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August 21
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1601–1900
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1601–1900
1614 – Elizabeth Báthory, Hungarian countess and purported serial killer (b. 1560)
1622 – Juan de Tassis, 2nd Count of Villamediana, Spanish poet and politician (b. 1582)
1627 – Jacques Mauduit, French composer and academic (b. 1557)
1673 – Henry Grey, 1st Earl of Stamford, English soldier (b. 1599)
1689 – William Cleland, Scottish poet and soldier (b. 1661)
1762 – Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, English author, poet, and playwright (b. 1689)
1763 – Charles Wyndham, 2nd Earl of Egremont, English politician, Secretary of State for the Southern Department (b. 1710)
1775 – Zahir al-Umar, Arabian ruler (b. 1690)
1796 – John McKinly, American physician and politician, first Governor of Delaware (b. 1721)
1814 – Benjamin Thompson, American-English physicist and colonel (b. 1753)
1835 – John MacCulloch, Scottish geologist and academic (b. 1773)
1836 – Claude-Louis Navier, French physicist and engineer (b. 1785)
1838 – Adelbert von Chamisso, German botanist and poet (b. 1781)
1853 – Charles Tristan, marquis de Montholon, French general (b. 1783)
1854 – Thomas Clayton, American lawyer and politician (b. 1777)
1867 – Juan Álvarez, Mexican general and president (1855) (b. 1790)
1870 – Ma Xinyi, Chinese general and politician, Viceroy of Liangjiang (b. 1821)
1888 – James Farnell, Australian politician, eighth Premier of New South Wales (b. 1825)
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August 21
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1901–present
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1901–present
1905 – Alexander von Oettingen, Estonian theologian and statistician (b. 1827)
1910 – Bertalan Székely, Hungarian painter and academic (b. 1835)
1911 – Mahboob Ali Khan, sixth Nizam of Hyderabad State (b. 1866)
1919 – Laurence Doherty, English tennis player (b. 1875)
1935 – John Hartley, English tennis player (b. 1849)
1940 – Hermann Obrecht, Swiss lawyer and politician (b. 1882)
1940 – Ernest Thayer, American poet and author (b. 1863)
1940 – Leon Trotsky, Russian theorist and politician, founded the Red Army (b. 1879)
1943 – Henrik Pontoppidan, Danish journalist and author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1857)
1947 – Ettore Bugatti, Italian-French engineer and businessman, founded Bugatti (b. 1881)
1951 – Constant Lambert, English composer and conductor (b. 1905)
1957 – Mait Metsanurk, Estonian author and playwright (b. 1879)
1957 – Nels Stewart, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1902)
1957 – Harald Sverdrup, Norwegian meteorologist and oceanographer (b. 1888)
1960 – David B. Steinman, American engineer, designed the Mackinac Bridge (b. 1886)
1964 – Palmiro Togliatti, Italian journalist and politician, Italian Minister of Justice (b. 1893)
1968 – Germaine Guèvremont, Canadian journalist and author (b. 1893)
1971 – George Jackson, American activist and author, co-founded the Black Guerrilla Family (b. 1941)
1974 – Buford Pusser, American police officer (b. 1937)
1974 – Kirpal Singh, Indian spiritual master (b. 1894)
1978 – Charles Eames, American architect, co-designed the Eames House (b. 1907)
1979 – Giuseppe Meazza, Italian footballer and manager (b. 1910)
1981 – Kaka Kalelkar, Indian Hindi Writer(b. 1885)
1983 – Benigno Aquino Jr., Filipino journalist and politician (b. 1932)
1988 – Teodoro de Villa Diaz, Filipino guitarist and songwriter (b. 1963)
1988 – Ray Eames, American architect, co-designed the Eames House (b. 1912)
1989 – Raul Seixas, Brazilian singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1945)
1993 – Tatiana Troyanos, American soprano and actress (b. 1938)
1995 – Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Indian-American astrophysicist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1910)
1995 – Chuck Stevenson, American race car driver (b. 1919)
1996 – Mary Two-Axe Earley, Canadian indigenous women's rights activist (b. 1911)
2000 – Tomata du Plenty, American singer-songwriter and playwright (b. 1948)
2000 – Daniel Lisulo, Zambian politician, third Prime Minister of Zambia (b. 1930)
2000 – Andrzej Zawada, Polish mountaineer and author (b. 1928)
2001 – Calum MacKay, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1927)
2003 – John Coplans, British artist (b. 1920)
2003 – Kathy Wilkes, English philosopher and academic (b. 1946)
2004 – Sachidananda Routray, Indian Oriya-language poet (b. 1916)
2005 – Martin Dillon, American tenor and educator (b. 1957)
2005 – Robert Moog, American businessman, founded Moog Music (b. 1934)
2005 – Dahlia Ravikovitch, Israeli poet and translator (b. 1936)
2005 – Marcus Schmuck, Austrian mountaineer (b. 1925)
2006 – Bismillah Khan, Indian musician, Bharat Ratna recipient (b. 1916)
2006 – Paul Fentener van Vlissingen, Dutch businessman and philanthropist (b. 1941)
2007 – Frank Bowe, American academic (b. 1947)
2007 – Siobhan Dowd, British author (b. 1960)
2007 – Elizabeth P. Hoisington, American general (b. 1918)
2008 – Jerry Finn, American engineer and producer (b. 1969)
2009 – Rex Shelley, Singaporean engineer and author (b. 1930)
2010 – Rodolfo Enrique Fogwill, Argentinean sociologist and author (b. 1941)
2012 – Georg Leber, German soldier and politician, Federal Minister of Defence for Germany (b. 1920)
2012 – J. Frank Raley Jr., American soldier and politician (b. 1926)
2012 – Don Raleigh, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1926)
2012 – Guy Spitaels, Belgian academic and politician, seventh Minister-President of Wallonia (b. 1931)
2012 – William Thurston, American mathematician and academic (b. 1946)
2013 – Jean Berkey, American lawyer and politician (b. 1938)
2013 – Sid Bernstein, American record producer (b. 1918)
2013 – C. Gordon Fullerton, American colonel, engineer, and astronaut (b. 1936)
2013 – Fred Martin, Scottish footballer (b. 1929)
2013 – Enos Nkala, Zimbabwean politician, Zimbabwean Minister of Defence (b. 1932)
2014 – Gerry Anderson, Irish radio and television host (b. 1944)
2014 – Helen Bamber, English psychotherapist and academic (b. 1925)
2014 – Steven R. Nagel, American colonel, engineer, and astronaut (b. 1946)
2014 – Jean Redpath, Scottish singer-songwriter (b. 1937)
2014 – Albert Reynolds, Irish businessman and politician, ninth Taoiseach of Ireland (b. 1932)
2015 – Colin Beyer, New Zealand lawyer and businessman (b. 1938)
2015 – Wang Dongxing, Chinese commander and politician (b. 1916)
2015 – Jimmy Evert, American tennis player and coach (b. 1924)
2017 – Bajram Rexhepi, First Kosovan Prime Ministers of UN mission administration in Kosovo (b. 1954)
2018 – Stefán Karl Stefánsson, Icelandic actor and singer (b. 1975)
2019 – Celso Piña, Mexican singer, composer, arranger, and accordionist (b. 1953)
2024 – Nell McCafferty, Northern Irish journalist, playwright and civil rights campaigner (b. 1944)
2024 – Bill Pascrell, American politician (b. 1937)
2024 – John Amos, American actor (b. 1939)
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August 21
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Holidays and observances
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Holidays and observances
Christian Feast Day:
Abraham of Smolensk (Eastern Orthodox Church)
Euprepius of Verona
Maximilian of Antioch
Our Lady of Knock
Pope Pius X
Sidonius Apollinaris
August 21 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Ninoy Aquino Day (Philippines)
Youth Day (Morocco)
World Senior Citizen's Day
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August 21
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References
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References
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August 21
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External links
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External links
Category:Days of August
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August 21
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Table of Content
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pp-pc1, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, External links
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Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)
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Short description
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The Dodo is a fictional character appearing in Chapters 2 and 3 of the 1865 book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson). The Dodo is a caricature of the author. A popular but unsubstantiated belief is that Dodgson chose the particular animal to represent himself because of his stammer, and thus would accidentally introduce himself as "Do-do-dodgson".
Historically, the dodo was a flightless bird that lived on the island of Mauritius, east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. It became extinct in the mid 17th century during the colonisation of the island by the Dutch.
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Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)
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''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland''
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Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
thumb|left|upright|Depiction by Arthur Rackham, 1907
In this passage Lewis Carroll incorporated references to the original boating expedition of 4 July 1862 during which Alice's Adventures were first told, with Alice as herself, and the others represented by birds: the Lory was Lorina Liddell, the Eaglet was Edith Liddell, the Dodo was Dodgson, and the Duck was Rev. Robinson Duckworth. In order to get dry after a swim, the Dodo proposes that everyone run a Caucus race – where the participants run in patterns of any shape, starting and leaving off whenever they like, so that everyone wins. At the end of the race, Alice distributes comfits from her pocket to all as prizes. However this leaves no prize for herself. The Dodo inquires what else she has in her pocket. As she has only a thimble, the Dodo requests it from her and then awards it to Alice as her prize. The Caucus Race, as depicted by Carroll, is a satire on the political caucus system, mocking its lack of clarity and decisiveness.
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Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)
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Interpretations
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Interpretations
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Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)
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Disney animated film version
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Disney animated film version
In the Disney film, the Dodo plays a much greater role in the story than in the book. He is merged with the character of Pat the Gardener, which leads to him sometimes being nicknamed Pat the Dodo, but this name is never mentioned in the film. The Dodo is also the leader of the caucus race. He has the appearance and personality of a sea captain. The Dodo is voiced by Bill Thompson and animated by Milt Kahl.
Dodo is first seen as Alice is floating on the sea in a bottle. Dodo is seen singing, but when Alice asks him for help, he does not notice her. On shore, Dodo is seen on a rock, organizing a caucus race. This race involves running around until one gets dry, but the attempts are hampered by incoming waves.
Dodo is later summoned by the White Rabbit, when the rabbit believes a monster, actually Alice having magically grown to a giant size, is inside his home. Dodo brings Bill the Lizard, and attempts to get him to go down the chimney. Bill refuses at first, but Dodo is able to convince him otherwise. However, the soot causes Alice to sneeze, sending Bill high up into the sky. Dodo then decides to burn the house down, much to the chagrin of the White Rabbit. He begins gathering wood, such as the furniture, for this purpose. However, Alice is soon able to return to a smaller size and exit the house by eating a carrot from the White Rabbit's garden.
The White Rabbit soon leaves, while Dodo asks for matches, not realizing that the situation has been resolved. He then asks Alice for a match, but when she doesn't have any, Dodo complains about the lack of cooperation and uses his pipe to light the fire.
The Dodo later appears briefly at the end of the film, conducting another Caucus Race while Alice is being chased by the Queen of Hearts and her card soldiers.
In Alice's Wonderland Bakery, appears Captain Dodo, being unknown if he is the same character from the film, or a descendant as is the case of other characters from Wonderland in the series (the plot placed several decades after the events in the film). Captain Dodo also has a son named Jojo.
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Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)
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Tim Burton's ''Alice in Wonderland'' version
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Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland version
In Tim Burton's adaptation of Alice in Wonderland, the Dodo's appearance retains the subtle apparent nature from John Tenniel's illustration. He bears a down of brilliant blue and wears a navy blue waistcoat and white spats along with glasses and a cane. He is one of Alice's good-willed advisers, taking first note of her abilities as the true Alice. He is also one of the oldest inhabitants. His name is Uilleam, and he is portrayed by Michael Gough. He goes with the White Rabbit, Tweedledum and Tweedledee, and Dormouse to take Alice to Caterpillar to decide whether Alice is the real one. He is later captured by the Red Queen's forces. When Alice came to the Red Queen's castle, he was seen at the Red Queen's castle yard as a caddy for the Queen's croquet game. After the Red Queen orders the release of the Jubjub bird to kill all her subjects from rebelling, he is then seen briefly running from it when the Tweedles went to hide from it and escaped but was snatched by the Jubjub and was never seen again throughout the film.
His name may be based on a lecture on William the Conqueror from Chapter Three of the original novel. The character is voiced by Michael Gough in his final feature film role before his death in 2011. Gough came out of retirement to appear in the film but the character only speaks three lines, so Gough managed to record in one day.
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Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)
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References
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References
Category:Lewis Carroll characters
Category:Fictional flightless birds
Category:Literary characters introduced in 1865
Category:Dodo
Category:Male characters in literature
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Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)
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Table of Content
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Short description, ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'', Interpretations, Disney animated film version, Tim Burton's ''Alice in Wonderland'' version, References
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Lory (disambiguation)
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Wiktionary
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A Lory is a small to medium-sized arboreal parrot.
Lory may also refer to:
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Lory (disambiguation)
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People
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People
Al De Lory (1930–2012), an American record producer, arranger, conductor and session musician
Donna De Lory (born 1964), an American singer, dancer and songwriter
Milo B. Lory (1903–1974), an American sound editor
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Lory (disambiguation)
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Other uses
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Other uses
Lory, a fictional parrot, a minor character in the Alice series by Lewis Carroll
Lory Lake, in Minnesota, U.S.
Lory State Park, near Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.
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Lory (disambiguation)
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See also
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See also
Lorry (disambiguation)
Lori (disambiguation)
Loris (disambiguation)
Loris, strepsirrhine primates
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Lory (disambiguation)
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Table of Content
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Wiktionary, People, Other uses, See also
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Albert
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wiktionary
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Albert may refer to:
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Albert
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Companies
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Companies
Albert Computers, Inc., a computer manufacturer in the 1980s
Albert Czech Republic, a supermarket chain in the Czech Republic
Albert Heijn, a supermarket chain in the Netherlands
Albert Market, a street market in The Gambia
Albert Music, an Australian music company now known as Alberts
Albert Productions, a record label
Albert (organisation), an environmental organisation concerning film and television productions
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Albert
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Entertainment
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Entertainment
Albert (1985 film), a Czechoslovak film directed by František Vláčil
Albert (2015 film), a film by Karsten Kiilerich
Albert (2016 film), an American TV movie
Albert (album), by Ed Hall, 1988
"Albert" (short story), by Leo Tolstoy
Albert (comics), a character in Marvel Comics
Albert (Discworld), a character in Terry Pratchett's Discworld series
Albert, a character in Dario Argento's 1977 film Suspiria
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Albert
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People
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People
Albert (given name)
Albert (surname)
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Albert (dancer) (François-Ferdinand 1789–1865), French ballet dancer
Albert, a ring name of professional wrestler Matt Bloom (born 1972)
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Albert
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Places
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Places
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Albert
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Canada
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Canada
Albert (1846–1973 electoral district), a provincial electoral district in New Brunswick from 1846 to 1973
Albert (federal electoral district), a federal electoral district in New Brunswick from 1867 to 1903
Albert (provincial electoral district), a provincial electoral district in New Brunswick
Albert County, New Brunswick
Rural Municipality of Albert, Manitoba, Canada
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Albert
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United States
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United States
Albert, Kansas
Albert Township, Michigan
Albert, Oklahoma
Albert, Texas, a ghost town
The Albert (Detroit), formerly the Griswold Building, an American apartment block
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Albert
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Elsewhere
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Elsewhere
Albert (Belize House constituency), a Belize City-based electoral constituency
Albert, New South Wales, a town in Australia
Electoral district of Albert, a former electoral district in Queensland, Australia
Albert, Somme, a French commune
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Albert
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Transportation
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Transportation
Albert (automobile), a 1920s British light car
Albert (motorcycle), a 1920s German vehicle brand
Albert (tugboat), a 1979 U.S. tugboat
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Albert
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Other
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Other
719 Albert, Amor asteroid
Albert (crater), a lunar crater
The Albert, a pub in London
Albert and Alberta Gator, mascots for the Florida Gators
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Albert
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See also
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See also
Alberta (disambiguation)
Alberts (disambiguation)
Alberte (born 1963), a Danish singer and actress
Albertet, a diminutive of Albert
Albret, a seigneurie in Landes, France
Aubert, an Anglo-Saxon surname
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Albert
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Table of Content
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wiktionary, Companies, Entertainment, People, Places, Canada, United States, Elsewhere, Transportation, Other, See also
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Albert I
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'''Albert I'''
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Albert I may refer to:
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Albert I
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People
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People
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Albert I
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Born before 1300
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Born before 1300
Albert I, Count of Vermandois (917–987)
Albert I, Count of Namur ()
Albert I of Moha
Albert I of Brandenburg (), first margrave of Brandenburg
Albert I, Margrave of Meissen (1158–1195)
Albert I of Käfernburg (), Archbishop of Magdeburg
Albert I of Pietengau ()
Albert I, Lord of Mecklenburg (after 1230–1265)
Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1236–1279), second duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Albert I of Germany (1255–1308), king of Germany and archduke of Austria
Albert I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (–1316)
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Albert I
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Born after 1300
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Born after 1300
Albert I, Duke of Bavaria (1336–1404), duke of Bavaria-Straubing, count of Holland, Hainault and Zealand
Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard
Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen ()
Albert I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels (1468–1511)
Albert I, Duke of Prussia (1490–1568), first Duke of Prussia
Albert I, Prince of Monaco (1848–1922)
Albert I of Belgium (1875–1934), king of the Belgians
Albert I Kalonji Ditunga (1929–2015), Congolese politician
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Albert I
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Other uses
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Other uses
Albert I (monkey), the first mammal used in a subspace rocket launch, June 11, 1948
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Albert I
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See also
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See also
Albert (given name)
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Albert I
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Table of Content
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'''Albert I''', People, Born before 1300, Born after 1300, Other uses, See also
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Albert II
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'''Albert II'''
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Albert II may refer to:
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Albert II
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Monkeys
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Monkeys
Albert II (monkey), first primate and first mammal in space, died on impact following V-2 flight June 14, 1949
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Albert II
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People
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People
Albert II, Count of Namur (died 1067)
Albert II, Count of Tyrol (died 1120s)
Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg (–1220)
Albert II, Archbishop of Riga (1200–1273)
Albert II, Margrave of Meissen (1240–1314),
Albert II, Duke of Saxony (1250–1298)
Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (–1318)
Albert II of Austria (1298–1358)
Albert II, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (died 1362)
Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg (1318–1379)
Albert II, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing (1368–1397)
Albert II, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg (1369–1403)
Albert II of Germany (1397–1439), King of Germany, Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, Duke of Austria
Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (1419–1485)
Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard (1400s)
Albert II, Count of Hoya (1526–1563)
Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1620–1667)
Albert II of Belgium (born 1934), King of the Belgians
Albert II, Prince of Monaco (born 1958), ruler of the principality of Monaco
Albert II, Prince of Thurn and Taxis (born 1983), Prince of Thurn und Taxis, German prince
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Albert II
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Table of Content
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'''Albert II''', Monkeys, People
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Albert III
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'''Albert III'''
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Albert III may refer to:
Albert III, Count of Namur (1048–1102)
Albert III, Count of Habsburg (died 1199)
Albert III, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel (–1300)
Albert III, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (1281–1308)
Albert III, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (died 1359)
Albert III, Count of Gorizia (died 1374)
Albert III of Mecklenburg (c. 1338 – 1412)
Albert III, Duke of Austria (1349–1395)
Albert III, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg (1375/1380–1422)
Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg (1414–1486)
Albert III, Duke of Bavaria (1438–1460)
Albert III, Duke of Saxony (1443–1500)
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Albert III
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Table of Content
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'''Albert III'''
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Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
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Use dmy dates
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Albert II (; 28 March 15228 January 1557) was the margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (Brandenburg-Bayreuth) from 1527 to 1553. He was a member of the Franconian branch of the House of Hohenzollern. Because of his bellicose nature, Albert was given the cognomen Bellator ("the Warlike") during his lifetime. Posthumously, he became known as Alcibiades.
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Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
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Biography
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Biography
Albert was born in Ansbach and, losing his father Casimir in 1527, he came under the regency of his uncle George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, a strong adherent of Protestantism.
In 1541, he received Bayreuth as his share of the family lands, but as the chief town of his principality was Kulmbach, he is sometimes referred to as the Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach.
His restless and turbulent nature marked him out for a military career; and having collected a small band of soldiers, he assisted Emperor Charles V in his war with France in 1543.
The Peace of Crépy in September 1544 deprived him of this employment, but he won a considerable reputation, and when Charles was preparing to attack the Schmalkaldic League, he took pains to win Albert's assistance.
Sharing in the attack on the Electorate of Saxony, Albert was taken prisoner at Rochlitz in March 1547 by Elector John Frederick of Saxony, but was released as a result of the Emperor's victory at the Battle of Mühlberg in the succeeding April.
He then followed the fortunes of his friend Elector Maurice of Saxony, deserted Charles, and joined the league which proposed to overthrow the Emperor by an alliance with King Henry II of France.
He took part in the subsequent campaign, but when the Peace of Passau was signed in August 1552 he separated himself from his allies and began a crusade of plunder in Franconia, which led to the Second Margrave War.
Having extorted a large sum of money from the citizens of Nuremberg, he quarrelled with his supporter, the French King, and offered his services to the Emperor.
Charles, anxious to secure such a famous fighter, gladly assented to Albert's demands and gave the imperial sanction to his possession of the lands taken from the bishops of Würzburg and Bamberg; and his conspicuous bravery was of great value to the Emperor on the retreat from the Siege of Metz in January 1553.
When Charles left Germany a few weeks later, Albert renewed his depredations in Franconia. These soon became so serious that a league was formed to crush him, and Maurice of Saxony led an army against his former comrade.
The rival forces met at Sievershausen on 9 July 1553, and after a combat of unusual ferocity Albert was put to flight. Henry, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, then took command of the troops of the league, and after Albert had been placed under the Imperial ban in December 1553 he was defeated by Duke Henry, and compelled to flee to France.
He there entered the service of Henry II of France and had undertaken a campaign to regain his lands when he died at Pforzheim on 8 January 1557.
He is defined by Thomas Carlyle as "a failure of a Fritz," with "features" of a Frederick the Great in him, "but who burnt away his splendid qualities as a mere temporary shine for the able editors, and never came to anything, full of fire, too much of it wildfire, not in the least like an Alcibiades except in the change of fortune he underwent". He was buried at Heilsbronn Münster. His hymn "Was mein Got will, das g'scheh allzeit" was translated as "The will of God is always best".it is #477 in Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary, #758 in Lutheran Service Book, and #435 in Christian Worship: A Lutheran Hymnal, see also the entry for the hymn on hymnary.org
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Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
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References
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References
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Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
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Citations
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Citations
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Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
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Works cited
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Works cited
Endnote: See J. Voigt, Markgraf Albrecht Alcibiades von Brandenburg-Kulmbach (Berlin, 1852).
Category:1522 births
Category:1557 deaths
Category:16th-century people from the Holy Roman Empire
Category:House of Hohenzollern
Category:People from Ansbach
Category:People from the Principality of Ansbach
Category:Margraves of Bayreuth
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Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
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Table of Content
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Use dmy dates, Biography, References, Citations, Works cited
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Albert the Bear
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Short description
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Albert the Bear (; 1100 – 18 November 1170) was the first margrave of Brandenburg from 1157 to his death and was briefly duke of Saxony between 1138 and 1142.
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Albert the Bear
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Life
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Life
Albert was the only son of Otto, Count of Ballenstedt, and Eilika, daughter of Magnus Billung, Duke of Saxony. He inherited his father's valuable estates in northern Saxony in 1123, and on his mother's death, in 1142, succeeded to one-half of the lands of the house of Billung. Albert was a loyal vassal of his relation, Lothar I, Duke of Saxony, from whom, about 1123, he received the Margraviate of Lusatia, to the east; after Lothar became King of the Germans, he accompanied him on a disastrous expedition to Bohemia against the upstart, Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia in 1126 at the Battle of Kulm, where he suffered a short imprisonment.
Albert's entanglements in Saxony stemmed from his desire to expand his inherited estates there. After the death of his brother-in-law, Henry II, Margrave of the Nordmark, who controlled a small area on the Elbe called the Saxon Northern March, in 1128, Albert, disappointed at not receiving this fief himself, attacked Udo V, Count of Stade, the heir, and was consequently deprived of Lusatia by Lothar. Udo, however, was said to have been assassinated by servants of Albert on 15 March 1130 near Aschersleben. In spite of this, Albert went to Italy in 1132 in the train of the king, and his services there were rewarded in 1134 by the investiture of the Northern March, which was again without a ruler.
In 1138 Conrad III, the Hohenstaufen King of the Germans, deprived Albert's cousin and nemesis, Henry the Proud, of his Saxon duchy, which was awarded to Albert if he could take it. After some initial success in his efforts to take possession, Albert was driven from Saxony, and also from his Northern March by a combined force of Henry and Jaxa of Köpenick, and compelled to take refuge in south Germany. Henry died in 1139 and an arrangement was found. Henry's son, Henry the Lion, received the duchy of Saxony in 1142. In the same year, Albert renounced the Saxon duchy and received the counties of Weimar and Orlamünde.
Once he was firmly established in the Northern March, Albert's covetous eye lay also on the thinly populated lands to the north and east. For three years he was occupied in campaigns against the Slavic Wends, who as pagans were considered fair game, and whose subjugation to Christianity was the aim of the Wendish Crusade of 1147 in which Albert took part. Albert was a part of the army that besieged Demmin, and at the end of the war, recovered Havelberg, which had been lost since 983. Diplomatic measures were more successful, and by an arrangement made with the last of the Wendish princes of Brandenburg, Pribislav-Henry of the Hevelli, Albert secured this district when the prince died in 1150. Taking the title "Margrave in Brandenburg", he pressed the crusade against the Wends, extended the area of his mark, encouraged Dutch and German settlement in the Elbe-Havel region (Ostsiedlung), established bishoprics under his protection, and so became the founder of the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1157, which his heirs — the House of Ascania — held until the line died out in 1320.
In 1158 a feud with Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, was interrupted by a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. On his return in 1160, he, with the consent of his sons, Siegfried not being mentioned, donated land to the Knights of Saint John in memory of his wife, Sofia, at Werben on the Elbe. Around this same time, he minted a pfennig in memory of his deceased wife. In 1162 Albert accompanied Emperor Frederick Barbarossa to Italy, where he distinguished himself at the storming of Milan.
In 1164 Albert joined a league of princes formed against Henry the Lion, and peace being made in 1169, Albert divided his territories among his six sons. He died on 18 November 1170, and was buried at Ballenstedt.
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Albert the Bear
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Cognomen
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Cognomen
thumb|upright|Foundation of the memorial to Albert at Spandau Citadel.
Albert's personal qualities won for him the cognomen of the Bear, "not from his looks or qualities, for he was a tall handsome man, but from the cognisance on his shield, an able man, had a quick eye as well as a strong hand, and could pick what way was straightest among crooked things, was the shining figure and the great man of the North in his day, got much in the North and kept it, got Brandenburg for one there, a conspicuous country ever since," says Thomas Carlyle, who called Albert "a restless, much-managing, wide-warring man." He was also called "the Handsome."
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Albert the Bear
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Marriage and children
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Marriage and children
Albert was married in 1124 to Sophie of Winzenburg (died 25 March 1160) and they had the following children:
Otto I, Margrave of Brandenburg (1126/1128–7 March 1184)
Count Hermann I of Orlamünde (died 1176), father of Siegfried III, Count of Weimar-Orlamünde
Siegfried (died 24 October 1184), Bishop of Brandenburg from 1173 to 1180, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen, the first ranked prince, from 1180 to 1184
Heinrich (died after 1185), a canon in Magdeburg
Count Albert of Ballenstedt (died after 6 December 1172)
Count Dietrich of Werben (died after 5 September 1183)
Count Bernhard of Anhalt (1138/1142–9 February 1212), Duke of Saxony from 1180 to 1212 as Bernard III
Hedwig (d. 1203), married to Otto II, Margrave of Meissen
Gertrude, married in to Duke Děpold of Moravia
Unknown daughter, married to Vladislav of Olomouc, the eldest son of Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia
Adelheid (died before 1162), a nun in Lamspringe
Unknown daughter, married before 1146 Otto the Younger, son of Otto of Salm
Sybille (died ), Abbess of Quedlinburg
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Albert the Bear
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Notes
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Notes
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Albert the Bear
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References
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References
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Albert the Bear
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Works cited
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Works cited
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Albert the Bear
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General references
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General references
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Albert the Bear
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External links
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External links
Thomas Carlyle, History of Friedrich ii Chapter iv: Albert the Bear
The History Files: Rulers of Brandenburg
Albert 00
Category:Margraves of Brandenburg
Category:Counts of Anhalt
Category:People from Brandenburg an der Havel
Category:Christians of the Wendish Crusade
Category:1100s births
Category:1170 deaths
Category:Year of birth uncertain
Category:Place of birth unknown
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Albert the Bear
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Table of Content
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Short description, Life, Cognomen, Marriage and children, Notes, References, Works cited, General references, External links
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Albert of Brandenburg
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Short description
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Albert of Brandenburg (; 28 June 149024 September 1545) was a German cardinal, elector, Archbishop of Mainz from 1514 to 1545, and Archbishop of Magdeburg from 1513 to 1545.
Through his notorious sale of indulgences, he became the catalyst for Martin Luther's Reformation and its staunch opponent.
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Albert of Brandenburg
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Biography
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Biography
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Albert of Brandenburg
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Career
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Career
thumb|right|Cardinal Albert, Archbishop of Magdeburg and Mainz, by Albrecht Dürer
Born in Cölln on the Spree, now a central part of Berlin, into the ruling House of Hohenzollern, Albert was the younger son of John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg and Margaret of Thuringia.
After their father's death in 1499, Albert's older brother Joachim I Nestor became elector of Brandenburg while Albert held only the title of a margrave of Brandenburg. Albert studied at the university of Frankfurt (Oder), and in 1513 became Archbishop of Magdeburg at the age of 23 and administrator of the Diocese of Halberstadt. Endnote: See
J. H. Hennes, Albrecht von Brandenburg, Erzbischof von Mainz und Magdeburg (Mainz, 1858)
J. May, Der Kurfürst, Kardinal, und Erzbischof Albrecht II. von Mainz und Magdeburg (Munich, 1865–1875)
W. Schum, Kardinal Albrecht von Mainz und die Erfurter Kirchenreformation (Halle, 1878)
P. Redlich, Kardinal Albrecht von Brandenburg, und das neue Stift zu Halle (Mainz, 1900).
In 1514 he was also elected Archbishop of Mainz and thus sovereign of the Electorate of Mainz and archchancellor of the Holy Roman Empire. By electing him, the Mainz cathedral chapter hoped for the support of the Elector of Brandenburg in defending the city of Erfurt, which belonged to the archbishopric of Mainz, against the expansionist efforts of the neighboring Saxon dukes. However, this choice violated the canonical prohibition to hold more than one bishopric. Albert also did not meet the requirements for taking over any diocese, since he had not yet reached the age, and he didn't have a college degree; therefore he received a study dispensation in 1513. Albert borrowed 20,000 guilders from Jacob Fugger to pay the confirmation fee to the Roman Curia (see: simony).Luther's nuisance: indulgence for the new building of St. Peter's, Letter of indulgence for the good of the new building of St. Peter's in Rome, 1517, Herzog August Library, Wolfenbüttel In 1514 Albert suggested to Pope Leo X that a special indulgence be announced in his three dioceses as well as in his native diocese of Brandenburg and that half of the income should be used for the construction of the new St. Peter's Basilica and half for Albert's own cash register. The papal bull was issued on 31 March 1515.Christiane Schuchard: What is an indulgence commissioner?; in: ed. H. Kühne, Johann Tetzel and the indulgence: Companion volume to the exhibition »Tetzel - indulgence - purgatory«; exhibition in St. Nikolai church (Jüterbog) and in the monks' monastery; ISBN 978-3-86732-262-1 publisher Lukas Verlag, July 2017, p. 122 The indulgence was entrusted to Albert in 1517 for publication in Saxony and Brandenburg. It cost him the considerable sum of ten thousand ducats,At first, "the pope demanded twelve thousand ducats for the twelve apostles. Albert offered seven thousand ducats for the seven deadly sins. They compromised on ten thousand, presumably not for the Ten Commandments". Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1950), p. 75, online and Albert employed Johann Tetzel for the actual preaching of the indulgence. Later, Martin Luther addressed a letter of protest to Albert concerning the conduct of Tetzel.
Largely in reaction to Tetzel's actions, Luther wrote his famous Ninety-five Theses, which led to the Reformation. Luther sent these to Albert on 31 October 1517, and according to a disputableAccording to Roland Bainton, for example, it is true. Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1950), p. 79, online tradition, nailed a copy to the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg. Albert forwarded the theses to Rome, suspecting Luther of heresy.
As Archbishop of Mainz, he tried unsuccessfully in 1515 and 1516 to expel the Jews living in Mainz.Arye Maimon: Der Judenvertreibungsversuch Albrechts II. von Mainz und sein Mißerfolg (1515/.16), in: Jahrbuch für westdeutsche Landesgeschichte Albert II of Mainz's attempt to expel the Jews and its failure (1515/16). In: Yearbook for West German regional history. Volume 4, 1978, pp. 191-220. In 1518, at the age of 28, he was made a cardinal. When the imperial election of 1519 drew near, partisans of the two leading candidates (kings Charles I of Spain and Francis I of France) eagerly solicited the vote of the Prince-Archbishop of Mainz, and Albert appears to have received a large amount of money for his vote. The electors eventually chose Charles, who became the Emperor Charles V.
Like other high-ranking clergymen of his time, Archbishop Albert lived in concubinage, gave his lovers gifts and favored his children as far as possible without causing much offense. Recent research assumes that he lived in a marriage-like relationship at first with Elisabeth "Leys" Schütz from Mainz and then with the Frankfurt widow Agnes Pless, née Strauss. With Leys Schütz he had a daughter named Anna, whom he married to his secretary Joachim Kirchner.Kerstin Merkel: Albrecht and Ursula. A hike through literature and the formation of legends. In: Andreas Tacke (ed.): »... we want to give love space«. Concubinage of ecclesiastical and secular princes around 1500 (= publication series of the Moritzburg Foundation, Art Museum of the State of Saxony-Anhalt. Original title: Albrecht und Ursula. Eine Wanderung durch Literatur und Legendenbildung. In: Andreas Tacke (Hrsg.): »... wir wollen der Liebe Raum geben«. Konkubinate geistlicher und weltlicher Fürsten um 1500 (= Schriftenreihe der Stiftung Moritzburg, Kunstmuseum des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt; 3). Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen 2006, ISBN 3-8353-0052-0, p. 157–187.
thumb|left|Cardinal Albert, Archbishop of Mainz, as Saint Jerome while studying, by Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1526
Albert's large and liberal ideas, his correspondence with leading humanists, his friendship with Ulrich von Hutten whom he drew to his court, and his political ambitions, appear to have raised hopes that he could be won over to Protestantism; but after the German Peasants' War of 1525 he ranged himself definitely among the supporters of Catholicism, and was among the princes who joined the League of Dessau in July 1525.
From 1514 until his flight on 21 February 1541, Albert ruled mostly from his residence Moritzburg in Halle. In 1531, he had a spacious new residential palace built there. Albert also needed a prestigious church that met his expectations at a central location in his residenz town. He feared for his peace of mind in heaven, and collected more than 8,100 relics and 42 holy skeletons which needed to be stored. From 1529, he had two parish churches standing next to each other demolished and only their four towers from with pointed helmets stood. Between these towers he had a large new nave built, which was named Market Church of Our Lady since she received a Marian patronage. However, these precious treasures, known as Hallesches Heilthum (the Halle sanctuary), indirectly related to the sale of indulgences which had triggered the Reformation a few years before because it should attract pilgrims willing to pay. Then, the cardinal and the Catholic members of the town council wanted to repress the growing influence of the Reformation by holding far grander Masses and services in a new church dedicated solely to the Blessed Virgin Mary, whose excessive worship Luther disliked.
thumb|Meeting of Saint Erasmus of Formiae and Saint Maurice, by Matthias Grünewald, between 1517 and 1523. Grünewald used Albert of Mainz, who commissioned the painting, as the model for St. Erasmus (left).
Albert's hostility towards the reformers, however, was not so extreme as that of his brother Joachim I; and he appears to have exerted himself towards peace, although he was a member of the League of Nuremberg, formed in 1538 as a counterpoise to the League of Schmalkalden. New doctrines nevertheless made considerable progress in his dominions, and he was compelled to grant religious liberty to the inhabitants of Magdeburg in return for 500,000 florins. In his later years, he showed more intolerance towards the Protestants, and favoured the teaching of the Jesuits in his dominions.
The Market Church of Our Lady in Halle, which had been built to defend against the spread of Reformation sympathies, was the spot where Justus Jonas officially introduced the Reformation into Halle with his Good Friday sermon in 1541. The service must have been at least partly conducted in the open air, because at that time construction had only been finished at the eastern end of the nave. Jonas began a successful preaching crusade and attracted so many people that the church overflowed. Albert left the town permanently after the estates in the city had announced that they would take over his enormous debt at the bank of Jakob Fugger. Halle became Protestant and in 1542 Jonas was appointed as priest to St. Mary's and, in 1544, bishop over the city.
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Albert of Brandenburg
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Patron of the arts
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Patron of the arts
He became a friend of science and a patron of the arts. As a patron of learning, he counted Erasmus among his friends. However, Albert's ideas about founding a Catholic university in Halle were not implemented. Nonetheless, he adorned Halle Cathedral and Mainz Cathedral in sumptuous fashion, and took as his motto the words (Latin for "I have loved, O Lord, the beauty of thy house", from Psalm 25:8). Matthias Grünewald and Lucas Cranach the Elder created magnificent paintings for the Halle Cathedral which was decorated from 1519 to 1525 with 16 Passion altars with 140 pictures by Cranach and his workshop, the largest single commission in German art history. Grünewald contributed the famous wood painting Saint Erasmus and Saint Maurice. Albert also ordered paintings from Hans Baldung Grien and a cycle of 18 life-size statues of saints from Peter Schro in Mainz, which can still be admired in Halle Cathedral today. In 1526 he donated the market fountain in Mainz. In 1521, Martin Luther referred to the ever-growing collection of relics as the "idol of Halle".
thumb|upright=0.6|Albert's tomb in Mainz Cathedral
When Albert left Halle for good in 1541 and moved to his residence in Aschaffenburg in the electoral state of Mainz, he took with him the collection of relics, his private art collection and a large part of the works of art he had donated to the cathedral and other Catholic churches that now became Protestant. He sold parts of the treasure of relics in order to be able to settle claims of the cathedral chapters of Magdeburg and Halberstadt; the sanctuaries are scattered today. He took his private paintings with him to his residence in Johannisburg Castle, where a large part was plundered and destroyed in 1552 during the Second Margrave War. He had the works of art brought from Halle Cathedral hung in the St. Peter und Alexander's church, where they survived all wars until the Elector-Archbishop Carl Theodor von Dalberg had them brought to Johannisburg Castle in 1803. There they were evacuated in good time before the damaging fire caused by bombing in 1945. Today they can be seen in the reconstructed castle in the Staatsgalerie Aschaffenburg, which was reopened in 2023 after several years of renovation.Staatsgalerie Aschaffenburg wiedereröffnet (State Gallery Aschaffenburg reopened), in: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 7 May 2023 Despite the losses caused by wars, looting and sales, the Aschaffenburg collection is considered the largest Cranach collection in Europe. In addition to 17 altar wings, some of which consist of several panels, and individual paintings from the Cranach workshop, 9 autographed works by the older and 2 by the younger Cranach are on display. In addition, a crucifixion group by Hans Baldung Grien and a large number of paintings by Cranach's students. Some other altars and paintings from the school are also preserved in the St. Peter und Alexander's church and its museum. Other paintings are in the Alte Pinakothek in Munich.
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Albert of Brandenburg
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Death
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Death
Albert died at the Martinsburg, Mainz in 1545.Biographical Dictionary BRANDENBURG, Albrecht von (1490-1545) His tomb is in Mainz Cathedral.
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Albert of Brandenburg
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Ancestry
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Ancestry
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Albert of Brandenburg
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References
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References
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Albert of Brandenburg
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Sources
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Sources
Helmut Börsch-Supan, et al. "Hohenzollern, House of." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 24 Jul. 2016.
Roesgen, Manfred von. Kardinal Albrecht von Brandenburg : ein Renaissancefürst auf dem Mainzer Bischofsthron. Moers : Steiger, 1980.
Schauerte, Thomas and Andreas Tacke. Der Kardinal Albrecht von Brandenburg : Renaissancefürst und Mäzen. 2 v. Regensburg : Schnell + Steiner, 2006. Contents: Bd. 1. Katalog / herausgegeben von Thomas Schauerte—Bd. 2. Essays / herausgegeben von Andreas Tacke ; mit Beiträgen von Bodo Brinkmann ... [et al.]. Note: Exhibition held September 9November 26, 2006, Halle an der Saale.
"Prayer Book of Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg." The J. Paul Getty Museum, viewed 24 July 2016.
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Albert of Brandenburg
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External links
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External links
Category:1490 births
Category:1545 deaths
Category:16th-century German cardinals
Category:Archbishop-electors of Mainz
Category:Archbishops of Magdeburg
Category:Clergy from Berlin
Category:Knights' War
Category:Roman Catholic prince-bishops of Halberstadt
Category:Simony
Category:Sons of prince-electors
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Albert of Brandenburg
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Table of Content
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Short description, Biography, Career, Patron of the arts, Death, Ancestry, References, Sources, External links
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Albert, Duke of Prussia
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Short description
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Albert of Prussia (; 17 May 149020 March 1568) was a German prince who was the 37th grand master of the Teutonic Knights and, after converting to Lutheranism, became the first ruler of the Duchy of Prussia, the secularized state that emerged from the former Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights. Albert was the first European ruler to establish Lutheranism, and thus Protestantism, as the official state religion of his lands. He proved instrumental in the political spread of Protestantism in its early stage, ruling the Prussian lands for nearly six decades (1510–1568).
Albert was great-grandson of the converted pagan ruler Jogaila of Poland and Lithuania, vanquisher of the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Grunwald. He was also a member of the Brandenburg-Ansbach branch of the House of Hohenzollern. He became grand master of the Teutonic Knights in their attempt to diplomatically win over the Polish-Lithuanian union. His skill in political administration and leadership ultimately succeeded in reversing the decline of the Teutonic Order. But Albert was sympathetic to the demands of Martin Luther, whose teachings had become popular in his lands. So he rebelled against the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire by converting the Teutonic state into a Protestant and hereditary realm, the Duchy of Prussia, for which he paid homage to his uncle, Sigismund I, king of Poland. That arrangement was confirmed by the Treaty of Kraków in 1525. Albert pledged a personal oath to the king and in return was invested with the duchy for himself and his heirs.
Albert's rule in Prussia was fairly prosperous. Although he had some trouble with the peasantry, the confiscation of the lands and treasures of the Catholic Church enabled him to propitiate the nobles and provide for the expenses of the newly established Prussian court. He was active in imperial politics, joining the League of Torgau in 1526, and acted in unison with the Protestants in plotting to overthrow Emperor Charles V after the issue of the Augsburg Interim in May 1548. Albert established schools in every town and founded the University of Königsberg in 1544. He promoted culture and arts, patronising the works of Erasmus Reinhold and Caspar Hennenberger. During the final years of his rule, Albert was forced to raise taxes instead of further confiscating now-depleted church lands, causing peasant rebellion. The intrigues of the court favourites Johann Funck and Paul Skalić also led to various religious and political disputes. Albert spent his final years virtually deprived of power and died at Tapiau on 20 March 1568. His son, Albert Frederick, succeeded him as Duke of Prussia.
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Albert, Duke of Prussia
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Early life
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Early life
Albert was born in Ansbach in Franconia as the third son of Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach. His mother was Sophia, daughter of Casimir IV Jagiellon, Grand Duke of Lithuania and king of Poland, and his wife Elisabeth of Austria. His great-grandfather was Władysław II Jagiełło, the last pagan ruler in Europe, who defeated the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410. He was raised for a career in the Church and spent some time at the court of Hermann IV of Hesse, Elector of Cologne, who appointed him canon of the Cologne Cathedral.
Not only was he quite religious; he was also interested in mathematics and science and sometimes is claimed to have contradicted the teachings of the Church in favour of scientific theories. His career was forwarded by the Church, however, and institutions of the Catholic clerics supported his early advancement.
Turning to a more active life, Albert accompanied Emperor Maximilian I to Italy in 1508 and after his return spent some time in the Kingdom of Hungary.
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Albert, Duke of Prussia
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Grand Master
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Grand Master
thumb|upright|left|As grand master of the Teutonic Order, painting from 1522
thumb|upright|Coat of arms as grand master of the Teutonic Order
Duke Frederick of Saxony, grand master of the Teutonic Order, died in December 1510. Albert was chosen as his successor early in 1511 in the hope that his relationship to his maternal uncle, Sigismund I the Old, Grand Duke of Lithuania and king of Poland, would facilitate a settlement of the disputes over eastern Prussia, which had been held by the order under Polish suzerainty since the Second Peace of Thorn (1466).
The new grand master, aware of his duties to the empire and to the papacy, refused to submit to the crown of Poland. As war over the order's existence appeared inevitable, Albert made strenuous efforts to secure allies and carried on protracted negotiations with Emperor Maximilian I. The ill-feeling, influenced by the ravages of members of the Order in Poland, culminated in a war which began in December 1519 and devastated Prussia. Albert was granted a four-year truce early in 1521.
The dispute was referred to Emperor Charles V and other princes, but as no settlement was reached Albert continued his efforts to obtain help in view of a renewal of the war. For this purpose, he visited the Diet of Nuremberg in 1522, where he made the acquaintance of the Reformer Andreas Osiander, by whose influence Albert was won over to Protestantism.
The grand master then journeyed to Wittenberg, where he was advised by Martin Luther to abandon the rules of his order, to marry, and to convert Prussia into a hereditary duchy for himself. This proposal, which was understandably appealing to Albert, had already been discussed by some of his relatives; but it was necessary to proceed cautiously, and he assured Pope Adrian VI that he was anxious to reform the order and punish the knights who had adopted Lutheran doctrines. Luther for his part did not stop at the suggestion, but in order to facilitate the change made special efforts to spread his teaching among the Prussians, while Albert's brother, Margrave George of Brandenburg-Ansbach, laid the scheme before their uncle, Sigismund I the Old of Poland.
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Albert, Duke of Prussia
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Duke in Prussia
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Duke in Prussia
350px|thumb|Prussian Homage: Albert and his brothers receive the Duchy of Prussia as a fief from Polish King Sigismund I the Old, 1525. Painting by Matejko, 1882.
After some delay Sigismund assented to the offer, with the provision that Prussia should be treated as a Polish fiefdom; and after this arrangement had been confirmed by a treaty concluded at Kraków, Albert pledged a personal oath to Sigismund I and was invested with the duchy for himself and his heirs on 10 February 1525.
The Estates of the land then met at Königsberg and took the oath of allegiance to the new duke, who used his full powers to promote the doctrines of Luther. This transition did not, however, take place without protest. Summoned before the imperial court of justice, Albert refused to appear and was proscribed, while the order elected a new grand master, Walter von Cronberg, who received Prussia as a fief at the imperial Diet of Augsburg. As the German princes were experiencing the tumult of the Reformation, the German Peasants' War, and the wars against the Ottoman Turks, they did not enforce the ban on the duke, and agitation against him soon died away.
In imperial politics, Albert was fairly active. Joining the League of Torgau in 1526, he acted in unison with the Protestants, and was among the princes who banded and plotted together to overthrow Charles V after the issue of the Augsburg Interim in May 1548. For various reasons, however, poverty and personal inclination among others, he did not take a prominent part in the military operations of this period.
thumb|upright|left|One Groschen coin, 1534, Iustus ex fide vivit — The Just lives on Faith
The early years of Albert's rule in Prussia were fairly prosperous. Although he had some trouble with the peasantry, the lands and treasures of the church enabled him to propitiate the nobles and for a time to provide for the expenses of the court. He did something for the furtherance of learning by establishing schools in every town and by freeing serfs who adopted a scholastic life. In 1544, in spite of some opposition, he founded Königsberg University, where he appointed his friend Andreas Osiander to a professorship in 1549. Albert also paid for the printing of the Astronomical "Prutenic Tables" compiled by Erasmus Reinhold and the first maps of Prussia by Caspar Hennenberger.
Osiander's appointment was the beginning of the troubles which clouded the closing years of Albert's reign. Osiander's divergence from Luther's doctrine of justification by faith involved him in a violent quarrel with Philip Melanchthon, who had adherents in Königsberg, and these theological disputes soon created an uproar in the town. The duke strenuously supported Osiander, and the area of the quarrel soon broadened. There were no longer church lands available with which to conciliate the nobles, the burden of taxation was heavy, and Albert's rule became unpopular.
After Osiander's death in 1552, Albert favoured a preacher named Johann Funck, who, with an adventurer named Paul Skalić, exercised great influence over him and obtained considerable wealth at public expense. The state of turmoil caused by these religious and political disputes was increased by the possibility of Albert's early death and the need, should that happen, to appoint a regent, as his only son, Albert Frederick was still a mere youth. The duke was forced to consent to a condemnation of the teaching of Osiander, and the climax came in 1566 when the Estates appealed to King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland, Albert's cousin, who sent a commission to Königsberg. Skalić saved his life by flight, but Funck was executed. The question of the regency was settled, and a form of Lutheranism was adopted and declared binding on all teachers and preachers.
thumb|170px|Portrait of Pavao Skalić, an encyclopedist, Renaissance humanist and adventurer from Croatia, who strongly influenced the Duke in the closing years of his reign
Virtually deprived of power, the duke lived for two more years, and died at Tapiau on 20 March 1568 of the plague, along with his wife. Cornelis Floris de Vriendt designed his tomb within Königsberg Cathedral.Mühlpfordt, p. 73
Albert was a voluminous letter writer, and corresponded with many of the leading personages of the time.
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Albert, Duke of Prussia
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Legacy
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Legacy
thumb|Tomb of Albert by Cornelis Floris de Vriendt in Königsberg Cathedral
thumb|"Albertus" with sword from the Silberbibliothek
Albert was the first German noble to support Luther's ideas and in 1544 founded the University of Königsberg, the Albertina, as a rival to the Roman Catholic Krakow Academy. It was the second Lutheran university in the German states, after the University of Marburg.
A relief of Albert over the Renaissance-era portal of Königsberg Castle's southern wing was created by Andreas Hess in 1551 according to plans by Christoph Römer.Mühlpfordt, p. 90 Another relief by an unknown artist was included in the wall of the Albertina's original campus. This depiction, which showed the duke with his sword over his shoulder, was the popular "Albertus", the symbol of the university. The original was moved to Königsberg Public Library to protect it from the elements, while the sculptor Paul Kimritz created a duplicate for the wall. Another version of the "Albertus" by Lothar Sauer was included at the entrance of the Königsberg State and Royal Library.
In 1880 Friedrich Reusch created a sandstone bust of Albert at the Regierungsgebäude, the administrative building for Regierungsbezirk Königsberg. On 19 May 1891 Reusch premiered a famous statue of Albert at Königsberg Castle with the inscription: "Albert of Brandenburg, Last Grand Master, First Duke in Prussia".Mühlpfordt, p. 82 Albert Wolff also designed an equestrian statue of Albert located at the new campus of the Albertina. King's Gate contains a statue of Albert.
Albert was oft-honored in the quarter Maraunenhof in northern Königsberg. Its main street was named Herzog-Albrecht-Allee in 1906. Its town square, König-Ottokar-Platz, was renamed Herzog-Albrecht-Platz in 1934 to match its church, the Herzog-Albrecht-Gedächtniskirche.Mühlpfordt, p. 133
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Albert, Duke of Prussia
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Spouse and issue
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Spouse and issue
thumb|Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Prussia by Cornelis Floris de Vriendt
Albert married first, to Dorothea (1 August 150411 April 1547), daughter of King Frederick I of Denmark, in 1526. They had six children:
Anna Sophia (11 June 15276 February 1591), married John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow.
Katharina (b. and d. 24 February 1528) died at birth.
Frederick Albert (5 December 15291 January 1530). died young.
Lucia Dorothea (8 April 15311 February 1532) died in infancy.
Lucia (3 February 1537 1 May 1539) died young.
Albert (b. and d. 1 March 1539) died at birth.
He married secondly to Anna Maria (1532–20 March 1568), daughter of Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, in 1550. The couple had two children:
Elisabeth (20 May 155119 February 1596) died unmarried and without issue.
Albert Frederick (29 April 155318 August 1618), Duke of Prussia.
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Albert, Duke of Prussia
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Ancestors
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Ancestors
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Albert, Duke of Prussia
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Notes
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Notes
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Albert, Duke of Prussia
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References
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References
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Albert, Duke of Prussia
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External links
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External links
William Urban on the situation in Prussia
K. P. Faber: Briefe Luthers an Herzog Albrecht (1811) letters of Martin Luther to Albrecht
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Category:Dukes of Prussia
Category:Protestant monarchs
Category:1490 births
Category:1568 deaths
Category:16th-century dukes of Prussia
Category:Converts to Lutheranism from Roman Catholicism
Category:German people of Polish descent
Category:German Lutherans
Category:Grand masters of the Teutonic Order
Category:House of Hohenzollern
Category:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
Category:People from Ansbach
Category:People from the Principality of Ansbach
Category:People from the Duchy of Prussia
Category:People of the Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)
Category:University of Königsberg
Category:Duchy of Prussia
Category:People of the Count's Feud
Category:16th-century Lutheran theologians
Category:German Lutheran hymnwriters
Category:German people of Lithuanian descent
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Albert, Duke of Prussia
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Table of Content
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Short description, Early life, Grand Master, Duke in Prussia, Legacy, Spouse and issue, Ancestors, Notes, References, External links
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August 25
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pp-move
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August 25
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Events
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Events
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August 25
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Pre-1600
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Pre-1600
766 – Emperor Constantine V humiliates nineteen high-ranking officials, after discovering a plot against him. He executes the leaders, Constantine Podopagouros and his brother Strategios.
1248 – The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III, the Archbishop of Utrecht.
1258 – Regent George Mouzalon and his brothers are killed during a coup headed by the aristocratic faction under Michael VIII Palaiologos, paving the way for its leader to ultimately usurp the throne of the Empire of Nicaea.
1270 – Philip III, although suffering from dysentery, becomes King of France following the death of his father Louis IX, during the Eighth Crusade. His uncle, Charles I of Naples, is forced to begin peace negotiations with Muhammad I al-Mustansir, Hafsid Sultan of Tunis.
1537 – The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, is formed.
1543 – António Mota and a few companions become the first Europeans to visit Japan.
1580 – War of the Portuguese Succession: Spanish victory at the Battle of Alcântara brings about the Iberian Union.
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August 25
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1601–1900
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1601–1900
1609 – Galileo Galilei demonstrates his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers.
1630 – Portuguese forces are defeated by the Kingdom of Kandy at the Battle of Randeniwela in Sri Lanka.
1758 – Seven Years' War: Frederick II of Prussia defeats the Russian army at the Battle of Zorndorf.
1814 – War of 1812: On the second day of the Burning of Washington, British troops torch the Library of Congress, United States Treasury, Department of War, and other public buildings.
1823 – American fur trapper Hugh Glass is mauled by a grizzly bear while on an expedition in South Dakota.
1825 – The Thirty-Three Orientals declare the independence of Uruguay from Brazil.
1830 – The Belgian Revolution begins.
1835 – The first Great Moon Hoax article is published in The New York Sun, announcing the discovery of life and civilization on the Moon.
1875 – Captain Matthew Webb becomes the first person to swim across the English Channel, traveling from Dover, England, to Calais, France, in 21 hours and 45 minutes.
1883 – France and Viet Nam sign the Treaty of Huế, recognizing a French protectorate over Annam and Tonkin.
1894 – Kitasato Shibasaburō discovers the infectious agent of the bubonic plague and publishes his findings in The Lancet.
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August 25
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1901–present
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1901–present
1904 – Russo-Japanese War: The Battle of Liaoyang begins.
1912 – The Kuomintang is founded for the first time in Peking.
1914 – World War I: Japan declares war on Austria-Hungary.
1914 – World War I: The library of the Catholic University of Leuven is deliberately destroyed by the German Army. Hundreds of thousands of irreplaceable volumes and Gothic and Renaissance manuscripts are lost.
1916 – The United States National Park Service is created.
1920 – Polish–Soviet War: Battle of Warsaw, which began on August 13, ends with the Red Army's defeat.
1933 – The Diexi earthquake strikes Mao County, Sichuan, China and kills 9,000 people.
1933 – Nazi Germany and the Zionist Federation of Germany signed the Haavara Agreement. The agreement was a major factor in breaking the anti-Nazi boycott of 1933 and facilitated Jewish emigration from Germany and into Palestine.
1939 – The Irish Republican Army carries out the 1939 Coventry bombing in which five civilians were killed.
1939 – The United Kingdom and Poland form a military alliance in which the UK promises to defend Poland in case of invasion by a foreign power.
1940 – World War II: The first Bombing of Berlin by the British Royal Air Force.
1941 – World War II: Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran: The United Kingdom and the Soviet Union jointly stage an invasion of the Imperial State of Iran.
1942 – World War II: Second day of the Battle of the Eastern Solomons; a Japanese naval transport convoy headed towards Guadalcanal is turned back by an Allied air attack.
1942 – World War II: Battle of Milne Bay: Japanese marines assault Allied airfields at Milne Bay, New Guinea, initiating the Battle of Milne Bay.
1944 – World War II: Paris is liberated by the Allies.
1945 – Ten days after World War II ends with Japan announcing its surrender, armed supporters of the Chinese Communist Party kill U.S. intelligence officer John Birch, regarded by some of the American right as the first victim of the Cold War.
1945 – The August Revolution ends as Emperor Bảo Đại abdicates, ending the Nguyễn dynasty.
1948 – The House Un-American Activities Committee holds first-ever televised congressional hearing: "Confrontation Day" between Whittaker Chambers and Alger Hiss.
1950 – To avert a threatened strike during the Korean War, President Truman orders Secretary of the Army Frank Pace to seize control of the nation's railroads.
1958 – The world's first publicly marketed instant noodles, Chikin Ramen, are introduced by Taiwanese-Japanese businessman Momofuku Ando.
1960 – The Games of the XVII Olympiad commence in Rome, Italy.
1961 – President Jânio Quadros of Brazil resigns after just seven months in power, initiating a political crisis that culminates in a military coup in 1964.
1967 – George Lincoln Rockwell, founder of the American Nazi Party, is assassinated by a former member of his group.
1980 – Zimbabwe joins the United Nations.
1981 – Voyager 2 spacecraft makes its closest approach to Saturn.
1985 – Bar Harbor Airlines Flight 1808 crashes near Auburn/Lewiston Municipal Airport in Auburn, Maine, killing all eight people on board including peace activist and child actress Samantha Smith.
1989 – Voyager 2 spacecraft makes its closest approach to Neptune, the last planet in the Solar System at the time, due to Pluto being within Neptune's orbit from 1979 to 1999. Is Pluto or Neptune farthest from the Sun? StarChild Question of the Month for January 1999. NASA.
1989 – Pakistan International Airlines Flight 404, carrying 54 people, disappears over the Himalayas after takeoff from Gilgit Airport in Pakistan. The aircraft was never found.
1991 – Belarus gains its independence from the Soviet Union.
1991 – The Battle of Vukovar begins. An 87-day siege of Vukovar by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), supported by various Serb paramilitary forces, between August and November 1991 (during the Croatian War of Independence).
1991 – Linus Torvalds announces the first version of what will become Linux.
1997 – Egon Krenz, the former East German leader, is convicted of a shoot-to-kill policy at the Berlin Wall.
2001 – American singer Aaliyah and several members of her entourage are killed as their overloaded aircraft crashes shortly after takeoff from Marsh Harbour Airport, Bahamas.
2003 – NASA successfully launches the Spitzer Space Telescope into space.
2005 – Hurricane Katrina makes landfall in Florida.
2006 – Former Prime Minister of Ukraine Pavlo Lazarenko is sentenced to nine years imprisonment for money laundering, wire fraud, and extortion.
2010 – A Filair Let L-410 Turbolet crashes on approach to Bandundu Airport, killing 20.
2011 – Fifty-two people are killed during an arson attack caused by members of the drug cartel Los Zetas.
2012 – Voyager 1 spacecraft enters interstellar space, becoming the first man-made object to do so.
2017 – Hurricane Harvey makes landfall in Texas as a powerful Category 4 hurricane, the strongest hurricane to make landfall in the United States since 2004.
2017 – Conflict in Rakhine State (2016–present): One hundred seventy people are killed in at least 26 separate attacks carried out by the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army, leading to the governments of Myanmar and Malaysia designating the group as a terrorist organisation.
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August 25
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Births
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Births
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August 25
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Pre-1600
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Pre-1600
1467 – Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 2nd Duke of Alburquerque, Spanish duke (d. 1526)
1491 – Innocenzo Cybo, Italian cardinal (d. 1550)
1509 – Ippolito II d'Este, Italian cardinal and statesman (d. 1572)
1530 – Ivan the Terrible, Russian ruler (d. 1584)
1540 – Lady Catherine Grey, English noblewoman (d. 1568)
1561 – Philippe van Lansberge, Dutch astronomer and mathematician (d. 1632)
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August 25
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1601–1900
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1601–1900
1605 – Philipp Moritz, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg, German noble (d. 1638)
1624 – François de la Chaise, French priest (d. 1709)
1662 – John Leverett the Younger, American lawyer, academic, and politician (d. 1724)
1707 – Louis I of Spain (d. 1724)
1724 – George Stubbs, English painter and academic (d. 1806)
1741 – Karl Friedrich Bahrdt, German theologian and author (d. 1792)
1744 – Johann Gottfried Herder, German poet, philosopher, and critic (d. 1803)
1758 – Franz Teyber, Austrian organist and composer (d. 1810)
1767 – Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, French soldier and politician (d. 1794)
1776 – Thomas Bladen Capel, English admiral (d. 1853)
1786 – Ludwig I of Bavaria, King of Bavaria (d. 1868)
1793 – John Neal, American writer, critic, editor, lecturer, and activist (d. 1876)
1796 – James Lick, American carpenter and piano builder (d. 1876)
1802 – Nikolaus Lenau, Romanian-Austrian poet and author (d. 1850)
1803 – Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias (d. 1880)
1812 – Nikolay Zinin, Russian organic chemist (d. 1880)
1817 – Marie-Eugénie de Jésus, French nun and saint, founded the Religious of the Assumption (d. 1898)
1829 – Carlo Acton, Italian pianist and composer (d. 1909)
1836 – Bret Harte, American short story writer and poet (d. 1902)
1840 – George C. Magoun, American businessman (d. 1893)
1841 – Emil Theodor Kocher, Swiss physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1917)
1845 – Ludwig II of Bavaria, King of Bavaria (d. 1886)
1850 – Charles Richet, French physiologist and occultist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1935)
1867 – James W. Gerard, American lawyer and diplomat, United States Ambassador to Germany (d. 1951)
1869 – Tom Kiely, British-Irish decathlete (d. 1951)
1875 – Agnes Mowinckel, Norwegian actress (d. 1963)
1877 – Joshua Lionel Cowen, American businessman, co-founded the Lionel Corporation (d. 1965)
1878 – Ted Birnie, English footballer and manager (d. 1935)
1882 – Seán T. O'Kelly, Irish journalist and politician, 2nd President of Ireland (d. 1966)
1889 – Alexander Mair, Australian politician, 26th Premier of New South Wales (d. 1969)
1891 – David Shimoni, Belarusian-Israeli poet and translator (d. 1956)
1893 – Henry Trendley Dean, American dentist (d. 1962)
1898 – Helmut Hasse, German mathematician and academic (d. 1975)
1898 – Arthur Wood, English cricketer (d. 1973)
1899 – Paul Herman Buck, American historian and author (d. 1978)
1900 – Isobel Hogg Kerr Beattie, Scottish architect (d. 1970)
1900 – Hans Adolf Krebs, German physician and biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1981)
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August 25
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1901–present
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1901–present
1902 – Stefan Wolpe, German-American composer and educator (d. 1972)
1903 – Arpad Elo, Hungarian-American chess player, created the Elo rating system (d. 1992)
1905 – Faustina Kowalska, Polish nun and saint (d. 1938)
1906 – Jim Smith, English cricketer (d. 1979)
1909 – Ruby Keeler, Canadian-American actress, singer, and dancer (d. 1993)
1909 – Michael Rennie, English actor and producer (d. 1971)
1910 – George Cisar, American baseball player (d. 2010)
1910 – Dorothea Tanning, American painter, sculptor, and poet (d. 2012)
1911 – Võ Nguyên Giáp, Vietnamese general and politician, 3rd Minister of Defence for Vietnam (d. 2013)
1912 – Erich Honecker, German politician (d. 1994)
1913 – Don DeFore, American actor (d. 1993)
1913 – Walt Kelly, American illustrator and animator (d. 1973)
1916 – Van Johnson, American actor (d. 2008)
1916 – Frederick Chapman Robbins, American pediatrician and virologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2003)
1916 – Saburō Sakai, Japanese lieutenant and pilot (d. 2000)
1917 – Mel Ferrer, American actor, director, and producer (d. 2008)
1918 – Leonard Bernstein, American pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1990)
1918 – Richard Greene, English actor (d. 1985)
1919 – William P. Foster, American bandleader and educator (d. 2010)
1919 – George Wallace, American lawyer, and politician, 45th Governor of Alabama (d. 1998)
1919 – Jaap Rijks, Dutch Olympic medalist (d. 2017)
1921 – Monty Hall, Canadian television personality and game show host (d. 2017)
1921 – Bryce Mackasey, Canadian businessman and politician, 20th Canadian Minister of Labour (d. 1999)
1921 – Brian Moore, Northern Irish-Canadian author and screenwriter (d. 1999)
1923 – Álvaro Mutis, Colombian-Mexican author and poet (d. 2013)
1923 – Allyre Sirois, Canadian lawyer and judge (d. 2012)
1924 – Zsuzsa Körmöczy, Hungarian tennis player and coach (d. 2006)
1925 – Thea Astley, Australian journalist and author (d. 2004)
1925 – Hilmar Hoffmann, German film and culture academic (d. 2018)
1925 – Stepas Butautas, Lithuanian basketball player and coach (d. 2001)
1927 – Althea Gibson, American tennis player and golfer (d. 2003)
1927 – Des Renford, Australian swimmer (d. 1999)
1928 – John "Kayo" Dottley, American football player (d. 2018)
1928 – Darrell Johnson, American baseball player, coach, and manager (d. 2004)
1928 – Karl Korte, American composer and academic (d. 2022)
1928 – Herbert Kroemer, German-American physicist, engineer, and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2024)
1930 – Sean Connery, Scottish actor and producer (d. 2020)
1930 – György Enyedi, Hungarian economist and geographer (d. 2012)
1930 – Graham Jarvis, Canadian actor (d. 2003)
1930 – Crispin Tickell, English academic and diplomat, British Permanent Representative to the United Nations (d. 2022)
1931 – Regis Philbin, American actor and television host (d. 2020)
1932 – Anatoly Kartashov, Soviet aviator and cosmonaut (d. 2005)
1933 – Patrick F. McManus, American journalist and author (d. 2018)
1933 – Wayne Shorter, American saxophonist and composer (d. 2023)
1933 – Tom Skerritt, American actor
1934 – Lise Bacon, Canadian judge and politician, Deputy Premier of Quebec
1934 – Eddie Ilarde, Filipino journalist and politician (d. 2020)
1935 – Charles Wright, American poet
1936 – Giridharilal Kedia, Indian businessman, founded the Image Institute of Technology & Management (d. 2009)
1937 – Jimmy Hannan, Australian television host and singer (d. 2019)
1937 – Virginia Euwer Wolff, American author
1938 – David Canary, American actor (d. 2015)
1938 – Frederick Forsyth, English journalist and author
1939 – John Badham, English-American actor, director, and producer
1939 – Marshall Brickman, Brazilian-American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2024)
1940 – Wilhelm von Homburg, German boxer and actor (d. 2004)
1941 – Mario Corso, Italian footballer and coach (d. 2020)
1941 – Ludwig Müller, German footballer (d. 2021)
1942 – Nathan Deal, American lawyer, and politician, 82nd Governor of Georgia
1942 – Pat Ingoldsby, Irish poet and television presenter (d. 2025)
1942 – Ivan Koloff, Canadian wrestler (d. 2017)
1944 – Conrad Black, Canadian historian and author
1944 – Jacques Demers, Canadian ice hockey player, coach, and politician
1944 – Anthony Heald, American actor
1944 – Andrew Longmore, British lawyer and judge
1945 – Daniel Hulet, Belgian cartoonist (d. 2011)
1945 – Hannah Louise Shearer, American screenwriter and producer
1946 – Rollie Fingers, American baseball player
1946 – Charles Ghigna, American poet and author
1946 – Charlie Sanders, American football player and sportscaster (d. 2015)
1947 – Michael Kaluta, American author and illustrator
1947 – Keith Tippett, British jazz pianist and composer (d. 2020)
1948 – Ledward Kaapana, American singer and guitarist
1948 – Nicholas A. Peppas, Greek chemist and biologist
1949 – Martin Amis, British novelist (d. 2023)
1949 – Rijkman Groenink, Dutch banker and academic
1949 – John Savage, American actor and producer
1949 – Gene Simmons, Israeli-American singer-songwriter, producer, and actor
1950 – Willy DeVille, American singer and songwriter (d. 2009)
1950 – Charles Fambrough, American bassist, composer, and producer (d. 2011)
1951 – Rob Halford, English heavy metal singer-songwriter
1951 – Bill Handel, Brazilian-American lawyer and radio host
1952 – Kurban Berdyev, Turkmen footballer and manager
1952 – Geoff Downes, English keyboard player, songwriter, and producer
1952 – Duleep Mendis, Sri Lankan cricketer and coach
1954 – Elvis Costello, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
1954 – Jim Wallace, Baron Wallace of Tankerness, Scottish lawyer and politician, First Minister of Scotland
1955 – John McGeoch, Scottish guitarist (d. 2004)
1955 – Gerd Müller, German businessman and politician
1956 – Matt Aitken, English songwriter and record producer
1956 – Takeshi Okada, Japanese footballer, coach, and manager
1956 – Henri Toivonen, Finnish race car driver (d. 1986)
1957 – Sikander Bakht, Pakistani cricketer and sportscaster
1957 – Simon McBurney, English actor and director
1957 – Frank Serratore, American ice hockey player and coach
1958 – Tim Burton, American director, producer, and screenwriter
1958 – Christian LeBlanc, American actor
1959 – Ian Falconer, American author and illustrator (d. 2023)
1959 – Steve Levy, American lawyer and politician
1959 – Bernardo Rezende, Brazilian volleyball coach and player
1959 – Lane Smith, American author and illustrator
1959 – Ruth Ann Swenson, American soprano and actress
1960 – Ashley Crow, American actress
1960 – Georg Zellhofer, Austrian footballer and manager
1961 – Billy Ray Cyrus, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor
1961 – Dave Tippett, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
1961 – Ally Walker, American actress
1961 – Joanne Whalley, English actress
1962 – Taslima Nasrin, Bangladeshi author
1962 – Theresa Andrews, American competition swimmer and Olympic champion
1962 – Vivian Campbell, Northern Irish rock guitarist and songwriter
1962 – Michael Zorc, German footballer
1963 – Miro Cerar, Slovenian lawyer and politician, 8th Prime Minister of Slovenia
1963 – Shock G, American rapper and producer (d. 2021)
1963 – Tiina Intelmann, Estonian lawyer and diplomat
1964 – Azmin Ali, Malaysian mathematician and politician
1964 – Maxim Kontsevich, Russian-American mathematician and academic
1964 – Blair Underwood, American actor
1965 – Cornelius Bennett, American football player
1965 – Tim Cain, American video game designer
1965 – Sanjeev Sharma, Indian cricketer and coach
1965 – Mia Zapata, American singer (d. 1993)
1966 – Albert Belle, American baseball player
1966 – Robert Maschio, American actor
1966 – Derek Sherinian, American keyboard player, songwriter, and producer
1966 – Terminator X, American hip-hop DJ
1967 – Tom Hollander, English actor
1967 – Jeff Tweedy, American singer-songwriter, musician, and producer
1968 – David Alan Basche, American actor
1968 – Yuri Mitsui, Japanese actress, model, and race car driver
1968 – Stuart Murdoch, Scottish singer-songwriter
1968 – Spider One, American singer-songwriter and producer
1968 – Rachael Ray, American chef, author, and television host
1968 – Takeshi Ueda, Japanese singer-songwriter and bass player
1969 – Olga Konkova, Norwegian-Russian pianist and composer
1969 – Cameron Mathison, Canadian actor and television personality
1969 – Catriona Matthew, Scottish golfer
1969 – Vivek Razdan, Indian cricketer, coach, and sportscaster
1970 – Doug Glanville, American baseball player and sportscaster
1970 – Debbie Graham, American tennis player
1970 – Robert Horry, American basketball player and sportscaster
1970 – Adrian Lam, Papua New Guinean-Australian rugby league player and coach
1970 – Jo Dee Messina, American singer-songwriter
1970 – Claudia Schiffer, German model and fashion designer
1971 – Jason Death, Australian rugby league player
1971 – Nathan Page, Australian actor
1972 – Marvin Harrison, American football player
1973 – Fatih Akın, German director, producer, and screenwriter
1974 – Eric Millegan, American actor
1974 – Pablo Ozuna, Dominican baseball player
1975 – Brad Drew, Australian rugby league player
1975 – Petria Thomas, Australian swimmer and coach
1976 – Damon Jones, American basketball player and coach
1976 – Javed Qadeer, Pakistani cricketer and coach
1976 – Alexander Skarsgård, Swedish actor
1977 – Masumi Asano, Japanese voice actress and producer
1977 – Andy McDonald, Canadian ice hockey player
1977 – Jonathan Togo, American actor
1978 – Kel Mitchell, American actor, producer, and screenwriter
1978 – Robert Mohr, German rugby player
1979 – Marlon Harewood, English footballer
1979 – Philipp Mißfelder, German historian and politician (d. 2015)
1979 – Deanna Nolan, American basketball player
1981 – Rachel Bilson, American actress
1981 – Jan-Berrie Burger, Namibian cricketer
1981 – Camille Pin, French tennis player
1982 – Jung Jung-suk, South Korean footballer (d. 2011)
1982 – Nick Schultz, Canadian ice hockey player
1983 – James Rossiter, English race car driver
1984 – Florian Mohr, German footballer
1984 – Anya Monzikova, Russian-American model and actress
1986 – Rodney Ferguson, American footballer
1987 – Stacey Farber, Canadian actress
1987 – Velimir Jovanović, Serbian footballer
1987 – Blake Lively, American model and actress
1987 – Amy Macdonald, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist
1987 – Justin Upton, American baseball player
1987 – Adam Warren, American baseball player
1987 – James Wesolowski, Australian footballer
1988 – Angela Park, Brazilian-American golfer
1988 – Giga Chikadze, Georgian mixed martial artist and kickboxer
1989 – Hiram Mier, Mexican footballer
1990 – Max Muncy, American baseball player
1992 – Miyabi Natsuyaki, Japanese singer and actress
1992 – Ricardo Rodriguez, Swiss footballer
1994 – Edmunds Augstkalns, Latvian ice hockey player
1994 – Caris LeVert, American basketball player
1995 – Ong Seong-wu, South Korean singer and actor
1995 – Dowoon, South Korean musician
1998 – China Anne McClain, American actress and singer
2000 – Nicki Nicole, Argentine rapper and singer-songwriter
2003 – Rebeka Jančová, Slovak alpine ski racer
2004 – Evann Girault, French-Nigerien sabre fencer
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August 25
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Deaths
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Deaths
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August 25
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Pre-1600
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Pre-1600
AD 79 – Pliny the Elder, Roman commander and philosopher (b. 23)
274 – Yang Yan, Jin Dynasty empress (b. 238)
306 – Saint Maginus, Christian hermit and martyr from Tarragona
383 – Gratian, Roman emperor (b. 359)
471 – Gennadius I, patriarch of Constantinople
766 – Constantine Podopagouros, Byzantine official
766 – Strategios Podopagouros, Byzantine general
985 – Dietrich of Haldensleben, German margrave
1091 – Sisnando Davides, military leader
1192 – Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1142)
1258 – George Mouzalon, regent of the Empire of Nicaea
1270 – Louis IX of France (b. 1214)
1270 – Alphonso of Brienne (b. c. 1225)
1271 – Joan, Countess of Toulouse (b. 1220)
1282 – Thomas de Cantilupe, English bishop and saint (b. 1218)
1322 – Beatrice of Silesia, queen consort of Germany (b. c. 1292)
1327 – Demasq Kaja, Chobanid
1330 – Sir James Douglas, Scottish guerrilla leader (b. 1286)
1339 – Henry de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham (b. 1260)
1368 – Andrea Orcagna, Italian painter, sculptor, and architect
1482 – Margaret of Anjou wife of Henry VI and Queen of England (b. 1429)
1485 – William Catesby, supporter of Richard III (b. 1450)
1554 – Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, English soldier and politician, Lord High Treasurer (b. 1473)
1592 – William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (b. 1532)
1600 – Hosokawa Gracia, Japanese aristocrat and Catholic convert (b. 1563)
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August 25
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1601–1900
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1601–1900
1603 – Ahmad al-Mansur, Sultan of the Saadi dynasty (b. 1549)
1631 – Nicholas Hyde, Lord Chief Justice of England (b.c. 1572)
1632 – Thomas Dekker, English author and playwright (b. 1572)
1688 – Henry Morgan, Welsh admiral and politician, Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica (b. 1635)
1699 – Christian V of Denmark (b. 1646)
1711 – Edward Villiers, 1st Earl of Jersey, English politician, Secretary of State for the Southern Department (b. 1656)
1742 – Carlos Seixas, Portuguese organist and composer (b. 1704)
1774 – Niccolò Jommelli, Italian composer and educator (b. 1714)
1776 – David Hume, Scottish economist, historian, and philosopher (b. 1711)
1794 – Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau, Belgian-Austrian diplomat (b. 1727)
1797 – Thomas Chittenden, Governor of the Vermont Republic, and first Governor of the State of Vermont (b. 1730)
1815 – Stephen Badlam, American artisan and military officer (b. 1815)
1819 – James Watt, Scottish engineer and instrument maker (b. 1736)
1822 – William Herschel, German-English astronomer and composer (b. 1738)
1867 – Michael Faraday, English physicist and chemist (b. 1791)
1882 – Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald, Estonian physician and author (b. 1803)
1886 – Zinovios Valvis, Greek lawyer and politician, 35th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1791)
1892 – William Champ, English-Australian politician, 1st Premier of Tasmania (b. 1808)
1900 – Friedrich Nietzsche, German philologist, philosopher, and critic (b. 1844)
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August 25
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1901–present
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1901–present
1904 – Henri Fantin-Latour, French painter and lithographer (b. 1836)
1908 – Henri Becquerel, French physicist and chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)
1916 – Mary Tappan Wright, American novelist and short story writer (b. 1851)
1921 – Nikolay Gumilyov, Russian poet and critic (b. 1886)
1924 – Mariano Álvarez, Filipino general and politician (b. 1818)
1924 – Velma Caldwell Melville, American editor, and writer of prose and poetry (b. 1858)
1925 – Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, Austrian field marshal (b. 1852)
1930 – Frankie Campbell, American boxer (b. 1904)
1931 – Dorothea Fairbridge, South African author and co-founder of Guild of Loyal Women (b. 1862)
1936 – Juliette Adam, French author (b. 1836)
1938 – Aleksandr Kuprin, Russian pilot, explorer, and author (b. 1870)
1939 – Babe Siebert, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1904)
1940 – Prince Jean, Duke of Guise (b. 1874)
1942 – Prince George, Duke of Kent (b. 1902)
1945 – John Birch, American soldier and missionary (b. 1918)
1956 – Alfred Kinsey, American biologist and academic (b. 1894)
1965 – Moonlight Graham, American baseball player and physician (b. 1879)
1966 – Lao She, Chinese novelist and dramatist (b. 1899)
1967 – Stanley Bruce, Australian lawyer and politician, 8th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1883)
1967 – Oscar Cabalén, Argentine race car driver (b. 1928)
1967 – Paul Muni, Ukrainian-born American actor (b. 1895)
1967 – George Lincoln Rockwell, American commander, politician, and activist, founded the American Nazi Party (b. 1918)
1968 – Stan McCabe, Australian cricketer and coach (b. 1910)
1969 – Robert Cosgrove, Australian politician, 30th Premier of Tasmania (b. 1884)
1970 – Tachū Naitō, Japanese architect and engineer, designed the Tokyo Tower (b. 1886)
1971 – Ted Lewis, American singer and clarinet player (b. 1890)
1973 – Dezső Pattantyús-Ábrahám, Hungarian lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1875)
1976 – Eyvind Johnson, Swedish novelist and short story writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1900)
1977 – Károly Kós, Hungarian architect, ethnologist, and politician (b. 1883)
1979 – Stan Kenton, American pianist, composer, and bandleader (b. 1911)
1980 – Gower Champion, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1919)
1981 – Nassos Kedrakas, Greek actor and cinematographer (b. 1915)
1982 – Anna German, Polish singer (b. 1936)
1984 – Truman Capote, American novelist, playwright, and screenwriter (b. 1924)
1984 – Viktor Chukarin, Ukrainian gymnast and coach (b. 1921)
1984 – Waite Hoyt, American baseball player and sportscaster (b. 1899)
1988 – Art Rooney, American businessman, founded the Pittsburgh Steelers (b. 1901)
1990 – Morley Callaghan, Canadian author and playwright (b. 1903)
1995 – Doug Stegmeyer, American bass player and producer (b. 1951)
1998 – Lewis F. Powell, Jr., American lawyer and Supreme Court justice (b. 1907)
1999 – Rob Fisher, English keyboard player and songwriter (b. 1956)
2000 – Carl Barks, American author and illustrator (b. 1901)
2000 – Frederick C. Bock, American soldier and pilot (b. 1918)
2000 – Jack Nitzsche, American pianist, composer, and producer (b. 1937)
2000 – Allen Woody, American bass player and songwriter (b. 1955)
2001 – Aaliyah, American singer and actress (b. 1979)
2001 – Carl Brewer, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1938)
2001 – Üzeyir Garih, Turkish engineer and businessman, co-founded Alarko Holding (b. 1929)
2001 – Ken Tyrrell, English race car driver and businessman, founded Tyrrell Racing (b. 1924)
2002 – Dorothy Hewett, Australian author and poet (b. 1923)
2003 – Tom Feelings, American author and illustrator (b. 1933)
2005 – Peter Glotz, Czech-German academic and politician (b. 1939)
2006 – Noor Hassanali, Trinidadian-Tobagonian lawyer and politician, 2nd President of Trinidad and Tobago (b. 1918)
2007 – Benjamin Aaron, American lawyer and scholar (b. 1915)
2007 – Ray Jones, English footballer (b. 1988)
2008 – Ahmad Faraz, Pakistani poet (b. 1931)
2008 – Kevin Duckworth, American basketball player (b. 1964)
2009 – Ted Kennedy, American politician (b. 1932)
2009 – Mandé Sidibé, Malian economist and politician, Prime Minister of Mali (b. 1940)
2011 – Lazar Mojsov, Macedonian politician (b. 1920)
2012 – Florencio Amarilla, Paraguayan footballer, coach, and actor (b. 1935)
2012 – Neil Armstrong, American pilot, engineer, and astronaut (b. 1930)
2012 – Roberto González Barrera, Mexican banker and businessman (b. 1930)
2012 – Donald Gorrie, Scottish politician (b. 1933)
2013 – Ciril Bergles, Slovene poet and translator (b. 1934)
2013 – António Borges, Portuguese economist and banker (b. 1949)
2013 – William Froug, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1922)
2013 – Liu Fuzhi, Chinese academic and politician, 3rd Minister of Justice for China (b. 1917)
2013 – Raghunath Panigrahi, Indian singer-songwriter (b. 1932)
2013 – Gylmar dos Santos Neves, Brazilian footballer (b. 1930)
2014 – William Greaves, American director and producer (b. 1926)
2014 – Marcel Masse, Canadian educator and politician, 29th Canadian Minister of National Defence (b. 1936)
2014 – Nico M. M. Nibbering, Dutch chemist and academic (b. 1938)
2014 – Uziah Thompson, Jamaican-American drummer and producer (b. 1936)
2014 – Enrique Zileri, Peruvian journalist and publisher (b. 1931)
2015 – José María Benegas, Spanish lawyer and politician (b. 1948)
2015 – Francis Sejersted, Norwegian historian and academic (b. 1936)
2016 – Marvin Kaplan, American actor (b. 1927)
2017 – Rich Piana, American bodybuilder (b. 1971)
2018 – John McCain, American politician (b. 1936)
2019 – Ferdinand Piëch, Austrian business magnate and engineer (b. 1937)
2022 – Mable John, American blues vocalist (b. 1930)
2024 – Salim Al-Huss, Lebanese statesman, 34th Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. 1929)
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August 25
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Holidays and observances
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Holidays and observances
Christian feast day:
Æbbe of Coldingham
Aredius
Genesius of Arles
Genesius of Rome
Ginés de la Jara (or Genesius of Cartagena)
Gregory of Utrecht
Joseph Calasanz
Louis IX of France
Blessed Ludovicus Baba
Blessed Ludovicus Sasada
Blessed Luis Sotelo
Menas of Constantinople
Blessed Miguel de Carvalho
Patricia of Naples
Blessed Pedro Vásquez
Thomas de Cantilupe (or of Hereford)
August 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Day of Songun (North Korea)
Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Uruguay from Brazil in 1825.
Soldier's Day (Brazil)
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August 25
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References
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References
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August 25
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External links
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External links
Category:Days of August
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August 25
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Table of Content
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pp-move, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, External links
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Aachen
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Short description
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thumb|290px|location of Aachen in the Meuse (Dutch and German: Maas) river system ()
Aachen ( , ; ; ; French and historical English: Aix-la-Chapelle or ) is the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia and the 27th-largest city of Germany, with around 261,000 inhabitants.
Aachen is located at the northern foothills of the High Fens and the Eifel Mountains. It sits on the Wurm River, a tributary of the Rur, and together with Mönchengladbach, it is the only larger German city in the drainage basin of the Meuse. It is the westernmost larger city in Germany, lying approximately west of Cologne and Bonn, directly bordering Belgium in the southwest, and the Netherlands in the northwest. The city lies in the Meuse–Rhine Euroregion and is the seat of the district of Aachen (Städteregion Aachen).
The once Celtic settlement was equipped with several in the course of colonization by Roman pioneers settling at the warm Aachen thermal springs around the 1st century. After the withdrawal of the Roman troops, the vicus Aquae Granni was Frankized around the 5th century. This was followed by a period of sedentism under first Merovingian and then Carolingian rule. With the completion of the Carolingian Palace of Aachen at the transition to the 9th century, Aachen was constituted as the main royal residence of the Frankish Empire ruled by Charlemagne. Because of that the city is sometimes called "cradle of Europe". After the Treaty of Verdun, the city was within the borders of Middle Francia, until it became part of East Francia after the Treaty of Meerssen (870). It subsequently was part of the Holy Roman Empire and was granted city rights in 1166 by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, becoming an imperial city. It served as the coronation site where 31 Holy Roman Emperors were crowned Kings of the Germans from 936 to 1531, until Frankfurt am Main became the preferred place of coronation.
One of Germany's leading institutes of higher education in technology, the RWTH Aachen University (), is located in the city. Its university hospital Uniklinikum Aachen is Europe's largest single-building hospital. Aachen's industries include science, engineering and information technology. In 2009, Aachen was ranked eighth among cities in Germany for innovation.
The regional dialect spoken in the city is a Central Franconian, Ripuarian variant with strong Limburgish influences from the dialects in the neighbouring Netherlands. As a Rhenish city, Aachen is one of the main centres of carnival celebrations in Germany, along with Cologne and Mainz. The culinary specialty for which the city is best known is Aachener Printen, a type of gingerbread.
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Aachen
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Etymology
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Etymology
The name Aachen is a modern descendant, like southern German , , meaning "river" or "stream", from Old High German , meaning "water" or "stream", which directly translates (and etymologically corresponds) to Latin , referring to the springs. The location has been inhabited by humans since the Neolithic era, about 5,000 years ago, attracted to its warm mineral springs. Latin figures in Aachen's Roman name , which meant "waters of Grannus", referring to the Celtic god of healing who was worshipped at the springs.. This word became in Walloon and in French, and subsequently to distinguish it from Aix-en-Provence, after Charlemagne had his palatine chapel built there in the late 8th century and then made the city his empire's capital.
The city is known by a variety of different names in other languages:
Language Name Pronunciation in IPA Aachen dialect Catalan , Czech Dutch / Low German French Greek () Italian Latin , , Limburgish Luxembourgish Polish Portuguese , , Russian (Akhen) Spanish Walloon
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Aachen
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History
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History
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Subsets and Splits
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