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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Defence of Darwin and his ideas
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Defence of Darwin and his ideas
After Wallace returned to England in 1862, he became one of the staunchest defenders of Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In an incident in 1863 that particularly pleased Darwin, Wallace published the short paper "Remarks on the Rev. S. Haughton's Paper on the Bee's Cell, And on the Origin of Species". This rebutted a paper by a professor of geology at the University of Dublin that had sharply criticised Darwin's comments in the Origin on how hexagonal honey bee cells could have evolved through natural selection.
An even longer defence was a 1867 article in the Quarterly Journal of Science called "Creation by Law". It reviewed George Campbell, the 8th Duke of Argyll's book, The Reign of Law, which aimed to refute natural selection.
After an 1870 meeting of the British Science Association, Wallace wrote to Darwin complaining that there were "no opponents left who know anything of natural history, so that there are none of the good discussions we used to have".
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Differences between Darwin and Wallace
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Differences between Darwin and Wallace
Historians of science have noted that, while Darwin considered the ideas in Wallace's paper to be essentially the same as his own, there were differences. Darwin emphasised competition between individuals of the same species to survive and reproduce, whereas Wallace emphasised environmental pressures on varieties and species forcing them to become adapted to their local conditions, leading populations in different locations to diverge. The historian of science Peter J. Bowler has suggested that in the paper he mailed to Darwin, Wallace might have been discussing group selection. Against this, Malcolm Kottler showed that Wallace was indeed discussing individual variation and selection.
Others have noted that Wallace appeared to have envisioned natural selection as a kind of feedback mechanism that kept species and varieties adapted to their environment (now called 'stabilizing", as opposed to 'directional' selection). They point to a largely overlooked passage of Wallace's famous 1858 paper, in which he likened "this principle ... [to] the centrifugal governor of the steam engine, which checks and corrects any irregularities". The cybernetician and anthropologist Gregory Bateson observed in the 1970s that, although writing it only as an example, Wallace had "probably said the most powerful thing that'd been said in the 19th Century". Bateson revisited the topic in his 1979 book Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity, and other scholars have continued to explore the connection between natural selection and systems theory.
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Warning coloration and sexual selection
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Warning coloration and sexual selection
thumb|upright|Illustration of Batesian mimicry: a wasp (top) mimicked by a beetle in Wallace's 1889 book Darwinism|alt=see caption
Warning coloration was one of Wallace's contributions to the evolutionary biology of animal coloration. In 1867, Darwin wrote to Wallace about a problem in explaining how some caterpillars could have evolved conspicuous colour schemes. Darwin had come to believe that many conspicuous animal colour schemes were due to sexual selection, but he saw that this could not apply to caterpillars. Wallace responded that he and Bates had observed that many of the most spectacular butterflies had a peculiar odour and taste, and that he had been told by John Jenner Weir that birds would not eat a certain kind of common white moth because they found it unpalatable. Since the moth was as conspicuous at dusk as a coloured caterpillar in daylight, it seemed likely that the conspicuous colours served as a warning to predators and thus could have evolved through natural selection. Darwin was impressed by the idea. At a later meeting of the Entomological Society, Wallace asked for any evidence anyone might have on the topic. In 1869, Weir published data from experiments and observations involving brightly coloured caterpillars that supported Wallace's idea. Wallace attributed less importance than Darwin to sexual selection. In his 1878 book Tropical Nature and Other Essays, he wrote extensively about the coloration of animals and plants, and proposed alternative explanations for a number of cases Darwin had attributed to sexual selection. He revisited the topic at length in his 1889 book Darwinism. In 1890, he wrote a critical review in Nature of his friend Edward Bagnall Poulton's The Colours of Animals which supported Darwin on sexual selection, attacking especially Poulton's claims on the "aesthetic preferences of the insect world".
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Wallace effect
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Wallace effect
In 1889, Wallace wrote the book Darwinism, which explained and defended natural selection. In it, he proposed the hypothesis that natural selection could drive the reproductive isolation of two varieties by encouraging the development of barriers against hybridisation. Thus it might contribute to the development of new species. He suggested the following scenario: When two populations of a species had diverged beyond a certain point, each adapted to particular conditions, hybrid offspring would be less adapted than either parent form and so natural selection would tend to eliminate the hybrids. Furthermore, under such conditions, natural selection would favour the development of barriers to hybridisation, as individuals that avoided hybrid matings would tend to have more fit offspring, and thus contribute to the reproductive isolation of the two incipient species. This idea came to be known as the Wallace effect, later called reinforcement. Wallace had suggested to Darwin that natural selection could play a role in preventing hybridisation in private correspondence as early as 1868, but had not worked it out to this level of detail. It continues to be a topic of research in evolutionary biology today, with both computer simulation and empirical results supporting its validity.
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Application of theory to humans, and role of teleology in evolution
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Application of theory to humans, and role of teleology in evolution
thumb|left|upright|An illustration from the chapter on the application of natural selection to humans in Wallace's 1889 book Darwinism shows a chimpanzee.|alt=illustration of a chimpanzee from one of Wallace's books
In 1864, Wallace published a paper, "The Origin of Human Races and the Antiquity of Man Deduced from the Theory of 'Natural Selection, applying the theory to humankind. Darwin had not yet publicly addressed the subject, although Thomas Huxley had in Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature. Wallace explained the apparent stability of the human stock by pointing to the vast gap in cranial capacities between humans and the great apes. Unlike some other Darwinists, including Darwin himself, he did not "regard modern primitives as almost filling the gap between man and ape". He saw the evolution of humans in two stages: achieving a bipedal posture that freed the hands to carry out the dictates of the brain, and the "recognition of the human brain as a totally new factor in the history of life". Wallace seems to have been the first evolutionist to see that the human brain effectively made further specialisation of the body unnecessary. Wallace wrote the paper for the Anthropological Society of London to address the debate between the supporters of monogenism, the belief that all human races shared a common ancestor and were one species, and the supporters of polygenism, who held that different races had separate origins and were different species. Wallace's anthropological observations of Native Americans in the Amazon, and especially his time living among the Dayak people of Borneo, had convinced him that human beings were a single species with a common ancestor. He still felt that natural selection might have continued to act on mental faculties after the development of the different races; and he did not dispute the nearly universal view among European anthropologists of the time that Europeans were intellectually superior to other races. According to political scientist Adam Jones, "Wallace found little difficulty in reconciling the extermination of native peoples with his progressive political views". In 1864, in the aforementioned paper, he stated "It is the same great law of the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life, which leads to the inevitable extinction of all those low and mentally undeveloped populations with which Europeans come in contact." He argued that the natives die out due to an unequal struggle.
Shortly afterwards, Wallace became a spiritualist. At about the same time, he began to maintain that natural selection could not account for mathematical, artistic, or musical genius, metaphysical musings, or wit and humour. He stated that something in "the unseen universe of Spirit" had interceded at least three times in history: the creation of life from inorganic matter; the introduction of consciousness in the higher animals; and the generation of the higher mental faculties in humankind. He believed that the raison d'Γͺtre of the universe was the development of the human spirit.
While some historians have concluded that Wallace's belief that natural selection was insufficient to explain the development of consciousness and the higher functions of the human mind was directly caused by his adoption of spiritualism, other scholars have disagreed, and some maintain that Wallace never believed natural selection applied to those areas. Reaction to Wallace's ideas on this topic among leading naturalists at the time varied. Lyell endorsed Wallace's views on human evolution rather than Darwin's. Wallace's belief that human consciousness could not be entirely a product of purely material causes was shared by a number of prominent intellectuals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. All the same, many, including Huxley, Hooker, and Darwin himself, were critical of Wallace's views.
As the historian of science and sceptic Michael Shermer has stated, Wallace's views in this area were at odds with two major tenets of the emerging Darwinian philosophy. These were that evolution was not teleological (purpose-driven), and that it was not anthropocentric (human-centred). Much later in his life Wallace returned to these themes, that evolution suggested that the universe might have a purpose, and that certain aspects of living organisms might not be explainable in terms of purely materialistic processes. He set out his ideas in a 1909 magazine article entitled The World of Life, later expanded into a book of the same name. Shermer commented that this anticipated ideas about design in nature and directed evolution that would arise from religious traditions throughout the 20th century.
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Assessment of Wallace's role in history of evolutionary theory
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Assessment of Wallace's role in history of evolutionary theory
In many accounts of the development of evolutionary theory, Wallace is mentioned only in passing as simply being the stimulus to the publication of Darwin's own theory. In reality, Wallace developed his own distinct evolutionary views which diverged from Darwin's, and was considered by many (especially Darwin) to be a leading thinker on evolution in his day, whose ideas could not be ignored. One historian of science has pointed out that, through both private correspondence and published works, Darwin and Wallace exchanged knowledge and stimulated each other's ideas and theories over an extended period. Wallace is the most-cited naturalist in Darwin's Descent of Man, occasionally in strong disagreement. Darwin and Wallace agreed on the importance of natural selection, and some of the factors responsible for it: competition between species and geographical isolation. But Wallace believed that evolution had a purpose ("teleology") in maintaining species' fitness to their environment, whereas Darwin hesitated to attribute any purpose to a random natural process. Scientific discoveries since the 19th century support Darwin's viewpoint, by identifying additional mechanisms and triggers such as mutations triggered by environmental radiation or mutagenic chemicals. Wallace remained an ardent defender of natural selection for the rest of his life. By the 1880s, evolution was widely accepted in scientific circles, but natural selection less so. Wallace's 1889 Darwinism was a response to the scientific critics of natural selection. Of all Wallace's books, it is the most cited by scholarly publications.
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Other scientific contributions
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Other scientific contributions
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Biogeography and ecology
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Biogeography and ecology
thumb|upright=1.5|A map of the world from The Geographical Distribution of Animals shows Wallace's six biogeographical regions.|alt=map of the world divided into Wallace's six biogeographical regions
In 1872, at the urging of many of his friends, including Darwin, Philip Sclater, and Alfred Newton, Wallace began research for a general review of the geographic distribution of animals. Initial progress was slow, in part because classification systems for many types of animals were in flux. He resumed the work in earnest in 1874 after the publication of a number of new works on classification. Extending the system developed by Sclater for birdsβwhich divided the earth into six separate geographic regions for describing species distributionβto cover mammals, reptiles and insects as well, Wallace created the basis for the zoogeographic regions in use today. He discussed the factors then known to influence the current and past geographic distribution of animals within each geographic region.
These factors included the effects of the appearance and disappearance of land bridges (such as the one currently connecting North America and South America) and the effects of periods of increased glaciation. He provided maps showing factors, such as elevation of mountains, depths of oceans, and the character of regional vegetation, that affected the distribution of animals. He summarised all the known families and genera of the higher animals and listed their known geographic distributions. The text was organised so that it would be easy for a traveller to learn what animals could be found in a particular location. The resulting two-volume work, The Geographical Distribution of Animals, was published in 1876 and served as the definitive text on zoogeography for the next 80 years.
The book included evidence from the fossil record to discuss the processes of evolution and migration that had led to the geographical distribution of modern species. For example, he discussed how fossil evidence showed that tapirs had originated in the Northern Hemisphere, migrating between North America and Eurasia and then, much more recently, to South America after which the northern species became extinct, leaving the modern distribution of two isolated groups of tapir species in South America and Southeast Asia. Wallace was very aware of, and interested in, the mass extinction of megafauna in the late Pleistocene. In The Geographical Distribution of Animals (1876) he wrote, "We live in a zoologically impoverished world, from which all the hugest, and fiercest, and strangest forms have recently disappeared". He added that he believed the most likely cause for the rapid extinctions was glaciation, but by the time he wrote World of Life (1911) he had come to believe those extinctions were "due to man's agency".
thumb|left|upright=1.7|The line separating the Indo-Malayan and the Austro-Malayan region in Wallace's On the Physical Geography of the Malay Archipelago (1863)|alt=map of Southeast Asia showing the Wallace line
In 1880, Wallace published the book Island Life as a sequel to The Geographical Distribution of Animals. It surveyed the distribution of both animal and plant species on islands. Wallace classified islands into oceanic and two types of continental islands. Oceanic islands, in his view, such as the Galapagos and Hawaiian Islands (then called Sandwich Islands) formed in mid-ocean and never part of any large continent. Such islands were characterised by a complete lack of terrestrial mammals and amphibians, and their inhabitants (except migratory birds and species introduced by humans) were typically the result of accidental colonisation and subsequent evolution. Continental islands, in his scheme, were divided into those that were recently separated from a continent (like Britain) and those much less recently (like Madagascar). Wallace discussed how that difference affected flora and fauna. He discussed how isolation affected evolution and how that could result in the preservation of classes of animals, such as the lemurs of Madagascar that were remnants of once widespread continental faunas. He extensively discussed how changes of climate, particularly periods of increased glaciation, may have affected the distribution of flora and fauna on some islands, and the first portion of the book discusses possible causes of these great ice ages. Island Life was considered a very important work at the time of its publication. It was discussed extensively in scientific circles both in published reviews and in private correspondence.
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Environmentalism
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Environmentalism
Wallace's extensive work in biogeography made him aware of the impact of human activities on the natural world. In Tropical Nature and Other Essays (1878), he warned about the dangers of deforestation and soil erosion, especially in tropical climates prone to heavy rainfall. Noting the complex interactions between vegetation and climate, he warned that the extensive clearing of rainforest for coffee cultivation in Ceylon (now called Sri Lanka) and India would adversely impact the climate in those countries and lead to their impoverishment due to soil erosion. In Island Life, Wallace again mentioned deforestation and invasive species. On the impact of European colonisation on the island of Saint Helena, he wrote that the island was "now so barren and forbidding that some persons find it difficult to believe that it was once all green and fertile". He explained that the soil was protected by the island's vegetation; once that was destroyed, the soil was washed off the steep slopes by heavy tropical rain, leaving "bare rock or sterile clay". He attributed the "irreparable destruction" to feral goats, introduced in 1513. The island's forests were further damaged by the "reckless waste" of the East India Company from 1651, which used the bark of valuable redwood and ebony trees for tanning, leaving the wood to rot unused. Wallace's comments on environment grew more urgent later in his career. In The World of Life (1911) he wrote that people should view nature "as invested with a certain sanctity, to be used by us but not abused, and never to be recklessly destroyed or defaced."
alt=Title page to Man's Place in the Universe (1903)|thumb|229x229px|Title page to Man's Place in the Universe (1903)
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Astrobiology
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Astrobiology
Wallace's 1904 book Man's Place in the Universe was the first serious attempt by a biologist to evaluate the likelihood of life on other planets. He concluded that the Earth was the only planet in the Solar System that could possibly support life, mainly because it was the only one in which water could exist in the liquid phase. His treatment of Mars in this book was brief, and in 1907, Wallace returned to the subject with the book Is Mars Habitable? to criticise the claims made by the American astronomer Percival Lowell that there were Martian canals built by intelligent beings. Wallace did months of research, consulted various experts, and produced his own scientific analysis of the Martian climate and atmospheric conditions. He pointed out that spectroscopic analysis had shown no signs of water vapour in the Martian atmosphere, that Lowell's analysis of Mars's climate badly overestimated the surface temperature, and that low atmospheric pressure would make liquid water, let alone a planet-girding irrigation system, impossible. Richard Milner comments that Wallace "effectively debunked Lowell's illusionary network of Martian canals." Wallace became interested in the topic because his anthropocentric philosophy inclined him to believe that man would be unique in the universe.
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Other activities
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Other activities
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Spiritualism<!--linked from 'Spiritualism (philosophy)'-->
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Spiritualism
Wallace was an enthusiast of phrenology. Early in his career, he experimented with hypnosis, then known as mesmerism, managing to hypnotise some of his students in Leicester. When he began these experiments, the topic was very controversial: early experimenters, such as John Elliotson, had been harshly criticised by the medical and scientific establishment. Wallace drew a connection between his experiences with mesmerism and spiritualism, arguing that one should not deny observations on "a priori grounds of absurdity or impossibility".
thumb|upright|Spirit photograph taken by Frederick Hudson of Wallace and his late mother in 1882; he may have used double exposure.|alt=a purported spirit photograph of Wallace and his late mother as if together
Wallace began investigating spiritualism in the summer of 1865, possibly at the urging of his older sister Fanny Sims. After reviewing the literature and attempting to test what he witnessed at sΓ©ances, he came to believe in it. For the rest of his life, he remained convinced that at least some sΓ©ance phenomena were genuine, despite accusations of fraud and evidence of trickery. One biographer suggested that the emotional shock when his first fiancΓ©e broke their engagement contributed to his receptiveness to spiritualism. Other scholars have emphasised his desire to find scientific explanations for all phenomena. In 1874, Wallace visited the spirit photographer Frederick Hudson. He declared that a photograph of him with his deceased mother was genuine. Others reached a different conclusion: Hudson's photographs had previously been exposed as fraudulent in 1872.
Wallace's public advocacy of spiritualism and his repeated defence of spiritualist mediums against allegations of fraud in the 1870s damaged his scientific reputation. In 1875 he published the evidence he believed proved his position in On Miracles and Modern Spiritualism. His attitude permanently strained his relationships with previously friendly scientists such as Henry Bates, Thomas Huxley, and even Darwin. See Wallace's letters dated 22 November and 1 December 1866 to Thomas Huxley, and Huxley's reply that he was not interested. Others, such as the physiologist William Benjamin Carpenter and zoologist E. Ray Lankester became publicly hostile to Wallace over the issue. Wallace was heavily criticised by the press; The Lancet was particularly harsh. When, in 1879, Darwin first tried to rally support among naturalists to get a civil pension awarded to Wallace, Joseph Hooker responded that "Wallace has lost caste considerably, not only by his adhesion to Spiritualism, but by the fact of his having deliberately and against the whole voice of the committee of his section of the British Association, brought about a discussion on Spiritualism at one of its sectional meetingsΒ ... This he is said to have done in an underhanded manner, and I well remember the indignation it gave rise to in the B.A. Council." Hooker eventually relented and agreed to support the pension request.
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Flat Earth wager
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Flat Earth wager
In 1870, a flat-Earth proponent named John Hampden offered a Β£500 wager (roughly ) in a magazine advertisement to anyone who could demonstrate a convex curvature in a body of water such as a river, canal, or lake. Wallace, intrigued by the challenge and short of money at the time, designed an experiment in which he set up two objects along a stretch of canal. Both objects were at the same height above the water, and he mounted a telescope on a bridge at the same height above the water as well. When seen through the telescope, one object appeared higher than the other, showing the curvature of the Earth. The judge for the wager, the editor of Field magazine, declared Wallace the winner, but Hampden refused to accept the result. He sued Wallace and launched a campaign, which persisted for several years, of writing letters to various publications and to organisations of which Wallace was a member denouncing him as a swindler and a thief. Wallace won multiple libel suits against Hampden, but the resulting litigation cost Wallace more than the amount of the wager, and the controversy frustrated him for years.
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Anti-vaccination campaign
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Anti-vaccination campaign
In the early 1880s, Wallace joined the debate over mandatory smallpox vaccination. Wallace originally saw the issue as a matter of personal liberty; but, after studying statistics provided by anti-vaccination activists, he began to question the efficacy of vaccination. At the time, the germ theory of disease was new and far from universally accepted. Moreover, no one knew enough about the human immune system to understand why vaccination worked. Wallace discovered instances where supporters of vaccination had used questionable, in a few cases completely false, statistics to support their arguments. Always suspicious of authority, Wallace suspected that physicians had a vested interest in promoting vaccination, and became convinced that reductions in the incidence of smallpox that had been attributed to vaccination were due to better hygiene and improvements in public sanitation.
Another factor in Wallace's thinking was his belief that, because of the action of natural selection, organisms were in a state of balance with their environment, and that everything in nature, served a useful purpose. Wallace pointed out that vaccination, which at the time was often unsanitary, could be dangerous.
In 1890, Wallace gave evidence to a Royal Commission investigating the controversy. It found errors in his testimony, including some questionable statistics. The Lancet averred that Wallace and other activists were being selective in their choice of statistics. The commission found that smallpox vaccination was effective and should remain compulsory, though they recommended some changes in procedures to improve safety, and that the penalties for people who refused to comply be made less severe. Years later, in 1898, Wallace wrote a pamphlet, Vaccination a Delusion; Its Penal Enforcement a Crime, attacking the commission's findings. It, in turn, was attacked by The Lancet, which stated that it repeated many of the same errors as his evidence given to the commission.
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Legacy and historical perception
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Legacy and historical perception
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Honours
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Honours
thumb|left|upright|Wallace and his signature on the frontispiece of Darwinism (1889)|alt=frontispiece of one of Wallace's books
As a result of his writing, Wallace became a well-known figure both as a scientist and as a social activist, and was often sought out for his views. He became president of the anthropology section of the British Association in 1866, and of the Entomological Society of London in 1870. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1873. The British Association elected him as head of its biology section in 1876. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1893. He was asked to chair the International Congress of Spiritualists meeting in London in 1898. He received honorary doctorates and professional honours, such the Royal Society's Royal Medal in 1868 and its Darwin Medal in 1890, and the Order of Merit in 1908.
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Obscurity and rehabilitation
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Obscurity and rehabilitation
Wallace's fame faded quickly after his death. For a long time, he was treated as a relatively obscure figure in the history of science. Reasons for this lack of attention may have included his modesty, his willingness to champion unpopular causes without regard for his own reputation, and the discomfort of much of the scientific community with some of his unconventional ideas. The reason that the theory of evolution is popularly credited to Darwin is likely the impact of Darwin's On the Origin of Species.
Recently, Wallace has become better known, with the publication of at least five book-length biographies and two anthologies of his writings published since 2000. A web page dedicated to Wallace scholarship is maintained at Western Kentucky University.
In a 2010 book, the environmentalist Tim Flannery argued that Wallace was "the first modern scientist to comprehend how essential cooperation is to our survival", and suggested that Wallace's understanding of natural selection and his later work on the atmosphere should be seen as a forerunner to modern ecological thinking. A collection of his medals, including the Order of Merit, were sold at auction for Β£273,000 in 2022.
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Centenary celebrations
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Centenary celebrations
thumb|upright|Anthony Smith's statue of Wallace, looking up at a bronze model of a Wallace's golden birdwing butterfly. Natural History Museum, London, unveiled 7 November 2013.|alt=photograph of a statue of Wallace in London
The Natural History Museum, London, co-ordinated commemorative events for the Wallace centenary worldwide in the 'Wallace100' project in 2013. On 24 January, his portrait was unveiled in the Main Hall of the museum by Bill Bailey, a fervent admirer."Alfred Russel Wallace, the forgotten man of evolution, gets his moment" The Guardian. Retrieved 3 May 2013. Bailey further championed Wallace in his 2013 BBC Two series "Bill Bailey's Jungle Hero".Bill Bailey's Jungle Hero: An audience with the sultan" BBC TV Blog. Retrieved 3 May 2013. On 7 November 2013, the 100th anniversary of Wallace's death, Sir David Attenborough unveiled a statue of Wallace at the museum.Natural History Museum: David Attenborough unveils Wallace Statue . Retrieved 13 November 2013. The statue, sculpted by Anthony Smith, was donated by the A. R. Wallace Memorial Fund."Bronze statue of Wallace" . Retrieved 10 January 2014. It depicts Wallace as a young man, collecting in the jungle. November 2013 marked the debut of The Animated Life of A. R. Wallace, a paper-puppet animation film dedicated to Wallace's centennial. In addition, Bailey unveiled a bust of Wallace, sculpted by Felicity Crawley, in Twyn Square in Usk, Monmouthshire in November 2021.
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Bicentenary celebrations
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Bicentenary celebrations
Commemorations of the 200th anniversary of Wallace's birth celebrated during the course of 2023 range from naturalist walk events to scientific congresses and presentations. A Harvard Museum of Natural History event in April 2023 will also include a mixologist-designed special cocktail to honor Wallace's legacy.
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Memorials
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Memorials
Mount Wallace in California's Sierra Nevada mountain range was named in his honour in 1895.Browning, Peter, Place Names of the Sierra Nevada From Abbot to Zumwalt, 1986, Wilderness Press, . In 1928, a house at Richard Hale School (then called Hertford Grammar School, where he had been a pupil) was named after Wallace. The Alfred Russel Wallace building is a prominent feature of the Glyntaff campus at the University of South Wales, by Pontypridd, with several teaching spaces and laboratories for science courses. The Natural Sciences Building at Swansea University and lecture theatre at Cardiff University are named after him, as are impact craters on Mars and the Moon. In 1986, the Royal Entomological Society mounted a year-long expedition to the Dumoga-Bone National Park in North Sulawesi named Project Wallace. A group of Indonesian islands is known as the Wallacea biogeographical region in his honour, and Operation Wallacea, named after the region, awards "Alfred Russel Wallace Grants" to undergraduate ecology students. Several hundred species of plants and animals, both living and fossil, have been named after Wallace, such as the gecko Cyrtodactylus wallacei,Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. . ("Wallace", p. 279). and the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon wallacei. More recently, several new species have been named during the bicentenary year of Wallace's birth, including a large spider from Peru, Linothele wallacei Sherwood et al., 2023 and a South African weevil, Nama wallacei Meregalli & Borovec, 2023.
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Writings
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Writings
Wallace was a prolific author. In 2002, historian of science Michael Shermer published a quantitative analysis of Wallace's publications. He found that Wallace had published 22 full-length books and at least 747 shorter pieces, 508 of which were scientific papers (191 of them published in Nature). He further broke down the 747 short pieces by their primary subjects: 29% were on biogeography and natural history, 27% were on evolutionary theory, 25% were social commentary, 12% were on anthropology, and 7% were on spiritualism and phrenology. An online bibliography of Wallace's writings has more than 750 entries.
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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References
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References
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Notes
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Notes
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Citations
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Citations
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Sources
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Sources
Vol. 1
. Vol. 2
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Further reading
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Further reading
There is an extensive literature on Wallace. Recent books on him include:
Vol. 2 (Parts III β VII) (Project Gutenberg). London: Cassell and Company. Published in a single volume by Harper & Brothers Publishers, New York and London, June 1916.
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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External links
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External links
The Alfred Russel Wallace Website by George Beccaloni
Alfred Russel Wallace at Western Kentucky University
The Alfred Russel Wallace Correspondence Project
Wallace Online, ed. John van Wyhe β The first complete online edition of the writings of Alfred Russel Wallace
Great Lives β Bill Bailey on his hero Alfred Russel Wallace on BBC Radio 4
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Table of Content
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Short description, Biography, Early life, Exploration and study of the natural world, Return to Britain, marriage and children, Financial struggles, Social activism, Further scientific work, Death, Theory of evolution, Early evolutionary thinking, Natural selection and Darwin, Defence of Darwin and his ideas, Differences between Darwin and Wallace, Warning coloration and sexual selection, Wallace effect, Application of theory to humans, and role of teleology in evolution, Assessment of Wallace's role in history of evolutionary theory, Other scientific contributions, Biogeography and ecology, Environmentalism, Astrobiology, Other activities, Spiritualism<!--linked from 'Spiritualism (philosophy)'-->, Flat Earth wager, Anti-vaccination campaign, Legacy and historical perception, Honours, Obscurity and rehabilitation, Centenary celebrations, Bicentenary celebrations, Memorials, Writings, References, Notes, Citations, Sources, Further reading, External links
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Australian Labor Party
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Short description
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The Australian Labor Party (ALP), also known simply as the Labor Party, or just Labor, is the major centre-left political party in Australia and one of two major parties in Australian politics, along with the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia. The party has been in government since the 2022 federal election, and with political branches active in all the Australian states and territories, they currently hold government in New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, and the Australian Capital Territory. As of 2025, Queensland, Tasmania and Northern Territory are the only states or territories where Labor currently forms the opposition. It is the oldest continuously operating political party in Australian history, having been established on 8 May 1901 at Parliament House, Melbourne; the meeting place of the first Federal Parliament.
The ALP is descended from the labour parties founded in the various Australian colonies by the emerging labour movement. Colonial Labour parties contested seats from 1891, and began contesting federal seats following Federation at the 1901 federal election. In 1904, the ALP briefly formed what is considered the world's first labour party government and the world's first democratic socialist or social democratic government at a national level. At the 1910 federal election, Labor became the first party in Australia to win a majority in either house of the Australian parliament. In every election since 1910 Labor has either served as the governing party or the opposition. There have been 13 Labor prime ministers and 10 periods of federal Labor governments, including under Billy Hughes from 1915 to 1916, James Scullin from 1929 to 1932, John Curtin from 1941 to 1945, Ben Chifley from 1945 to 1949, Gough Whitlam from 1972 to 1975, Bob Hawke from 1983 to 1991, Paul Keating from 1991 to 1996, Kevin Rudd from 2007 to 2010 and 2013, and Julia Gillard from 2010 to 2013.
The Labor Party is often called the party of unions due to its close ties to the labour movement in Australia and historical founding by trade unions, with the majority of Australian trade unions being affiliated with the Labor Party. The party's structure allocates 50% of delegate representation at state and national conferences to affiliated unions, with the remaining 50% to rank-and-file party members. At the federal and state/colony level, the Australian Labor Party predates both the British Labour Party and the New Zealand Labour Party in party formation, government, and policy implementation. Internationally, the ALP is a member of the Progressive Alliance, a network of progressive, democratic socialist and social democratic parties, having previously been a member of the Socialist International.
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Australian Labor Party
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Name and spelling
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Name and spelling
In standard Australian English, the word labour is spelt with a u. However, the political party uses the spelling Labor, without a u. There was originally no standardised spelling of the party's name, with Labor and Labour both in common usage. According to Ross McMullin, who wrote an official history of the Labor Party, the title page of the proceedings of the Federal Conference used the spelling "Labor in 1902, "Labour" in 1905 and 1908, and then "Labor" from 1912 onwards. In 1908, James Catts put forward a motion at the Federal Conference that "the name of the party be the Australian Labour Party", which was carried by 22 votes to 2. A separate motion recommending state branches adopt the name was defeated. There was no uniformity of party names until 1918 when the Federal party resolved that state branches should adopt the name "Australian Labor Party", now spelt without a u. Each state branch had previously used a different name, due to their different origins.
Although the ALP officially adopted the spelling without a u, it took decades for the official spelling to achieve widespread acceptance. According to McMullin, "the way the spelling of 'Labor Party' was consolidated had more to do with the chap who ended up being in charge of printing the federal conference report than any other reason". Some sources have attributed the official choice of Labor to influence from King O'Malley, who was born in the United States and was reputedly an advocate of English-language spelling reform; the spelling without a u is the standard form in American English.
Andrew Scott, who wrote "Running on Empty: 'Modernising' the British and Australian Labour Parties", suggests that the adoption of the spelling without a u "signified one of the ALP's earliest attempts at modernisation", and served the purpose of differentiating the party from the Australian labour movement as a whole and distinguishing it from other British Empire labour parties. The decision to include the word "Australian" in the party's name, rather than just "Labour Party" as in the United Kingdom, Scott attributes to "the greater importance of nationalism for the founders of the colonial parties".
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Australian Labor Party
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History
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History
thumb|left|Anderson Dawson's ministry leaving Parliament House, Brisbane, after being sworn in on 1 December 1899. His was the first government formed by a Labour party in the world
The Australian Labor Party has its origins in the Labour parties founded in the 1890s in the Australian colonies prior to federation. Labor tradition ascribes the founding of Queensland Labour to a meeting of striking pastoral workers under a ghost gum tree (the Tree of Knowledge) in Barcaldine, Queensland in 1891. The 1891 shearers' strike is credited as being one of the factors for the formation of the Australian Labor Party. On 9 September 1892 the Manifesto of the Queensland Labour Party was read out under the well known Tree of Knowledge at Barcaldine following the Great Shearers' Strike. The State Library of Queensland now holds the manifesto; in 2008 the historic document was added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Australian RegisterΒ and, in 2009, the document was added to UNESCO's Memory of the World International Register. The Balmain, New South Wales branch of the party claims to be the oldest in Australia. However, the Scone Branch has a receipt for membership fees for the Labour Electoral League dated April 1891. This predates the Balmain claim. This can be attested in the Centenary of the ALP book. Labour as a parliamentary party dates from 1891 in New South Wales and South Australia, 1893 in Queensland, and later in the other colonies.
The first election contested by Labour candidates was the 1891 New South Wales election, when Labour candidates (then called the Labor Electoral League of New South Wales) won 35 of 141 seats. The major parties were the Protectionist and Free Trade parties and Labour held the balance of power. It offered parliamentary support in exchange for policy concessions. The United Labor Party (ULP) of South Australia was founded in 1891, and three candidates were that year elected to the South Australian Legislative Council. The first successful South Australian House of Assembly candidate was John McPherson at the 1892 East Adelaide by-election. Richard Hooper however was elected as an Independent Labor candidate at the 1891 Wallaroo by-election, while he was the first labor member of the House of Assembly he was not a member of the newly formed ULP.
At the 1893 South Australian elections, the ULP was immediately elevated to balance of power status with 10 of 54 lower house seats. The liberal government of Charles Kingston was formed with the support of the ULP, ousting the conservative government of John Downer. So successful, less than a decade later at the 1905 state election, Thomas Price formed the world's first stable Labor government. John Verran led Labor to form the state's first of many majority governments at the 1910 state election.
In 1899, Anderson Dawson formed a minority Labour government in Queensland, the first in the world, which lasted one week while the conservatives regrouped after a split.
The colonial Labour parties and the trade unions were mixed in their support for the Federation of Australia. Some Labour representatives argued against the proposed constitution, claiming that the Senate as proposed was too powerful, similar to the anti-reformist colonial upper houses and the British House of Lords. They feared that federation would further entrench the power of the conservative forces. However, the first Labour leader and Prime Minister Chris Watson was a supporter of federation.
Historian Celia Hamilton, examining New South Wales, argues for the central role of Irish Catholics. Before 1890, they opposed Henry Parkes, the main Liberal leader, and of free trade, seeing them both as the ideals of Protestant Englishmen who represented landholding and large business interests. In the strike of 1890 the leading Catholic, Sydney's Archbishop Patrick Francis Moran was sympathetic toward unions, but Catholic newspapers were negative. After 1900, says Hamilton, Irish Catholics were drawn to the Labour Party because its stress on equality and social welfare fitted with their status as manual labourers and small farmers. In the 1910 elections Labour gained in the more Catholic areas and the representation of Catholics increased in Labour's parliamentary ranks.Celia Hamilton, "Irish-Catholics of New South Wales and the Labor Party, 1890β1910." Historical Studies: Australia & New Zealand (1958) 8#31: 254β267.
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Australian Labor Party
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Early decades at the federal level
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Early decades at the federal level
thumb|Group photograph of federal Labour Party MPs elected to the House of Representatives and Senate at the inaugural 1901 election
The federal parliament in 1901 was contested by each state Labour Party. In total, they won 15 of the 75 seats in the House of Representatives, collectively holding the balance of power, and the Labour members now met as the Federal Parliamentary Labour Party (informally known as the caucus) on 8 May 1901 at Parliament House, Melbourne, the meeting place of the first federal Parliament. The caucus decided to support the incumbent Protectionist Party in minority government, while the Free Trade Party formed the opposition. It was some years before there was any significant structure or organisation at a national level. Labour under Chris Watson doubled its vote at the 1903 federal election and continued to hold the balance of power. In April 1904, however, Watson and Alfred Deakin fell out over the issue of extending the scope of industrial relations laws concerning the Conciliation and Arbitration bill to cover state public servants, the fallout causing Deakin to resign. Free Trade leader George Reid declined to take office, which saw Watson become the first Labour Prime Minister of Australia, and the world's first Labour head of government at a national level (Anderson Dawson had led a short-lived Labour government in Queensland in December 1899), though his was a minority government that lasted only four months. He was aged only 37, and is still the youngest prime minister in Australia's history.
George Reid of the Free Trade Party adopted a strategy of trying to reorient the party system along Labour vs. non-Labour lines prior to the 1906 federal election and renamed his Free Trade Party to the Anti-Socialist Party. Reid envisaged a spectrum running from socialist to anti-socialist, with the Protectionist Party in the middle. This attempt struck a chord with politicians who were steeped in the Westminster tradition and regarded a two-party system as very much the norm.
Although Watson led the party to a plurality victory (though not government, thanks to the union of Free Traders and Protectionists) in 1906, he stepped down from the leadership the following year, to be succeeded by Andrew Fisher's minority government for seven months until it fell in June 1909. At the 1910 federal election, Fisher led Labor to victory, forming Australia's first elected federal majority government, Australia's first elected Senate majority, the world's first Labour Party majority government at a national level, and after the 1904 Chris Watson minority government the world's second Labour Party government at a national level. It was the first time a Labour Party had controlled any house of a legislature, and the first time the party controlled both houses of a bicameral legislature. The state branches were also successful, except in Victoria, where the strength of Deakinite liberalism inhibited the party's growth. The state branches formed their first majority governments in New South Wales and South Australia in 1910, Western Australia in 1911, Queensland in 1915 and Tasmania in 1925. Such success eluded the other Commonwealth Labour parties for another decade; the Labour Party in Great Britain would not form even a minority government until 1929, and would have to wait another sixteen years to win a majority in its own right. Even in neighboring New Zealand, Labour would not take power until 1935. In Canada, a national labour party was not even formed until 1932 and never formed government.
Analysis of the early NSW Labor caucus reveals "a band of unhappy amateurs", made up of blue collar workers, a squatter, a doctor, and even a mine owner, indicating that the idea that only the socialist working class formed Labor is untrue. In addition, many members from the working class supported the liberal notion of free trade between the colonies; in the first grouping of state MPs, 17 of the 35 were free-traders.
In the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Revolution of 1917, support for socialism grew in trade union ranks, and at the 1921 All-Australian Trades Union Congress a resolution was passed calling for "the socialisation of industry, production, distribution and exchange". The 1922 Labor Party National Conference adopted a similarly worded socialist objective which remained official policy for many years. The resolution was immediately qualified, however, by the Blackburn amendment, which said that "socialisation" was desirable only when was necessary to "eliminate exploitation and other anti-social features". Only once has a federal Labor government attempted to nationalise any industry (Ben Chifley's bank nationalisation of 1947), and that was held by the High Court to be unconstitutional. The commitment to nationalisation was dropped by Gough Whitlam, and Bob Hawke's government carried out the floating of the dollar. privatisation of state enterprises such as Qantas airways and the Commonwealth Bank was carried out by the Paul Keating government.
The Labor Party is commonly described as a social democratic party, and its constitution stipulates that it is a democratic socialist party. The party was created by, and has always been influenced by, the trade unions, and in practice its policy at any given time has usually been the policy of the broader labour movement. Thus at the first federal election 1901 Labor's platform called for a White Australia policy, a citizen army and compulsory arbitration of industrial disputes. Labor has at various times supported high tariffs and low tariffs, conscription and pacifism, White Australia and multiculturalism, nationalisation and privatisation, isolationism and internationalism.
From 1900 to 1940, Labor and its affiliated unions were strong defenders of the White Australia policy, which banned all non-European migration to Australia. This policy was motivated by fears of economic competition from low-wage overseas workers which was shared by the vast majority of Australians and all major political parties. In practice the Labor party opposed all migration, on the grounds that immigrants competed with Australian workers and drove down wages, until after World War II, when the Chifley government launched a major immigration program. The party's opposition to non-European immigration did not change until after the retirement of Arthur Calwell as leader in 1967. Subsequently, Labor has become an advocate of multiculturalism.
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Australian Labor Party
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World War II and beyond
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World War II and beyond
The Curtin and Chifley governments governed Australia through the latter half of the Second World War and initial stages of transition to peace. Labor leader John Curtin became prime minister in October 1941 when two independents crossed the floor of Parliament. Labor, led by Curtin, then led Australia through the years of the Pacific War. In December 1941, Curtin announced that "Australia looks to America, free of any pangs as to our traditional links or kinship with the United Kingdom", thus helping to establish the Australian-American alliance (later formalised as ANZUS by the Menzies Government). Remembered as a strong war time leader and for a landslide win at the 1943 federal election, Curtin died in office just prior to the end of the war and was succeeded by Ben Chifley. Chifley Labor won the 1946 federal election and oversaw Australia's initial transition to a peacetime economy.
Labor was defeated at the 1949 federal election. At the conference of the New South Wales Labor Party in June 1949, Chifley sought to define the labour movement as follows: "We have a great objective β the light on the hill β which we aim to reach by working for the betterment of mankind.... [Labor would] bring something better to the people, better standards of living, greater happiness to the mass of the people."
To a large extent, Chifley saw centralisation of the economy as the means to achieve such ambitions. With an increasingly uncertain economic outlook, after his attempt to nationalise the banks and a strike by the Communist-dominated Miners' Federation, Chifley lost office in 1949 to Robert Menzies' Liberal-National Coalition. Labor commenced a 23-year period in opposition. The party was primarily led during this time by H. V. Evatt and Arthur Calwell.
thumb|Labor Party policy launch before a crowd in the Sydney Domain on 24 November 1975.
Various ideological beliefs were factionalised under reforms to the ALP under Gough Whitlam, resulting in what is now known as the Socialist Left who tend to favour a more interventionist economic policy and more socially progressive ideals, and Labor Right, the now dominant faction that tends to be more economically liberal and focus to a lesser extent on social issues. The Whitlam Labor government, marking a break with Labor's socialist tradition, pursued social democratic policies rather than democratic socialist policies. In contrast to earlier Labor leaders, Whitlam also cut tariffs by 25 percent. Whitlam led the Federal Labor Party back to office at the 1972 and 1974 federal elections, and passed a large amount of legislation. The Whitlam government lost office following the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis and dismissal by Governor-General John Kerr after the Coalition blocked supply in the Senate after a series of political scandals, and was defeated at the 1975 federal election in the largest landslide of Australian federal history. Whitlam remains the only Prime Minister to have his commission terminated in that manner. Whitlam also lost the 1977 federal election and subsequently resigned as leader.
Bill Hayden succeeded Whitlam as leader. At the 1980 federal election, the party achieved a big swing, though the unevenness of the swing around the nation prevented an ALP victory. In 1983, Bob Hawke became leader of the party after Hayden resigned to avoid a leadership spill.
Bob Hawke led Labor back to office at the 1983 federal election and the party won four consecutive elections under Hawke. In December 1991 Paul Keating defeated Bob Hawke in a leadership spill. The ALP then won the 1993 federal election. It was in power for five terms over 13 years, until severely defeated by John Howard at the 1996 federal election. This was the longest period the party has ever been in government at the national level.
Kim Beazley led the party to the 1998 federal election, winning 51 percent of the two-party-preferred vote but falling short on seats, and the ALP lost ground at the 2001 federal election. After a brief period when Simon Crean served as ALP leader, Mark Latham led Labor to the 2004 federal election but lost further ground. Beazley replaced Latham in 2005; not long afterwards he in turn was forced out of the leadership by Kevin Rudd.
Rudd went on to defeat John Howard at the 2007 federal election with 52.7 percent of the two-party vote (Howard became the first prime minister since Stanley Melbourne Bruce to lose not just the election but his own parliamentary seat). The Rudd government ended prior to the 2010 federal election with the overthrow of Rudd as leader of the party by deputy leader Julia Gillard. Gillard, who was also the first woman to serve as prime minister of Australia, remained prime minister in a hung parliament following the election. Her government lasted until 2013, when Gillard lost a leadership spill, with Rudd becoming leader once again. Later that year the ALP lost the 2013 election.
After this defeat, Bill Shorten became leader of the party. The party narrowly lost the 2016 election, yet gained 14 seats. It remained in opposition after the 2019 election, despite having been ahead in opinion polls for the preceding two years. The party lost in 2019 some of the seats which it had won back in 2016. After the 2019 defeat, Shorten resigned from the leadership, though he remained in parliament. Anthony Albanese was elected as leader unopposed and led the party to victory in the 2022 election, and became the new prime minister.
Between the 2007 federal election and the 2008 Western Australian state election, Labor was in government nationally and in all eight state and territory parliaments. This was the first time any single party or any coalition had achieved this since the ACT and the NT gained self-government.In 1969β1970, before the ACT and NT achieved self-government, the Liberal and National Coalition was in power federally and in all six states. University of WA elections database Labor narrowly lost government in Western Australia at the 2008 state election and Victoria at the 2010 state election. These losses were further compounded by landslide defeats in New South Wales in 2011, Queensland in 2012, the Northern Territory in 2012, Federally in 2013 and Tasmania in 2014. Labor secured a good result in the Australian Capital Territory in 2012 and, despite losing its majority, the party retained government in South Australia in 2014.
However, most of these reversals proved only temporary with Labor returning to government in Victoria in 2014 and in Queensland in 2015 after spending only one term in opposition in both states. Furthermore, after winning the 2014 Fisher by-election by nine votes from a 7.3 percent swing, the Labor government in South Australia went from minority to majority government. Labor won landslide victories in the 2016 Northern Territory election, the 2017 Western Australian election and the 2018 Victorian state election. However, Labor lost the 2018 South Australian state election after 16 years in government.
In 2022, Labor returned to government after defeating the Liberal Party in the 2022 South Australian state election. Despite favourable polling, the party also did not return to government in the 2019 New South Wales state election or the 2019 federal election. The latter has been considered a historic upset due to Labor's consistent and significant polling lead; the result has been likened to the Coalition's loss in the 1993 federal election, with 2019 retrospectively referred to in the media as the "unloseable election".
Anthony Albanese later led the party into the 2022 Australian federal election, in which the party once again won a majority government. Despite Labor's win, Labor nevertheless recorded its lowest primary vote since either 1903 or 1934, depending on whether the Lang Labor vote is included.
In 2023, Labor won the march 2023 New South Wales state election returning to government for the first time since 2011. This victory marked the first time in 15 years that Labor were in government in all mainland states.
In 2024, Labor lost in a landslide in the 2024 Northern Territory election. losing its first mainland state or territory since the 2018 South Australian election. Labor would also lose in the 2024 Queensland state election.
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Australian Labor Party
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National platform
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National platform
The policy of the Australian Labor Party is contained in its National Platform, which is approved by delegates to Labor's National Conference, held every three years. According to the Labor Party's website, "The Platform is the result of a rigorous and constructive process of consultation, spanning the nation and including the cooperation and input of state and territory policy committees, local branches, unions, state and territory governments, and individual Party members. The Platform provides the policy foundation from which we can continue to work towards the election of a federal Labor government."
The platform gives a general indication of the policy direction which a future Labor government would follow, but does not commit the party to specific policies. It maintains that "Labor's traditional values will remain a constant on which all Australians can rely." While making it clear that Labor is fully committed to a market economy, it says that: "Labor believes in a strong role for national government β the one institution all Australians truly own and control through our right to vote." Labor "will not allow the benefits of change to be concentrated in fewer and fewer hands, or located only in privileged communities. The benefits must be shared by all Australians and all our regions." The platform and Labor "believe that all people are created equal in their entitlement to dignity and respect, and should have an equal chance to achieve their potential." For Labor, "government has a critical role in ensuring fairness by: ensuring equal opportunity; removing unjustifiable discrimination; and achieving a more equitable distribution of wealth, income and status." Further sections of the platform stress Labor's support for equality and human rights, labour rights and democracy.
In practice, the platform provides only general policy guidelines to Labor's federal, state and territory parliamentary leaderships. The policy Labor takes into an election campaign is determined by the Cabinet (if the party is in office) or the Shadow Cabinet (if it is in opposition), in consultation with key interest groups within the party, and is contained in the parliamentary Leader's policy speech delivered during the election campaign. When Labor is in office, the policies it implements are determined by the Cabinet, subject to the platform. Generally, it is accepted that while the platform binds Labor governments, how and when it is implemented remains the prerogative of the parliamentary caucus. It is now rare for the platform to conflict with government policy, as the content of the platform is usually developed in close collaboration with the party's parliamentary leadership as well as the factions. However, where there is a direct contradiction with the platform, Labor governments have sought to change the platform as a prerequisite for a change in policy. For example, privatisation legislation under the Hawke government occurred only after holding a special national conference to debate changing the platform.
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Australian Labor Party
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Party structure
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Party structure
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Australian Labor Party
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National executive and secretariat
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National executive and secretariat
The Australian Labor Party National Executive is the party's chief administrative authority, subject only to Labor's national conference. The executive is responsible for organising the triennial national conference; carrying out the decisions of the conference; interpreting the national constitution, the national platform and decisions of the national conference; and directing federal members.
The party holds a national conference every three years, which consists of delegates representing the state and territory branches (many coming from affiliated trade unions, although there is no formal requirement for unions to be represented at the national conference). The national conference decides the party's platform, elects the national executive and appoints office-bearers such as the national secretary, who also serves as national campaign director during elections. The current national secretary is Paul Erickson. The most recent national conference was the 48th conference held in December 2018.ALP: 2018 Australian Labor Party National Conference
The head office of the ALP, the national secretariat, is managed by the national secretary. It plays a dual role of administration and a national campaign strategy. It acts as a permanent secretariat to the national executive by managing and assisting in all administrative affairs of the party. As the national secretary also serves as national campaign director during elections, it is also responsible for the national campaign strategy and organisation.
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Australian Labor Party
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Federal Parliamentary Labor Party
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Federal Parliamentary Labor Party
The elected members of the Labor party in both houses of the national Parliament meet as the Federal Parliamentary Labor Party, also known as the Caucus (see also caucus). Besides discussing parliamentary business and tactics, the Caucus also is involved in the election of the federal parliamentary leaders.
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Australian Labor Party
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Federal parliamentary leaders
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Federal parliamentary leaders
Until 2013, the parliamentary leaders were elected by the Caucus from among its members. The leader has historically been a member of the House of Representatives. Since October 2013, a ballot of both the Caucus and by the Labor Party's rank-and-file members determined the party leader and the deputy leader. When the Labor Party is in government, the party leader is the prime minister and the deputy leader is the deputy prime minister. If a Labor prime minister resigns or dies in office, the deputy leader acts as prime minister and party leader until a successor is elected. The deputy prime minister also acts as prime minister when the prime minister is on leave or out of the country. Members of the Ministry are also chosen by Caucus, though the leader may allocate portfolios to the ministers.
Anthony Albanese is the leader of the federal Labor party, serving since 30 May 2019. The deputy leader is Richard Marles, also serving since 30 May 2019.
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Australian Labor Party
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State and territory branches
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State and territory branches
The Australian Labor Party is a federal party, consisting of eight branches from each state and territory. While the National Executive is responsible for national campaign strategy, each state and territory are an autonomous branch and are responsible for campaigning in their own jurisdictions for federal, state and local elections. State and territory branches consist of both individual members and affiliated trade unions, who between them decide the party's policies, elect its governing bodies and choose its candidates for public office.
Members join a state branch and pay a membership fee, which is graduated according to income. The majority of trade unions in Australia are affiliated to the party at a state level. Union affiliation is direct and not through the Australian Council of Trade Unions. Affiliated unions pay an affiliation fee based on the size of their membership. Union affiliation fees make up a large part of the party's income. Other sources of funds for the party include political donations and public funding.
Members are generally expected to attend at least one meeting of their local branch each year, although there are differences in the rules from state to state. In practice, only a dedicated minority regularly attend meetings. Many members are only active during election campaigns.
The members and unions elect delegates to state and territory conferences (usually held annually, although more frequent conferences are often held). These conferences decide policy, and elect state or territory executives, a state or territory president (an honorary position usually held for a one-year term), and a state or territory secretary (a full-time professional position). However, ACT Labor directly elects its president. The larger branches also have full-time assistant secretaries and organisers. In the past the ratio of conference delegates coming from the branches and affiliated unions has varied from state to state, however under recent national reforms at least 50% of delegates at all state and territory conferences must be elected by branches.
In some states, the party also contests local government elections or endorses local candidates. In others it does not, preferring to allow its members to run as non-endorsed candidates. The process of choosing candidates is called preselection. Candidates are preselected by different methods in the various states and territories. In some they are chosen by ballots of all party members, in others by panels or committees elected by the state conference, in still others by a combination of these two.
The state and territory Labor branches are the following:
BranchLeader Last state/territory election Status Federal representatives Lower house Upper houseMPsSenatorsYearVotes (%)SeatsTPP (%)Votes (%)SeatsNew South Wales LaborChris Minns202337.154.337.1Victorian LaborJacinta Allan 202236.755.033.0Queensland LaborSteven Miles 202432.646.2align=center colspan=2 Western Australian LaborRoger Cook 202159.169.260.3South Australian LaborPeter Malinauskas202240.054.637.0Tasmanian LaborDean Winter202429.0align=right align=right ACT LaborAndrew Barr202434.5align=right align=center colspan=2 Territory LaborSelena Uibo202428.742.0align=center colspan=2
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Australian Labor Party
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Country Labor
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Country Labor
The Country Labor Party, commonly known as Country Labor, was an affiliated organisation of the Labor Party. Although not expressly defined, Country Labor operated mainly within rural New South Wales, and was mainly seen as an extension of the New South Wales branch that operates in rural electorates.
Country Labor was used as a designation by candidates contesting elections in rural areas. The Country Labor Party was registered as a separate party in New South Wales,List of Registered Parties , Electoral Commission NSW. and was also registered with the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) for federal elections.Current register of political parties , Australian Electoral Commission. It did not have the same status in other states and, consequently, that designation could not be used on the ballot paper.
The creation of a separation designation for rural candidates was first suggested at the June 1999 ALP state conference in New South Wales. In May 2000, following Labor's success at the 2000 Benalla by-election in Victoria, Kim Beazley announced that the ALP intended to register a separate "Country Labor Party" with the AEC;Country Labor: a new direction? , 7 June 2000. Retrieved 29 September 2017 this occurred in October 2000. The Country Labor designation was most frequently used in New South Wales. According to the ALP's financial statements for the 2015β16 financial year, NSW Country Labor had around 2,600 members (around 17 percent of the party total), but almost no assets. It recorded a severe funding shortfall at the 2015 New South Wales election, and had to rely on a $1.68-million loan from the party proper to remain solvent. It had been initially assumed that the party proper could provide the money from its own resources, but the NSW Electoral Commission ruled that this was impermissible because the parties were registered separately. Instead the party proper had to loan Country Labor the required funds at a commercial interest rate.Near-insolvent Country Labor 'may never repay' $1.68m to party, The Australian, 28 July 2017.
The Country Labor Party was de-registered by the New South Wales Electoral Commission in 2021.
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Australian Labor Party
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Australian Young Labor
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Australian Young Labor
Australian Young Labor is the youth wing of the Australian Labor Party, where all members under age 26 are automatically members. It is the peak youth body within the ALP. Former presidents of AYL have included former NSW Premier Bob Carr, Federal Leader of the House Tony Burke, former Special Minister of State Senator John Faulkner, former Australian Workers Union National Secretary, current Member for Maribyrnong and former Federal Labor Leader Bill Shorten as well as dozens of State Ministers and MPs. The current National President is Manu Risoldi.
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Australian Labor Party
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Networks
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Networks
The Australian Labor Party (ALP) includes a variety of networks and associations that connect members, advocate for issues, and contribute to the partyβs policy development. The national platform currently mandates or encourages state branches to formally establish these groups along with calling for generalised interest groups known as policy action caucuses. Examples of such groups include the Labor Environment Action Network, the LGBTQ wing Rainbow Labor, Labor For Choice, the women's wing Labor Women's Network, Labor for Drug Law Reform Labor for Refugees, Labor for Housing, Labor Teachers Network, Aboriginal Labor Network, and recently, Labor Enabled β the action group for Disability Advocacy
These groups operate under different names across states and territories and are categorized into equity groups, which focus on representation based on identity or shared characteristics, and policy-focused groups, which emphasize thematic advocacy. In Queensland, these networks are formally referred to as Equity Groups and Associations, which are distinct entities. Other states use terms such as forums, caucuses, or committees.
+ Equity GroupsOrganisation Branches Organisation is Present in Federal NSW QLD Vic WA SA Tas ACT NTNational Labor Womenβs Network 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|YesRainbow Labor 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|UnknownAboriginal Labor Network 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Unknown 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|YesLabor Enabled 15px|Unknown 15px|Unknown 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Unknown 15px|Unknown 15px|Yes 15px|Unknown 15px|UnknownYoung Labor 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|YesMulticultural Labor 15px|Unknown 15px|Unknown 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Unknown 15px|Unknown 15px|Unknown 15px|UnknownRegional Labor / Country Labor 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Yes 15px|Unknown 15px|Unknown
+ Interest GroupsOrganisationBranches Organisation is Present inLabor Environment Action Network (LEAN) NSW, QLD, Vic, WA, SA, Tas, ACT, NTLabor for Drug Law Reform 15px|UnknownLabor For Choice QLD(Retired), Tas, 15px|UnknownLabor for Housing QLD, 15px|UnknownLabor Teachers Network QLD, 15px|UnknownBusiness with Labor QLD, 15px|UnknownLabor for Brisbane City Council QLDAustralian Israel Labor Dialogue QLD, NSW, 15px|UnknownLabor for the Future QLDLabor for Decriminalisation QLDLabor for Refugees QLD, Vic, 15px|UnknownLabor Friends of Palestine QLD, NSW, 15px|UnknownLabor Friends of Palestine NSW, 15px|UnknownLabor Ending Homelessness Action Committee NSW, 15px|UnknownLabor for the Arts (L4TA) NSW, 15px|UnknownLabor for Innovation NSW, 15px|UnknownLabor for Treaty NSW, 15px|UnknownLabor Science Network NSW, 15px|UnknownLabor Action for Multiculturalism Policy (LAMP) NSW, 15px|UnknownLabor for An Australian Republic (LFAR) Vic, 15px|UnknownLabor for the Wise Use of Resources Tas, 15px|UnknownTasmanian Labor Affiliated Unions Policy Action Caucus Tas, 15px|UnknownLabor for the Wise Use of Resources Tas, 15px|UnknownLocal Government PAC Tas, 15px|UnknownLabor for Civil & Political Rights Policy Action Caucus Tas, 15px|Unknown
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Australian Labor Party
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Ideology and factions
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Ideology and factions
Labor's constitution has long stated: "The Australian Labor Party is a democratic socialist party and has the objective of the democratic socialisation of industry, production, distribution and exchange, to the extent necessary to eliminate exploitation and other anti-social features in these fields". This "socialist objective" was introduced in 1921, but was later qualified by two further objectives: "maintenance of and support for a competitive non-monopolistic private sector" and "the right to own private property". Labor governments have not attempted the "democratic socialisation" of any industry since the 1940s, when the Chifley government failed to nationalise the private banks, and in fact have privatised several industries such as aviation and banking.
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Australian Labor Party
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Factions
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Factions
The Labor Party has always had a left wing and a right wing; however, since 1989, it has been organised into formal factions.
The two largest factional groupings are the Labor Left, who are supportive of democratic socialist ideals, and the Labor Right who generally support social democratic traditions. The national factional groupings are themselves divided into formal factions, primarily state-based such as Centre Unity in New South Wales and Labor Forum in Queensland.
Some trade unions are affiliated with the Labor Party and are also factionally aligned. Important unions supporting the right faction are the Australian Workers' Union (AWU), the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA) and the Transport Workers Union of Australia (TWU). Important unions supporting the left include the Australian Manufacturing Workers Union (AMWU), United Workers Union, the Construction, Forestry and Maritime Employees Union (CFMEU) and the Community and Public Sector Union (CPSU).
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Australian Labor Party
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Election results
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Election results
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Australian Labor Party
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House of Representatives
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House of Representatives
Election Leader Votes % Seats Β± Position Status1901 None 79,736 15.8 14 3rd 1903 Chris Watson 223,163 31.0 7 3rd 1906 348,711 36.6 4 1st 1910Andrew Fisher 660,864 50.0 16 1st 1913 921,099 48.5 5 2nd 1914 858,451 50.9 5 1st 1917Frank Tudor 827,541 43.9 20 2nd 1919 811,244 42.5 4 2nd 1922Matthew Charlton 665,145 42.3 3 1st 1925 1,313,627 45.0 6 2nd 1928James Scullin 1,158,505 44.6 8 1st 1929 1,406,327 48.8 15 1st 1931 859,513 27.1 32 3rd 1934 952,251 26.8 4 2nd 1937John Curtin 1,555,737 43.2 11 1st 1940 1,556,941 40.2 3 1st 1943 2,058,578 49.9 17 1st 1946Ben Chifley 2,159,953 49.7 6 1st 1949 2,117,088 46.0 4 2nd 1951 2,174,840 47.6 5 1st 1954H. V. Evatt 2,280,098 50.0 5 1st 1955 1,961,829 44.6 10 2nd 1958 2,137,890 42.8 2 2nd 1961Arthur Calwell 2,512,929 47.9 15 1st 1963 2,489,184 45.5 10 2nd 1966 2,282,834 40.0 9 2nd 1969Gough Whitlam 2,870,792 47.0 18 1st 1972 3,273,549 49.6 8 1st 1974 3,644,110 49.3 1 1st 1975 3,313,004 42.8 30 2nd 1977 3,141,051 39.7 2 2nd 1980 Bill Hayden 3,749,565 45.2 13 2nd 1983Bob Hawke 4,297,392 49.5 24 1st 1984 4,120,130 47.6 7 1st 1987 4,222,431 45.8 4 1st 1990 3,904,138 39.4 8 1st 1993Paul Keating 4,751,390 44.9 2 1st 1996 4,217,765 38.7 31 2nd 1998Kim Beazley 4,454,306 40.1 18 1st 2001 4,341,420 37.8 2 2nd 2004 Mark Latham 4,408,820 37.6 5 2nd 2007 Kevin Rudd 5,388,184 43.4 23 1st 2010 Julia Gillard 4,711,363 38.0 11 1st 2013 Kevin Rudd 4,311,365 33.4 17 2nd 2016Bill Shorten 4,702,296 34.7 14 1st 2019 4,752,110 33.3 1 1st 2022 Anthony Albanese 4,776,03032.6 9 1st
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Australian Labor Party
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Donors
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Donors
For the 2015β2016 financial year, the top ten disclosed donors to the ALP were the Health Services Union NSW ($389,000), Village Roadshow ($257,000), Electrical Trades Union of Australia ($171,000), National Automotive Leasing and Salary Packaging Association ($153,000), Westfield Corporation ($150,000), Randazzo C&G Developments ($120,000), Macquarie Telecom ($113,000), Woodside Energy ($110,000), ANZ Bank ($100,000) and Ying Zhou ($100,000), all significantly lower than the 2014 donations by a Chinese donor Zi Chun Wang, which at $850,000 was the largest donation to any political party in the 2013β2014 financial year. At least one newspaper report queried the identity of this donor stating "news archive searches do not produce results for this name, suggesting Wang operates under another name". Another report mentions that in addition to a hotel and a travel agency, the donor's listed address at the Old Communist Cadres Activity Centre in Shijiazhuang houses several Chinese government entities, stating also that another publisher "tried many times without success" to contact the donor on the phone number listed in the donation return form.
The Labor Party also receives undisclosed funding through several methods, such as "associated entities". John Curtin House, Industry 2020, IR21 and the Happy Wanderers Club are entities which have been used to funnel donations to the Labor Party without disclosing the source.
A 2019 report found that the Labor Party received $33,000 from pro-gun groups during the 2011β2018 periods compared to $82,000 received by the Coalition.
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Australian Labor Party
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See also
|
See also
Australian labour movement
Labor Against War
Socialism in Australia
Third Way
Tasmanian LaborβGreen Accord (1989-1990)
Australian Capital Territory LaborβGreens coalition (2012β2024)
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Australian Labor Party
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Further reading
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Further reading
Ormonde, Paul (1982). A Foolish Passionate Man: a biography of Jim Cairns. Ringwood, Vic, Australia: Penguin Books. .
Ormonde, Paul (1972). The Movement. Sydney: Thomas Nelson.
Charlesworth, M. J. (2000) Ormonde, Paul (Ed). Santamaria : the politics of fear : critical reflections. Richmond, Vic.: Spectrum Publications.
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Australian Labor Party
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Notes
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Notes
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Australian Labor Party
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References
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References
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Australian Labor Party
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Bibliography
|
Bibliography
Bramble, Tom, and Rick Kuhn. Labor's Conflict: Big Business, Workers, and the Politics of Class (Cambridge University Press; 2011) 240 pages.
Calwell, A. A. (1963). Labor's Role in Modern Society. Melbourne, Lansdowne Press.
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Australian Labor Party
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External links
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External links
Australian Labor Party Victorian Branch Rules, April 2013
Manifesto of the Queensland Labour Party, 1892 β UNESCO Australian Memory of the World Register
125th anniversary of the Manifesto of the Queensland Labour Party β John Oxley Library Blog, State Library of Queensland.
OM69-18 Charles Seymour Papers 1880β1924 β Collection record, State Library of Queensland
Charles Seymour Papers 1880β1924: Treasure collection of the John Oxley Library β John Oxley Library Blog, State Library of Queensland.
Category:1891 establishments in Australia
Category:Democratic socialist parties in Oceania
Category:Former member parties of the Socialist International
Category:Centre-left parties
Category:Labour parties
Category:Political parties established in 1891
Category:Progressive Alliance
Category:Republican parties in Australia
Category:Social democratic parties in Oceania
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Australian Labor Party
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Table of Content
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Short description, Name and spelling, History, Early decades at the federal level, World War II and beyond, National platform, Party structure, National executive and secretariat, Federal Parliamentary Labor Party, Federal parliamentary leaders, State and territory branches, Country Labor, Australian Young Labor, Networks, Ideology and factions, Factions, Election results, House of Representatives, Donors, See also, Further reading, Notes, References, Bibliography, External links
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August 18
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Redirect
| |
August 18
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Events
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Events
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August 18
|
Pre-1600
|
Pre-1600
684 β Battle of Marj Rahit: Umayyad partisans defeat the supporters of Ibn al-Zubayr and cement Umayyad control of Syria.
707 β Princess Abe accedes to the imperial Japanese throne as Empress Genmei.
1304 β The Battle of Mons-en-PΓ©vΓ¨le is fought to a draw between the French army and the Flemish militias.
1487 β The Siege of MΓ‘laga ends with the taking of the city by Castilian and Aragonese forces.
1492 β The first grammar of the Spanish language (GramΓ‘tica de la lengua castellana) is presented to Queen Isabella I.
1572 β The Huguenot King Henry III of Navarre marries the Catholic Margaret of Valois, ostensibly to reconcile the feuding Protestants and Catholics of France.
1590 β John White, the governor of the Roanoke Colony, returns from a supply trip to England and finds his settlement deserted.
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August 18
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1601β1900
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1601β1900
1612 β The trial of the Pendle witches, one of England's most famous witch trials, begins at Lancaster Assizes.
1634 β Urbain Grandier, accused and convicted of sorcery, is burned alive in Loudun, France.
1721 β The city of Shamakhi in Safavid Shirvan is sacked.
1783 β A huge fireball meteor is seen across Great Britain as it passes over the east coast.
1809 β The Senate of Finland is established in the Grand Duchy of Finland after the official adoption of the Statute of the Government Council by Tsar Alexander I of Russia.Titus Hjelm & George Maude: Historical Dictionary of Finland, p. 296.
1826 β Major Gordon Laing becomes the first European to enter Timbuktu.
1838 β The Wilkes Expedition, which would explore the Puget Sound and Antarctica, weighs anchor at Hampton Roads.
1848 β Camila O'Gorman and Ladislao Gutierrez are executed on the orders of Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas.
1864 β American Civil War: Battle of Globe Tavern: Union forces try to cut a vital Confederate supply-line into Petersburg, Virginia, by attacking the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad.
1868 β French astronomer Pierre Janssen discovers helium.
1870 β Franco-Prussian War: Battle of Gravelotte is fought.
1877 β American astronomer Asaph Hall discovers Phobos, one of Marsβs moons. (Table II, p. 220: first observation of Phobos on 18 August 1877.38498)
1891 β A major hurricane strikes Martinique, leaving 700 dead.
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August 18
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1901βpresent
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1901βpresent
1903 β German engineer Karl Jatho allegedly flies his self-made, motored gliding airplane four months before the first flight of the Wright brothers.
1917 β A Great Fire in Thessaloniki, Greece, destroys 32% of the city leaving 70,000 individuals homeless.
1920 β The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, guaranteeing women's suffrage.
1923 β The first British Track and Field championships for women are held in London, Great Britain.
1933 β The VolksempfΓ€nger is first presented to the German public at a radio exhibition; the presiding Nazi Minister of Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels, delivers an accompanying speech heralding the radio as the βeighth great powerβ.
1937 β A lightning strike starts the Blackwater Fire of 1937 in Shoshone National Forest, killing 15 firefighters within three days and prompting the United States Forest Service to develop their smokejumper program.
1938 β The Thousand Islands Bridge, connecting New York, United States, with Ontario, Canada, over the Saint Lawrence River, is dedicated by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
1940 β World War II: The Hardest Day air battle, part of the Battle of Britain, takes place. At that point, it is the largest aerial engagement in history with heavy losses sustained on both sides.
1945 β Sukarno takes office as the first president of Indonesia, following the country's declaration of independence the previous day.
1945 β Soviet-Japanese War: Battle of Shumshu: Soviet forces land at Takeda Beach on Shumshu Island and launch the Battle of Shumshu; the Soviet Unionβs Invasion of the Kuril Islands commences.
1949 β 1949 Kemi strike: Two protesters die in the scuffle between the police and the strikers' protest procession in Kemi, Finland.
1950 β Julien Lahaut, the chairman of the Communist Party of Belgium, is assassinated. The Party newspaper blames royalists and Rexists.
1958 β Vladimir Nabokov's controversial novel Lolita is published in the United States.
1958 β Brojen Das from Bangladesh swims across the English Channel in a competition as the first Bengali and the first Asian to do so, placing first among the 39 competitors.
1963 β Civil rights movement: James Meredith becomes the first African American to graduate from the University of Mississippi.
1965 β Vietnam War: Operation Starlite begins: United States Marines destroy a Viet Cong stronghold on the Van Tuong peninsula in the first major American ground battle of the war.
1966 β Vietnam War: The Battle of Long Tan ensues after a patrol from the 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment clashes with a Viet Cong force in PhΖ°α»c Tuy Province.
1971 β Vietnam War: Australia and New Zealand decide to withdraw their troops from Vietnam.
1973 β Aeroflot Flight A-13 crashes after takeoff from Baku-Bina International Airport in Azerbaijan, killing 56 people and injuring eight.
1976 β The Korean axe murder incident in Panmunjom results in the deaths of two US Army officers.
1976 β The Soviet Unionβs robotic probe Luna 24 successfully lands on the Moon.
1977 β Steve Biko is arrested at a police roadblock under Terrorism Act No. 83 of 1967 in King William's Town, South Africa. He later dies from injuries sustained during this arrest, bringing attention to South Africa's apartheid policies.
1983 β Hurricane Alicia hits the Texas coast, killing 21 people and causing over US$1 billion in damage (1983 dollars).
1989 β Leading presidential hopeful Luis Carlos GalΓ‘n is assassinated near BogotΓ‘ in Colombia.
1993 β American International Airways Flight 808 crashes at Leeward Point Field at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in GuantΓ‘namo Bay, Cuba, injuring the three crew members.
2003 β One-year-old Zachary Turner is murdered in Newfoundland by his mother, who was awarded custody despite facing trial for the murder of Zachary's father. The case was documented in the film Dear Zachary and led to reform of Canada's bail laws.After Canadian mother killed herself and their only grandchild, U.S. couple started 10-year fight to change Canada's bail laws | National Post
2005 β A massive power blackout hits the Indonesian island of Java; affecting almost 100 million people, it is one of the largest and most widespread power outages in history.
2008 β The President of Pakistan, Pervez Musharraf, resigns under threat of impeachment.
2008 β War of Afghanistan: The Uzbin Valley ambush occurs.
2011 β A terrorist attack on Israel's Highway 12 near the Egyptian border kills 16 and injures 40.
2017 β The first terrorist attack ever sentenced as a crime in Finland kills two and injures eight.
2019 β One hundred activists, officials, and other concerned citizens in Iceland hold a funeral for OkjΓΆkull glacier, which has completely melted after having once covered six square miles (15.5Β km2).
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August 18
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Births
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Births
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August 18
|
Pre-1600
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Pre-1600
1305 β Ashikaga Takauji, Japanese ShΕgun (d. 1358)
1450 β Marko MaruliΔ, Croatian poet and author (d. 1524)
1458 β Lorenzo Pucci, Catholic cardinal (d. 1531)
1497 β Francesco Canova da Milano, Italian composer (d. 1543)
1542 β Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland (d. 1601)
1579 β Countess Charlotte Flandrina of Nassau (d. 1640)
1587 β Virginia Dare, granddaughter of Governor John White of the Colony of Roanoke, first child born to English parents in the Americas (date of death unknown)
1596 β Jean Bolland, Flemish priest and hagiographer (d. 1665)
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August 18
|
1601β1900
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1601β1900
1605 β Henry Hammond, English churchman and theologian (d. 1660)
1606 β Maria Anna of Spain (d. 1646)
1629 β Agneta Horn, Swedish writer (d. 1672)
1657 β Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena, Italian architect and painter (d. 1743)
1685 β Brook Taylor, English mathematician and theorist (d. 1731)
1692 β Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon (d. 1740)
1700 β Baji Rao I, first Peshwa of Maratha Empire (d. 1740)
1720 β Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl Ferrers, English politician (d. 1760)
1750 β Antonio Salieri, Italian composer and conductor (d. 1825)
1754 β FranΓ§ois, marquis de Chasseloup-Laubat, French general and engineer (d. 1833)
1774 β Meriwether Lewis, American soldier, explorer, and politician (d. 1809)
1792 β John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, English politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1878)
1803 β Nathan Clifford, American lawyer, jurist, and politician, 19th United States Attorney General (d. 1881)
1807 β B. T. Finniss, Australian politician, 1st Premier of South Australia (d. 1893)
1819 β Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (d. 1876)
1822 β Isaac P. Rodman, American general and politician (d. 1862)
1830 β Franz Joseph I of Austria (d. 1916)
1831 β Ernest Noel, Scottish businessman and politician (d. 1931)
1834 β Marshall Field, American businessman, founded Marshall Field's (d. 1906)
1841 β William Halford, English-American lieutenant, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1919)
1855 β Alfred Wallis, English painter and illustrator (d. 1942)
1857 β Libert H. Boeynaems, Belgian-American bishop and missionary (d. 1926)
1866 β Mahboob Ali Khan, 6th Nizam of Hyderabad (d. 1911)
1869 β Carl Rungius, German-American painter and educator (d. 1959)
1870 β Lavr Kornilov, Russian general and explorer (d. 1918)
1879 β Alexander Rodzyanko, Russian general (d. 1970)
1885 β Nettie Palmer, Australian poet and critic (d. 1964)
1887 β John Anthony Sydney Ritson, English rugby player, mines inspector, engineer and professor of mining (d. 1957)
1890 β Walther Funk, German economist and politician, Reich Minister of Economics (d. 1960)
1893 β Burleigh Grimes, American baseball player and manager (d. 1985)
1893 β Ernest MacMillan, Canadian conductor and composer (d. 1973)
1896 β Jack Pickford, Canadian-American actor and director (d. 1933)
1898 β Clemente Biondetti, Italian race car driver (d. 1955)
1900 β Ruth Bonner, Soviet Communist activist, sentenced to a labor camp during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge (d. 1987)
1900 β Ruth Norman, American religious leader (d. 1993)
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August 18
|
1901βpresent
|
1901βpresent
1902 β Adamson-Eric, Estonian painter (d. 1968)
1902 β Margaret Murie, American environmentalist and author (d. 2003)
1903 β Lucienne Boyer, French singer (d. 1983)
1904 β Max Factor, Jr., American businessman (d. 1996)
1905 β Enoch Light, American bandleader, violinist, and recording engineer (d. 1978)
1906 β Marcel CarnΓ©, French director and screenwriter (d. 1996)
1906 β Curtis Jones, American blues pianist and singer (d. 1971)
1908 β Edgar Faure, French historian and politician, 139th Prime Minister of France (d. 1988)
1908 β Olav H. Hauge, Norwegian poet and gardener (d. 1994)
1908 β Bill Merritt, New Zealand cricketer and sportscaster (d. 1977)
1909 β GΓ©rard Filion, Canadian businessman and journalist (d. 2005)
1910 β Herman Berlinski, Polish-American pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 2001)
1910 β Robert Winters, Canadian colonel, engineer, and politician, 26th Canadian Minister of Public Works (d. 1969)
1911 β Amelia Boynton Robinson, American activist (d. 2015)
1911 β Klara Dan von Neumann, Hungarian computer scientist and programmer (d. 1963)
1911 β Maria Ulfah Santoso, Indonesian politician and women's rights activist (d. 1988)
1912 β Otto Ernst Remer, German general (d. 1997)
1913 β Romain Maes, Belgian cyclist (d. 1983)
1914 β Lucy Ozarin, United States Navy lieutenant commander and psychiatrist (d. 2017)
1915 β Max Lanier, American baseball player and manager (d. 2007)
1916 β Neagu Djuvara, Romanian historian, journalist, and diplomat (d. 2018)
1916 β Moura Lympany, English pianist (d. 2005)
1917 β Caspar Weinberger, American captain, lawyer, and politician, 15th United States Secretary of Defense (d. 2006)
1918 β Cisco Houston, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1961)
1919 β Wally Hickel, American businessman and politician, 2nd Governor of Alaska (d. 2010)
1920 β Godfrey Evans, English cricketer (d. 1999)
1920 β Bob Kennedy, American baseball player and manager (d. 2005)
1920 β Shelley Winters, American actress (d. 2006)
1921 β Lydia Litvyak, Russian lieutenant and pilot (d. 1943)
1921 β ZdzisΕaw Ε»ygulski, Polish historian and academic (d. 2015)
1922 β Alain Robbe-Grillet, French director, screenwriter, and novelist (d. 2008)
1923 β Katherine Victor, American actress (d. 2004)
1925 β Brian Aldiss, English author and critic (d. 2017)
1925 β Pierre Grondin, Canadian surgeon and academic (d. 2006)
1925 β Anis Mansour, Egyptian journalist and author (d. 2011)
1927 β Rosalynn Carter, 41st First Lady of the United States (d. 2023)
1928 β Marge Schott, American businesswoman (d. 2004)
1928 β Sonny Til, American R&B singer (d. 1981)
1929 β Hugues Aufray, French singer-songwriter
1930 β Liviu Librescu, Romanian-American engineer and academic (d. 2007)
1930 β Rafael Pineda Ponce, Honduran academic and politician (d. 2014)
1931 β Bramwell Tillsley, Canadian 14th General of The Salvation Army (d. 2019)
1931 β Hans van Mierlo, Dutch journalist and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 2010)
1931 β Grant Williams, American film, theater and television actor (d. 1985)
1932 β Luc Montagnier, French virologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2022)
1933 β Just Fontaine, Moroccan-French footballer and manager (d. 2023)
1933 β Roman Polanski, French-Polish director, producer, screenwriter, and actor
1933 β Frank Salemme, American gangster and hitman (d. 2022)
1934 β Vincent Bugliosi, American lawyer and author (d. 2015)
1934 β Roberto Clemente, Puerto Rican-American baseball player and soldier (d. 1972)
1934 β Gulzar, Indian poet, lyricist and film director
1934 β Rafer Johnson, American decathlete and actor (d. 2020)
1934 β Michael May, German-Swiss race car driver and engineer
1935 β Gail Fisher, American actress (d. 2000)
1935 β Hifikepunye Pohamba, Namibian lawyer and politician, 2nd President of Namibia
1936 β Robert Redford, American actor, director, and producer
1937 β Sheila Cassidy, English physician and author
1939 β Maxine Brown, American soul/R&B singer-songwriter
1939 β Robert Horton, English businessman (d. 2011)
1939 β Johnny Preston, American pop singer (d. 2011)
1940 β Adam Makowicz, Polish-Canadian pianist and composer
1940 β Gil Whitney, American journalist (d. 1982)
1942 β Henry G. Sanders, American actor
1943 β Martin Mull, American actor and comedian (d. 2024)
1943 β Gianni Rivera, Italian footballer and politician
1943 β Carl Wayne, English singer and actor (d. 2004)
1944 β Paula Danziger, American author (d. 2004)
1944 β Robert Hitchcock, Australian sculptor and illustrator
1945 β Sarah Dash, American singer-songwriter and actress (d. 2021)
1945 β VΓ€rner Lootsmann, Estonian lawyer and politician
1945 β Lewis Burwell Puller, Jr., American soldier, lawyer, and author (d. 1994)
1948 β James Jones, English bishop
1948 β John Scarlett, English intelligence officer
1949 β Nigel Griggs, English bass player, songwriter, and producer
1950 β Dennis Elliott, English drummer and sculptor
1952 β Elayne Boosler, American actress, director, and screenwriter
1952 β Patrick Swayze, American actor and dancer (d. 2009)
1952 β Ricardo Villa, Argentinian footballer and coach
1953 β Louie Gohmert, American captain, lawyer, and politician
1953 β Marvin Isley, American R&B bass player and songwriter (d. 2010)
1954 β Umberto Guidoni, Italian astrophysicist, astronaut, and politician
1955 β Bruce Benedict, American baseball player and coach
1955 β Taher Elgamal, Egyptian-American cryptographer
1956 β John Debney, American composer and conductor
1956 β Sandeep Patil, Indian cricketer and coach
1956 β Jon Schwartz, American drummer and producer
1956 β Kelly Willard, American singer-songwriter
1956 β Rainer Woelki, German cardinal
1957 β Carole Bouquet, French actress
1957 β Tan Dun, Chinese composer
1957 β Denis Leary, American comedian, actor, producer, and screenwriter
1957 β Ron Strykert, Australian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
1958 β Didier Auriol, French race car driver
1958 β Madeleine Stowe, American actress
1959 β Tom Prichard, American wrestler and trainer
1960 β Mike LaValliere, American baseball player
1960 β Fat Lever, American basketball player and sportscaster
1961 β Huw Edwards, Welsh journalist and author
1961 β Timothy Geithner, American banker and politician, 75th United States Secretary of the Treasury
1961 β Bob Woodruff, American journalist and author
1962 β Felipe CalderΓ³n, Mexican lawyer and politician, 56th President of Mexico
1962 β Geoff Courtnall, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
1962 β Adam Storke, American actor
1964 β Craig Bierko, American actor and singer
1964 β Andi Deris, German singer and songwriter
1964 β Mark Sargent, Australian rugby league player
1964 β Kenny Walker, American basketball player and sportscaster
1965 β Ikue Εtani, Japanese voice actress
1966 β Gustavo Charif, Argentinian director and producer
1967 β Daler Mehndi, Indian Punjabi singer, songwriter and record producer
1967 β Brian Michael Bendis, American author and illustrator
1969 β Everlast, American singer, rapper, and musician
1969 β Masta Killa, American rapper
1969 β Mark Kuhlmann, German rugby player and coach
1969 β Edward Norton, American actor
1969 β Christian Slater, American actor and producer
1970 β Jason Furman, American economist and politician
1970 β Malcolm-Jamal Warner, American actor and producer
1971 β Patrik Andersson, Swedish footballer
1971 β Richard David James, English musician and record producer
1974 β Nicole Krauss, American novelist and critic
1975 β Kaitlin Olson, American actress and comedian
1977 β Paraskevas Antzas, Greek footballer
1977 β Even Kruse Skatrud, Norwegian musician and educator
1978 β Andy Samberg, American actor and comedian
1979 β Stuart Dew, Australian footballer
1980 β Esteban Cambiasso, Argentinian footballer
1980 β Rob Nguyen, Australian race car driver
1980 β Ryan O'Hara, Australian rugby league player
1980 β Bart Scott, American football player
1980 β Jeremy Shockey, American football player
1981 β CΓ©sar Delgado, Argentinian footballer
1981 β Dimitris Salpingidis, Greek footballer
1983 β Mika, Lebanese-born English recording artist and singer-songwriter
1983 β Cameron White, Australian cricketer
1984 β Sigourney Bandjar, Dutch footballer
1984 β Robert Huth, German footballer
1985 β Inge Dekker, Dutch swimmer
1985 β Bryan Ruiz, Costa Rican footballer
1986 β Evan Gattis, American baseball player
1986 β Ross McCormack, Scottish footballer
1987 β Joanna JΔdrzejczyk, Polish mixed martial artist
1987 β Justin Wilson, American baseball player
1988 β Jack Hobbs, English footballer
1988 β Eggert JΓ³nsson, Icelandic footballer
1988 β G-Dragon, South Korean rapper, singer-songwriter and record producer
1989 β Anna Akana, American actress, comedian, musician, and YouTuber
1989 β Yu Mengyu, Singaporean table tennis player
1991 β Liz Cambage, Australian basketball player
1991 β Richard Harmon, Canadian actor
1992 β Elizabeth Beisel, American swimmer
1992 β Bogdan BogdanoviΔ, Serbian basketball player
1992 β Frances Bean Cobain, American visual artist and model Cross, Charles R. Heavier Than Heaven, Hyperion, 2001. p. 246.
1993 β Jung Eun-ji, South Korean singer-songwriter
1993 β Maia Mitchell, Australian actress and singer
1994 β Madelaine Petsch, American actress and YouTuber
1994 β Morgan Sanson, French footballer
1994 β Seiya Suzuki, Japanese baseball player
1995 β AlΔ«na Fjodorova, Latvian figure skater
1995 β Parker McKenna Posey, American actress
1997 β Josephine Langford, Australian actress
1997 β Renato Sanches, Portuguese footballer
1998 β Brian To'o, Australian-Samoan rugby league playerRugby League Project
1998 β Clairo, American singer-songwriter
1998 β Nick Fuentes, American far-right political commentator
1999 β Cassius Stanley, American basketball player
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August 18
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Deaths
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Deaths
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August 18
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Pre-1600
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Pre-1600
353 β Decentius, Roman usurper
440 β Pope Sixtus III
472 β Ricimer, Roman general and politician (b. 405)
670 β Fiacre, Irish hermit
673 β Kim Yu-shin, general of Silla (b. 595)
849 β Walafrid Strabo, German monk and theologian (b. 808)
911 β Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya, first Zaydi Imam of Yemen (b. 859)
1095 β King Olaf I of Denmark
1211 β Narapatisithu, king of Burma (b. 1150)
1258 β Theodore II Laskaris, emperor of Nicea (Byzantine emperor in exile)
1276 β Pope Adrian V (b. 1220)
1318 β Clare of Montefalco, Italian nun and saint (b. 1268)
1430 β Thomas de Ros, 8th Baron de Ros, English soldier and politician (b. 1406)
1500 β Alfonso of Aragon, Spanish prince (b. 1481)
1502 β Knut Alvsson, Norwegian nobleman and politician (b. 1455)
1503 β Pope Alexander VI (b. 1431)
1550 β Antonio Ferramolino, Italian architect and military engineer
1559 β Pope Paul IV (b. 1476)
1563 β Γtienne de La BoΓ©tie, French judge and philosopher (b. 1530)
1600 β Sebastiano Montelupi, Italian businessman (b. 1516)
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August 18
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1601β1900
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1601β1900
1613 β Giovanni Artusi, Italian composer and theorist (b. 1540)
1620 β Wanli Emperor of China (b. 1563)
1625 β Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche, English diplomat (b. 1556)
1634 β Urbain Grandier, French priest (b. 1590)
1642 β Guido Reni, Italian painter and educator (b. 1575)
1648 β Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1615)
1683 β Charles Hart, English actor (b. 1625)
1707 β William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire, English soldier and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Derbyshire (b. 1640)
1712 β Richard Savage, 4th Earl Rivers, English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Essex (b. 1660)
1765 β Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1708)
1815 β Chauncey Goodrich, American lawyer and politician, 8th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut (b. 1759)
1823 β AndrΓ©-Jacques Garnerin, French balloonist and the inventor of the frameless parachute (b. 1769)
1842 β Louis de Freycinet, French explorer and navigator (b. 1779)
1850 β HonorΓ© de Balzac, French novelist and playwright (b. 1799)
1852 β James Finlayson, Scottish Quaker (b. 1772)Brian D. J. Denoon: Finlayson, James (1772β1852), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.
1886 β Eli Whitney Blake, American inventor, invented the Mortise lock (b. 1795)
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August 18
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1901βpresent
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1901βpresent
1919 β Joseph E. Seagram, Canadian businessman and politician, founded the Seagram Company (b. 1841)
1940 β Walter Chrysler, American businessman, founded Chrysler (b. 1875)
1942 β Erwin Schulhoff, Austro-Czech composer and pianist (b. 1894)
1943 β Ali-Agha Shikhlinski, Azerbaijani general (b. 1865)
1944 β Ernst ThΓ€lmann, German soldier and politician (b. 1886)
1945 β Subhas Chandra Bose, Indian activist and politician (b. 1897)
1946 β Che Yaoxian, Chinese communist (b. 1894)
1946 β Luo Shiwen, Chinese communist (b. 1904)
1949 β Paul Mares, American trumpet player and bandleader (b. 1900)
1950 β Julien Lahaut, Belgian soldier and politician (b. 1884)
1952 β Alberto Hurtado, Chilean priest, lawyer, and saint (b. 1901)
1961 β Learned Hand, American lawyer, jurist, and philosopher (b. 1872)
1964 β Hildegard Trabant, Berlin Wall victim (b. 1927)
1968 β Arthur Marshall, American pianist and composer (b. 1881)
1975 β Odd LindbΓ€ck-Larsen, Norwegian Army general and war historian (b. 1897)
1979 β Vasantrao Naik, Indian politician (b. 1913)
1981 β Anita Loos, American author and screenwriter (b. 1889)
1983 β Nikolaus Pevsner, German-English historian and scholar (b. 1902)
1986 β Harun Babunagari, Bangladeshi Islamic scholar and educationist (b. 1902)
1990 β B. F. Skinner, American psychologist and philosopher, invented the Skinner box (b. 1904)
1994 β Francis Raymond Shea, American bishop (b. 1913)
1998 β Persis Khambatta, Indian model and actress, Femina Miss India 1965 (b. 1948)
2001 β David Peakall, English chemist and toxicologist (b. 1931)
2002 β Dean Riesner, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1918)
2003 β Tony Jackson, English singer and bassist (b. 1938)
2004 β Elmer Bernstein, American composer and conductor (b. 1922)
2004 β Hiram Fong, American soldier and politician (b. 1906)
2005 β Chri$ Ca$h, American wrestler (b. 1982)
2006 β Ken Kearney, Australian rugby player (b. 1924)
2007 β Michael Deaver, American soldier and politician, White House Deputy Chief of Staff (b. 1938)
2007 β Magdalen Nabb, English author (b. 1947)
2009 β Kim Dae-jung, South Korean lieutenant and politician, 15th President of South Korea, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1925)
2009 β Rose Friedman, Ukrainian-American economist and author (b. 1910)
2009 β Robert Novak, American journalist and author (b. 1931)
2010 β Hal Connolly, American hammer thrower and coach (b. 1931)
2010 β Benjamin Kaplan, American scholar and jurist (b. 1911)
2012 β Harrison Begay, American painter (b. 1917)
2012 β John Kovatch, American football player (b. 1920)
2012 β Scott McKenzie, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1939)
2012 β Ra. Ki. Rangarajan, Indian journalist and author (b. 1927)
2012 β Jesse Robredo, Filipino public servant and politician, 23rd Secretary of the Interior and Local Government (b. 1958)
2013 β Josephine D'Angelo, American baseball player (b. 1924)
2013 β Jean Kahn, French lawyer and activist (b. 1929)
2013 β Albert Murray, American author and critic (b. 1916)
2014 β Gordon Faber, American soldier and politician, 39th Mayor of Hillsboro, Oregon (b. 1930)
2014 β Jim Jeffords, American captain, lawyer, and politician (b. 1934)
2014 β Levente Lengyel, Hungarian chess player (b. 1933)
2014 β Don Pardo, American radio and television announcer (b. 1918)
2015 β Khaled al-Asaad, Syrian archaeologist and author (b. 1932)
2015 β Roger Smalley, English-Australian pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1943)
2015 β Suvra Mukherjee, Wife of former Indian president Pranab Mukherjee (b. 1940)
2015 β Louis Stokes, American lawyer and politician (b. 1925)
2015 β Bud Yorkin, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1926)
2016 β Ernst Nolte, German historian (b. 1923)
2017 β Bruce Forsyth, English television presenter and entertainer (b. 1928)
2017 β Zoe Laskari, Greek actress and beauty pageant winner (b. 1944)
2018 β Denis Edozie, Nigerian Supreme Court judge (b. 1935)
2018 β Kofi Annan, Ghanaian diplomat and seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations (b. 1938)
2020 β Ben Cross, English stage and film actor (b. 1947)
2023 β Lolita, the second-oldest orca in captivity (b. ca. 1966)
2023 β Al Quie, American politician, 35th Governor of Minnesota (b. 1923)
2024 β Ruth Johnson Colvin, American author and educator, founded ProLiteracy Worldwide (b. 1916)
2024 β Alain Delon, French-Swiss actor (b. 1935)Alain Delon, la lΓ©gende du cinΓ©ma, est mort
2024 β Phil Donahue, American talk show host and producer (b. 1935)
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August 18
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Holidays and observances
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Holidays and observances
Christian feast day:
Agapitus of Palestrina
Alberto Hurtado
Daig of Inniskeen
Evan (or Inan)
Fiacre
Florus and Laurus
Helena of Constantinople (Roman Catholic Church)
August 18 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Arbor Day (Pakistan)
Armed Forces Day (North Macedonia)
Birthday of Virginia Dare (Roanoke Island)
Constitution Day (Indonesia)
Long Tan Day, also called Vietnam Veterans' Day (Australia)
National Science Day (Thailand)
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August 18
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References
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References
|
August 18
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Sources
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Sources
|
August 18
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External links
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External links
Category:Days of August
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August 18
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Table of Content
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Redirect, Events, Pre-1600, 1601β1900, 1901βpresent, Births, Pre-1600, 1601β1900, 1901βpresent, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601β1900, 1901βpresent, Holidays and observances, References, Sources, External links
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August 19
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pp-move
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August 19
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Events
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Events
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August 19
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Pre-1600
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Pre-1600
295 BC β The first temple to Venus, the Roman goddess of love, beauty and fertility, is dedicated by Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges during the Third Samnite War.
43 BC β Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, later known as Augustus, compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul.
947 β Abu Yazid, a Kharijite rebel leader, is defeated and killed in the Hodna Mountains in modern-day Algeria by Fatimid forces.
1153 β Baldwin III of Jerusalem takes control of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from his mother Melisende, and also captures Ascalon.
1458 β Pope Pius II is elected the 211th Pope.
1504 β In Ireland, the Hiberno-Norman de Burghs (Burkes) and Cambro-Norman Fitzgeralds fight in the Battle of Knockdoe.
1561 β Mary, Queen of Scots, aged 18, returns to Scotland after spending 13 years in France.
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August 19
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1601β1900
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1601β1900
1604 β Eighty Years War: a besieging Dutch and English army led by Maurice of Orange forces the Spanish garrison of Sluis to capitulate.
1612 β The "Samlesbury witches", three women from the Lancashire village of Samlesbury, England, are put on trial, accused of practicing witchcraft, one of the most famous witch trials in British history.
1666 β Second Anglo-Dutch War: Rear Admiral Robert Holmes leads a raid on the Dutch island of Terschelling, destroying 150 merchant ships, an act later known as "Holmes's Bonfire".
1692 β Salem witch trials: In Salem, province of Massachusetts Bay, five people, one woman and four men, including a clergyman, are executed after being convicted of witchcraft.
1745 β Prince Charles Edward Stuart raises his standard in Glenfinnan: The start of the Second Jacobite Rebellion, known as "the 45".
1745 β OttomanβPersian War: In the Battle of Kars, the Ottoman army is routed by Persian forces led by Nader Shah.
1759 β Battle of Lagos: Naval battle during the Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France.
1772 β Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d'Γ©tat, in which he assumes power and enacts a new constitution that divides power between the Riksdag and the King.
1782 β American Revolutionary War: Battle of Blue Licks: The last major engagement of the war, almost ten months after the surrender of the British commander Charles Cornwallis following the Siege of Yorktown.
1812 β War of 1812: American frigate defeats the British frigate off the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada earning the nickname "Old Ironsides".
1813 β Gervasio Antonio de Posadas joins Argentina's Second Triumvirate.
1839 β The French government announces that Louis Daguerre's photographic process is a gift "free to the world".
1848 β California Gold Rush: The New York Herald breaks the news to the East Coast of the United States of the gold rush in California (although the rush started in January).
1854 β The First Sioux War begins when United States Army soldiers kill Lakota chief Conquering Bear and in return are massacred.
1861 β First ascent of Weisshorn, fifth highest summit in the Alps.
1862 β Dakota War: During an uprising in Minnesota, Lakota warriors decide not to attack heavily defended Fort Ridgely and instead turn to the settlement of New Ulm, killing white settlers along the way.
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August 19
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1901βpresent
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1901βpresent
1903 β The Transfiguration Uprising breaks out in East Thrace, resulting in the establishment of the Strandzha Commune.
1909 β The Indianapolis Motor Speedway opens for automobile racing. William Bourque and his mechanic are killed during the first day's events.
1920 β The Tambov Rebellion breaks out, in response to the Bolshevik policy of Prodrazvyorstka.Nicolas Werth, Karel BartoΕ‘ek, Jean-Louis PannΓ©, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, StΓ©phane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, hardcover, 858 pages, .
1927 β Patriarch Sergius of Moscow proclaims the declaration of loyalty of the Russian Orthodox Church to the Soviet Union.
1934 β The first All-American Soap Box Derby is held in Dayton, Ohio.
1934 β The German referendum of 1934 approves Adolf Hitler's appointment as head of state with the title of FΓΌhrer.
1936 β The Great Purge of the Soviet Union begins when the first of the Moscow Trials is convened.
1940 β First flight of the B-25 Mitchell medium bomber.
1941 β Germany and Romania sign the Tiraspol Agreement, rendering the region of Transnistria under control of the latter.
1942 β World War II: Operation Jubilee (The Dieppe Raid): The 2nd Canadian Infantry Division leads an amphibious assault by allied forces on Dieppe, France and fails.
1944 β World War II: Liberation of Paris: Paris, France rises against German occupation with the help of Allied troops.
1945 β August Revolution: Viet Minh led by Ho Chi Minh take power in Hanoi, Vietnam.
1953 β Cold War: The CIA and MI6 help to overthrow the government of Mohammad Mosaddegh in Iran and reinstate the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
1955 β In the Northeast United States, severe flooding caused by Hurricane Diane, claims 200 lives.
1960 β Cold War: In Moscow, Russia, Soviet Union, downed American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers is sentenced to ten years imprisonment by the Soviet Union for espionage.
1960 β Sputnik program: Korabl-Sputnik 2: The Soviet Union launches the satellite with the dogs Belka and Strelka, 40 mice, two rats and a variety of plants.
1964 β Syncom 3, the first geostationary communication satellite, is launched. Two months later, it would enable live coverage of the 1964 Summer Olympics.
1965 β Japanese prime minister Eisaku SatΕ becomes the first post-World War II sitting prime minister to visit Okinawa Prefecture.
1978 β In Iran, the Cinema Rex fire causes more than 400 deaths.
1980 β Saudia Flight 163, a Lockheed L-1011 TriStar burns after making an emergency landing at Riyadh International Airport in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, killing 301 people.
1980 β OtΕoczyn railway accident: In Poland's worst post-war railway accident, 67 people lose their lives and a further 62 are injured.
1981 β Gulf of Sidra Incident: United States F-14A Tomcat fighters intercept and shoot down two Libyan Sukhoi Su-22 fighter jets over the Gulf of Sidra.
1987 β Hungerford massacre: In the United Kingdom, Michael Ryan kills sixteen people with a semi-automatic rifle and then commits suicide.
1989 β Polish president Wojciech Jaruzelski nominates Solidarity activist Tadeusz Mazowiecki to be the first non-communist prime minister in 42 years.
1989 β Several hundred East Germans cross the frontier between Hungary and Austria during the Pan-European Picnic, part of the events that began the process of the Fall of the Berlin Wall.
1991 β Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The August Coup begins when Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is placed under house arrest while on holiday in the town of Foros, Ukraine.
1991 β Crown Heights riot begins.Shapiro, Edward S. (2002). "Interpretations of the Crown Heights Riot". American Jewish History.
1999 β In Belgrade, Yugoslavia, tens of thousands of Serbians rally to demand the resignation of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia President Slobodan MiloΕ‘eviΔ.
2002 β Khankala Mi-26 crash: A Russian Mil Mi-26 helicopter carrying troops is hit by a Chechen missile outside Grozny, killing 118 soldiers.
2003 β A truck-bomb attack on United Nations headquarters in Iraq kills the agency's top envoy SΓ©rgio Vieira de Mello and 21 other employees.
2003 β Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing: A suicide attack on a bus in Jerusalem, planned by Hamas, kills 23 Israelis, seven of them children.
2004 β Google Inc. has its initial public offering on Nasdaq.
2005 β The first-ever joint military exercise between Russia and China, called Peace Mission 2005 begins.
2009 β A series of bombings in Baghdad, Iraq, kills 101 and injures 565 others.
2010 β Operation Iraqi Freedom ends, with the last of the United States brigade combat teams crossing the border to Kuwait.
2013 β The Dhamara Ghat train accident kills at least 37 people in the Indian state of Bihar.
2017 β Tens of thousands of farmed non-native Atlantic salmon are accidentally released into the wild in Washington waters in the 2017 Cypress Island Atlantic salmon pen break.
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August 19
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Births
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Births
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August 19
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Pre-1600
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Pre-1600
232 β Marcus Aurelius Probus, Roman emperor (d. 282)
1342 β Catherine of Bohemia, duchess of Austria (d. 1395)
1398 β ΓΓ±igo LΓ³pez de Mendoza, 1st Marquis of Santillana, Spanish poet and politician (d. 1458)
1570 β Salamone Rossi, Italian violinist and composer (probable; d. 1630)
1583 β DaiΕ‘an, Chinese prince and statesman (d. 1648)
1590 β Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, English soldier and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire (d. 1649)
1596 β Elizabeth Stuart, queen of Bohemia (d. 1662)
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August 19
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1601β1900
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1601β1900
1609 β Jan Fyt, Flemish painter (d. 1661)Joannes Fijt at the Netherlands Institute for Art History
1621 β Gerbrand van den Eeckhout, Dutch painter, etcher, and poet (d. 1674)
1631 β John Dryden, English poet, literary critic and playwright (d. 1700)
1646 β John Flamsteed, English astronomer and academic (d. 1719)
1686 β Eustace Budgell, English journalist and politician (d. 1737)
1689 (baptized) β Samuel Richardson, English author and publisher (d. 1761)
1711 β Edward Boscawen, English admiral and politician (d. 1761)
1719 β Charles-FranΓ§ois de Broglie, marquis de Ruffec, French soldier and diplomat (d. 1781)
1743 β Madame du Barry, French mistress of Louis XV of France (d. 1793)
1777 β Francis I, king of the Two Sicilies (d. 1830)
1815 β Harriette Newell Woods Baker, American editor and children's book writer (d. 1893)
1819 β Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt, Luxembourger-Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1894)
1830 β Julius Lothar Meyer, German chemist (d. 1895)
1835 β Tom Wills, Australian cricketer and pioneer of Australian rules football (d. 1880)
1843 β C. I. Scofield, American minister and theologian (d. 1921)
1846 β Luis MartΓn, Spanish religious leader, 24th Superior General of the Society of Jesus (d. 1906)
1848 β Gustave Caillebotte, French painter and engineer (d. 1894)
1849 β Joaquim Nabuco, Brazilian politician and diplomat (d. 1910)
1858 β Ellen Willmott, English horticulturalist (d. 1934)
1870 β Bernard Baruch, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 1965)
1871 β Orville Wright, American engineer and pilot, co-founded the Wright Company (d. 1948)
1873 β Fred Stone, American actor and producer (d. 1959)
1878 β Manuel L. Quezon, Filipino soldier, lawyer, and politician, 2nd President of the Philippines (d. 1944)
1881 β George Enescu, Romanian violinist, pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1955)
1881 β George Shepherd, 1st Baron Shepherd (d. 1954)
1883 β Coco Chanel, French fashion designer, founded the Chanel Company (d. 1971)
1883 β JosΓ© Mendes CabeΓ§adas, Portuguese admiral and politician, 9th President of Portugal (d. 1965)
1885 β Grace Hutchins, American labor reformer and researcher (d. 1969)
1887 β S. Satyamurti, Indian lawyer and politician (d. 1943)
1895 β C. Suntharalingam, Sri Lankan lawyer, academic, and politician (d. 1985)
1899 β Colleen Moore, American actress (d. 1988)
1900 β Gontran de Poncins, French author and adventurer (d. 1962)
1900 β Gilbert Ryle, English philosopher, author, and academic (d. 1976)
1900 β Dorothy Burr Thompson, American archaeologist and art historian (d. 2001)
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August 19
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1901βpresent
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1901βpresent
1902 β Ogden Nash, American poet (d. 1971)
1903 β James Gould Cozzens, American novelist and short story writer (d. 1978)
1904 β Maurice Wilks, English engineer and businessman (d. 1963)
1906 β Philo Farnsworth, American inventor, invented the Fusor (d. 1971)
1907 β Hazari Prasad Dwivedi, Indian historian, author, and scholar (d. 1979)
1909 β Ronald King, New Zealand rugby player (d. 1988)
1910 β Saint Alphonsa, first woman of Indian origin to be canonized as a saint by the Catholic Church (d. 1946)
1911 β Anna Terruwe, Dutch psychiatrist and author (d. 2004)
1912 β Herb Narvo, Australian rugby league player, coach, and boxer (d. 1958)
1913 β John Argyris, Greek engineer and academic (d. 2004)
1913 β Peter Kemp, Indian-English soldier and author (d. 1993)
1913 β Richard Simmons, American actor (d. 2003)
1914 β Lajos BarΓ³ti, Hungarian footballer and manager (d. 2005)
1914 β Fumio Hayasaka, Japanese composer (d. 1955)
1914 β Rose Heilbron, British barrister and judge (d. 2005)
1915 β Ring Lardner, Jr., American journalist and screenwriter (d. 2000)
1915 β Alfred Rouleau, Canadian businessman (d. 1985)
1916 β Dennis Poore, English racing driver and businessman (d. 1987)
1918 β Jimmy Rowles, American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 1996)
1919 β Malcolm Forbes, American publisher and politician (d. 1990)
1921 β Gene Roddenberry, American screenwriter and producer (d. 1991)
1922 β Jack Holland, Australian rugby league player (d. 1994)
1923 β Edgar F. Codd, English computer scientist, inventor of relational model of data (d. 2003)
1924 β Willard Boyle, Canadian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2011)
1924 β William Marshall, American actor, director, and opera singer (d. 2003)
1925 β Claude Gauvreau, Canadian poet and playwright (d. 1971)
1926 β Angus Scrimm, American actor and author (d. 2016)
1928 β Shiv Prasaad Singh, Indian Hindi writer (d. 1998)
1928 β Bernard Levin, English journalist, author, and broadcaster (d. 2004)
1929 β Bill Foster, American basketball player and coach (d. 2016)
1929 β Ion N. Petrovici, Romanian-German neurologist and academic (d. 2021)
1930 β Frank McCourt, American author and educator (d. 2009)
1931 β Bill Shoemaker, American jockey and author (d. 2003)
1932 β Thomas P. Salmon, American lawyer and politician, 75th Governor of Vermont
1932 β Banharn Silpa-archa, Thai politician, Prime Minister (1995β1996) (d. 2016)
1933 β Bettina Cirone, American model and photographer
1933 β David Hopwood, English microbiologist and geneticist
1933 β Debra Paget, American actress
1934 β David Durenberger, American soldier, lawyer, and politician (d. 2023)
1934 β RenΓ©e Richards, American tennis player and ophthalmologist
1935 β Bobby Richardson, American baseball player and coach
1936 β Richard McBrien, American priest, theologian, and academic (d. 2015)
1937 β Richard Ingrams, English journalist, founded The Oldie
1937 β William Motzing, American composer and conductor (d. 2014)
1938 β Diana Muldaur, American actress
1938 β Nelly Vuksic, Argentine conductor and musician
1939 β Ginger Baker, English drummer and songwriter (d. 2019)
1940 β Roger Cook, English songwriter, singer, and producer
1940 β Johnny Nash, American singer-songwriter (d. 2020)
1940 β Jill St. John, American model and actress
1941 β John Cootes, Australian rugby league player, priest, and businessman
1941 β Mihalis Papagiannakis, Greek educator and politician (d. 2009)
1942 β Fred Thompson, American actor, lawyer, and politician (d. 2015)
1943 β Don Fardon, English pop singer
1943 β Sid Going, New Zealand rugby player (d. 2024)
1943 β Billy J. Kramer, English pop singer
1944 β Jack Canfield, American author
1944 β Stew Johnson, American basketball player
1944 β Bodil Malmsten, Swedish author and poet (d. 2016)
1944 β Eddy Raven, American country music singer-songwriter
1944 β Charles Wang, Chinese-American businessman and philanthropist, co-founded Computer Associates International (d. 2018)
1945 β Dennis Eichhorn, American author and illustrator (d. 2015)
1945 β Charles Wellesley, 9th Duke of Wellington, English politician
1945 β Ian Gillan, English singer-songwriter
1946 β Charles Bolden, American general and astronaut
1946 β Bill Clinton, American lawyer and politician, 42nd President of the United States
1946 β Dawn Steel, American film producer (d. 1997)
1947 β Dave Dutton, English actor and screenwriter
1947 β Terry Hoeppner, American football player and coach (d. 2007)
1947 β Gerald McRaney, American actor
1947 β Gerard Schwarz, American conductor and director
1947 β AnuΕ‘ka Ferligoj, Slovenian mathematician
1948 β Jim Carter, English actor
1948 β Tipper Gore, American activist and author, former Second Lady of the United States
1948 β Robert Hughes, Australian actor
1948 β Christy O'Connor Jnr, Irish golfer and architect (d. 2016)
1949 β Michael Nazir-Ali, Pakistani-English bishop
1950 β Jennie Bond, English journalist and author
1950 β Sudha Murty, Indian author and teacher, head of Infosys Foundation
1951 β John Deacon, English bass player and songwriter
1951 β Gustavo Santaolalla, Argentinian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
1952 β Jonathan Frakes, American actor and director
1952 β Gabriela Grillo, German equestrian (d. 2024)
1952 β Jimmy Watson, Canadian ice hockey player
1954 β Oscar Larrauri, Argentinian racing driver
1955 β Mary-Anne Fahey, Australian actress
1955 β Peter Gallagher, American actor
1955 β Patricia Scotland, Baroness Scotland of Asthal, Dominica-born English lawyer and politician, Attorney General for England and Wales
1955 β Ned Yost, American baseball player and manager
1956 β Adam Arkin, American actor, director, and producer
1956 β JosΓ© RubΓ©n Zamora, Guatemalan journalist
1957 β Paul-Jan Bakker, Dutch cricketer
1957 β Gary Chapman, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1957 β Martin Donovan, American actor and director
1957 β Ian Gould, English cricketer and umpire
1957 β Cesare Prandelli, Italian footballer and manager
1957 β Christine Soetewey, Belgian high jumper
1957 β Gerda Verburg, Dutch trade union leader and politician, Dutch Minister of Agriculture
1958 β Gary Gaetti, American baseball player, coach, and manager
1958 β Anthony MuΓ±oz, American football player and sportscaster
1958 β Brendan Nelson, Australian physician and politician, 47th Minister for Defence for Australia
1958 β Rick Snyder, American politician and businessman, 48th Governor of Michigan
1958 β Darryl Sutter, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
1959 β Chris Mortimer, Australian rugby league player
1959 β Ivan Neville, American singer-songwriter
1959 β Ricky Pierce, American basketball player
1960 β Morten Andersen, Danish-American football player
1960 β Ron Darling, American baseball player and commentator
1961 β Jonathan Coe, English author and academic
1963 β John Stamos, American actor
1965 β Kevin Dillon, American actor
1965 β Kyra Sedgwick, American actress and producer
1965 β James Tomkins, Australian rower
1966 β Lee Ann Womack, American singer-songwriter
1967 β Khandro Rinpoche, Indian spiritual leader
1967 β Satya Nadella, Indian-American business executive, chairman and CEO of Microsoft
1969 β Douglas Allen Tunstall Jr., American professional wrestler and politician
1969 β Nate Dogg, American rapper (d. 2011)
1969 β Matthew Perry, American actor, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2023)
1969 β Kazuyoshi Tatsunami, Japanese baseball player and coach
1969 β Clay Walker, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1970 β Fat Joe, American rapper
1971 β Mary Joe FernΓ‘ndez, Dominican-American tennis player and coach
1971 β JoΓ£o Vieira Pinto, Portuguese footballer
1972 β Roberto Abbondanzieri, Argentinian footballer and manager
1972 β Chihiro Yonekura, Japanese singer-songwriter
1973 β Marco Materazzi, Italian footballer and manager
1973 β Roy Rogers, American basketball player and coach
1973 β Tasma Walton, Australian actress
1975 β Tracie Thoms, American actress
1976 β RΓ©gine Chassagne, Canadian singer-songwriter
1977 β Iban Mayo, Spanish cyclist
1978 β Chris Capuano, American baseball player
1978 β Jakub DvorskΓ½, Czech game designer
1978 β Thomas Jones, American football player
1979 β Oumar KondΓ©, Swiss footballer
1980 β Darius Campbell, Scottish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (d. 2022)
1980 β Craig Frawley, Australian rugby league player
1980 β Jun Jin, South Korean singer
1980 β Paul Parry, Welsh footballer
1980 β Michael Todd, American bass player
1981 β Nick Kennedy, English rugby player
1981 β Taylor Pyatt, Canadian ice hockey player
1981 β Percy Watson, American football player and wrestler
1982 β Erika Christensen, American actress
1982 β Melissa Fumero, American actress
1982 β J. J. Hardy, American baseball player
1982 β Kevin Rans, Belgian pole vaulter
1982 β Stipe Miocic, American professional mixed martial artist
1982 β Steve Ott, Canadian ice hockey player
1983 β Mike Conway, English racing driver
1983 β Missy Higgins, Australian singer-songwriter
1983 β Tammin Sursok, South African-Australian actress and singer
1984 β Simon Bird, English actor and screenwriter
1984 β Alessandro Matri, Italian footballer
1984 β Ryan Taylor, English footballer
1985 β David A. Gregory, American actor
1985 β Lindsey Jacobellis, American snowboarder
1986 β Sotiris Balafas, Greek footballer
1986 β Saori Kimura, Japanese volleyball player
1986 β Christina Perri, American singer and songwriter
1987 β Patrick Chung, Jamaican-American football player
1987 β Nick Driebergen, Dutch swimmer
1987 β Nico HΓΌlkenberg, German racing driver
1988 β Kirk Cousins, American football player
1988 β Veronica Roth, American author
1989 β Romeo Miller, American basketball player, rapper, actor
1990 β Danny Galbraith, Scottish footballer
1991 β Salem Al-Dawsari, Saudi Arabian footballer
1992 β David Rittich, Czech ice hockey player
1993 β Pio Seci, Fijian rugby league player
1994 β Nafissatou Thiam, Belgian pentathlete and heptathlete
1994 β Fernando Gaviria, Colombian cyclist
1996 β Jung Ye-rin, South Korean singer and actress
1996 β Lachlan Lewis, Australian rugby league player
1999 β Ethan Cutkosky, American actor and musician
1999 β Thomas Flegler, Australian rugby league player
2000 β Keegan Murray, American basketball player
2001 β Awak Kuier, Finnish basketball player
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August 19
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Deaths
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Deaths
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August 19
|
Pre-1600
|
Pre-1600
607 BC β Duke Ling of Jin, Chinese monarch
AD 14 β Augustus, Roman emperor (b. 63 BC)
780 β Credan, English abbot and saint
947 β Abu Yazid, Kharijite rebel leader (b. 873)
998 β Fujiwara no Sukemasa, Japanese noble, statesman and calligrapher (b. 944)
1072 β Hawise, Duchess of Brittany (b. 1037)
1085 β Al-Juwayni, Muslim scholar and imam (b. 1028)
1186 β Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany (b. 1158)
1245 β Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence (b. 1195)
1284 β Alphonso, Earl of Chester (b. 1273)
1297 β Louis of Toulouse, French bishop and saint (b. 1274)
1457 β Andrea del Castagno, Italian painter (b. 1421)
1470 β Richard Olivier de Longueil, French cardinal (b. 1406)
1493 β Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1415)
1506 β King Alexander Jagiellon of Poland (b. 1461)
1541 β Vincenzo Cappello, Venetian admiral and statesman (b. 1469)
1580 β Andrea Palladio, Italian architect, designed the Church of San Giorgio Maggiore and Il Redentore (b. 1508)
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August 19
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1601β1900
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1601β1900
1646 β Alexander Henderson, Scottish theologian and academic (b. 1583)
1654 β Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller, Bohemian rabbi (b. 1579)
1662 β Blaise Pascal, French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher (b. 1623)
1674 β FrantiΕ‘ek MaxmiliΓ‘n KaΕka, Czech architect (d. 1766)
1680 β Jean Eudes, French priest, founded the Congregation of Jesus and Mary (b. 1601)
1691 β KΓΆprΓΌlΓΌ FazΔ±l Mustafa Pasha, Ottoman commander and politician, 117th Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1637)
1702 β Anthony Grey, 11th Earl of Kent, English politician (b. 1645)
1753 β Johann Balthasar Neumann, German engineer and architect, designed Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers (b. 1687)
1808 β Fredrik Henrik af Chapman, Swedish admiral and shipbuilder (b. 1721)
1822 β Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre, French mathematician and astronomer (b. 1749)
1883 β Jeremiah S. Black, American lawyer and politician, 24th United States Attorney General (b. 1810)
1889 β Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam, French author, poet, and playwright (b. 1838)
1895 β John Wesley Hardin, American Old West outlaw, gunfighter (b. 1853)
1900 β Jean-Baptiste Accolay, Belgian violinist, composer, and conductor (b. 1833)
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August 19
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1901βpresent
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1901βpresent
1914 β Franz Xavier Wernz, German religious leader, 25th Superior General of the Society of Jesus (b. 1844)
1915 β Tevfik Fikret, Turkish poet and educator (b. 1867)
1923 β Vilfredo Pareto, Italian sociologist and economist (b. 1845)
1928 β Stephanos Skouloudis, Greek banker and diplomat, 97th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1838)
1929 β Sergei Diaghilev, Russian critic and producer, founded Ballets Russes (b. 1872)
1932 β Louis Anquetin, French painter (b. 1861)
1936 β Federico GarcΓa Lorca, Spanish poet, playwright, and director (b. 1898)
1942 β Harald Kaarmann, Estonian footballer (b. 1901)
1942 β Heinrich Rauchinger, KrakΓ³w-born painter (b. 1858)
1944 β Henry Wood, English conductor (b. 1869)
1945 β TomΓ‘s Burgos, Chilean philanthropist (b. 1875)
1950 β Giovanni Giorgi, Italian physicist and engineer (b. 1871)
1954 β Alcide De Gasperi, Italian journalist and politician, 30th Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1881)
1957 β David Bomberg, English soldier and painter (b. 1890)
1967 β Hugo Gernsback, Luxembourg-born American author and publisher (b. 1884)
1967 β Isaac Deutscher, Polish-English journalist and historian (b. 1907)
1968 β George Gamow, Ukrainian-American physicist and cosmologist (b. 1904)
1970 β PaweΕ Jasienica, Polish soldier and historian (b. 1909)
1975 β Mark Donohue, American race car driver and engineer (b. 1937)
1976 β Alastair Sim, Scottish-English actor (b. 1900)
1976 β Ken Wadsworth, New Zealand cricketer (b. 1946)
1977 β Aleksander Kreek, Estonian shot putter and discus thrower (b. 1914)
1977 β Groucho Marx, American comedian and actor (b. 1890)
1980 β Otto Frank, German-Swiss businessman, father of Anne Frank (b. 1889)
1981 β Jessie Matthews, English actress, singer, and dancer (b. 1907)
1982 β August Neo, Estonian wrestler (b. 1908)
1986 β Hermione Baddeley, English actress (b. 1906)
1986 β Viv Thicknesse, Australian rugby player (b. 1910)
1993 β Utpal Dutt, Bangladeshi actor, director, and playwright (b. 1929)
1994 β Linus Pauling, American chemist and biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1901)
1995 β Pierre Schaeffer, French composer and musicologist (b. 1910)
2000 β Bineshwar Brahma, Indian poet, author, and educator (b. 1948)
2001 β Donald Woods, South African journalist and activist (b. 1933)
2003 β Carlos Roberto Reina, Honduran lawyer and politician, President of Honduras (b. 1926)
2003 β SΓ©rgio Vieira de Mello, Brazilian diplomat (b. 1948)
2005 β Mo Mowlam, English academic and politician, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (b. 1949)
2008 β Levy Mwanawasa, Zambian lawyer and politician, 3rd President of Zambia (b. 1948)
2009 β Don Hewitt, American television producer, created 60 Minutes (b. 1922)
2011 β RaΓΊl Ruiz, Chilean director and producer (b. 1941)
2012 β Donal Henahan, American journalist and critic (b. 1921)
2012 β Ivar Iversen, Norwegian canoe racer (b. 1914)
2012 β Tony Scott, English-American director and producer (b. 1944)
2012 β Edmund Skellings, American poet and academic (b. 1932)
2013 β Musa'id bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi Arabian prince (b. 1923)
2013 β Russell S. Doughten, American director and producer (b. 1927)
2013 β Abdul Rahim Hatif, Afghan politician, 8th President of Afghanistan (b. 1926)
2013 β Donna Hightower, American singer-songwriter (b. 1926)
2014 β Samih al-Qasim, Palestinian poet and journalist (b. 1939)
2014 β Simin Behbahani, Iranian poet and activist (b. 1927)
2014 β James Foley, American photographer and journalist (b. 1973)
2014 β Candida Lycett Green, Anglo-Irish journalist and author (b. 1942)
2015 β George Houser, American minister and activist (b. 1916)
2015 β Sanat Mehta, Indian activist and politician (b. 1935)
2016 β Jack Riley, American actor and voice artist (b. 1935)
2017 β Dick Gregory, American comedian, author and activist (b. 1932)
2019 β Lars Larsen, Danish businessman and billionaire, founder and owner of the Danish retail chain JYSK (b. 1948)
2021 β Sonny Chiba, Japanese actor (b. 1939)
2022 β Tekla Juniewicz, Polish supercentenarian (b. 1906)
2023 β VΓ‘clav Patejdl, Slovak musician (b. 1954)
2024 β Maria Branyas, American-Spanish supercentenarian (b. 1907)
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August 19
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Holidays and observances
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Holidays and observances
Afghan Independence Day, commemorates the Treaty of Rawalpindi in 1919, granting independence from Britain (Afghanistan)
August Revolution Commemoration Day (Vietnam)
Birthday of Crown Princess Mette-Marit (Norway)
Christian Feast Day:
Bernardo Tolomei
Bertulf of Bobbio
Saint Calminius
EzequiΓ©l Moreno y DΓaz
Feast of the Transfiguration (Julian calendar), and its related observances:
Buhe (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church)
Saviour's Transfiguration, popularly known as the "Apples Feast" (Russian Orthodox Church and Georgian Orthodox Church)
Jean-Eudes de MΓ©zeray
Louis of Toulouse
Maginus
Magnus of Anagni
Magnus of Avignon
Sebaldus
August 19 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Manuel Luis QuezΓ³n Day (Quezon City and other places in the Philippines named after Manuel L. Quezon)
National Aviation Day (United States)
World Humanitarian Day
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August 19
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References
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References
|
August 19
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External links
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External links
Category:Days of August
|
August 19
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Table of Content
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pp-move, Events, Pre-1600, 1601β1900, 1901βpresent, Births, Pre-1600, 1601β1900, 1901βpresent, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601β1900, 1901βpresent, Holidays and observances, References, External links
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August 21
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pp-pc1
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August 21
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Events
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Events
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August 21
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Pre-1600
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Pre-1600
959 β Eraclus becomes the 25th bishop of LiΓ¨ge.
1140 β Song dynasty general Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin dynasty general Wuzhu at the Battle of Yancheng during the JinβSong Wars.
1169 β Battle of the Blacks: Uprising by the black African forces of the Fatimid army, along with a number of Egyptian emirs and commoners, against Saladin..
1192 β Minamoto no Yoritomo becomes Sei-i TaishΕgun and the de facto ruler of Japan. (Traditional Japanese date: the 12th day of the seventh month in the third year of the KenkyΕ« (ε»ΊδΉ
) era).
1331 β King Stefan UroΕ‘ III, after months of anarchy, surrenders to his son and rival Stefan DuΕ‘an, who succeeds as King of Serbia.
1415 β Henry the Navigator leads Portuguese forces to victory over the Marinids at the Conquest of Ceuta.
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August 21
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1601β1900
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1601β1900
1680 β Pueblo Indians capture Santa Fe from the Spanish during the Pueblo Revolt.
1689 β The Battle of Dunkeld in Scotland.
1716 β Seventh OttomanβVenetian War: The arrival of naval reinforcements and the news of the Battle of Petrovaradin force the Ottomans to abandon the Siege of Corfu, thus preserving the Ionian Islands under Venetian rule.
1770 β James Cook formally claims eastern Australia for Great Britain, naming it New South Wales.
1772 β King Gustav III completes his coup d'Γ©tat by adopting a new Constitution, ending half a century of parliamentary rule in Sweden and installing himself as an enlightened despot.
1778 β American Revolutionary War: British forces begin besieging the French outpost at PondichΓ©ry.
1791 β A Vodou ceremony, led by Dutty Boukman, turns into a violent slave rebellion, beginning the Haitian Revolution.
1808 β Battle of Vimeiro: British and Portuguese forces led by General Arthur Wellesley defeat French force under Major-General Jean-Andoche Junot near the village of Vimeiro, Portugal, the first Anglo-Portuguese victory of the Peninsular War.
1810 β Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, Marshal of France, is elected Crown Prince of Sweden by the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates.
1821 β Jarvis Island is discovered by the crew of the ship, Eliza Frances.
1831 β Nat Turner leads black slaves and free blacks in a rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia, which will claim the lives of 55 to 65 whites and about twice that number of blacks.
1852 β Tlingit Indians destroy Fort Selkirk, Yukon Territory.
1858 β The first of the LincolnβDouglas debates is held in Ottawa, Illinois."First Debate: Ottawa, Illinois." NPS.gov. 21 August 2019.
1862 β The Stadtpark, the first public park in Vienna, opens to the public.
1863 β Lawrence, Kansas is destroyed by pro-Confederate guerrillas known as Quantrill's Raiders.
1878 β The American Bar Association is founded in Saratoga Springs, New York.
1879 β The locals of Knock, County Mayo, Ireland report their having seen an apparition of the Virgin Mary. The apparition is later named βOur Lady of Knockβ and the spot transformed into a Catholic pilgrimage site.
1883 β An F5 tornado strikes Rochester, Minnesota, leading to the creation of the Mayo Clinic.
1888 β The first successful adding machine in the United States is patented by William Seward Burroughs.
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August 21
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1901βpresent
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1901βpresent
1901 β Six hundred American school teachers, Thomasites, arrived in Manila on the USAT Thomas.
1911 β The Mona Lisa is stolen by Vincenzo Peruggia, a Louvre employee.
1914 β World War I: The Battle of Charleroi, a successful German attack across the River Sambre that pre-empted a French offensive in the same area.
1918 β World War I: The Second Battle of the Somme begins.
1942 β World War II: The Guadalcanal Campaign: American forces defeat an attack by Imperial Japanese Army soldiers in the Battle of the Tenaru.
1944 β Dumbarton Oaks Conference, prelude to the United Nations, begins.
1944 β World War II: Canadian and Polish units capture the strategically important town of Falaise, Calvados, France.
1945 β Physicist Harry Daghlian is fatally irradiated in a criticality accident during an experiment with the Demon core at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
1957 β The Soviet Union successfully conducts a long-range test flight of the R-7 Semyorka, the first intercontinental ballistic missile.
1959 β United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs an executive order proclaiming Hawaii the 50th state of the union. Hawaii's admission is currently commemorated by Hawaii Admission Day.
1963 β XΓ‘ Lợi Pagoda raids: The Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces loyal to NgΓ΄ ΔΓ¬nh Nhu, brother of President Ngo Dinh Diem, vandalizes Buddhist pagodas across the country, arresting thousands and leaving an estimated hundreds dead.
1965 β The Socialist Republic of Romania is proclaimed, following the adoption of a new constitution.
1968 β Cold War: Nicolae CeauΘescu, leader of the Socialist Republic of Romania, publicly condemns the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, encouraging the Romanian population to arm itself against possible Soviet reprisals.
1968 β James Anderson Jr. posthumously receives the first Medal of Honor to be awarded to an African American U.S. Marine.
1971 β A bomb exploded in the Liberal Party campaign rally in Plaza Miranda, Manila, Philippines with several anti-Marcos political candidates injured.
1982 β Lebanese Civil War: The first troops of a multinational force lands in Beirut to oversee the Palestine Liberation Organization's withdrawal from Lebanon.
1983 β Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. is assassinated at Manila International Airport (now renamed Ninoy Aquino International Airport in his honor).
1986 β Carbon dioxide gas erupts from volcanic Lake Nyos in Cameroon, killing up to 1,800 people within a range.
1988 β The 6.9 Nepal earthquake shakes the NepalβIndia border with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), leaving 709β1,450 people killed and thousands injured.
1991 β Latvia declares renewal of its full independence after its occupation by the Soviet Union since 1940.
1991 β Coup attempt against Mikhail Gorbachev collapses.
1993 β NASA loses contact with the Mars Observer spacecraft.
1994 β Royal Air Maroc Flight 630 crashes in Douar Izounine, Morocco, killing all 44 people on board.
1995 β Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 529, an Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia, attempts to divert to West Georgia Regional Airport after the left engine fails, but the aircraft crashes in Carroll County near Carrollton, Georgia, killing nine of the 29 people on board.
2000 β American golfer Tiger Woods wins the 82nd PGA Championship and becomes the first golfer since Ben Hogan in 1953 to win three majors in a calendar year.
2013 β Hundreds of people are reported killed by chemical attacks in the Ghouta region of Syria.
2017 β A solar eclipse traverses the continental United States.
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August 21
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Births
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Births
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August 21
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Pre-1600
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Pre-1600
1165 β Philip II of France (d. 1223)
1481 β Jorge de Lencastre, Duke of Coimbra (d. 1550)
1535 β Shimazu Yoshihiro, Japanese general (d. 1619)
1552 β Muhammad Qadiri, Founder of the Naushahia branch of the Qadri order (d. 1654)
1567 β Francis de Sales, Swiss bishop and saint (d. 1622)
1579 β Henri, Duke of Rohan (d. 1638)
1597 β Roger Twysden, English historian and politician (d. 1672)
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August 21
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1601β1900
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1601β1900
1625 β John Claypole, English politician (d. 1688)
1643 β Afonso VI of Portugal (d. 1683)
1660 β Hubert Gautier, French mathematician and engineer (d. 1737)
1665 β Giacomo F. Maraldi, French-Italian astronomer and mathematician (d. 1729)
1670 β James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, French general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire (d. 1734)
1725 β Jean-Baptiste Greuze, French painter and educator (d. 1805)
1754 β William Murdoch, Scottish engineer and inventor, created gas lighting (d. 1839)
1754 β Banastre Tarleton, English general and politician (d. 1833)
1765 β William IV of the United Kingdom (d. 1837)
1787 β John Owen, American governor of North Carolina (d. 1841)
1789 β Augustin-Louis Cauchy, French mathematician and academic (d. 1857)
1798 β Jules Michelet, French historian and philosopher (d. 1874)
1800 β Hiram Walden, American general and politician (d. 1880)
1801 β Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer, Dutch historian and politician (d. 1876)
1813 β Jean Stas, Belgian chemist and physician (d. 1891)
1816 β Charles FrΓ©dΓ©ric Gerhardt, French chemist and academic (d. 1856)
1823 β Nathaniel Everett Green, English painter and astronomer (d. 1899)
1826 β Carl Gegenbaur, German anatomist and academic (d. 1903)
1829 β Otto Goldschmidt, German composer, conductor and pianist (d. 1907)
1840 β Ferdinand Hamer, Dutch bishop and missionary (d. 1900)
1851 β Charles Barrois, French geologist and palaeontologist (d. 1939)
1856 β Medora de Vallombrosa, Marquise de MorΓ¨s, American heiress (d. 1921)
1858 β Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria (d. 1889)
1862 β Emilio Salgari, Italian journalist and author (d. 1911)
1869 β William Henry Ogilvie, Scottish-Australian poet and author (d. 1963)
1872 β Aubrey Beardsley, English author and illustrator (d. 1898)
1878 β Richard Girulatis, German footballer and manager (d. 1963)
1879 β Claude Grahame-White, English pilot and engineer (d. 1959)
1884 β Chandler Egan, American golfer and architect (d. 1936)
1885 β Γdouard Fabre, Canadian runner (d. 1939)
1886 β Ruth Manning-Sanders, Welsh-English author and poet (d. 1988)
1887 β James Paul Moody, English sailor (d. 1912)
1891 β Emiliano Mercado del Toro, Puerto Rican-American soldier (d. 2007)
1892 β Charles Vanel, French actor and director (d. 1989)
1894 β Christian Schad, German painter (d. 1982)
1895 β Blossom Rock, American actress (d. 1978)
1897 β Keith Arbuthnott, 15th Viscount of Arbuthnott, Scottish soldier and peer (d. 1966)
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August 21
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1901βpresent
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1901βpresent
1902 β Angel Karaliychev, Bulgarian author (d. 1972)
1903 β Kostas Giannidis, Greek pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1984)
1904 β Count Basie, American pianist, composer, and bandleader (d. 1984)
1905 β Bipin Gupta, Indian actor and producer (d. 1981)
1906 β Friz Freleng, American animator, director, and producer (d. 1995)
1907 β P. Jeevanandham, Indian lawyer and politician (d. 1963)
1909 β Nikolay Bogolyubov, Russian mathematician and physicist (d. 1992)
1912 β Toe Blake, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1995)
1914 β Doug Wright, English cricketer and coach (d. 1998)
1916 β Bill Lee, American actor and singer (d. 1980)
1916 β Consuelo VelΓ‘zquez, Mexican pianist and songwriter (d. 2005)
1917 β Leonid Hurwicz, Russian economist and mathematician (d. 2008)
1918 β Billy Reay, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach (d. 2004)
1921 β Reuven Feuerstein, Romanian-Israeli psychologist and academic (d. 2014)
1922 β Albert Irvin, English soldier and painter (d. 2015)
1923 β Keith Allen, Canadian-American ice hockey player, coach, and manager (d. 2014)
1924 β Jack Buck, American sportscaster (d. 2002)
1924 β Jack Weston, American actor (d. 1996)
1926 β Can YΓΌcel, Turkish poet and translator (d. 1999)
1927 β Thomas S. Monson, American religious leader, 16th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 2018)
1928 β Addison Farmer, American bassist (d. 1963)
1928 β Art Farmer, American trumpet player and composer (d. 1999)
1928 β Bud McFadin, American football player (d. 2006)
1929 β Herman Badillo, Puerto Rican-American lawyer and politician (d. 2014)
1929 β X. J. Kennedy, American poet, translator, anthologist, editor
1929 β Ahmed Kathrada, South African politician and political prisoner (d. 2017)
1930 β Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (d. 2002)
1930 β Frank Perry, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1995)
1932 β Menashe Kadishman, Israeli sculptor and painter (d. 2015)
1932 β Melvin Van Peebles, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2021)
1933 β Janet Baker, English soprano and educator
1933 β Michael Dacher, German mountaineer (d. 1994)
1933 β Barry Norman, English author and critic (d. 2017)
1933 β Erik Paaske, Danish actor and singer (d. 1992)
1934 β Sudhakarrao Naik, Indian lawyer and politician, 13th Chief Minister of Maharashtra (d. 2001)
1934 β Paul Panhuysen, Dutch composer (d. 2015)
1936 β Wilt Chamberlain, American basketball player and coach (d. 1999)
1936 β Radish Tordia, Georgian painter and educator
1937 β Donald Dewar, Scottish politician, first First Minister of Scotland (d. 2000)
1937 β Gustavo Noboa, Ecuadorian academic and politician, 51st President of Ecuador (d. 2021)
1937 β Robert Stone, American novelist and short story writer (d. 2015)
1938 β Steve Cowper, American politician, 6th Governor of AlaskaMarie Marmo Mullaney. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1988-1994, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994. p. 13.
1938 β Kenny Rogers, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, producer, and actor (d. 2020)
1938 β Mike Weston, English rugby player (d. 2023)
1939 β James Burton, American Hall of Fame guitarist
1939 β Festus Mogae, Botswana economist and politician, third President of Botswana
1939 β Clarence Williams III, American actor (d. 2021)
1940 β Dominick Harrod, English journalist, historian, and author (d. 2013)
1940 β Endre SzemerΓ©di, Hungarian-American mathematician and computer scientist
1941 β Jackie DeShannon, American singer-songwriter
1943 β Patrick Demarchelier, French photographer (d. 2022)
1943 β Jonathan Schell, American journalist and author (d. 2014)
1943 β Lucius Shepard, American author and critic (d. 2014)
1943 β Hugh Wilson, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2018)
1944 β Perry Christie, Bahamian politician, third Prime Minister of the Bahamas
1944 β Peter Weir, Australian director, producer, and screenwriter
1945 β Basil Poledouris, Greek-American composer, conductor (d. 2006)
1945 β Celia Brayfield, English journalist and author
1945 β Jerry DaVanon, American baseball player
1945 β Willie Lanier, American football player
1945 β Patty McCormack, American actress
1947 β Carl Giammarese, American singer-songwriter and musician
1949 β Loretta Devine, American actress and singer
1949 β Daniel Sivan, Israeli scholar and academic
1950 β Patrick Juvet, Swiss singer-songwriter and model (d. 2021)
1950 β Arthur Bremer, American attempted assassin of George Wallace
1951 β Eric Goles, Chilean mathematician and computer scientist
1951 β Glenn Hughes, English musician
1951 β Yana Mintoff, Maltese politician, economist and educator
1951 β Chesley V. Morton, American businessman and politician
1952 β Keith Hart, Canadian firefighter, wrestler, and trainer
1952 β JiΕΓ Paroubek, Czech soldier and politician, sixth Prime Minister of the Czech Republic
1952 β Bernadette Porter, English nun and educator
1952 β Joe Strummer, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2002)
1953 β Ivan Stang, American author, publisher, and director
1954 β Archie Griffin, American football player
1954 β Steve Smith, American drummer
1954 β Mark Williams, New Zealand-Australian singer-songwriter
1956 β Kim Cattrall, English-Canadian actress
1956 β Jon Tester, American farmer and politician
1957 β Frank Pastore, American baseball player and radio host (d. 2012)
1958 β Steve Case, American businessman, co-founder of America Online (AOL)
1958 β Mark Williams, Australian footballer and coach
1959 β Anne Hobbs, English tennis player and coach
1959 β Jim McMahon, American football player and coach
1961 β Gerardo Barbero, Argentinian chess player and coach (d. 2001)
1961 β V. B. Chandrasekhar, Indian cricketer and coach (d. 2019)
1961 β Stephen Hillenburg, American marine biologist, cartoonist, animator and creator of SpongeBob SquarePants (d. 2018)
1962 β Cleo King, American actress
1962 β John Korfas, Greek-American basketball player and coach
1962 β Gilberto Santa Rosa, Puerto Rican bandleader and singer of salsa and bolero
1962 β Pete Weber, American bowler
1963 β Mohammed VI of Morocco, King of Morocco
1963 β Nigel Pearson, English footballer and manager
1964 β Gary Elkerton, Australian surfer
1965 β Jim Bullinger, American baseball player
1966 β John Wetteland, American baseball player and coach
1967 β Darren Bewick, Australian footballer
1967 β Charb, French journalist and cartoonist (d. 2015)
1967 β Carrie-Anne Moss, Canadian actress
1967 β Serj Tankian, Lebanese-born Armenian-American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and record producer
1968 β Dina Carroll, English singer-songwriter
1968 β Goran Δurko, Serbian footballer
1968 β Laura Trevelyan, English journalist and author
1969 β Bruce Anstey, New Zealand motorcycle racer
1969 β JosΓ©e Chouinard, Canadian figure skater
1970 β Craig Counsell, American baseball player and coach
1970 β Erik Dekker, Dutch cyclist and manager
1970 β Cathy Weseluck, Canadian actress
1971 β Mamadou Diallo, Senegalese footballer
1971 β Robert Harvey, Australian footballer and coach
1971 β Liam Howlett, English keyboard player, DJ, and producer
1973 β Sergey Brin, Russian-American computer scientist and businessman, co-founded Google
1973 β Steve McKenna, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
1974 β Martin Andanar, Filipino journalist and radio host
1974 β Paul Mellor, Australian rugby league player and referee
1975 β Simon Katich, Australian cricketer and manager
1975 β Alicia Witt, American actress and musician
1976 β Alex Brooks, American ice hockey player and scout
1976 β Jeff Cunningham, Jamaican-American soccer player
1976 β Robert Miles, Australian rugby league player
1976 β RamΓ³n VΓ‘zquez, Puerto Rican-American baseball player and coach
1978 β Peter Buxton, English rugby player and manager
1978 β Reuben Droughns, American football player and coach
1978 β Lee Gronkiewicz, American baseball player and coach
1978 β Alan Lee, Irish footballer and coach
1978 β Jason Marquis, American baseball player
1979 β Kelis, American singer-songwriter, producer, chef and author
1979 β Diego Klattenhoff, Canadian actor
1980 β Bryan Allen, Canadian ice hockey player
1980 β Burney Lamar, American race car driver
1980 β Paul Menard, American race car driver
1980 β Jasmin WΓΆhr, German tennis player
1981 β Jarrod Lyle, Australian golfer (d. 2018)
1981 β Cameron Winklevoss, American rower and businessman, co-founded ConnectU
1981 β Tyler Winklevoss, American rower and businessman, co-founded ConnectU
1981 β Ross Thomas, American actor
1982 β Jason Eaton, New Zealand rugby player
1982 β Omar Sachedina, Canadian television journalist, correspondent, and news anchor
1983 β Brody Jenner, American television personality and model
1983 β Scott McDonald, Australian footballer
1984 β Neil Dexter, South African cricketer
1984 β Melvin Upton, Jr., American baseball player
1984 β AlizΓ©e, French singer
1985 β NicolΓ‘s Almagro, Spanish tennis player
1985 β Aleksandra Kiryashova, Russian pole vaulter
1986 β Usain Bolt, Jamaican sprinter
1986 β Wout Brama, Dutch footballer
1986 β Koki Sakamoto, Japanese gymnast
1986 β Brooks Wheelan, American comedian and actor
1987 β DeWanna Bonner, American-Macedonian basketball player
1987 β Cody Kasch, American actor
1987 β J. D. Martinez, American baseball player
1987 β Jodie Meeks, American basketball player and coach
1988 β Robert Lewandowski, Polish footballer
1988 β Joanna Mitrosz, Polish rhythmic gymnast
1988 β Kacey Musgraves, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1989 β Charlison Benschop, Dutch footballer
1989 β James Davey, English rugby league player
1989 β Matteo Gentili, Italian footballer
1989 β Hayden Panettiere, American actress
1989 β Aleix Vidal, Spanish footballer
1990 β Bo Burnham, American comedian, musician, actor, filmmaker and poet
1990 β Christian VΓ‘zquez, Puerto Rican baseball player
1991 β Leandro Bacuna, Dutch footballer
1991 β Jesse Rutherford, American singer and songwriter
1992 β Brandon Drury, American baseball player
1992 β RJ Mitte, American actor
1992 β Felipe Nasr, Brazilian race car driver
1993 β Millie Bright, English footballer
1993 β Mike Evans, American football player
1994 β Alexandra Cooper, American podcaster
1994 β Ekin-Su CΓΌlcΓΌloΔlu, British-Turkish reality television personality, actress and model
1995 β Dominik KubalΓk, Czech ice hockey player
1996 β KarolΓna MuchovΓ‘, Czech tennis player
1999 β Maxim Knight, American actor
2000 β Corbin Carroll, American baseball player
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August 21
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Deaths
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Deaths
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August 21
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Pre-1600
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Pre-1600
672 β Emperor KΕbun of Japan (b. 648)
784 β Alberic, archbishop of Utrecht
913 β Tang Daoxi, Chinese general
1131 β King Baldwin II of Jerusalem
1148 β William II, Count of Nevers (b. c. 1089)
1157 β Alfonso VII of LeΓ³n and Castile (b. 1105)
1245 β Alexander of Hales, English theologian
1271 β Alphonse, Count of Poitiers (b. 1220)
1534 β Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, 44th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1464)
1568 β Jean Parisot de Valette, 49th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1495)
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