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Angola | Notes | Notes |
Angola | References | References |
Angola | Further reading | Further reading
Birmingham, David (2006) Empire in Africa: Angola and its Neighbors, Ohio University Press: Athens, Ohio.
Bösl, Anton (2008) Angola's Parliamentary Elections in 2008. A Country on its Way to One-Party-Democracy, KAS Auslandsinformationen 10/2008. Die Parlamentswahlen in Angola 2008
Cilliers, Jackie and Christian Dietrich, Eds. (2000). Angola's War Economy: The Role of Oil and Diamonds. Pretoria, South Africa, Institute for Security Studies.
Global Witness (1999). A Crude Awakening, The Role of Oil and Banking Industries in Angola's Civil War and the Plundering of State Assets. London, UK, Global Witness. A Crude Awakening
Hodges, Tony (2001). Angola from Afro-Stalinism to Petro-Diamond Capitalism. Oxford: James Currey.
Hodges, Tony (2004). Angola: The Anatomy of an Oil State. Oxford, UK and Indianapolis, US, The Fridtjol Nansen Institute & The International African Institute in association with James Currey and Indiana University Press.
Human Rights Watch (2004). Some Transparency, No Accountability: The Use of Oil Revenues in Angola and Its Impact on Human Rights. New York, Human Rights Watch. Some Transparency, No Accountability: The Use of Oil Revenue in Angola and Its Impact on Human Rights (Human Rights Watch Report, January 2004)
Human Rights Watch (2005). Coming Home, Return and Reintegration in Angola. New York, Human Rights Watch. Coming Home: Return and Reintegration in Angola
James, Walter (1992). A political history of the civil war in Angola, 1964–1990. New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers.
Kapuściński, Ryszard. Another Day of Life, Penguin, 1975. . A Polish journalist's account of Portuguese withdrawal from Angola and the beginning of the civil war.
Kevlihan, R. (2003). "Sanctions and humanitarian concerns: Ireland and Angola, 2001-2". Irish Studies in International Affairs 14: 95–106.
Lari, A. (2004). Returning home to a normal life? The plight of displaced Angolans. Pretoria, South Africa, Institute for Security Studies.
Lari, A. and R. Kevlihan (2004). "International Human Rights Protection in Situations of Conflict and Post-Conflict, A Case Study of Angola". African Security Review 13(4): 29–41.
Le Billon, Philippe (2005) Aid in the Midst of Plenty: Oil Wealth, Misery and Advocacy in Angola, Disasters 29(1): 1–25.
Le Billon, Philippe (2001). "Angola's Political Economy of War: The Role of Oil and Diamonds". African Affairs (100): 55–80.
MacQueen, Norrie An Ill Wind? Rethinking the Angolan Crisis and the Portuguese Revolution, 1974–1976, Itinerario: European Journal of Overseas History, 26/2, 2000, pp. 22–44
Médecins Sans Frontières (2002). Angola: Sacrifice of a People. Luanda, Angola, MSF.
Mwakikagile, Godfrey Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era, Third Edition, Pretoria, South Africa, 2006, on Angola in Chapter 11, "American Involvement in Angola and Southern Africa: Nyerere's Response", pp. 324–346, .
Pearce, Justin (2004). "War, Peace and Diamonds in Angola: Popular perceptions of the diamond industry in the Lundas". African Security Review 13 (2), pp 51–64. Wayback Machine
Porto, João Gomes (2003). Cabinda: Notes on a soon to be forgotten war. Pretoria, South Africa, Institute for Security Studies.
Tvedten, Inge (1997). Angola, Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press.
Vines, Alex (1999). Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process. New York and London, UK, Human Rights Watch. |
Angola | External links | External links
Angola. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Angola from UCB Libraries GovPubs.
Angola profile from the BBC News.
Key Development Forecasts for Angola from International Futures.
Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2012 – Angola Country Report
Markus Weimer, "The Peace Dividend: Analysis of a Decade of Angolan Indicators, 2002–2012".
The participation of Hungarian soldiers in UN peacekeeping operations in Angola
Category:1975 establishments in Angola
Category:Central African countries
Category:Countries in Africa
Category:Former Portuguese colonies
Category:Least developed countries
Category:Former OPEC member states
Category:Member states of the African Union
Category:Member states of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries
Category:Member states of the United Nations
Category:Countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language
Category:Republics
Category:Southern African countries
Category:States and territories established in 1975 |
Angola | Table of Content | Short description, Etymology, History, Early migrations and political units, Portuguese colonization, Angolan War of Independence, Angolan Civil War, 21st century, Geography, Climate, Wildlife, Government and politics, Constitution, Justice, Administrative divisions, Exclave of Cabinda, Foreign relations, Military, Police, Human rights, Economy, Natural resources, Agriculture, Transport, Telecommunications, Technology, Demographics, Urbanization, Languages, Religion, Health, Education, Culture, Media, Cinema, Sports, See also, Notes, References, Further reading, External links |
Demographics of Angola | Short description | Demographic features of the population of Angola include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects.
350px|alt=|thumb|Angolas population between 1960 and 2017.
According to 2014 census data, Angola had a population of 25,789,024 inhabitants in 2014.
Ethnically, there are three main groups, each speaking a Bantu language: the Ovimbundu who represent 37% of the population, the Ambundu with 25%, and the Bakongo 11%. Other numerically important groups include the closely interrelated Chokwe and Lunda, the Ganguela and Nyaneka-Khumbi (in both cases classification terms that stand for a variety of small groups), the Ovambo, the Herero, the Xindonga and scattered residual groups of San. In addition, mixed race (European and African) people amount to about 7%, with nearly 1% of the population being whites, mainly ethnically Portuguese.
As a former overseas territory of Portugal until 1975, Angola possesses a Portuguese population of over 200,000, a number that has been growing from 2000 onwards, because of Angola's growing demand for qualified human resources. Currently, Around 300,000 Angolans are white, around 500,000 Angolans are mixed race or black and white, and around 50,000 Angolans are from China. This accounts for around 850,000 people. In 1974, white Angolans made up a population of 350,000 people in an overall population of 6.3 million Angolans at that time. The only reliable source on these numbers is Gerald Bender & Stanley Yoder, Whites in Angola on the Eve of Independence: The Politics of Numbers, Africa Today, 21 (4) 1974, pp. 23 – 37. Today, many Angolans who are not ethnic Portuguese can claim Portuguese nationality under Portuguese law. Estimates on the overall population are given in O Pais.O País Portugueses em Angola quadruplicaram , Jornal de Notícias (March 10, 2009) Besides the Portuguese, significant numbers of people from other European and from diverse Latin American countries (especially Brazil) can be found. From the 2000s, many Chinese have settled and started up small businesses, while at least as many have come as workers for large enterprises (construction or other). Observers claim that the Chinese community in Angola might include as many as 300,000 persons at the end of 2010, but reliable statistics are not at this stage available. In 1974/75, over 25,000 Cuban soldiers arrived in Angola to help the MPLA forces at the beginning of the Angolan Civil War. Once this was over, a massive development cooperation in the field of health and education brought in numerous civil personnel from Cuba. However, only a very small percentage of all these people has remained in Angola, either for personal reasons (intermarriage) or as professionals (e.g., medical doctors).
The largest religious denomination is Catholicism, to which adheres about half the population. Roughly 26% are followers of traditional forms of Protestantism (Congregationals, Methodists, Baptista, Lutherans, Reformed), but over the last decades there has in addition been a growth of Pentecostal communities and African Initiated Churches. In 2006, one out of 221 people were Jehovah's Witnesses. Africans from Mali, Nigeria and Senegal are mostly Sunnite Muslims, but do not make up more than 1 - 2% of the population. By now few Angolans retain African traditional religions following different ethnic faiths. |
Demographics of Angola | Population | Population
thumb|450px|Demographics development according to the United Nations
According to the 2022 revision of the world factbook the total population was 34,795,287 in 2022. The proportion of children below the age of 14 in 2020 was 47.83%, 49.87% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.3% was 65 years or older.
Total populationPopulation aged 0–14 (%)Population aged 15–64 (%)Population aged 65+ (%) 19504,148,00041.255.73.1 19554,542,00042.454.92.7 19604,963,00043.753.62.7 19655,431,00045.352.02.7 19705,926,00046.051.32.7 19756,637,00046.251.12.7 19807,638,00046.550.82.7 19859,066,00047.050.42.7 199010,335,00047.549.92.6 199512,105,00047.649.82.5 200013,926,00047.749.92.5 200516,489,00047.649.92.5 201019,082,00046.650.92.5 201425,789,00047.350.32.4 202032,522,33947.849.92.3
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal% Total 12 499 041 13 289 983 25 789 024 100 0–4 2 484 582 2 513 566 4 998 148 19.38 5–9 2 062 888 2 097 287 4 160 174 16.13 10–14 1 504 180 1 533 993 3 038 173 11.78 15–19 1 222 700 1 287 736 2 510 436 9.73 20–24 1 020 699 1 153 802 2 174 501 8.43 25–29 913 726 1 031 323 1 945 050 7.54 30–34 714 239 789 281 1 503 520 5.83 35–39 654 408 728 550 1 382 959 5.36 40–44 510 344 539 742 1 050 085 4.07 45–49 417 953 446 951 864 904 3.35 50–54 332 638 376 532 709 169 2.75 55–59 229 641 253 678 483 319 1.87 60–64 165 937 190 217 356 154 1.38 65–69 95 614 119 773 215 387 0.84 70–74 78 673 101 494 180 167 0.70 75–79 39 257 53 687 92 944 0.36 80–84 28 351 38 441 66 792 0.26 85–89 9 967 14 861 24 828 0.10 90–94 7 603 10 572 18 175 0.07 95+ 5 640 8 498 14 138 0.05Age group MaleFemaleTotalPercent 0–14 6 051 650 6 144 846 12 196 496 47.29 15–64 6 182 286 6 797 811 12 980 097 50.33 65+ 265 105 347 326 612 431 2.37
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal% Total 15 168 180 15 959 494 31 127 674 100 0–4 2 499 013 2 501 045 5 000 058 16.06 5–9 2 486 762 2 525 617 5 012 379 16.10 10–14 2 109 413 2 147 502 4 256 915 13.68 15–19 1 646 467 1 703 593 3 350 060 10.76 20–24 1 324 586 1 389 321 2 713 907 8.72 25–29 1 080 096 1 160 339 2 240 435 7.20 30–34 893 015 978 811 1 871 826 6.01 35–39 743 420 828 169 1 571 589 5.05 40–44 618 724 692 419 1 311 143 4.21 45–49 503 305 556 808 1 060 113 3.41 50–54 401 888 445 257 847 145 2.72 55–59 304 199 343 355 647 554 2.08 60–64 222 814 258 393 481 207 1.55 65–69 148 455 180 188 328 643 1.06 70–74 93 883 119 433 213 316 0.69 75–79 53 235 71 070 124 305 0.40 80+ 38 905 58 174 97 079 0.31Age group MaleFemaleTotalPercent 0–14 7 095 188 7 174 164 14 269 352 45.84 15–64 7 738 514 8 356 465 16 094 979 51.71 65+ 334 478 428 865 763 343 2.45 |
Demographics of Angola | Vital statistics | Vital statistics
Registration of vital events in Angola is not complete. The website Our World in Data prepared the following estimates based on statistics from the Population Department of the United Nations.
Mid-year population (thousands)Live births (thousands)Deaths (thousands)Natural change (thousands)Crude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)Total fertility rate (TFR)Infant mortality (per 1000 live births)Life expectancy (in years)19504 478 207 119 8846.126.519.75.77181.336.351951 4 570 212 122 9146.526.719.85.83180.936.391952 4 664 220 125 9547.226.820.45.95180.036.521953 4 759 227 128 10047.826.821.06.06179.136.731954 4 850 235 130 10548.426.821.56.17178.136.891955 4 938 242 133 10948.926.822.06.27177.037.121956 5 022 249 136 11349.426.922.56.36175.837.281957 5 104 256 138 11849.926.923.06.46174.637.501958 5 186 262 140 12250.326.923.56.54173.337.701959 5 270 268 142 12750.726.824.06.63171.937.971960 5 357 275 143 13151.026.724.46.71170.438.211961 5 441 280 150 13051.327.523.86.79168.937.271962 5 521 285 151 13451.327.224.16.87167.237.541963 5 600 289 152 13751.326.924.46.95165.537.821964 5 673 293 152 14151.326.624.77.04163.838.131965 5 737 296 151 14551.326.225.17.12161.938.501966 5 787 300 151 14851.325.925.47.19160.138.761967 5 828 302 151 15151.325.625.77.27158.139.091968 5 868 304 149 15551.325.226.27.33156.239.481969 5 928 307 148 15851.424.826.57.39154.339.831970 6 030 310 148 16251.324.426.97.43152.440.191971 6 177 313 148 16550.723.926.87.47150.540.551972 6 365 320 149 17250.523.427.07.49148.640.911973 6 578 331 151 18050.523.027.57.50146.841.271974 6 802 342 153 18950.522.627.97.50145.041.651975 7 033 354 161 19450.522.927.67.49144.641.191976 7 267 366 166 20150.522.827.77.49143.641.161977 7 512 378 169 20950.522.628.07.48142.041.441978 7 772 392 172 22050.622.228.47.47140.541.831979 8 043 407 176 23150.721.928.87.46139.142.181980 8 330 423 180 24250.921.729.27.46137.842.451981 8 631 440 185 25551.121.529.67.46136.542.771982 8 947 458 190 26851.321.230.17.46135.243.051983 9 277 477 203 27451.622.029.67.46136.142.091984 9 618 498 209 28951.921.830.17.46135.042.351985 9 971 519 215 30452.121.630.67.45134.042.651986 10 333 538 221 31752.221.430.87.44133.242.841987 10 694 557 245 31252.122.929.27.41136.540.921988 11 060 574 247 32752.022.429.67.37135.241.551989 11 439 590 253 33751.722.229.57.33134.841.771990 11 829 606 260 34751.322.029.47.27134.541.891991 12 229 622 250 37250.920.530.57.21131.143.811992 12 633 635 273 36350.421.628.77.14134.642.211993 13 038 650 279 37149.921.428.57.07131.242.101994 13 462 666 274 39249.620.429.26.99129.043.421995 13 912 683 262 42249.218.830.46.92128.645.851996 14 383 702 268 43448.918.630.26.85127.846.031997 14 871 719 273 44648.418.430.06.79126.546.311998 15 367 737 293 44348.019.128.96.73127.245.061999 15 871 757 296 46147.818.729.16.68123.745.392000 16 394 780 299 48147.618.329.46.64122.446.022001 16 942 805 301 50447.617.829.86.60118.546.592002 17 516 830 302 52847.417.330.26.57116.047.392003 18 124 855 286 56947.215.831.46.53110.049.622004 18 771 883 284 59947.115.231.96.50105.750.592005 19 451 912 282 63046.914.532.46.46101.151.572006 20 162 939 281 65846.613.932.76.4296.552.372007 20 910 966 274 69246.313.133.26.3791.453.642008 21 692 994 270 72445.912.533.46.3286.554.632009 22 508 1 022 265 75845.511.833.76.2681.855.752010 23 364 1 049 261 78845.011.233.86.1977.256.732011 24 259 1 074 257 81744.410.633.76.1273.057.602012 25 188 1 103 252 85143.910.033.86.0468.858.622013 26 147 1 130 251 87943.39.633.75.9565.259.312014 27 128 1 156 249 90742.79.233.55.8662.060.042015 28 128 1 181 248 93342.08.833.25.7759.460.662016 29 155 1 205 249 95641.48.632.85.6957.061.092017 30 209 1 231 249 98340.88.232.65.6054.961.682018 31 274 1 257 250 1 00840.28.032.25.5253.062.142019 32 354 1 284 253 1 03239.77.831.95.4451.362.452020 33 428 1 313 261 1 05139.37.831.55.3749.662.262021 34 504 1 339 276 1 06338.88.030.85.3048.161.642022 35 635 1 358 253 1 10538.17.131.05.2150.261.72023 36 750 1 381 254 1 12737.66.930.75.1248.662.1 |
Demographics of Angola | Demographic and Health Surveys | Demographic and Health Surveys
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted TFR) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):
Year Total Urban Rural CBR TFR CBR TFR CBR TFR 2006–2007 42.4 5.8 35.0 4.4 50.2 7.7 2011 45.5 6.3 36.5 4.6 51.8 7.7 2014 (census) 5.7 5.2 6.5 2015–16 43.4 6.2 (5.2) 40.6 5.3 (4.4) 48.4 8.2 (7.1) 2023-24 33.7 4.8 29.4 3.8 40.5 6.9
thumb|Development of life expectancy |
Demographics of Angola | Ethnic groups | Ethnic groups
thumb|right|300px|Ethnic groups of Angola 1970
Roughly 37% of Angolans are Ovimbundu, 25% are Ambundu, 13% are Bakongo, 7% are mestiço, 1-2% are white Africans, and people from other African ethnicities make up 22% of Angola's population.
Romani people were deported to Angola from Portugal.REPORT ON ROMA PEOPLE - Romaninet |
Demographics of Angola | Languages | Languages
Portuguese is the official language of Angola, but Bantu and other African languages are also widely spoken. In fact, Kikongo, Kimbundu, Umbundu, Tuchokwe, Ganguela, and Ukanyama have the official status of "national languages". The mastery of Portuguese is widespread; in the cities the overwhelming majority are either fluent in Portuguese or have at least a reasonable working knowledge of this language; an increasing minority are native Portuguese speakers and have a poor, if any, knowledge of an African language. |
Demographics of Angola | Religion | Religion
Angola is a majority Christian country. Official statistics do not exist, however it is estimated that over 80% belong to a Christian church or community. More than half are Catholic, the remaining ones comprising members of traditional Protestant churches as well as of Pentecostal communities. Only 0.1% are Muslims - generally immigrants from other African countries. Some insider news says that there is an unofficial ban on Islam in Angola. Traditional indigenous religions are practiced by a very small minority, generally in peripheral rural societies. |
Demographics of Angola | References | References
Attribution:
2003 |
Demographics of Angola | External links | External links
Population cartogram of Angola
Category:Society of Angola |
Demographics of Angola | Table of Content | Short description, Population, Vital statistics, Demographic and Health Surveys, Ethnic groups, Languages, Religion, References, External links |
Politics of Angola | Short description | The current political regime in Angola is presidentialism, in which the President of the Republic is also head of state and government; it is advised by a Council of Ministers, which together with the President form the national executive power. Legislative power rests with the 220 parliamentarians elected to the National Assembly. The President of the Republic, together with the parliament, appoints the majority of the members of the two highest bodies of the judiciary, that is, the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court. The judiciary is still made up of the Court of Auditors and the Supreme Military Court.
The Angolan government is composed of three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial. For decades, political power has been concentrated in the presidency with the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola. |
Politics of Angola | History | History
Since the adoption of a new constitution in 2010, the politics of Angola takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Angola is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in the President, the government and parliament.
Angola changed from a one-party Marxist-Leninist system ruled by the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), in place since independence in 1975, to a multiparty democracy based on a new constitution adopted in 1992. That same year the first parliamentary and presidential elections were held. The MPLA won an absolute majority in the parliamentary elections. In the presidential elections, President José Eduardo dos Santos won the first round election with more than 49% of the vote to Jonas Savimbi's 40%. A runoff election would have been necessary, but never took place. The renewal of civil war immediately after the elections, which were considered as fraudulent by UNITA, and the collapse of the Lusaka Protocol, created a split situation. To a certain degree the new democratic institutions worked, notably the National Assembly, with the active participation of UNITA's and the FNLA's elected MPs - while José Eduardo dos Santos continued to exercise his functions without democratic legitimation. However the armed forces of the MPLA (now the official armed forces of the Angolan state) and of UNITA fought each other until the leader of UNITA, Jonas Savimbi, was killed in action in 2002.From 1998 to 2002, there existed even a Government of National Unity and Reconciliation which included ministers from both FNLA and UNITA.
From 2002 to 2010, the system as defined by the constitution of 1992 functioned in a relatively normal way. The executive branch of the government was composed of the President, the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers, composed of all ministers and vice ministers, met regularly to discuss policy issues. Governors of the 18 provinces were appointed by and served at the pleasure of the president. The Constitutional Law of 1992 established the broad outlines of government structure and the rights and duties of citizens. The legal system was based on Portuguese and customary law but was weak and fragmented. Courts operated in only 12 of more than 140 municipalities. A Supreme Court served as the appellate tribunal; a Constitutional Court with powers of judicial review was never constituted despite statutory authorization. In practice, power was more and more concentrated in the hands of the President who, supported by an ever-increasing staff, largely controlled parliament, government, and the judiciary.http://www.bertensmann-transformation-index.de/bti/laendergutachten/laendergutachten/oestliches-und-suedliches-afrika/angola
The 26-year-long civil war has ravaged the country's political and social institutions. The UN estimates of 1.8 million internally displaced persons (IDPs), while generally the accepted figure for war-affected people is 4 million. Daily conditions of life throughout the country and specifically Luanda (population approximately 6 million) mirror the collapse of administrative infrastructure as well as many social institutions. The ongoing grave economic situation largely prevents any government support for social institutions. Hospitals are without medicines or basic equipment, schools are without books, and public employees often lack the basic supplies for their day-to-day work.
José Eduardo dos Santos stepped down as President of Angola after 38 years in 2017, being peacefully succeeded by João Lourenço, Santos' chosen successor. However, President João Lourenço started a campaign against corruption of the dos Santos era. In November 2017, Isabel dos Santos, the billionaire daughter of former President José Eduardo dos Santos, was fired from her position as head of the country's state oil company Sonangol. In August 2020, José Filomeno dos Santos, son of Angola's former president, was sentenced for five years in jail for fraud and corruption.
In August 2022, the ruling party, MPLA, won another outright majority and President Joao Lourenco won a second five-year term in the election. However, the election was the tightest in Angola's history. |
Politics of Angola | Executive branch | Executive branch
The 2010 constitution grants the President almost absolute power. Elections for the National assembly are to take place every five years, and the President is automatically the leader of the winning party or coalition. It is for the President to appoint (and dismiss) all of the following:
The members of the government (state ministers, ministers, state secretaries and vice-ministers);
The members of the Constitutional Court;
The members of the Supreme Court;
The members of the Court of Auditors;
The members of the Military Supreme Court;
The Governor and Vice-Governors of the National Angolan Bank;
The General-Attorney, the Vice-General-Attorneys and their deputies (as well as the military homologous);
The Governors of the provinces;
The members of the Republic Council;
The members of the National Security Council;
The members of the Superior Magistrates Councils;
The General Chief of the Armed Forces and his deputy;
All other command posts in the military;
The Police General Commander, and the 2nd in command;
All other command posts in the police;
The chiefs and directors of the intelligence and security organs.
The President is also provided a variety of powers, like defining the policy of the country. Even though it's not up to him/her to make laws (only to promulgate them and make edicts), the President is the leader of the winning party.
The only "relevant" post that is not directly appointed by the President is the vice-president, which is the second in the winning party.
José Eduardo dos Santos stepped down as President of Angola after 38 years in 2017, being peacefully succeeded by João Lourenço, Santos' chosen successor. |
Politics of Angola | Legislative branch | Legislative branch
The National Assembly (Assembleia Nacional) has 223 members, elected for a four-year term, 130 members by proportional representation, 90 members in provincial districts, and 3 members to represent Angolans abroad. The general elections in 1997 were rescheduled for 5 September 2008. The ruling party MPLA won 82% (191 seats in the National Assembly) and the main opposition party won only 10% (16 seats). The elections however have been described as only partly free but certainly not fair. A White Book on the elections in 2008 lists up all irregularities surrounding the Parliamentary elections of 2008.http://www.kas.de/proj/home/pub/8/2/year-2009/dokument_id-17396/index.html |
Politics of Angola | Political parties and elections | Political parties and elections |
Politics of Angola | Judicial branch | Judicial branch
Supreme Court (or "Tribunal da Relacao") judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the president. The Constitutional Court, with the power of judicial review, contains 11 justices. Four are appointed by the President, four by the National Assembly, two by the Superior Council of the Judiciary, and one elected by the public. |
Politics of Angola | Administrative divisions | Administrative divisions
Angola has eighteen provinces: Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire |
Politics of Angola | Political pressure groups and leaders | Political pressure groups and leaders
Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda or FLEC (Henrique N'zita Tiago; António Bento Bembe)
note: FLEC is waging a small-scale, highly factionalized, armed struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province |
Politics of Angola | International organization participation | International organization participation
African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States, AfDB, CEEAC, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, FAO, Group of 77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, International Criminal Court (signatory), ICFTU, International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, International Development Association, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, International Labour Organization, International Monetary Fund, International Maritime Organization, Interpol, IOC, International Organization for Migration, ISO (correspondent), ITU, Non-Aligned Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, World Customs Organization, World Federation of Trade Unions, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO |
Politics of Angola | See also | See also
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Politics of Angola | References | References |
Politics of Angola | Further reading | Further reading
ANGOLA LIVRO BRANCO SOBRE AS ELEIÇÕES DE 2008. http://www.kas.de/proj/home/pub/8/2/year-2009/dokument_id-17396/index.html
Bösl, Anton (2008). Angola's Parliamentary Elections in 2008. A Country on its Way to One-Party-Democracy, KAS Auslandsinformationen 10/2008. http://www.kas.de/wf/de/33.15186/
Amundsen, I. (2011) Angola Party Politics: Into the African Trend. Angola Brief vol. 1 no. 9 |
Politics of Angola | External links | External links
The Chr. Michelsen Institute The largest centre for development research in Scandinavia. In particular, see their collaborative Angola Programme.
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Politics of Angola | Table of Content | Short description, History, Executive branch, Legislative branch, Political parties and elections, Judicial branch, Administrative divisions, Political pressure groups and leaders, International organization participation, See also, References, Further reading, External links |
Economy of Angola | Short description | thumb|Change in per capita GDP of Angola, 1950–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.
Angola has a semi-planned economy, in which central planning directs the economy with the participation of private enterprises. The economy of Angola remains heavily influenced by the effects of four decades of conflict in the last part of the 20th century, the war for independence from Portugal (1961–75) and the subsequent civil war (1975–2002). Poverty since 2002 is reduced over 50% and a third of the population relies on subsistence agriculture. Since 2002, when the 27-year civil war ended, government policy prioritized the repair and improvement of infrastructure and strengthening of political and social institutions. During the first decade of the 21st century, Angola's economy was one of the fastest-growing in the world,Birgitte Refslund Sørensen and Marc Vincent. Caught Between Borders: Response Strategies of the Internally Displaced, 2001. Page 17. with reported annual average GDP growth of 11.1 percent from 2001 to 2010. High international oil prices and rising oil production contributed to strong economic growth, although with high inequality, at that time. 2022 trade surplus was $30 billion, compared to $48 billion in 2012.
Corruption is rife throughout the economyIsabel dos Santos made a fortune at the expense of the Angolan people, Luanda Leaks reveals. icij.org, published January 19, 2020 and the country remains heavily dependent on the oil sector, which in 2017 accounted for over 90 percent of exports by value and 64 percent of government revenue. With the end of the oil boom, from 2015 Angola entered into a period of economic contraction. |
Economy of Angola | History | History
The Angolan economy has been dominated by the production of raw materials and the use of cheap labor since European rule began in the sixteenth century. The Portuguese used Angola principally as a source for the thriving slave trade across the Atlantic; Luanda became the greatest slaving port in Africa. After the Portuguese Empire abolished the slave trade in Angola in 1858, it began using concessional agreements, granting exclusive rights to a private company to exploit land, people, and all other resources within a given territory. In Mozambique, this policy spawned a number of companies notorious for their exploitation of local labor. But in Angola, only Diamang showed even moderate success. At the same time, Portuguese began emigrating to Angola to establish farms and plantations (fazendas) to grow cash crops for export. Although these farms were only partially successful before World War II, they formed the basis for the later economic growth.
The principal exports of the post-slave economy in the 19th century were rubber, beeswax, and ivory. Prior to the First World War, exportation of coffee, palm kernels and oil, cattle, leather and hides, and salt fish joined the principal exports, with small quantities of gold and cotton also being produced. Grains, sugar, and rum were also produced for local consumption. The principal imports were foodstuffs, cotton goods, hardware, and British coal. Legislation against foreign traders was implemented in the 1890s. The territory's prosperity, however, continued to depend on plantations worked by labor "indentured" from the interior.
Before World War II, the Portuguese government was concerned primarily with keeping its colonies self-sufficient and therefore invested little capital in Angola's local economy. It built no roads until the mid-1920s, and the first railroad, the Benguela railway, was not completed until 1929. Between 1900 and 1940, only 35,000 Portuguese emigrants settled in Angola, and most worked in commerce in the cities, facilitating trade with Portugal. In the rural areas, Portuguese settlers often found it difficult to make a living because of fluctuating world prices for sugarcane and sisal and the difficulties in obtaining cheap labor to farm their crops. As a result, they often suspended their operations until the market prices rose and instead marketed the produce of Angolan farmers.
But in the wake of World War II, the rapid growth of industrialization worldwide and the parallel requirements for raw materials led Portugal to develop closer ties with its colonies and to begin actively developing the Angolan economy. In the 1930s, Portugal started to develop closer trade ties with its colonies, and by 1940 it absorbed 63 percent of Angolan exports and accounted for 47 percent of Angolan imports, up from 39 percent and 37 percent, respectively, a decade earlier. When the price of Angola's principal crops—coffee and sisal—jumped after the war, the Portuguese government began to reinvest some profits inside the country, initiating a series of projects to develop infrastructure. During the 1950s, Portugal built dams, hydroelectric power stations, and transportation systems. In addition, Portuguese citizens were encouraged to emigrate to Angola, where planned settlements (colonatos) were established for them in the rural areas. Finally, the Portuguese initiated mining operations for iron ore, manganese, and copper to complement industrial activities at home, and in 1955 the first successful oil wells were drilled in Angola. By 1960 the Angolan economy had been completely transformed, boasting a successful commercial agricultural sector, a promising mineral and petroleum production enterprise, and an incipient manufacturing industry.
Yet by 1976, these encouraging developments had been reversed. The economy was in complete disarray in the aftermath of the war of independence and the subsequent internal fighting of the liberation movements. According to the ruling MPLA-PT, in August 1976 more than 80 percent of the agricultural plantations had been abandoned by their Portuguese owners; only 284 out of 692 factories continued to operate; more than 30,000 medium-level and high-level managers, technicians, and skilled workers had left the country; and 2,500 enterprises had been closed (75 percent of which had been abandoned by their owners). Furthermore, only 8,000 vehicles remained out of 153,000 registered, dozens of bridges had been destroyed, the trading network was disrupted, administrative services did not exist, and files and studies were missing.
Angola's economic ills can also be traced to the legacy of Portuguese colonial development. Many of the white settlers had come to Angola after 1950 and were understandably quick to repatriate during the war of independence. During their stay, however, these settlers had appropriated Angolan lands, disrupting local peasant production of cash and subsistence crops. Moreover, Angola's industries depended on trade with Portugal—the colony's overwhelmingly dominant trade partner—for both markets and machinery. Only the petroleum and diamond industries boasted a wider clientele for investment and markets. Most important, the Portuguese had not trained Angolans to operate the larger industrial or agricultural enterprises, nor had they actively educated the population. Upon independence Angola thus found itself without markets or expertise to maintain even minimal economic growth.
As a result, the government intervened, nationalizing most businesses and farms abandoned by the Portuguese. It established state farms to continue producing coffee, sugar, and sisal, and it took over the operations of all factories to maintain production. These attempts usually failed, primarily because of the lack of experienced managers and the continuing disruptions in rural areas caused by the UNITA insurgency. Only the petroleum sector continued to operate successfully, and by 1980 this sector had helped the gross domestic product reach US$3.6 billion, its highest level up to 1988. In the face of serious economic problems and the continuing war throughout the countryside, in 1987 the government announced plans to liberalize economic policies and promote private investment and involvement in the economy. |
Economy of Angola | 1990s | 1990s
United Nations Angola Verification Mission III and MONUA spent US$1.5 billion overseeing implementation of the Lusaka Protocol, a 1994 peace accord that ultimately failed to end the civil war. The protocol prohibited UNITA from buying foreign arms, a provision the United Nations largely did not enforce, so both sides continued to build up their stockpile. UNITA purchased weapons in 1996 and 1997 from private sources in Albania and Bulgaria, and from Zaire, South Africa, Republic of the Congo, Zambia, Togo, and Burkina Faso. In October 1997 the UN imposed travel sanctions on UNITA leaders, but the UN waited until July 1998 to limit UNITA's exportation of diamonds and freeze UNITA bank accounts. While the U.S. government gave US$250 million to UNITA between 1986 and 1991, UNITA made US$1.72 billion between 1994 and 1999 exporting diamonds, primarily through Zaire to Europe. At the same time the Angolan government received large amounts of weapons from the governments of Belarus, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, and South Africa. While no arms shipment to the government violated the protocol, no country informed the U.N. Register on Conventional Weapons as required.Vines, Alex. Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process, 1999. Human Rights Watch.
Despite the increase in civil warfare in late 1998, the economy grew by an estimated 4% in 1999. The government introduced new currency denominations in 1999, including a 1 and 5 kwanza note. |
Economy of Angola | 21st century | 21st century
thumb|250px|The Angolan government has been trying to prosecute Isabel dos Santos, a daughter of a former Angolan president, for corruption which may have led to Angola's recession
An economic reform effort was launched in 1998. Angola ranked 160 of 174 nations in the United Nations Human Development Index in 2000. In April 2000 Angola started an International Monetary Fund (IMF) Staff-Monitored Program (SMP). The program formally lapsed in June 2001, but the IMF remains engaged. In this context the Government of Angola has succeeded in unifying exchange rates and has raised fuel, electricity, and water rates. The Commercial Code, telecommunications law, and Foreign Investment Code are being modernized. A privatization effort, prepared with World Bank assistance, has begun with the BCI bank. Nevertheless, a legacy of fiscal mismanagement and corruption persists. The civil war internally displaced 3.8 million people, 32% of the population, by 2001. The security brought about by the 2002 peace settlement has led to the resettlement of 4 million displaced persons, thus resulting in large-scale increases in agriculture production.
Angola produced over of diamonds in 2003, and production was expected to grow to per year by 2007. In 2004, China's Eximbank approved a $2 billion line of credit to Angola to rebuild infrastructure. The economy grew 18% in 2005 and growth was expected to reach 26% in 2006 and stay above 10% for the rest of the decade. By 2020, Angola had a national debt of $76 billion, of which $20 billion is to China.
The construction industry is taking advantage of the growing economy, with various housing projects stimulated by the government such as the Angola Investe program and the Casa Feliz or Meña projects. Not all public construction projects are functional. For example, Kilamba Kiaxi, where a whole new satellite town of Luanda, consisting of housing facilities for several hundreds of thousands of people, was completely uninhabited for over four years because of skyrocketing prices, but completely sold out after the government decreased the original price and created mortgage plans at around the election time and thus made it affordable for middle-class people. ChevronTexaco started pumping from Block 14 in January 2000, but production decreased to in 2007 due to poor-quality oil. Angola joined the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries on January 1, 2007. Cabinda Gulf Oil Company found Malange-1, an oil reservoir in Block 14, on August 9, 2007. |
Economy of Angola | Overview | Overview
Despite its abundant natural resources, output per capita is among the world's lowest. Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for 85% of the population. Oil production and the supporting activities are vital to the economy, contributing about 45% to GDP and 90% of exports. Growth is almost entirely driven by rising oil production which surpassed in late-2005 and which is expected to grow to by 2007. Control of the oil industry is consolidated in Sonangol Group, a conglomerate owned by the Angolan government. With revenues booming from oil exports, the government has started to implement ambitious development programs to build roads and other basic infrastructure for the nation.
In the last decade of the colonial period, Angola was a major African food exporter but now imports almost all its food. Severe wartime conditions, including extensive planting of landmines throughout the countryside, have brought agricultural activities to a near-standstill. Some efforts to recover have gone forward, however, notably in fisheries. Coffee production, though a fraction of its pre-1975 level, is sufficient for domestic needs and some exports. Expanding oil production is now almost half of GDP and 90% of exports, at . Diamonds provided much of the revenue for Jonas Savimbi's UNITA rebellion through illicit trade. Other rich resources await development: gold, forest products, fisheries, iron ore, coffee, and fruits.
This is a chart of trend of nominal gross domestic product of Angola at market prices using International Monetary Fund data; figures are in millions of units.
Year Gross Domestic Product (*$1,000,000) US Dollar Exchange Per Capita Income (as % of USA)1980 6.331985 4.461990 4.421995 5,066 14 Angolan Kwanza 1.582000 9,135 91,666 Angolan Kwanza 1.962005 28,860 2,515,452 Angolan Kwanza 4.73
The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2023. Inflation below 5% is in green.
YearGDP(in bn. US$ PPP)GDP per capita(in US$ PPP)GDP
(in bn. US$ nominal)GDP growth(real)Inflation rate(in Percent)Government debt(in % of GDP)198010.91,3176.62.4%46.7%n/a198111.41,3416.2−4.4%1.3%n/a198212.11,3886.20.0%1.8%n/a198313.11,4646.54.2%1.8%n/a198414.41,5676.96.0%1.8%n/a198515.41,4848.53.5%1.8%n/a198616.11,5157.92.9%1.8%n/a198717.21,5769.14.1%1.8%n/a198818.91,6859.86.1%1.8%n/a198919.61,70511.40.0%1.8%n/a199019.71,66412.6−3.5%1.8%n/a199122.81,86512.21.0%85.3%n/a199226.02,0579.411.4%299.1%n/a199329.62,0676.810.7%1,379.5%n/a199433.32,4755.010.5%949.8%n/a199537.52,6986.210.4%2,672.2%n/a199642.52,9558.011.2%4,146.0%n/a199746.43,1209.47.3%221.9%n/a199849.13,1968.04.7%107.4%n/a199950.93,2077.52.2%248.2%n/a200053.63,27211.23.1%325.0%133.9%200157.23,37310.94.2%152.6%133.5%200266.03,76615.313.7%108.9%73.7%200369.33,82317.83.0%98.2%58.0%200478.94,20523.611.0%43.5%47.7%200593.74,81537.015.0%23.0%33.5%2006107.75,34152.411.5%13.3%18.7%2007126.16,03065.314.0%12.2%21.0%2008142.96,58688.511.2%12.5%31.4%2009145.06,44370.30.9%13.7%56.2%2010153.96,58683.84.9%14.5%37.2%2011162.56,700111.83.5%13.5%29.6%2012186.17,389128.18.5%10.3%26.7%2013199.97,644136.75.0%8.8%33.1%2014220.48,123145.74.8%7.3%39.8%2015204.67,274116.20.9%9.2%57.1%2016204.97,027101.1−2.6%30.7%75.7%2017217.87,210122.0−0.2%29.8%69.3%2018220.17,038101.4−1.3%16.6%93.0%2019222.56,87784.5−0.7%17.1%113.6%2020212.76,36257.1−5.6%22.3%138.9%2021224.96,51874.91.2%25.8%86.8%2022248.16,944122.83.0%21.4%66.7%2023260.37,07793.81.3%13.1%84.9% |
Economy of Angola | Agriculture | Agriculture
Angola produced, in 2018:
8.6 million tons of cassava (8th largest producer in the world);
3.5 million tons of banana (7th largest producer in the world, or the 10th largest, if we consider together with plantain);
2.2 million tons of maize;
1.2 million tons of sweet potato (10th largest producer in the world);
806 thousand tons of potato;
597 thousand tons of pineapple (13th largest producer in the world);
572 thousand tons of sugarcane;
355 thousand tons of cabbage;
314 thousand tons of beans;
280 thousand tons of palm oil;
154 thousand tons of peanut;
In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, like coffee (16 thousand tons).Angola production in 2018, by FAO |
Economy of Angola | Foreign trade | Foreign trade
Exports in 2004 reached US$10,530,764,911. The vast majority of Angola's exports, 92% in 2004, are petroleum products. US$785 million worth of diamonds, 7.5% of exports, were sold abroad that year. Nearly all of Angola's oil goes to the United States, in 2006, making it the eighth largest supplier of oil to the United States, and to China, in 2006. In the first quarter of 2008, Angola became the main exporter of oil to China. The rest of its petroleum exports go to Europe and Latin America. U.S. companies account for more than half the investment in Angola, with Chevron-Texaco leading the way. The U.S. exports industrial goods and services, primarily oilfield equipment, mining equipment, chemicals, aircraft, and food, to Angola, while principally importing petroleum. Trade between Angola and South Africa exceeded US$300 million in 2007. From the 2000s, many Chinese have settled and started up businesses. |
Economy of Angola | Resources | Resources |
Economy of Angola | Petroleum | Petroleum
Angola produces and exports more petroleum than any other nation in sub-Saharan Africa, surpassing Nigeria first in the 2000s, then in 2022. In January 2007 Angola became a member of OPEC, before leaving in December 2023, as they wanted to expand their oil production. Under the Lourenço since 2017, the country has made efforts to incentive investments and reverse declining production, resulting in fresh investments made by international oil companies.
thumb|left|Petrol price in 2019
Chevron Corporation, TotalEnergies., ExxonMobil, Eni, and BP all operate in the country and represent a vast majority of daily production.Tvedten, Inge. Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction, 1997. Page 82.
Block 17, operated by TotalEnergies, is Angola's biggest producing asset and is known as the Golden Block. The French major is currently executing several subsea tieback projects there, including CLOV 3 and Begonia, whose final investment decisions (FIDs) were taken in 2022.
The United Nations has criticized the Angolan government for using torture, rape, summary executions, arbitrary detention, and disappearances, actions which Angolan government has justified on the need to maintain oil output.Omeje, Kenneth C. High Stakes And Stakeholders: Oil Conflict And Security in Nigeria, 2006. Page 157.
Angola is the third-largest trading partner of the United States in Sub-Saharan Africa, largely because of its petroleum exports.United States Congress. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations for 1998: Hearings, 1997. Page 269. The U.S. imports 7% of its oil from Angola, about three times as much as it imported from Kuwait just prior to the Gulf War in 1991. The U.S. Government has invested US$4 billion in Angola's petroleum sector.Vines, Alex. Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process, 1999. Human Rights Watch. Page 189.
Oil makes up over 90% of Angola's exports. |
Economy of Angola | Diamonds | Diamonds
Angola is the third largest producer of diamonds in Africa and has only explored 40% of the diamond-rich territory within the country, but has had difficulty in attracting foreign investment because of corruption, human rights violations, and diamond smuggling. Production rose by 30% in 2006 and Endiama, the national diamond company of Angola, expects production to increase by 8% in 2007 to 10 million carats annually. The government is trying to attract foreign companies to the provinces of Bié, Malanje and Uíge.
The Angolan government loses $375 million annually from diamond smuggling. In 2003, the government began Operation Brilliant, an anti-smuggling investigation that arrested and deported 250,000 smugglers between 2003 and 2006. Rafael Marques, a journalist and human rights activist, described the diamond industry in his 2006 Angola's Deadly Diamonds report as plagued by "murders, beatings, arbitrary detentions and other human rights violations." Marques called on foreign countries to boycott Angola's "conflict diamonds". In December 2014, the Bureau of International Labor Affairs issued a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor that classified Angola as one of the major diamond-producing African countries relying on both child labor and forced labor. The U.S. Department of Labor reported that "there is little publicly available information on [Angola's] efforts to enforce child labor law". Diamonds accounted for 1.48% of Angolan exports in 2014. |
Economy of Angola | Iron | Iron
Under Portuguese rule, Angola began mining iron in 1957, producing 1.2 million tons in 1967 and 6.2 million tons by 1971. In the early 1970s, 70% of Portuguese Angola's iron exports went to Western Europe and Japan. After independence in 1975, the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) destroyed most of the territory's mining infrastructure. The redevelopment of the Angolan mining industry started in the late 2000s. |
Economy of Angola | See also | See also
Banco Espírito Santo Angola
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa |
Economy of Angola | References | References |
Economy of Angola | Further reading | Further reading
McCormick, Shawn H. The Angolan Economy: Prospects for Growth in a Postwar Environment, 1994.
OECD, International Energy Agency. Angola: Towards an Energy Strategy, 2006. |
Economy of Angola | External links | External links
MBendi overview of Angola
Angola latest trade data on ITC Trade Map
Exports to Angola Datasheet
Angola
Category:Blood diamonds
Angola
Angola |
Economy of Angola | Table of Content | Short description, History, 1990s, 21st century, Overview, Agriculture, Foreign trade, Resources, Petroleum, Diamonds, Iron, See also, References, Further reading, External links |
Transport in Angola | Short description |
Transport in Angola comprises: |
Transport in Angola | Roads | Roads
Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Angola:
the Tripoli-Cape Town Highway
the Beira-Lobito Highway |
Transport in Angola | Railways | Railways
There are three separate railway lines in Angola:
Luanda Railway (CFL) (northern);
Benguela Railway (CFB) (central), operated by the Lobito Atlantic Railway joint venture;
Moçâmedes Railway (CFM) (southern);
Reconstruction of these three lines began in 2005 and they are now all operational. The Benguela Railway connects to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. |
Transport in Angola | Waterways | Waterways
1,300 km navigable (2008)
country comparison to the world: 36 |
Transport in Angola | Pipelines | Pipelines
gas 352 km; liquid petroleum gas 85 km; crude oil 1,065 km (2013)
In April 2012, the Zambian Development Agency (ZDA) and an Angolan company signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to build a multi-product pipeline from Lobito to Lusaka, Zambia, to deliver various refined products to Zambia.
Angola plans to build an oil refinery in Lobito in the coming years. |
Transport in Angola | Ports and harbors | Ports and harbors
thumb|Ship loading minerals at Moçâmedes harbour, Angola
The government plans to build a deep-water port at Barra do Dande, north of Luanda, in Bengo province near Caxito. |
Transport in Angola | Merchant marine | Merchant marine
total: 58
country comparison to the world: 115
by type: cargo 13, oil tanker 8, other 37 (2008) |
Transport in Angola | Airports | Airports
102 (2021)
thumb|Dr. Antonio Agostinho Neto International Airport
The old airport in Luanda, Quatro de Fevereiro Airport, will be replaced by the new Dr. Antonio Agostinho Neto International Airport. |
Transport in Angola | Airports – with paved runways | Airports – with paved runways
total: 30
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 12
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 1 (2008) |
Transport in Angola | Airports – with unpaved runways | Airports – with unpaved runways
total: 181 (2008)
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 32
914 to 1,523 m: 100
under 914 m: 42 (2008) |
Transport in Angola | Angolan Airlines | Angolan Airlines
TAAG Angola Airlines
Sonair
Fly Angola |
Transport in Angola | Heliports | Heliports
total: 1 (2021) |
Transport in Angola | References | References
|
Transport in Angola | Table of Content | Short description, Roads, Railways, Waterways, Pipelines, Ports and harbors, Merchant marine, Airports, Airports – with paved runways, Airports – with unpaved runways, Angolan Airlines, Heliports, References |
Angolan Armed Forces | Short description | The Angolan Armed Forces () or FAA is the military of Angola. The FAA consist of the Angolan Army (), the Angolan Navy () and the National Air Force of Angola (). Reported total manpower in 2021 was about 107,000. The FAA is headed by the Chief of the General Staff António Egídio de Sousa Santos since 2018, who reports to the minister of National Defense, currently João Ernesto dos Santos. |
Angolan Armed Forces | History | History |
Angolan Armed Forces | Roots | Roots
The FAA succeeded to the previous People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) following the abortive Bicesse Accord with the Armed Forces of the Liberation of Angola (FALA), armed wing of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). As part of the peace agreement, troops from both armies were to be demilitarized and then integrated. Integration was never completed as UNITA and FALA went back to war in 1992. Later, consequences for FALA personnel in Luanda were harsh with FAPLA veterans persecuting their erstwhile opponents in certain areas and reports of vigilantism. |
Angolan Armed Forces | Founding | Founding
The Angolan Armed Forces were created on 9 October 1991. The institutionalization of the FAA was made in the Bicesse Accords, signed in 1991, between the Angolan Government and UNITA. The principles that would govern the FAA were defined in a joint proposal presented on September 24, 1991, and approved on 9 October. On 14 November 1991, Generals João Baptista de Matos and Abílio Kamalata Numa were appointed to the Superior Command of the Armed Forces. The ceremony took place at the Hotel Presidente Luanda, and was presided over by the then-minister França Vandúnem. |
Angolan Armed Forces | Branches | Branches |
Angolan Armed Forces | Army | Army
300px|right|thumb|Angolan Second Lieutenant, First Lieutenant, and Captain training in Russia in August 2015The Army (Exército) is the land component of the FAA. It is organized in six military regions (Cabinda, Luanda, North, Center, East and South), with an infantry division being based in each one. Distributed by the six military regions / infantry divisions, there are 25 motorized infantry brigades, one tank brigade and one engineering brigade. The Army also includes an artillery regiment, the Military Artillery School, the Army Military Academy, an anti-aircraft defense group, a composite land artillery group, a military police regiment, a logistical transportation regiment and a field artillery brigade. The Army further includes the Special Forces Brigade (including Commandos and Special Operations units), but this unit is under the direct command of the General Staff of the FAA. |
Angolan Armed Forces | Air Force | Air Force
The National Air Force of Angola (FANA, Força Aérea Nacional de Angola) is the air component of the FAA. It is organized in six aviation regiments, each including several squadrons. To each of the regiments correspond an air base. Besides the aviation regiments, there is also a Pilot Training School.
The Air Force's personnel total about 8,000; its equipment includes transport aircraft and six Russian-manufactured Sukhoi Su-27 fighter aircraft.IISS Military Balance 2013, 494 In 2002, one was lost during the civil war with UNITA forces.globaldefence.net: Angolan Armed Forces retrieved August 22, 2011 (de)
In 1991, the Air Force/Air Defense Forces had 8,000 personnel and 90 combat-capable aircraft, including 22 fighters, 59 fighter ground attack aircraft and 16 attack helicopters. |
Angolan Armed Forces | Navy | Navy
The Angola Navy (MGA, Marinha de Guerra de Angola) is the naval component of the FAA. It is organized in two naval zones (North and South), with naval bases in Luanda, Lobito and Moçâmedes. It includes a Marines Brigade and a Marines School, based in Ambriz. The Navy numbers about 1,000 personnel and operates only a handful of small patrol craft and barges.
The Navy has been neglected and ignored as a military arm mainly due to the guerrilla struggle against the Portuguese and the nature of the civil war. From the early 1990s to the present the Angolan Navy has shrunk from around 4,200 personnel to around 1,000, resulting in the loss of skills and expertise needed to maintain equipment. Portugal has been providing training through its Technical Military Cooperation (CTM) programme. The Navy is requesting procurement of a frigate, three corvettes, three offshore patrol vessel and additional fast patrol boats.
Most of the vessels in the navy's inventory dates back from the 1980s or earlier, and many of its ships are inoperable due to age and lack of maintenance. However the navy acquired new boats from Spain and France in the 1990s. Germany has delivered several Fast Attack Craft for border protection in 2011.
In September 2014 it was reported that the Angolan Navy would acquire seven Macaé-class patrol vessels from Brazil as part of a Technical Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) covering the production of the vessels as part of Angola's Naval Power Development Programme (Pronaval). The military of Angola aims to modernize its naval capability, presumably due to a rise in maritime piracy within the Gulf of Guinea which may have an adverse effect on the country's economy.
The navy's current known inventory includes the following:
Fast attack craft
4 Mandume class craft (Bazan Cormoran type, refurbished in 2009)
Patrol boats
3 18.3m long Patrulheiro patrol boats (refurbished in 2002)
5 ARESA PVC-170
2 Namacurra-class harbour patrol boats
Fisheries Patrol Boats
Ngola Kiluange and Nzinga Mbandi (delivered in September and October 2012 from Damen Shipyards)(Operated by Navy personnel under the Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries)
28-metre FRV 2810 (Pensador) (Operated by Navy personnel under the Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries)
Landing craft
LDM-400 – 1 or 3 (reportedly has serviceability issues)
Coastal defense equipment (CRTOC)
SS-C1 Sepal radar system
The navy also has several aircraft for maritime patrol:
Aircraft Origin Type Versions In service"World Military Aircraft Inventory", Aerospace Source Book 2007, Aviation Week & Space Technology, January 15, 2007. Notes Fokker F27 Netherlands Medium transport 2 EMB 111 Brazil Maritime patrol 6 Boeing 707 United States Maritime patrol 1 |
Angolan Armed Forces | Specialized units | Specialized units |
Angolan Armed Forces | Special forces | Special forces
The FAA include several types of special forces, namely the Commandos, the Special Operations and the Marines. The Angolan special forces follow the general model of the analogous Portuguese special forces, receiving similar training.
The Commandos and the Special forces are part of the Special Forces Brigade (BRIFE, Brigada de Forças Especiais), based at Cabo Ledo, in the Bengo Province. The BRIFE includes two battalions of commandos, a battalion of special operations and sub-units of combat support and service support. The BRIFE also included the Special Actions Group (GAE, Grupo de Ações Especiais), which is presently inactive and that was dedicated to long range reconnaissance, covert and sabotage operations. In the Cabo Ledo base is also installed the Special Forces Training School (EFFE, Escola de Formação de Forças Especiais). Both the BRIFE and the EFFE are directly under the Directorate of Special Forces of the General Staff of the Armed Forces.
The marines (fuzileiros navais) constitute the Marines Brigade of the Angolan Navy. The Marines Brigade is not permanently dependent of the Directorate of Special Forces, but can detach their units and elements to be put under the command of that body for the conduction of exercises or real operations. The Marines have a special forces unit known as Special Operations Marines(FOE, Fuzileiros Operaçües Especiais).Bond, Jason (October 7, 2015), "US, UK Royal Marines work with West African partners during Africa Partnership Station [Image 4 of 20]" Defense Visual Information Distribution Information Service, US Department of Defense, https://www.dvidshub.net/image/2293338/us-uk-royal-marines-work-with-west-african-partners-during-africa-partnership-station, Date accessed: February 2, 2025
Since the disbandment of the Angolan Parachute Battalion in 2004, the FAA do not have a specialized paratrooper unit. However, elements of the commandos, special operations and marines are parachute qualified. |
Angolan Armed Forces | Territorial troops | Territorial troops
The Directorate of People's Defense and Territorial Troops of the Defence Ministry or ODP was established in late 1975. It had 600,000 members, having personnel in virtually every village by 1979. It had both armed and unarmed units dispersed in villages throughout the country. The People's Vigilance Brigades () also serve a similar purpose. |
Angolan Armed Forces | Training establishments | Training establishments |
Angolan Armed Forces | Armed Forces Academy | Armed Forces Academy
The Military Academy () is a military university public higher education establishment whose mission is to train officers of the Permanent Staff of the Army. It has been in operation since 21 August 2009 by presidential decree. Its headquarters are in Lobito. It trains in the following specialties:
Infantry
Tanks
Land Artillery
Anti-Air Defense
Military Engineering
Logistics
Telecommunications
Hidden Direction of Troops
Military Administration
Armament and Technique
Chemical Defense
Operational Military Intelligence
Technical Repair and Maintenance Platoon of Auto and Armored Technique |
Angolan Armed Forces | Navy | Navy
Naval War Institute (INSG)
Naval Academy
Naval Specialist School |
Angolan Armed Forces | Air Force | Air Force
Angolan Military Aviation School
Pilot Basic Training School (Lobito) |
Angolan Armed Forces | Institutions/other units | Institutions/other units |
Angolan Armed Forces | Museum of the Armed Forces | Museum of the Armed Forces |
Angolan Armed Forces | Military Hospitals | Military Hospitals
The Military hospital of the FAA is the Main Military Hospital. It has the following lineage:
1961 – Evacuation Infirmary
1962 – Military Hospital of Luanda
1975 – Military Hospital
1976 – Central Military Hospital
1989 – Main Military Hospital
It provides specialized medical assistance in accordance with the military health system; It also promotes post-graduate education and scientific research. Currently, the Main Military Hospital serves 39 special medical specialties. It is a headed by a Director General whose main supporting body is the board of directors. |
Angolan Armed Forces | Supreme Military Court | Supreme Military Court
The Supreme Military Court is the highest organ of the hierarchy of military courts. The Presiding Judge, the Deputy Presiding Judge and the other Counselor Judges of the Supreme Military Court are appointed by the President of the Republic. The composition, organization, powers and functioning of the Supreme Military Court are established by law. |
Angolan Armed Forces | Military Bands | Military Bands
The FAA maintains Portuguese-style military bands in all three branches and in individual units. The primary band is the 100-member Music Band of the Presidential Security Household. The music band of the Army Command was created on 16 June 1994http://m.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/mobile/noticias/politica/2017/1/8/Moxico-FAA-preve-criar-bandas-musica-nas-unidades-militares,dd07f366-3490-46c4-8298-7947ecc750c7.html?version=mobile and four years later, on 15 August 1998, the National Air Force created a music band within an artistic brigade.http://tpa.sapo.ao/noticias/cultura/banda-da-forca-aerea-realiza-hoje-espectaculo-no-maan The navy has its own marching band, as well as a small musical group known as Banda 10 de Julho (10 July Band), based at the Luanda Naval Base.http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/cultura/musica/banda_da_marinha_de_guerra_grava_a_voz_do_marinheiro |
Angolan Armed Forces | Foreign deployments | Foreign deployments
The FAPLA's main counterinsurgency effort was directed against UNITA in the southeast, and its conventional capabilities were demonstrated principally in the undeclared South African Border War.Library of Congress Country Studies The FAPLA first performed its external assistance mission with the dispatch of 1,000 to 1,500 troops to São Tomé and Príncipe in 1977 to bolster the socialist regime of President Manuel Pinto da Costa. During the next several years, Angolan forces conducted joint exercises with their counterparts and exchanged technical operational visits. The Angolan expeditionary force was reduced to about 500 in early 1985.
The Angolan Armed Forces were controversially involved in training the armed forces of fellow Lusophone states Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau. In the case of the latter, the 2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état was cited by the coup leaders as due to Angola's involvement in trying to "reform" the military in connivance with the civilian leadership.
Occasionally skirmishes on the DRC-Angola border happening, sometimes also in connection with the Cabinda conflict. In 2020 one Angolan soldier died after a gun battle with congolese forces in Kasai region on DRC territory. A presence during the unrest in Ivory Coast, 2010–2011, were not officially confirmed. However, the , citing Jeune Afrique, said that among President Gbagbo's guards were 92 personnel of President Dos Santos's Presidential Guard Unit.Gbagbos letzte Trumpfkarte: als Märtyrer sterben , April 7, 2011 Angola is basically interested in the participation of the FAA operations of the African Union and has formed special units for this purpose.
In 2021, the Angolan Parliament approved integration of FAA into Southern African Development Community (SADC)'s mission for peace in Cabo Delgado, Mozambique. Angola sent a team of 20 officers to participate. |
Angolan Armed Forces | References | References |
Angolan Armed Forces | Further reading | Further reading
Human Rights Watch, Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process, October 1999
Utz Ebertz and Marie Müller, Legacy of a resource-fueled war: The role of generals in Angola's mining sector, BICC Focus, June 2013
Area Handbook for Angola, August 1967, Angola, A Country Study (1979 and 1991)
Rocky Williams, "National defence reform and the African Union." SIPRI Yearbook 2004: 231–249.
Weigert, Stephen L. Angola: a modern military history, 1961–2002. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
Martin Rupiya et al., 'Angola', in Evolutions and Revolutions
The Twenty-Seventh of May: An Historical Note on the Abortive 1977 "coup" in Angola
David Birmingham, African Affairs, Vol. 77, No. 309 (Oct. 1978), pp. 554–564
Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal African Society |
Angolan Armed Forces | External links | External links
Official site of the Angolan Ministry of National Defence
World Navies
Brinkman, Inge "Language, Names, and War: The Case of Angola", African Studies Review
Category:Military of Angola
Category:Military history of Angola
Category:Angolan Civil War
Category:1991 establishments in Angola
Category:Military units and formations established in 1991 |
Angolan Armed Forces | Table of Content | Short description, History, Roots, Founding, Branches, Army, Air Force, Navy, Specialized units, Special forces, Territorial troops, Training establishments, Armed Forces Academy, Navy, Air Force, Institutions/other units, Museum of the Armed Forces, Military Hospitals, Supreme Military Court, Military Bands, Foreign deployments, References, Further reading, External links |
Foreign relations of Angola | short description | The foreign relations of Angola are based on Angola's strong support of U.S. foreign policy as the Angolan economy is dependent on U.S. foreign aid.
From 1975 to 1989, Angola was aligned with the Eastern bloc, in particular the Soviet Union, Libya, and Cuba. Since then, it has focused on improving relationships with Western countries, cultivating links with other Portuguese-speaking countries, and asserting its own national interests in Central Africa through military and diplomatic intervention. In 1993, it established formal diplomatic relations with the United States. It has entered the Southern African Development Community as a vehicle for improving ties with its largely Anglophone neighbors to the south. Zimbabwe and Namibia joined Angola in its military intervention in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where Angolan troops remain in support of the Joseph Kabila government. It also has intervened in the Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) in support of Denis Sassou-Nguesso in the civil war.
Since 1998, Angola has successfully worked with the United Nations Security Council to impose and carry out sanctions on UNITA. More recently, it has extended those efforts to controls on conflict diamonds, the primary source of revenue for UNITA during the Civil War that ended in 2002. At the same time, Angola has promoted the revival of the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries (CPLP) as a forum for cultural exchange and expanding ties with Portugal (its former ruler) and Brazil (which shares many cultural affinities with Angola) in particular. Angola is a member of the Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA). |
Foreign relations of Angola | Diplomatic relations | Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Angola maintains diplomatic relations with:
frameless|425x425px#CountryDate1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829—30313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990—919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112—113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140—141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173 |
Foreign relations of Angola | Bilateral relations | Bilateral relations |
Foreign relations of Angola | Africa | Africa
Country Formal Relations BeganNotes30 October 1977See Angola–Cape Verde relations
Cape Verde signed a friendship accord with Angola in December 1975, shortly after Angola gained its independence. Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau served as stop-over points for Cuban troops on their way to Angola to fight UNITA rebels and South African troops. Prime Minister Pedro Pires sent FARP soldiers to Angola where they served as the personal bodyguards of Angolan President José Eduardo dos Santos.
Angola has an embassy in Praia.
Cape Verde has an embassy in Luanda and a consulate in Benguela.17 October 1978Many thousands of Angolans fled the country after the civil war. More than 20,000 people were forced to leave the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2009, an action the DR Congo said was in retaliation for regular expulsion of Congolese diamond miners who were in Angola illegally. Angola sent a delegation to DR Congo's capital Kinshasa and succeeded in stopping government-forced expulsions which had become a "tit-for-tat" immigration dispute. "Congo and Angola have agreed to suspend expulsions from both sides of the border," said Lambert Mende, DR Congo information minister, in October 2009. "We never challenged the expulsions themselves; we challenged the way they were being conducted – all the beating of people and looting their goods, even sometimes their clothes," Mende said.
Angola has an embassy in Kinshasa.
DR Congo has an embassy in Luanda.See Angola–Kenya relations
Angola has an embassy in Nairobi.
Kenya has an embassy in Luanda.5 July 1975See Angola–Mozambique relations
Angola has an embassy in Maputo.
Mozambique has an embassy in Luanda.18 September 1990See Angola–Namibia relations
Namibia borders Angola to the south. In 1999, Namibia signed a mutual defense pact with its northern neighbor Angola.
This affected the Angolan Civil War that had been ongoing since Angola's independence in 1975. Namibia's ruling party SWAPO sought to support the ruling party MPLA in Angola against the rebel movement UNITA, whose stronghold is in southern Angola, bordering to Namibia. The defence pact allowed Angolan troops to use Namibian territory when attacking Jonas Savimbi's UNITA.
Angola has an embassy in Windhoek and consulates-general in Oshakati and Rundu.
Namibia has an embassy in Luanda and consulates-general in Menongue and Ondjiva.15 March 1976See Angola–Nigeria relations
Angolan-Nigerian relations are primarily based on their roles as oil exporting nations. Both are members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, the African Union and other multilateral organizations.
Angola has an embassy in Abuja.
Nigeria has an embassy in Luanda.17 May 1994See Angola–South Africa relations
Angola-South Africa relations are quite strong as the ruling parties in both nations, the African National Congress in South Africa and the MPLA in Angola, fought together during the Angolan Civil War and South African Border War. They fought against UNITA rebels, based in Angola, and the apartheid-era government in South Africa who supported them. Nelson Mandela mediated between the MPLA and UNITA factions during the last years of Angola's civil war.
Angola has an embassy in Pretoria and consulates-general in Cape Town and Johannesburg.
South Africa has an embassy in Luanda.15 October 1982See Angola–Zimbabwe relations |
Foreign relations of Angola | Americas | Americas
Country Formal Relations BeganNotes2 June 1979Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1979
See Angola–Argentina relations
Angola has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
Argentina has an embassy in Luanda.12 November 1975See Angola–Brazil relations
Commercial and economic ties dominate the relations of each country. Parts of both countries were part of the Portuguese Empire from the early 16th century until Brazil's independence in 1822. As of November 2007, "trade between the two countries is booming as never before"ANGOLA-BRAZIL: Portuguese – the Common Language of Trade by Mario de Queiroz, ipsnews.net, 13 November 2007
Angola has an embassy in Brasília and consulates-general in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.
Brazil has an embassy in Luanda.1 February 1978Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1978
Canada-Angola relations were established in 1978, and Canada is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe. Ties have grown since the end of the civil war in 2002, with increased engagement in areas of mutual interest. As Chair of the United Nations Security Council's Angola Sanctions Committee, Canada limited the ability of UNITA to continue its military campaign, sanctions helped to bring a ceasefire agreement to end Angola's conflict.
Angola is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Canada is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe and maintains an honorary consulate in Luanda.15 November 1975See Angola–Cuba relations
During Angola's civil war Cuban forces fought to install a Marxist–Leninist MPLA-PT government, against Western-backed UNITA and FLNA guerrillas and the South-African army.Piero Gleijeses, Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington and Africa, 1959–1976
Angola has an embassy in Havana.
Cuba has an embassy in Luanda.20 February 1976Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 February 1976
See Angola–Mexico relations
Angola is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mexico is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa and maintains an honorary consulate in Luanda.14 July 1994Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 July 1994
See Angola–United States relations
thumb|Embassy of Angola in Washington, D.C.
From the mid-1980s through at least 1992, the United States was the primary source of military and other support for the UNITA rebel movement, which was led from its creation through 2002 by Jonas Savimbi. The U.S. refused to recognize Angola diplomatically during this period.
Relations between the United States of America and the Republic of Angola (formerly the People's Republic of Angola) have warmed since Angola's ideological renunciation of Communism before the 1992 elections.
Angola has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and consulates-general in Houston and New York City.
United States has an embassy in Luanda.6 March 1987Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1987
See Angola–Uruguay relations
Angola has a consulate-general in Montevideo.
Uruguay is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa. |
Foreign relations of Angola | Asia | Asia
Country Formal Relations BeganNotes12 January 1983Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 January 1983
See Angola–China relations
Chinese prime minister Wen Jiabao visited Angola in June 2006, offering a US$9 billion loan for infrastructure improvements in return for petroleum. The PRC has invested heavily in Angola since the end of the civil war in 2002. João Manuel Bernardo, the current ambassador of Angola to China, visited the PRC in November 2007.
Angola has an embassy in Beijing and a consulate-general in Macau.
China has an embassy in Luanda.2 June 1979Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1979
See Angola–India relations
Angola has an embassy in New Delhi.
India has an embassy in Luanda.16 April 1992See Angola–Israel relations
Angola-Israel relations, primarily based on trade and pro-United States foreign policies, are excellent. In March 2006, the trade volume between the two countries amounted to $400 million. In 2005, President José Eduardo dos Santos visited Israel.
Angola/Israel business volume amounted at USD 400 million Angola Press, 22 March 2006
Israeli Ambassador Highlights Relations With Angola Angola Press
Angola has an embassy in Tel Aviv.
Israel has an embassy in Luanda.September 1976See Angola–Japan relations
Diplomatic relations between Japan and Angola were established in September 1976. Japan has donated towards demining following the civil war.
Angola has an embassy in Tokyo.
Japan has an embassy in Luanda.20 October 1977Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 1977
The Government of Angola called for the support of Pakistan for the candidature of Angola to the seat of non-permanent member of the UN Security Council, whose election is set for September this year, during the 69th session of the General Assembly of United Nations. On the fringes of the ceremony, the Angolan diplomat also met with officials in charge of the economic and commercial policy of Pakistan, to assess the business opportunities between the two states. It asked to discuss aspects related to the cooperation on several domains of common interest.14 September 2001Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 2001.
Angola has an embassy in Manila.
Philippines is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Lisbon, Portugal. 9 July 1980Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 July 1980
See Angola–Turkey relations
Angola has an embassy in Ankara.
Turkey has an embassy in Luanda.
Trade volume between the two countries was US$212 million in 2019.12 November 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 November 1975
See Angola–Vietnam relations
Angola-Vietnam relations were established on 12 November 1975 after Angola gained its independence, when future president of Angola Agostinho Neto visited Vietnam. Angola and Vietnam have steadfast partners as both transitioned from Cold War-era foreign policies of international communism to pro-Western pragmatism following the fall of the Soviet Union.
Angola has an embassy in Hanoi.
Vietnam has an embassy in Luanda. |
Foreign relations of Angola | Europe | Europe
Country Formal Relations BeganNotes17 February 1976See Angola–France relations
Relations between the two countries have not always been cordial due to the former French government's policy of supporting militant separatists in Angola's Cabinda province and the international Angolagate scandal embarrassed both governments by exposing corruption and illicit arms deals. Following French president Nicolas Sarkozy's visit in 2008, relations have improved.
Angola has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Luanda.16 August 1979Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 August 1979
See Angola–Germany relations
Angola has an embassy in Berlin.
Germany has an embassy in Luanda.14 April 1975 Angola has an embassy to the Holy See based in Rome.
Holy See has an Apostolic Nuncio to Angola.4 June 1976See Angola–Italy relations
Angola has an embassy in Rome.
Italy has an embassy in Luanda.18 February 1976 Angola has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate-general in Rotterdam.
Netherlands has an embassy in Luanda.9 March 1976See Angola–Portugal relations
Angola-Portugal relations have significantly improved since the Angolan government abandoned communism and nominally embraced democracy in 1991, embracing a pro-U.S. and to a lesser degree pro-Europe foreign policy. Portugal ruled Angola for 400 years, colonizing the territory from 1483 until independence in 1975. Angola's war for independence did not end in a military victory for either side, but was suspended as a result of a coup in Portugal that replaced the Caetano regime.
Angola has an embassy in Lisbon and a consulate-general in Porto.
Portugal has an embassy in Luanda and a consulate-general in Benguela.11 November 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 November 1975
See Angola–Russia relations
Angola has an embassy in Moscow.
Russia has an embassy in Luanda.12 November 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 November 1975
See Angola–Serbia relations
The defence minister of Serbia, Dragan Šutanovac, stated in a 2011 meeting in Luanda that Serbia would negotiate with the Angolan military authorities for the construction of a new military hospital in Angola.
Angola supports Serbia's stance on Kosovo, and recognizes Serbia's territorial integrity.Angola: Head of State Sends Message to Serbian Counterpart, Angola Press Agency, 2008-06-24
Angola has an embassy in Belgrade.
Serbia has an embassy in Luanda.19 October 1977Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 October 1977
See Angola–Spain relations
Angola has an embassy in Madrid.
Spain has an embassy in Luanda.14 October 1977Angola established diplomatic relations with the UK on 14 October 1977.
Angola maintains an embassy in London.
The United Kingdom is accredited to Angola through its embassy in Luanda.
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, and the World Trade Organization. |
Foreign relations of Angola | See also | See also
List of diplomatic missions in Angola
List of diplomatic missions of Angola
Visa requirements for Angolan citizens |
Foreign relations of Angola | References | References |
Foreign relations of Angola | External links | External links
|
Foreign relations of Angola | Table of Content | short description, Diplomatic relations, Bilateral relations, Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe, See also, References, External links |
Albert Sidney Johnston | short description | Albert Sidney Johnston (February 2, 1803 – April 6, 1862) was an American military officer who served as a general in three different armies: the Texian Army, the United States Army, and the Confederate States Army. He saw extensive combat during his 34-year military career, fighting actions in the Black Hawk War, the Texas-Indian Wars, the Mexican–American War, the Utah War, and the American Civil War, where he died on the battlefield.
Considered by Confederate States President Jefferson Davis to be the finest general officer in the Confederacy before the later emergence of Robert E. Lee, he was killed early in the Civil War at the Battle of Shiloh on April 6, 1862. Johnston was the highest-ranking officer on either side killed during the war. Davis believed the loss of General Johnston "was the turning point of our fate."
Johnston was unrelated to Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston. |
Albert Sidney Johnston | Early life and education | Early life and education
Johnston was born in Washington, Kentucky, the youngest son of Dr. John and Abigail (Harris) Johnston. His father was a native of Salisbury, Connecticut. He was a grandson of Revolutionary War patriot Edward Harris. Although Albert Johnston was born in Kentucky, he lived much of his life in Texas, which he considered his home. He was first educated at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky, where he met fellow student Jefferson Davis. Both were appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, Davis two years behind Johnston.Woodworth, p. 46. In 1826,Chisholm, p. 472 Johnston graduated eighth of 41 cadets in his class from West Point with a commission as a brevet second lieutenant in the 2nd U.S. Infantry.Eicher, p. 322.
Johnston was assigned to New York and Missouri posts. In August 1827, he participated in the expedition to capture Red Bird, the rebellious Winnebago chief. Johnston later wrote: "I must confess that I consider Red Bird one of the noblest and most dignified men I ever saw... He said: 'I have offended. I sacrifice myself to save my country.'" Johnston served in the brief Black Hawk War of 1832 as chief of staff to Brevet Brigadier General Henry Atkinson. The commander praised Johnston for "talents of the first order, a gallant soldier by profession and education and a gentleman of high standing and integrity." |
Albert Sidney Johnston | Marriage and family | Marriage and family
thumb|China Grove Plantation, Johnston's Texas home
In 1829, he married Henrietta Preston, sister of Kentucky politician and future Civil War general William Preston. They had three children, of whom two survived to adulthood. Their son, William Preston Johnston, became a colonel in the Confederate States Army. The senior Johnston resigned his commission in 1834 to care for his dying wife in Kentucky, who succumbed two years later to tuberculosis.
After serving as Secretary of War for the Republic of Texas in 1838–40, Johnston resigned and went back to Kentucky. In 1843, he married Eliza Griffin, his late wife's first cousin. The couple moved to Texas, where they settled on a large plantation in Brazoria County. Johnston named the property "China Grove". Here they raised Johnston's two children from his first marriage and the first three children born to Eliza and him. A sixth child was born when the family lived in Los Angeles, where they had permanently settled. |
Albert Sidney Johnston | Texian Army | Texian Army
Johnston moved to Texas in 1836 and enlisted as a private in the Texian Army after the Texas War of Independence from the Republic of Mexico. He was named Adjutant General as a colonel in the Republic of Texas Army on August 5, 1836. On January 31, 1837, he became senior brigadier general in command of the Texas Army.
On February 5, 1837, Johnston fought in a duel with Texas Brigadier General Felix Huston, who was angered and offended by Johnston's promotion. Huston had been the acting commander of the army and perceived Johnston's appointment as a slight from the Texas government. Johnston was shot through the hip and severely wounded, requiring him to relinquish his post during his recovery.
Afterward, Johnston said he fought Huston "as a public duty... he had little respect for the practice of dueling." He believed that the "safety of the republic depended upon the efficiency of the army... and upon the good discipline and subordination of the troops, which could only be secured by their obedience to their legal commander. General Huston embodied the lawless spirit in the army, which had to be met and controlled at whatever personal peril."Johnston, pp. 80
Many years later, Huston said that the duel was "a shameful piece of business, and I wouldn't do it again under any circumstances... Why, when I reflect upon the circumstances, I hate myself... that one act blackened all the good ones of my life. But I couldn't challenge Congress; and President Houston, although a duelist, was too far above me in rank. Well, thank God I didn't kill him."
On December 22, 1838, Mirabeau B. Lamar, the second president of the Republic of Texas, appointed Johnston as Secretary of War. He defended the Texas border against Mexican attempts to recover the state in rebellion. In 1839, he campaigned against Native Americans in northern Texas during the Cherokee War of 1838–39. At the Battle of the Neches, Johnston and Vice President David G. Burnet were both cited in the commander's report "for active exertions on the field" and "having behaved in such a manner as reflects great credit upon themselves." In February 1840, he resigned and returned to Kentucky. |
Albert Sidney Johnston | United States Army | United States Army
thumb|Johnston as commander of the Department of Utah. Portrait taken by Samuel C. Mills at Camp Floyd, Utah Territory, winter of 1858–59
When the United States declared war on Mexico in May 1846, Johnston rode 400 miles from his home in Galveston to Port Isabel to volunteer for service in Brigadier General Zachary Taylor's Army of Occupation. Johnston was elected as colonel of the 1st Texas Rifle Volunteers but the enlistments of his soldiers ran out just before the army's advance on Monterrey, so Taylor appointed him as the inspector general of Brigadier General William O. Butler's division of volunteers. Johnston convinced a few volunteers of his former regiment to stay on and fight.
During the Battle of Monterrey, Butler was wounded and carried to the rear, and Johnston assumed an active leadership role in the division. Future U.S. general, Joseph Hooker, was with Johnston at Monterrey and wrote: "It was through [Johnston's] agency, mainly, that our division was saved from a cruel slaughter... The coolness and magnificent presence [that he] displayed on this field... left an impression on my mind that I have never forgotten."Roland, pp. 46 General Taylor considered Johnston "the best soldier he had ever commanded."
Johnston resigned from the army just after the battle of Monterrey in October 1846. He had promised his wife, Eliza, that he would only volunteer for six months' service. In addition, President James K. Polk's administration's preference for officers associated with the Democratic Party prevented the promotion of those, such as Johnston, who were perceived as Whigs:
He remained on his plantation after the war until he was appointed by later 12th president Zachary Taylor to the U.S. Army as a major and was made a paymaster in December 1849 for a district of Texas encompassing the military posts from the upper Colorado River to the upper Trinity River. He served in that role for more than five years, making six tours and traveling more than annually on the Indian frontier of Texas. He served on the Texas frontier at Fort Mason and elsewhere in the western United States.
In 1855, 14th president Franklin Pierce appointed him colonel of the new 2nd U.S. Cavalry (the unit that preceded the modern 5th U.S.), a new regiment, which he organized, his lieutenant colonel being Robert E. Lee, and his majors William J. Hardee and George H. Thomas. Other subordinates in this unit included Earl Van Dorn, Edmund Kirby Smith, Nathan G. Evans, Innis N. Palmer, George Stoneman, R.W. Johnson, John B. Hood, and Charles W. Field, all future Civil War generals.Johnston, pp. 185 On March 31, 1856, Johnston received a promotion to temporary command of the entire Department of Texas. He campaigned aggressively against the Comanche, writing to his daughter that "the Indians harass our frontiers and the 2nd Cavalry and other troops thrash them wherever they catch them." In March 1857, Brigadier General David E. Twiggs was appointed permanent commander of the department and Johnston returned to his position as colonel of the 2nd Cavalry. |
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