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Synaptic gating | Inhibition | Inhibition |
Synaptic gating | Modulation of interneurons | Modulation of interneurons
Gating can occur by shunting inhibition in which inhibitory interneurons change the membrane conductance of an excitatory target axon, thereby diffusing its excitatory signal. A gating signal from the gatekeeper triggers these inhibitory interneurons in order to prevent one set of neurons from firing even when stimulated by another set. In this state, the gate is closed. Examples of this kind of gating have been found in visual cortical neurons and areas of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in primates that may be responsible for suppressing irrelevant stimuli. Studies suggest that this kind of inhibition can be attributed in part to GABA receptor-mediated synapses.
In order for these inhibitory interneurons to act upon their targets, they must receive input from a gatekeeper signal that stimulates them. This input can be either intrinsic, extrinsic or both. Extrinsic input comes from an area of the brain anatomically and functionally distinct from a given circuit, while intrinsic input is released from parts if the circuit itself. Generally, this input occurs in the form of neuromodulatory substances, such as hormones, neuropeptides and other neurotransmitters that have been released from incoming neurons. These signals then converge on the gatekeeper, where they are integrated and directed toward the target. Depending on the circuit, gate signals may arrive from different brain areas. For example, studies have shown that the entorhinal cortex may gate areas of the medial PFC, thereby inhibiting them from projecting to other brain areas.
Additional research has shown that the thalamus can also act as a source for gating signals. In the pathway between the PFC and the hippocampus, stimulation of mediodorsal thalamic neurons, as well as stimulation of ventral tegmental area neurons inhibited PFC neuron firing. These inhibitory effects were shown to be modulated by various dopamine receptor antagonists, which implies some role of dopamine as a neuromodulatory agent in this circuit. |
Synaptic gating | Role in spatial attention | Role in spatial attention
Due to the brain's limited capacity to process information, it becomes necessary that the brain have the ability filter out unnecessary information, and select important information. Input, especially to the visual field, competes for selective attention. Models for gating mechanisms in the process of attention have been explored by many groups of researchers, however, a consensus on the role of synaptic gating in attention has not been reached. |
Synaptic gating | Role in working memory | Role in working memory
Gating mechanisms in the basal ganglia have been linked to our ability to filter irrelevant information and access relevant information from working memory. In this instance, the gatekeeping function is the responsibility of the thalamus. It opens the gate between two areas in the cortex, allowing for the influence of stimuli in working memory. The thalamus, however, is tonically inhibited by the basal ganglia. Activation within the basal ganglia will allow for the disinhibition of the thalamus and thus, the opening of the gate. |
Synaptic gating | Permissive gating | Permissive gating
The firing of an action potential, and consequently the release of neurotransmitters, occurs by this gating mechanism. In synaptic gating, in order for an action potential to occur, there must be more than one input to produce a single output in the neuron being gated. The interaction between these sets of neurons creates a biological AND gate. The neuron being gated is bistable and must be brought to the up state before it can fire an action potential. When this bistable neuron is in the up state, the gate is open. A gatekeeper neuron is responsible for stimulating the bistable neuron by shifting it from a down state to an up state and thus, opening the gate. Once the gate is open, an excitatory neuron can cause the bistable neuron to further depolarize and reach threshold causing and action potential to occur. If the gatekeeper does not shift the bistable neuron from down to up, the excitatory neuron will not be able to fire an action potential in the bistable neuron. Both the gatekeeper neuron and excitatory neuron are necessary to fire an action potential in the bistable neuron, but neither is sufficient to do so alone.
An example of this type of gating may occur in the nucleus accumbens. Studies have shown hippocampal neurons may gate the transmission of signals between the prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens. Stimulation of the prefrontal cortical neurons has a very small chance of eliciting an action potential in the nucleus accumbens while those neurons are in the down state. Likewise, stimulation of hippocampal neurons fails to produce action potentials in the nucleus accumbens; however, these hippocampal neurons have been shown to switch their targets in the nucleus accumbens to the up state. As long as these neurons remain in the up state, stimulation of prefrontal cortical neurons has a much higher likelihood of producing action potentials in the nucleus accumbens. Thus, the hippocampus serves as the gatekeeper for information flow from the prefrontal cortex to the nucleus accumbens, such that its action permissively gates these synapses.
Synaptic gating involves a variety of mechanisms by which the efficacy of neuronal activity is modulated. Additional studies demonstrate the permissive properties of synaptic gating. In certain instances, membrane depolarization will cause an opening of the gates that previously had an inhibitory effect on the neuron they were gating. This permissive gating is more than a matter of simple summation, however. Summation is the convergence of many EPSPs at the axon hillock (either from a single neuron firing at a high frequency or from many neurons firing at once) that depolarizes the membrane potential to the point of threshold. The membrane depolarization caused by the opening of synaptic gates causes an additional increase in intracellular calcium that facilitates the release of neurotransmitters; thus, it is able to selectively distribute information from the presynaptic cell. |
Synaptic gating | Disease | Disease |
Synaptic gating | Comorbidity of ADHD and anxiety | Comorbidity of ADHD and anxiety
Studies of children diagnosed with ADHD have shown considerably higher scores on the Anxious/Depressed scale of the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist, which implies a comorbidity of ADHD and anxiety. It has been suggested that impaired synaptic gating processes in the nucleus accumbens are the underlying cause of this comorbidity. This defect causes a reduction in synaptic gating of dopamine input from the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus on the nucleus accumbens. One theory supposes that this defect reduces the individual's ability to selectively inhibit fear responses from the amygdala, leading to anxiety. There are several theories, however, on how this impairment ultimately affects those with ADHD.
In studies with rodents, the prefrontal cortex, specifically the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been implicated in the processing of information lasting from milliseconds to several seconds, while the hippocampus has been implicated in the processing of information for longer time scales – such as minutes to hours. Damage to both these areas in people with ADHD seems to illustrate why they exhibit inattentiveness and impulsiveness. Nucleus accumbens neurons are bistable and thus can be selectively gated to either an "up" – depolarized state or a "down" – hyperpolarized state. Nucleus accumbens neurons are gated by hippocampal and amygdala input and this creates a depolarized accumbens neuron that is more receptive to innervation from input from the prefrontal cortex. Thus, in patients with ADHD not only is the input from the prefrontal cortex to the nucleus accumbens reduced but in addition the gating input from the hippocampus to the nucleus accumbens is also reduced leading to a reduction in activation of the nucleus accumbens neurons. Individuals that take medication such as methylphenidate (Ritalin) will increase their dopamine (DA) output along many of these synapses helping to compensate in the loss of synaptic activity generated from the pathophysiology of ADHD. Taking methylphenidate can increase DA projections to the nucleus accumbens, which can not only act to increase synaptic activity between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus (improving memory) but also act as a reward system as the nucleus accumbens is part of the mesolimbic pathway. Moreover, it is possibly why individuals on Ritalin have a “need” and “desire” to learn as it acts as a positive reinforcer in the brain. In addition, this reward circuitry activation is most likely a reason why methylphenidate is highly addictive and carries great dependence. In conclusion, synaptic gating illustrates a plausible mechanism by which ADHD medication like Ritalin modulates synaptic activity and memory. |
Synaptic gating | Schizophrenia | Schizophrenia
People who suffer from schizophrenia often exhibit an inability to illustrate context-dependent memory, an inability to show affective valence – proper emotions, and an inability for attentional and temporal processes. Synaptic gating seems to illustrate why all of these inabilities develop. In particular, hippocampal input into the nucleus accumbens, a region of the basal ganglia, acts as a gate creating a more depolarized up state within the accumbens neurons allowing them to be more receptive to innervation from the prefrontal cortex (PFC). In addition, amygdala input, in much the same way, acts as a gate creating a more depolarized state within the accumbens neurons although this depolarized state is much more transient. All in all, nucleus accumbens neurons are bistable. People with schizophrenia have damage to the hippocampus and amygdala illustrating improper gating and resulting in nucleus accumbens neurons being in the down position. This is why people with schizophrenia display an inability for context-dependent memory and their inability to show proper affective valence. In addition, because accumbens neurons are in the down position they are not as receptive to PFC stimulation and therefore people with schizophrenia show problems with attentional deficits. The gating theory of schizophrenia posits a bistable nucleus accumbens neuron that when gated improperly leads to a wealth of behavioral and memory deficits. |
Synaptic gating | Current and future research | Current and future research
Current research now has shed light on the fact that the bistability of a neuron may be part of a larger bistable neural network. Evidence of a bistable network has been shown with the interneurons of the auditory cortex. The stable states of this auditory cortex network are either synchronous or antisynchronous, which illustrates its bistable nature. When auditory interneurons were coupled with electrical and chemical inhibitory synapses, a bimodal firing pattern was observed. This bimodal pattern illustrates the bistability of the network to fire at either a synchronous or antisynchronous state. These two states could be modes by which an individual perceives different frequencies in sound waves. Future research is looking into whether this bistable network embodies many of the properties of a bistable neuron, and if there is a larger gatekeeper modulating the network as a whole.
It has been shown that nucleus accumbens neurons are capable of being gated because they are bistable. Recent evidence has shown that neurons in the cortex are also bistable, and thus also able to be gated. There appear to be three different types of gating circuits – one that is controlled by the cortex, one that is controlled by the association nuclei in the thalamus, and one that is controlled by circuits spanning the basal ganglia, cortex, and the thalamus. Strong evidence has concluded that gating from thalamus impacts the prefrontal cortex response from the hippocampus. This is seen as either an enhancement or a suppression illustrating the bistability of the process. It has been proven that nucleus accumbens neurons act as a gate yet do the neurons in the cortex act in the same manner? Future research will look at similarities between the two sets of bistable neurons. In addition, the mechanism of shifting the bistable neurons to their “down” state needs to be expanded upon. This state leads to inhibition and thus are their inhibitory interneurons that modulate this shift and if so are inhibitory neurotransmitters such as GABA involved? Lastly, neurons capable of modulating gates such as hippocampal and thalamic neurons can contact many different areas of the brain. With increasing research saying that neurons in the cortex, nucleus accumbens, and cerebellum are all able to be gated, can the hippocampus modulate the signals for all of these and if so can it connect these different brain areas into a much larger neural network capable of being modulated all at once? These are the questions at the heart of synaptic gating in the future. |
Synaptic gating | References | References
Category:Neurophysiology |
Synaptic gating | Table of Content | [[File:Gatekeeping.png, Gated synapse model, Inhibition, Modulation of interneurons, Role in spatial attention, Role in working memory, Permissive gating, Disease, Comorbidity of ADHD and anxiety, Schizophrenia, Current and future research, References |
Pecado de amor (film) | Use dmy dates | Pecado de amor is a 1961 Argentine musical drama film directed by Luis César Amadori and starred by Sara Montiel, Rafael Alonso and Reginald Kernan. It was produced by Cesáreo González and Benito Perojo, written by Gabriel Peña, Jesús María de Arozamena and Luis César Amadori and composed by Gregorio García Segura. |
Pecado de amor (film) | Cast | Cast |
Pecado de amor (film) | References | References |
Pecado de amor (film) | External links | External links
Category:1961 films
Category:1960s Spanish-language films
Category:Argentine black-and-white films
Category:Films directed by Luis César Amadori
Category:Films produced by Cesáreo González
Category:Films produced by Benito Perojo
Category:Films scored by Gregorio García Segura
Category:Suevia Films films
Category:1960s Argentine films |
Pecado de amor (film) | Table of Content | Use dmy dates, Cast, References, External links |
Charlie Mohr | short description | Charlie Mohr (died April 17, 1960) was a middleweight college boxer for the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Mohr, from New York City, died of a brain hemorrhage following an NCAA Tournament bout eight days earlier with Stu Bartell of San Jose State University. Twenty-two days after Mohr's death, the University of Wisconsin–Madison abolished the sport at UW–Madison. The NCAA soon followed Wisconsin's lead, officially ending their support of the national boxing tournament in late 1960 and unofficially terminating the sport. |
Charlie Mohr | References | References |
Charlie Mohr | Further reading | Further reading |
Charlie Mohr | External links | External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20061129000200/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/issues/2000/april/boxing.php .Copied at http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5742592_ITM (downloaded 20 October 2009).
sportsillustrated.cnn.com 20 October 2009).
sportsillustrated.cnn.com
Category:Year of birth missing
Category:1960 deaths
Category:American male boxers
Category:Boxers from New York City
Category:Deaths due to injuries sustained in boxing
Category:Middleweight boxers
Category:Sports deaths in Wisconsin
Category:Wisconsin Badgers boxers |
Charlie Mohr | Table of Content | short description, References, Further reading, External links |
Wikipedia:Mediation Cabal/Cases/2007-03-07 The anarchy battlefield | Medcabstatus
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Wikipedia:Mediation Cabal/Cases/2007-03-07 The anarchy battlefield | Mediation Case: 2007-03-07 The anarchy battlefield | Mediation Case: 2007-03-07 The anarchy battlefield
Please observe Wikipedia:Etiquette and Talk Page Etiquette in disputes. If you submit complaints or insults your edits are likely to be removed by the mediator, any other refactoring of the mediation case by anybody but the mediator is likely to be reverted. If you are not satisfied with the mediation procedure please submit your complaints to Wikipedia talk:Mediation Cabal. |
Wikipedia:Mediation Cabal/Cases/2007-03-07 The anarchy battlefield | Request Information | Request Information
Request made by: Lord Metroid 18:01, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
Where is the issue taking place?
Anarchy related pages, see below for more specific information.
Who's involved?
User:Chuck0 has been warned for writing personal attacks on various talk pages including his own talk page done in association with the revert and edit wars between User:Chuck0 and User:Anarcho-capitalism in the Anarchism in the United States and Social anarchism articles. On Anarchism, User:Infinity0 wages a revert war on the claim that anarcho-capitalism isn't a form of anarchism argumented by the counter claim from User:Anarcho-capitalism that it is a form of anarchy.
Sorry if I'm not supposed to post here; feel free to move this somewhere else. But your claim that "On Anarchism, User:Infinity0 wages a revert war on the claim that anarcho-capitalism isn't a form of anarchism argumented by the counter claim from User:Anarcho-capitalism that it is a form of anarchy." is false. There are 30 sources cited in support of the latter claim. I have been trying to add opposing sources whilst reducing this spam of 30 sources; but I have not been trying to remove the latter viewpoint from the article, I have just been trying to give due weight to a very significant view which has been omitted. -- infinity0
Furthermore the above is a mere incident in a greater whole. Endless philosophical debates that don't present any new arguments are being written all over the anarchy related talk pages regarding the disagreement on whether or not anarcho-capitalism are to be represented among anarchy related articles based on viewpoints from a great number of users debating such in articles like Talk:Anarchism and anarcho-capitalism, Talk:Anarchism and Portal talk:Anarchism addition to the above.
What's going on?
It has, from what I can distinguish, became a situation with no ending in sight, making every anarchy page on wikipedia a battlefield between people of either the viewpoint that anarcho-capitalism is an anarchy and should be presented on various appropiate anarchy articles or those who don't think it is an anarchy and it shouldn't be represented on anarchy articles. Many people including me have become involved in this battle of what can probably be seen as POV pushing from both sides because of the obvious bias. People can not let go of the strong emotions that politics in the same way religion brings forward and which have become a problem for further editing articles.
What would you like to change about that?
I am seeking help to resolve this situation where users on both sides of the dispute refuses to accept and/or acknowledge sources the other side presents and conduct their manners accordingly. Arbitration from 3rd party is obviously the needed factor to help settle what sources and how to further develop the articles in the future.
Would you prefer we work discreetly? If so, how can we reach you? I leave it up to you to decide what the situation demands. Can always contact me by User talk:Lordmetroid
Mediator response
While I am perfectly happy to help if it's possible, this is going to be a major undertaking and it looks like most people have lost interest. I'm willing to begin proceedings if at least one person on each side of the debate wants to make himself party to mediation.
I'll keep this case open for a week; if I haven't gotten any responses by then, I'll close it as inactive. I hope somebody turns out, though. It sounds like you guys could use it! --Moralis (talk) 23:58, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
If you want to take contact with all the parties in the conflict. Everyone can be found via Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion#User:Anarcho-capitalism. Lord Metroid 20:16, 12 April 2007 (UTC)
I'd be another interested party, but I'm on the same side as Lord Metroid. Fephisto 00:19, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
Compromise offers
This section is for listing and discussing compromise offers.
My compromise suggestion: Put a section that include both argument that claim anarcho-capitalism is a form of anarchism and the argument that it is not, let readers decide which one they are going to believe. WooyiTalk, Editor review 21:55, 5 April 2007 (UTC)
I think you would have to confront the users in the articles that this is going on rather than in here as I doubt that they are looking here. I am merely reporting a dilemma which I was suggesed to do by some administrator when I asked for help to solve this issue. Lord Metroid 14:45, 8 April 2007 (UTC)
Discussion
As I've added before in a few other small places, User:Anarcho-capitalism has plenty of sources to back up the "Anarcho-Capitalism is a form of Anarchism" claim. Fephisto 03:46, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
The sources are biased. They have been specifically chosen to push the POV. See below for my alternative. -- infinity0 16:57, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
I obviously have a bias here. I identify as an anarchist, but do not think that anarcho-capitalism is anarchistic. However, this general dispute is more then just that. If it were that simple, it would have been solved (and that issue has been solved and re-opened) by now. It is about what, if anything, anarcho-capitalism has in common with individualist anarchism, mutualism and similar. It is about the use of sources and what sources are accepted and acceptable (An Anarchist FAQ for example). It is about the very definition of anarchism (is it against all social hierarchy, or just government?). It is also about history, and the shared or not shared history of the various forms of anarchism and "anarcho"-capitalism.
My preferred solution is simple. On the relevant pages, "anarcho-capitalism" gets a mention, with the comment that it isn't considered anarchistic by most historical anarchists and most anarchists today. The various attempts at changing the definition of what individualist anarchism is (such as seen by User:Anarcho-capitalism) should be rejected for just that reason, an attempt to change an accepted definition. (See for a small discussion on the matter.)
Regarding history, I think that sources that are widely accepted (such as Demanding The Impossible, A History of Anarchism should be used. I don't have a copy with me where I am, but I have read it, and I think that it is quite good. ~AFA Imagine I swore. 02:12, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
If reliable sources can be found, both sides of the debate should probably be mentioned in the article, per WP:NPOV. I think a major function of mediation could be determining how to go about that, however. We have to be careful to give due weight to both sides of every issue. Arguments for and against anarcho-capitalism as anarchy should both be equally presented if they can be properly sourced. That said, I know virtually nothing about the subject (which is why I think I'm probably the right person to mediate here). If one side of the debate is seriously in the minority, the above doesn't apply. --Moralis (talk) 06:22, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
Correction there. I'm not attempting to change the definition of individualist anarchism. Individualist anarchism is a broad label to define any philosphy that holds that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective body or public authority." Heywood, Andrew, Key Concepts in Politics, Palgrave, , 2000, p. 46 I didn't make the definition. Some forms of anarchism are "social" forms and some forms are individualistic. Anarcho-capitalism is a individualistic form of anarchism. It's not a form of social anarchism. There is no denying this. The question is not whether anarcho-capitalism is an individualist form of anarchism. There is no way to deny that it is an individualist philosophy. The question, apparently, is whether it is a form of anarchism. If it is a form of anarchism then of course it's an individualist form of anarchism. And whether it is indeed a form of anarchism, is assented to by a tremendous amount of sources. Almost none say that it is not. Those that say it is not are simply anarcho-communists who of course despise capitalism. It's to be expected that they would say anarcho-capitalism is not a form of anarchism. I have no problem with saying in any article that some social anarchists say that anarcho-capitalism is not a form of anarchism. What else would one expect them to say? I'm an anarcho-capitalist who denies that anarcho-communism is a true of anarchism. It goes both ways. What matters is not what anarcho-capitalists claim or what anarcho-communists claim, but what scholars claim. That's why the sources on my user page separate anarcho-capitalists out. And note that those scholars in my list that say it is not a form of anarchism includes anti-capitalists. Virtually no published scholars are going to say anarcho-capitalism is not a form of anarchism. After all, it does have the "anarcho" prefix. So why wouldn't it be? It's a silly debate.Anarcho-capitalism 19:24, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
I think it's now been established that at least one user on each side of the issue is interested in rewriting our coverage to give due weight to each position. To open actual mediation, I'd like to ask each of you to describe (briefly) the way YOU would write the paragraph (or section, etc.), giving NO weight to the other position. What I'm looking for here is at least one response talking about anarcho-capitalism being a form of anarchy, and at least one response explaining that it isn't and why. Please post your responses on this page to argue against anarcho-capitalism or this page to argue in favor of anarcho-capitalism. Don't worry about citing sources at this point.
I'm sorry if this seems demanding. I expect that it'd make a good starting point to combine two of the responses. --Moralis (talk) 13:42, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
I have provided alternative sources, which are more notable and representative of anarchist and general opinion on the matter. It is open to discussion at Talk:Anarchism at the moment. I also wish to remove several of the pre-existing, biased sources, so that only 9 of them remain; I have not done so yet but I have picked out the ones to remove on the talk page. -- infinity0 16:57, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
I will be very unlikely to be active in this discussion from now on, since I am very busy, but I would like to point out that User:Anarcho-capitalism is likely to be banned as part of a 13-sockpuppet POV-pushing ring as per Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Billy_Ego-Sandstein/Proposed_decision. -- infinity0 16:57, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
I think that this dispute should be settled by consulting the definitions of “anarchism” in two dictionaries: The Oxford Dictionary of the English Language and The Merriam-Webster Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged''. Any attempt to buck the dictionary — one way or another — is an attempt to use Wikipedia for purposes of mind-control. EOS. —SlamDiego 2059, 19 April 2007 (UTC)
Seems like the dispute is somewhat non-conserning... I tried but whatever, I am dropping it. Lord Metroid 10:41, 1 May 2007 (UTC)
Closing. --McClerk 05:18, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
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La Burrerita de Ypacaraí | short description | La Burrerita de Ypacaraí is a 1962 Argentine film. The film contains music and an appearance from Paraguayan singer Luis Alberto del Paraná.
Also was the first Argentinian film to be dubbed in French. |
La Burrerita de Ypacaraí | Plot | Plot
Beautiful farmer's daughter Isabel can have any man in the village, but she falls in love with the wrong man and his sins cost both of them their lives at the Iguazú Falls. |
La Burrerita de Ypacaraí | Cast | Cast
Isabel Sarli as Isabel
Ernesto Báez as Vergara
Armando Bó as Quiroga
Luis Alberto del Parana as Luis |
La Burrerita de Ypacaraí | External links | External links
Category:1962 films
Category:1960s Spanish-language films
Category:Guaraní-language films
Category:Films set in Paraguay
Category:Argentine black-and-white films
Category:Films directed by Armando Bó
Category:1960s Argentine films |
La Burrerita de Ypacaraí | Table of Content | short description, Plot, Cast, External links |
File:Mdpeters1.jpg | Summary | Summary
I am the author and no copyright is needed. It is my own image. |
File:Mdpeters1.jpg | Licensing | Licensing |
File:Mdpeters1.jpg | Table of Content | Summary, Licensing |
Category:Successful requests for military history A-Class review | [[Image:Waricon.svg | 40px|left This category contains articles that have successfully passed a review for promotion to A-Class status by the Military history WikiProject.
Successful
A-Class status |
Category:Successful requests for military history A-Class review | Table of Content | [[Image:Waricon.svg |
Category:LGBTQ nightclubs in Canada | Portal | LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) nightclubs in Canada
Canada
Category:Nightclubs in Canada
Nightclubs |
Category:LGBTQ nightclubs in Canada | Table of Content | Portal |
Golden Touch (album) | Infobox album
| Golden Touch is the third album released by Shabba Ranks.
The album was listed in the 1999 book The Rough Guide: Reggae: 100 Essential CDs.Barrow, Steve & Dalton, Peter (1999) Reggae: 100 Essential CDs, Rough Guides, |
Golden Touch (album) | Track listing | Track listing |
Golden Touch (album) | References | References
Category:1991 albums
Category:Shabba Ranks albums |
Golden Touch (album) | Table of Content | Infobox album
, Track listing, References |
Château de Pierrefonds | Short description | The Château de Pierrefonds () is a castle situated in the commune of Pierrefonds in the Oise department in the Hauts-de-France region, Northern France.
It is located on the southeast edge of the forest of Compiègne, northeast of Paris, between the cities of Villers-Cotterêts and Compiègne.
The Château de Pierrefonds includes most of the characteristics of defensive military architecture from the Middle Ages, though it underwent a major restoration in the 19th century. |
Château de Pierrefonds | History | History
In the 12th century, a castle was built on this site. Two centuries later, in 1392, King Charles VI turned the County of Valois (of which Pierrefonds was part) into a duchy and gave it to his brother Louis I, Duke of Orléans. From 1393 to his death in 1407, the latter had the castle rebuilt by the court architect, Jean le Noir.
thumb|left|View of the ruins before the 19th-century restoration
In March 1617, during the early troubled days of Louis XIII's reign, the castle, then the property of François Annibal d'Estrées (brother of the beauty Gabrielle d'Estrées), who joined the "parti des mécontents" (party of discontent) led by Henri II, Prince of Condé, was besieged and taken by troops sent by Cardinal Richelieu, the secretary of state for war. Its demolition was started, but not carried through to the end because of the enormity of the task. The exterior works were razed, the roofs destroyed and holes made in the towers and curtain walls.
The castle remained a ruin for more than two centuries. Napoleon I bought it in 1810 for less than 3,000 francs. During the 19th century, with the rediscovery of the architectural heritage of the Middle Ages, it became a "romantic ruin": in August 1832, Louis-Philippe gave a banquet there on the occasion of the marriage of his daughter Louise of Orléans to Léopold de Saxe-Cobourg Gotha, first king of the Belgians. Among other artists, Corot depicted the ruins in several works between 1834 and 1866. The Château de Pierrefonds has been classified as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1848.
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (later Napoleon III of France) visited the castle in 1850. As emperor, he asked Eugène Viollet-le-Duc in 1857 to undertake its restoration, which was continued by Maurice Ouadou and then Juste Lisch until 1885. There was no question of a simple repair to the habitable parts (the keep and annexes): the "picturesque" ruins in front were to be kept for décor. In 1861, the project grew in scale: the sovereign wanted to create an imperial residence, so the castle was to be entirely rebuilt. The works, which would cost 5 million francs, of which 4 million were to come from the civil list, were stopped in 1885, six years after the death of Viollet-le-Duc. The departure of Napoléon III had halted the reconstruction and, through lack of money, the decoration of rooms was unfinished. Inside, Viollet-le-Duc produced more a work of invention than restoration (polychrome paintings). He imagined how the castle ought to have been, rather than basing his work on the strict history of the building. On the other hand, with the exterior he showed an excellent knowledge of the military architecture of the 14th century. |
Château de Pierrefonds | Castle today | Castle today
Château de Pierrefonds has been designated as a monument historique since 1862. It is now managed by the Centre des monuments nationaux. |
Château de Pierrefonds | Media | Media
The castle has often been used as a location for filming including Les Visiteurs, Le Capitan, Highlander: The Series, The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc and the 1998 version of The Man in the Iron Mask. The castle was used as the setting for Camelot in the BBC series Merlin; a cut scene of this castle was used to portray Wiz Tech Academy in Disney's TV series, Wizards of Waverly Place. In 2017, the castle was used for filming during the Canal+ and Netflix series Versailles. |
Château de Pierrefonds | Gallery | Gallery |
Château de Pierrefonds | See also | See also
List of castles in France
Domaine du Bois d'Aucourt d'Adolphe Clément-Bayard à Pierrefonds, a former hunting lodge of Louis XIV. |
Château de Pierrefonds | References | References |
Château de Pierrefonds | External links | External links
Château de Pierrefonds, Centre des monuments nationaux
Photos of Pierrefonds castle
19th century painting of the castle by Gilbert Munger
Category:1400s establishments in France
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1407
Category:15th-century fortifications
Category:Castles in Hauts-de-France
Category:Châteaux in Oise
Category:Museums in Oise
Category:Historic house museums in Hauts-de-France
Category:Monuments historiques of Oise
Category:Gothic architecture in France
Category:Monuments of the Centre des monuments nationaux
Category:Napoleon
Category:Louis Philippe I
Category:Napoleon III
Category:Imperial residences in France
Category:Royal residences in France |
Château de Pierrefonds | Table of Content | Short description, History, Castle today, Media, Gallery, See also, References, External links |
Category:Failed requests for military history A-Class review | [[Image:Waricon.svg | 40px|left This category contains articles that have failed a review for promotion to A-Class status by the Military history WikiProject.
Failed
A-Class status |
Category:Failed requests for military history A-Class review | Table of Content | [[Image:Waricon.svg |
Luckyn baronets | Short description | There have been two baronetcies created for persons with the surname Luckyn, both in the Baronetage of England.
The Luckyn Baronetcy, of Little Waltham in the County of Essex, was created in the Baronetage of England on 2 March 1629 for William Luckyn. For more information on this creation, see the Earl of Verulam.
The Luckyn Baronetcy, of Waltham in the County of Essex, was created in the Baronetage of England on 15 November 1661 for William Luckyn. The title became extinct on the death of the second Baronet in circa 1700. |
Luckyn baronets | Luckyn baronets, of Little Waltham (1629) | Luckyn baronets, of Little Waltham (1629)
see the Earl of Verulam |
Luckyn baronets | Luckyn baronets, of Waltham (1661) | Luckyn baronets, of Waltham (1661)
Sir William Luckyn, 1st Baronet ( – )
Sir William Luckyn, 2nd Baronet (died ) |
Luckyn baronets | References | References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.
Category:Baronetcies in the Baronetage of England
Category:Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of England |
Luckyn baronets | Table of Content | Short description, Luckyn baronets, of Little Waltham (1629), Luckyn baronets, of Waltham (1661), References |
Template:User HeadRacquet | Userbox
| HeadRacquet |
Template:User HeadRacquet | Table of Content | Userbox
|
Topic-based authoring | Short description | In technical communication, topic-based authoring or topic-based writing is a modular approach to content creation where content is structured around topics that can be mixed and reused in different contexts. It is defined in contrast with book-oriented or narrative content, written in the linear structure of written books.
Topic-based authoring is popular in the technical publications and documentation arenas, as it is especially suitable for technical documentation. Tools supporting this approach typically store content in XHTML or other XML formats and support content reuse, management, and the dynamic assembly of personalized information. |
Topic-based authoring | Topics | Topics
A topic is a discrete piece of content that:
focuses on one subject,
has an identifiable purpose,
does not require external context to understand,
answers a single question, and
can be used for multiple purposes.
Topics can be written to be independent of one another and reused wherever needed. |
Topic-based authoring | History | History
Following the technology revolution of the 1990s, technical communicators were employed to convey technical information to the new, rapidly growing population of technical users. This began with the use of manuals, but those were not widely well received as did not meet the accelerated speed at which the users desired information. In 1998, John M. Carroll developed the writing concept of minimalism which provided shorter and more streamlined instruction for the user to access quickly. The publication of William Horton's Designing and Writing Online Documentation introduced the development of online help. Online help's content is topic-oriented, using conceptual and procedural topics to build its structure.
In 2005, the Darwin Information Typing Architecture was published to help authors create topic-based structured content. The standard is managed by the Organization of the Advancement of Structured Information Standards DITA Technical Committee. |
Topic-based authoring | See also | See also
Component content management system
Structured writing
Topic based authoring in Simplified Technical English |
Topic-based authoring | References | References |
Topic-based authoring | External links | External links
DITA Users a member organization helping people get started with topic-based structured writing
OASIS DITA Focus Area the official OASIS DITA community
Category:Technical communication |
Topic-based authoring | Table of Content | Short description, Topics, History, See also, References, External links |
Battling with Buffalo Bill | short description | Battling with Buffalo Bill is a 1931 American pre-Code Western serial film directed by Ray Taylor and starring Tom Tyler, Lucile Browne, William Desmond, Rex Bell, and Francis Ford.
Based on the book The Great West That Was by William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody, the film is about a cowboy named Buffalo Bill who goes up against a shady gambler who is attempting to scare off the townspeople so he can gain possession of a gold strike. When a nearby Indian tribe is provoked into attacking the town, the cavalry rides in to the rescue. Cody's book was also used as the inspiration for the studio's highly successful 1930 serial The Indians Are Coming.Cline, William C. In the Nick of Time: Motion Picture Sound Serials. McFarland & Company, 1997, pg. 10;
Battling with Buffalo Bill was Universal Pictures's 78th serial, the 10th with sound and 4th with full sound, of the studio's total of 137 serials. |
Battling with Buffalo Bill | Plot | Plot
The plot is a variation on the standard B-Western "Land Grab" plot: Gold has been discovered in the area and gambler Jim Rodney intends to make sole claim to it by pushing the rightful owners off the land and taking it for himself. To do so he has his henchmen kill an Indian woman, provoking attacks from her tribe. This brings Buffalo Bill and the United States Cavalry into the town. Buffalo Bill proceeds to defeat Rodney and his schemes. |
Battling with Buffalo Bill | Cast | Cast
Tom Tyler as William "Buffalo Bill" Cody
Lucile Browne as Jane Mills, Buffalo Bill's love interest
William Desmond as John Mills
Rex Bell as Dave Archer, Buffalo Bill's sidekick.
Francis Ford as Jim Rodney, villainous gambler trying to illicitly claim a local gold strike
George Regas as 'Breed' Johns
Yakima Canutt as Scout Jack Brady
Bud Osborne as Joe Tampas, one of Rodney's henchmen
Joe Bonomo as Joe Brady
Jim Thorpe as Swift Arrow |
Battling with Buffalo Bill | Production | Production
Along with the more successful The Indians Are Coming (1930) this serial was based on the book "The Great West That Was" by Buffalo Bill Cody. |
Battling with Buffalo Bill | Stunts | Stunts
Joe Bonomo
Yakima Canutt
Cliff Lyons |
Battling with Buffalo Bill | Chapter titles | Chapter titles
Captured by Redskins
Circling Death
Between Hostile Tribes
The Savage Horde
The Fatal Plunge
Trapped
The Unseen Killer
Sentenced to Death
The Death Trap
A Shot from Ambush
The Flaming Death
Cheyenne Vengeance
Source: |
Battling with Buffalo Bill | See also | See also
List of American films of 1931
List of film serials by year
List of film serials by studio |
Battling with Buffalo Bill | References | References |
Battling with Buffalo Bill | External links | External links
Category:1931 films
Category:1931 Western (genre) films
Category:American black-and-white films
Category:Cultural depictions of Buffalo Bill
Category:1930s English-language films
Category:Universal Pictures film serials
Category:Films directed by Ray Taylor
Category:American Western (genre) films
Category:1930s American films
Category:English-language Western (genre) films |
Battling with Buffalo Bill | Table of Content | short description, Plot, Cast, Production, Stunts, Chapter titles, See also, References, External links |
Gampriner Seele | Short description | Gampriner Seele or Gampriner Seelein is the only lake in Liechtenstein. It was created by a flood of the Rhine River with enormous erosion in 1927. The lake lies at 435 metres above sea level in the village of Bendern–Gamprin.
Gampriner Seele is surrounded by a dense deciduous forest which consists of plants such as reeds, hedges and trees. The treasure was put under nature conservation by the government in 1961. After elimination of the trash the water quality stabilized at B grade. A pipeline to a near inland canal provides the lake with fresh water and sufficient oxygen since 1979. The year after crayfish were settled in the lake.
Swans started breeding near the lake from the 1970s on. They were first seen in the principality in 1972 in the Sägaweiher in Nendeln. In the following years they started to populate the Gampriner Seele, too. |
Gampriner Seele | Rare species in and around the lake | Rare species in and around the lake |
Gampriner Seele | Plants | Plants
Mare's tail (Hippuris vulgaris)
Three-furrow duckweed (Lemna trisulca) |
Gampriner Seele | Animals | Animals
Roach, rudd, crayfish
Bleak, bream, pike
Little grebe, moorhen, mallard, coot, mute swan |
Gampriner Seele | References | References
Category:Lakes of Liechtenstein
Category:Gamprin |
Gampriner Seele | Table of Content | Short description, Rare species in and around the lake, Plants, Animals, References |
Category:Lakes of Liechtenstein | Commons category | This category is for articles pertaining to lakes and reservoirs in Liechtenstein.
Category:Lakes of Europe by country
Category:Lakes by country
Lakes
Lakes |
Category:Lakes of Liechtenstein | Table of Content | Commons category |
Rafael del Pino | '''Rafael del Pino''' | Rafael del Pino may refer to:
Rafael del Pino (pilot) (born 1938), Cuban aviator and political dissident
Rafael del Pino (businessman) (1920–2008), Spanish construction industry entrepreneur
Rafael del Pino Calvo-Sotelo, Spanish rail entrepreneur, son of the construction industry entrepreneur |
Rafael del Pino | Table of Content | '''Rafael del Pino''' |
File:ThreeDaysToNever Cover.jpg | Summary | Summary |
File:ThreeDaysToNever Cover.jpg | Licensing | Licensing
Category:Speculative fiction book cover images |
File:ThreeDaysToNever Cover.jpg | Table of Content | Summary, Licensing |
Category:LGBTQ organizations based in the United States | Commons category | LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) organizations in the United States
United States
United States
Category:Organizations based in the United States by membership
Organizations |
Category:LGBTQ organizations based in the United States | Table of Content | Commons category |
Sells Ltd | Infobox company
| Sells Ltd, an advertising agency, was opened in 1869 in London. By 1900, it was the largest agency in the world with offices in London, Paris, Edinburgh and Montreal. In the 1950s, it made advertising history when it appointed the first woman to be a managing director in the business. Olive Hirst had joined Sells in 1931 as a typist and then worked across a number of departments. In January 1950, she was the first women to be appointed to the Board and in 1954 she took over the managing directors role.
The agency won the Layton Trophy in 1959.
The agency was merged with another in the 1960s. |
Sells Ltd | References | References
Category:Companies established in 1869
Category:Defunct marketing companies of the United Kingdom
Category:1869 establishments in England |
Sells Ltd | Table of Content | Infobox company
, References |
Category:Fauna of Réunion | Commons category | Fauna
Réunion
Réunion
Réunion
Réunion
Réunion
Réunion
Réunion |
Category:Fauna of Réunion | Table of Content | Commons category |
Those Were the Days (Lady Sovereign song) | Infobox song
| "Those Were the Days" (produced by Lukasz "Dr. Luke" Gottwald) is the seventh single from UK hip-hop artist Lady Sovereign, and the fifth from her debut album, Public Warning. The single was confirmed for release on her official websiteLady Sovereign's official website and was released to UK download services on 9 April, followed by the physical release on 16 April. The music video for "Those Were the Days" has also been released to various websites on 9 April. The song features Ya Kid K on backup vocals. |
Those Were the Days (Lady Sovereign song) | Track listing | Track listing
UK CD single
"Those Were the Days" - 3:49
"Random" (Live) - 4:05
"Love Me or Hate Me" (Live) - 4:00
"Those Were the Days" (Sinden Remix) - 3:44 |
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