland
Category:1989 establishments in Poland
Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 1996 |
Sky Orunia | Table of Content | Short description, History, Closing and death, References |
Category:Suspected Wikipedia sockpuppets of Khobaib 1 | Sockpuppet category |
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