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Aircraft | Powered aircraft | Powered aircraft |
Aircraft | Propeller aircraft | Propeller aircraft
thumb|A turboprop-engined DeHavilland Twin Otter adapted as a floatplane |
Aircraft | Jet aircraft | Jet aircraft
thumb| Lockheed Martin F-22A Raptor
Compared to engines using propellers, jet engines can provide much higher thrust, higher speeds and, above about , greater efficiency. |
Aircraft | Rotorcraft | Rotorcraft |
Aircraft | Other types of powered aircraft | Other types of powered aircraft |
Aircraft | Design and construction | Design and construction
The key parts of an aircraft are generally divided into three categories:
The structure ("airframe"Gove, P.B., editor: Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged, 1993, Merriam-Webster, Springfield, Mass., USACrane, D., editor: Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, Third Edition, ASA (Aviation Supplies & Academics), Newcastle, Washington, USA2012 Federal Aviation Regulations for Aviation Maintenance Technicians, 2012, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of TransportationGunston, Bill, editor: Jane's Aerospace Dictionary 1980, Jane's, London / New York / Sydney) comprises the main load-bearing elements and associated equipment, as well as flight controls.
The propulsion system ("powerplant""Glossary" in Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (PHAK), Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, D.C., retrieved 12 September 2022) (if it is powered) comprises the power source and associated equipment, as described above.
The avionics comprise the electrical and electronic control, navigation and communication systems.Wragg, David W. editor: A Dictionary of Aviation, 1974, Frederick Fell, New York |
Aircraft | Structure | Structure |
Aircraft | Aerostats | Aerostats |
Aircraft | Aerodynes | Aerodynes
thumb|Airframe diagram for an AgustaWestland AW101 helicopter |
Aircraft | Power | Power
The source of motive power for an aircraft is normally called the powerplant, and includes engine or motor, propeller or rotor, (if any), jet nozzles and thrust reversers (if any), and accessories essential to the functioning of the engine or motor (e.g.: starter, ignition system, intake system, exhaust system, fuel system, lubrication system, engine cooling system, and engine controls).
Powered aircraft are typically powered by internal combustion engines (piston"Internal Combustion Engine," Glenn Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), retrieved 12 September 2022 or turbine"Engines," Glenn Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), retrieved 12 September 2022) burning fossil fuels—typically gasoline (avgas) or jet fuel. A very few are powered by rocket power, ramjet propulsion, or by electric motors, or by internal combustion engines of other types, or using other fuels. A very few have been powered, for short flights, by human muscle energy (e.g.: Gossamer Condor).Bryan, C.D.B.: The National Air and Space Museum, 1979 / 1984, Abrams, New YorkTaylor, Michael J.H., editor: Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation, 1989 ed., Portland House / Random House, New York"Electrified Aircraft Propulsion" (EAP), Glenn Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), retrieved 12 September 2022 |
Aircraft | Avionics | Avionics
The avionics comprise any electronic aircraft flight control systems and related equipment, including electronic cockpit instrumentation, navigation, radar, monitoring, and communications systems. |
Aircraft | Flight characteristics | Flight characteristics |
Aircraft | Flight envelope | Flight envelope
The flight envelope of an aircraft refers to its approved design capabilities in terms of airspeed, load factor and altitude. |
Aircraft | Range | Range
thumb|The Boeing 777-200LR is one of the longest-range airliners, capable of flights of more than halfway around the world.
The Airbus A350-900ULR is among the longest range airliners. |
Aircraft | Flight dynamics | Flight dynamics
right|200px |
Aircraft | Stability | Stability
thumb|The empennage of a Boeing 747-200A fixed wing is typically unstable in pitch, roll, and yaw. Pitch and yaw stabilities of conventional fixed wing designs require horizontal and vertical stabilisers,Crane, Dale: Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition, p. 194. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, From the Ground Up, p. 10 (27th revised edition) which act similarly to the feathers on an arrow. These stabilizing surfaces allow equilibrium of aerodynamic forces and to stabilise the flight dynamics of pitch and yaw. |
Aircraft | Control | Control |
Aircraft | Environmental impact | Environmental impact |
Aircraft | Uses for aircraft | Uses for aircraft |
Aircraft | Military | Military
thumb|Boeing B-17E in flight
A military aircraft is any aircraft that is operated by a legal or insurrectionary armed service of any type. Military aircraft can be either combat or non-combat:
Combat aircraft are aircraft designed to destroy enemy equipment using its own armament. |
Aircraft | Civil | Civil
thumb|Agusta A109 helicopter of the Swiss air rescue service |
Aircraft | Experimental | Experimental
thumb|A model aircraft, weighing six grams |
Aircraft | Model | Model |
Aircraft | See also | See also |
Aircraft | Lists | Lists
Early flying machines
Flight altitude record
List of aircraft
List of civil aircraft
List of fighter aircraft
List of individual aircraft
List of large aircraft
List of aviation, aerospace and aeronautical terms |
Aircraft | Topics | Topics
Aircraft hijacking
Aircraft spotting
Air traffic control
Airport
Flying car
Personal air vehicle
Powered parachute
Spacecraft
Spaceplane |
Aircraft | References | References
|
Aircraft | External links | External links |
Aircraft | History | History
The Evolution of Modern Aircraft (NASA)
Virtual Museum
Smithsonian Air and Space Museum – online collection with a particular focus on history of aircraft and spacecraft
Amazing Early Flying Machines slideshow by Life magazine |
Aircraft | Information | Information
Airliners.net
Aviation Dictionary – free aviation terms, phrases and jargons
New Scientists aviation page
|
Aircraft | Table of Content | short description, History, Methods of lift, Lighter-than-air <span class="anchor" id="Lighter than air"></span>, Heavier-than-air{{Anchor, Fixed-wing, Rotorcraft, Other methods of lift, Size and speed extremes, Size, Speeds, Propulsion, Unpowered aircraft, Powered aircraft, Propeller aircraft, Jet aircraft, Rotorcraft, Other types of powered aircraft, Design and construction, Structure, Aerostats, Aerodynes, Power, Avionics, Flight characteristics, Flight envelope, Range, Flight dynamics, Stability, Control, Environmental impact, Uses for aircraft, Military, Civil, Experimental, Model, See also, Lists, Topics, References, External links, History, Information |
Alfred Nobel | Short description | Alfred Bernhard Nobel ( ; ; 21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896) was a Swedish chemist, inventor, engineer and businessman. He is known for inventing dynamite, as well as having bequeathed his fortune to establish the Nobel Prizes. He also made several other important contributions to science, holding 355 patents during his life.
Born into the prominent Nobel family in Stockholm, Nobel displayed an early aptitude for science and learning, particularly in chemistry and languages; he became fluent in six languages and filed his first patent at the age of 24. He embarked on many business ventures with his family, most notably owning the company Bofors, which was an iron and steel producer that he had developed into a major manufacturer of cannons and other armaments. Nobel's most famous invention, dynamite, was an explosive using nitroglycerin that was patented in 1867. He further invented gelignite in 1875 and ballistite in 1887.
Upon his death, Nobel donated his fortune to a foundation to fund the Nobel Prizes, which annually recognize those who "conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". The synthetic element nobelium was named after him, and his name and legacy also survive in companies such as Dynamit Nobel and AkzoNobel, which descend from mergers with companies he founded. Nobel was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which, pursuant to his will, would be responsible for choosing the Nobel laureates in physics and in chemistry. |
Alfred Nobel | Biography | Biography |
Alfred Nobel | Early life and education | Early life and education
thumb|The birthplace of Alfred Nobel at Norrlandsgatan in Stockholm
Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm, Sweden, on 21 October 1833. He was the third son of Immanuel Nobel (1801–1872), an inventor and engineer, and Andriette Nobel (née Ahlsell 1805–1889). The couple married in 1827 and had eight children. The family was impoverished and only Alfred and his three brothers survived beyond childhood. Through his father, Alfred Nobel was a descendant of the Swedish scientist Olaus Rudbeck (1630–1702). Nobel's father was an alumnus of Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm and was an engineer and inventor who built bridges and buildings and experimented with different ways of blasting rocks. He encouraged and taught Nobel from a young age.
thumb|Alfred Nobel at a young age in the 1850s
Following various business failures caused by the loss of some barges of building material, Immanuel Nobel was forced into bankruptcy, Nobel's father moved to Saint Petersburg, then part of the Russian Empire, and grew successful there as a manufacturer of machine tools and explosives. He invented the veneer lathe, which made possible the production of modern plywood, and started work on the naval mine. In 1842, the family joined him in the city. Now prosperous, his parents were able to send Nobel to private tutors, and the boy excelled in his studies, particularly in chemistry and languages, achieving fluency in English, French, German, and Russian. For 18 months, from 1841 to 1842, Nobel attended the Jacobs Apologistic School in Stockholm, his only schooling; he never attended university.
Nobel gained proficiency in Swedish, French, Russian, English, German, and Italian. He also developed sufficient literary skill to write poetry in English. His Nemesis is a prose tragedy in four acts about the Italian noblewoman Beatrice Cenci. It was printed while he was dying, but the entire stock was destroyed immediately after his death except for three copies, being regarded as scandalous and blasphemous. It was published in Sweden in 2003 and has been translated into Slovenian, French, Italian, and Spanish. |
Alfred Nobel | Scientific career | Scientific career
thumb|Portrait of Nobel by Gösta Florman (1831–1900)
As a young man, Nobel studied with chemist Nikolai Zinin; then, in 1850, went to Paris to further the work. There he met Ascanio Sobrero, who had synthesized nitroglycerin three years before. Sobrero strongly opposed the use of nitroglycerin because it was unpredictable, exploding when subjected to variable heat or pressure. But Nobel became interested in finding a way to control and use nitroglycerin as a commercially usable explosive; it had much more power than gunpowder. In 1851 at age 18, he went to the United States for one year to study, working for a short period under Swedish-American inventor John Ericsson, who designed the American Civil War ironclad, USS Monitor. Nobel filed his first patent, an English patent for a gas meter, in 1857, while his first Swedish patent, which he received in 1863, was on "ways to prepare gunpowder". The family factory produced armaments for the Crimean War (1853–1856), but had difficulty switching back to regular domestic production when the fighting ended and they filed for bankruptcy. In 1859, Nobel's father left his factory in the care of the second son, Ludvig Nobel (1831–1888), who greatly improved the business. Nobel and his parents returned to Sweden from Russia and Nobel devoted himself to the study of explosives, and especially to the safe manufacture and use of nitroglycerin. Nobel invented a detonator in 1863, and in 1865 designed the blasting cap.
On 3 September 1864, a shed used for preparation of nitroglycerin exploded at the factory in Heleneborg, Stockholm, Sweden, killing five people, including Nobel's younger brother Emil. He was then deprived of his license to produce explosives. Fazed by the accident, Nobel founded the company Nitroglycerin AB in Vinterviken so that he could continue to work in a more isolated area. Nobel invented dynamite in 1867, a substance easier and safer to handle than the more unstable nitroglycerin. Dynamite was patented in the US and the UK and was used extensively in mining and the building of transport networks internationally. In 1875, Nobel invented gelignite, more stable and powerful than dynamite, and in 1887, patented ballistite, a predecessor of cordite.
Nobel was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1884, the same institution that would later select laureates for two of the Nobel prizes, and he received an honorary doctorate from Uppsala University in 1893. Nobel's brothers Ludvig and Robert founded the oil company Branobel and became hugely rich in their own right. Nobel invested in these and amassed great wealth through the development of these new oil regions. It operated mainly in Baku, Azerbaijan, but also in Cheleken, Turkmenistan. During his life, Nobel was issued 355 patents internationally, and by his death, his business had established more than 90 armaments factories, despite his apparently pacifist character. |
Alfred Nobel | Inventions | Inventions
Nobel found that when nitroglycerin was incorporated in an absorbent inert substance like kieselguhr (diatomaceous earth) it became safer and more convenient to handle, and this mixture he patented in 1867 as "dynamite". Nobel demonstrated his explosive for the first time that year, at a quarry in Redhill, Surrey, England. In order to help reestablish his name and improve the image of his business from the earlier controversies associated with dangerous explosives, Nobel had also considered naming the highly powerful substance "Nobel's Safety Powder", which is the text used in his patent, but settled with Dynamite instead, referring to the Greek word for "power" ().
Nobel later combined nitroglycerin with various nitrocellulose compounds, similar to collodion, but settled on a more efficient recipe combining another nitrate explosive, and obtained a transparent, jelly-like substance, which was a more powerful explosive than dynamite. Gelignite, or blasting gelatin, as it was named, was patented in 1876; and was followed by a host of similar combinations, modified by the addition of potassium nitrate and various other substances. Gelignite was more stable, powerful, transportable and conveniently formed to fit into bored holes, like those used in drilling and mining, than the previously used compounds. It was adopted as the standard technology for mining in the "Age of Engineering", bringing Nobel a great amount of financial success, though at a cost to his health. An offshoot of this research resulted in Nobel's invention of ballistite, the precursor of many modern smokeless powder explosives and still used as a rocket propellant. |
Alfred Nobel | Nobel Prize | Nobel Prize
thumb|Front side of one of the Nobel Prize medals
There is a well known story about the origin of the Nobel Prize, although historians have been unable to verify it and some dismiss the story as a myth. In 1888, the death of his brother Ludvig supposedly caused several newspapers to publish obituaries of Alfred in error. One French newspaper condemned him for his invention of military explosives—in many versions of the story, dynamite is quoted, although this was mainly used for civilian applications—and this is said to have brought about his decision to leave a better legacy after his death. The obituary stated, ("The merchant of death is dead"), and went on to say, "Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday." Nobel read the obituary and was appalled at the idea that he would be remembered in this way. His decision to posthumously donate the majority of his wealth to found the Nobel Prize has been credited to him wanting to leave behind a better legacy. However, it has been questioned whether or not the obituary in question actually existed.
On 27 November 1895, at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, Nobel signed his last will and testament and set aside the bulk of his estate to establish the Nobel Prizes, to be awarded annually without distinction of nationality. After taxes and bequests to individuals, Nobel's will allocated 94% of his total assets, 31,225,000 Swedish kronor, to establish the five Nobel Prizes. By 2022, the foundation had approximately 6 billion Swedish Kronor of invested capital.
The first three of these prizes are awarded for eminence in physical science, in chemistry and in medical science or physiology; the fourth is for literary work "in an ideal direction" and the fifth prize is to be given to the person or society that renders the greatest service to the cause of international fraternity, in the suppression or reduction of standing armies, or in the establishment or furtherance of peace congresses.
The formulation for the literary prize being given for a work "in an ideal direction" ( in Swedish), is cryptic and has caused much confusion. For many years, the Swedish Academy interpreted "ideal" as "idealistic" () and used it as a reason not to give the prize to important but less romantic authors, such as Henrik Ibsen and Leo Tolstoy. This interpretation has since been revised, and the prize has been awarded to, for example, Dario Fo and José Saramago, who do not belong to the camp of literary idealism.
There was room for interpretation by the bodies he had named for deciding on the physical sciences and chemistry prizes, given that he had not consulted them before making the will. In his one-page testament, he stipulated that the money go to discoveries or inventions in the physical sciences and to discoveries or improvements in chemistry. He had opened the door to technological awards, but had not left instructions on how to deal with the distinction between science and technology. Since the deciding bodies he had chosen were more concerned with the former, the prizes went to scientists more often than engineers, technicians or other inventors.
Sweden's central bank Sveriges Riksbank celebrated its 300th anniversary in 1968 by donating a large sum of money to the Nobel Foundation to be used to set up a sixth prize in the field of economics in honor of Alfred Nobel. In 2001, Alfred Nobel's great-great-nephew, Peter Nobel (born 1931), asked the Bank of Sweden to differentiate its award to economists given "in Alfred Nobel's memory" from the five other awards. This request added to the controversy over whether the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is actually a legitimate "Nobel Prize". |
Alfred Nobel | Health issues and death | Health issues and death
thumb|Alfred Nobel's death mask, at Björkborn Manor, Nobel's residence in Karlskoga, Sweden
In his letters to his mistress, Hess, Nobel described constant pain, debilitating migraines, and "paralyzing" fatigue, leading some to believe that he suffered from fibromyalgia. However, his concerns at the time were dismissed as hypochondria, leading to further depression.
By 1895, Nobel had developed angina pectoris.
On 27 November 1895, he finalized his will and testament, leaving most of his wealth in trust, unbeknownst to his family, to fund the Nobel Prize awards.
On 10 December 1896, he suffered a stroke/intracerebral hemorrhage and was first partially paralyzed and then died, aged 63. He is buried in Norra begravningsplatsen in Stockholm.
Based on his experimentation with explosives, his strenuous work habit, and the decline in his health at the end of the 1870s, some hypothesize that nitroglycerine poisoning was a contributing factor to his death. |
Alfred Nobel | Personal life | Personal life |
Alfred Nobel | Religion | Religion
Nobel was Lutheran and, during his years living in Paris, he regularly attended the Church of Sweden Abroad led by pastor Nathan Söderblom who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1930. He was an agnostic in youth and became an atheist later in life, though he still donated generously to the Church. |
Alfred Nobel | Romantic relationships and personality | Romantic relationships and personality
Nobel remained a solitary character, given to periods of depression. He never married, although his biographers note that he had at least three loves. His first love was in Russia with a girl named Alexandra who rejected his marriage proposal.
In 1876, Austro-Bohemian Countess Bertha von Suttner became his secretary, but she left him after a brief stay to marry her previous lover Baron Arthur Gundaccar von Suttner. Her contact with Nobel was brief, yet she corresponded with him until his death in 1896, and probably influenced his decision to include the Nobel Peace Prize in his will. She was awarded the 1905 Nobel Peace prize "for her sincere peace activities".
Nobel's longest-lasting romance was an 18-year relationship with Sofija Hess from Celje whom he met in 1876 in Baden bei Wien, where she worked as an employee in a flower shop that catered to wealthy clientele. The extent of their relationship was revealed by a collection of 221 letters sent by Nobel to Hess over 15 years. At the time that they met, Nobel was 43 years old while Hess was 26. Their relationship, which was not merely platonic, ended when she became pregnant from another man, although Nobel continued to support her financially until Hess married her child's father to avoid being ostracized as a whore. Hess was a Jewish Christian and the letters include remarks by Nobel characterized as antisemitism. Nobel also displayed characteristics of chauvinism in the letters writing to Hess: "You neither work, nor write, nor read, nor think" and guilted her, writing "I have for years now sacrificed out of purely noble motives my time, my duties, my intellectual life, my reputation". |
Alfred Nobel | Residences | Residences
thumb|Björkborn Manor, in Karlskoga, was Alfred Nobel's last residence in Sweden.|left
Nobel traveled for much of his business life, maintaining companies in Europe and America. From 1865 to 1873, Nobel lived in Krümmel (now in the municipality of Geesthacht, near Hamburg). From 1873 to 1891, he lived in a house in the Avenue Malakoff in Paris.
In 1891, after being accused of high treason against France for selling Ballistite to Italy, he moved from Paris to Sanremo, Italy, acquiring Villa Nobel, overlooking the Mediterranean Sea, where he died in 1896.
In 1894, when he acquired Bofors-Gullspång, the Björkborn Manor was included, where he stayed during the summers. It is now a museum. |
Alfred Nobel | Monument to Alfred Nobel | Monument to Alfred Nobel
The Monument to Alfred Nobel (, ) is in Saint Petersburg along the Bolshaya Nevka River on Petrogradskaya Embankment, the street where Nobel's family lived until 1859. It was dedicated in 1991 to mark the 90th anniversary of the first Nobel Prize presentation. Diplomat Thomas Bertelman and Professor Arkady Melua were initiators of the creation of the monument in 1989 and they provided funds for the establishment of the monument. The abstract metal sculpture was designed by local artists Sergey Alipov and Pavel Shevchenko, and appears to be an explosion or branches of a tree. |
Alfred Nobel | Criticism | Criticism
Criticism of Nobel focuses on his leading role in weapons manufacturing and sales. Some people question his motives in creating his prizes, suggesting they are intended to improve his reputation. |
Alfred Nobel | Antisemitism | Antisemitism
Nobel has also been criticized for displays of antisemitism. In his letters to Hess, he wrote "In my experience, [Jews] never do anything out of good will. They act merely out of selfishness or a desire to show off .... among selfish and inconsiderate people they are the most selfish and inconsiderate... all others exist to be fleeced." |
Alfred Nobel | References | References |
Alfred Nobel | Further reading | Further reading
Asbrink, Brita (Summer 2002). "The Nobels in Baku" in Azerbaijan International, Vol 10.2, 56–59.
Evlanoff, M. and Fluor, M. Alfred Nobel – The Loneliest Millionaire. Los Angeles, Ward Ritchie Press, 1969.
Schück, H, and Sohlman, R., (1929). The Life of Alfred Nobel, transl. Brian Lunn, London: William Heineman Ltd.
Sohlman, R. The Legacy of Alfred Nobel, transl. Schubert E. London: The Bodley Head, 1983 (Swedish original, Ett Testamente, published in 1950).
Alfred Nobel US Patent No 78,317, dated 26 May 1868 |
Alfred Nobel | External links | External links
The Man Behind the Prize – Alfred Nobel
Biography at the Norwegian Nobel Institute
Documents of Life and Activity of The Nobel Family. Under the editorship of Professor Arkady Melua. Series of books. (mostly in Russian)
Alfred Nobel and his unknown coworker
Category:1833 births
Category:1896 deaths
Category:19th-century Swedish businesspeople
Category:19th-century Swedish chemists
Category:19th-century Swedish engineers
Category:19th-century Swedish philanthropists
Category:19th-century Swedish scientists
Category:Bofors people
Category:Burials at Norra begravningsplatsen
Category:Engineers from Stockholm
Category:Explosives engineers
Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Alfred
Category:Nobel Prize |
Alfred Nobel | Table of Content | Short description, Biography, Early life and education, Scientific career, Inventions, Nobel Prize, Health issues and death, Personal life, Religion, Romantic relationships and personality, Residences, Monument to Alfred Nobel, Criticism, Antisemitism, References, Further reading, External links |
McGraw, New York | Short description | McGraw is a village in Cortland County, New York, United States. The population was 972 as of the 2020 census. The village is named after Samuel McGraw and is in the eastern part of the town of Cortlandville, east of the city of Cortland. |
McGraw, New York | History | History
The community was first settled in 1805 by Samuel McGraw, who came with his wife and family from Vermont. He built a log cabin (no longer standing) and was followed by Jonathan Taylor and a handful of other New Englanders. McGrawville, as the settlement later came to be known, grew up on either side of the road near McGraw's initial homestead, taking advantage of water power on the adjacent Trout Brook to drive an early grist mill (1812) and a sawmill. An ashery was established at an early date to profit from the clearing of new farmlands in the surrounding area, and in 1818, the hamlet acquired its first store. In 1823, a cemetery was established within the boundary of the Main Street Historic District, and, by 1830, ten houses had been built within the small settlement."
thumb|Color postcard of the Miller Corset Company in McGraw, NY from 1905Originally it was called McGrawville, and that name appears on an 1855 map, but it was officially incorporated as McGraw in 1869. (There is a hamlet McGrawville further west in Allegany County, New York.) In the 19th century the community styled itself as "Corset City" for several decades of corset manufacturing. P.H. McGraw & Son produced corsets in the 1880s until mismanagement of an unrelated produce business led them to sell their interests to the Warner Bros. of New York, later known as the Warnaco Group. The factory was reopened and incorporated as the McGraw Corset Company in 1890 and employed over 400 men and women in the area. In 1901, William J. Buchanan, a former employee of both the P.H. McGraw & Son and McGraw Corset Company, founded the Empire Corset Company. The Empire Corset Company was known for the “Never Rust” corset, the “Sorosis” and the “Reduzyou” styles, and sold internationally. They employed 215 women and 35 men. In 1910 the company manufactured one hundred thousand dozen corsets. The McGraw Corset Company was the largest industry in the area, employing over 400 men and women in the factory and, additionally, providing women in the area piece work to do in their homes. Simultaneously, the village was home to the Vesta Corset Company and the Miller Corset Company.
The village was home to New-York Central College, McGrawville, an institution of higher learning founded by Free Baptists in 1849. The college was notable because it was the first college in the United States founded to accept all students, including both women and African Americans. About half of its students were African American. The college also employed three black professors, the first time in the United States where black professors taught white students. A smallpox epidemic, along with social and political opposition and financial problems, brought about the college's closure in 1859 or 1860.
In 1852, the village had "some five or six stores, one tavern, and three churches".
The Main Street Historic District and Presbyterian Church of McGraw are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. |
McGraw, New York | Geography | Geography
McGraw is located at (42.594547, -76.092899). State Route 41 runs through the village, leading west to Interstate 81 and U.S. Route 11. Downtown Cortland is a further to the west. NY 41 leads east to the hamlet of Solon.
According to the United States Census Bureau, McGraw has a total area of , all land.
The village is in the valley of Trout Brook, east of the Tioughnioga River and part of the Susquehanna River watershed. |
McGraw, New York | Demographics | Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,000 people, 382 households, and 270 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 444 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 97.20% White, 0.20% African American, 0.80% Native American, 0.20% from other races, and 1.60% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.90% of the population.
As of the census of 2000 the largest self-reported ancestry groups in McGraw were: English at 31%, German at 13%, Irish at 12%, Dutch at 7%, Italian at 6%, French at 6%, Polish at 4%, Scottish at 1%, Scotch-Irish at 1%, Welsh at 1%, Greek at 1%, American Indian tribes, specified at 1% and Portuguese at 1%
There were 382 households, out of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.7% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.1% were non-families. 22.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.00.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 27.1% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.9 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $33,750, and the median income for a family was $38,654. Males had a median income of $27,361 versus $22,063 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,076. About 9.8% of families and 9.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.7% of those under age 18 and 12.7% of those age 65 or over. The top 5 ethnic groups in McGraw are.· English at 31%, Germans at 13%, Irish at 12%, Dutch at 7% and Italians at 6%. |
McGraw, New York | Notable people | Notable people
Reuben G. Doud, Wisconsin businessman and legislator, born in McGraw
Angeline Stickney Hall, American suffragist, abolitionist, and mathematician who taught at New-York Central College. Among her students was her eventual husband, astronomer Asaph Hall. The largest crater on Phobos is named for her.
Asaph Hall, American astronomer who discovered the Mars satellites Phobos and Deimos, graduated from New-York Central College.
Daniel Scott Lamont (February 9, 1851 – July 23, 1905), United States Secretary of War during Grover Cleveland's second term.
Abram Pryne, Congregational minister, editor of the Central Reporter, an abolitionist newspaper published in McGrawville. Most famous for debating William G. Brownlow, a pro-slavery Tennessee newspaper editor and later governor, on slavery in Philadelphia in 1858; the debate was published. Member of the State Assembly in the 85th New York State Legislature in 1862, representing Wayne County.
New-York Central College was the alma mater of Charles L. Reason, educator. |
McGraw, New York | References | References |
McGraw, New York | External links | External links
McGraw Central School District
Village of McGraw
Category:Villages in New York (state)
Category:Populated places established in 1806
Category:Villages in Cortland County, New York
Category:1806 establishments in New York (state) |
McGraw, New York | Table of Content | Short description, History, Geography, Demographics, Notable people, References, External links |
Maraca | Short description | A maraca (), sometimes called la mamá del palote or karoline, is a rattle which appears in many genres of Caribbean and Latin music. It is shaken by a handle and usually played as part of a pair.
Maracas (from Guaraní ), also known as tamaracas, were rattles of divination, an oracle of the Brazilian Tupinamba people, found also with other Indigenous ethnic groups, such as the Guarani, Orinoco and in Florida. Rattles made from Lagenaria gourds are being shaken by the natural grip, while the round Crescentia calabash fruits are fitted to a handle. Human hair is sometimes fastened on the top, and a slit is cut in it to represent a mouth, through which their shamans (payes) made it utter its responses. A few pebbles are inserted to make it rattle and it is crowned with the red feathers of the (scarlet ibis). It was used at their dances and to heal the sick. Note: is spelled idiosyncratically as "goaraz" in this historical source. Andean curanderos (healers) use maracas in their healing rites.
Modern maraca balls are also made of leather, wood or plastic.
A maraca player in Spanish is a . |
Maraca | Gallery | Gallery |
Maraca | References | References |
Maraca | External links | External links
Category:Venezuelan musical instruments
Category:South American percussion instruments
Category:Central American and Caribbean percussion instruments
Category:Orchestral percussion instruments
Category:Vessel rattles
Category:Hand percussion
Category:Unpitched percussion instruments
Category:Concert band instruments |
Maraca | Table of Content | Short description, Gallery, References, External links |
Munsons Corners, New York | Use mdy dates | Munsons Corners is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in Cortland County, New York, United States. The population was 2,728 at the 2010 census.
Munsons Corners is a community in the town of Cortlandville at the southwest border of the city of Cortland. |
Munsons Corners, New York | Geography | Geography
Munsons Corners is located in the western part of the town of Cortlandville at (42.581271, -76.208178). It is bordered to the northeast by the city of Cortland and to the northwest by the area of Cortlandville listed by the U.S. Census Bureau as "Cortland West".
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Munsons Corners CDP has a total area of , of which , or 0.43%, is water.
The junction of New York State Route 13 and New York State Route 281 is in the western part of the community. NY-13 leads northeast into Cortland and southwest to Ithaca, while NY-281 leads north to the village of Homer. |
Munsons Corners, New York | Demographics | Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,426 people, 1,078 households, and 597 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 1,184 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.88% White, 0.62% African American, 0.12% Native American, 1.11% Asian, 0.33% from other races, and 1.94% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.32% of the population.
There were 1,078 households, out of which 23.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.7% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.6% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.72.
In the community, the population was spread out, with 19.2% under the age of 18, 16.4% from 18 to 24, 24.0% from 25 to 44, 22.9% from 45 to 64, and 17.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.2 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $27,222, and the median income for a family was $31,983. Males had a median income of $26,429 versus $19,865 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,640. About 14.7% of families and 21.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.9% of those under age 18 and 6.8% of those age 65 or over. |
Munsons Corners, New York | References | References
Category:Census-designated places in New York (state)
Category:Hamlets in New York (state)
Category:Census-designated places in Cortland County, New York
Category:Hamlets in Cortland County, New York |
Munsons Corners, New York | Table of Content | Use mdy dates, Geography, Demographics, References |
Preble, New York | Use mdy dates | Preble is a town in Cortland County, New York, United States. The population was 1,357 at the 2020 census, down from 1,393 at the 2010 census. The town is named after Commodore Edward Preble, a naval hero.
Preble is on the northern border of Cortland County and is north of the city of Cortland. |
Preble, New York | History | History
Preble is within the former Central New York Military Tract. The land was first settled around 1796.
The town of Preble was organized in 1808, the year Cortland County was formed, from the town of Tully (now in Onondaga County). Preble was one of the original towns of the county when it was formed. The town was reduced in size by the later formation of the town of Scott.
In 1865, the town's population was 1,267.
The First Presbyterian Church and Little York Pavilion are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. |
Preble, New York | Geography | Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Preble has a total area of , of which is land and , or 2.59%, is water.
Interstate 81, U.S. Route 11, and New York State Route 281 extend north–south through the town. The West Branch of the Tioughnioga River flows southward through the town past the previously mentioned highways. Via this river, most of the town is part of the Susquehanna River watershed. The northwestern corner of the town, however, drains northwest via Bennett Hollow to Otisco Lake, one of the Finger Lakes and part of the Lake Ontario watershed.
The northern town line is the border of Onondaga County (Tully). |
Preble, New York | Demographics | Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,582 people, 615 households, and 437 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 703 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 97.85% White, 0.70% African American, 0.70% Native American, 0.06% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.06% from other races, and 0.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.44% of the population.
There were 615 households, out of which 35.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.6% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.8% were non-families. 22.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.99.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.3% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 27.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.2 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $41,908, and the median income for a family was $45,789. Males had a median income of $33,333 versus $25,109 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,983. About 5.2% of families and 7.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.0% of those under age 18 and 7.0% of those age 65 or over. |
Preble, New York | Communities and locations in Preble | Communities and locations in Preble
Baltimore – A hamlet east of Preble village, located on US-11.
Cummings Crossing – A hamlet on Route 11 by the northern town line.
Goodale Lake – A small lake by the southern town line.
Preble – The hamlet of Preble, located west of Interstate 81.
Slab City – A hamlet on US-11, southeast of Preble village.
Song Lake – A small lake by the north town and county lines, southwest of Tully Lake.
Song Mountain – A small mountain located along the northern town and county lines.
Tully Lake – A lake at the northern town line and partly in the town.
Upper Little York Lake – A small lake west of Goodale Lake. |
Preble, New York | References | References |
Preble, New York | External links | External links
Town of Preble official website
Information about Preble
Early history of Preble
Category:Towns in Cortland County, New York
Category:Towns in New York (state)
Category:1808 establishments in New York (state)
Category:Populated places established in 1808 |
Preble, New York | Table of Content | Use mdy dates, History, Geography, Demographics, Communities and locations in Preble, References, External links |
Scott, New York | Use mdy dates | Scott is a town in Cortland County, New York, United States. The population was 1,176 at the 2010 census. The town was named after General Winfield Scott. It is in the northwestern corner of Cortland County and is northwest of the City of Cortland. |
Scott, New York | History | History
Scott is within the former Central New York Military Tract. The first white settler arrived around 1799.
The town was formed in 1815 from the town of Preble. The population in 1865 was 1,149.
The town is the birthplace of James Henry Salisbury, who later went on to create the Salisbury Steak. |
Scott, New York | Geography | Geography
thumb|left|Skaneateles Lake from above Glen Haven
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.65%, is water.
The western town line is the border of Cayuga County, and the northern town boundary is the border of Onondaga County. New York State Route 41 is a north-south highway in Scott.
The southern end of Skaneateles Lake, one of the Finger Lakes, is in the northwestern part of the town. Grout Brook, a noted trout-fishing stream, flows into the lake from the town. The hamlet of Fair Haven in the town of Scott, together with adjoining Glen Haven in the town of Niles and Spafford Landing in the town of Spafford, constitute a scenic destination for visitors as well as an attractive community for residents. Lodging and dining facilities are available, together with docking and a marina (below).
The eastern two-thirds of the town drains southward via Cold Brook and Factory Brook to the West Branch of the Tioughnioga River, part of the Susquehanna River watershed.
Hewitt State Forest, also known as Cortland Reforestation Area #1, is New York State’s first State Forest, comprising 937 acres, and is located in the Town of Scott, just off of State Route 41 on Hewitt Road. |
Scott, New York | Demographics | Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,193 people, 417 households, and 321 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 478 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 98.32% White, 0.08% African American, 0.42% Native American, 0.34% Asian, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.17% of the population.
There were 417 households, out of which 41.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.7% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.8% were non-families. 15.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.18.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 29.9% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 31.3% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.0 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $39,000, and the median income for a family was $43,438. Males had a median income of $32,313 versus $20,817 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,588. About 7.7% of families and 9.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.8% of those under age 18 and 4.0% of those age 65 or over. |
Scott, New York | Communities and locations in Scott | Communities and locations in Scott
East Scott – A hamlet by the eastern town line on County Road 102.
Fair Haven – A hamlet on the eastern shore of Skaneateles Lake by the northern town line. Distinct from Glen Haven on the western side of the lake in the town of Sempronius. The Glen Haven District No. 4 School and Public Library was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.
Grout Mill – A hamlet approximately one mile west of Scott village and close to the western town line.
Scott – The hamlet of Scott on Route 41 at the intersection of County Road 101. It was formerly called "Scott Center". |
Scott, New York | References | References |
Scott, New York | External links | External links
Town of Scott official website
Category:Towns in Cortland County, New York
Category:Towns in New York (state) |
Scott, New York | Table of Content | Use mdy dates, History, Geography, Demographics, Communities and locations in Scott, References, External links |
Solon, New York | Use mdy dates | Solon is a town in Cortland County, New York, United States. The town had a total population of 1,079 as of the 2010 census. The name of the town comes from the Greek lawmaker Solon.
The town is in the center of the county, east of the city of Cortland. |
Solon, New York | History | History
The region was part of the Central New York Military Tract used to pay soldiers of the American Revolution. Solon was first settled in 1794.
The town was created from part of the town of Homer in 1798, before the formation of Cortland County. Solon lost territory to the towns of Truxton (1811) and Taylor (1849).
The population of the town reached a peak of 2,311 in 1840. By 1865, the population had dropped to 995.
The Hatheway Homestead was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. |
Solon, New York | Geography | Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.26%, is water.
New York State Route 41 is an east-west highway in the town. |
Solon, New York | Demographics | Demographics
As of the year 2000 census, there were 1,108 people, 382 households, and 310 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 419 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 97.74% White, 0.09% African American, 0.72% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.09% from other races, and 1.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.81% of the population.
There were 382 households, out of which 43.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.9% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.6% were non-families. 10.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.90 and the average family size was 3.08.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 30.4% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 33.7% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.8 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $39,167, and the median income for a family was $36,875. Males had a median income of $27,143 versus $20,833 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,555. About 6.4% of families and 9.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.8% of those under age 18 and 4.2% of those age 65 or over. |
Solon, New York | Communities and locations in Solon | Communities and locations in Solon
Mayberry Brook — A stream near the western town line that flows into Trout Brook at Mayberry Mills.
Mayberry Mills — A hamlet at the western town boundary.
Solon — The hamlet of Solon on NY Route 41.
Trout Brook — A tributary of the Tioughnioga River. Trout Brook flows westward from the town. |
Solon, New York | References | References |
Solon, New York | External links | External links
Town of Solon, NY
Early history of Solon
Information on Solon
Category:Towns in Cortland County, New York
Category:Towns in New York (state) |
Solon, New York | Table of Content | Use mdy dates, History, Geography, Demographics, Communities and locations in Solon, References, External links |
Taylor, New York | Use mdy dates | Taylor is a town in Cortland County, New York, United States. The town is in the eastern part of the county and is east of Cortland. The population was 523 at the 2010 census. The town is named after General Zachary Taylor, later the 12th president of the United States. |
Taylor, New York | History | History
Taylor was within the Central New York Military Tract. The first settlers arrived around 1793.
The town was formed from the town of Solon in 1849. By 1865, the population was 1,167.
The Town Line Bridge and Union Valley Congregational Church are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. |
Taylor, New York | Geography | Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and (0.41%) is water.
The eastern town line is the border of Chenango County.
New York State Route 26 passes across the southeastern part of the town. |
Taylor, New York | Demographics | Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 500 people, 177 households, and 138 families residing in the town. The population density was 16.6 inhabitants per square mile (6.4/km2). There were 216 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 98.20% White, 0.20% African American, 0.20% Native American, 0.20% Asian, and 1.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.00% of the population.
There were 177 households, out of which 36.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.0% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.5% were non-families. 16.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.12.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.8% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 9.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.5 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $37,031, and the median income for a family was $39,500. Males had a median income of $29,444 versus $22,727 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,677. About 8.2% of families and 11.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.7% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over. |
Taylor, New York | Communities and locations in Taylor | Communities and locations in Taylor
Potter Hill – A community in the northeastern part of the town that once included a school, cemetery and several houses, which is now part of Cuyler Hill State Forest.
Solon Pond – A small lake near the town's center.
Taylor – A hamlet in the southeastern corner of the town by the town line on NY Route 26. It was once called "East Solon", "Taylorville", and "Bangall".
Taylor Center – A hamlet adjacent to Solon Pond near the town center. It was once called "Solon Pond" after the nearby lake. The Taylor Center Methodist Episcopal Church and Taylor District No. 3 School was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.
Taylor Valley – A hamlet northwest of Taylor hamlet and southwest of Taylor Center. It takes its name from a valley in the western part of the town.
Union Valley (formerly "Dorantown") – A hamlet in the northeastern part of the town. |
Taylor, New York | Notable person | Notable person
Gary Wood (1942–1994), NFL quarterback for the New York Giants and New Orleans Saints |
Taylor, New York | References | References |
Taylor, New York | External links | External links
Town of Taylor official website
Town of Taylor at Cortland County website
Information about Taylor
Area photos, maps
Category:Towns in Cortland County, New York
Category:Towns in New York (state) |
Taylor, New York | Table of Content | Use mdy dates, History, Geography, Demographics, Communities and locations in Taylor, Notable person, References, External links |
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