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Return to World Chelonian Trust Main Page for more Turtle and Tortoise Information
Circannual Rhythms, Seasonal Change, Climate and Stress - Darrell Senneke
Current Global Weather Conditions - Darrell Senneke
In December an experienced tortoise keeper in Argentina purchases a Russian tortoise (Testudo horsfieldii) and places it in a habitat that should be perfect for it. The temperature is correct, the light quality and duration are both correct, proper food is provided. A week goes by, then a second week, then the keeper starts sending emails trying to determine what is wrong with this animal that refuses to eat and sits in the corner of its habitat, obviously declining.
In November a keeper in Amsterdam purchases a Speke’s hingeback tortoise (Kinixys spekii). Again the animal is placed in a habitat perfect for it in every way. The keeper studies the care sheets, provides everything that can be done to insure that this animal is properly cared for and will fulfill its role in the keeper’s breeding group. Again in this situation the animal does not eat, but it is active, too active. Long after sunset it can be heard pacing the pen, finally after a week or so of this it no longer paces, becomes immobile and declines.
In October a child in Kansas captures a Three-toed box turtle, (Terrepane carolina triunguis) ,sets it up in a carefully prepared indoor environment only to have it refuse to eat, develop puffy eyes and slowly decline despite everything the keeper does to care for it.
These situations are repeated hundreds and thousands of times a year. If the keeper is lucky the animal perks back up after a month or so and regains it vitality. If he or she is unlucky the animal eventually dies, despite the fact that the keeper did everything in his or her power to provide a perfect habitat.
In the first case above the key to the problem is the time of the year. This is a wild caught animal, perhaps 30 years old. For every one of its 30 years this Russian tortoise has been hibernating at this time. By moving it across the equator it suddenly finds itself thrust into early summer just when its physiology is telling it that it should hibernate. It cannot hibernate though because the temperature is too high, the light intensity is too high and the light duration is too long. The result is extreme stress.
In the second example again we have a seasonal reversal. In this case the animal is thrust into late fall North of the equator after being captured and sold into the trade in “its” late spring South of the equator. The Speke’s hingeback , in this case a female, is gravid and in need of a nesting location, but in addition to that the tortoise needs the clues telling it to nest and exactly where. The light is of low intensity and duration, the temperature is different from what is expected and once again the result is extreme stress, complicated in this case by possible egg binding if the eggs are retained.
In the third example the Box turtle is not being moved half way across the planet, it is merely being moved indoors, effectively changing its seasonal stimulus even though it could have lived quite comfortably in the person’s own garden. A turtle or tortoise does not have to be moved from a continent away for captive care to upset its internal clock. As the box turtle is a recent captive the commonly accepted practice is to over-winter (keep it awake) it to avoid the stress of hibernation on an animal of unknown health. In this situation the desire to reduce the dangers of hibernation actually create the stress of seasonal reversal in the animal.
Behavioral cycles or rhythms that repeat at regular intervals are driven by biological clocks.
A 24-hour cycle is called a circadian rhythm, which comes from the Latin meaning "about a day." The best example of this is the sleep-wake cycle, In the sleep-wake cycle an animal will settle into a 24-hour cycle of activity and sleep even if deprived of light. Cycles longer than 24 hours are called "infradian," and if they last a year, such as migration and hibernation, they are called "circannual" rhythms. In the cases cited above the circannual rhythms are confused.
Research has shown that generating these biological rhythms internally, rather than depending completely on environmental cues, helps organisms anticipate important changes in the environment before they occur, thus providing the organisms with sufficient time to prepare. An example of this was an experiment observing the occurrence of summer molt and winter molt in two species of birds. The birds were born into a fixed photoperiod of 10 hours of light and 14 hours of dark each day. They lived under these conditions for 8 years. Yet even under fixed conditions they still molted at the same time as they would have in the wild. Their physiology is literally “hard wired” to go through these changes regardless of external stimuli.
This is a great thing if you are a tortoise coping with an early Spring or a late Fall and your internal clock is keeping you from being fooled into thinking that it is summer merely because of an unusually warm period but a very bad thing if your seasons are suddenly reversed.
Unfortunately in the experiment with the birds they did not try to change the stimuli to reflect different seasons to see if the birds would adapt. In keeping chelonia we inadvertently do this with nearly every acquisition and must be aware of it.
When obtaining a recently wild caught animal the keeper should endeavor to determine what the climate is like at the present moment in its native range. There are a number of web sites that can provide this information; if web access is not available a trip to the library may be in order.
In the case of the Testudo horsfieldii cited above, it is obviously not a long-term option to encourage it to hibernate at an inappropriate time in its new location. It is important though to realize that the animal instinctively is predisposed at this time to hibernate. Knowing this, the keeper can determine how best he or she can deal with the situation. People who attempt to over-winter animals that would naturally hibernate, even if being kept in their natural range, also face this problem.
The key understanding is that the animal is under extreme stress. There may be no external symptoms of disease, though with stress comes susceptibility and lowered resistance to various pathogens, which may manifest as various ailments. Rather than just treating the symptoms as they appear, the underlying stress must be addressed as well for the animal to make a successful transition. The keeper must reduce the stress on recent imports in every way in his power to do so while transitioning it to its new habitat. If after checking you find that the animal in its native range at this time would be experiencing 8 hours of light a day, cool temperatures and lowered food availability and this is vastly different from what you are providing, realizing that this is a major problem will help you address it.
If the animal wants to hibernate, providing at least 14 hours of light a day and warmth will in time break the hibernation urge. If possible, natural daylight should be provided, if not high intensity lighting such as Mercury vapor lights may be used. During this time the stress will be at its height and the animal must be kept hydrated as it may not eat be eating. Daily soaks in tepid water combined to maintain hydration along with a habitat or enclosure in a very low traffic area will help to allow the animal security while it acclimates. Record keeping is very important; a sustained weight loss is indicative of problems and should be taken as a warning by the keeper. Handling should be kept to a minimum during this time. Food should be provided daily, even if it is not eating presently. In time as the animal begins to eat and put on weight it can be moved into a more public area and, after quarantine, incorporated into the population.
In the case of the Kinixys spekii cited above forcing the animal to adapt immediately to its new seasonal situation is not an option. If it is gravid a provision must be made for it to naturally lay the eggs it is carrying. If the keeper is in doubt as to the presence of eggs, a veterinarian can confirm the situation with a radiograph. In this situation the keeper must attempt to duplicate the climate that the animal came from, again a trip to the library or web search will be useful in determining this. If it is the monsoon season with high temperatures and extended daylight an attempt should be made to provide this. In addition if the animal is indoors a nesting box should be provided by sinking it into the surface of the habitat or an area conducive to laying provided if outdoors. Hydrotherapy to reduce dehydration should again be a daily practice in this situation as is the lowered stress environment. If the animal will not deposit the eggs naturally, upon the advice of your veterinarian, egg laying may be induced. After the eggs are deposited, the transition to the new seasonal conditions may be proceeded with as in the above situation.
The procedure to follow with the Terrapene is the same as you would take with the Testudo horsfieldii , again providing at least 14 hours of light a day and warmth will in time break the hibernation urge. With the box turtle the hydration aspect cited above is very critical as they come from a naturally high humidity environment and our dwellings tend to be arid in the winter. Box turtles maintained indoors MUST have a damp substrate and free access to water.
It is the author’s experience that it typically takes at least two years for an animal to fully adapt to a seasonal reversal. Prior to that time close observation will help you determine if it is once again succumbing to seasonal stress.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, http://www.hhmi.org , “Seasonal Rhythms / Biological Clocks”
University of Michigan Medical School, Physiology 510, Integrative Physiology, Handouts, Biological Rhythms, Course Director: Fred Karsch, Ph.D.
Copyright © 2002 World Chelonian Trust. All rights reserved.
www.chelonia.org - World Chelonian Trust
Return to Husbandry
World Chelonian Trust
PO Box 1445
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Now that the deadline has passed without an international agreement on the future of Kosovothe Serbian province that has enjoyed autonomy under the tutelage of the United Nations since the NATO-Serb war of 1999a showdown in the U.N. Security Council looms. No matter what the outcome of Wednesdays debate, dont be surprised if Kosovo, with the support of the Western powers, declares its independence. Such a provocative action would anger Serbia and its ally Russia, and could cause a resumption of violence there.
Since 1999, the province has been governed autonomously from the Serb central government by the Muslim Albanian Kosovars, who constitute 90 percent of the population. Naturally, the Serbian government is concerned about the future of the minority Serb population in an independent Kosovo.
A study of past partitions and secessions, however, might allay Serb fears. Historically, when only a small minority lives in a majority area, much less violence results, because the majority isnt threatened. Only when a large minority is present do both factions become nervous. Each side may arm to defend itself, triggering additional fears of attack, and war may ensue. For example, following 1921, when majority-Protestant Northern Ireland was partitioned from predominantly Catholic Ireland, decades of violence ensued in Northern Ireland, because the substantial minority of Catholics (more than one-third of their population) presented a security threat to the Protestants, and vice versa. But in Ireland, Protestants numbered less than 10 percent, and have lived in peace with the Catholics during that period.
Although there has been tension and sporadic violence between the Kosovar Serbs and Albanians, Kosovos Serb minority is likely small enough to avoid major security anxiety by the Albanian majority. In addition, the international community has demanded that Albanians provide substantial security guarantees for the Serb minority.
A greater problem may be the fact that many Serbs regard Kosovo as the cradle of their civilization. In the Middle Ages, Serb civilization was centered in the province; Serb religious and historical shrines remain there, including Gazimestan, the site of an important battle lost to the Turks.
History shows that nationalities often are less willing to trade off or substitute for land of such intangible value than they might be to trade economically or strategically valuable land. So the Serbs may feel compelled to fight over these sites. They have certainly been unwilling to acknowledge the independence of Kosovo, despite international pressure.
The Russians have hinted that in the partition of Kosovo from Serbia, Kosovo should also be partitioned, and the land with the Serb shrines should be returned to Serbia. Predictably, the Albanian majority rejects this idea, because they want the biggest country possible. Less understandably, the U.S. and its European allies reject it too. They want to defend prior boundaries, contain Serbia, and play hardball with Serbias Russian ally. This stance is unwise.
A more stable, long-term solution is to adjust the border so that Serbia can retain someif not mostof these critical historical and religious sites. Although the new state of Kosovo would be slightly smaller, it would be more secure against its stronger Serb neighbor. For security purposes, Kosovo would not have to be a ward of the U.S. and Europe. Such a settlement might avoid a future Serb-Kosovo war that could escalate to a confrontation between the U.S. and Russiatwo nuclear-weapon states.
Although merely redrawing the current Serb-Kosovo border to incrementally expand Serb-controlled lands is preferable, more creative gerrymandering might be possible. A Kosovo partitioning wouldnt necessarily need to give Serbians land contiguous to Serbia. In that case, any important non-contiguous Serb shrines surrounded by the new Kosovo could be protected by the U.N.
Also, the Serbs might have to compromise on which historical or religious sites would be reabsorbed into Serbia. Less important sites might have to be ceded to the new country of Kosovo.
This partition of Kosovo, within the partition of Kosovo from Serbia, would give the new state the best chance for a long-term stable relationship with its powerful neighbor. As in Palestine, giving up land for peace is the right path to long-term stability and security. But in both parts of the world, dispassionate analysts can define fairly well where a political settlement would end up, but cooling red-hot historical animosity to get there is another thing entirely. A start down that road in Kosovo would be to drop U.S. objections to the partition inside a partition approach.
|Ivan Eland is Senior Fellow and Director of the Center on Peace & Liberty at the Independent Institute. Dr. Eland is a graduate of Iowa State University and received an M.B.A. in applied economics and Ph.D. in national security policy from George Washington University. He spent 15 years working for Congress on national security issues, including stints as an investigator for the House Foreign Affairs Committee and Principal Defense Analyst at the Congressional Budget Office.|
RECARVING RUSHMORE (UPDATED EDITION): Ranking the Presidents on Peace, Prosperity, and Liberty
Taking a distinctly new approach, Ivan Eland profiles each U.S. president from Washington to Obama on the merits of his policies and whether those strategies contributed to peace, prosperity, and liberty. This ranking system is based on how effective each president was in fulfilling his oath to uphold the Constitution.
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Being a parent can be one of the most rewarding and fulfilling experiences of your life, but that doesn't mean it's easy. No matter what age your child/children is/are, your work is never done. To be a good parent, you need to know how to make your children feel valued and loved, while teaching them the difference between right and wrong. At the end of the day, the most important thing is to create a nurturing environment where your children feel like they can thrive and develop into confident, independent, and caring adults. If you want to know how to be a good parent, see Step 1 to be on your way.
Loving Your Child
1Give your child love and affection. Sometimes the best thing you can give your child is love and affection. A warm touch or a caring hug can let your child know how much you really care about him or her. Don't ever overlook how important a physical connection is when it comes to your child. Here are some ways to show love and affection:
- A gentle cuddle, a little encouragement, appreciation, approval or even a smile can go a long way to boost the confidence and well-being of your children.
- Tell them you love them every day, no matter how angry at them you may be.
- Give lots of hugs and some kisses. Make your children comfortable with love and affection from birth.
- Love them unconditionally; don't force them to be who you think they should be in order to earn your love. Let them know that you will always love them no matter what.
2Praise your children. Praising your children is an important part of being a good parent. You want your kids to feel proud of their accomplishments and good about themselves. If you don't give them the confidence they need to be out in the world on their own, then they won't feel empowered to be independent or adventurous. When they do something good, let them know that you've noticed and that you're very proud of them.
- Make a habit of praising your children at least three times as much as you give them negative feedback. Though it's important to tell your children when they're doing something wrong, it's also important to help them build a positive sense of self.
- If they are too young to fully understand, praise them with applause and lots of love. Encouraging them for doing everything from using the potty to getting good grades can help them lead a happy and successful life.
- Avoid blanket phrases like "Good job!". Instead provide descriptive praise which lets them know exactly what is being appreciated. For example "You did great taking turns with your sister while playing" or "Thank you for cleaning up the toys after playing with them!"
3Avoid comparing your children to others, especially siblings. Each child is individual and unique. Celebrate their differences and instill in each child the desire to pursue their interests and dreams. Failure to do so may give your child an inferiority complex, an idea that they can never be good enough in your eyes. If you want to help them improve their behavior, talk about meeting their goals on their own terms, instead of telling them to act like their sister or neighbor. This will help them develop a sense of self instead of having an inferiority complex.
- Comparing one child to another can also make one child develop a rivalry with his or her sibling. You want to nurture a loving relationship between your children, not a competitive one.
- Avoid favoritism. Surveys have shown that most parents have favorites, but most children believe that they are the favorite. If your children are quarreling, don't choose sides, but be fair and neutral.
- Overcome natural birth order tendencies by making each child responsible for themselves. Put older kids in charge of the younger one stokes sibling rivalry, whereas making them take responsibility for themselves encourages individuality and self-reliance.
4Listen to your children. It's important that your communication with your children goes both ways. You shouldn't just be there to enforce rules, but to listen to your children when they are having a problem. You have to be able to express interest in your children and involve yourself in their life. You should create an atmosphere in which your children can come to you with a problem, however large or small.
- You can even set aside a time to talk to your children every day. This can be before bedtime, at breakfast, or during a walk after school. Treat this time as sacred and avoid checking your phone or getting distracted.
- If your child says he has to tell you something, make sure you take this seriously. If the timing is right now, drop everything you're doing to listen properly, or set up a time to talk when you can really listen.
- Don't underestimate your children's intelligence. They often have insights to share or a way of sensing when something is wrong (or right). Take the time to hear their perspectives.
5Make time for your children. Be careful not to stifle or smother them, however. There's a big difference between protecting someone and imprisoning them within your too unyielding demands. You want them to feel like your time together is sacred and special without making them feel like they are forced to spend time with you.
- Spend time with each child individually. Try to divide your time equally if you have more than one child.
- Listen and respect your child and respect what they want to do with their life. Remember though, you are the parent. Children need boundaries. A child who has been allowed to behave as they please and had their every whim indulged will struggle in adult life when they have to obey the rules of society. You are NOT a bad parent if you don't allow your children to have everything they want. You can say no but you should provide a reason for saying no or offer an alternative. "Because I said so" is an invalid reason!
- Set aside a day to go to a park, theme parks, museum or library depending on their interests.
- Attend school functions. Do homework with them. Visit their teacher at open house/parents evening to get a sense of how they are doing in school.
6Be there for the milestones. You may have a hectic work schedule, but you should do everything you can to be there for the important moments in your children's lives, from their ballet recitals to their high school graduation. Remember that children grow fast and that they'll be on their own before you know it. Your boss may or may not remember that you missed that meeting, but your child will most certainly remember that you didn't attend the play they were in. Though you don't actually have to drop everything for your children, you should at least always try to be there for the milestones.
- If you were too busy to be there for your child's first day of school or another important milestone, you may regret it for the rest of your life. And you don't want your child to remember his high school graduation as the time when his mom or dad couldn't show up.
Being a Good Disciplinarian
1Enforce reasonable rules. Enforce rules that apply to every person leading a happy and productive life — not model rules of your ideal person. It's important to set rules and guidelines that help your child develop and grow without being so strict that your child feels like he can't take a step without doing something wrong. Ideally, your child should love you more than he fears your rules.
- Communicate your rules clearly. Children should be very familiar with the consequences of their actions. If you give them a punishment, be sure they understand the reason and the fault; if you cannot articulate the reason and how they are at fault the punishment will not have the discouraging effects you desire.
- Make sure that you not only set reasonable rules, but that you enforce them reasonably. Avoid overly harsh forms of punishment, ridiculously stringent punishments for minor infractions, or anything that involves physically hurting your child.
2Control your temper as much as you can. It's important to try to be as calm and reasonable as you can when you explain your rules or carry them out. You want your children to take you seriously, not fear you or think of you as unstable. Obviously, this can be quite a challenge, especially when your children are acting out or just driving you up the wall, but if you feel yourself getting ready to raise your voice, take a break, excuse yourself or let your kids know that you are beginning to get upset.
- We all lose our tempers and feel out of control, sometimes. If you do or say something you regret, you should apologize to your children, letting them know that you've made a mistake. If you act like the behavior is normal, then they will try to mimic it.
3Be consistent. It's important to enforce the same rules all the time, and to resist your child's attempts to manipulate you into making exceptions. If you let your child do something he or she is not supposed to do just because he or she is throwing a tantrum, then this shows that your rules are breakable. If you find yourself saying, "Okay, but only once..." more than once, then you have to work on maintaining more consistent rules for your children.
- If your child feels like your rules are breakable, he'll have no incentive to stick to them.
4Be a united front with your spouse. If you have a spouse, then it's important that your children think of you as a united front — as two people who will both say "yes" or "no" to the same things. If your kids think that their mother will always say yes and their father will say no, then they'll think that one parent is "better" or more easily manipulated than the other. They should see you and your spouse as a unit so there's order in your high school, and so you don't find yourself in a difficult situation because you and your spouse don't agree on certain things when it comes to raising the kids.
- This doesn't mean that you and your spouse have to agree 100% about everything having to do with the kids. But it does mean that you should work together to solve problems that involve the children, instead of being pitted against each other.
- You shouldn't argue with your spouse in front of the children. If they are sleeping, argue quietly. Children may feel insecure and fearful when they hear parents bickering. In addition, children will learn to argue with each other the same way they hear their parents argue with each other. Show them that when people disagree, they can discuss their differences peacefully.
5Provide order for your children. Your kids should feel like there's a sense of order and a logic to things in their household and in their family life. This can help them feel safe and at peace and to live a happy life both in and outside of their home. Here are some ways that you can provide order for your children:
- Set boundaries such as bedtimes and curfews, so they learn that they have limitations. By doing so, they actually get a sense of being loved and cared about by their parents. They might rebel at those boundaries, but inwardly enjoy knowing that concerned parents guide and love them.
- Encourage responsibility by giving them jobs or "chores" to do and as a reward for those jobs give them some kind of privilege (money, extended curfew, extra play time, etc.). As "punishment" for not doing these jobs, they have the corresponding privilege revoked. Even the youngest of children can learn this concept of reward or consequence. As your child grows, give them more responsibilities and more rewards or consequences for completing those responsibilities or ignoring them.
- Teach them what is right and wrong. If you are religious, take them to the religious institute that you follow. If you are an atheist or an agnostic, teach them your moral stance on things. In either case, don't be hypocritical or be prepared for your child to point out that you are not "practicing what you preach".
6Criticize your child's behavior, not your child. It's important to criticize your children's actions, instead of your actual child. You want your child to learn that he or she can accomplish whatever he or she wants through his or her behavior, instead of being stuck being one kind of person. Let him or her feel like he has the agency to improve his behavior.
- When your child acts out in a harmful and spiteful manner, tell him or her that such behavior is unacceptable and suggest alternatives. Avoid statements such as: "You're bad." Instead, say something like, "It was very wrong to be mean to your little sister." Explain why the behavior was bad.
- Be assertive yet kind when pointing out what they have done wrong. Be stern and serious, but not cross or mean, when you tell them what you expect.
- Avoid public humiliation. If they misbehave in public, take them aside, and scold them privately.
Helping Your Child Build Character
1Teach your children to be independent. Teach your children that it is okay for them to be different, and they do not have to follow the crowd. Teach them right from wrong when they are young, and they will (more often than not) be able to make their own decisions, instead of listening to or following others. Remember that your child is not an extension of yourself. Your child is an individual under your care, not a chance for you to relive your life through them.
- When your children get old enough to make decisions for themselves, you should encourage them to choose which extra-curricular activities they want to do or what friends they want to play with. Unless you think an activity is very dangerous, or a playmate is a very bad influence, you should let your children figure things out for themselves.
- A child may have an opposite disposition, ie: introverted when you are extroverted, for instance, and will not be able to fit into the pattern and style that you choose, and will make his or her own decisions instead.
- They need to learn that their own actions have consequences (good and bad). By doing so, it helps them to become good decision makers and problem solvers so that they are prepared for independence and adulthood.
- Don't routinely do things for your children that they can learn to do for themselves. While getting them a glass of water before bed is a nice way to make them get to sleep faster, don't do it so often that they come to expect it.
2Be a good role model. If you want your child to be well-behaved, then you should model the behavior and character you hope your children will adopt and continue to live by the rules that you set. Show them by example in addition to verbal explanations. Children have a tendency to become what they see and hear unless they make a conscious and concerted effort to break the mold. You don't have to be a perfect person, but you should strive to do as you want your children to do, so you don't look hypocritical if you tell your children to be polite to others when they find you getting in a heated argument in the supermarket.
- It's perfectly okay to make mistakes, but you should apologize or let your child know that the behavior is not good. You can say something like, "Mommy didn't mean to yell at you. She was just very upset." This is better than ignoring that you made a mistake, because that will show the child that he or she should model this behavior.
- Want to teach kids about charity? Get involved and take your kids with you to a soup kitchen or homeless shelter and help serve up meals. Explain to them why you do acts of charity so they understand why they should.
- Teach kids about chores by setting a schedule and having them help you out. Don't tell your child to do something, but ask for their help. The earlier they learn to help you, the longer they will be willing to.
- If you want your son or daughter to learn to share, set a good example and share your things with them.
3Respect your child's privacy. Respect their privacy as you would want them to respect yours; for example, if you teach your child that your room is out of boundaries to them, respect the same with their room. Allow them to feel that once they enter their room they can know that no one will look through their drawers, or read their diary. This will teach them to honor their own space and to respect the privacy of others.
- If your child catches you snooping through his or her things, then it may take him or her a long time to be able to truly trust you again.
4Encourage your children to have a healthy lifestyle. It's important to make sure that your children eat healthy food as much as they can, that they get plenty of exercise, and that they get enough rest every night. You should encourage positive and healthy behavior without harping on it too much or making it seem like you're forcing your children to eat or act a certain way. Be the adviser, not the dictator. Let them come to these conclusions on their own while helping them see the meaning and importance of a healthy life.
- One way to encourage them to exercise is to get them to play a sport early on in life, so they find a passion that is also healthy.
- If you start over-explaining to the child that something is unhealthy or that they shouldn't get it, they may take it the wrong way and feel like you are condemning them. Once this happens, they may no longer want to eat with you, and they may feel bad eating around you, which could make them want to sneak and hide junk food from you.
- When trying to enforce healthy eating habits, start it at a younger age. Giving rewards of candy to children may create a bad habit, because once they get older, some may feel they should reward themselves which can lead to obesity. While they are young, start them out with healthier snacks. Instead of chips, try goldfish (crackers), grapes, etc.
- The eating habits they learn as they are younger are the ones they continue to have. Emphasize on finishing their plates, and teach them to take a small portion at a time; they can always take more afterwards, but they can't put food back after it has been on their plate.
5Emphasize moderation and responsibility when it comes to alcohol consumption. You can start talking about this even when children are young. Explain that they will have to wait until they are old enough to enjoy a drink with friends, and talk about the importance of designated drivers. Failure to discuss these issues early sometimes contributes to sneaking and dangerous experimentation, if they don't understand.
- Once your friends get to an age where they and their friends start drinking alcohol, encourage them to talk about it with you. You don't want them to fear your reaction and to end up doing something regrettable, like driving drunk because they're too scared to ask for a ride.
6Allow your kids to experience life for themselves. Don't make decisions for them all the time; they must learn how to live with the consequences from the choices they make. After all, they will have to learn to think for themselves sometime. It's best they start when you are there to help minimize the negative consequences and accentuate the positive ones.
- They need to learn that their own actions have consequences (good and bad). By doing so, it helps them to become good decision makers and problem solvers so that they are prepared for independence and adulthood.
7Let your children make their own mistakes. Life is a great teacher. Don't be too quick to rescue your child from the results of their own actions if the consequences are not overly severe. For example, cutting themselves (in a minor way) may hurt, but it's better than leaving them unaware of why sharp objects should be avoided. Know that you can't protect your children forever, and they're better off learning life's lessons sooner than later. Though it can be hard to stand back and watch your child make a mistake, this will benefit both you and your child in the long run.
- You shouldn't say "I told you so" when your child learns a life lesson on his own. Instead, let your child draw his own conclusions about what happened.
- Be there for your child when he makes a mistake, whether big or small. By not preventing every little issue but providing helpful guidance to let them work through the effects, you can help teach them problem-solving and coping skills. Throughout this process, be supportive and helpful; just don't do it for them or isolate them from the real world.
8Give up your vices. Gambling, alcohol and drugs can jeopardize your child's financial security. Smoking, for example, almost always introduces health hazards to your child's environment. Second-hand smoke has been linked to several respiratory ailments in children. It could also contribute to the early death of a parent. Alcohol and drugs might also introduce health hazards or violence to your child's environment.
- Of course, if you enjoy having some wine or a few beers now and again, that's perfectly fine, as long as you model healthy consumption of alcohol and responsible behavior while you do it.
9Don't place unreasonable expectations on your child. There's a difference between wanting your child to be a responsible, mature individual and forcing your child to be perfect or to live up to your idea of what perfect should be. You shouldn't push your child to get perfect grades or to be the best player on his soccer team; instead, encourage good study habits and good sportsmanship, and let your child put in the effort that he is capable of.
- If you act like you only expect the best, your child will feel like he or she may never measure up, and may even rebel in the process.
- You don't want to be the person that your child is afraid of because he feels like he will never measure up. You want to be a cheerleader for your child, not a drill sergeant.
10Know that a parent's work is never done. Though you may think you have already molded and raised your child into the person he or she will become by the time your child dons his or her graduation cap, this is far from true. Your parenting will have a life-long effect on your child and you should always give your child the love and affection he needs, even if you're hundreds of miles away. While you won't always be a constant daily presence in your child's life, you should always let your children know that you care about them and that you'll be there for them, no matter what.
- Your children will still turn to you for advice, and will still be affected by what you say no matter what age they are. As the years go on, you can not only improve your parenting techniques, but you can start to think about how to be a good grandparent!
What if I am distant from my family?wikiHow ContributorAlways stay in contact. You are a family wherever you are, and you should always keep in contact, whether through letters, email or Skype!
What should I do if my child won't listen?wikiHow ContributorKnow that between the ages of birth and twelve (but particularly between the ages of 5 and 12) it is developmentally normal for children to appear as though they are not listening. This is not meant as an insult or attack on you - they are simply to engrossed in the world around them that they physically do not hear you. You can make it easier for you to be heard by doing these things: Have patience. Use short sentences that get to the point. Instead of saying 'take off your socks and shoes and put them in the hall' you can say 'socks, shoes, hall'. Lower your pitch. Particularly boys do not register higher pitched tones such as the female voice. Use a lower tone.
I have a two year old daughter. I'm trying to teach her the ABC's and numbers etc. but she seems to only be interested in dancing and music. Any advice?wikiHow ContributorAt this time in her life, there is no need to teach academics. Children will be happier and do fine without these. By the time your child turns three, start singing letter and number songs, and dancing and acting like whatever starts with the letter you are trying to teach her such as dance like a snake for letter S. You might also look at what you are doing, as you're a role model, so being seen reading a few books cannot hurt.
How do I hold my child's hand?wikiHow ContributorHold out your hand to your child, and wiggle your fingers a little if you need to get their attention. You can also say "Let's hold hands" or "Do you want to hold hands?" If the child wants to, they will. When holding, be gentle and don't squeeze tightly as little hands are more sensitive and tender than adult hands.
How can I get my boys (aged 2 to 5) to stop being naughty?wikiHow ContributorTake away their electronics for a few hours to a whole day. This will make them understand that being naughty will result in the loss of their electronics. If they get really naughty, take the electronics away for 4 to 5 days.
- Don't live your life through them. Let them make their own choices and live their life how they want to.
- Be honest with your child/children. Don't try to hide anything because they will find out sooner or later.
- Reflect on your own childhood frequently. Identify mistakes your parents made, and make an effort to avoid passing them on to the next several generations. Every generation of parents/children gets to make a whole set of new successes and/or mistakes.
- Encourage introspection by sharing with your children your own self-evaluations.
- Listen to what your child has to say.
- A teen who is on the brink of adulthood needs the support of a parent more than ever. Do not think that just because they are almost 18 or 21 years old that you can leave them to figure it all out on their own. Do not intervene/interfere unnecessarily, however. You have to walk a fine line.
- To be a good parent let your child show their personality and you might find out what they like why they like it. It will give them confidence knowing that you approve of who they are really are.
- Address your needs to be loved, but value your children's needs over others. Do not abandon your children for your love interests. Make your child a priority when you are dating, and do not put your child in danger by introducing someone new into the household that you do not know well. Children need to feel safe, secure and loved. If you are suddenly leaving them out and not addressing their needs in order to tend to a new boyfriend or girlfriend, your children will grow to feel insecure and abandoned. Love is needed by everyone, but not at the expense of your child's emotional health. This also applies to older children.
- Don't belittle their choice in friends. Furthermore, try to maintain your own friendships.
- Don't think you know your child inside out, if they tell you they no longer like something, trust them.
- Don't judge their friends. This could make the child feel like you don't like their friend. Always be open to your child's friends.
- If you are angry at your child, calm yourself down, and calm your child too.
- Remember a child is a living organism. If the child starts getting angry it maybe to suitable to give the child time by itself.
- Do not share your own past misbehavior with your children because they will compare themselves to you and thus, expect less from themselves. "So! You were like that too".
- Use positive phrases when they do something good, instead of always punishing them. Never physically hurt them.
- If you're trying to quit a habit yourself, look into groups that can help you overcome it. Always get support, and have someone you can talk to when you begin to get a craving for your habit. Remember that you're not only helping yourself, but you're helping your child as well.
- Try not to smoke in front of your children, as they may end up imitating your behavior, which is especially problematic if they are underage.
- To say that parents need to be good at multitasking is an understatement. You constantly need to juggle life's obligations and the needs of your children. As a parent, seek balance and support when you need help getting it all done, and be kind to yourself when something slips through the cracks.
- Improve your child's social skills.
- While praising kids, focus on effort and not end results to avoid raising praise-junkies.
- Never over-indulge a child. It can lead to stubborn and irresponsible behavior.
- Parenting does not stop when a child grows up. Being a good parent remains a life-long role. But remember that once they become adults, the decisions they make in life are ultimately theirs with their consequences.
- Do not be afraid to be a parent. Do your best, be their friend, but never let them forget you are their parent, not a collaborator.
- Do not strictly follow the parental behavioral stereotypes of your culture, race, ethnic group, family, or other defining factor. Please do not believe that there is only one way to raise a child.
Sources and Citations
- More4kids Parenting and FamilyAdditional tips shared with permission from More4kids.info.
- How to Praise Your Kids the Right Way Without Spoiling Them in the Process
In other languages:
Français: être de bons parents, Italiano: Essere un buon Genitore, Español: ser buenos padres, Português: Ser Bons Pais, Deutsch: Gute Eltern sein, Русский: стать хорошим родителем, 中文: 成为一个好家长, Čeština: Jak být dobrým rodičem, Nederlands: Een goede ouder zijn, Bahasa Indonesia: Menjadi Orang Tua Yang Baik, العربية: كيفية تربية الأبناء بشكل صحيح, हिन्दी: अच्छे माता पिता बनें, Tiếng Việt: Trở thành Cha Mẹ Tốt, ไทย: เป็นพ่อแม่ที่ดี
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 919,296 times.
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When John F. Kennedy became president in 1961, he issued a call to service to Americans with these words: "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country." He manifested this vision by establishing the Peace Corps to promote world peace and friendship.
Currently, 7,000 Peace Corps volunteers are serving in 70 countries, working to bring clean water to communities, teach children, help start new small businesses, and stop the spread of AIDS. Since 1961, more than 165,000 Americans have joined the Peace Corps, serving in 135 nations.
Volunteers receive intensive language and cross-cultural training in order to become part of the communities where they live. They speak the local language and adapt to the cultures and customs of the people with whom they work.
Volunteers work with teachers and parents to improve the quality of, and access to, education for children. They work with communities to protect the local environment and to create economic opportunities. They work on basic projects to keep families healthy and to help them grow more food. Their larger purpose, however, is to work with people in developing countries to help them take charge of their own futures.
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- Posted January 28, 2014 by
How to Live a Long Life
The Hawaii Lifespan Study
In 1965, a 40-year study began that examined the survival rates of a number of Japanese men over the term. The average age of the participant was 54 when the study began and none of the men involved had any underlying medical conditions at commencement.
The study offered nine lifestyle factors that were recommended for optimal health and longevity. These included being married, maintaining a healthy weight, low blood sugar and low blood pressure, having a higher education, possessing a strong grip in representation of physical strength, having a low level of bad cholesterol and abstaining from smoking and heavy drinking.
The men that followed the healthy criteria recommendations had an 80 percent chance of living to the age of 80 and avoiding illness. 42 percent of these men lived to the age of 85 while 11 percent of them remained free from illnesses such as heart disease, cancer and diabetes. While this study followed men specifically, the same general advice can be applied to women as well.
Exercise. Your Biggest Factor.
Survival of the fittest. That statement could not ring more true. Those that are fit and strong have the greatest chance of surviving and thriving. If you need even more proof that regular exercise will improve your chances of living longer, here it is. A Japanese study followed over 83,000 Japanese men and women for a number of years, examining their lifestyle in regards to exercise.
After the ten year study came to close, it was concluded that the groups of both men and women that participated in the greatest amount of regular, physical activity showed lower premature death rates than the sedentary groups. The rates of heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and cancer were lower in the active individuals.
Exercise has long been shown to offer exceptional health benefits. The list of disorders and diseases that can potentially be avoided if regular exercise is a daily routine is extensive.
Possibly most importantly, exercise aids in maintaining a healthy weight.
Obesity is a very high-risk condition and completely preventable through diet and exercise. Being overweight will raise the incidence of heart attack, stroke, diabetes, high cholesterol and certain cancers. All of these are precursors to premature death.
Along with potentially preventing the direct causes of death, regular exercise can aid in easing other ailments that may indirectly affect longevity. Disorders like depression, Seasonal Affective Disorder and other mental health conditions can be greatly improved through adopting a consistent workout routine.
Physical strength has a direct correlation to longevity as well. Elderly people are more prone to falls due to weaker muscles and more fragile bones.
Strength training and certain sports like tennis, gymnastics and sprinting improve bone density as well muscular strength.
A lifelong commitment to any impact or weight bearing activity, no matter how late you may start, will offer protective benefits that will prolong your life and protect you from the devastating, bone breaking, potentially fatal falls in later years.
A happy marriage offers mental and physical benefits to both men and women.
The key word there is happy. A strong, supportive relationship appears to benefit men more than women in a physical sense, while women benefit more in a mental way.
This may be because women receive the metal and emotional support that they need from a supportive, loving partner, while men are physically taken care of by their wife. Women will tend to their husbands ailments, encourage medical check ups and notice concerning symptoms more readily than their husbands. This can greatly improve preventative health care in men.
Higher education often leads to higher income, social class and better health care. All of these seem to contribute to a person's health status, regardless of sex.
Statistically speaking, an additional 4 years of education lowers the mortality rate by 1.8 percent by reducing the risk of heart disease and diabetes considerably. The main reason for the correlation between education and longevity appears to be behavior based.
Educated individuals are less likely to smoke, drink excessively, and engage in the use of illicit drugs and other reckless behavior. They also are more likely to participate in a regular fitness program, seek medical attention when necessary and maintain a healthier diet.
The extra income may also pose an advantage. Those with a higher income can often afford premium health care and more nutritious food.
Maintain a Healthy Weight
Being overweight has numerous health consequences in both men and women alike. Being overweight, or worse yet, obese, can lead to higher LDL levels, high blood sugar and blood sugar imbalances and an increase in blood pressure. All of these factors are a recipe for premature death as they are the leading causes of life threatening illnesses such as heart disease, stoke and diabetes.
Once again, a combination of a nutrient dense, calorie controlled diet, rich in whole foods along with regular exercise is the best defense against poor health and the most efficient way to enjoy a long, healthy life.
Smoking and Drinking
Last but most definitely not least, are the no brainers when it comes to what to avoid if you hope to live past the age of 80. We have now had proof for numerous decades that smoking is akin to committing slow suicide. Both first hand and second smoke should be avoided at all costs.
There is a big difference between social drinking and excessive drinking. While enjoying the occasional glass of red wine may offer some health benefits, a daily bottle will do the opposite.
Excessive alcohol consumption leads to excessive calories in the diet, which will cause weight gain. A bad habit of drinking may also contribute to other bad behaviors such as smoking, poor choices in nutrition and reckless behavior.
Eliminate or at least closely monitor alcohol consumption if you hope to be around to see your Grandkids.
While most of these may be things you're heard before, it never hurts to have a reminder. Our daily habits and the choices we make, create a balance that can have our health and quality of life going in either direction. Use these tips to keep your health on track and enjoy every moment of a long, happy life.
Gr Anthony Hoevertsz
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John Cage was born on September 5, 1912 in Los Angeles, California and died in New York City on August 12, 1992. He studied liberal arts at Pomona College. Among his composition teachers were Henry Cowell and Arnold Schoenberg. Cage was elected to the American National Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters and received innumerable awards and honors both in the United States and in Europe.
He was commissioned by a great many of the most important performing organizations throughout the world, and maintained a very active schedule. It would be extremely difficult to calculate, let alone critically evaluate, the stimulating effect and ramifications that Cage's work has had on 20th century music and art, for it is clear that the musical developments of our time cannot be understood without taking into account his music and ideas. His invention of the prepared piano and his work with percussion instruments led him to imagine and explore many unique and fascinating ways of structuring the temporal dimension of music.
He is universally recognized as the initiator and leading figure in the field of indeterminate composition by means of chance operations. Arnold Schoenberg said of Cage that he was an "inventor - of genius".
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When a woman develops breast cancer, surgery is almost always the first step. It is often followed with chemotherapy to help kill any stray cancer cells. Now a simple modification in the way chemo is given is helping improve breast cancer survival.
A new study tests the way chemo is given, by giving it more frequently than the conventional protocol. Every time chemo is given it kills a proportion of the cells and if it is given more often there is less time for them to grow back in between treatments.
The dose-dense chemo study of 2000 women used the standard drugs, Adriamycin, Taxol and Cytoxin and Neupogen to restore bone marrow cells. The differences were dramatic.
Among the women who got the drugs in the standard way, the lower dose over a three week cycles, 75 percent were alive and cancer free four years later. But among the women who received a higher dose in two-week cycles, 82 percent were alive and cancer free and had lower risk of severe infection and hospitalization.
The new way to give chemo doesn't require any fancy technology or training. It's something that can be implemented today in virtually every hospital and clinic that treats breast cancer.
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Shiveluch is one of the most active volcanoes on Earth. During the first three weeks of April 2012, brief bursts of volcanic activity left radial streaks of ash on the surrounding snow.
From April 4 until April 22, little to no new snow fell on the region, leaving the ash visible. The wind direction at the time of the eruption determined the alignment of each streak. Stronger or lengthier eruptions, as well as stronger winds, likely produced the longer streaks. (It is vaguely possible that some of the streaks are the result of melting snow revealing older ash deposits.) The natural-color satellite images above were collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Terra (top image) and Aqua (lower three images) satellites.
The Kamchatka Volcanic Emergency Response Team (KVERT) reported ash plumes that extended up to 120 kilometers (74 miles) from Shiveluch on April 17th and 18th. One of these eruptions is likely the source of the streak that extends to the northeast (upper right) in the April 22nd image. A small ash cloud is visible in the April 4th image, and another plume, probably composed of steam and other volcanic gases, is apparent in the April 22nd image.
NASA images by Jeff Schmaltz, LANCE/EOSDIS MODIS Rapid Response. Caption by Robert Simmon.
- Terra - MODIS
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The leading U.S. science and engineering organizations developed a list of 14 science policy questions facing the U.S. in 2012. You can read these questions–and the Presidential candidates’ answers–at ScienceDebate.org.
For each of the Science Debate 2012 questions, we’re going to provide you a selection of the authoritative and unbiased resources of the National Academies to help inform your response to the candidates’ answers. Today, we’re looking at this ScienceDebate question on Climate Change:
The Earth’s climate is changing and there is concern about the potentially adverse effects of these changes on life on the planet. What is your position on cap-and-trade, carbon taxes, and other policies proposed to address global climate change—and what steps can we take to improve our ability to tackle challenges like climate change that cross national boundaries?
How would you respond? Download these reports for free at NAP.edu or purchase a print copy to read.
America’s Climate Choices144 pages | Paperback | Price: $26.95
Climate change is occurring. It is very likely caused by the emission of greenhouse gases from human activities, and poses significant risks for a range of human and natural systems. And these emissions continue to increase, which will result in further… [more]
Advancing the Science of Climate Change528 pages | Paperback | Price: $44.95
Climate change is occurring, is caused largely by human activities, and poses significant risks for–and in many cases is already affecting–a broad range of human and natural systems. The compelling case for these conclusions is provided in Advancing the… [more]
Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change348 pages | Paperback | Price: $44.95
Global climate change is one of America’s most significant long-term policy challenges. Human activity–especially the use of fossil fuels, industrial processes, livestock production, waste disposal, and land use change–is affecting global average… [more]
Limiting the Magnitude of Future Climate Change276 pages | Paperback | Price: $44.95
Climate change, driven by the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, poses serious, wide-ranging threats to human societies and natural ecosystems around the world. The largest overall source of greenhouse gas emissions is the burning… [more]
Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years160 pages | Paperback | Price: $36.00
In response to a request from Congress, Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years
assesses the state of scientific efforts to reconstruct surface temperature records for Earth during approximately the last 2,000 years and the… [more]
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2012 National Resources Inventory
The National Resources Inventory (NRI) is a statistical survey of natural resource
conditions and trends on non-Federal land in the United States.
Non-Federal lands include privately owned lands, tribal and trust lands, and lands
controlled by state and local governments.
The NRI provides nationally consistent statistical data on the development of non-Federal
rural lands for the period 1982-2012. To assess conservation issues this information on
development must be analyzed in conjunction with other NRI data elements.
Development of agricultural land represents essentially permanent loss of land from the
production of food, feed, and fiber.
National Developed Land
In thousands of acres, with margins of error
|Large Urban and Built-Up Areas
|Small Built-Up Areas
|Total Developed Land
• Cropland includes cultivated and noncultivated cropland.
About the Data
Estimates presented here are based upon the latest information from the
National Resources Inventory (NRI).
The NRI is a longitudinal sample
survey based upon scientific statistical
principles and procedures. It is conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Natural
Resources Conservation Service (NRCS),
in cooperation with Iowa State University’s Center for Survey Statistics and Methodology.
These results are based upon the 2012 NRI, which provides nationally consistent
data for the 30-year period 1982–2012.
Current estimates cover the contiguous 48 States, Hawaii, and the Caribbean Area.
Release of NRI results is guided by NRCS policy and is in accordance with OMB
and USDA Quality of Information Guidelines developed in 2001.
NRCS is releasing NRI estimates only when they meet statistical standards and are scientifically
credible in accordance with these policies;
also, measures of statistical uncertainty are provided for all 2012 NRI estimates released to
The findings on land use come from the NRI data category "Land Cover/Use,"
which comprises mutually exclusive categories such as cropland, rangeland, forest land,
other rural land, developed land, and water areas.
The NRI uses this classification
to account for every acre of non-Federal land within
the Nation. Every parcel of land is described by one and only one of these categories.
The NRI approach
to conducting inventories facilitates examining trends
in rural and developed land uses over time because—
- the same sample sites have been studied since 1982;
- the same data have been collected since 1982 [definitions and protocols
have remained the same];
- the inventory accounts for 100 percent of the surface area;
- quality assurance and statistical procedures are designed/developed to
ensure that trend data are scientifically legitimate and unambiguous; and
- it is easy to track lands as they go from one land-use category to another.
Irrespective of the scale of analysis, margins of error must be considered.
Margins of error (at the 95
percent confidence level) are presented for all NRI estimates.
Note that estimates of change between two points in time will be less precise (relatively)
than estimates for a single
inventory year because the changes will be occurring on a smaller fraction of the landscape.
- Land cover/use. A term that includes categories of land cover and categories
of land use. Land cover is the vegetation or other kind of material that covers the land surface.
Land use is the purpose of human activity on the land; it is usually, but not always, related to
land cover. The NRI uses the term land cover/use to identify categories that account for all the
surface area of the United States.
- Developed land. A combination of land cover/use categories, large urban and
built-up areas, small built-up areas, and rural transportation land.
- Urban and built-up areas. A land cover/use category consisting of residential,
industrial, commercial, and institutional land; construction sites; public administrative sites;
railroad yards; cemeteries; airports; golf courses; sanitary landfills; sewage treatment plants;
water control structures and spillways; other land used for such purposes; small parks (less than 10
acres) within urban and built-up areas; and highways, railroads, and other transportation facilities
if they are surrounded by urban areas. Also included are tracts of less than 10 acres that do not meet
the above definition but are completely surrounded by urban and built-up land. Two size categories are
recognized in the NRI: areas of 0.25 acre to 10 acres, and areas of at least 10 acres.
- Large urban and built-up areas. A land cover/use category composed of developed
tracts of at least 10 acres—meeting the definition of urban and built-up areas.
- Small built-up areas. A land cover/use category consisting of developed land units of 0.25
to 10 acres, which meet the definition of urban and built-up areas.
- Rural transportation land. A land cover/use category which consists of all
highways, roads, railroads and associated right-of-ways outside urban and built-up areas; also includes
private roads to farmsteads or ranch headquarters, logging roads, and other private roads (field lanes
are not included).
- Margins of Error. Margins of error are reported for each NRI estimate. The margin
of error is used to construct the 95 percent confidence interval for the estimate. The lower bound of
the interval is obtained by subtracting the margin of error from the estimate; the upper bound is
obtained by adding the margin of error to the estimate. Confidence intervals can be created for various
levels of significance which is a measure of how certain we are that the interval contains the true
value we are estimating. A 95 percent confidence interval means that in repeated samples from the same
population, 95 percent of the time the true underlying population parameter will be contained within the
lower and upper bounds of the interval.
For more definitions see the full
2012 NRI Glossary.
For more information about the NRI, visit
Send comments and questions to the NRI Help Desk
Citation for this website:
U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2015.
2012 National Resources Inventory.
Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC. 15 January 2016 *
*[use date the website was accessed]
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Wind power meeting Kyoto commitments while climate negotiations stall
While UN climate negotiations show no sign of significant progress, calculations from the European Wind Energy Association show that wind energy is achieving over a quarter of the emissions reductions required under the current Kyoto agreement.
The UN climate negotiations in Bangkok last week “produced little more than the agenda for further negotiations” according to the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA).
“Discussions continue to focus around the legal form of a new treaty” explained Rémi Gruet, EWEA Regulatory Affairs Officer, “ignoring the key issue of how the international community will achieve the CO2 emissions reductions needed to prevent catastrophic climate change.”
“An international agreement remains absolutely vital”, said Gruet, “but it’s clear that while there’s an impasse in the negotiations, many countries around the globe are getting on with avoiding CO2 emissions by installing wind energy and other renewable energy sources.”
EWEA calculations show that at the end of 2010, wind energy across the world avoided 255 Mt of CO2, equivalent to 26% of the emissions reductions commitment of industrialised countries under the Kyoto Protocol.
By 2020, wind power should avoid between 46% and 69% of the pledges made in the Cancun agreement, depending on whether pledges are met to the full or the minimum.
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| 0.867433 | 282 | 2.75 | 3 |
What scientific and technological milestones can we envision 50, 100 and 150 years hence?
Each month we have the luxury of being able to look back into the past, to what people were writing 50, 100 and 150 years ago. We can do this because Scientific American has put its readers at the forefront of science and technology for more than 167 years. To mention just one example, our October 1962 issue featured Francis Crick, co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, explaining the meaning of this wondrous molecule, and psychologist Leon Festinger writing on what he meant by the term “cognitive dissonance.”
A strong past is a good foundation from which to look into the future. In that spirit, we asked our authors to train their imaginations on what the world might look like 50, 100 and 150 years from now. Will cars fly? Will we still have computers, and if so, what will they do? Will nuclear weapons be banished? Will our technology save us from a changing climate or make things worse? What is the fate of tigers and other wild creatures on an increasingly crowded planet? To what extent will we master our genes to stave off disease? And if we ever leave this planet, how will the journey change us? In the following pages, you will find answers. Not the answers—we are not making predictions but rather doing thought experiments, grounded in science fact, with an eye to illuminating today's world and provoking thought about what comes next.
The Future in 50, 100 and 150 Years
The Flying Car Will Finally Fly—And Drive
Will We Come To Grips With Nuclear Weapons?
Gene Therapies Will Cure Many A Disease
Extinction Countdown: The End For Many Species
Will High Tech Cool A Hot Earth?
Computing In 2165
How Humans Will Evolve On Multi-Generational Space-Exploration Missions
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On Sep. 28 2013 05:33 UTC, LADEE is coming out of its last apogee and at an altitude of 214,000 km.
Perigee occurs on 1 Oct near 11:00 UTC. A final small midcourse maneuver will take place at 1 Oct 2013, 22:00 UTC. This 0.9 m/sec maneuver will precisely target insertion parameters for the 6 Oct. 2013 10:57 UTC LOI-1 maneuver. LOI-1 is designed to place the spacecraft into a 24 hr orbit, with a periselene altitude of 590 km [correction: previously I said 750 km, this isn’t quite right. For LADEE we aren’t capturing right at periselene, like orbital mechanics would recommend. Instead we burn off periselene just a bit. We wait until 5 minutes past we come out from behind the Moon, and start our burn. This ends up being roughly 5.5 minutes after periselene. This allows the Deep Space Network to get a lock on us and telemetry to start flowing before the burn starts. So the altitude at the end of this burn is at about 750 km, but the actual periselene altitude is closer to 590 km]. After 3 revolutions in this orbit, 3rd-body Earth gravitational perturbations will have lowered periselene to an altitude of 250 km (by design). At this point, LOI-2 will be performed on 9 Oct 2013 10:37 UTC ( to place LADEE into a 4 hr orbit (also with a 250 km periselene altitude). LADEE will spend 3 days in this orbit until LOI-3 (12 Oct 2013 10:37 UTC), which circularizes the orbit at 250 km. LADEE will spend 30 days in this “commissioning orbit”, and will also perform tests using the laser communications experiment (LLCD). The timing and magnitudes of the maneuvers leading to the commissioning orbit are given below.
AM1 11 Sep 2013 23:00:00.000 9.34 m/sec
PM1 13 Sep 2013 16:36:08.000 16.96 m/sec
PM2 21 Sep 2013 11:53:19.000 17.492 m/sec
TCM1 01 Oct 2013 22:00:00.000 0.9 m/sec
LOI1 06 Oct 2013 10:57:00.210 329.86 m/sec
LAM1 07 Oct 2013 22:51:32.205 0 m/sec (error corrections for LOI-1)
LOI2 09 Oct 2013 10:37:55.651 295.99 m/sec
LOI3 12 Oct 2013 10:37:34.993 238.56 m/sec
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en
| 0.839904 | 576 | 2.796875 | 3 |
President Obama has unilaterally decided to deploy U.S. troops to Iraq, where they will be embroiled in Iraq’s civil war by helping the government side kill the anti-government side.
But where in the Constitution is such a power delegated to the president?
Keep in mind that when the Constitution called the federal government into existence, it was with the understanding that the government’s powers would be limited to those enumerated within the document itself and to those implied powers that would be necessary to carrying out the enumerated powers. If a power wasn’t enumerated, then the federal officials simply would not be authorized to exercise them.
This is what was meant by the concept of “limited government.” The concept entails limitations on the part of the president, the Congress, and the judiciary, which were the three branches of government established by the Constitution.
The alternative to limited government is dictatorship — that is, a government with no restrictions on power. With dictatorship, the ruler decides what his powers are and when he is going to exercise them.
So, here is the situation: Our American ancestors decide to bring the federal government into existence, but on the condition that its powers are limited to those enumerated within the Constitution. The Constitution does not authorize the president to embroil the United States in a foreign civil war. Nevertheless, Obama is deploying troops to Iraq.
So, how can Obama’s unilateral decision be reconciled with the Constitution and the concept of limited government?
It can’t be so reconciled. It is much more consistent with the concept of dictatorship, the system by which a ruler, democratically elected or not, decides the nature and extent of his own powers, a system in which the ruler will not permit himself to be constrained by the Constitution or, for that matter, duly enacted law.
This isn’t the only place, of course, in which this phenomenon is occurring. Americans now live in a country in which the president, through the military and the CIA, wields the authority to take people, including Americans, into custody, incarcerate them in military dungeons or concentration camps, torture them, execute them, or simply assassinate them, all without impunity so long as they say it’s for “national security.”
On top of all that, we have the NSA, by which the president places massive, secret surveillance schemes on the American people, recording their telephone information, reading their emails, and monitoring their Internet activity, and who knows what else.
No such powers are delegated to the president in the Constitution. The president, with the help of the Pentagon, the CIA, and the NSA, is simply wielding them and exercising them.
Does that look like a free society to you? Does it seem like limited government to you? Why didn’t the Framers delegate such powers to the president? Why did our ancestors expressly prohibit the exercise of such powers in the Bill of Rights? Why, even the much ballyhooed concept of “national security” isn’t even mentioned one single time in the Constitution.
Don’t forget, also, that the president now wields and exercises the power to wage war against other nation states without the constitutionally required congressional declaration of war. He makes the call, notwithstanding the fact that the Constitution states that Congress makes the call.
One problem is that much of this can be traced to the nature of people who are drawn to power. The love of power is in their DNA. They will come up with any excuse or rationalization they can find to justify what they are doing. Or they’ll provoke crises to provide them with the excuse to enlarge their power, influence, and money. Our ancestors understood that, which is why they used the Constitution and Bill of Rights to enumerate the government’s powers.
A second problem is what we know as the national-security state apparatus, which was grafted onto our constitutional order after World War II, without even the semblance of a constitutional amendment. It consists of a vast military establishment, an overseas empire of bases, a CIA with the authority to engage in covert interventionism, and an overall philosophy of empire and interventionism.
A third problem is the federal judiciary’s decision to abrogate its responsibility to enforce the Constitution against the president, the Pentagon, and the CIA with respect to foreign wars and foreign interventions.
The judiciary, of course, has concocted all sorts of legal mumbo-jumbos to justify its abrogation of responsibility—concepts like “the political question doctrine” or the “state secrets doctrine,” or “national security,” none of which are in the Constitution itself.
Why did the judiciary do that? The most likely reason is that when it comes to foreign affairs, the judges knew that the president, the military, and the CIA wouldn’t comply with judicial rulings anyway, especially given the ever-growing power of the military and the CIA to resist the enforcement of judicial rulings.
The biggest problem, however, lies with the American people. No matter how well-written a constitution is, while it might forestall dictatorial tendencies of public officials for a time, it will never do so in the long run so long as the citizenry either don’t care about liberty or are willing to surrender their liberty for the promise of “safety” or “security.”
Thus, what matters most of all is a knowledgeable and aware citizenry that is passionately committed to liberty, knows what it means, and isn’t willing to surrender it for anything, a citizenry that is able to recognize big government scams for what they are, a citizenry that understands, as the Framers and our ancestors did, that a national-security state apparatus, a foreign policy of empire and intervention, and a standing army, a CIA, and a NSA are all antithetical to the principles of a free society.
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http://fff.org/2014/06/20/needed-a-enlightened-citizenry-that-values-liberty/
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| 0.960551 | 1,232 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Geranium family (Geraniaceae)
Description: This annual or biennial wildflower develops ascending to sprawling stems about 1½–3' long. The stems are light green to reddish green and pubescent with short spreading hairs. Either opposite or alternate leaves occur at intervals along the stems; the leaf blades are up to 3" long and 3" across and deeply cleft into 3-5 palmate lobes. The leaf margins are sparingly dentate or further divided into small secondary lobes. The upper leaf surfaces are medium green and hairless (or sparingly so), while the their lower surfaces are pale green and pubescent. The petioles are light green and pubescent. At the base of each petiole, there is a pair of small linear stipules. From the axils of the middle to upper leaves, clusters of 2 or more flowers develop on slender pubescent stalks; these stalks are about ¾–1½" long at maturity.
Each flower is about 1/3" (8 mm.) across, consisting of 5 light pink petals, 5 green sepals, 10 stamens, and a pistil. Fine pink lines radiate from the throat of each flower. The petals are oblong in shape and slightly notched at their tips. The sepals are lanceolate to ovate and pubescent; each sepal has an awn-like tip about 1.5 mm. long. The blooming period occurs during the summer and lasts about 2 months. Usually, only a few flowers are in bloom at the same time. Each flower is replaced by a narrow columnar fruit about ½–¾" long that tapers to a short beak. At maturity, the fruit splits open into 5 slender sections from the bottom, remaining connected together at the apex. By this process, the seeds are mechanically ejected from the mother plant.
Cultivation: The preference is partial sun, mesic to dry-mesic conditions, and cool to warm summer temperatures. Different kinds of soil are tolerated, including those that are sandy or rocky.
Range & Habitat: Northern Cranesbill is restricted to NE Illinois, where it is rare and native to the area (see Distribution Map). This species is state-listed as 'endangered.' Illinois lies at the southern range-limit of this boreal wildflower. Habitats include woodland openings, sandy Black Oak woodlands, typical and sandy savannas, and rocky outcrops. This wildflower becomes more abundant after a wildfire; there is some evidence that its seeds germinate in response to heat and/or light.
Faunal Associations: The flowers are pollinated by small flies (particularly Syrphid flies) and small bees (particularly Halictid bees). Both nectar and pollen are available as floral rewards to such visitors. One insect that sucks on the juices of Geranium spp. is Macrosiphum geranii (Geranium Aphid). The seeds of some Geranium spp. are eaten by such birds as the Mourning Dove and Bobwhite Quail to a limited extent.
Photographic Location: A nature preserve in Cook County, Illinois. The photographs were taken by Lisa Culp (Copyright © 2009).
Comments: This is one of several annual or biennial Geraniums (Geranium spp.) in Illinois. The majority of these species have been introduced from Eurasia, although some of them are native. All of these species have relatively small flowers, palmately cleft simple leaves (see exception below), and a sprawling to ascending habit. As a result, they can be difficult to distinguish from each other. Northern Cranesbill can be identified through the following combination of characteristics: 1) It produces small flowers (about 1/3" across) in clusters of 2 or more, 2) the stems and stalks of the flowers are pubescent with short spreading hairs, 3) the pedicels of the flowers/fruits are longer than the sepals, and 4) the sepals have awn-like tips. One aberrant species in this group, Herb Robert (Geranium robertianum), differs from the others by its leaves, which are palmately divided into leaflets with petioles.
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http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/north_cranesbill.htm
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en
| 0.931969 | 878 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Micromachines, nanorobots, multifunctional drug transporters, and matrices for tissue growth – these and many other applications would benefit from three-dimensional microstructures that present different (bio)chemical ligands that offer control over directionality.
In the journal Angewandte Chemie, a team of German and American researchers has now reported the production of microparticles whose surface consists of three separate areas (“patches”) that can be decorated with three different (bio)molecules.
“While the spatially controlled presentation of chemical and biological ligands is well established for two-dimensional substrates, very few methodologies exist for the spatially controlled decoration of three-dimensional objects, such as microparticles,” explains Jörg Lahann (University of Michigan, USA and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology). “Such structures would be very useful for many different applications, such as the controlled interaction of particles with biological cells for tissue growth.”
Organs are three-dimensional structures made of different types of cells. The growth of organs requires supports that stimulate the three-dimensionally controlled colonization of these cell types. Future technical applications, such as micromachines, will require 3D particles that can control the self-assembly of three-dimensional structures. If an area can also be made to respond to a stimulus by swelling or shrinking, for example, it would be possible to produce movable miniature components for use in sensors, robotic arms, or switchable drug transporters.
Lahann and his co-workers have now developed a method that allows them to obtain three chemically different patches on the same microparticle. The technique they used is electrohydrodynamic co-jetting, a process in which the researchers pump three different polymer solutions through parallel capillaries. An electric field accelerates the ejected liquid, which stretches it out. The solvent simultaneously evaporates, leaving behind a microfiber consisting of three chemically different compartments. By cutting the fibers, the team produces fine microparticles that are also made of three chemically different segments.
For their starting materials, the researchers chose three biodegradable polymers based on lactic acid. The three polymers were each equipped with a different chemical anchor group (known as “click functionality”).
It was thus possible to attach different ligands, such as different biomolecules, to the anchor groups in an orthogonal fashion, meaning that the surface reactions to attach the ligands do not influence each other. By using biomolecules containing fluorescent markers, the scientists were able to demonstrate by using a microscope that three different patches were indeed present on the same microparticle. “For practical applications the particles need to be just a bit smaller – that is our next goal,” says Lahann.About the Author
Dr. Lahann | Angewandte Chemie
Unidentified spectra detector
28.06.2016 | European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute
Freiburg Biologists Explain Function of Pentagone
28.06.2016 | Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau
R2D2, a joint project to analyze and development high-TRL processes and technologies for manufacture of flexible organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) has been successfully completed.
In contrast to point light sources like LEDs made of inorganic semiconductor crystals, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are light-emitting surfaces. Their...
High resolution rotational spectroscopy reveals an unprecedented number of conformations of an odorant molecule – a new world record!
In a recent publication in the journal Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, researchers from the Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter...
Strands of cow cartilage substitute for ink in a 3D bioprinting process that may one day create cartilage patches for worn out joints, according to a team of engineers. "Our goal is to create tissue that can be used to replace large amounts of worn out tissue or design patches," said Ibrahim T. Ozbolat, associate professor of engineering science and mechanics. "Those who have osteoarthritis in their joints suffer a lot. We need a new alternative treatment for this."
Cartilage is a good tissue to target for scale-up bioprinting because it is made up of only one cell type and has no blood vessels within the tissue. It is...
Physicists in Innsbruck have realized the first quantum simulation of lattice gauge theories, building a bridge between high-energy theory and atomic physics. In the journal Nature, Rainer Blatt‘s and Peter Zoller’s research teams describe how they simulated the creation of elementary particle pairs out of the vacuum by using a quantum computer.
Elementary particles are the fundamental buildings blocks of matter, and their properties are described by the Standard Model of particle physics. The...
A year and a half on the outer wall of the International Space Station ISS in altitude of 400 kilometers is a real challenge. Whether a primordial bacterium...
28.06.2016 | Event News
09.06.2016 | Event News
24.05.2016 | Event News
28.06.2016 | Physics and Astronomy
28.06.2016 | Life Sciences
28.06.2016 | Physics and Astronomy
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en
| 0.911256 | 1,152 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Australian engineers have created the world’s first 3D-printed jet engines.
The work of engineers and researchers at Amaero Engineering and Monash University, located on the outskirts of Melbourne, could lead to cheaper, lighter and more fuel efficient engines.
“The project is a spectacular proof of concept that’s leading to significant contracts with aerospace companies,” Amaero's business development manager Ben Batagol told the Guardian.
Researchers worked for two years to create two revolutionary jet engines after a challenge by French aerospace giant Safran.
"They gave us an old engine, we pulled it apart and then part by part we've been manufacturing it for them," Mr Batagol told the Sydney Morning Herald.
Although the first took almost 12 months to complete, the second was finished in only three months.
Of the two created, one has been delivered to the aerospace company in France, and the other is on display at the Avalon Airshow in Australia.
A third engine, focused on using lighter weight materials, is now being planned by the team.
"3D printing allows us to make very complex parts, that we have trouble casting on machining right now, in a very quick fashion," Mr Batagol explained.
The engines were created using a high-powered laser, fusing powdered nickel, titanium or aluminium into the shapes of objects layer by layer.
Although 3D printing was invented in the 1980s, it is only relatively recently that engineers have been using the devices to produce all kinds of objects – from guns to bikinis.
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<urn:uuid:e4d32585-6f61-4108-aab5-db31941d8f6e>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/3d-printer-creates-jet-engine-in-world-first-10072740.html
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| 0.972406 | 325 | 3.203125 | 3 |
A community association typically takes the legal form of a nonprofit or not-for-profit corporation under the corporate laws of the state in which it is located. The three most common forms of community associations are the condominium association, the homeowners association, and the cooperative association.
This article will concentrate on the first two forms - condominium associations and homeowners associations with mandatory membership. The cooperative form of ownership presents a different lending situation. Furthermore, the cooperative form is found principally in a few large metropolitan areas around the country, particularly New York City.
Unlike the other two types of associations, cooperatives own and are the mortgagors of the cooperative building. Individual residential owners hold shares in the cooperative corporation which give the owners their use rights in a particular unit. In this situation, a cooperative, which hold title to the entire structure containing cooperative units, could provide a second mortgage position on the building itself as collateral to a lender on a capital improvement loan. The other two types of associations would not be able to provide this form of collateral and would thus much more resemble the commercial borrower as opposed to a residential borrower. Condominium Association
First, it is necessary to address the legal bases for a condominium association and a homeowners association with mandatory membership. In condominium ownership, which will have a statutory basis found in every state's condominium or horizontal property legislation, individual owners hold fee simple title to their condominium units and a percentage fee simple interest in the common elements. A state's condominium act will also require the formation of a condominium association or council of co-owners as a nonprofit corporation. Typically, the condominium association does not own any real property at the development. Nevertheless, through the state's condominium act and more precisely through its declaration (or master deed), the association will have a duty to maintain and govern the condominium property.
The individual owner's unit will be defined in the condominium documents in terms of horizontal and vertical boundaries. Typically, the unit will be the space bounded by the finished or unfinished interior walls. Thus, exterior surfaces, structural elements, and roofs will be common elements for which condominium associations will have maintenance responsibility. The individual condominium owner will be a mandatory member of the condominium association, and there will be a statutory duty to pay a condominium assessment based on the budget requirements of the association.
The level of association assessments for any particular condominium will depend very much on the type of structure and the breadth of maintenance duties as outlined in the condominium documents. For example, at a high-rise condominium with elevators, central hot water, and central heating and air conditioning, the monthly condominium fee will be higher than that in a suburban low-rise or garden-type condominium. Figure I shows a sample maintenance responsibility clause from a typical condominium document.
FIGURE 1. Sample Maintenance Clause
Section ____. Maintenance Responsibility.
- By the Owner. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) hereof, each owner shall have the obligation to maintain and keep in good repair all portions of his unit, and all windows and entry doors, except that the Association shall be responsible for the painting of the exterior surfaces of window frames, doors, wood trim and ornamental iron railings. The unit owner shall also be responsible for maintaining the air conditioning and heating apparatus, the patio, if any, appurtenant to his unit, the fireplace and the interior of the fireplace flue appurtenant to the unit. Maintenance by any unit owner on any portion of the Condominium, other than the interior of a unit, shall be done in accordance with the architectural standards as may be applicable in the Declaration, By-Laws, or rules and regulations of the Association.
- By the Association. The Association shall maintain and keep in good repair, as a common expense, all of the Condominium property not required to be maintained and kept in good order by an owner. Except to the extent that insurance required to be maintained or maintained by the Association covers any damage or loss, the Association shall not be responsible for any maintenance or repair to the interior of any unit. The Association shall be responsible for, as a common expense, the maintenance and repair of the common elements, including all limited common elements except patios. The Association shall be responsible for the exterior care of each unit as follows: painting as specified in subsection (a) hereof; preservation and repair or replacement of exterior building surfaces, roots, gutters and downspouts as the Board of Directors may from time to time deem reasonable and appropriate. The Association shall be authorized to perform, after notice, any maintenance upon a unit for which the owner is responsible and to charge the owner, as provided for assessments herein, with the actual costs of maintenance.
The other borrowing entity being investigated in this article is the homeowners association which has mandatory membership and, like the condominium association, mandatory assessments. Such homeowners associations have had certain common areas deeded to them by the developer. These common areas often include green belts, streets, and recreational facilities such as swimming pools, tennis courts, and club houses-the so-called amenity package at a planned community.
In contrast to a condominium, the legal basis for homeowners associations will generally not be statutory but will be a set of covenants usually in the form of a "declaration of conditions, covenants, and restrictions" which are recorded in local land records. The restrictive covenants will impose use and architectural control restrictions not only on the owner's residence but also on the common areas owned by the homeowners association. In the typical declaration, the maintenance assessments will be imposed as a covenant running with the land.
The homeowners association, like the condominium association, will take the legal form of a nonprofit corporation. The homeowners association will have assessment collection powers as set forth in the declaration and will have the ability to place a lien on the units of owners who are delinquent in payment of assessments.
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<urn:uuid:919533fc-0f0a-465c-b8e7-95fa1a4b21a2>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.condoassociation.com/condo-association-loans/tabid/81563/bid/8379/Condo-Association-Loans-vs-HOA-Loans.aspx
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en
| 0.940258 | 1,212 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Brought to you by WBIW News and Network Indiana
Last updated on Wednesday, October 31, 2012
(INDIANAPOLIS) - Wildlife officials are worried a deadly disease that is devastating deer populations across the country could also spread here.
Dustin Grove of WISH TV8 reports, now they're asking for your help to stop it before it gets out of control.
"It's moving from state to state," said Phil Bloom, spokesperson for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources.
It's called Chronic Wasting Disease - a neurological disease that kills deer, elk, and moose similar to mad cow disease among cattle.
The Indiana Board of Animal Health, with assistance from the DNR, is asking hunters who harvest yellow ear-tagged deer, to call them immediately at (812) 837-9536. They're asking anyone who may strike a deer with their vehicle to do the same.
The DNR says the deer may have been exposed to chronic wasting disease at a captive facility in another state before being transferred to Indiana. Once here, Bloom said some escaped from a facility in Jackson County.
"We need to nail down whether or not those deer actually have it," said Bloom. "It's the genie out of the bottle. There's no way to control it once it's out there. It's always fatal. And we certainly don't want to see that happen here in Indiana."
Of particular interest are any deer with a yellow ear tag bearing the prefix IN 764 followed by another four numbers or any deer with a yellow ear tag and two numbers on it.
Bloom said the carcasses need to be tested for the disease.
DNR will replace the hunter's license at no cost.
In Indiana, hunting isn't just a big sport; it's also big business.
According to the Congressional Sportsmen's Foundation, the Indiana's 237,000 hunters spend $265 million annually, creating some 5,000 jobs.
Most of the deer that escaped have been recaptured and tested negative.
The DNR said there's no evidence people or other livestock can catch it.
© Ad-Venture Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Click here to go back to previous page
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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What is fiber? How much do I need and how do I get it? —J.P., San Francisco, California
Fiber refers to the complex carbohydrates that cannot be absorbed by the body, but which provide bulk or roughage and aid in proper digestion. Foods high in fiber are most fruits, vegetables and whole-grain breads. The daily recommended amount for adults varies, depending on which health expert you talk to, but 30 grams is considered about average. Unfortunately, most Americans get barely half that amount. You can boost your fiber intake by snacking on fruits with skin and seeds, such as pears, plums, grapes, berries and apples. (Yes, your grandmother was right when she said an apple a day is good for you—that’s especially true if you eat the peel!) Vegetables, either cooked or raw, are also a good source of fiber—especially cabbage, cauliflower, kale, collards, bok choy and brussels sprouts. Consider high-fiber cereals for breakfast, too, and be creative in adding them to casseroles and using them in breading and stuffing. Choose whole-wheat and whole-grain products, and don’t pass up legumes, dried beans and dried peas.
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With an Ice Age comes abrupt change, and with change comes death—sometimes death on a massive scale.
More of the world’s top scientists in the disciplines of geology, ecology, meteorology, astrophysics, and heliology [Downloadable list] are predicting that the two major cooling cycles are converging—the short term and long term Ice Ages—and Earth has just entered the beginnings of the dangerous cooling.
Both cooling periods are due and both seem to have started just as the sun’s about to reach its solar maximum. When the sun goes quiet after 2012, it’s expected to stay quiet for at least the next 30 to 50 years. During that time, the sun will generate significantly less heat and the planets—including Earth—will cool rapidly.
Now other scientists—including John L. Casey, the Director of the Space and Science Research Center—are warning that people in the coming decades are facing food and fuel shortages.
Some northern countries will be abandoned as the ice marches down from the Arctic; energy production will be interrupted; and shortened growing periods in the Northern Hemisphere will precipitate mass migrations, famines, food riots, regional conflicts and a loss of human life that could be measured on an apocalyptic scale.
Imminent crop damage was forecast back in 2007 and predicted to start by 2010.
Right on schedule the damage has been occurring as cold has gripped the Northern Hemisphere as far south as Cuba and southern Italy.
During the next 30 months the world’s temperatures are predicted to drop even more dramatically and at a faster clip than the worldwide plunge recorded during 2007 to 2008.
Sun entering an extended “hibernation period”
According to Casey, “The Earth typically makes adjustments in major temperature spikes within two to three years. In this case as we cool down from El Nino, we are dealing with the combined effects of this planetary thermodynamic normalization and the influence of the more powerful underlying global temperature downturn brought on by the solar hibernation. Both forces will present the first opportunity since the period of Sun-caused global warming period ended to witness obvious harmful agricultural impacts of the new cold climate. Analysis shows that food and crop derived fuel will for the first time, become threatened in the next two and a half years. Though the SSRC does not get involved with short term weather prediction, it would not be
Is ‘The Day After Tomorrow’ Happening Today?
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Order : Scandentia
Tree Shrews - The Remarkable Rodent from Asia
A tree shrew is a remarkable animal, native to the tropical forests and jungles of Southeast Asia. These tiny animals have uncommonly good senses of smell and sight while at the same time have a poorly developed dental system, complete with unformed teeth. Found mostly in India, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Phillipines, there are only nineteen tree shrew species, ten of which live only on the island of Borneo. With no clear fossil record, little is known about their origins, though it is hypothesized they are descendants of prehistoric rodents. Tree shrews are part of the order Scandentia, which includes 20 species and 5 genera within it. This order is unique in that all of its members resemble modern day squirrels, and it is made up entirely of varieties of tree shrews.
Tree shrews are not actually shrews at all, and all species in the order are necessarily aboreal, which means that they live in trees. Choosing to spend most of their time on branches or amid shrubbery, tree shrews are easily camouflaged from predators by their dirt-like red and brown coats. They also choose to live in small groups which provides further protection against predators, and they mark their territories with sweat or urine. These animals have often proved to be very territorial, and even fight each other when they feel threatened. Their vision and hearing as well as their sense of smell is excellent, which is usually the case for tree-dwelling animals, and although the Pen-tailed tree shrew is nocturnal, all the species hunt during the day and rest at night.
One of the largest threats to tree shrews is that of habitat destruction. Due to the deforestation and continued tree farming in their natural habitats, many are faced with nowhere to live and carry out their daily activities. Natural predators include all large, carnivorous mammals as well as viruses, of which tree shrews are particularly susceptible. Mammals that feed on tree shrews include large cats such as marbled cats, leopard cats, and clouded leopards. The diet of the common tree shrew includes large amounts of insects and fruit, but also sometimes includes other animal food such as earthworms, other small mammals, and lizards and even some types of plant matter. They drink large quantities of water and are often found bathing themselves in rivers or streams.
Similar to a squirrel in appearance, common tree shrews, the only true member of the order Scandentia, have a higher brain/body ratio than that of humans. Their typical head and body length is approximated 19.5 centimeters on average. Some maintain that this order is related to that of primates.
This remarkable order includes some of the most difficult to classify mammals of the planet: the tree shrews. Similar to other rodents their size, tree shrews are remarkable in so many ways, including their heightened senses, varied diet, and tree-dwelling lifestyle!
Animals in the order Scandentia
|Madras tree shrew|
|Pen-tailed tree shrew|
|Common tree shrew|
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|Acupuncture is a component of the health care system of China that can be traced back for at least 2,500 years. The general theory of acupuncture is based on the premise that there are patterns of energy flow (Qi) through the body that are essential for health. Disruptions of this flow are believed to be responsible for disease. Acupuncture may correct imbalances of flow at identifiable points close to the skin.
Therapeutic insertion of very fine needles in various combinations and patterns is the foundation of medical acupuncture. The choice of needle patterns can be based on traditional principles such as encouraging the flow of qi (pronounced chee), as subtle vivifying energy, through classically described acupuncture channels, modern concepts such as recruiting neuroanatomical activities in segmental distributions, or a combination of these two principles.
A consensus panel convened by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has concluded there is clear evidence that needle acupuncture treatment is effective for:
postoperative and chemotherapy nausea and vomiting,
nausea of pregnancy, and
postoperative dental pain.
It has also been studied, and utilized, for the treatment of the following conditions:
Hypertension, congestive heart failure, and other cardiovascular disorders
Eczema, psoriasis, and other dermatologic conditions
Various allergic and immunologic diseases
Gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer disease, and hypermotility syndromes
Mental and mood disorders
Numerous musculoskeletal disorders
Migraine, tinnitus, and chronic pain syndromes
Recovery from cerebrovascular accidents
Obesity and weight loss
Menopausal syndromes and infertility
Substance abuse and alcoholism
Renal colic and nocturnal enuresis
Post-traumatic burns and injuries
HR 818 House bill for Medicare to pay for Acupuncture
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Judaism: Humankind and the Animal Kingdom
Rabbi Berel WeinRabbi Berel Wein is a noted scholar, historian, speaker and educator, admired...
There are many moral lessons that are derived from the story of creation as related to us in this parsha and also in next week’s parsha of Noach. One of the insights that I find most relevant and instructive has to do with the relationship of humankind to the animal kingdom and the rest of the natural world.
According to Jewish tradition Adam and Chava and their immediate descendants were herbivorous, subsisting on the fruit, plants and the bounty of the earth. According to rabbinic tradition the animal kingdom imitated the human species and also refrained from killing other creatures to satisfy their own daily need for food. The lion ate as did the elephant, the leopard as did the giraffe. In short, the animal kingdom followed the lead of the human species.
It was only after the Great Flood and the new lower level of human existence that the Lord allowed humankind – Noach and his descendants – to become flesh eaters and to kill animals for human purposes and gain. The rabbis again taught us that this change in human behavior precipitated a change in animal behavior as well. Now deadly predators and killers stalked other creatures in the animal world.
Judaism sees humans as the primary creature in the process of creation. It is human behavior that influences animal behavior. Those who deny a Divine Creator have it the other way round - it is animal behavior that influences human behavior and civilization. To them, humans are not exceptional and unique creatures. A humans is just a more dangerous lion or leopard or crocodile.
The prophet Yeshayahu, in his majestic and soaring description of the utopian era – the end of days – states that the lion will lie down with the lamb and that war between nations will no longer be possible.
Maimonides chooses to view this prophesy in an allegorical sense rather than in a literal sense. He interprets it as stating that large and powerful nations will no longer impose their will and wring unfair concessions from poorer and weaker countries.
This is in line with his statement that nature will not change in any given way even when the messianic era of the end of days arrives. However there are many great scholars and commentators who reject this idea of a rather bland messianic era as foretold by Maimonides. Instead, they state categorically that nature will change and that predators such as the lion and the bear will now revert back to their original state at the time of creation and become wholly herbivorous.
Again that seems to presuppose that humans, when giving up war and violence in the messianic era will no longer eat the flesh of animals, and herbivorous humans will influence the animal world to do the same. There remains the problem of what to do then with animal sacrifices in the Jerusalem Temple.
Answers are advanced but as is easily understood, the topic is esoteric and no one really knows what that world of the messiah will look like. But it is clear that Judaism preaches that the animal kingdom follows the behavior of the human race and certainly not vice versa.
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Essential Passage 1: Scene 1
TOM: I am the narrator of the play, and also a character in it. The other characters are my mother, Amanda, my sister, Laura, and a gentleman caller who appears in the final scenes. He is the most realistic character in the play, being an emissary from a world of reality that we were somehow set apart from. But since I have a poet’s weakness for symbols, I am using this character also as a symbol; he is the long delayed but always expected something that we live for.
In the opening scene, Tom Wingfield, a twenty-four-year-old worker in a shoe warehouse in St. Louis, Missouri, introduces himself as the play's narrator and one of its main characters. He announces from the beginning that the play will be a depiction of illusion, of dreams that never come true. It takes place in the 1930s, during the Great Depression, when everyone believes that dreams may still come true despite the harsh reality around them. Tom hints at the conflicts in Europe that will soon develop into World War II. In America, there is civil unrest, most notably in the form of labor strikes. Tom also takes the time to portray himself as a poet, one who thinks in symbols.
Essential Passage 2: Scene 4
AMANDA: But, why—why, Tom—are you always so restless? Where do you go to, nights?
TOM: I—go to the movies.
AMANDA: Why do you go to the movies so much, Tom?
TOM: I go to the movies because—I like adventure. Adventure is something I don’t have much of at work, so I go to the movies.
AMANDA: But, Tom, you go to the movies entirely too much!
TOM: I like a lot of adventure.
It is the morning after yet another argument between Tom and Amanda. Tom has called his mother an ugly, babbling old witch. Amanda, having vowed not to talk to Tom until he apologizes, ignores her son, speaking through Laura. She sends Laura to the market, giving Tom a chance to apologize, which she is sure he will do. He in fact does, though reluctantly. Amanda wants this opportunity to talk to Tom about Laura and her future. Because Laura is excessively shy and unable to complete business school, Amanda pins her hope on finding Laura a “gentleman caller” who will prove to be a prospective husband. She approaches the topic by telling...
(The entire section is 1035 words.)
Essential Passage 1: Scene 1
TOM: Yes, I have tricks in my pocket, I have things up my sleeve. But I am the opposite of a stage magician. He gives you illusion that has the appearance of truth. I give you truth in the pleasant disguise of illusion. To begin with, I turn back time. I reverse it to that quaint period, the thirties, when the huge middle class of America was matriculating in a school for the blind. Their eyes had failed them, or they had failed their eyes, and so they were having their fingers pressed forcibly down on the fiery Braille alphabet of a dissolving economy.
Tom explains that his purpose as the play's narrator is not to present an illusion that has the appearance of the truth, but to give truth in the guise of an illusion. Tom says that the play takes place in the 1930s (“a quaint period”) in Saint Louis, Missouri, in the midst of the Great Depression. It is a time when the happy illusions of the “Roaring Twenties” have been striped away by a U.S. economic disaster that has spread worldwide. In Europe, the people are revolting, instigating a violent change that will result in the fascist governments of Hitler and Mussolini. In America, labor unions go on strike and have physical confrontations in what were once peaceable cities. In these unsettled times, the play opens on Tom Wingfield's unsettled family.
Essential Passage 2: Scene 2
AMANDA: Laura, where have you been going when you’ve gone out pretending that you were going to business college?
LAURA: I’ve just been going out walking.
AMANDA: That’s not true.
LAURA: It is. I just went walking.
AMANDA: Walking? Walking? In winter? Deliberately courting pneumonia in that light coat? Where did you walk to, Laura?
LAURA: All sorts of places—mostly in the park.
AMANDA: Even after you’d started catching that cold?
LAURA: It was the lesser of two evils, Mother. I couldn’t go back up. I—threw up—on the floor!
AMANDA: From half past seven till after five every day you mean to tell me you walked around in the park, because you wanted to make me think that you were still going to Rubicam’s Business College?
LAURA: It wasn’t as bad as it sounds. I went inside places to get warmed up.
AMANDA: Inside where?
LAURA: I went in the art museum and the bird-houses at the Zoo. I visited the penguins every day! Sometimes I did without lunch and went to the movies. Lately I’ve been spending most of my afternoons in the Jewel-box, that big glass house where they raise the tropical flowers.
AMANDA: You did all this to deceive me, just for deception? [Laura looks down] Why?
LAURA: Mother, when you’re disappointed, you get that awful suffering look in your face, like the picture of Jesus’ mother in the museum!
Amanda returns home, clearly upset. She did not have the courage to go to her DAR meeting as she had originally planned, so Amanda dropped by Rubicam Business College, where Laura is ostensibly...
(The entire section is 1368 words.)
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Latimer: Eating becomes disordered when imposing food limits
These days pretty much everyone has a friend or family member who seems to be pre-occupied with healthy eating.
There are eating trends to match pretty much any taste—clean eating, raw food, paleo, low carb, slow carb, non-GMO, organic, to name only a very few.
When a close friend or family member is on a real healthy eating kick, it can do more than make it tricky to pick a good restaurant—the topic can dominate conversations and focus to the point of becoming a downright pain for anyone not also enjoying the trend.
I don’t want to discuss the merits of any particular diet or the dangers of any one kind of food today.
I certainly don’t want to discourage people from taking an interest in their health and doing their best to eat well as part of a healthy lifestyle.
My intention in this column is to talk about when a desire to be healthy crosses from being a worthy objective into being an unhealthy obsession.
Orthorexia is a term coined to label a proposed eating disorder characterized by an extreme preoccupation with avoiding foods perceived to be unhealthy.
The word means correct diet and implies a disorder that parallels other eating disorders.
Rather than focusing on quantity of food eaten and a desire to be thinner (as in anorexia), individuals with orthorexia focus on eating only food they believe to be right or pure.
Although this is not a labeled eating disorder within the DSM, it is a term coined in 1997 to describe a distorted way of thinking about food that is becoming more common with the spread of individual diet fads through books, television programs and of course online.
In the last decade alone, the number of people who claim to be avoiding whole food groups as part of a new eating system or ‘cleanse’ has noticeably increased.
Of course, not everyone who is limiting their sugar intake or cutting out dairy is dealing with a serious eating disorder.
The eating becomes disordered when the person persists in severe limitation even as their health deteriorates.
In some cases, people are so focused on avoiding foods they believe to be dangerous or unhealthy, they don’t eat enough appropriate food and become malnourished and extremely underweight just as in other eating disorders.
The difference is in motivation—those exhibiting orthorexic behaviour are not doing so to lose weight, but to be healthy, natural or pure. Unfortunately, the results can be just as devastating regardless of motivation.
To date, there has not been very much research into the causes or treatment of orthorexia.
I would be very interested to see more work done in this area particularly because of the popularity of healthy eating trends.
I imagine it has similarities to all eating disorders with links to obsessive compulsive tendencies and anxiety.
Some of the mainstay eating disorder treatment options may be effective for individuals dealing with orthorexia.
Paul Latimer is a psychiatrist and president of Okanagan Clinical Trials.
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Comfrey is one of our most popular medicinal herbs
. Common Comfrey is also referred to as ‘Knitbone’ as it is the plant's high concentrations of Allantoin that helps reduce inflammation of sprains and broken bones. When mashed and heated into a poultice or applied as a salve, Comfrey can also make a wonderfully mild astringent great for ulcers and sores. The plant's natural Allantoin levels also make it a great herb for after sun care. Just steep fresh comfrey into a tea for external use, by straining the leaves and letting it cool. You can then soak the sunburned areas in the cooled tea to help reduce pain and discomfort, and promote healthy skin regeneration.
This vigorous self-seeder originated in Europe and temperate parts of Asia. Comfrey has dark green, long and oval shaped leaves that grow on upright branches on top of the plant. Soft, bell-shaped flowers in yellow or purple bloom from May until September. Comfrey enjoys a wet, shady area and will do well in most soil types. Though it makes a beautiful addition to the garden, it can sometimes be bothersome to get rid of, as new shoots grow easily from pieces of severed roots.
More recently, Comfrey has been the subject of a hot new composting trend. Because the plant yields large amounts of leaves, breaks down quickly and contains natural compost activators, you can create a compost tea from comfrey for fertilizing your plants. To learn how to make your own comfrey compost tea and how it benefits your garden, read our blog, Comfrey: Your Compost Companion
** Please note: Comfrey should not be taken internally as, even in small doses over time, it can be harmful.
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Overview - Missoula Ice Age Flood hikeOn the Trail of Ice Age Floods", author Bruce Bjonstad has weaved together a great look at the area affected by the flood and how it changed the landscape of eastern
washington forever (or until the next glacial age flood). Carried on ice that came from Montana were different sizes of granite boulders which were
dropped on the landscape of the Mid-Columbia (eastern washington area) when
the ice carrying these boulders, called "erratics" melted and lost the payload it was carrying. One of these erratics is in an unbelievable location high on a plateau overlooking the Columbia River near Wallula Gap.
I won't try and give you the geologic history as so masterfully put together by author Bjornstad and also a second book titled "Glacial Lake Missoula and its Humongous Floods" by David Alt but perhaps this might whet your appetite for learning more about this amazing event. Nova/PBS put together an hour long documentary on these floods as well and perhaps you might have seen the show. Also check out Wikipedia's info on this. One more resource: HERE
Back to the overview of this hike. The hike begins in the area east of Finley Washington and allows you to get in some exercise and visit one of the ten geologic geocaches that Bruce Bjornstad had scattered around the
Mid Columbia area. This hike will take you to just one of the geocaches
but you'll traverse an area that few people really get to visit.
From this source, the following:
"More than 12,000 years ago the largest and most powerful scientifically documented freshwater flood to occur on earth happened in the Pacific Northwest. During the last ice age, ice sheets, at times reaching over 10,000 feet in thickness, covered much of Canada. A small lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet called the Purcell Trench lobe advanced southward blocking the river in the Clark Fork Valley in northern Idaho and Montana with a 2,000 foot high and 30 miles wide ice dam. A glacial lake was created that covered much of present-day western Montana under approximately 2,000 feet of water in a 200-mile-long lake roughly the size of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario combined.
Eventually, 400-520 cubic miles of water burrowed into the ice dam, shattering it. The water roared out of the lake, swept across northern Idaho into eastern Washington, then rushed southwest across the Columbia Plateau, and split at a cliff--part of the flood traveled east up the Snake River but the main thrust traveled down the Snake and Columbia Rivers. The floodwaters, moving up to 60 miles per hour, stripped away the soil, scoured out hundred of miles of deep canyons called coulees (Grand Coulee being the largest), created the 3 ½ mile wide, 400-feet-high Dry Falls, the largest waterfall to ever exist, and the 198 feet Palouse Falls, and left 300 foot high gravel bars and huge granite boulders called glacial erratics. The muddy torrent carried water, chunks of ice, trees, gravel, soil, and boulders--some the size of small houses. The first floods carried more debris than the succeeding floods."
Another Ice Age Link
Getting ThereFrom Seattle, Spokane or other points on the map, find your way to Kennewick Washington, and take the Columbia Drive exit ramp on the south side of the Blue Bridge (that spans the Columbia River) and head east.
Stay on Columbia Drive until you intersect with highway 397 (comes off of
the Cable Bridge) and turn south onto this road (also known as Chemical Drive)
Follow this road as it heads towards Finley and then through it (not much to see)> When the road takes a jog south, it becomes Piert road and then turns
into Meals-Yellepit road
Stay on Meals-Yellepit road as it heads out into the country and follow it until you come to this dirt road and turn left
Drive a short distance down this dirt road (Southeast) and watch for a parking area on the right. A hikers gate is located at the far end of this small parking area.
I haven't given you mileage as it is a bit confusing and depends on where you actually start in Kennewick. From the Columbia Drive exit off of the highway, plan on somewhere between 9 and 11 miles. The topozone maps
will give you a good idea if you will take the time to study them.
Route DescriptionFrom the parking area, strike out towards the south on an obvious path that will tie into a ranch road. Be sure to leave the ranch gates as you find them as you encounter them on your hike. Permission to hike on this land is
being granted courtesy of the ranchers who own it and will continue to be available as long as people respect the land and the owners rights.
The goal here is two fold. To find your way to the "erratic" and then on to
Wallula Gap point where the Bjornstad geologic geocache is hidden.
Walk to this junction and take the left fork
Your first major goal is just to the southeast on the 1100 foot plateau. Leave the road and work your way up the slopes to where the "erratic" is
sitting and enjoy the moment. Across the river are the "Twin Sisters",
another geologic wonder.
Topo Two (erratic)
After pondering how this big chunk on granite was deposited here (think glacial ice), start cross country towards where the Bjornstad geocache is
hidden and the Wallula Benchmark.
Topo Three (benchmark)
The geocache is hidden not far from the benchmark but it is hidden and will take some looking on your part to find it. Once you do find it, read the info inside, sign the logbook and carefully put it back so it'll be
safe for the next geocache seeker.
You can make your way back the way you came or take the roads which offer little resistance and perhaps a bit faster travel.
Actual distance I hiked: 8 1/4 miles Elevation gain: 1800 feet.
An interesting number considering that the highest point of elevation
maxes out at 1140 feet. Plan on several hours to enjoy this hike.
Red TapeThe entire hike is on private ranch land and the ranchers have allowed hikers
to visit the area and so please observe the open and close gate courtesy and leave no trash behind you. Pick up any that you find and this land should
continue to be open to hikers.
CampingYou could camp right at the trailhead if you are self contained. Bring
ear plugs however as the coyotes put up a beautiful seranade (all night)
Often you will be sharing the area with horse riders and they often will
camp in the same area but across the road from the parking area.
Columbia Park Campground
Motels aplenty in the tri city area.
Essential GearThe usual common sense articles of clothing, you are in a desert environment. Rattlesnakes are found in this area so keep a sharp eye out during warmer weather and long pants and even gaiters might be a wise choice. Carry
plenty of water and take a camera as in the spring there often is a myriad
of wildflowers to be enjoyed.
From the geocache infoFrom Bjornstad's geocache you will find the following information:
"Wallula Gap, a natural water gap of the Columbia River, is one of the most significant and spectacular features created by the great Ice-Age floods. The National Park Service recognized this in 1980 by designating Wallula Gap a National Natural Landmark. Only one other flood feature in the Mid-Columbia Basin, Drumheller Channels, shares this distinction.
The story of Wallula Gap begins back in the Miocene Epoch, about 17 million years ago. At that time, lava flows of basalt ran out of giant fissures in the Earth’s crust east of here, near the Idaho-Oregon-Washington border. During basalt volcanism, the southern and western portions of the Columbia Plateau, including Wallula Gap, began to warp and fold under stresses deep in the Earth’s crust. The bending of the ancient lava flows is clearly visible in the folded layers of basalt exposed in the steep walls of the gap.
Early in the history of folding, the ridgecrest here was slightly lower than elsewhere along the ridge. This caused first the ancient Salmon-Clearwater River (precursor to the Snake River), and then the Columbia River to flow across the ridge over this low point. As the ridge continued to bend upward, river erosion kept pace, and a water gap developed. Until about 10 million years ago only the ancestral Salmon-Clearwater River flowed through Wallula Gap. It wasn’t until about 6 million years ago that the Columbia River joined in, where it has continued to flow ever since. Somewhere between 2 and 3 million years ago, the ancestral Salmon-Clearwater River captured the Snake River in the vicinity of Hell’s Canyon, along the Idaho-Oregon border; this added significantly to the amount of water draining through the gap.
Ice-Age floods, which began as early as 1 to 2 million years ago, took the path of least resistance. Since an opening across the Horse Heaven Hills already existed here, the floods naturally drained through Wallula Gap. No other place along the ridge was low enough to allow floodwaters to pass, so all the water was forced through this narrow opening, becoming a huge bottleneck. Floodwaters from Glacial Lake Missoula spread out over an area almost 100 miles wide across the Channeled Scabland, so its not difficult to understand why they backed up when suddenly forced to pass through an opening as small as two miles wide.
Geologists have calculated that during the Ice-Age floods, almost twice as much water entered the Gap than could pass through. The name for the body of water that backed up is Lake Lewis, a temporary lake that only lasted a week or less; the amount of time it took for all the water to drain through the gap. The water behind Wallula Gap also partially submerged a set of ridges that extend southeastward from Rattlesnake Mountain, forming the Lake Lewis Isles near the Tri Cities.
Ice-rafted erratics also are found to this elevation in the Pasco Basin, affirming the highest levels of Lake Lewis. (A number of light-colored, erratic boulders are visible along the route to the geocache). During the largest Ice-Age floods, water levels in Wallula Gap were almost 1000 feet deep! Downstream, the Columbia Gorge, also a narrow passage, caused floodwaters to back up, temporarily, to about 1100 feet below Wallula Gap. Floodwaters that backed up below Wallula Gap are referred to as Lake Condon.
The geocache is located at west side of Wallula Gap, at an incredible 850-ft drop off into the Columbia River below. Even at this height the largest Ice-Age floods still rose another 80 ft above the cache site.
To experience more incredible features left behind by the Ice-Age floods try finding these other geocaches placed by geologist Bruce Bjornstad:
Upper Goose Lake
Frenchman Coulee Rib
Rattlesnake Slope Erratics
Saddle Mountains Overlook (Earthcache)
West Bar Overlook
Lake Sacajawea Flood Bar
See this link for the above information complete with links and pics
Erratics in the tri-city areaBadger Mountain has been a place where I've spent many many hours hiking
for conditioning and enjoyment. On the side of Badger Mountain there are
many erratics, one deposited as high as 1125 feet. In an area where the
rock is volcanic in origin, it is a surprise to find these granite interlopers who came all the way from Montana to drop in on the area.
From another source (click here)comes this fascinating history:
"ScienceDaily (Nov. 4, 2003) — Seattle -- Geologists have uncovered a scene in the Pasco Basin west of the Columbia River in Washington state that shows how boulders piggybacked icebergs from what is now Montana and came to rest at elevations as high as 1,200 feet. Although glacial deposits of rocks and boulders are common, especially in the upper Midwest, "There probably isn't anyplace else in the world where there are so many rocks that rafted in on icebergs," said Bruce Bjornstad, a geologist at the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Wash.
Bjornstad presented his team's results at the Geological Society of America Annual Meeting in Seattle today.
The rocks were left after ice dams holding back a huge lake near Missoula, Mont., broke, re-formed and broke again from 1 million to 2 million years ago to as recently as 13,000 years ago. The floodwaters backed up at the downstream end of the Pasco Basin behind Wallula Gap, a narrow ridge opening through which the Columbia River flows today. The lake lapped the gentle slope of Rattlesnake Mountain, northwest of the gap and part of the Hanford Reach National Monument in south-central Washington Rattlesnake Mountain was the highest peak protruding from the 800-foot-deep temporary body of water, dubbed Lake Lewis. The rocks and boulders, so-called erratics, grounded as the waters of Lake Lewis receded after a few days like a slowly draining bathtub. Bjornstad led a team that surveyed and analyzed the mostly-granite-strewn debris fields over 15 square miles of Rattlesnake Mountain. He said that the ice-rafted debris left deposits of three types: widely scattered rocks and boulders, distinct clusters and "bergmounds" – low, cone-shaped clumps of erratics that, like a moraine left by glaciers, alter the topography. Bjornstad's group discovered rafted rocks as long as 14 feet.
The erratics were concentrated along northeast-running gullies. Bjornstad suggests that the speed of the flowing water varied as it crossed an uneven surface, and that may have created eddies that forced an ice jam in the deeper, quieter waters at the back of these gullies. The erratics and bergmounds decreased as the surveyors worked up the mountainside. Bjornstad attributed the lower number to smaller successive floods."
Refer to the full article for more information but to me this stuff is
The Seattle PI paper had this article on the Glacial Floods:
Perhaps the biggest erratic found so far is this 100 ton boulder on the southwest side of Kennewick in Badger Canyon.
Local hiking group linkPlease take a moment and click on this LINK. It'll bring up the InterMountain
Alpine Clubs picture story of a hike to Wallula Gap.
Also included in the above article is a nice map of their hike.
Check it out HERE (MAP).
I'm not through yetI'll be adding more information to this page in the near future. If any of you reading this have done this hike, please add comments and pictures, it'll be appreciated.
GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF THE WALLULA GAP (please read for more appreciation of this area)
I'll be adding more information to this page in the near future. If any of you reading this have done this hike, please add comments and pictures, it'll be appreciated.
Related to Wallula Gap's history - Palouse Falls
"The floodwaters, moving up to 60 miles per hour, stripped away the soil, scoured out hundred of miles of deep canyons called coulees (Grand Coulee being the largest), created the 3 ½ mile wide, 400-feet-high Dry Falls, the largest waterfall to ever exist, and the 198 feet Palouse Falls, and left 300 foot high gravel bars and huge granite boulders called glacial erratics."
Source for above(read all of it)
Nearby Badger Mountain balsamrootMy favorite desert flora of the region are the Balsamroot and the Lupines.
Here is a shot of Balsamroot taken on Badger Mtn.
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Description Islamic religious buildings traditionally were lit with glass lamps, generally called mosque lamps, that hung from chains. In 16th-century Turkey, it was common to make mosque lamps from glazed ceramic and to pair them with round or oval ornaments. Such ceramic pieces were of little use as lighting fixtures. They may have functioned, however, as acoustic devices, hung in groups to soften the echo of voices in the prayer hall. Mosque lamps were also symbols of divine light, and, therefore, of God's presence in the place of prayer, while the ornamental spheres symbolized the orb of heaven. This beautiful Iznik Rhodianware ceramic lamp is adorned with the names of God and the Prophet- Allah and Muhammad- followed by those of the first four leaders of the Islamic caliphate, or government: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali. The inscribed names, written in a large Arabic script called thuluth, confirm that the lamp was intended for symbolic as well as aesthetic purposes.
- Calligraphy in the Arts of the Muslim World. Asia House Gallery, New York; Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati; Seattle Art Museum, Seattle; Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis. 1979.
- The Here and the Hereafter: Images of Paradise in Islamic Art. Asia Society, New York; Bowdoin College Museum of Art, Brunswick; Hood Museum of Art, Hanover; University Art Gallery, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley; Springfield Museums, Springfield. 1991.
- Paradise Imagined: Images of the Garden in the Islamic and Christian World. The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore. 2012.
Provenance Dikran Kelekian, New York and Paris, by purchase; Henry Walters, Baltimore, before 1909, by purchase; Walters Art Museum, 1931, by bequest.
Inscriptions [Inscription] Names of God, Muhammad, Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali
Credit Acquired by Henry Walters, before 1909
Download Image Add to Collection Share on Twitter Share on Facebook Creative Commons License
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| 0.928376 | 424 | 3.65625 | 4 |
█ BRIAN HOYLE
Sequencing refers to the techniques used to determine the order of the constituent bases (i.e., adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or protein. Protein sequencing determines the order of the constituent amino acids. Sequencing is increasingly important in forensic science and in the rapid and positive identification of potential pathogens that can be exploited by bioterrorists.
DNA is typically sequenced for several reasons: to determine the sequence of the protein encoded by the DNA, the location of sites at which restriction enzymes can cut the DNA, the location of DNA sequence elements that regulate the production of messenger RNA, or alterations in the DNA.
The sequencing of DNA is accomplished by stopping the lengthening of a DNA chain at a known base and at a known location in the DNA. Practically, this can be done in two ways. In the first method, called the Sanger-Coulson procedure, a small amount of a specific so-called dideoxynucleoside base is incorporated in along with a mixture of the other four normal bases. This base is slightly different from the normal base and is radioactively labeled. The radioactive base becomes incorporated into the growing DNA chain instead of the normal base, growth of the DNA stops. This stoppage is done four times, each time using one of the four different dideoxynucleosides. This generates four collections of DNA molecule. Also, because replication of the DNA always begins at the same point, and because the amount of altered base added is low, for each reaction many DNA pieces of different length will be generated. When the sample is used for gel electrophoresis, the different sized pieces can be resolved as radioactive bands in the gel. Then, with the location of the bases known, the sequence of the DNA can be deduced. The second DNA sequencing technique is known as the Maxam-Gilbert technique, after its co-discoverers. In this technique, both strands of double-stranded DNA are radioactively labeled using radioactive phosphorus. Upon heating, the DNA strands separate and can be physically distinguished from each other, as one strand is heavier than the other. Both strands are then cut up using specific enzymes, and the different sized fragments of DNA are separated by gel electrophoresis. Based on the pattern of fragments the DNA sequence is determined.
The Sanger-Coulsom is the more popular method. Various modifications have been developed and it has been automated for very large-scale sequencing. During the sequencing of the human genome, a sequencing method called shotgun sequencing was very successfully employed. Shotgun sequencing refers to a method that uses enzymes to cut DNA into hundreds or thousands of random bits. So many fragments are necessary since automated sequencing machines can only decipher relatively short fragments of DNA about 500 bases long. The many sequences are then pieced back together using computers to generate the entire DNA genome sequence.
Protein sequencing involves determining the arrangement of the amino acid building blocks of the protein. It is common to sequence a protein by the DNA sequence encoding the protein. This, however, is only possible if a cloned gene is available. It still is often the case that chemical protein sequencing, as described subsequently, must be performed in order to manufacture an oligonucleotide probe that can then be used to locate the target gene. The most popular direct protein chemical sequencing technique in use today is the Edman degradation procedure. This is a series of chemical reactions, that remove one amino acid at a time from a certain end of the protein (the amino terminus). Each amino acid that is released has been chemically modified in the release reaction, allowing the released product to be detected using a technique called reverse phase chromatography. The identity of the released amino acids is sequentially determined, producing the amino acid sequence of the protein.
Another protein sequencing technique is called fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, or FAB-MS. This is a powerful technique in which the sample is bombarded with a stream of fast atoms, such as argon. The protein becomes charged and fragmented in a sequence-specific manner. The fragments can be detected and their identify determined. The expense and relative scarcity of the necessary equipment can be a limitation to the technique.
Still another protein sequencing strategy is the digestion of the protein with specialized protein-degrading enzymes called proteases. The shorter fragments that are generated, called peptides, can then be sequenced. The problem then is to order the peptides. This is done by the use of two proteases that cut the protein at different points, generating overlapping peptides. The peptides are separated and sequenced, and the patterns of overlap and the resulting protein sequence can be deduced.
█ FURTHER READING:
Cirincione, Joseph, Jon B. Wolfsthal, Miriam Rajkuman, Jessica T. Mathews. Deadly Arsenals: Tracking Weapons of Mass Destruction. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2002.
Balding D. J. "The DNA Database Search Controversy." Biometrics 2002 Mar; 58 (1): 241–4.
Henderson J. P. "The Use of DNA Statistics in Criminal
Trials." Forensic Sci Int. 2002 Aug 28; 128 (3): 183–6.
Mullis, K. B. and F. A. Faloona."Specific Synthesis of DNA in vitro via a Polymerase catalysed Chain Reaction." Methods in Enzymology no. 155 (1987): 335–50.
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| 0.939695 | 1,155 | 4.15625 | 4 |
COVER STORY- Undaunted mystery: New push for answers 200 years after death of Meriwether Lewis
Buried alone in a small park located 75 miles southwest of Nashville is the body of Meriwether Lewis, a Charlottesville-area native and leader of the fabled Lewis and Clark expedition. His remains could answer a question that has vexed scientists and historians and has been considered one of the greatest unsolved mysteries in American history: How did he die?
"It's the ultimate cold case," says Howell Bowen, Lewis' great-great-great-great nephew who lives in Albemarle County.
Bowen and other Lewis descendants have taken up the case, and after being denied the opportunity to exhume the explorer's body for more than a decade by the National Park Service, a new push may be a breakthrough in the search for answers 200 years in the making.
A Hero's Return
Following a nearly two-and-a-half year expedition that became their claim to fame, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark returned to St. Louis, Missouri in September 1806 heralded as national heroes.
"It was a series of celebrations that took until just about Christmas," says Daniel Thorp, an associate professor at Virginia Tech who has studied the expedition for the past two decades. "Every town they stopped in had a banquet for them."
The expedition received top billing in newspapers– and not just in the new republic. "It got around the world," says Thorp.
For Lewis and Clark and their Corps of Discovery, the trip had been a rousing success. Exploring approximately 8,000 miles through the newly purchased Louisiana Territory and on to the Pacific coast, the 33-member party brought back a stockpile of information about the terrain, wildlife, and native tribes located along the western frontier, sustaining only one casualty (most likely due to appendicitis) on the entire trip.
"It really helped precipitate expansion into the Missouri Valley region," Thorp says.
Lewis and Clark reported to Thomas Jefferson, whom Lewis once served as personal secretary, and when the expedition was complete, President Jefferson appointed Lewis governor of the Upper Louisiana Territory– a position which would send him back to St. Louis.
Two hundred years after their journey, Lewis and Clark were a rousing success once again, their fame buoyed by Undaunted Courage, the 1996 biography by Stephen Ambrose. Yet Lewis entered the governorship in 1807 with many pressing problems.
The large geographical area– 828,800 square miles– was full of feuds between rival parties and factions. The area was also rocked in the wake of treason allegations levied against Aaron Burr, in a possible plot to invade Spanish territory including Mexico, which at the time held two-thirds of the world's silver resources.
"He was hailed as a conquering hero," says Thorp. "Now he was being asked to be a bureaucrat."
Lewis even had trouble with his Lieutenant Governor, Frederick Bates, who frequently spoke out against him during his time in office. In addition, Lewis was pressed to condense his expedition journals so that they would be ready to print.
"These were massive journals," explains Thorp. "There was no way for all of that to be published."
Adding to the swirl of problems is speculation that Lewis may have had an addiction to alcohol or medicines, and he had trouble forming romantic relationships.
"He never had a happy relationship with a women," says Thorp. "Clark had gotten married a few years before, and Lewis professed being very jealous."
Despite his difficulties, Lewis was able to find some successes during his time in office. He founded a Masonic lodge as well as the area's first newspaper; and he had the territory laws printed in both English and French, at his own expense. The largest difficulties for Lewis were financial.
His money woes culminated around the middle of 1809 when nearly $2,500 he was expecting in reimbursements from the federal government were denied (a large amount considering his annual wage was $2,000). One denial cost Lewis $940 for the transportation of a Mandan Indian chief to his homeland, which had been promised by the federal government under Jefferson, and another rejected request cost Lewis $1,517.95, money he had spent to print 350 copies of the territory's laws.
It was at this point that Lewis decided to travel to Washington in order to secure payment in person. With plans to return that December, Lewis left St. Louis by boat on September 4, 1809.
Accompanied by his servant John Pernier and his dog Seaman, Lewis traveled down the Mississippi River, stopping in what is now New Madrid, Missouri to recover from fever brought on by what might have been malaria. While in New Madrid, Lewis wrote a will leaving everything to his mother, which was signed, dated, and witnessed September 11. Returning onward, with New Orleans as his next intended transfer point, Lewis stopped instead at Fort Pickering, located at what is now Memphis, on September 15.
Lewis, the commander would later say, arrived in a "state of derangement." The following day, he penned a letter assuring President Madison that his health was on the mend and that he was switching to an overland course to Washington to avoid any encounters with the British. The letter, although just seven sentences long, contains over a dozen amendments and strike-throughs, enough changes to lend support to theories that his mind still needed plenty of healing.
Lewis stayed at the fort for just under two weeks, and when he resumed his voyage, he indeed changed course to an Indian trail and then to a buffalo track turned thoroughfare spanning the nearly 500 miles from the Mississippi town of Natchez to Nashville, the Natchez Trace.
After crossing the Tennessee River on the Trace, Lewis and his party took up lodging at Grinder's Stand, a small inn located near what is now known as Hohenwald, Tennessee, on the evening of October 10, 1809.
The following morning Meriwether Lewis would be found dead at the age of 35. The events of that night left many unanswered questions, even to this day.
What happened at Grinder's Stand?
While many people immediately believed it was suicide, the confusion stemming from the events of that night comes as a result of no eyewitnesses of the incident and only few partial witnesses: Priscilla Grinder, proprietor of the inn, her servants, and John Pernier, Lewis' free black servant.
James Neelly, agent to the Chickasaw Nation, was supposed to be traveling from Fort Pickering with Lewis, but Neelly had sent Lewis, Pernier, and another servant ahead while searching for two of their horses that had strayed. It was Neelly who first reported the death in a letter to Thomas Jefferson dated October 18.
"It is with extreme pain that I have to inform you of the death of His Excellency Meriwether Lewis, Governor of upper Louisiana who died on the morning of the 11th Instant and I am sorry to say by suicide," Neelly wrote.
Captain Gilbert Russell, commander of Fort Pickering, allegedly summarized Lewis' death in gruesome detail in an unsigned statement dated two years later, 26 November 1811. According to this statement, Lewis first shot himself in the head, and when that bullet did not penetrate his skull, he shot another bullet through his body, with the bullet coming "down low through his back bone."
Lewis, still alive after the two gunshots, then allegedly proceeded to request water from the terrified Mrs. Grinder, who lay in silence in her own bedroom. Lewis would then allegedly find his razors, and a servant of the Inn would find him "busily engaged in cutting himself from head to foot." Lewis allegedly declared that he had killed himself "to deprive his enemies of the pleasure and honor of doing it."
Upon hearing the news, William Clark, Lewis' partner on the expedition, seemed convinced that his good friend's death was a suicide, writing in a letter to his brother, "I fear the waight of his mind has over come him, what will be the consequence?"
Thomas Jefferson, who assigned Lewis on the expedition and lived with him in the White House for a year, also contended that Lewis "did the deed."
A journal entry from Lewis on his 31st birthday– four years earlier when he was still on the expedition– is commonly cited by suicide believers.
"I reflected that I had yet done but little, very little indeed, to further the happiness of the human, or to advance the information of the succeeding generation," Lewis wrote. "I viewed with regret the many hours I have spent in indolence, and now soarly feel the want of that information which those hours would have given me had they been judiciously expended."
More disturbing are reports of Lewis' condition upon arriving at Fort Pickering. Under close watch of his boat's crew after two alleged suicide attempts while on the trip, one that came very close to succeeding, Russell's statement hints that Lewis' "state of derangement" stemmed from excessive drinking.
Recovering his senses in about six days, Lewis waited another six to eight days, expecting Russell to travel with him to Washington– which did not happen after Russell's request for leave was denied– before leaving instead with Neelly.
Despite what the innkeeper and her servants allegedly said, other evidence has raised the possibility of murder. Most noteworthy was the exhumation of Lewis' body that occurred in 1848, as government officials, in the creation of a monument for him, looked to determine whether or not the body at Grinder's Stand belonged to Lewis.
The Lewis Monument Committee, which examined the remains, wrote that they believed Lewis had died "by the hands of an assassin." Unfortunately for researchers today, no explanation was given for that conclusion.
Also weighing in the discussion is the weapon used. According to contemporary accounts, Lewis carried a pair of .69-caliber 1799 North and Cheney pistols, making them an incredibly powerful weapon and one unlikely to fail to kill at close range.
"A .69-caliber is the cannon of handguns," says James E. Starrs, a forensic expert appointed by the family. "You gotta be kidding me that someone would survive that long from that type of shooting," says Starrs. "It would literally take the head off."
For Kira Gale, who has researched the expedition and co-authored with Starrs The Death of Meriwether Lewis: A Historic Crime Scene Investigation, a determination of suicide could be detrimental to Lewis' legacy. "It's a very bad message to send to children or to adults that somebody of his caliber and talent would commit suicide," says Gale.
In the new book, Gale proposes that General James Wilkinson, who preceded Lewis as governor of the Louisiana Territory but was removed for abuses of power, murdered Lewis, and that accounts of his death, including that by Fort Pickering's Russell, were forged by Wilkinson or his clerk in order to create the appearance of suicide. Wilkinson, who testified against Burr at his treason trial, was long suspected of being a paid informant to the Spanish. Indeed, this was finally proven after his death, when a historian named Charles Gayarré published Wilkinson's letters to Rodríguez Miró, the Spanish governor of Louisiana.
"I don't think he was depressed," says Gale. "I think he was murdered."
Some claim that the monument committee may have simply been attempting to protect Lewis reputation when it rejected the suicide theory. Starrs, however, says that he wouldn't mind learning that Lewis' death was in fact a suicide.
"If it's a homicide, the next question people ask is ‘Who did it?'" Starrs says. "That's not my job."
Starrs also noted that it wouldn't be completely unlikely for Lewis' suicide to be a result of illness or the drugs used to treat them. In 1994, an epidemiologist suggested that Lewis might have been in the last horrific stages of brain-destroying syphillis.
"We'll be able to find out from the bones," Starrs says.
For their part, the Lewis descendants, many of whom still reside around Charlottesville, have insisted that they don't have a stake in either theory of their ancestor's death. Many family members would like to give Lewis a Christian burial, with military honors, something denied the explorer after his untimely demise.
"We aren't looking for one outcome or another," says Bowen, who serves as vice president of the Locust Hill Graveyard Foundation, named for Lewis' childhood home which is located on what is now Owensville Road in Ivy. "We are neutral."
For Thomas McSwain Jr., Lewis' great-great-great-great nephew and president of the Locust Hill Graveyard Foundation, the gap in the historical record bothers him most.
"It should matter to everybody, the veracity of our historical record," says McSwain. "If he was murdered or assassinated, what else about our history do we not know?"
The combined struggle of family members and researchers to obtain a permit to exhume Lewis' body has lasted a decade, starting with a two-day coroner's inquest in 1996. The inquest, a government-assisted fact-finding mission with witnesses and jurors, recommended exhumation to obtain more evidence.
Starrs, the family's chief investigator, helped set the inquest in motion. The George Washington University professor is an established name in the world of forensics, and his previous exhumations include Wild West outlaw Jesse James as well as Albert DeSalvo, the alleged Boston Strangler. For Starrs, an exhumation of Lewis is a refreshing change of pace.
"It's awfully nice to deal with somebody who is a hero of his own making," says Starrs.
With worries of their application being denied, the family has gone on the offensive, finding a public relations firm and launching a website, solvethemystery.org, to promote their mission. Taking advantage of their new outreach capabilities, their story has been published nationwide.
Since that initial hearing in 1996, the family has seen itself close to landing the permit only to be denied. Part of that is due to the rules for National Park land.
Since Lewis' body rests in the Meriwether Lewis Park, administered by the National Park Service, the case for exhumation hinges on two environmental laws: the Archeological Resources Protection Act, better known as ARPA, and the National Environmental Policy Act, or NEPA.
While ARPA requires that approval be given prior to digging up any historical artifacts on national park land, NEPA requires an environmental assessment before an archeological dig, with time for public comment.
However, new opinions on the case, including one from Lyle Laverty, assistant Secretary of the Interior for fish and wildlife and parks, have given some hope to exhumation-minded family members. In a January 2008 letter, Laverty calls the proposed exhumation "appropriate and in the public interest." A follow-up by the acting director for the National Park Service confirmed Laverty's view.
This means the last major hurdle for the family and investigators is the environmental assessment, which will be completed by an Arizona-based firm called SWCA Environmental Consultants. Calls left with SWCA were not returned.
"Once it's completed, the results of the environmental assessment will determine the parameters for which the exhumation can take place," says Bill Reynolds, spokesman for the National Park Service's Southeast region.
David Vela, southeast regional director for the National Park Service, would then be responsible for making a final determination. Vela declined an interview request from the Hook.
The family, represented through the Locust Hill Graveyard Foundation, will be the ones paying for the assessment and any resulting exhumation. McSwain says the family looked primarily for pro-bono help to keep prices down. However, McSwain added that the family had spent $5,000 in the past six months, but should an exhumation be approved, the family could spend as much as $300,000 and seeks ways to raise funds to cover the costs.
Starrs is confident that the new support will bring positive results.
"The National Park Service will have a tough time rejecting us," says Starrs. "We have a clean slate to work with this time."
Answers buried below
Should the family receive final permission to exhume the body, it would set in motion a documentation process including taking down the stone monument over Lewis' grave. After working with construction crews to move the statue, researchers would methodically work their way down, taking notes and pictures from each step of the dig. Upon reaching the grave, the team would sift through the dirt looking for cultural artifacts such as coffin nails.
Following this rigorous digging process, it will be Hugh Berryman who will then analyze Lewis' body. The director of the Regional Forensic Center in Memphis and a professor at Middle Tennessee State University, Berryman was a part of a Smithsonian team that examined Kennewick Man, a 9,300-year-old specimen found in Washington state in 1996.
According to Berryman, a subject's bones can reveal height, age, sex, ancestry, and even medical background. "Bone is tremendous in recording its own history," says Berryman.
According to Starrs, any hairs found with the body might indicate potential drug use or illnesses as well. "Hair can tell us a lot about a person," Starrs says.
Besides the alleged head and torso injuries, other wounds on Lewis might be found, including a bullet Lewis took in the buttocks in a hunting accident returning from the expedition. Speculation has it that fellow party member, Private Cruzatte, blind in one eye and near-sighted in the other, mistook Lewis for an elk.
"He [Lewis] described it as the upper thigh in his journals," Thorp says. While the wound was not life threatening, Lewis had to spend several days on his stomach as his party canoed.
However, the most important physical evidence researchers hope to find are bullet wounds to the head and torso, as described in accounts of his death.
"I'd like to see those shots," says Berryman, whose research focuses on bone fractures including blunt, sharp, and most important for this case– gun– trauma. The distance that the gun was held from Lewis' body and the angle of bullet entry could quickly resolve the debate.
"If they're [entering] back to front, then that is not a suicide," Berryman stressed.
The exhumation itself would take about a day, with the full autopsy taking about a week.
"We have to consider the park as well," says Berryman. "We want to put it back as quickly as possible."
There are some concerns that Lewis's remains may not be preserved after 200 years.
"If ever we need to do this, we need to do this now, while there's a reasonable chance of this happening," says Lewis descendant McSwain. However, some factors give researchers reason for hope.
One factor is his resting spot. The grave's location on top of a hill in Meriwether Lewis Park has been helpful in keeping water away from the remains, along with the placement of a monument atop it.
"It's like putting a roof on this thing," says Berryman. Tests of the soil acidity have shown positive signs as well.
"The soil is very alkaline, so it will not do serious damage to the bones," says Starrs. The fact that Lewis' remains have been unearthed only once since his death also gives hope to Starrs about the quality of the evidence.
"There's no contamination," says Starrs. "The bones should be how they were."
For now, the family must wait for the results of the environmental assessment. A compounding issue is that since the family works primarily with college professors, the best time to work is during breaks, occurring most often in the summer.
"If you miss an opportunity to do it in the summer, you miss out on a whole year," says McSwain, adding that, at best, the earliest the exhumation would happen is summer 2010.
For the time being, the family will do its part to commemorate the bicentennial of Lewis' death, which falls on October 11. The family is preparing for ceremonies to dedicate new plaques for Lewis both at his Tennessee grave on October 7 and at the Albemarle courthouse September 19.
Despite his family's difficulties finding answers, McSwain remains optimistic about solving the mystery.
"We're trying to find the truth," says McSwain. "The only way for us to do that is to exhume his remains."
Fateful path: the final journey of Meriwether Lewis
Lewis left St. Louis on September 4, 1809, with plans to return that December. He stopped at Grinder's Stand on October 10 and was found dead the following morning.
map by Allison Sommers
Lewis died at Grinders Stand, an inn along the Natchez Trace, and was buried without ceremony near the inn's stable. (This is a not-quite-faithful replica built by the Civilian Conservation Corps.)
photo by Sharon Murray
Experts says this stone memorial, erected by the state of Tennessee in 1848, has protected Lewis' remains from excessive deterioration.
National Park Service
Relatives such as Howell Bowen, who lives in Albemarle near his ancestor's home, want to exhume the famed explorer.
Photo by Gordon Block
Lewis was born in Ivy, one of six siblings on the family's 2,000-acre plantation, Locust Hill. (The place is currently 2.34 acres fronting Owensville Road and offered for sale at $2 million.) [Correction: Even before this article appeared, the price was lowered to $1.495 million.]
Photo by Gordon Block
Forensic authors James E. Starrs and Kira Gale gave a talk about their research in late May at Charlottesville's New Dominion Bookstore.
Photo by Gordon Block
"I fear this report has too much truth," wrote co-explorer William Clark after reading a Tennessee newspaper report of his friend's death, "tho' hope it may have no foundation. I fear the waight of his mind has over come him."
Independence National Historical Park
Lewis penned his letter just after arriving at Fort Pickering. While the dozen-plus additions or strike-throughs lend credence to the suggestion that his mind was troubled, the cross-country effort to get paid suggests a man very interested in living.
Missouri Historical Society
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In late 1940, inspired by a French miniature tracked vehicle prototype it recovered from the Seine, the Wehrmacht Ordnance Bureau ordered Bremen-based automaker Carl F.W. Borgward to develop a similar vehicle, capable of delivering at least 100 pounds of high explosive to a target by remote control. In spring 1942 Borgward rolled out its SdKfz. 302, nicknamed Goliath, powered by two 2.5-kilowatt Bosch electric motors. Its limited range (less than a mile on flat surfaces) and high cost eventually led to its discontinuance. In late 1942 Borgward introduced the SdKfz. 303a, powered by a Zundapp two-cylinder gasoline engine with improved street range of more than seven miles. Two years later it produced the slightly larger 303b, which could carry a 220-pound payload. Borgward built more than 7,500 Goliaths during the war. The Allies called it the “beetle tank.”
Operators used a joystick control box connected to the vehicle by a 2,145-foot triple-strand control cable—two strands for steering, one for detonation. Issued to combat engineers and special armored units, the Goliath was designed to disable enemy tanks, disrupt infantry units or demolish strongpoints. Its control cable proved vulnerable to cutting, however, most notably when the Germans deployed it against the Polish Home Army during the 1944 Warsaw Uprising. Though the Goliath saw little use, it did serve as the precursor of the modern radio-controlled robotic vehicles.
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A Danish psychologist who has worked with young criminals for many years, offers some observations on the cultural differences between Westerners (those raised in a culturally Christian millieu) and Muslims.
Aggression: or, why do the shrieking Islams on TV all look mildly idiotic, no matter how threatening they are? Why do we instinctively ridicule them? Why has this man become a figure of fun on blogs across the 'sphere?
In the eyes of most Westerners it looks immature and childish when people try to use threatening behavior, to mark their dislikes...
To us, aggressive behavior is a clear sign of weakness. It is a sign of not being in control of oneself and lacking ability to handle a situation.
The Islamic expression of “holy anger” is therefore completely contradictory to any Western understanding. Those two words in the same sentence sound contradictory to us. The terror-threatening and violent reaction of Muslims to the Danish Mohammed cartoons showing their prophet as a man willing to use violence to spread his message, is seen from our Western eyes as ironic. Muslims’ aggressive reaction to a picture showing their prophet as aggressive, completely confirms the truth of the statement made by Kurt Westergaard in his satiric drawing.
Expressions of anger and threats are probably the quickest way to lose one’s face in Western culture. In discussions, those who lose their temper have automatically lost, and I guess most people have observed the feeling of shame and loss of social status following expressions of aggression at one’s work place or at home. In the Muslim culture, aggressive behavior, especially threats, are generally seen to be accepted, and even expected as a way of handling conflicts and social discrepancies.
If a Muslim does not respond in a threatening way to insults or social irritation, he... is seen as weak, as someone who cannot be depended upon and loses face.
In the eyes of most Westerners it looks immature and childish when people try to use threatening behavior, to mark their dislikes.
Who's in control?
There is another strong difference between the people of Western and Muslim cultures; their locus of control. Locus of control is a psychological term describing whether people experience their life influenced mainly, by internal or external factors. It is clear from a psychological point of view that Westerners feel that their lives are mainly influenced by inner forces – ourselves.
Our phone books have columns of addresses for psychologists, coaches and therapists. All these things are aimed at helping us to help ourselves create the life that we want. Some might argue that all this introspectiveness is too much and that just doing what is useful for oneself and others here-and-now would be more constructive, but this is how our culture is.
All these things do not exist in Muslim culture and countries.
If we are raised in a culture where we learn that “…I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul,” as William Ernest Henley wrote in his famous poem Invictus in 1875; we will, in case of personal problems, look at ourselves and ask: “…What did I do wrong?” and “…What can I do to change the situation?” People who have been taught throughout their entire lives that outer rules and traditions are more important than individual freedom and self reflection, will ask: “Who did this to me?” and “Who has to do something for me?”
Thus, the locus of control is central to the individual’s understanding of freedom and responsibility. Even though our Christian based societies may, in certain situations, give too much emphasis on feelings of guilt; it also strengthens the individual’s sense of being able to take responsibility for, and change one’s own life.
In societies shaped under Islamic and Qu’ranic influence there may be fewer feelings of guilt and thus, more freedom to demand the surroundings to adapt to one’s own wishes and desires. This may include demands to wear Islamic costumes which can result in more Muslim demands for Islamization of our Western societies, but it is also a powerful source of victim mentality and leads to endless demands on one’s surroundings. In a very concrete way this cultural tendency, shows itself in therapy, as a lack of remorse.
The standard answer from violent Muslims was always: “…It is his own fault that I beat him up. He provoked me.” Such excuses show that people experience their own reactions as caused by external factors and not by their own emotions, motivation and free will. Even though one’s own feelings, when experiencing an insult, can be moderated by one’s own point of view, this kind of self reflection does not happen to the same degree among Muslims as it does among Westerners.
It only takes one person to beat up another: the guy who is doing the hitting. It also only takes one person to feel insulted. Being beaten and feeling insulted are thus strictly different social events. The latter depends on ones self, while the former is solely caused by outer circumstances. Unfortunately, this fact is not considered in Muslim culture and apparently also not by the supporters of laws on hate speech, racism and defamation.
So, you're saying they're a culture entirely composed of sulky, spoiled six year-olds.
Six year-olds with guns.
He concludes with a rather important observation, and a question.
If integration just consists of learning the language and finding a job, it is not so difficult. But if integration also includes developing mental habits of equally respecting non-Muslims it is simply impossible for most Muslims. They see themselves as special, will always try to live together, create their own Muslim/Islamic parallel societies, feel separated and have less respect towards non-Muslims. True integration doesn’t have to, necessarily, imply religious conversion. However, for Muslims it certainly presupposes cultural conversion. Clearly, very few Muslims have the will, social freedom and strength of personality to go through such a psychologically demanding process.
So, this is THE question. Will integration of Muslims happen, satisfactorily, to the extent necessary? If you think yes, then on what basis do you make the assumption? If no, then what will you expect the consequences to be?
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Teen Drug Abuse
Teen drug abuse has been declining in the United States for the last decade, but several drugs remain a dangerous problem for many teens. Parents and other adults should know the signs of teen drug abuse so they can get help for teens who have a problem with drug use and abuse.
By the time they reach their teens, many young people already know someone who uses drugs. Some kids feel pressure to use drugs like alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana as early as 3rd grade. More kids are introduced to drugs during adolescence, or the junior high or middle school years. The percentage teen drug abuse increases through the high school years and into young adulthood.
- Over 30 percent of 8th graders have used alcohol, and by 12th grade 66 percent of teens have used alcohol.
- Teen Smoking: 3 percent of 8th graders smoke tobacco.
- About 10 percent of 8th graders have used marijuana. About 25 percent of 10th graders and over 30 percent of 12th graders have used marijuana.
- 10 percent of teens in 12th grade have abused prescription drugs. On average, 2,500 teens abuse a prescription drug for the first time every day.
Since these teen drug abuse statistics were posted, new statistics were released for the year 2012. See how the 2012 statistics compare:
- 3.6 percent of 8th graders have used alcohol, and by 12th grade only 28.1 percent of teens have reported getting drunk in the last month.
- Teen Smoking: In 1996, 49% of 8th graders tried cigarettes, by 2012 only 16% had done so, However, teen smoking of flavored cigars and Hookahs has significantly increased.
- About 6.5 percent of 8th graders have used marijuana. About 17 percent of 10th graders and over 22.9 percent of 12th graders have used marijuana in the last month.
- 14.8 percent of teens in 12th grade have abused prescription drugs.
The use of most drugs among teens is declining. In the last decade these numbers have gone down from almost 47 percent of 8th graders using alcohol, 10 percent smoking cigarettes, and about 12 percent using marijuana. Cocaine use declined in the 1990s from its peak in the 1980s, but it has remained steady since that time. Still, about a quarter of students say that drugs are available to them at school.
The exception to the downward or steady trend of drug use among teens is the teen prescription drug abuse, especially prescription painkillers, which has been rising in recent years. In the last decade treatment for teen prescription drug addiction has increased 300 percent. Many teens have a misperception about prescription drugs, believing that they are safe because they can be obtained legally. Prescription drugs are easy to get from medicine cabinets at home or at family or friends’ houses, meaning that many teens can abuse prescription drugs for free. Also, parents sometimes give their children another family member’s prescription painkillers without realizing the potential dangerous side effects and addiction that can occur.
Teen Drug Use Statistics show the most common drugs abused by teens are, in descending order:
- Alcohol Abuse
- Prescription drugs (opiates)
- Stimulants like meth and ecstasy
- Sedatives and tranquilizers
- Crack Cocaine
- Hallucinogens like LSD (acid) or PCP
The drugs that are abused most commonly – alcohol, marijuana, and prescription drugs – may be appealing to teens because they think there is no risk involved in using them. Unfortunately, the use of any of these drugs during the teen years can have serious long-term consequences on a teen’s physical and mental wellbeing. A teen’s brain is still developing, so using any drugs during the teen years can cause problems with the teen’s growth, development, and long term health. Also, using these drugs lowers teens’ inhibitions, which can lead to other dangerous choices like driving under the influence or having unprotected sex.
Because teen drug use dangerous, parents should be aware of signs that their teen may be abusing drugs. Signs that a teen may be using drugs include:
- Having drugs or drug paraphernalia
- Medications or alcohol missing from your home or the home of family members or friends
- A change in friends, or hanging out with friends who use drugs
- Red or glassy eyes, or dilated pupils
- Slow, slurred speech or talking unusually fast and jumping from subject to subject
- A dramatic change in appearance
- Lack of concern with appearance or hygiene
- Unexplained change in weight
- Change in performance at school or learning problems
- Lying or acting sneaking
- Not caring about risks, consequences, or the future
- Being disrespectful or aggressive toward family members or family rules and values
- Showing signs of depression or withdrawal
- Defensiveness when questioned about activities or drug use
- Losing interest in favorite activities
Also, teens who are using or abusing drugs often need money to continue their drug use, though you may not be aware of their money problems. Some signs that teens may be seeking money for drugs include:
- Valuables missing from your home
- Your teen having unexplained money or valuables
- Getting in trouble with the law – or teen violence
- Stealing money or drugs
- Borrowing money
- Always being out of money even if they have an allowance or a job
It is best to start talking to your teens about teen drug use before they have a problem, but if you think your teen is using drugs, it’s important to talk to them right away. Teens need help to overcome their teen drug abuse.
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An experimental "Trojan-horse" cancer therapy has completely eliminated prostate cancer in experiments on mice, according to UK researchers.
The team hid cancer killing viruses inside the immune system in order to sneak them into a tumour.
Once inside, a study in the journal Cancer Research showed, tens of thousands of viruses were released to kill the cancerous cells.
Experts labelled the study "exciting," but human tests are still needed.
Using viruses to destroy rapidly growing tumours is an emerging field in cancer therapy, however one of the challenges is getting the viruses deep inside the tumour where they can do the damage.
"The problem is penetration," Prof Claire Lewis from the University of Sheffield told the BBC.
She leads a team which uses white blood cells as 'Trojan horses' to deliver the viral punch. 'Surfing'
After chemotherapy or radiotherapy is used to treat cancer, there is damage to the tissue. This causes a surge in white blood cells, which swamp the area to help repair the damage.
"We're surfing that wave to get as many white blood cells to deliver tumour-busting viruses into the heart of a tumour," said Prof Lewis.
Her team takes blood samples and extract macrophages, a part of the immune system which normally attacks foreign invaders. These are mixed with a virus which, just like HIV, avoids being attacked and instead becomes a passenger in the white blood cell.
In the study, the mice were injected with the white blood cells two days after a course of chemotherapy ended.
At this stage each white blood cell contained just a couple of viruses. However, once the macrophages enter the tumour the virus can replicate. After about 12 hours the white blood cells burst and eject up to 10,000 viruses each - which go on to infect, and kill, the cancerous cells. Gone
At the end of the 40-day study, all the mice who were given the Trojan treatment were still alive and had no signs of tumours.
By comparison, mice given other treatments died and their cancer had spread.
Prof Lewis said: "It completely eradicates the tumour and stops it growing back."
She said it was a "ground-breaking" concept, but cautioned that many remarkable advances in treating mice failed to have any effect in people.
She hopes to begin human trials next year.
Dr Emma Smith, from Cancer Research UK, said: "Harnessing the body's own immune system to deliver a deadly virus to tumours is an exciting approach that many scientists are pursuing.
"This study shows it has the potential to make chemotherapy and radiotherapy more effective weapons against cancer.
She said the research was still at an early stage and tests to show it is safe and effective in humans are still needed.
Dr Kate Holmes, head of research at Prostate Cancer UK, said: "It demonstrates that this innovative method of delivering a tumour-killing virus direct to the cancer site is successful at reducing the development of advanced prostate tumours in mice which have been treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
"If this treatment goes on to be successful in human trials, it could mark substantial progress in finding better treatments for men with prostate cancer which has spread to the bone."
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Aquilegia Express: The Birds and Bees (hawk moths too!)
Gardeners and horticulturists have known for many years that Aquilegia species can differ dramatically in flower color, size, and shape and have developed many cultivated varieties of columbines through hybridization and back crossing techniques.
Very few genetic differences have been found among the many wild populations of columbines despite their floral and ecological diversity. The primary reason for this is that a number of geographic factors such as physical isolation and climatic barriers have been the dominant mechanism of speciation for columbines in western North America. Speciation that arises because of geographic barriers is known as allopatric speciation or geographic speciation. This geographic isolation has allowed various species of columbines to evolve in western North America. With time, these allopatric species could evolve enough differences, including specialization to different pollinators, where hybridization in the wild would be a rare occurrence or not occur at all.
In areas where populations of different species of columbines overlap or where reproductive isolation is not complete, interbreeding and hybridization is a common occurrence. The ease of hybridization in the wild is because these species of columbine are so similar at the DNA level and have only recently evolved from a common ancestor. This has led to columbines becoming the classic textbook example of “adaptive radiation,” where speciation has occurred rapidly to produce a variety of species.
Many wildflower enthusiasts and botanists have observed pollen-gathering bumblebees visiting various species of yellow, red, blue, and white flowered columbines where different species grow in close proximity. In the western United States, the red-flowered columbines are mainly pollinated by hummingbirds. However, on rare occasions hummingbirds have been observed gathering nectar from yellow and white flowered columbines which are generally pollinated by hawk moths.
However, the story gets a little more complex. Hybrids created by the cross pollination activities of bumblebees (and a few hummingbirds) set the stage for the next act in the development of variously colored columbines within an affected population. The main pollinator for a particular species of columbine then visits both the hybrid and the species in this population of columbines. This pollination activity results in the beginnings of a hybrid swarm. These hybrid zones provide a natural laboratory for the study of speciation. Over many years, interbreeding can result in a stable population that is a completely different color. Alpine meadows filled with columbines of an intermediate color have been observed throughout the western United States.
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- Historic Sites
The Indispensable Thoreau
He lived alone for two years in a small cabin on Walden Pond, but he was neither misanthropic nor solitary. Perhaps more than any other American writer, he can teach us how to live with ourselves.
July/August 1988 | Volume 39, Issue 5
His book on Cape Cod is somewhat gloomier and more jittery. The sea is not a light subject; and he begins with the sight of dead people washed ashore from the wreck of an immigrants’ ship and mourners arriving from Boston to collect the bodies. But generally, except for those few hours atop Katahdin or at the Cape, Thoreau never knew a nature that he couldn’t trust. Nevertheless, he celebrated the idea that we “hardly know where the rivers come from which float our navy”—as did Melville, just as rapt, often as jubilant. For both, nature was the central contingency, the core question or moral event of human existence. “From the Passamaquoddy to the Sabine” (Maine to Texas), the continent is still “No-Man’s Land,” Thoreau exclaimed. At the Redwood Agency in Minnesota, at the end of his life, he even met the Sioux war chief Little Crow, who a year later was to lead an uprising in which eight hundred white pioneers were killed. But for Melville, nature encompassed the constant possibility of drowning, or of a Little Crow turning murderous, or a dose of solitude that was so strong and deep that it inflicted upon the sufferer a madness like poor Pip’s in Moby Dick .
Thoreau had no interest in the pathology of solitude and didn’t engage in marathons of living alone; malignancy of any kind did not intrigue him. And gaily competent though he was when savoring a trip to the wilderness, he never thought of staying in Maine. Quite a sociable man, he was mostly concerned with far more domesticated expressions of nature, and he was offering himself as an exemplar of how anybody could live in leisurely allegiance to it even on the outskirts of a settled community. There was some gallantry to the experiment because so many people ridiculed it. Of course, the conventional thing for a man with a taste for the woods to do was to go West; and when Walden failed to be appropriately understood beyond the circle of his friends ( Knickerbocker magazine reviewed it together with P. T. Barnum’s autobiography as “humbug”), he seems to have lost heart, or at any rate, the impetus of confidence. His most radical views had always concerned how people should live, not the idea of preserving wild places at the expense of profit and development. His ire was more aroused as he watched people hiring away their lives piecemeal than by clearcut logging, and more by what went on inside New England’s textile mills than by the smoke they spouted. Except for slaves and the newest immigrants, people then still seemed a precious commodity to everybody—neighbors noticed daily and personally. How decently they lived their lives was a matter of lifelong observation.
Thoreau’s was stripped down to few entanglements apart from those he had been born with, and he devoted it mainly to keeping his sixthousand-page journal based on his long afternoon walks, when he went out in search of new premonitions as well as in order to spot the phenomena of natural history in which he rooted his essays. His biography is bare bones: He visited New York City twice, Staten Island, Fire Island, walked in the Catskills and Berkshires. He never married, didn’t go to church, never voted, or drank alcohol, and smoked nothing “more noxious than dried lily stems,” said Emerson. “He had no temptations to fight against—no appetites, no passions, no taste for elegant trifles. A fine house, dress, the manners and talk of highly cultivated people were all thrown away on him.…When asked at table what dish he preferred, he answered, ‘The nearest.’ … There was somewhat military in his nature not to be subdued, always manly and able, but rarely tender, as if he did not feel himself except in opposition. He wanted a fallacy to expose, a blunder to pillory. … It cost him nothing to say No; indeed, he found it much easier than to say Yes. ... ‘I love Henry,’ said one of his friends, ‘but I cannot like him; and as for taking his arm, I should as soon think of taking the arm of an elm tree.’ ” He was a born protestant, Emerson added in the funeral oration that remains the best summary of his qualities ever written, yet “no truer American existed.” And though the circumstances of his life appear remarkably uncomplicated, he made so bold as to comment upon everybody else’s.
Emerson, speaking affectionately of Thoreau’s “endless walks and miscellaneous studies,” mentions that the pond lily was his favorite flower and his favorite tree a certain basswood that bloomed in July, whose scent was “oracular” and yet earthy. The grate of gravel under his feet disturbed his delicacy so much that he avoided the highroad when he could for a path through the woods. Thank God they could not cut down the clouds, Henry had said of the axmen then infesting New England. But Emerson believed that “great men are more distinguished by range and extent than by originality” (in an essay on Shakespeare). “The hero is in the press of knights and the thick of events.” So it was inevitable that he didn’t entirely apprehend Thoreau’s achievement. With his energy and practical ability, Thoreau had seemed “born for great enterprise and for command, and I so much regret the loss of his rare powers of action that I cannot help counting it a fault in him that he had no ambition. Wanting this, instead of engineering for all America, he was the captain of a huckleberry party,” Emerson wrote in hyperbole. “Pounding beans is good to the end of pounding empires one of these days; but if, at the end of years, it is still only beans!”
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"India,” Madhusree Mukerjee says, “made Winston Churchill irrational. Unlike most British leaders, he refused to admit the Empire would have to change after the war, and did all he could to block it.” In Churchill’s Secret War, the Guggenheim Fellow traces India’s colonial history and overlooked wartime role. She also argues that Churchill’s attitudes toward his beloved Empire’s “crown jewel” fostered a famine that killed millions.
What was India like in 1939?
It had been a British colony for nearly 200 years. In the 1930s, Mohandas Gandhi drew millions of rural and village people into the National Congress Party, whose upper-class intellectuals, like Jawaharlal Nehru, spearheaded a nonviolent independence movement. Initially, the British repressed it harshly. But by 1939, most British politicians, though not Churchill, realized India had to be given concessions or be lost to the war effort.
Why was India vital?
India was paying millions to hundreds of millions of pounds to Britain every year, including defense costs, which increased by 17 times during the war. India was also extremely important to Britain’s war plans. Its location let you reach Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Australia—the entire British Empire. The Indian Army, the largest number of men the British could field, could be sent off to any war theater without the Indian government even being informed.
Did Indians support the war?
The Congress Party had three main schools of thought. Gandhi was very sympathetic to the British; he was horrified by Hitler and wanted to help win the war in nonviolent ways—economically, for example. Nehru, who had been to Europe, was also opposed to Hitler but felt it wasn’t clear what India would get out of the war. Subhas Chandra Bose, Congress’s president, saw the war as an opportunity to free India. They had a showdown in September 1939, and agreed to ask Britain about its war aims: Will they defend the colonial status quo, or will they involve democracy and self-determination? Congress passed a resolution saying if the latter were true, India would willingly join the Allies. The British Viceroy’s response made no mention of democracy.
How did Indians react?
Earlier in 1939, Bose had wanted to launch a civil disobedience movement along with an ultimatum to the British: get out in six months or it will be difficult to prosecute your war. Gandhi felt with so much violence in the air, it would be impossible to discipline Indians in nonviolence, and awful things would happen. So he engineered Bose’s political downfall. Then Gandhi realized the British weren’t going to give an inch, so he organized a very limited civil disobedience movement, satyagraha. People whose patience had been tested, like Nehru, gave antiwar speeches and were immediately arrested—25,000 of them. The British were unfazed. It was clear to most of them the Indian Army would fight.
Why would they fight?
Men from one family would go into the same platoon, men from the same village would be in the same battalion, and so on. So they would fight for each other. This had happened for generations, so ordinary soldiers were pretty loyal to the Empire.
What did Bose do?
In 1941, he went to the Italian embassy in Afghanistan. He said, “Give me 50,000 Axis troops; if they reach India’s borders, the entire Indian Army will defect and the British war effort will be crippled.” The Italians thought he was terrific and dispatched him to Berlin. He made it, although Churchill’s Special Operations Executive tried to assassinate him. The German Foreign Office was interested; Hitler wasn’t, because he still believed he could reach an accommodation with the British. So in 1943, Bose went to the Far East.
To meet the Japanese.
They arrived at India’s borders in 1942. This was total disaster; the British war cabinet hadn’t anticipated they could get that far. So the British Empire lost its sheen: Indians looked at Singapore’s surrender and the exodus from Burma and saw the British cutting and running and leaving everyone else to fend for themselves. In Malay, they’d formally handed Indian troops over to the Japanese. Some of those POWs formed the Indian National Army (INA), which numbered as high as 40,000 men, to liberate India; Bose led them. This was a crisis for the Allied effort.
How did Churchill respond?
Roosevelt urged him to reach an accommodation with the Congress Party, and the Labor Party put a lot of pressure on him. So he sent Stafford Cripps with a proposal offering Muslims a separate state; it was designed to make Congress reject it. Louis Johnson, FDR’s envoy, shuttled between Cripps and Congress, trying for an agreement that let Indians control the domestic war effort. Churchill sent furious telegrams to Cripps saying he could not negotiate, and rounded on FDR’s assistant, Harry Hopkins, in London. Hopkins realized Churchill was irrational about India, Johnson had the rug pulled from under him, and Congress rejected the proposal. When FDR pressured Churchill again, Churchill threatened to resign, so FDR subsequently refused to get involved in Indian affairs.
What resources did that leave to defend India?
About two million men, very lightly armed and not very well trained—certainly not capable of fighting the Japanese. When the Japanese arrived, seven Indian divisions were fighting in Iraq and Iran and North Africa. These were the very best, very well equipped and trained. General Archibald Wavell, commander-in-chief in India, pointed out India was drained of troops and couldn’t even defend itself, never mind Southeast Asia. The troops sent to Malaya and Burma were untrained; some hadn’t even shot a gun. They were sacrificed on that horrible retreat. The other key point was lack of air cover. India had 14 outdated bombers. In March 1942, Wavell estimated he needed 64 squadrons of fighters and bombers.
What stopped the Japanese?
The scorched-earth policy in northeastern India slowed them, but more importantly they were already choking on China. During 1943, India got nearly 500,000 reenforcements, including Am-erican, British, African, and Chinese soldiers. The 5th Indian Division was brought back from the desert and retrained for jungle warfare. In February 1944, with Bose heading the INA, the Japanese attacked at Imphal. That went disastrously. The British flew in the entire 5th Indian Division—an extraordinary logistical operation in this tiny valley—and supplied it with airdrops. This shows how important to the Allies Indian resources—steel, cement, timber, food—were, because it happened during the Bengal famine.
What started the famine?
The major cause was inflation. Nothing was coming into the country for civilians, but goods—food, ammunition—were being exported and paid for with paper money, which flooded urban areas. The paper money drew all available resources, especially food, into the city centers. Just then, in 1943 India had a short crop; prices shot up even more. With Burma’s fall, India became the British Empire’s major source of rice—though it previously imported 1 to 2 million tons of rice from Burma annually. The Viceroy told London, “I desperately need imports of wheat, at least 500,000 tons to feed the army and the most im-portant industrial workers.” The war cabinet said, “We don’t have the ships.” But actually there was no shortage of ships or grain. Churchill transferred all the shipping to the Atlantic.
To build up stockpiles. He was set on liberating the Balkans. The stockpiles were meant to supply Balkan civilians after the war. They got so big American and Canadian grain traders worried the British would use them to manipulate the postwar market; by 1943’s close, they held 18.5 million tons. Three million Bengalis died.
How did the famine end?
The military chiefs—Wavell, now viceroy; Alan Brooke, chief of the imperial general staff; and theater commanders like General Auchenlick and Lord Mountbatten—knew it was making many Indian and even British soldiers question the war’s rationale. They said repeatedly, “We can’t use India as a base while it’s suffering famine.” Much against Churchill’s wishes, they came up with a strategy: “We have room on our ships; we’ll carry the grain.” So in 1944 India got more than 600,000 tons of wheat.
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Make Your Own Superhero
Who doesn’t have a favourite superhero? Hardly anyone. I’m sure when you were all younger, you had a favourite superhero character out of all the cartoons you watched. For some of you, you might still idolize or revere your favourites. So whether you want to make a superhero of your own for a comic you’re designing or just as a hobby, creating your own character can be lots of fun!
Here are some simple steps to help you along the way. All you need is a paper and a pencil, and some imagination to get you started!
Read on and enjoy!
First thing you need to do is think of a gender and basic characteristics for your superhero. Is he or she going to be young or old, small and short or large and bulky, etc.
Second, think of a power or unique quality for your superhero.
Name Your Character
Then decide on a quirky, unique name. The name of your character should ideally reflect your superhero’s powers or qualities.
Now you have to think how your superhero got its unique powers and abilities. Was it the result of a freak accident? Was there a nuclear explosion? A bite from a poisonous reptile? A genetic fault? That’s up to you to decide, and the possibilities are endless.
Good or Evil?
Superheroes are of all kinds, and you have to decide if yours is one of the good guys or playing on the bad guys’ team. Explore a little more into your superhero’s character and personality. Get inspiration from real life characters or your own experiences to help you decide.
Where’s the flaw?
A superhero isn’t a superhero without a flaw. As mentioned before, real life characters will help you design your character’s personality. And nobody’s perfect. So, a little flaw in your superhero will make him/her more believable, more fun, more endearing and – for lack of a better word – more human.
Sketch Your Superhero
When you have thought out these details, you can start drafting the first sample of your superhero on a piece of paper. Additionally, you can now start adding little details to define your superhero, by giving it hair, eyes, other facial features, wings, tails, or scales, whatever you like, and whatever goes with your superhero’s powers or traits.
Colour Your Superhero
Then, you can start choosing colours and decide on a theme or colour palette for your superhero. That way, it will be easier for you to design your superhero when you plan on making lots of drawings and poses or when you start developing your comic.
Choosing a background is also very important. You will have to think of a proper setting or location to place your superhero. That will be central to your story later as you develop a comic. And even if you’re just making your superhero for fun, a background will give it a realistic appeal.
Design a Costume
After you’ve decided on a proper background for your superhero, you need to design a costume. Here is where you can be really creative and experiment with vibrant, bright colours and eccentric styles. Masks, cloaks, leggings, hats, weapons and other accessories will all make your superhero a full-fledged character. And like everything else, the costume and other accessories should reflect on your superhero’s powers and personality.Design a symbol or logo for your superhero, which you can put on the costume. It can be a small sign, like that of a bat on Batman, or spider on Spiderman, or a big S on Superman.
Always remember to come up with your own ideas for your superhero. If you copy ideas from already existing superheroes, your own might not seem that interesting or unique. And ‘Carpe diem’ – seize the day!
List of Superheroes, Superheroines and Villains
Here we have put together a list of superheroes, superheroines and villains digital paintings which will definitely help to get you started!
Remember that you can always browse through old and new comic books from a bookstore near you or borrow some from a friend, and look for ideas and inspiration for your character. If that doesn’t help you, go through the web, and you’ll find several sites to help you design a character of your choice, you can create your own and take print outs to help you.
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Jamestown High School students with an interplanetary interest now have an outlet for their hobby.
This is because the school now offers a newly formed astronomy club, which teaches students how to build and use telescopes as well as locate celestial bodies.
The club was formed around the middle of the school year by Steve Propheter, a physics teacher. According to Propheter, he decided to form the club in order to provide students with a branch of science that isn't widely taught in the education system.
Members of Jamestown High School’s newly formed astronomy club pose for a group photo. Pictured, from left are: Katy Calarco, senior; Steve Propheter, physics teacher and club founder; Joe Scotchmer, senior; and Jessie Linamen, senior, holding his partially constructed Galileoscope.
P-J photos by Gavin Paterniti
Members of Jamestown High School’s astronomy club work together to assemble a Galileoscope kit.
P-J photos by Gavin Paterniti
"This is a part of science that we don't really get to explore a whole lot," said Propheter. "And the kids don't really have anything that they can do just for fun without having homework and stuff like that. So I asked (about) student interest and there were a lot of students coming back to me and saying they would love to do that because they were really fascinated by celestial objects. So, we're teaching them how to locate celestial objects, and it's been going pretty good so far."
The club meets on a weekly basis and discusses astronomical objects that, weather permitting, they may be able to view for themselves throughout the following week or month. At its meeting Thursday, discussion centered around Comet C/2011 L4, also known as Pan-STARRS. Discovered in 2011, Pan-STARRS is expected to be visible to the naked eye throughout the month of March. It will appear just above the western horizon after sunset, and will increase in magnitude as the month progresses. After the comet passes through the Milky Way, Pan-STARRS is not projected to return to Earth for another 110,000 years.
Propheter said that the group is trying to arrange "astronomy nights," in which the club would go out to observe the objects that they have been learning about. Other meetings have included activities such as learning about telescope lenses, how they work and how to properly set them up. Students have also assembled their own Galileoscope kits, which were purchased with grant money for the club members.
According to Propheter, he attempts to teach content that aligns with student interests.
"We're always looking for something (new)," he said. "Sometimes we ask the kids for ideas of what they'd like to do and see. I try to keep it that way so it piques their interest."
Currently, the club has 15 members. Because the club is new, however, it is faced with a lack of equipment. While some money has been provided by JHS' 21st Century Community Learning Centers grant, Propheter said that the students have been looking to local businesses for funding.
"We're just getting the fundraisers going, so we haven't actually had any of those yet," he said. "We're trying to get ahold of businesses for tag days. Whatever we can do with our small amount of students to raise the money."
Propheter said that the club hopes to raise approximately $1,000, which would enable them to purchase a decent telescope and a pair of binoculars that would also be of use for future club members. His hope is to be able to have the club's activities culminate in a trip to Martz Observatory in Frewsburg at the end of the school year.
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The manned A6 was designed to further extend the range of the A4b winged rocket through use of a ramjet for cruise propulsion. The A6 was proposed to the German Air Ministry as an invulnerable photo reconnaissance aircraft (anticipating the SR-71 aircraft by twenty years). The rocket engine would accelerate the vehicle to supersonic speed and an apogee of 95 km. After re-entering the atmosphere and beginning the supersonic glide phase, the ramjet would be ignited. Burning synthetic petrol or coal slurry, it provided fifteen to twenty minutes of cruise at 2,900 km/hr. This would have allowed the aircraft to return to base, unlike the A4b. One pilot was provided with a pressurized cockpit. The reusable A6 would be launched vertically but land on a conventional airfield using landing gear and a drag parachute.
The German Air Ministry had no identified requriement for such an aircraft and the project was rejected. However unmanned variants were considered after the war in both the United States and Soviet Union. These were developed during the course of the 1950's into the awesome intercontinental Mach 3 cruise missiles: the American Navaho in the United States and the Russian Burya / Buran.
Status: Design 1943.
Height: 15.75 m (51.67 ft).
Diameter: 6.33 m (20.76 ft).
Thrust: 123.00 kN (27,651 lbf).
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OLD INDIAN VILLAGES AND BATTLEFIELDS
WHEN the first white man, floating down the bosom of the majestic Mississippi, finally landed and placed adventurous foot upon the soil of Illinois, this was entirely the country of the Indian. In its virgin wilderness beauty, it would be difficult to imagine a more magnificent domain. Nature had done her part, and had been most prodigal with her bounties. No dark and brooding forest shrouded the landscape, as was the case farther eastward; no forbidding mountain-masses frowningly denied easy access. Here the green and brown prairies smiled cheerfully back to the sun, beautified by countless wild flowers, with scattered groves dotting their wide expanse, and everywhere diversified by sparkling water-courses.
|Outwardly, it was as the Garden of Eden, a vast park designed by the one Great Architect, and beautified by His genius. A magnificent river swept majestically along its western boundary, while one scarcely less important divided it in twain. Yet, fair as was the prospect from the summit of any hilltop, it was the rough beauty of untamed wilderness. Nothing disturbed the dead monotony of hill and dale, plain and woodland, excepting a few scattered and dirty villages with their savage inmates.|
|The unbroken prairies were browsed over by countless herds of buffalo, while in the
dark coverts of the woods bears lurked in search of prey, and the timid deer skulked, affrighted by the slightest
From village to village ran snake-like trails, along which the solitary hunter stole like a shadow, or some fierce party of bedecked warriors passed swiftly in search of their enemies. It was indeed a scene of nature, untouched as yet by the artificial restraints of civilization, wild, lonely, savagely beautiful, but in no sense was it anywhere a scene of prosperity or peace.
Want and suffering were constant visitants in these black wigwams - improvidence ever stalking a grim skeleton through months of cruel Winter, - while death and torture haunted each mile of the dim trails. It was everywhere war, cruel, devastating, cowardly, - war in which men, women, and children perished like flies beneath the war-club and the tomahawk. What races may have dominated these plains and valleys - whence they came, whither they passed away - in those lost centuries, is today beyond conjecture. But we know enough to write with calm certainty that whatever may have been the names of the tribes and peoples holding this fair hunting-ground, they accomplished it through force of arms, and were, each in turn, compelled to yield it up unto a stronger. There was no cessation in the struggle; it had been centuries long, and would continue while savagery held mastership. When the first white explorer came, drifting along those inviting water-ways from the north and east, he discovered here people of the Algonquin race. "They were of a great family of savages," comments Parkman, "at one time occupying nearly all of the United States between the thirty-fifth and sixtieth parallels of latitude, and the sixtieth and one hundred and fifth meridians of longitude. Those were Algonquins whom Cartier found on the banks of the St. Lawrence, whom the English discovered hunting and fishing along the Atlantic coast from Maine to the Carolinas."
And they were men of this same lineage who first greeted the Jesuit Marquette upon the banks of this far-off Mississippi. How they originally came here we may never know with certainty, nor what other people they dispossessed in order to gain these hunting-grounds. Yet, there they were in that year of earliest white discovery, 1673, squeezed in between the encroaching Sioux upon the west, and the raiding Iroquois upon the east, barely holding their own in the unequal struggle, their day of exile already near at hand.
To Marquette these first Indians with whom he met, near the mouth of the Des Moines River, spoke of themselves as the "Illini."
Literally interpreted, this simply meant that they were men, the term being used to distinguish themselves from their rapacious enemies, the Iroquois, whom they were accustomed to designate as beasts. Yet from that hour this particular confederation of Algonquin tribes has been known in both French and English records as the Illinois. They had long been, and were still, a powerful people, the five tribes composing the confederation being the Tamaroas, Michigamies, Kaskaskias, Cahokias, and Peorias. These tribes, thus loosely banded together in an Indian alliance for purposes of defence, claimed and yet held for their special hunting-grounds all that country bounded on the east by the ridge dividing the waters flowing into the Illinois from those flowing into the Wabash, between the head waters of Saline Creek, and extending as far north as the debatable ground between them and their nearest encroaching neighbors, the Sacs and Foxes, Winnebagoes, and Kickapoos. In other words, their territory may roughly be said to have extended from a line drawn directly southward from the junction of the Des Plaines River with the Illinois to a point on the Ohio about where Golconda now stands, extending westward to the banks of the Mississippi, and northwestward as far as Rock River. Their favorite and most populous villages were situated upon the Illinois, the Des Plaines, and the lower Kankakee. Marquette describes their principal town as being situated upon the bank of the Illinois River, seven miles below the present city of Ottawa. It was then called Kaskaskia, and contained seventy-four lodges. In 1679, six years later, according to the reports of Hennepin, it had four hundred and sixty lodges, with a total population of from six to eight thousand. These lodges extended along the river for fully a mile, and the Indians cultivated the adjacent meadows, raising crops of pumpkins, beans, and Indian corn. Father Rasles mentions ten or twelve other smaller villages, scattered throughout their territory. The exact position of very few of these can be traced, although it is known that in 1680 there were Illinois villages five miles below the site of Peoria, and others very nearly where the city of Beardstown now stands. In 1697 there was one in the immediate neighborhood of Spring Bay, and a very old Indian village, probably of this same people, stood slightly south of the present town of Toulon, in Stark County. If these latter were the Illinois, then this spot must have marked the extreme limit of their permanent residence, for Henry and Bureau Counties were, even at this time, hunted over by bands of Kickapoo warriors.
The remaining portions of the State were at this date occupied by the following Indian tribes: East of the central dividing ridge, or water-shed, were three branches of the Miami confederation, the Weamiamies having their hunting-grounds in Cook and Lake Counties, the Miamis proper, the country lying closely along the Indiana state line north of Danville, and the Piankishaws the country extending from that point south to the Ohio. This latter tribe was the only one of the three to retain possession for any length of time, the others being early forced eastward by the encroachments of other tribes from the north. The Kickapoos were in the extreme northwest, their southern limit being Rock River. Just across the Wisconsin line, in the country adjacent to the great lake, were scattered the Pottawattomies, who were slowly but resistlessly pressing southward.
It is hard to conceive of a more pathetic story than that revealed in the fate of the Illinois. Less than a year after La Salle first visited them, the Iroquois made a sudden raid into their territory, captured and burned their principal town near Ottawa, and drove the confederated tribes down the river as far as the Mississippi. Here the Tamaroas were overtaken by their merciless pursuers, a large number of warriors killed, and seven hundred of their women and children taken prisoners. Many of these were burned at the stake, or cruelly tortured, until, their fierce passions satiated, the invading savages finally returned eastward, bearing with them into slavery those who remained alive. With this withdrawal of the enemy the survivors of the scattered and disheartened Illinois tribes began slowly drifting back to the neighborhood of their old home, and, uniting together, partially rebuilt their destroyed town. In 1682, when La Salle collected his Indian colony about Fort St. Louis (Starved Rock ), the Illinois furnished twelve hundred of the total of thirty-eight hundred warriors thus banded together in defence under French protection.
Their safety, which then seemed assured, was, however, but short-lived. La Salle's purposes of exploration, his lack of available men for suitable garrisons, and the jealousies in Canada which tied his hands, resulted in the necessity of his finally leaving these Indians to their fate. Nor was it long in coming. The savage Iroquois, busied with war in their own territory, did not return in force to complete their bloody work on the Illinois prairies, but other enemies were numerous, aggressive, and scarcely less cruel. The Sacs and Foxes from west of the Mississippi, the Kickapoos from beyond Rock River, and the Pottawattomies from Southern Wisconsin, all alike eager to gain possession of these superb hunting-grounds, swarmed down in merciless raids upon the dispirited remnant of the Illinois. Some resistance was attempted, and the Foxes were defeated in two severe battles at Starved Rock and near the Peoria Lake, losing more than a hundred warriors. But the Illinois tribesmen were not the fighters they had once been, and little by little they abandoned the country. Peoria, Cahokia, and Kaskaskia became centres for the tribes bearing these names. The Tamaroas amalgamated themselves with the Kaskaskias, while the Michigamies located near Fort Chartres. By the year 1736 these were nearly all gathered in the immediate vicinity of the little French settlements on the Mississippi, and numbered in warriors as follows: Michigamies, 250; Kaskaskias, 100; Peorias, 50; Cahokias and Tamaroas, 200, - making a total of 600 fighting men. Considering that only fifty-seven years before this same people numbered twelve thousand souls, with large prosperous villages and a hunting-ground covering fully two-thirds of the State, the suffering and barbarity of those early times can be somewhat comprehended.
Nor were their misfortunes as yet at an end. In common with all other western tribes, they became involved in the conspiracy of Pontiac, but apparently were unwilling to take active part in the field. When that great chief visited them in 1764 to make his final appeal, their zeal did not meet his desires, and he told them that if they hesitated longer he "would consume their tribes as fire consumes the dry grass on the prairies." After Pontiac's final defeat, he fled for refuge to Illinois, and was killed by an Indian at Cahokia. This act was laid to that tribe,- whether rightfully or wrongfully has never been established, - and greatly angered the Indian nations who for so long had been loyal to the great chieftain. They swarmed down from the north and the east, eager to avenge his death, and almost annihilated the tribes of the Illinois. Tradition states that a band of these fugitives, seeking to escape the general slaughter, finally took refuge on the summit of that high rock which had been the site of Fort St. Louis.
|There they were besieged by an overwhelming force of Pottawattomies, which the great strength of this natural fortress enabled them easily to keep at bay. But hunger and thirst united to defeat them, when the savage foe could not. Their small quantity of provisions quickly failed, and their supply of water was stopped by the enemy severing the cords attached to the vessels with which they elevated it from the river below. Thus surrounded by relentless avengers, they took one last lingering look at their beautiful hunting-grounds, spread out like a panorama along the gently rolling river beneath them, and then with true Indian fortitude laid themselves down, and expired without a sigh or a tear.|
|Their tragic fate has given to this lofty citadel the name of Starved Rock; many
years afterward their bones were seen whitening on its summit.
The Tamaroas, while not entirely exterminated, lost their identity as a separate tribe, in a fierce battle with the Shawnees fought near the eastern limits of Randolph County; and at the conclusion of this avenging war the entire confederation of the Illinois had been reduced to two tribes, the Kaskaskias and Peorias.
Together they could muster but a hundred and fifty warriors. In the year 1850, when the remnant was removed from its old home to the Indian Territory, only eighty-four of the race were found.
Let us turn again to the map, and note those changes which less than a hundred years of savage, relentless war had wrought in this Indian-haunted land. It is 1765; the wasted remnant of the once powerful Illinois confederacy are now huddled, fear-stricken, and broken of spirit, about the French settlements on the Mississippi, occupying as a hunting-ground the present counties of Madison, St. Clair, Monroe, and Randolph. The Piankishaws have meanwhile spread their boundaries slightly toward the west, having obtained control of the Mississippi, south of the Randolph County line, but the warlike Shawnees, pouring in from the east, have won from them a considerable strip along the Wabash and Ohio, probably most of White, Hamilton, Gallatin, Pope, Saline, and Massac Counties. Farther north, even a greater change is noticeable. The northern Miamis have been driven westward beyond the State limits by an inroad of Pottawattomies from Wisconsin. These latter have swept entirely around the head of the great lake, and have spread out across the prairies as far south as the Kankakee. Pressed forward by the invading Sacs and Foxes, the Kickapoos have crossed Rock River and taken possession of the deserted lands of the Illinois, ranging throughout the entire central portion of the State. Close behind them the Sacs and Foxes have pushed their way, until they now control all that country lying west and north of the Illinois River.
As late as 1812 these same Indian tribes divided the State between them, but the boundaries of their possessions had changed. The Piankishaws had been pressed eastward, merely retaining a small section along the upper waters of the Wabash. The Pottawattomies had driven the Kickapoos yet farther south, taking to themselves the central portion of the State, and compelling the Sacs and Foxes to retire north of Rock River. Here these latter were somewhat closely hemmed in by an entering wedge of Winnebagoes from Wisconsin. The Kickapoo hunting-grounds were nearly as extensive as before, but had been changed to the southwestern counties of the State. A brief sketch of these tribes so intimately connected with the early history of Illinois will be found full of interest, and of the unspeakable pathos of Indian life.
More than all the others combined, the Kickapoos served to retard the advance of white settlement. From the earliest days, their bitter hatred of the encroaching race was implacable, and they were ever a powerful and fierce tribe. Their historical records run back to the first occupation of the St. Lawrence valley by the French. Champlain found them along the shores of Lake Huron. From that early day they proved an untractable people, never forming any lasting alliance with either the French or the English. They reached Rock River from the north about the same time as the first white explorers of Illinois, and from that date remained prominent in all the savage warfare incident to early colonization, roaming at different periods over nearly every county within the present limits of the State. They were more civilized, industrious, energetic, and cleanly than their neighbors, but equally cruel, treacherous, and unforgiving. They were always among the first to commence war, the last to submit and enter into treaties. They were in the field against Generals Harmar, St. Clair, and Wayne, and were leaders in all the bloody charges at Tippecanoe. For many years they harassed the exposed settlements, and were long the terror of the Illinois frontier. When finally removed from the limits of the State, they yet retained their old animosity against Americans, retiring to Texas, then a province of Mexico, rather than remain on United States territory. It is impossible to estimate the number of warriors composing this tribe in the days of their power, but it is evident from the country controlled by them, as well as the number and importance of their villages, that they must have formed a large fighting force. Their principal towns were located on Kickapoo Creek, and at Elkhart Grove.
The Piankishaws, while never making any great impress on early Illinois history, yet occupied for some years much of its territory. They held membership in the Miami confederation, and hunted over that country lying to the westward of the Wabash, as far as the dividing ridge, and at one time attained to the Mississippi. They were more largely represented in La Salle's colony at Fort St. Louis than any other one tribe, and later took active part in the conspiracy of Pontiac. Within the knowledge of white men, they held place on Illinois soil for two hundred years. Like the other original Illinois tribes, they were constantly harassed by the raiding Iroquois, and finally were crushed between the invading Kickapoos and Shawnees, and thus forced across the State boundaries. They were but seldom mentioned in the early records as being connected with raids on the white settlers. When removed to Indian Territory in 1850, their pitiful remnant numbered but one hundred and seven persons.
The Mascoutins were a tribe holding close relationship to the Illinois confederation, and are believed to have occupied some portion of the State for brief intervals. Marquette met them in 1673, near the portage of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers; and Marest states that in 1712 they had settlements on the Wabash, and later ranged over the prairies between there and the Illinois River. They became associated, and finally absorbed, with both the Foxes and the Kickapoos, whom they resembled in deceit and treachery. Charlevoix states that they, with the Kickapoos and Foxes as confederates, formed a plot against the French, but before it could be consummated were surprised by a band of Ottawas and Pottawattomies, with the result that one hundred and fifty of them were destroyed. After the surrender of the French possessions to the English, Colonel Croghan was sent to conciliate the western tribes. Having descended the Ohio to a point a little below Shawneetown, the Mascoutins, together with some Kickapoos, attacked and made him and his men prisoners. Under the name of Meadow Indians, they were mentioned by General Clark, whom they endeavored to surprise by treachery in 1778.
The Sacs and Foxes, except in raiding parties, were probably never south of the Illinois River, nor did they for any considerable length of time exercise control over the country lying between that river and the Rock. But throughout the entire northwestern portion of the State they enter largely into its early history, while during the Black Hawk War their fame became national. While originally composing two separate tribes, they had, by long residence together and intermarriage, become practically one people. Both tribes came from the St. Lawrence, in the neighborhood of Quebec and Montreal, the Foxes being the earliest to emigrate, making a new home for themselves on the banks of that river in Wisconsin which has ever since borne their name. A bloody and disastrous war with the Iroquois soon induced the Sacs to join them, when, for mutual protection against the surrounding savages, they united as one nation. Moving steadily southward, they finally gained foothold in northwestern Illinois by driving out the Sauteurs, a branch of the Chippewas, who then held possession. It is said that in the course of this migration they also had a severe battle with the Mascoutins, nearly opposite the mouth of the Iowa River, in which the latter were not only defeated but almost exterminated. Having thus conquered the country, they established their chief village near the mouth of Rock River, occupying a high bluff overlooking the present town of Milan, now known as Black Hawk's Watch Tower. They also had several smaller villages on the west side of the Mississippi. They were almost constantly at war, both offensive and defensive, with the Sioux, Pawnees, Osages, and Kickapoos, nor in any of these fierce and savage conflicts were they found deficient in courage. In the struggle of 1812 they took active part upon the British side and rendered good service, defeating and driving back every American expedition despatched into their country. Later, in the Black Hawk War, although defeated and literally cut to pieces by overwhelming numbers, their old reputation as hard fighters was abundantly sustained. In the year 1805 their numbers were given as follows: Sacs, 2,850, of whom 700 were warriors; Foxes, 1,750, of whom 400 were warriors. In 1825 the total number in the two tribes was reported at 4,600. When finally transferred to Indian Territory, they numbered only 1,600. These tribes possessed one very peculiar custom, unnoted anywhere else in Indian life. Each male child at birth was marked with either black or white paint, the mother being extremely careful to apply the two colors alternately, so that each family, and the entire nation, might be thus divided into two nearly equal classes, the blacks and the whites. The object of these distinctive marks, which were retained through life, was to keep alive a constant spirit of emulation in the tribe. In their games, hunts, and public ceremonies, the blacks were always the competitors of the whites, while in war each party was ambitious to take more scalps than the other.
The Pottawattomies were for a long period a power in the Illinois country. They originally fought their way in along the shore of Lake Michigan, and then, battling constantly, drove back the struggling Kickapoos beyond the Sangamon, and forced the fierce Sacs and Foxes to retire behind the Rock, while they promptly annexed all the hunting-grounds lying between. On the earlier French maps the principal village of this people was situated at the mouth of the St. Joseph River, in Michigan. Here for more than half a century Jesuit priests labored with them, but apparently to little avail. During Pontiac's War, disguising their object under a mask of friendship, they attacked the small English garrison stationed there, and killed all but three men. In Illinois, some years later, they were the principal participants in the massacre at Fort Dearborn, one of the most atrocious acts of treachery in the annals of the Northwest. Portions of both the Chippewa and Ottawa tribes were closely associated with them during their career in Illinois. The Sauteurs, of the Chippewa branch, at an early date dwelt along the eastern bank of the Mississippi, having villages at Rock Island and Quincy. Driven out by the Sacs and Foxes, they crossed the river, and built a new town on the present site of Davenport. The Pottawattomies were among the most energetic and powerful of the Indian tribes of the Northwest, and fought with savage ferocity in all the wars along the border. At Detroit, Mackinaw, and other British posts, in Pontiac's time, they were without rivals in the work of carnage and death. They were the last native tribe to take their departure from Illinois, lingering about Chicago until 1835. In 1850, in the Indian Territory, they numbered 1,500, many of them prosperous, and all seemingly more ambitious than Indians of other stock.
Two other tribes require consideration in this connection. For some years a fragment of the Shawnee nation dwelt in the southeastern portion of the State, their principal village being Shawneetown, in Gallatin County, on the Ohio River. They were a bold, roving, adventurous people, who had fought their way eastward from the Atlantic coast. Constantly in broils, their stay in Illinois was a bloody one. During the French and Indian War, they obtained arms from the French, and overran the frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia. So atrocious had been their conduct, that when the war was over they supposed themselves excluded from the general amnesty, and prepared to murder their prisoners and fight to the death. Just before the coming of Clark, they exterminated the Tamaroas and moved eastward out of the State. They fought battles with the Kickapoos and the Piankishaws in order to hold their territory.
The Winnebagoes were another tribe who gained a foothold in Illinois, pushing down in wedge-like form from Wisconsin between the Sacs and Foxes and Pottawattomies, occupying the county which now bears their name and some territory adjacent to it upon the east. They took part, although in a small way, in the harassing of early American settlements, even assailing a steamboat on the Mississippi as late as 1827. It is supposed that they had formerly lived in Illinois, their traditions stating that their ancestors had built a fort there, which some authorities connect with the archaeological remains of an ancient work found on Rock River.
This, in brief, is the Indian record of Illinois since the coming of white men. Similar scenes of savage war and desolation, of exterminated tribes and decimated nations, undoubtedly extend back for hundreds of years previous. For many centuries Illinois had been a battle-ground, a bone of contention among the red men. Hardly a foot of its territory but has witnessed scenes of savage atrocity before which the civilized mind shrinks in horror. From the coming of the first French man, it yet continued a place of struggle for nearly 300 years, until the Indian was finally banished beyond its borders. Red against red, red against white, and white against white battle almost unceasingly, until scarcely a county but has its memory, scarcely a spot remains without its associations of war. The prairies have drunk of human blood and the streams have run red with sacrifice.
"Historic Illinois, The Romance of the Earlier Days" by Randall Parish, ©1907
Transcribed by K. Torp
©2006, Genealogy Trails
Back to the Genealogy Trails Illinois State Page
Back to the Genealogy Trails Illinois Index Page
Back to the Genealogy Trails National Site
©2006 Kim Torp
Illinois Genealogy Trails
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Dizziness Not Always Child's Play
Stop the Spinning
Type 4 -- Anxiety
Dizziness type 4 is anxiety.
According to Samuels, people who are scared, worried, depressed, or agoraphobic [afraid of open spaces] use the word dizzy to mean frightened, depressed, or anxious.
"You can recognize this type of dizziness because if you take the word 'dizzy' out of all their sentences and replace it with the word 'anxious,' their sentences make more sense," he says.
Type 4 dizziness is often, but not always, caused by depression, says Samuels.
"It could also be [due to] an anxiety disorder, or the patient may have phobias in the family, in which case a psychiatrist could [prescribe] appropriate medications or psychotherapy or behavior-modification therapy," he says.
Samuels says that on average, every 1,000 dizzy patients will have 1,500 dizzy complaints. This means that many people will have more than one type of dizziness.
"It is common to see a person with vertigo from post-viral infection [and also from] anxiety -- because vertigo makes them anxious -- so they have a combination of type 1 and type 4 dizziness," he says. "Or, they are dizzy because of near-fainting episodes because one doctor has put them on medications that cause dizziness, and this has made them anxious. A patient could have all four types of dizziness, but that would be quite rare indeed."
In these mixed-type dizziness cases, Samuels would try to identify the main cause and treat it first in the hope that secondary causes would be related to the first.
Long-Lasting, Chronic Dizziness
Nearly everybody who is dizzy will get better. This is because a person's sense of balance is a complex interaction between the brain, each ear's separate vestibular system, and the sense of vision. When one component breaks down, the others usually learn to compensate.
"There is not a major chance of permanent dizziness," Samuels says. "I don't think there is any reason why the nervous system can't compensate for a broken vestibular system. People with vestibular problems due to physical injury nearly always compensate. So if you can't [compensate] when there is no physical injury, it means [a problem of mental or emotional origin]. This doesn't mean a person is not suffering -- if they say it, it is so. The question is how can I help them. The answer is by not messing with the vestibular system, but by dealing with the psychogenic issue."
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Hummingbird feeders fly off the shelves at nature stores and garden centers every year before Mother’s Day.
“Watching these little jewels can provide many hours of enjoyment,” said Debbie McGuire, director of wildlife rehabilitation at the Wetlands and Wildlife Care Center in Huntington Beach. “But owning a hummingbird feeder requires a serious commitment. You have to be dedicated.”
Hummingbird feeders need to stay squeaky clean or you may be responsible for giving the birds deadly bacterial and fungal infections, she said.
The rehabilitation center receives 200 to 400 hummers a year. A significant number of adults and orphaned babies are admitted with infections from dirty feeders, McGuire said.
The center’s printed instructions on how to care for a hummingbird feeder clearly state: “Please do it right or don’t do it at all.”
The wildlife experts recommend cleaning the feeder and replacing the sugar solution, or nectar, every two to three days. If you see mold or the solution is cloudy, you're waiting way too long to clean the feeder and replace the nectar, they say.
To clean, take the feeder down and rinse it thoroughly in hot water. White vinegar is good for cleaning, but avoid soap. Hummers may reject a feeder with soap residue.
The care center recommends making homemade nectar over purchasing commercial solutions. Use 1 cup of sugar per 4 cups of water. Too much sugar is hard on the birds’ liver and kidneys, and too little doesn’t provide the calories they need. They also caution against using artificial sweeteners or honey.
To make nectar: measure a little more water than you’ll need. Boil the water for three minutes, then measure the water again because some will have evaporated. Add the sugar and stir. There's no need to boil the sugar and water together. Do not add red dye, which is unnecessary and potentially harmful to the birds. The nectar can then be stored for two weeks in a glass container in the refrigerator.
“When selecting a feeder, choose one without a lot of nooks and crannies that make it hard to clean,” McGuire said. “Bacteria and fungus can get trapped in the spaces.
Hang the feeder in a shady area where the birds will be safe from cats.
If you find a sick, injured or orphaned hummingbird, place it in a shoebox with crumpled tissue. Put a pencil-size hole in the cover. Keep it warm and quiet. Call the Wetlands and Wildlife Care Center immediately at 714-374-5587. Or bring the bird to the center as soon as possible. It’s open 8 a.m.-5 p.m. daily at 21900 Pacific Coast Highway in Huntington Beach.
Jennifer J. Meyer is a freelance writer from Mission Viejo. Write to her at
Contact the writer:
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| 0.917073 | 624 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The 2013 FEL Conference (The Seventeenth Conference of the Foundation for Endangered Languages) will be held at Carleton University, in Ottawa, the capital of Canada and headquarters of the country’s national Aboriginal organizations. The many endangered Indigenous languages across Canada make it an excellent setting for a conference that will explore collaboration, community involvement, and cross-disciplinary research on endangered languages. The conference will highlight community connections, collaborative approaches, intergenerational cooperation, technological and social media related innovations, and community-researcher alliances. We seek to bring together speakers, activists, and researchers, from a range of disciplines, organizations, and governments, all striving to understand and improve the situation of endangered languages, and to broaden awareness of the importance and implications of language maintenance and revitalization for individual and community well-being overall.
Efforts world-wide to preserve, maintain, and revitalize endangered languages often encounter limited resources and funding. This points to the need for collaborative approaches and for the pooling of resources, whether on a local, national, or international scale. Such cooperative ventures extend beyond the constraints of boundaries, whether these involve linguistic or ethnic identities; geography; jurisdictions; community size, type and location (urban, rural, isolated); political or social considerations; language status (official or unofficial, dominant or minority); familial and generational ties; academic disciplines; or institutional or group affiliations.
Such barriers, and the challenges they may pose, can raise significant issues for collaborative and community-centred approaches aimed at strengthening endangered languages. For example:
Where there are multiple dialects, should language support efforts be prioritized or focused on the more viable varieties of a particular endangered language or language group? Do endangered languages and their variants need a critical mass? Should efforts to support them lead to their coalescence despite these boundaries? On what basis should these decisions be made?
What challenges (and compromises) are involved in decision-making related to language standardization? Should there be an effort to standardize across the dialects to establish one definitive version of a writing system?
What collaborative approaches, such as the sharing of existing language resources, curriculum development, knowledge transfer, training and best practices, can best aid communities with critically endangered languages or dialects (e.g. providing opportunities to individuals to learn a dialect even if it is not their own)?
What types and models of collaborative research and communication can help communities to ensure that their language perspectives and goals are integrated? For example, strictly linguistic classifications of a community’s language may differ from those based on social considerations and political boundaries.
To what extent can existing standardized frameworks of language assessment, such as UNESCO’s Language Vitality Endangerment (LVE) Framework and Fishman’s Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (GIDS), help to yield comparable data? How can community-defined factors and aspects of a given community unique to it be integrated into these frameworks?
How can surveys and data be used to develop measures and indicators in the assessment of language vitality?
In contrast to isolated communities, the situation can be exacerbated in urban environments by the prevalence of the dominant language. How can urban language revitalization efforts be enhanced? How can people play a major role in the mainstream culture without sacrificing their endangered language and culture?
How can people in the dominant culture and their governments be made aware of and sensitive to the issues of endangered languages?
How can endangered language practitioners take advantage of technology to increase awareness among the mainstream about endangered languages? How can technology be used to teach and increase the use of endangered languages?
How can generations support each other in strengthening their endangered languages? How can Elders, adults, and youth work together to develop terminology in new domains, such as technology and social media, that existing vocabulary may not cover
What is the importance of language learning and revitalization for individual and community well-being, health and educational outcomes?
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In 2008, the United States Congress authorized Qualified Energy Conservation Bonds to finance energy conservation facilities under a maximum nationwide volume cap. In February 2009, through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, Congress increased the cap and allocated a portion to each state based on population.
The State of Oregon received $39,320,000 in issuance authority for QECBs. Based on federal guidance, the state distributed a portion of the statewide volume cap allocation to each large city or county with populations greater than 100,000 and the tribes based on a ratio of the jurisdiction’s population to the state population as a whole.
Qualified projects include:
· Capital expenditures incurred for purposes of:
o Reducing energy consumption in publicly-owned buildings by at least 20 percent;
o Implementing green communities programs;
o Rural development involving the production of electricity from renewable energy resources; or
o Improving qualified facilities, including for example, solar, wind, geothermal and biomass facilities.
· Expenditures with respect to research facilities and research grants to support research in:
o Development of cellulosic ethanol or other non-fossil fuels;
o Technologies for the capture and sequestration of carbon dioxide produced by fossil fuels;
o Increased efficiency of existing technologies for producing non-fossil fuels;
o Automobile battery technologies and other technologies to reduce fossil fuel consumption related to transportation; or
o Technologies to reduce energy use in buildings.
· Implementing mass commuting and related facilities that reduce energy consumption and pollution.
· Demonstration projects designed to promote the commercialization of:
o Green building technology;
o Conversion of agricultural waste to fuel;
o Advanced battery manufacturing technologies;
o Technologies to reduce peak use of electricity; or
o Technologies for the capture and sequestration of carbon dioxide emitted from combusting fossil fuels in order to produce electricity.
· Launching public education campaigns to promote energy efficiency.
Refer to the summary of QECB Oregon volume cap, which itemizes the allocation of QECB volume cap by jurisdiction. At least 70 percent of the QECB authority must be used for government projects and no more than 30 percent may be used for private activity projects. If a local government is not able to, or chooses not to use its original allocation, or to offer it to another issuer within its jurisdiction, the authority may be reallocated to the state. There are reasons why the large local government would not be able to issue QECBs or designate another issuer within the jurisdiction to issue from the original allocation. Some possible reasons include:
o Original allocation too small for a cost effective bond issuance;
o Difficulty of finding a tax credit investor;
o Insufficient debt capacity to issue bonds; or
o Lack of qualified projects within the jurisdiction.
In such cases, original allocations may be voluntarily reallocated to the state so that other issuers may benefit from the capacity. A local government that knows it will not be using its original allocation may affirmatively waive/reallocate the volume cap to the state by adopting a resolution of the governing body, and filing the Notice of Intent to Waive/Reallocate Qualified Energy Conservation Bonds Capacity with the form properly signed by the appropriate official.
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Sunday, February 17, 2008
North Fife Garden Birds
Today, a pleasant sunny one gave rise to some tidy up work in the garden, in the vegetable patch lay this Chaffinch, perhaps last nights frost was too much. We are visited by and have some as resident these birds. Starling, Song Thrush, Fieldfare, Blackbird, Blue Tit, Great Tit, Goldcrest, Bullfinch,
Chaffinch, Greenfinch, House Sparrow, Dunnock, Garden Warbler, Common Pheasant, Partridge, Red Legged Partridge, Grey Heron, Crow, Sparrowhawk, Yellow Hammer, Woodpigeon, Wren, Robin, Pied Wagtail, Mallard Duck, Swallow, House Martin.
Whatever the size, style or location of your garden, this stunning book gives you the perfect introduction to making the most of your space for birds. It provides opportunities for increasing the variety, number and regularity of birds. Written in a friendly and encouraging style, The Garden Bird Handbook is packed with practical advice and key information, ranging from planning and maintaining a bird-friendly garden, attracting, observing and feeding the entire range of likely visitors, through to a genuine understanding of bird behaviour. Illustrated throughout with wonderful photographs and full-colour artwork of the birds in garden settings, there is also a full and handsomely illustrated guide to garden birds, helping accurate identification. A special directory of plants that attract birds helps you plan your garden, and a month by month guide is packed with tips on what to look for. As well as the considerable pleasure to be gained from attracting and watching birds in your garden, there is an enormous contribution that you can make to their conservation. This book will help you develop the perfect garden for birds. The Garden Bird Handbook: How to Attract, Identify and Watch the Birds in Your Garden.
North Fife History. Cupar: A History History of North Fife Cupar. North Fife Property. Tour Scotland. North Fife Maps. St.Andrews and East Fife: Cupar, Anstruther and Crail (Explorer) Rent a Cottage in North Fife Scotland.
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| 0.92733 | 446 | 2.59375 | 3 |
How to write a Ping utility in Delphi using ICMP.dll
Tutorials Shared by the Internet Community
Total Hits - 34591
Total Votes - 145 votes
Vote Up - 71 votes
Vote Down - 74 votes
Domain - www.delphi-central.com
Category - Delphi/Networking
Submitted By - Shekhar
Submitted on - 2008-04-16 06:40:29
Windows supports an Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) to determine whether or not a particular host is available. is a network layer protocol that delivers flow control, error messages, routing, and other data between Internet hosts. ICMP is primarily used by application developers for a network ping.
A ping is the process of sending an echo message to an IP address and reading the reply to verify a connection between TCP/IP hosts. More detail...
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| 0.813314 | 179 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Rationing: A Necessary But Hated Sacrifice
"Do They Want This System...to Become
a Useless Farce?"
As if overseeing price controls weren't enough of a job, the federal Office of Price Administration (OPA) also presided over the even bigger job of rationing. The OPA set up complicated rules for rationing everything from beef to bubble gum and from sugar to shoes. In the process, the office became everyone's favorite wartime scapegoat while black markets flourished. Yet despite all of the complexity and grumbling, most Americans grudgingly admitted that rationing was a necessary part of the war effort.
A matter of fairness
While price controls aimed to keep inflation in check, rationing was designed primarily to distribute scarce goods reasonably equitably. OPA official E.W. Eggen put the issue in practical terms while he was a guest on a 1943 KGW radio show in Portland: "Suppose the demand for coffee exceeded the supply (which it does) and there were no rationing. What would happen then is that the woman who got [to] the grocery store first would get coffee and the woman who arrived late would get none. That means that the woman working in a defense plant, with not much time for shopping around, would be coffeeless so that the woman who has little else to do but shop would have more. It means that the woman who has no children to tie her home would have plenty of time to stand in line and get coffee, whereas the mother of a family would not. The same principle would apply to towels, sheets, shoes, dresses, any other type of commodity in which shortages might develop."(1) Mrs. E.W. St. Pierre of the State Defense Council, put it another way: "Rationing is essentially democratic,...[it] protects the 'little man' who is unable to pay exorbitant prices for articles of which limited quantities exist."(2)
A complicated system develops
The mechanics of the rationing programs changed over time but remained replete with red tape, including coupons, certificates, stamps, stickers, and a changing point system. Sugar, the first item rationed nationwide in May 1942, started the process, followed by coffee. Oregonians lined up at local grade schools staffed by teachers and volunteers who took depositions on how much sugar each family already had at home and then issued ration books containing coupons good for a year's supply. Over time the number of rationed items grew as did the red tape. Eventually three billion ration stamps a month, each less than an inch square in size, would be passed from the cluttered handbag of the consumer to the retailer, who passed them on to the wholesaler, who sent them to the manufacturer, who had to account for them to the federal government.(3)
Soon other items were rationed as well, including processed goods such as canned, jarred, dried, frozen, and bottled products, followed by meat, fish, and dairy items. Two ration books were distributed to "every eligible man, woman, child, and baby in the United States." One contained blue coupons for processed goods while the other contained red coupons for meat, fish, and dairy products. Each person started with 48 blue points and 64 red points each month. Thus, the shopper for a family of four had a total of 192 points for processed food and 256 points for meats, fish, and dairy products. Each month brought new ration stamps as the old ones expired. Each stamp had a number on it designating the points it was worth as well as a letter showing which "rationing period" the stamp could be used. Each rationed product had a point value assigned to it that was independent of the price.
The point value could fluctuate depending on scarcity and grocers were required to keep current "official point lists" posted. Thus, a scarce can of beans might have a point value of 14 while a more plentiful can of corn might have a value of 8. At the checkout counter, the shopper was to remove the proper amount of stamps in the presence of the clerk. Point management was critical to effective shopping since the number of points available was limited by the rationing period. Moreover, grocers could not make change so shoppers were advised to "use high-point stamps first, if you can."(4) By 1944 constantly evolving regulations resulted in a "simplified" plan that, among other things, introduced one point tokens to be given as change.The elaborate system of gasoline rationing caused more headaches for consumers. Each driver was assigned a windshield sticker with a letter of priority ranging from A to E. Cars used only for pleasure driving wore an A sticker worth one stamp redeemable for three to five gallons a week, depending on the region and the period. Commuters were assigned B stickers worth a varying amount of gas depending on their distance from work. E sticker holders received as many gallons as needed but this designation was reserved for policemen, clergymen, and similar professions. Farmers were also granted as much gas as needed but faced a daunting amount of paperwork to claim it.(5) Additional systems developed for other rationed products such as car tires and tubes.
"They can cheat..."
As with price control issues, the mostly volunteer bureaucracy of local war price rationing boards had their hands full looking after the OPA program that had endless opportunities to cheat. OPA officials acknowledged the reality that they were at the mercy of the good will of the consumer: "Our rationing system can be made to work with simplicity and fairness if all Americans everywhere will cooperate and use their ration stamps properly. They can cheat -- it is always possible to cheat on any set of rules. But do Americans want to? Do they want this system designed to be fair to all, to become a useless farce?"(6)
Officials published a long list of violations related to how ration books were used, all the while trying to combat a pervasive rationalization that said "I know I shouldn't do this, but I guess just this once won't ruin the country...." The list of transgressions included trying to make purchases with loose stamps. These could have been lost or stolen and OPA regulations said that the retailer was forbidden to accept them. Lending a ration book to a friend was also a violation. The official reasoning was that some people who ate frequently at restaurants and didn't need all of their stamps often gave them to friends who would then "be getting double their fair share. This kind of neighborliness must be foregone for the duration." The solution? The frequent diners were expected to destroy any extra ration stamps instead--an unlikely option.(7)
A flourishing black market
In reality, large and small violations of rationing and price control regulations combined to form a flourishing black market. Typically, this consisted of consumers paying prices above the established limits or buying goods without the required coupons. Many customers, flush with money from high paying defense jobs, were willing to violate the law in order to buy that really good cut of meat for a special occasion or a rare pair of shoes that would go perfectly with a new dress. Retailers found a number of ways to work the system and customers were warned not to buy rationed items without coupons: "In order to replenish his stock from legitimate sources, your dealer must have your stamps to turn in. Otherwise, you know he is purchasing from a Black Market." In a variation on the theme, some retailers asked their customers to give them their unused ration stamps, thereby allowing the retailer to purchase merchandise that could be sold during the next ration period without the need to demand stamps. Once again, consumers were asked to destroy any unused stamps rather than give them to their grocer.(8)
One study estimated that warnings about black market activities were issued to 20 percent of American businesses, while nearly seven percent were charged with illegal activities. Still, few were prosecuted or convicted and those who were usually received small fines--hardly a deterrent.(9) Thus, while some social stigma existed, the rationing program became so unpopular and the black market became so widespread that many people would "look the other way" as they had with alcohol use during Prohibition.
Hoarding quickly became a mainstay of the black market as well. Many people tried to "beat the game" by hoarding goods about to be rationed while using the ironic justification of "I'm just stocking up before the hoarders get there."(10) Portland office OPA official E.W. Eggen tried valiantly, if naively, to make hoarding look like a losing proposition, citing three reasons that it wouldn't work: "First, it's unpatriotic, and public opinion would make the would-be hoarders very unhappy. Second, you will have to report your present goods on hand when you get your ration cards. Third, you can't possibly anticipate in advance exactly where shortages will develop. Just as a case in point, the greatest single run on a single item handled by department stores was the rush for all-wool men's clothing last spring. Yet, today [a year later] it is still plentiful."(11)Organized criminals get into the action
More serious violations also occurred, many at the hands of organized crime. Gas rationing, particularly disliked, fell victim to many of the schemes. The government claimed that "the gasoline black market involves, in many cases, experienced criminal rings, and is even drawing teen-age youngsters into its operations in dangerous numbers." Predictably, criminals soon produced counterfeit rationing coupons, which they then sold to gas stations and drivers. The OPA estimated that fake coupons accounted for five percent of all gasoline sales in the country. Criminals also stole vast amounts of coupons. The Washington D.C. office of the OPA lost real coupons worth 20 million gallons of gas to theft while thieves in Cleveland stole coupons for five million gallons. Meanwhile, other crime resulted in connection with meat rationing. The so called "red market" involved selling low-grade meat for higher-grade prices or selling meat that contained more fat or bone than allowed by federal regulations.(12)
In sympathy with Hitler or Hirohito?
Even if much of the population "looked the other way" or chalked it up to being just a petty sin, others saw the potentially corrosive effect that could result from a prevalence of low-level crime such as rationing violations. Mrs. E.W. St. Pierre of the State Defense Council used her typical hyperbole in lamenting the situation as she saw it in an August 1942 bulletin:
The American public is being rationed on sugar and rubber today,
and tomorrow many more things may be added to this list. ...From this
situation has arisen a genie which may undermine our whole war effort,
unless an understanding American people lend a hand. It
is obvious that there are not sufficient law enforcement officers in
the land to detect all evasions of these regulations. A 'black market'
has sprung up, bootlegging these materials to persons willing to pay
the price. Buyer and seller are equally guilty; they are both disloyal,
dishonest, and traitorous to their country. Great hidden stocks of materials,
undeclared by their owners when the Government made its check of essential
materials, are now finding their way into these markets.
Only a person secretly in sympathy with Hitler or Hirohito would knowingly buy from such a source, for dealers in such hidden supplies are part of a great fifth column movement of the Axis powers. Every loyal American must be aware of this situation. Report at once any suspected infringement of these regulations. 'I know where you can get a tire' ... ---well, find out where and report it at once to your nearest Office of Price Administration or War Production Board. The American people must keep eyes and ears open to defeat this attempt to undermine the war effort of our country.(13)
1. Radio Transcript, Oregon on Guard Radio Program of the Oregon State Defense Council, March 19, 1943. Pages 5-6, Folder 19, Box 31, Defense Council Records, OSA.
2. "Bulletin," Consumer Division, Oregon State Defense Council, August 7, 1942. Folder 12, Box 28, Defense Council Records, OSA.
3. "Why Canned Fruits, Vegetables, and Soups Are Rationed" Consumer Instruction Sheet, Office of Price Administration, January 1943. Folder 8, Box 35, Defense Council Records, OSA; Ronald H. Bailey, The Home Front: U.S.A. (Time-Life Books, Inc., 1977), Page 110.
4. "Why Canned Fruits, Vegetables, and Soups Are Rationed" Consumer Instruction Sheet, Office of Price Administration, January 1943. Folder 8, Box 35, Defense Council Records, OSA; Ronald H. Bailey, The Home Front: U.S.A. (Time-Life Books, Inc., 1977), Page 112.
5. Ronald H. Bailey, The Home Front: U.S.A. (Time-Life Books, Inc., 1977), Page 110.
6. "Group Services Bulletin," Office of Price Administration, October 1943. Page 4, Folder 8, Box 35, Defense Council Records, OSA.
7. "Group Services Bulletin, You the Women of America," Office of Price Administration, August 1943. Page 7, Folder 8, Box 35, Defense Council Records, OSA.
9. John W. Jeffries, World War II and the American Home Front: Part One (Washington D.C.: National Park Service, 2004), Page 27.
10. Ronald H. Bailey, The Home Front: U.S.A. (Time-Life Books, Inc., 1977), Page 111.
11. Radio Transcript, Oregon on Guard Radio Program of the Oregon State Defense Council, March 19, 1943. Page 6, Folder 19, Box 31, Defense Council Records, OSA.
12. "Facts You Should Know" Statement No. 3, Office of Price Administration, November 1943. Page 7, Folder 8, Box 35, Defense Council Records, OSA; John W. Jeffries, World War II and the American Home Front: Part One (Washington D.C.: National Park Service, 2004), Page 28.
13. "Bulletin," Consumer Division, Oregon State Defense Council, August 7, 1942. Folder 12, Box 28, Defense Council Records, OSA.
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In 1939, Kurt Lewin led a group of researchers that studied the responses of school children when lead by leaders characterized as authoritarian, democratic or laissez-faire leaders.
A leader using a democratic or participative leadership style, will engage the group within the decision making process, they will consider the groups inputs; however, he or she will retain their right to make the final decision. As it synonymous name of participative leadership style implies, leader allow, seek and even go as far as to reinforce participative behaviours. As a result, the participants will feel engaged; they will be more creative and will offer more efforts toward ensuring an effective and efficient completion of the goals.
According to Lewin's research, the Democratic style is the most effective leadership style. However, that statement is often put out of context by being generalized to all situations and in all circumstances. In his study, Lewin, categorized this statement by indicating that the results were less productive but better in terms of quality, when participants were guided by democratic leaders as opposed to authoritative ones.
While we can certainly all understand the value in using a democratic style of leadership, most don't appreciate the difficulty of such a style. In situation where the objective or the mean by which we need to reach them aren't clear, communications can be hazardous, conflicting opinions lead to a plethora of emotions. It's important to make a note that increasing the number of participants, exponentially increases this complexity. For that reason, we can understand that the democratic leadership style should be supported by knowledgeable employees in order to reduce, as much as possible, these complex interactions.
In relation to the authoritarian leadership style or the laissez-faire leadership style and the other end of the spectrum, the democratic style sits right in the middle. The democratic or Participative leadership style is certainly the style of leadership that requires to most knowledge of human behaviour on the authoritative/democratic/laissez-faire leadership style spectrum. Consequently, it was one of the least used styles of leadership, fortunately the tendency hasn't maintained and consequently its usage continues to trend upwards. This upward trend can be attributed to the knowledge gained in sociology, psychology and philosophy, among others. In addition, to having a more educated, in their field of expertise, workforce.
In today's larger organization, democratic leaders have made and continue to make their appearance. If we fast forward a couple of years from now, one can certainly see that this upward trend isn't going to diminish and that democratic leaders are going to find their way into the smaller organizations.
We encourage you to expand on the discussion, add to the critique or even share your vision with regards to the future applications of the theory.
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E. Cobham Brewer 18101897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.
Food for show only, and not intended to be eaten except by certain privileged persons. The term is Jewish, and refers to the twelve loaves which the priest showed or exhibited to Jehovah, by placing them week by week on the sanctuary table. At the end of the week, the priest who had been in office was allowed to take them home for his own eating; but no one else was allowed to partake of them.
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Pictures on TV and in newspapers last week showed long lines of ethnic Albanians fleeing Kosovo, a southern province of Serbia. The refugees streamed into neighboring Albania, Macedonia and Montenegro at a rate of as many as 4,000 an hour, according to international monitors.
With the refugees came their horrific stories. They told of villages being burned and family members, friends and neighbors being executed by Serb forces.
Even as NATO bombs fell on his country, Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic appeared to be trying to force ethnic Albanians - who before the war made up 90 percent of Kosovo's population - out of the province. The United Nations estimates that about 150,000 refugees have fled Kosovo since NATO launched airstrikes against Yugoslavia on March 24. More than 550,000 people, a quarter of Kosovo's population, have been displaced in the last year. (Kosovo is about the size of Connecticut.)
The NATO bombings were supposed to persuade Milosevic to abandon his campaign against the Kosovar Albanians and accept a peace accord. But some said the airstrikes were having the opposite effect - and were accelerating Serb violence against the ethnic Albanians.
Still, NATO officials weren't wavering in their plans to keep up the bombing. They said the airstrikes will destroy Milsoevic's army piece by piece - which they hope will force the Yugoslav leader to accept a peace accord.
But why is the fighting going on anyway? And why is the U.S. involved? We'll take a look:
Who's at war in Kosovo?
Even though 90 percent of Kosovo's population were ethnic Albanians, Kosovo is ruled by Serbs. The Serbs, headed by Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic, are fighting the Kosovo Liberation Army, or KLA, a group of guerrillas who want Kosovo to break free of Serbian control.
What's at stake for the ethnic Albanian rebels?
They want an immediate end to the fighting and atrocities by the Serbs. They also want full independence - in other words, they want Kosovo to be its own country.
What's at stake for the Serbs?
Milosevic wants to keep Kosovo part of Yugoslavia, under Serb control, and stop any occupation of the province by NATO forces. What do the United States and NATO want?(less than)$t-2(greater than)
NATO - an alliance of 19 Western governments, including the United States - wants to halt the fighting. It also wants Milosevic to sign a peace agreement that gives Kosovo autonomy - meaning it can govern itself - but leaves it part of Serbia. (This could change, though. Last week, President Clinton warned Milosevic that he risked losing Kosovo if he kept up his attacks.) NATO also wants to enforce a peace pact with ground troops, which Milosevic opposes.
Why does NATO care about Kosovo's civil war in the first place?
It's afraid the civil war could boil into a much bigger conflict. The Serbs' campaign to eliminate the KLA has driven hundreds of thousands from their homes (both ethnic Albanians and other Kosovars, Serbs included, have fled because they fear attacks). This has created a humanitarian catastrophe and potential refugee problem in Europe. The conflict could draw in neigh-boring Albania and Macedonia, as well as more distant powers such as Russia, which has ethnic and religious ties to the Serbs.
Why won't Milosevic give the Albanians their independence? Why is Kosovo so important to the Serbs anyway?
To the Serbs, Kosovo is very significant. They consider it rightfully theirs because it was the birthplace of their national culture before they lost it to the Ottoman Turks in 1389. (They regained control of the province shortly before World War I.) Serbs say the KLA are terrorists who are trying to rob them of ancestral lands.
What might NATO do next?
NATO officials had hoped airstrikes would batter Milosevic into accepting its peace pact for Kosovo. At first, the airstrikes targeted specific military targets, but they have expanded as Milosevic continues victimizing ethnic Albanians.
When the airstrikes began on March 24, NATO targeted the Yugoslav air-defense network. Then on March 28, it broadened its attacks to target Serb military forces in Kosovo. On Thursday, NATO expanded its air campaign against Yugoslavia to target top government buildings in Belgrade, the Yugoslav capital. So far, NATO has ruled out a ground invasion.
HELP ON THE WAY:
The U.S. and European countries have been rushing food, tents, blankets, sanitation kits and other supplies to the poor countries around Kosovo, where hundreds of thousands of refugees have fled. Officials of the United Nations World Food Program said the surrounding countries have enough food to feed the refugees for the next four months. But they are worried about the people left in Kosovo, where food supplies have been looted.
TIME MARCHES ON
What led to This?
1380 The Ottoman Turks defeat the Serbian-led armies in Kosovo, which remains under Turkish control for centuries.
1912 Serbia wins back control of Kosovo in the Balkan Wars of 1912-13.
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US Senator Sanders speaking at the press conference for his carbon tax bill, Senator Barbara Boxer on the right. (photo: Senator Bernie Sanders)
President Obama promises executive action on global warming, if Congress fails to enact climate legislation. Now Senator Barbara Boxer of California and Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont have introduced a climate bill that includes, among other measures, a tax on carbon emissions. Senator Bernie Sanders discusses the legislation with host Steve Curwood.
CURWOOD: From the Jennifer and Ted Stanley Studios in Boston, this is Living on Earth. I'm Steve Curwood.
With John Kerry now Secretary of State, leadership for the crusade to address climate change in the United States Senate has passed to Environment Committee Chair Barbara Boxer of California and Independent Bernie Sanders of Vermont. And the two have wasted little time in taking up the challenge of President Obama, who has vowed to take executive action on climate change if the Congress fails to act.
Senators Boxer and Sanders have introduced legislation that would, among other measures, impose a twenty dollar per ton fee on carbon emissions that would be mostly rebated to households. Senator Sanders joins us now from Washington, DC. Welcome to Living on Earth!
SANDERS: Thank you for having me.
CURWOOD: So the centerpiece of your bill is what you're calling a fee and dividend on carbon emissions. How would that work?
SANDERS: Well, the good news here is that what we are doing is focusing on the 3,000 largest emitters of greenhouse gas in the country, putting a fee of $20 per ton of carbon or methane equivalent.
CURWOOD: So this will be what, the oil refinery?
SANDERS: Coal mines, the oil refineries, the natural gas processing plants, or at the point of importation as well - which would deal with about 85 percent of the greenhouse gas emissions. So this is not going to be a fee, which impacts tens and tens and tens of thousands of entities. It's kind of what we call an "upstream”, where the emissions take place.
CURWOOD: So how exactly would it work? How would you impose this?
SANDERS: Look. Here’s the point. Here's the point before we get into all of the details. The important issue to understand right now is that according to the scientific community, we stand the danger of seeing the planet Earth temperature rise by 8°F by the end of this century. If that happens, and we’ve talked to many of the leading scientists who study this issue, what they are telling us is this will cause catastrophic - underline catastrophic - damage to the planet. What we already know is that 12 out of the last 15 years have been the warmest on record. We already know that we’re looking at unprecedented levels of drought, of floods, of extreme weather disturbances like Hurricane Irene or Hurricane Sandy. We’re looking at the continent of Australia burning up. We’re looking at heat waves in Europe the people have never seen before.
The most important issue before we worry about every line of any legislation is, is the Congress of the United States going to wake up and say we have a planetary crisis here and we have got to address it. And if you ask me, and I already deal with a lot of issues out there, my greatest embarrassment of being a member of the United States Congress right now, it is that you have a major political party, the Republican Party, who refuses to listen to what the scientists are saying. You have the ranking member, from a ranking member of the Environmental Committee telling us if you could believe it, that the climate change is a hoax perpetrated by Al Gore and the Hollywood elite and United Nations. I mean, that's where we are. And my fear is that if Congress does not get our act together, you're gonna see more and more extreme weather disturbances, more and more problems which will cost this country and this planet a hell of a lot more than the legislation that Barbara Boxer and I have introduced.
CURWOOD: This carbon fee, this effective carbon tax, where would the money raised from these fees go?
SANDERS: Good question. Among other things, a lot of the money - actually the majority of the money - would go back to the people of United States to help them with any increased energy costs they may incur as we begin to transform our energy system away from fossil fuels. Some people will be forced to pay more for fuel and they will. A lot of money we’re raising, we expect to raise about $1.2 trillion over a 10-year-period. The majority of that money goes right back to the American people to help them pay for increased fuel cost. Significantly we also put a whole lot of money in weatherization, we would rather weatherize a million homes a year.
We would put money into research and development for breakthroughs in energy...how can we move more aggressively to sustainable energy? A lot of research being done out there, and we want to be cutting edge in that. We would also invest in worker training to make sure that we had the people available to do the work that we need to transform our energy systems. So, by the way, this also becomes a jobs program because we can put a whole lot of people to work in energy efficiency and weatherization and in sustainable energy.
CURWOOD: So quickly to bring it down to the individual listening to this, maybe he works in Wyoming, drives this truck hundred miles a day to get to work and is worried about the price of gas going up. How does it help him?
SANDERS: It helps him because we would be creating a nation in which his grandchildren and his children would be able to live comfortably. If we do nothing, if we do nothing, the projections are that the droughts that were seeing in the southwestern part of this country, the forest fires that we’re seeing, will only intensify. So the main point to be made is that we don't have much of a choice on this. If we want this planet to be habitable for our kids, grandchildren and great-grandchildren, we have to act.
Now if the question is, will he - and in Vermont, by the way, our people travel long distances to work as well - might he have to pay more for a gallon of gas? I don't know the answer to that. But the reason that we're putting a whole lot of money back into the people is to help them cover the cost. Now, in terms of automobiles and trucks, what we have done - and the Obama people have been good at this - is we have significantly increased the café standards - that is the mileage per gallon that cars and trucks have got to get, and that is the future. I think we have got to provide a lot of support for hybrid technology so that we end up using less gasoline that we currently use. And move toward some degree the electrification of our transportation system.
CURWOOD: So tell me about the timing of this. Why did you decide to submit this legislation now...February 2013?
SANDERS: A couple of reasons. The major reason is this bill actually addresses the problem. What we hear from the scientific community is that we are on the precipice. That if we do not act boldly right now it literally may be too late. There's a point of no return where if we do not cool the planet down, if we do not stop the warming of the planet, it'll be just too late. So what we have introduced is a bill that would cover about 85 percent of US greenhouse gas emissions, and by doing that it will become a statement to the rest of the world - to China, India, other countries - that the United States is serious about addressing this problem, we want to work with you. So it's not good enough in my view just to give speeches, you know, saying how serious the problem is. You got to take action and we do it.
The truth of the matter is, and this is, in a sense, the good news, we know how to cut greenhouse gas emissions; the technology will only improve in years to come. Solar will become less expensive, and it has become much less expensive in recent years. It will continue to go down. Wind will become more efficient. I just talked this morning to some folks in the geothermal business, and in Vermont more homeowners are looking to geothermal - got to get the word out about that: biomass - some good developments there. We know today how to break our dependence on fossil fuels.
Now the problem is, the political problem is, that you have an energy system made up with the coal companies, the oil companies, etc. who have enormous economic and political power; you can't turn on cable television without seeing another ad from these guys. These guys buy and sell politicians, spending huge amount of money in campaign contributions. That is the problem that we have. So we’ve got a planetary crisis; in my view the United States should play a leading role. We know how to cut greenhouse gas emissions. What we need is a political effort, a grassroots effort in America putting pressure on Congress to say, “Excuse me, get your act together and protect our kids and grandchildren.”
CURWOOD: Having a committee chair behind you is extremely powerful in a situation like this. Ordinarily, the environment you just outlined, the pressure from industry would keep this bottled up in committee, but...
SANDERS: That's right and having Senator Boxer, whose been just terrific on this issue as a co-sponsor - original co-sponsor - is a huge step forward. And I think frankly it is high time that this country had a debate, a real debate on it based on facts and not disinformation. There was just a piece that the fossil fuel industry was spending over a hundred million dollars - all kinds of phony think tanks - trying to really confuse the American people and say, “Well, you know, we’re not quite sure...some people say global warming is real and it’s manmade and some people say that it’s not.” That's what they're spending zillions of dollars on; the truth is the scientific community is almost 100 percent united in saying global warming is real, that global warming is significantly caused by manmade activities, that global warming is already causing serious damage to our country and to the world and that it will only get worse. That is the reality.
CURWOOD: Tell me a bit more about the hearings...how extensive, what kind of people are you going to bring forward to make the case?
SANDERS: We're going to bring forward the leading experts on climate in the United States and in the world. I have talked to a number of them. We have already had hearings with them over the years, and what they will likely say, and have been saying recently, they've been saying, “You know, we were wrong when we talked about global warming in the past...we were wrong because we are underestimated the problem. The problem is now looking to us a lot worse, more severe, more draconian than we had thought it was.”
And I suspect that they will also tell us - and we want to be with the economics of this - is that at a time when, and your listeners know, that just last month US Congress voted $60 billion dollars - and I voted for this - to help New Jersey and New York recover from Hurricane Sandy, that terrible devastating hurricane - and my state of Vermont a year and a half ago was hit by Irene - devastation all over many parts of our state. What I think these scientists will tell us, that it makes a lot more sense in trying to address the issue of global warming, cut greenhouse gas emissions, than spending huge amounts of money every year. And I suspect that number will be more and more, rebuilding communities that were devastated by extreme weather occurrences.
CURWOOD: You see opposition to your measure from Republicans...what kind of support do you see from the White House?
SANDERS: Umm - lukewarm. I think the White House will tell us that global warming is real, that we need action. My suspicion is that they will not go anywhere as near as far as they have to.
CURWOOD: I understand that Jack Lew, who’s been nominated for Treasury Secretary, has said that it’s unlikely the administration would have plans for any form of carbon taxation.
SANDERS: That's correct. That is what he's said.
CURWOOD: Now you’ve introduced a companion bill that would eliminate certain fossil fuel subsidies...what would that do?
SANDERS: Right now as everybody who is paying 4 bucks for a gallon of gas knows, our friends at ExxonMobil and the other large oil companies are doing very, very well. In fact, ExxonMobil is the most profitable corporation, as I understand it, in American history. And if you look at the federal taxes that these large corporations are paying - and it’s not just the oil companies, it’s Wall Street as well - you have some years, some years because of a variety of loopholes, and the fact that these people employ hundreds of very smart accountants, and some of these very profitable oil companies pay zero in taxes. Nothing in taxes. So we think that when you have an industry which is A: enormously profitable and B: is producing a product whose emissions are causing devastating problems for our nation and the world, we should end the subsidies that they are currently enjoying.
CURWOOD: One last question before you go, Senator. Republicans are much opposed to your proposed carbon tax. You say the White House is lukewarm about it. Here's the question: how do you get this from idea from bill to legislation to become the law the land of the United States, understanding what you’re up against?
SANDERS: Well, that's a very fair question. What Senator Boxer and I have done is brought forth what we consider to be the gold standard. And that is legislation that would actually do what the scientists are telling us has to be done. Now, do I think this is going to be an easy political fight? No I don't. You have all of the energy companies; you have the national Association of Manufacturers coming out against you; you’ve got all the big money interests coming out against it. It really boggles my mind that you have an industry who for the sake of their own profits are prepared to do terrible harm to our planet. I really do, to be frank with you - I understand people want to make money and that's okay - but that you're willing to wreck havoc on this planet for our kids and our grandchildren and our great-grandchildren in the future...that to me is unbelievable.
So do we have a hard political fight? Sure we do. But I believe, especially since Hurricane Irene, and especially Hurricane Sandy, when people are saying, “Are we going be seeing more and more of these devastating weather events which is going to cost the government and insurance
companies and homeowners so much money to rebuild, that we got to do something about it.”
So I think ultimately like everything else, you know, whether it’s the civil rights movement, or the movement toward women's rights or gay liberation or whatever it may be, the impetus will come from the people who say to Congress, “You know what, I want my kids and grandchildren and great-grandchildren to have a decent life. You’d better do something to protect the planet.” And when that happens Congress will find the courage to stand up to the big money interests.
CURWOOD: Bernie Sanders is an Independent United States Senator from Vermont. Thanks so much for taking the time with me today.
SANDERS: Well, thank you.
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New study highlights autism's burden on family incomes
Raising children brings financial challenge for many families, but especially for parents of children with autism. And the magnitude of that burden is a lot bigger than you may think.
A new study in the journal Pediatrics finds that overall earnings in families with children with autism are 28% ($17,763) less compared to families whose children do not have health limitations, and 21% ($10,416) less compared to families with children with other health limitations.
The dichotomy is striking in the mothers' income: Mothers of children with an autism spectrum disorder tend to earn 35% less than mothers who have children with different health limitations - in fact, $7189 less - on average. Compared to mothers of children who do not have health limitations, those with autistic children earn 56% less, which translates to an average difference of $14,755. There was no average difference in fathers' incomes, however.
Families in which a child has an autism spectrum disorder are 9% less likely to have both parents working than other families.
About 1 in 110 children in the United States has an autism spectrum disorder. Autism is a developmental condition characterized by difficulties in social interaction, language and behavior; symptoms usually start before age 3. There is no cure for autism, and behavioral interventions are quite costly. But experts say earlier treatment is better.
A person with autism costs an average of $3.2 million to society over his or her lifetime, according to a 2007 study. Adult care and lost productivity are the biggest sources of that amount.
Researchers wanted to look at the cost from a different angle: The effect on family earnings.
Using a large nationally representative survey, researchers identified 261 children with autism spectrum disorders. They also included 2,921 children with another health limitation and 64,349 children without a health limitation.
The income discrepancy among families with a child with autism is likely due to mothers leaving the workforce and taking lower-paying jobs, said study co-author David Mandell.
These mothers aren't just staying at home to take care of their children with autism, says Mandell, associate director of the Center for Mental Health Policy and Services Research at the University of Pennsylvania. They're on the phone arguing with their insurance company about getting services, going to multiple meetings about school, and shuttling kids from provider after provider.
Full article from CNN.com here
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By Martha Buntin.
Seeing the failure of the politician, who cheated the Indian and the government, causing trouble for both, and considering the military authorities only as a means of locating the Indians on their reservations, but not as a force to be used in making them citizens of the United States, President Grant, in 1868, decided to allow the religious bodies to choose the Indian agents. For this very important task in the Central Superintendency, which included the Kiowa, Comanche, and Wichita reservation, he selected the group who had had the most harmonious dealings with the Indians, the Quakers.
Lawrie Tatum was not even aware of the fact that he was considered for such a position until he saw his name in a newspaper as the Quaker nominee to fill a position as agent for the Kiowa, Comanche, and Wichita reservation. 1On May 20, 1869, Tatum received his official appointment and prepared to go at once into Indian territory. He left his wife, Mary Ann Tatum in Iowa, until he could return for her.2 Col. W. B. Hazen met Tatum at Junction City, Kansas, and took him to Fort Sill, the newly established post in Indian Territory, a journey of some three hundred and fifty miles. They passed no houses on the way.
Colonel Hazen had already selected a site for the agency located about three miles from Fort Sill. Only one adobe building was under construction when Tatum arrived. As the stream rose suddenly, this building was often surrounded by water; for this reason Tatum gravely reported the location a most unhealthful as well as inconvenient. On July 1, 1869, the agency, with the property belonging to it, was transferred to Tatum, with the exception of the com-
2Tatum felt that he was called by God to do this work about which he knew nothing, but he declared that the necessary information would come to him as he needed it. Ibid., 26.
missary which for some unknown reason was not transferred until the following year.3
Farming had been started by Hazen, who had had several tracts of land plowed for the Indians. Since these Indians had never done any farming, it was necessary to have a man teach them when and how to cultivate the land. The work, however, was done entirely by the women and children even though the men enjoyed the products greatly, often not even waiting for the melons to ripen before eating them.4
Tatum found that his first duty was to build an Indian Agency in order that the work might be carried on.5 Since the Indians could not grind their corn into meal, it was of little use to them. As per treaty agreement, the Indians were promised a sawmill with an attachment for grinding corn. Tatum decided that he had to go to Chicago to secure the mill and employees. The mill was to be sent to Smith Paul's ranch (near the modern Pauls Valley, Oklahoma,) and freighted from there to Fort Sill. The employees accompanied him to Lawrence, Kansas, where he purchased some wagons, spring-seats, horses and mules, harness, and a camping equipment. When all this was assembled, Tatum, his wife, and his employees, who left their homes on the call of the Church, set out on a four hundred mile journey unbroken by a single village and after the first fifty miles, not even a hut was to be seen.
With the arrival of these people, the peace policy of the president was under way. There can be no doubt that these people were most serious in their undertaking, even though most of them departed in haste when the Indians became restless and threatened trouble. These employees were soon replaced by the Church. It is surprising how well they fitted into the work when they had been selected by the brethern of an eastern church who had probably never seen an Indian.
3Tatum selected high ground on the tract set aside by Colonel Hazen for the use of the agency and commenced the construction of a school and houses for the personnel of the agency. As the price of lumber was $75.00 per thousand feet f. o. b. Henrietta, Texas, located 140 miles from the agency, most all of the houses had to be constructed of adobe.
Tatum was not without instruction in his new work. In fact he received his instructions from several and varied sources. The military authorities felt that he needed their assistance and guidance; the Quaker Churches gave instructions collectively and individually; and the Indian Department sent numerous circulars and letters of instruction. The care of the funds was a very exacting task. The money had to be accounted for to a penny to E. S. Parker, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, while a like record had to be retained and turned over to his successor when he departed.6
Colonel B. H. Gierson instructed Tatum to allow Evans and Company to trade with the Indians and recommended that more traders be allowed to come to Fort Sill so that the Indians might receive the most for their products which consisted mostly of buffalo robes collected on their annual hunting expeditions. (7)
The Quaker Committee advised him to proceed with the assistance of God, to civilize and christianize the Indians and assured him they were praying for him. They promised him, they would soon send some of their Committee to assist him. (8) The great interest manifested in the policy of the President is expressed in the following report:
The Washington Committee having met in Baltimore on the 12th inst, letters having been read from Agents Tatum and Richards and other Friends, giving accounts of the disturbed state of affairs amongst the Indians. Our sympathies have been deeply enlisted on behalf of thyself and the Friends who are acting with thee. We rescognize our inability at this distance to give minute directions for your conduct in all your trying circumstances which surround you. But when we remember that you and we have entered upon this work as followers of the Prince of Peace, and that the President has assured the Friends that no duties would be required of them inconsistent with their known principles - - - - our desires have been very earnest that you might be enabled to act consist-
tantly without profession and in doing so witness the preserving power of Divine Providence.
Committ your way unto the Lord, Trust also in Him. Be assured of our renewed sympathy and prayers for you.
On behalf of the Washington Committee:
William W. Belknap, Secretary of War, wrote the following to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, S. E. Parker
I have the honor to state for your information and for such remedial action as you may deem appropriate to the case, that the Commanding-General Military Division of the Missouri reports that the majority of the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache Indians are constantly off the reservation established for them at Fort Sill, and doubtless constitute the bands which are constantly committing outrages and depredations in Texas, and that the military authorities have no power to punish them for leaving their reservations, as the Indian agent has sole jurisdiction over them and lets them go at their pleasure. The government furnishing the supplies while they are on their predatory expeditions, and feeding them probably on their return. The General of the Army expresses his concurrence in this opinion of the Division Commander.10
Parker had a copy of this letter forwarded to Enoch Hoag, Superintendent of the Central Superintendency along with a letter which instructed him to carry out the instructions in the letter written by Belknap. In turn Hoag copied both letters and forwarded them to Tatum with a third letter in which he ordered Tatum to keep the Indians on the reservation. These instructions did not reach Tatum until the latter part of February.
Tatum reported that while he knew little of the work required of him when he received his appointment, he soon discovered that he was a governor, legislature, judge, sher-
iff, and accounting agent and gave examples where he had taken the part of each.11 In addition to his official labors, Tatum received many letters requesting all sorts of permissions and information, which he carefully answered. The following is an answer to a letter requesting permission to establish a dairy near the agency:
Thy note of 25th inst. has been received asking permission to start a dairy near this place.
I am willing to grant permission for thee to have a dairy of fifteen or twenty cows, near this place, for one year, provided the cattle are kept out of my fields and gardens. - - - I expect to have my fields and gardens fenced, but there are some cattle that will go over even a good fence. I do not expect to have such around me. And provided also, that thou and thy employees conduct thyselves satisfactory to me.12
The people in Texas seemed to live in constant fear and dread due to the inroads of hostile Indians who were constantly leaving their reservations and seeking scalps, captives, stock, or merely adventure. These people wrote many letters requesting Tatum to keep his Indians on the reservation and requesting him to locate some member of their families who had been captured by the Indians.
Tatum managed to return many captives to their families. At first he paid the Indians $100.00 per captive returned, but he declared that to place so high a value on captives encouraged the taking of them and demanded that they be returned to him without pay. The military officials, who had first declared that the Indians would not return them for $100.00, were now most skeptical, but they gave their assistance when it was requested and many cap-
12Tatum to Flood, March 27, 1870. Ibid. All of the copies of letters of this period are in pencil as Tatum found ink too difficult to secure to use it for any except final drafts of letters to be sent out. He explained this in a letter to a friend. Press copy books did not come into use until the very last of Tatum's term as Agent.
tives were thus returned.13 To secure the return of the captives, Tatum simply refused to issue rations until he had all the whites held captive by the Indians. Since the Indians were very fond of sugar and coffee, luxuries secured in no other way, they returned the captives to Tatum, who sent them home to their own people.
While issuing rations, Tatum requested that soldiers be stationed about the commissary. To this use of military force, the churches protested, but Tatum explained his position in this manner:
When soldiers come under a civil officer for duty it is to perform civil, not military duty so that I had no more hesitation in usnig them than I would in using a sheriff or police force."
Tatum was expected to know all the facts concerning his Indians though how and when he was to learn them was a problem to be decided for himself. Nevertheless, he did know more about the reservation and the problems of the Indians than any one else. When his opinion was requested concerning the boundaries, he gave the following letter:
I am well satisfied that it will be best for the Affiliated bands as well for the Kiowas, Comanches, and Apaches, to extend the boundaries of the present reservation to the Canadian River, up that river to the hundredth meridan, thence south to the Red River, not the north fork as at present, thus leaving a three cornered tract between this reservation and Texas, the hundredth meridian is said to be staked and the Indians know where that line is.
The Chiefs of the Affiliated bands as well as the chiefs of the Kiowa, Comanche, Indians have repeatedly expressed to me their wish to have this for their country and they were willing to have other friendly tribes of Indians moved onto it and to have their respective farms and use the unimproved parts for hunting purposes. This would
14Tatum, Our Red Brothers, 48, in which he quotes a letter to a number of churches. (Tatum was a lawyer, farmer and Quaker.)
not interfere with the different agencies or subagencies as might be thought best.
The Affiliated bands have their farms on both sides of the Washita River and to now move them north would be very unjust and unsatisfactory and discouraging to them, and almost as much to the Comanches, some of whom are trying to farm.
They would take it that the government was not acting in good faith as the Wichitas and Caddos have from time immorial owned, or thought they owned the land by the Wichita Mountains and along the Washita River and still wish to retain their claim upon it for hunting purposes and have their farms along the Washita.
They are very unwilling for the Cheyenne and Arapaho Reservation to extend further south than the Canadian River. If there has to be a boundary set apart for the Affiliated bands, I think the south side of the River from Fort Cobb to the east line of the Reserve, thence north to the Canadian River: and up that to a point north of Fort Cobb, thence south to a place of beginning and then at back country west, up the Canadian River; to the 100 meridian and south to Red River to the Kiowa and Comanche reservation.15
In 1871 Tatum took a regular count of the Indians of the reservation for roll call and rations; he discovered the count made by the Indians for the purpose of receiving rations, considerably greater than his count. They had a total of 8,746 while he found only 4,444.16
The year 1871 was a very hard one for the agent of the Kiowa, Comanche, and Wichita reservation, as the Indians were dissatisfied and constantly left the reservation for raids into Texas. The Wichitas and Affiliated bands complained because their neighbors constantly annoyed them. The sub-agent, at the old agency, erected by Major Shanklin, could not keep the Indians happy and refused the assistance of the military force or to have any of his Indians
serve as scouts in that body as he considered this decidedly against the Quaker policy.17
Numerous councils were called with the same object in view to induce the Indians to settle down.18 In order to maintain peace, a group of chiefs was taken to Washington to visit that city. Here the Commissioner of Indian Affairs told them the same thing that they had been hearing for some time: It is now time for them to settle down, remain on their reservation, keep their young men at home, and start making a living by the cultivation of the soil.19 Parker ordered Tatum to locate the roving Apaches wherever, whenever, and however they were willing to be located.20
After various peaceful means had failed to impress the Indians, the Commissioner ordered the military authorities to arrest criminal Indians whenever possible and that the Indian agent should accompany the military forces or send a deputy in order to carry out the terms of the treaty.21 Raiding Indians were to receive no rations but those who were raiding received better and more meat and certainly had a much more interesting time than those who remained peacefully upon the reservation, therefore this did not stop the raiding.22 Colonel Gierson, ordered by the military department, moved up the Red River "to drive any Indians that may be inclined to remain off the reservation back upon it."23 Colonel McKenzie was ordered to advance up the west fork of Red River and induce, peacefully if possible, any Indians there to return to the reservation.
The Quakers were most surprised and displeased to learn that the Indians in spite of being wild, untamed and untrained nomadic persons had not become under their supervision peaceful, home-loving and God-fearing Quaker farmers. They secured some very impressive certificates of land ownership which they were willing to give the Indians who selected a tract of land and started to farm.24
24These were not used to any great extent as there are two full books of them unsigned and unused in the papers of the Kiowa Agency.
After considering the matter for some time, the Quakers decided that the cause of the failure was due to the grave lack of religious training, so they sent the following letter to all the agents under their control:
I desire to call thy attention to the following minutes adopted by the Associated Executive Committee of Friends on Indian Affairs at their meeting in this city in 11th Mo. last.
That in each agency, some person or persons (To be designated by the general Agent) shall be responsible to the Executive Committee for religious instruction of the Indians.
That each agent shall be responsible to the Executive Committee that so far as possible, every member of each tribe under his care who has arrived at years of understanding, shall be told the saving truths of the gospel.
That First-day schools for Scriptural instrucstructions be established in every Agency where it is possible. Great care should be taken that the lessons are interesting, attractive, and very simple, and especial pains be taken to win the love of the parents and chiefs.
That Agents stimulate the Indian Councils to enact and enforce the laws of marriage for their tribes.
In pursuance of my duty in this case, I have decided and concluded that I could not do better than to designate thyself as the most suitable person to have this responsibility referred to in regard to religious instruction of the Indians under thy care and to take such steps in complying with the other requisitional above quoted as may be practicable. In discharging this responsibility, thou wilt of course request the co-operation and cordial assistance of such employees as may seem to thee most suitable for the purpose indicated and assign to each his or her portion of the work.25
The relations between the Quakers and the military authorities were often strained. Each considered the other as an assistant and felt that department a subordinate. The matter was more complicated by the fact that the military force was instructed to confer with the agent unless the offense came directly under their jurisdiction, as the agent was responsible for both white and Indians on the reservation.26
On June 6, 1872, several Kiowas took 120 mules belonging to the post at Ft. Sill; Colonel Schofield ordered Tatum to return the mules at once. He concluded his letter with the following statement: "You are respectfully requested to give a written answer to this command at your earliest convenience."27
Another cause of friction was that the agent was allowed to decide what persons could or could not remain on the reservation.28 He permitted about three hundred whites to remain, most of whom were conected with the post, trader stores, or government. Tatum ordered the commanding officer to arrest a man who was on the reservation without a pass. The answer was written on the back of the letter sent to him by Tatum and informed him in very plain English of the fact that if he wanted the man arrested, he could do it himself.29
The sale of liquor was allowed at Fort Sill in the military post. The quantity was limited by the post commander, none was to be sold to Indians, and the amount to soldiers was supposed to be limited.30 The question arose at once concerning the responsibility of arresting the liquor traders whose business was to sell their wares to Indians. Schofield offered to divide the task, simply arresting the offenders and sending them to Tatum who had no guardhouse and who maintained that the arrest and punishment of such persons rested with the commanding officer.
Both the Commissioner and the Superintendent de-
29Tatum to Schofield, Schofield to Tatum, June 15, 1872. The fact that these gentlemen saw each other very often, they carried on their business by letter sent generally by a man on horseback.
manded a great-number of reports on the condition of the reservation. The agent was ordered to make a monthly report on the progress of civilization of the Indians.32 Apparently this did not satisfy the authorities and he was requested to make such a report each week.33
Each tribe had different funds according to the treaties and these funds had to be spent and accounted for separately. The weight of all cattle and the price paid had to be written in duplicate to satisfy the requirements of the instructions. During the year 1872, the agent was informed that he might, if it became absolutely necessary, "use the telegraph."34
On March 31, 1873, Tatum resigned and transferred his government property to James H. Haworth, the new agent. During the year 1873 the routine labors were great, the friction between the military and Indian departments continued; the Indians still raided and but little improvement was seen unless it was in the gradual increase in school attendance. Haworth did not believe in the use of the military force as Tatum had, and therefore, used the soldiers as little as possible, thus relaxing the already deficient discipline among the Indians. He received orders from his own people the Quakers, to co-operate as far as possible with the military force. The Commissioner instructed him to do the same, and the Secretary of the Interior ordered him by telegram:
Friends are to co-operate with the military authorities as far as possible. When the policy called for by the government (requires them) to do what they are against, they can resign.35
Ironically enough, when Haworth decided to carry out these orders, and use the military force, he was informed that there was no guard available.36
The Indians declared that whites in Texas and Kansas were dressing as Indians and committing crimes. Ha-
worth was instructed to investigate this charge and report at once.37
The relationship between the military and Indian departments became somewhat better during 1875-76, as each became aware of the need of both groups.38 Both were interested in arresting the "badmen." There was an insufficient number of soldiers to care for the Indians as, according to the Indian Department, they should be, cared for.
In order to keep the Indians on the reservation, roll call was held every three days, the men answered by name and the women and children were counted. If any left the reservation for over three days they had to have a military escort; if visiting another tribe, they had to have a pass from the agent.39
The military was not the only over-worked department on the reservation for when the authorities investigated the duty of each employee, it was discovered that each employee of the government had quite enough to occupy his time. The work of Jonas Edge, clerk, dated December 31, 1875 consisted of current business, roll of employees, preparing reports, vouchers, paying employees, property returns, general settlement of accounts, and issuing rations.
A great number of circular letters of instruction were received on the care of Indians, finance, employees, property, supplies, need and proper use of the military force, etc. The Quakers were indeed well advised and assisted by directions.40
The greatest difficulty of the period was that of securing supplies. The contractors were slow in getting the articles to the point of delivery, and the freighters were slower in making the delivery being unable to make more than twenty miles a day under favorable conditions. Often the goods were of a very inferior quality, sometimes so inferior that they spoiled and could not be used. Nichol-
40Many of these are still in the files of the agency while some of the answers show that many have been lost. Some of them are written in longhand carefully labled "Circular" while others are printed, generally in very small print.
son, Superintendent of the Central Superintendency, instructed Haworth to secure copies of all contracts along with a sample of the product. If the goods did not measure up to the sample, he was to refuse to allow the goods to be delivered and purchase the goods elsewhere, charging the purchase to the contractor. This was necessary because all essential articles had to be delivered before winter as nothing could be brought in during the winter months.
The quantity of sugar and coffee provided was small and the Indians wanted these two article's more than anything else the government had to offer, so these articles had to be handled with care in order that they would not be used before a new supply could be secured.42 The goods were often mis-delivered and sometimes articles would arrive at a place several hundred miles from the point of delivery making reshipment by the railroad company necessary, and often keeping the freighters waiting for the promised loads for several days.43 Any extra supplies at the fort were given to the Indians and supplies were often borrowed and returned when the Indian supplies were delivered.44
The agency constructed by Tatum and the military force with the materials at hand, had not had any improvements since 1869 or 1870, therefore it was in a sad state of repair as well as being inadequate and scattered over several miles. The adobe commissary erected by Colonel Hazen was about to fall down. Haworth requested supplies to improve the condition of the agency buildings. The request was refused because the agency might be moved within the next few months. Both Tatum and Haworth had repeatedly recommended this move because too much land was taken up by the fort.45
There was little change in 1876. Perhaps fewer Indians left the reservation without a pass, though all complained bitterly concerning their limited domain and the inadequate rations which were issued by family rather than by band. Each family was given a card which was punched
for rations received. There was still much discussion concerning the moving of the agency, but the old buildings became older and nothing was done. There were more children in school than in the past. However the schools would not accommodate more than one-eighth of the children of school age.46
The winter of 1878-77 was very cold. The stock became extremely poor and the cattle, purchased for beef, became so poor that they had lost almost half of their weight before the winter issues. In January the stock was so thin that Haworth was permitted to issue four pounds of gross beef per ration in place of the usual two pounds.47
In 1877 the Texas cattle men became important factors in official communications. The main questions were what should be done with trespassers and where were the trails? The department ordered Haworth to have the cattle removed, discover the owner, and furnish the information to the District Attorney who would then sue for damages in the name of the United States.48 Regarding cattle trails the reply referred to a section of Kansas law:
2117 Revised Statutes., law of Kansas, established a "dead line" near Ft. Dodge. About the 100 meridian the trail will go west of Camp Supply and I suppose would go west of the Kiowa reservation.
Haworth was instructed to see that more Indians remained on the reservation, that no arms or ammunition were sold to them, and to refuse to issue many passes as too many Indians were off their reservations. In the fall of 1877, all reports were ordered sent to Washington instead of to Lawrence, Kansas, even though the office there was not abolished until the following year.51
46Haworth to Commissioner, Report 1876, Sept. 20, Ibid. These schools were very interesting as all the pupils had to be taught English, the use of furniture, and to wear clothing. To teach them English a picture method was used to teach the name, spelling and use of a thing.
51Telegram, Oct. 3, 1877, letter confirming telegram, Oct. 6, 1877. Nicholson ordered copies of all letters sent to him at Lawrence.
The Mormans requested permission to send missionaries among the Indians, but the Quakers refused to allow them to cross the borders of the reservation. The Mormans appealed to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, who upheld the verdict of the agent on the grounds that he had been informed that this sect was attempting to form an alliance with the Indians against the United States government. The source of his information is unknown52 to the author.
On April 1, 1878, the nine year regime of the Quakers came to a close. During the years 1869-78 they had established the agency, provided school facilities for a limited number of children, partially succeeded in locating and holding the Indians on the reservation, made an attempt to interest the Indians in agricultural activities, and provided religious instruction for all who would listen, but on the whole the Quakers were grieviously disappointed in the success attained in their efforts to christianize and civilize the Indians. However the Quakers laid the foundation which made the work of their successors possible and to these people belongs much credit.53
53Lawrie Tatum according to Will Irwin in his book "Herbert Hoover", 24 was the legal guardian of the children of Jessie Hoover. The estate consisting of only $1500 was saved for the purpose of educating the children. It is interesting to note that this ex-Indian agent and Quaker lawyer provided a part of the first year's expense money of the College education of the President of the United States.
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Do Children Harvest Your Food? - Helene York - Health - The Atlantic
Knowing the farmer who grows your food has become an important tenet of the modern food movement, but precious little attention is paid to the people who actually pick the crops or "process" the chickens or fillet the fish. U Roberto Romano's poignant film, The Harvest/La Cosecha (2011), being screened across the country for Farmworker Awareness Week (March 24-29), informs us that nearly 500,000 children as young as six harvest up to 25 percent of all crops in the United States.
What's illegal in most countries is permitted here. Child migrant labor has been documented in the 48 contiguous states. Seasonal work originates in the southernmost states in late winter where it is warm and migrates north as the weather changes. Every few weeks as families move, children leave school and friends behind. If you've had onions (Texas), cucumbers (Ohio or Michigan), peppers (Tennessee), grapes (California), mushrooms (Pennsylvania), beets (Minnesota), or cherries (Washington), you've probably eaten food harvested by children.
This isn't a slavery issue, or an immigration issue per se. What's remarkable is that most of the migrant child farmworkers are American citizens trying to help their families. This is a poverty issue and it gets to the heart of what we, as consumers, see as the "right price" to pay for food.
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ARRIVAL OF CHRYSOLITE
Otago Witness August 10th 1861
seems to have been particularly fortunate in securing the services of Dr. Cooksedge.
Herbert Flower, a cabin passenger, about 17 years of age, while in lat. 16.55.S., long.
36.31 W., with the vessel going about 3 knots, died. Mr Flower immediately after dinner
walked forward to the forecastle with a companion; laying hold of a rope which hung over
the bows of the vessel to let himself down with the object of touching the water; as he
was attempting this feat a second time his strength failed him, and he called out for
help, but before this arrived he let go his hold and was swept against the stern of the
ship. One of the sailors bravely jumped over the side after him, and a life-bouy was
thrown over the side. The ship immediately hove-to and a boat was lowered, but no trace of
the unfortunate young man was discovered, except a cap floating on the water. Three births
and two deaths occurred during the voyage; of the latter, one was a young woman named
Bridget McEntagart, who died of consumption within two days of the arrival of the vessel;
the other was a newborn infant. Captain McIntyre will be remembered by some of the old
settlers of the colony as having commanded the
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United States and American History: 1963
About the history of the United States in late 1963, Civil Rights fight continues, schools are integrated in the South even in Wallace's Alabama, Pop Art shines, Medgar Evers killed, President Kennedy assassinated.
Jan. 14 George Wallace, sworn in as governor of Alabama, pledged, "segregation now, segregation tomorrow and segregation forever."
Mar 20 The 1st large "Pop art" exhibition opened at the Guggenheim Museum in New York, featuring such artists as Andy Warhol, Robert Rauschenberg, and Jasper Johns.
Spring Civil rights campaigns throughout the South started with a voter registration drive in Greenwood, Miss., and segregation protests in Birmingham, Ala., in April; continued in May, in Birmingham, and 3 North Carolina cities, Jackson, Nashville, and Atlanta; and spread in June to 6 major cities outside the South as well as 12 more in the South. Most of the protests were against segregation, but job discrimination and police brutality were often issues as well. Several thousand blacks and their white supporters were arrested.
From May 2 to 7 in Birmingham, 2,543 demonstrators were arrested, prompting Governor Wallace to say he was "beginning to tire of agitators, integrationists and others who seek to destroy law and order in Alabama." On May 9, black leaders and the Birmingham Chamber of Commerce reached an agreement to desegregate public facilities in 90 days, hire blacks as clerks and salesmen in 60 days, and release demonstrators without bail in return for an end to the protests. Still, on May 11, 2 bombings of black organizers' homes provoked a riot of 2,500 blacks which ended with State troopers clubbing any blacks they could catch. In Cambridge, Md., the National Guard enforced martial law from June 14 to July 11 after several shooting incidents. In Detroit a peaceful antidiscrimination march of 125,000 was held with the support of the mayor and governor.
June 9 Cleopatra, the most expensive movie ever made ($40 million) with the highest paid star, Elizabeth Taylor ($1.725 million+10% of the gross over $7.5 million), opened in New York. Though critical and public reception was lukewarm, enough people paid at least $4 so that Warner Bros. could later claim that it had made money on the film after it had sold the TV rights for a substantial amount.
June 12 Medgar Evers, Mississippi civil rights leader, was shot in the back and killed late at night.
June 17-19 A U.S.S.R. woman astronaut, Valentina Tereshkova, orbited the earth 45 times.
Aug. 5 The U.S., the U.S.S.R., and Britain signed a treaty in Moscow banning nuclear tests in the atmosphere, outer space, and underwater. Later, 113 other nations cosigned, but not France or China.
Aug. 28 Over 200,000 blacks and whites marched for civil rights in Washington and 10 black leaders met with President Kennedy. In his keynote speech at the Lincoln Memorial, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., proclaimed, "Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice.... There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights.... No, we are not satisfied and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like water and righteousness like a mighty stream."
Aug. 3 A 24-hour "hot line" was installed between Washington and Moscow to insure emergency consultation which could prevent "accidental" nuclear war.
Sept. Schools peacefully integrated throughout the South, except in Alabama where President Kennedy ordered the National Guard to keep schools open after Governor Wallace sent State troopers to close them.
Sept. 15 A black church in Birmingham, Ala., was bombed, killing 4 girls. Two more blacks died in the riots that followed.
Oct. 2 Chief of Staff Taylor and Defense Secretary McNamara returned from South Vietnam and "reported in their judgment that the major part of the U.S. military task can be completed by the end of 1965," as the U.S. stepped up military aid. At the same time, the U.S. had cut off economic aid to South Vietnam due to its government's repression of Buddhists. On November 1, South Vietnamese President Diem, whom Secretary of State Rusk once called the "Churchill of Asia," was killed in a military coup which had U.S. approval.
Nov. 19 Cambodia renounced U.S. foreign aid (it had received $365 million) and asked U.S. troops to leave. "By this measure we will be poorer but more independent."
Nov. 22 President Kennedy was assassinated in a Dallas motorcade; Lyndon Johnson became the 36th President of the U.S. (See: Assassinations, Chap. 9.)
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The APM Body of Knowledge identifies the forty key competencies appropriate for Project Management. The Body of Knowledge has been widely discussed with a range of other Professional Bodies, Academics, Companies and practicing Project Managers and there is wide spread consensus that the competencies are appropriate for Managers in any industry.
Systems management -- A system is a high level definition of the various elements, both concrete and less tangible, which comprise a viable entity. Systems management comprises the prime activities of Systems Analysis, Systems Design and Engineering and Systems Development.
1.2 Program Management
A Program (or program) is a specific undertaking to achieve a number of objectives. The most common examples of programs are development programs or large single purpose undertakings consisting of a series of interdependent projects.
Project Success/Failure Criteria is the criteria upon which the relative success or failure of the project may be judged. Three basic sets of criteria can be identified:
1.10 Systems and procedures
Every project should have a set of systems and procedures detailing the standard methods, practices and processes for handling frequently occurring events within the project. These will cover management approvals, controls and technical requirements. Systems will also cover methods of handling information transfer, storage and retrieval.
1.11 Close out
The completion of work once the project has been implemented. This is the phase at the end of the project life-cycle just before Operations begin. Sometimes associated with this is the period known as commissioning when all of the final checks and adjustments are made prior to start up of the facility that has been created.
1.12 Post Project Appraisal
Post Project Appraisal, sometimes called the Post Project Evaluation, completes the project management process once the product is in use. It provides feed-back in order to learn for the future. There are two main stages:
2.1 Organization Design
Organizational design is the design of the most appropriate organization structure for a project, including definitions of roles and responsibilities of the participants. The three basic kinds of structure are functional, project and matrix.
2.2 Control and Co-ordination
Control is the process of establishing targets and plans, measuring actual performance, comparing actual performance against planned, and taking any necessary action to correct the situation.
Co-ordination is the activity of ensuring that the work being carried out in various organizations and places fit together effectively, in time, content, and cost in order to achieve the project objectives effectively.
Communication is the effective transmission of information so that the recipient understands clearly what the sender intends. Communication media may take several forms: oral, written, textural, numerical, graphic, body language, paper, electronic, etc.
Management is defined as the art of getting others to do what one cannot necessarily do oneself, by organizing, planning, controlling and directing resources. Leadership is getting others to follow.
Delegation is the practice of getting others to perform work effectively which one chooses not to do oneself because of lack of time, competence or other reasons
2.6 Team Building
Team building is the ability to assemble the right people to join the project team and to get everybody working together for the benefit of the project.
2.7 Conflict management
Conflict Management is the art of managing conflict creatively.
Negotiation is the art of achieving, to the greatest extent possible, what it is that you wish from a transaction, while leaving all parties to the negotiation sufficiently content that the relationship subsequently works well.
2.9 Management development
Management development covers all aspects of staff planning, recruitment, development, training and assessment.
3.1 Work Definition
The definition of project work and organization is achieved through the use of a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and an Organization Breakdown Structure (OBS). (The OBS may be extended to become a Task Responsibility Matrix.)
Every project should have an overall plan, which will vary in size from a few pages for the simple project to a whole volume for a large multi-discipline project. The Plan is owned by the project manager and should include the 'why' and 'what' (a guide to all subsequent decisions); the 'how' (the project strategy and standards) the 'when' (the key dates and bar chart/ network milestones) and the 'who' (the members of the project team, client , consultants, contractors and other stakeholders with their terms of reference, where appropriate). The planning process will establish a baseline for the project.
Scheduling is selecting and applying the most appropriate techniques for producing a program to meet the project key dates and objectives.
An estimate is a quantified assessment of the resources required to implement part or all of a project. The estimate usually begins as a quantification or measure of resource units required which can then be translated into a financial budget using rate tables or actual costs.
3.5 Cost control
Cost control is the discipline of reconciling planned and actual money or man-hour figures to physical parts of the project.
3.6 Performance Measurement
Performance Measurement is the concept used to represent physical progress achieved in relation to cost and schedule performance by the means of introducing the calculation of Earned Value.
3.7 Risk Analysis and measurement
Risk Management is the process of identification, assessment, analysis and management of all project risks.
3.8 Value Management
3.9 Change Control
Change Control is the process of registering all potential improvements and other changes. (in scope, specification, cost or schedule) and submitting them for analysis of the project consequences should they be approved. Change Control is also referred to as Variation Control.
The term Configuration Management is also associated with change control. Configuration Management is an extension of Change control, focusing on control of the technical configuration of the project.
The initiation of project work typically involves bringing together project personnel and securing equipment and facilities. The term 'Project Start-Up' is often used to cover the same period. Start-Up however has a broader meaning, essentially covering the creation of a project team (often involving deliberate Organization Behavior techniques) built around the initial project planning.
4.1 Operations and technical Management
Operations Management is the management of the physical resources (usually labor, equipment and materials) required for design and production whether the product be a manufactured item or a service.
4.2 Marketing and Sales
Marketing is a matching process which brings together the abilities of a company and the wants of its customers to the greatest benefit of both parties. Sales is the process of getting someone to buy the product or service being offered by the company.
Finance in a project context essentially covers the process of raising funds in the most prudent and favorable way and of ensuring that the funding is provided, disbursed and allocated efficiently. Management Accounting is the discipline of allocating costs correctly to ensure that management has a clear view of its current and forecast financial performance.
4.4 Information Technology
Information Technology (IT) is the technology, usually computer based, used to ensure that data is gathered, stored, processed distributed and displayed in the most effective manner
The legal duties, rights and processes which govern in a project situation. There are several different categories of law. The most important include national legal systems, such as the criminal law, but particularly company and commercial law, employment laws, contract law, health and safety and other regulatory requirements such as planning law, data protection, sexual and racial discrimination building regulations, etc.
Procurement covers aspects as follows; an investment appraisal into the options available; procurement or acquisition strategy; preparation of contract documentation; acquisition, selection of suppliers; administration of contracts; and storage, inspection, expediting and handling of materials and equipment.
Quality is assuring that required standards of performance are attained. Three different stages of Quality management are typically encountered:
Determining standards and methods which minimize to a level considered acceptable by the lay public, the legal system, the operators and others, the likelihood of accident or damage to people and equipment. Ensuring that these standards are respected in operation, and reviewing them to ensure their continued validity.
4.9 Industrial Relations
Management of the work-force, including, but not limited to, statutory responsibilities and duties, negotiating terms and conditions of pay and employment, union and non-union relations, and manpower planning.
The Association for Project Management (www.apmg-international.com/)
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The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and Sun Microsystems, Inc. (NASDAQ: JAVA) today announced the arrival of a massive new digital storage library that will preserve and protect valuable scientific data for the next 15 to 20 years. The new system, known as AMSTAR and designed by Sun Microsystems, will give NCAR five times its current storage capacity, enabling scientists to conduct increasingly sophisticated computer studies of Earth's climate. View entire news release »
For the Media
- AMSTAR Quick Facts
AMSTAR, which stands for NCAR's Augmentation of the Mass Storage Tape Archive Resources, is a new digital storage library that will preserve and protect valuable scientific research. The library, a Sun StorageTek SL8500 Modular Library System, will give NCAR up to 30 petabytes of storage capacity in addition to achieving higher speeds without increasing power requirements. This is a five-fold increase over the previous system.
NCAR's data archive, located at the Mesa Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado, is one of the largest archives in the world dedicated to geoscience research. It holds international and irreplaceable historic climate records, data from field experiments and observations, and information gathered from weather stations, ships, planes, and satellites.
The bulk of NCAR's Mass Store System (MSS) data is generated by global climate simulations, weather models, and other Earth systems models that run on NCAR's supercomputers. Data archival demands continually grow as simulations become more sophisticated, and as atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and land cover climate models are combined into increasingly detailed runs.
The capacity and design of the Sun Storage products allows NCAR to connect the SL8500 Modular Library Systems to its MSS without having to rewrite any code. The system uses Sun StorageTek T10000B tape drives to store the data, with each tape capable of holding up to a terabyte (1,024 gigabytes) of data. That's the equivalent of 223,101 DVDs, or over 8,730 iPod Classics.
At a transfer rate of about 140 megabytes per second, it will take 18 months to completely move all the data from NCAR's last system to AMSTAR.
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Transplant rejection is a process in which a transplant recipient's immune system attacks the transplanted organ or tissue. See also: Graft-versus-host disease
Graft rejection; Tissue/organ rejection
Your body's immune system usually protects you from substances that may be harmful, such as germs, poisons, and cancer cells.
These harmful substances have proteins called antigens on their surfaces. As soon as these antigens enter the body, the immune system recognizes them as foreign and attacks them.
In the same way, an organ that is not matched can trigger a blood transfusion reaction or transplant rejection. To help prevent this reaction, doctors "type" both the organ donor and the person who is receiving the organ. The more similar the antigens are between the donor and recipient, the less likely that the organ will be rejected.
Tissue typing ensures that the organ or tissue is as similar as possible to the tissues of the recipient, but the match is usually not perfect. No two people (except identical twins) have identical tissue antigens.
Doctors use a variety of drugs to suppress the immune system and prevent it from attacking the newly transplanted organ when the organ is not closely matched. If these drugs are not used, the body will almost always launch an immune response and destroy the foreign tissue.
There are some exceptions, however. Cornea transplants are rarely rejected because the cornea has no blood supply. Immune cells and antibodies are not able to reach the cornea to cause rejection. In addition, transplants from one identical twin to another are almost never rejected.
There are three types of rejection:
The symptoms depend on the transplanted organ or tissue. For example, patients who reject a kidney may have less urine, and patients who reject a heart may have symptoms of heart failure.
The doctor will examine the area over and around the transplanted organ, which may feel tender to you (especially with a kidney transplant).
There are often signs that the organ isn't working properly, such as:
A biopsy of the transplanted organ can confirm that it is being rejected. A routine biopsy is often performed to detect rejection early, before symptoms develop.
When organ rejection is suspected, one or more of the following tests may be done before the organ biopsy:
The goal of treatment is to make sure the transplanted organ or tissue works properly, and to suppress your immune system response. Suppressing the immune response can prevent transplant rejection.
Many different drugs can be used to suppress the immune response. The medication dose depends on your condition. The dose may be very high while the tissue is being rejected. Then the dose may be lowered to prevent rejection from happening again.
Some organ and tissue transplants are more successful than others. If rejection begins, drugs that suppress the immune system may stop the rejection. Most people need to take these drugs for the rest of their life.
Even though potent drugs are used to suppress the immune system, organ transplants can still fail because of rejection.
Single episodes of acute rejection are easy to treat and rarely lead to organ failure.
Chronic rejection is the leading cause of organ transplant failure. The organ slowly loses its function and symptoms start to appear. This type of rejection cannot be effectively treated with medicines. Some people may need another transplant.
Call your health care provider if the transplanted organ or tissue does not seem to be working properly or if other symptoms occur. Also, call your health care provider if medication side effects develop.
ABO blood typing and HLA (tissue antigen) typing before a transplant helps to ensure a close match. You will usually need to take medicine to suppress your immune system for the rest of your life to prevent the tissue from being rejected.
Being careful about taking your post-transplant medications, and being closely watched by your doctor may help prevent rejection.
Eghtesad B, Miller CM, Fung JJ. Liver transplantation management. In: Carey WD, ed. Cleveland Clinic: Current Clinical Medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2010.
Barry JM, Jordan ML, Conlin MJ. Renal transplantation. In: Wein AJ, ed. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 40.
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The 7.6 magnitude earthquake that occurred Saturday, October 8, 2005 near Muzaffarabad, Kashmir (Pakistan) offers opportunities for teaching about earthquakes in the classroom. The seismic activity has caused over 35,000 deaths, 43,000 injured, and widespread devastation in the region. An estimated 2.5 million people are homeless. Aid efforts from around the world are underway and help is beginning to reach the area. Damaged or destroyed roads and bridges make access difficult to some of the most affected locations. The U.S. Geological Survey's Earthquake Hazards Program provides worldwide earthquake activity information and data, including complete information on the Pakistan quake. The USGS site also offers an Earthquakes for Kids site, with activities, science fair project ideas, images, topics, and earthquake facts. Other resources to support learning about earthquake events include Virtual Earthquake, an interactive activity that illustrates how seismic waves are used to determine magnitude and how to locate epicenter (for secondary and undergraduate level students). DLESE's Teachable Topics page offers more resources for teaching about earthquakes.
Professional development opportunity: NASA Satellites: CALIPSO, CloudSat and Aura Partner with GLOBE
This educator workshop, titled NASA Satellites Study Earth's Atmosphere: CALIPSO, CloudSat and Aura Partner with GLOBE, is a joint effort of NASA and the GLOBE Program. The workshop will utilize data from three satellite missions that provide students worldwide with a link to NASA research. These three satellites—CALIPSO, CloudSat, and Aura—will be part of a formation of satellites called the Afternoon Constellation (because they cross the equator within minutes of each other at 1:30 PM local time), and are also known as the A-Train. The A-Train satellites will fly in close proximity, providing combined detailed observations about the condition of Earth and assisting scientists in making predictions related to climate change. The workshop targets middle school educators who will work with the missions by involving their students in collecting and reporting cloud observations and sun photometer data at the GLOBE Program web site. Participants will receive both a stipend and travel expenses. Support will also be provided for participants to present at regional workshops.
In May 2005, the National Science Foundation funded a workshop to consider the strategies, issues, and impacts for geoscience education and outreach as key elements of NSF's Criterion 2 Broader Impacts requirement for scientific research proposals. Hosted by the University of California Museum of Paleontology and the Digital Library for Earth System Education Program Center, the workshop was held on the Berkeley campus. It brought together 26 educators and scientists engaged in education and public outreach (EPO) efforts. Workshop participants focused on the need for cultural change at various levels that motivates and rewards research and education communities to work together. Outcomes of the workshop include a set of recommendations to the National Science Foundation, the scientific research community, the EPO community, and to DLESE. An overall recommendation was for the formation of a network—the Geoscience Education and Public Outreach Network (GEPON)—as an important mechanism to support effective EPO and the engagement of the general public in the scientific enterprise. The final report of the workshop is now available from gepon.org (as well as from dlese.org): Making a Broader Impact: Geoscience Education, Public Outreach, and Criterion 2.
DLESE is pleased to welcome the Climate Change Collection into the library—a reviewed collection of digital resources about global climate change and climate variability. Funded by a National Science Foundation grant to the University of Colorado's Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), collection development has been spearheaded by primary investigator Mark McCaffrey. Developed for middle school science teachers and their students, the collection has been reviewed by a team of science teachers, climate scientists, and learning experts for accuracy, currency, and effectiveness, and includes background materials, portal sites, and classroom activities. The collection contains materials relating to both natural and human-induced climate change and variability, including scientific, economic, and policy issues. The focus is on the background resources and learning activities that communicate the underlying principles of climate change, the differences and links between weather and climate, scientific research on change and variability, and the impact of human activities on the climate system. ( )
A Coalition for Earth Science Education (CESE) meeting was recently held at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center near Washington DC in late September. CESE is an informal group of professionals interested in promoting K-12 Earth system science (ESS) education in the U.S., making educators and the public aware of the importance of ESS education in the lives of all citizen ( as explained in this statement by the National Earth Science Teachers Association). DLESE sponsors a national K12 Earth science discussion list which would benefit from a revitalizing infusion of participation. The New York ESPRIT list serve is another active discussion list for teachers everywhere. Participation in either or both of these discussion lists is encouraged for both national, regional, and statewide discussions of ESS issues. To join the DLESE K-12 discussion list, select Find/Join a Group from the People and Groups menu of the DLESE home page, select K-12 focus group from the drop-down menu, and then select Subscribe/Unsubscribe.
Be sure and stop by the DLESE booth at the Geological Society of America Annual Meeting in Salt Lake City, Oct. 15-19; and join us at the Geoscience Educators Social Reception on Saturday, October 15, from 5 - 7 PM at the Marriott Downtown, Salon F. All are welcome to this event jointly hosted by the GSA's Education Committee, the National Association of Geoscience Teachers, the GSA Geoscience Education Division, the IRIS Consortium, Cutting Edge, the Digital Library for Earth System Education, UNAVCO, the American Geological Institute, and the National Earth Science Teachers Association. Copies of the Making a Broader Impact report will also be available at the reception and at the DLESE booth.
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Saying you are fond of someone might make you actually like that person, according to a study in the October 2011 issue of the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes. Psychologists showed 39 students a series of photographs of people who had been previously judged as neither pleasant nor unpleasant and instructed them to say the word “likable” or “unlikable” while viewing each one. Later, the students saw the pictures again in a random order and expressed how they felt about every person. They said they liked people 17 percent more often when they had previously been told to say “likable” compared with when they had said “unlikable.” The study used a method that has been shown to circumvent any conscious memories of which image went with which label; the subjects truly seemed to feel more warmly toward those they called likable. The results are something to consider the next time you politely say you like your boring dinner date or noisy office mate.
This article was published in print as "I Really Like You."
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Currency Counters not only count, they also function as a high speed counterfeit banknote detector. With the advanced printing, copying and electronic scanning technologies available today, the need to validate currency authenticity has increased dramatically, increasing the demand for continuous improvement of counterfeit detection technologies.
The electronics, are a highly a mixed-signal system driven by a DSP or MCU for system processing, which is surrounded by a high performance analog products.
Ultraviolet, infrared & magnetic sensing are the typical detection techniques used today to verify the inherent characteristics of banknotes. More advanced systems, capture the banknote images with a CIS or CCD scan, enabling the recognition of denomination, serial number and other aspects of each note.
- Fluorescence detection uses UV light to check for missing marks & irradiation response of the fake notes.
- Magnetic ink & different patterns of security strip can be detected by using the magnetic head with a precision amplification scheme.
- Infrared penetration is used to the thickness detection of the banknote & the absorption of infrared signals to identify the genuine banknotes.
The response signals of these various transducers are low level signals which are very sensitive to system noise. As such a high performance signal conditioning design is required. Multiple channel input, high resolution data converters help simplify the design layout & ensure the accurate measurement.
For those systems which require banknote imaging, in addition to high performance analog signal chains, a system processor such as DSP or ARM combined with a CIS/CCD AFE, capable of complicated algorithmic calculations would be required. The additional processing capability allows the system to perform denomination classification, OCR recognition & banknote fitness detection, etc.
Understandably, there are design trade offs between sheer counting speed and amount of banknote validation that can be done. However, improved motor control and drive designs can help with overall system optimization. Especially as many designs are migrating to BLDC & Stepper motors, due to their low-maintenance, precision & controllability characteristics.
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The IFRC have been distributing food, blankets and warm clothing to 1,200 of the worst-affected families.
But it is seeking $935,000 to help a further 3,400 herder families find alternative means to survive, cope with depression and stress, and learn basic health education.
"It is so hard to have nothing left and I'm so happy to see people coming to help us," Tsendjav Lkhagvasuren, a herder, said.
Long, severe winter
A phenomenon known in Mongolian as a 'Dzud' - severe summer drought followed by heavy snow and extremely low winter temperatures - has affected 19 of Mongolia's 21 provinces.
|The 'Dzud' is a period of drought followed by heavy snow and low temperatures [Reuters]
"This winter has been exceptionally long – it started at the beginning of October and it is continued even now", Togtokhsuren, the governor of the affected Uvurkhangai province, said.
Approximately one-quarter of Mongolia's three million people are nomads, while others raise livestock in fixed settlements.
Many incur high levels of debt to buy and raise their herds, in the hope of making the money back by selling wool, meat and skins.
The damage to the rural economy caused by the Dzud could increase demands on Mongolia's already-stretched national budget, which relies on mining revenues to meet spending commitments.
Around 63 per cent of Mongolia's rural residents' assets are livestock and at least 35 per cent of the population earn a living from their animals, a World Bank report said.
Half of Mongolians live in the capital, Ulaan Baator, and many herders who lose their animals drift into the city, where they live in poor conditions.
Previous severe winters between 1999 and 2003 drove hundreds of thousands into the outskirts of the capital.
The IFRC fears thousands more internal migrants this time will cause further strain on already strained social safety nets.
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| 0.949324 | 413 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Medulloblastoma: A type of brain tumor.
More detailed information about the symptoms,
causes, and treatments of Medulloblastoma is available below.
Symptoms of Medulloblastoma
See full list of 23
symptoms of Medulloblastoma
Home Diagnostic Testing
Home medical testing related to Medulloblastoma:
- Colon & Rectal Cancer: Home Testing
- Nerve Neuropathy: Related Home Testing:
Wrongly Diagnosed with Medulloblastoma?
Read more about complications of Medulloblastoma.
Causes of Medulloblastoma
Read more about causes of Medulloblastoma.
More information about causes of Medulloblastoma:
Disease Topics Related To Medulloblastoma
Research the causes of these diseases that are similar to, or related to, Medulloblastoma:
Medulloblastoma: Undiagnosed Conditions
Commonly undiagnosed diseases in related medical categories:
Misdiagnosis and Medulloblastoma
Undiagnosed stroke leads to misdiagnosed aphasia: BBC News UK reported on a man who
had been institutionalized and treated for mental illness
because he suffered from sudden inability to speak.
This was initially...read more »
Dementia may be a drug interaction: A common scenario in aged care is for
a patient to show mental decline to dementia.
Whereas this can, of course, occur...read more »
Spitz nevi misdiagnosed as dangerous melanoma skin cancer: One possible misdiagnosis to
consider in lieu of melanoma is spitz nevi.
See melanoma and spitz nevi....read more »
Mild traumatic brain injury often remains undiagnosed: Although the symptoms
of severe brain injury are hard to miss,
it is less clear for milder injuries, or even those causing a...read more »
MTBI misdiagnosed as balance problem: When a person has symptoms
such as vertigo or dizziness, a diagnosis of brain injury may go overlooked.
This is particularly true of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI),...read more »
Brain pressure condition often misdiagnosed as dementia: A condition
that results from an excessive pressure of CSF within the brain is often...read more »
Post-concussive brain injury often misdiagnosed: A study found that soldiers who had
suffered a concussive injury in battle often were misdiagnosed on their return.
A variety of symptoms can occur in post-concussion syndrome...read more »
Children with migraine often misdiagnosed: A migraine often fails to be
correctly diagnosed in pediatric patients.
These patients are not the typical migraine sufferers, but...read more »
Vitamin B12 deficiency under-diagnosed: The condition of Vitamin B12 deficiency
is a possible misdiagnosis of various conditions, such as multiple sclerosis (see symptoms of multiple sclerosis).
See symptoms of Vitamin...read more »
Read more about Misdiagnosis and Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastoma: Research Doctors & Specialists
Research related physicians and medical specialists:
Other doctor, physician and specialist research services:
Hospitals & Clinics: Medulloblastoma
Research quality ratings and patient safety measures
for medical facilities in specialties related to Medulloblastoma:
Hospital & Clinic quality ratings »
Choosing the Best Hospital:
More general information, not necessarily in relation to Medulloblastoma,
on hospital performance and surgical care quality:
Medulloblastoma: Rare Types
Rare types of diseases and disorders in related medical categories:
More Medulloblastoma animations & videos
Research about Medulloblastoma
Visit our research pages for current research about Medulloblastoma treatments.
Clinical Trials for Medulloblastoma
The US based website ClinicalTrials.gov lists information on both federally
and privately supported clinical trials using human volunteers.
Some of the clinical trials listed on ClinicalTrials.gov for Medulloblastoma include:
- Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Children With Astrocytomas and Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - leucovorin calcium,mechlorethamine,methotrexate,prednisone,procarbazine,vincristine
- Docetaxel in Treating Children With Recurrent Solid Tumors - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - docetaxel,filgrastim
- Radiation Therapy Plus Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Children With Medulloblastoma - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - cisplatin,cyclophosphamide,filgrastim,lomustine,mesna,vincristine
- Combination Chemotherapy Plus Radiation Therapy in Treating Children With Newly Diagnosed Neuroectodermal Tumor - This study is no longer recruiting patients (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - carboplatin,cisplatin,cyclophosphamide,filgrastim,vincristine
- Phenylacetate in Treating Children With Recurrent or Progressive Brain Tumors - This study has been completed (Current: 23 Nov 2006) - phenylacetate
- more trials...»
See full list of 128
Clinical Trials for Medulloblastoma
Statistics for Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastoma: Broader Related Topics
Types of Medulloblastoma
User Interactive Forums
Read about other experiences, ask a question about Medulloblastoma, or answer someone else's question, on our message boards:
Definitions of Medulloblastoma:
Medulloblastoma (WHO grade IV) is a malignant, invasive embryonal tumor of the cerebellum which occurs more often in children. It has a predominantly neuronal differentiation and a tendency to metastasize via CSF pathways. Histologically, classic Medulloblastomas are composed of densely packed cells with round-to-oval or carrot-shaped highly hyperchromatic nuclei surrounded by scanty cytoplasm. Neuroblastic rosettes are a typical but not constant feature. There are four histologic types: Desmoplastic Medulloblastoma, Large Cell Medulloblastoma, Medullomyoblastoma, Melanotic Medulloblastoma. (Adapted from WHO.)
- (Source - Diseases Database)
Medulloblastoma is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of
Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health
(NIH). This means that Medulloblastoma, or a subtype of Medulloblastoma,
affects less than 200,000 people in the US population.
Source - National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Ophanet, a consortium of European partners,
currently defines a condition rare when it affects 1 person per 2,000.
They list Medulloblastoma as a "rare disease".
Source - Orphanet
Contents for Medulloblastoma:
» Next page: What is Medulloblastoma?
Medical Tools & Articles:
Tools & Services:
Forums & Message Boards
- Ask or answer a question at the Boards:
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|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. How does Teach describe the division of labor between him, Don, and Fletcher?
(a) Teach is better than the others.
(b) Don is stronger than the others.
(c) Security. Muscle. Intelligence.
(d) Equal partners.
2. Who does Don call on the phone in Act I?
(a) The police.
(b) A collector.
(c) His mother.
(d) An insurance agent.
3. What did Grace say when Teach takes food from her plate?
(a) "Help yourself."
(b) "That's not polite!"
(c) "Don't eat that!"
(d) "That's mine."
4. What is Don's last name?
5. What is the setting of Act I?
(c) Gas station.
(d) Don's Resale Shop.
Short Answer Questions
1. Why does Don tell Bob he should eat breakfast?
2. Who says, "we do not need this guy," in response to the idea of bringing in Fletcher to help with the break in?
3. What does Don give Teach when he asks to be quizzed?
4. What does Teach say about Ruthie's card-playing skills?
5. Who says he's angry, then hurt about bringing Fletcher on board for the break in job?
Short Essay Questions
1. Why does Bob complain about Don's suggestion that they look up the value of his nickel in the coin book?
2. What is the relationship between Don and Bob?
3. What time is Teach supposed to be back at the shop for the break in?
4. How did Don receive ninety dollars for the buffalo nickel?
5. What is Teach angry about at the beginning of Act II?
6. How does Don show his concern for Bob's welfare in the beginning of Act I?
7. How does Don feel about Teach bringing a gun to the robbery, and what does Teach say about it?
8. Why is Ruthie's phone call to Don important in diffusing the tense situation between Teach and Bob?
9. Describe Teach's behavior after he hits Bob.
10. How does Don use food to console Teach at the beginning of Act I?
This section contains 712 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)
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This is a map collector's handbook designed for the general collector rather than a specialist. It addresses various subjects including map making, collecting, and map makers. Full biographies are reserved for prominent figures in mapmaking and coverage is limited to full atlases, although some important maps are included.
This selected bibliography was compiled by Robert Karrow, Jr. of the Newberry Library. An author, title, and subject index is available for the bibliography.
A large selection of historically significant maps arranged by time period (ancient through renaissance) maintained by Jim Seinbold. The site contains 440 maps as well as a concise bibliography for each time period.
An extensive selection grouped by continent and region. These are available by the Perry-Castaneda Library Map Collection at the University of Texas. The site also contains extensive links to other historical map sites.
A comprehensive site created and maintained by Tony Campbell of the British Library and dedicated to the study of early maps and associated resources. Additional images are available on the WWW- The Virtual Library: History: http://www.maphistory.info/.
This collection contains early images from the Yale University Library Map Collection that are categorized by region.
This Interactive Ancient Mediterranean (IAM) Map web site offers downloadable maps in PDF and other common formats. Maps are available that depict the Mediterranean, Europe, and other relevant areas dating from approximately 1000 B.C. to around 640 A.D. The maps show ancient cities and physical relief in color and can be selected from a list by using a clickable index.
This site provides historical maps of Europe and the Mediterranean Region from 1 A.D. to 1400 A.D.
Many of the maps in this atlas are interactive. Users can zoom in and get more detail. Explanation of the topic is available on the legend of each map. Users can also browse page by page through a specific subject.
This site contains interactive historical maps and cultural images developed at the University of Oregon for pedagogical uses. Shockwave plug-in is required for use on some maps.
Map Collection, dating from 1544 until 1999 consists of images of maps in the Library of Congress' collection. Images are grouped in these categories:
Map images may be viewed by keyword, subject, creator, geographic location, and titles, or users may search the map collection as a whole.Cities and Towns Conservation and Environment (includes sub-category of National Parks), Cultural Landscapes, Discovery and Exploration, Military Battles and Campaigns, Transportation and Communication (includes sub-category of railroad maps), and General Maps.
This site online exhibit of maps from the National Archives of Canada chronicles the evolution of cartography in Canada, with sections on government cartography and exploration and colonization.
A collection of Canadiana on the Internet sponsored by the Canadian government. This site contains not only maps and city plans but also images and documents from Canada's past.
The David Rumsey Collection web page contains over 6,800 online historical maps. "The Collection focuses on the 18th and 19th century North and South American cartographic materials. The collection includes atlases, globes, school geographies, maritime charts, and a variety of separate maps including pocket, wall, children's, and manuscript maps." Available on the web site are two tools to enhance access and use the maps. One is an Insight Java Client browser, which enhances printing, zooming, and panning; the GIS browser enables the user to overlay current geo-spatial data with the map.
Web site contains maps of America, with an emphasis on the South; divided categories include the new world, colonial America, revolutionary America, and American Civil War.
This collection, accessible through NOS Map Finder, contains several thousand maps dating from the early 1800s to the mid-1900s and includes nautical charts, hydrographic and topographic surveys, city plans, and Civil War battlefield maps. Images can be either viewed online or downloaded.
Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps for Illinois cities are available at this site. Users have the ability to manipulate maps including zoom in and overlay of maps from differing years. (Maps are only available to SIUE users)
Federal Township Plats, 1804-1891, consists of hand-drawn maps of Illinois townships of six miles square and fractional townships showing natural and man-made features and vegetation. Also includes a link to the Illinois Public Domain Land Tract Sales, which contains names of the first purchasers of the tracts of lands found on Illinois plats. The library also has the Federal Land Surveyors Field Notes for Illinois. These are located in the Microforms area.
This site contains images of maps charting the last 400 years of historical development in Illinois and the Northwest Territory including USGS topographic maps. Site is arranged by topic category and has a search engine for locating maps.
Most of the information for these maps came from the Origin and Evolution of Illinois Counties published by the Secretary of State.
"Maps of Missouri illustrates the many ways maps convey times, places, and events. Approximately 100 maps of Missouri cities, towns, counties and the state are included in the exhibit. Most of the maps were created between the beginning of the nineteenth through the early twentieth century and appeared as single sheet maps or sections of atlases."
This site contains political boundary maps of Missouri dating from 1804 to 1860.
This site contains links to six celestial atlases and five virtual exhibits relating to celestial atlases.
The maps at this site detail American and European cities and are provided by the Yale University Library Maps Collection.
The site provides access to maps, literature, documents, books, and other relevant material concerning the past, present, and future of historic cities. The information on the site can be searched by city, year, or mapmaker.
This is an atlas of maps and graphic representations of the geographies of the new electronic territories of the internet, the world wide web, and other emerging cyberspaces. Also contains an electronic newsletter entitled Cyber-Geography Research Bulletin and a link to a discussion group.
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6 Small Changes that Make a Big Difference: Part 2
Small changes in six specific areas can make a big difference in your life. New studies in neuroscience show the importance of integrating what some have deemed “therapeutic lifestyle changes” (TLCs) into traditional methods of therapy.
These changes enhance therapeutic results, promote wellness, decrease stress, and facilitate the development of new neural connections, which increases brain health.
In Part 1, we looked at the positive effects of exercise, nutrition and social relationships on mental and physical health.
Here in Part 2, we’ll take a look at the final three.
No one likes being bored or stuck. Change is hard, but it is also exciting, challenging, and creates positive effects in the brain, “jiggling the synapses” created while young. You don’t have to jump out of an airplane or move to a hut in the jungle to create meaningful cognitive challenge. Sometimes challenging held assumptions and beliefs is enough. Convinced you aren’t musically inclined? Take a music class. Feel like you could never speak in front of people? Take an improv class. Learn a new skill or read a challenging book. Take up a new hobby. Challenge yourself in some way and help your brain develop new neural pathways.
While the exact amount of sleep that everyone needs is different, most scientists recommend around seven to eight hours a night. This number sounds preposterous to many people who struggle to get even six hours a night. Even if we get in bed on time, our brains refuse to shut off and let us get some sleep. Some helpful tips to help our brains and body relax at the end of the day include creating a bedtime routine, turning off the TV and grabbing a book, meditation/guided relaxations, and limiting caffeine after a certain time.
A daily meditation practice (even just 10-20 minutes a day) has been shown to positively affect gray matter in the brain, lead to greater emotional regulation, and increase mindfulness. In today’s world of tablets and smartphones, there are many apps that can help even the most meditation-inept among us to develop positive mindfulness and meditation practices.
Enacting these six changes will create positive change in your life, change that enhances the efficacy of counseling and can help you create a healthy and authentic sense of self.
McDaniel, R. (2013). 6 Small Changes that Make a Big Difference: Part 2. Psych Central. Retrieved on June 28, 2016, from http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2013/08/17/6-small-changes-that-make-a-big-difference-part-2/
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| 0.916174 | 557 | 2.59375 | 3 |
In the 21st century, the world lives with two futures ahead of it – one of looming energy shortages, and another of godlike energy abundance. The key to this whether it’s possible to turn fusion reactor technology from a laboratory exercise into a real-world application. Engineers that the University of Washington (UW) are working on a fusion reactor that, when scaled up, could produce energy on a practical scale, yet at a cost rivaling that of a conventional coal-powered plant.
Nuclear fusion, as the name implies, is based on fusing hydrogen atoms to form helium; a process that releases tremendous amounts of energy. According to science writer Ben Bova, a single glass of water could produce as much energy as half a million barrels of petroleum. It would also be safer than current nuclear plants that rely on splitting heavy atoms, there would be no chance of a meltdown or spewing radioactive fuel into the air, and very little radioactive waste. And since it uses hydrogen as fuel, there would be enough to last until the end of time.
Long term, its looks brilliant, but at the moment it’s a hopeless non-starter that’s too impractical and too expensive to leave the laboratory. With the exploding of the first hydrogen bomb in the 1950s, fusion reactors seemed around the corner, and they were predicted to be in common use in 25 years time. Unfortunately, that kept being the case and remains so today; fusion power is always 25 years away.
To recreate fusion on Earth without using atomic weaponry, a machine needs to be built that can recreate the conditions inside the Sun, which is basically a giant fusion reactor. That means a container that hot enough and under enough pressure for the fusion process to start. Though fusion reactors were built over fifty years ago and a bench-top version was featured at the 1964 New York World’s Fair, producing a reactor that went beyond the experimental and into the practical remains elusive.
Part of the problem is to balance the energy equation. Getting hydrogen to fuse is one thing. Getting it to do so while producing more energy than you pump into the reactor to run it is another. Even if you manage that, you still need to generate that energy at a low enough cost to compete with conventional sources.
The main contender for winning that prize at the moment is ITER; an international project to produce a practical fusion reactor. Located in Cadarache, France, the ITER reactor is a joint venture between the United States, the EU, India, Japan, South Korea, China, and Russia.
It uses a tokamak design. that is, a giant torus surrounded on the sides and in the core by superconducting magnets generating tremendous energy. These create a magnetic field inside the torus that squeezes together, contains, and heats hydrogen into a plasma, which at the right temperature and pressure start to fuse. It’s a very advanced technology and brings us closer to the fusion age than ever, but it still a long way from the finish line. Though still under construction, the economics if ITER don’t look good with cost per kilowatt well outside of what conventional sources can produce.
The UW approach has more modest roots as a project in a 2012 class taught by Thomas Jarboe, a UW professor of aeronautics and astronautics and an adjunct professor in physics, and later taken up by Jarboe and doctoral student Derek Sutherland. Called Dynomak, the new concept reactor is simpler than ITER by a factor of ten, yet has the potential of making more energy at less cost.
According to the UW team, Dynomak builds on existing technology, such as an ITER-developed cryogenic pumping system. Technically, its a spheromak, which means that instead of a torus, it’s a simple oblate spheroid. There’s no central core and it doesn’t need the large, complex superconducting magnets that ITER uses. Instead the magnetic fields are produced by putting electrical fields into the center of the plasma using high temperature superconducting tapes wrapped around the vessel, so, in a sense, the plasma contains itself.
According to the UW team, this means the Dynomak is smaller simpler, and cheaper to build, yet produces more power than the ITER reactor. Also, since the plasma heats itself, the fusion reaction is self-sustaining as excess heat is drawn off by a molten salt blanket to boil water to run a steam turbine to generate electricity.
If the UW’s calculations are correct, a Dynomak reactor would cost a tenth of ITER and produce five times as much energy at an efficiency of 40 percent. that means that a one gigawatt Dynomak power plant would have a total cost of US$2.7 billion against the US$2.8 billion needed to build a coal plant
The UW team says that the current Dynomak is only ten percent of the size and power of a practical reactor, which years away in terms of development. However, they say that the test reactor has so far demonstrated its ability to sustain a plasma and they plan to increase the temperature and power output of the unit.
"Right now, this design has the greatest potential of producing economical fusion power of any current concept," says Jarboe.
The UW team’s findings were published in Fusion Engineering and Design.
Source: University of Washington
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The borders of the Ghetto were guarded by Polish and German police from the outside, and by Jewish police from the inside. Since October 15, 1941, the Jews who were staying outside the Ghetto without a permit, and the people providing them with any assistance whatsoever were subject to capital punishment.
The administrative functions in the district were fulfilled by the Jewish Council (Judenrat), set up by order of the Gestapo in September 1939. The main duty of the Council was to duly fulfill the orders of the occupying authorities.
Work assignments were distributed by the Employment Service (Arbeitsamt). The Jewish workers were not protected by any laws. At first they received minimum wages; later they worked unpaid.
The Krakow Ghetto consisted of fifteen different streets, contained 320 buildings comprising 3,200 rooms. The Ghetto was sealed off, a high wall was erected around it, and there were four gates. Access by Ghetto inhabitants to the rest of Krakow was restricted to an absolute minimum. Even windows looking outwards were bricked up.
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We are all scientists!
Geek. Nerd. Techie. Hipster. Artiste. Eccentric. Often left-brained, scientific-thinkers are painted as the antithesis of right-brained, highly creative peers. But if we think about how we go about our daily tasks of creating and maintaining our institutions’ websites, we may realize we’re more alike than we thought — we may all be a little more science-minded than we expected.
The HighEdWeb 2012 keynote speaker Adam Savage reminded us that art and science are intimately intertwined. One of the first steps of the scientific method –forming a hypothesis– is “hugely creative.” We have to step outside our comfort zones of what we *know* to be true and make a guess at what we think to be true.
The scientific method sounds intense but many of us use its tenants every day at work.
Whether a programmer, a content editor, a designer or someone in between, using the scientific method may be nothing new to us in our profession.
What is the Scientific Method?
1. Observe and describe
When we encounter a problem, generally we take note of it and depending on our role, we then….
2. Form a hypothesis
This is a fancy way of saying, “Here’s what I think the issue might be.”
When we get the dreaded call, “The site won’t work,” we have a slew of questions we ask to try to narrow down the problem. Why? Because we understand that an internal server error is quite different from a page not found error. We’re relying on site users to observe and describe the problem, so we can then replicate the error. Once we’re able to do so, we’re on to forming our best guess as to what the problem is — our hypothesis.
And this leads us to:
3. Testing the hypothesis
This is where we try things to correct the problem or even replicate the problem. Anyone who’s had to track down a problem with code, html or css knows that you only change one thing at a time while testing. This ensures that the data can be as accurate as possible.
Data? you ask. I’m just trying to figure out why the site is down. Yep. Data. As you truck along, trying one thing at a time to figure out how to fix the site, keep in mind that really you’re gathering data, even if the data is, “..this worked…that did not…this made it worse…this helped a little…” This is also important for the often dreaded incident reports we must complete when there’s an error on our site or server. It’s also the last step:
4. Analyze and report
After testing and analyzing your data, you then come to some sort of conclusion, “Oh, the page was deleted, therefore the 404 error” or “Our site was compromised by some folks with IPs in the Netherlands.”
You may be thinking, “but a programmer is really like a scientist. I’m a designer/writer/rainbow painter.”
Think about these steps in the context of a designer or writer. After viewing site analytics, gathering feedback from students and conducting usability tests, you may make some assumptions (hypotheses) about a better way to present the information. The best way to determine if your guesses really *are* good guesses is to test, test, test! As you test, analyze the data you gathered. A good scientist will adjust her hypothesis after testing and analysis, just as a good web developer/designer/UX person will adjust, test, adjust, test to ensure that a site visitor’s experience is always improving.
See, we’re all scientists and we may not have known it!
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Bean Bag Race
A game that combines friendly competition with high-intensity running to improve runners' speed, anaerobic endurance, agility, and power
Tags: middle school, games
- Divide your straightaway into 3-4 segments.
- Have competitors line up at the start of the course.
- On your command, they sprint to the first marker, drop off a beanbag, and return to the start. Then they pick up another beanbag, sprint to the second marker, drop it off, and again return to the start, and so on until they complete the course.
- For a more intense workout, have them immediately repeat the course after dropping off all the beanbags. On the repeat run, have them pick up the beanbags from the markers and return them all to the start one at a time.
- When done as a relay, the first runner of each team drops the beanbags off at the markers and tags the second runner who then picks the bean bags up and returns them to the start one at a time, and so on, until all runners have gone.
- Don't throw the beanbags; bend down to place them on the ground to improve agility and anaerobic fitness.
- Work on speed, fast starts and stops, and efficient turns.
Duration / Reps: Repeat the course 3-5 times, allowing time to rest in between
When: Ideal for engaging athletes at the end of practice
- A 15-30 meter straightaway
- Cones (or other markers)
- Improves speed and anaerobic endurance
- Improves agility and power, which helps runners start, stop, and change direction quickly
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Fact: Eating certain foods will not rid your osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, or make it go into remission.
“No diet will cure your arthritis, but eating healthy always has its benefits,” says Dr. White. “Eating well can lead to weight loss which can help arthritis symptoms like joint relief.” The Arthritis Foundation recommends a diet low in saturated fats and calories and high in fruits, veggies and grains.
Although your eating habits won’t cure your arthritis, they can still affect the symptoms of your disease, according to the Arthritis Foundation:
- Food sensitivities. Some arthritis patients may be overly sensitive to specific foods that could trigger symptoms or cause them to worsen.
- Saturated fats. Overconsumption of saturated fats and vegetable oils can increase inflammatory responses and contribute to joint and tissue inflammation.
- Overall health. Diet influences overall health and other diseases and conditions like diabetes and heart disease. This can affect how your body handles arthritis symptoms.
- Poor nutrition. Having arthritis can worsen your diet. Pain and fatigue can cause appetite loss or make it difficult to eat and chew.
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A pair of Netanya high school pupils who developed a system using solar rays to disinfect and clean water supplies so they are suitable for drinking won the Intel-Israel 15th Annual Young Scientists Competition on Tuesday.
Avishai Katko and Maya Braun of Sharett High School found a way to expose polluted water to ultraviolet light using renewable energy at low cost. The device, if produced commercially, could be used in any home, the pupils said.
The system is modular, mobile and suitable for use in places with a severe shortage of potable water that also enjoy sunlight most of the year.
The competition was held at Jerusalem’s Bloomfield Science Museum, and the award ceremony was held at the Knesset. President Shimon Peres will receive the top winners privately at his temporary residence, as the President’s Residence is being renovated.
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Have Researchers Discovered The Fountain Of Thin?
A scientific breakthrough, something obese and overweight people have only dreamed about, has been made at the University of Florida's (UF) Sid Martin Biotechnology Development Institute, where Dr. Stephen Hsu and his research team have identified a 'fat gene' called TRIP-Br2. When the team controlled the expression of this gene in mice, the mice were unable to gain weight, no matter how much they ate.
When the TRIP-BR2 protein is operating normally, it controls the amount of fat we store, but when too much TRIP-Br2 is produced, obesity is the result. In the UF experiments, two groups of mice were fed diets very high in fat. While the normal mice became more and more obese the more they ate, mice bred without the TRIP-Br2 gene could not gain weight no matter how much they ate.
Hsu explains that TRIP-Br2 is a fat storage protein like several others, but TRIP-Br2 is unique in that it regulates how cells burn fat. "When TRIP-Br2 is absent, fat cells dramatically increase the release of free fatty acids and also burn fat to produce the molecular fuel called ATP that powers mitochondria — the cell’s energy source. In addition, cells free from the influence of TRIP-Br2 start using free fatty acids to generate thermal energy, which protects the body from exposure to cold."
“TRIP-Br2 is important for the accumulation of fat,” said Dr. Rohit N. Kulkarni, also a senior author of the paper and an associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and the Joslin Diabetes Center. “When an animal lacks TRIP-Br2, it can’t accumulate fat.”
But if the gene could be phamacologically regulated and the amount of TRIP-Br2 released by our fat cells could be controlled, that would be ideal - not only for obese persons, but for those with a propensity to gain weight. Persons whose medical conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure, would be exacerbated by weight gain, would also benefit greatly from such a drug.
Have the researchers discovered the Fountain of Thin?
The next step in this very hopeful research is to determine whether the findings in mice are translatable to humans.
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| 0.940411 | 491 | 3.609375 | 4 |
1 : a member of a division of the early Indo-European peoples who swept into Western Europe around 500 BC and occupied the lands west of the Rhine; England, Belgium, France, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, Brittany and Galicia: or
2 : a modern Gael, Highland Scot, Irishman, Welshman, Cornishman, or Breton, or a descendant of these peoples dispersed throughout the world through immigration.
Celtic culture then is the culture (music, language, legends, religion, sports, humour, dance or writings) of these people or their descendants.
Category for sites relating to two or more of the Celtic ethnicities, or for Celtic culture as a whole. Also contains links to other categories on aspects or subsets of Celtic peoples and culture.
Please follow the links to find the most specific possible category to submit your site to; this will make the listing process faster and more accurate.
Sites listed here will provide information on the arts or folk arts of the culture.
If your site is not specifically geared towards this topic, please submit to the proper category.
Submitting to the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from being listed in the directory.
- When writing your site''s title please ensure it is the same as your organization.
- When writing your site''s descrion, please tell what your site offers in a clear and concise statement without hype or promotional language.
Thank-you for your cooperation.
Please do not list neo-pagan sites. Submit them to Religion and Spirituality instead. Original history-based sites only.
The Scots-Irish, also commonly called Scotch-Irish, are the descendants of the Ulster-Scots of Ireland that settled in the colonies and former colonies of Great Britain. The Ulster-Scots are lowland Scots from the English-Scottish border that settled in Ulster from 1610-1630.
The Ulster-Scots began migrating out of Ireland in the 1700's due to religious repression and economic circumstances. Most headed for what would be the United States and Canada, but some settled in Australia, New Zealand, and other colonies.
Famous Scots-Irish Americans include President Andrew Jackson, Sam Houston, Daniel Boone, and Davy Crockett.
This category is for websites that deal with the Scottish culture outside of Scotland itself.
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Simple Definition of wilderness area
: a large area of public land that is kept in its natural state
Full Definition of wilderness area
: an often large tract of public land maintained essentially in its natural state and protected against introduction of intrusive artifacts (as roads and buildings)
First Known Use of wilderness area
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up wilderness area? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
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Definitions for verstvɜrst, vɛrst
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word verst
a Russian unit of length (1.067 km)
A Russian unit of length, equivalent to about 1.07 kilometres or about 2/3 of a mile.
Origin: From верста, partly through German Werst and French verste.
a Russian measure of length containing 3,500 English feet
Origin: [Russ. versta: cf. F. verste.]
A verst is an obsolete Russian unit of length. It is defined as being 500 sazhen long, which makes a verst equal to 1.0668 kilometres. In the English language, verst is singular with the normal plural versts. In Russian, the nominative singular is versta, but the form usually used with numbers is genitive plural verst — 10 verst, 25 verst, etc. — whence the English form. A mezhevaya versta is twice as long as a verst. "The verst of the 17th century was 700 sazhens or 1.49 km as against the 500 sazhens or 1.06 km it became at the time of Peter the Great". The Russian Wiki mentions several other old values. In Finland, virsta was originally 1.069 km according to the Swedish standard, but the Russian verst replaced it after annexation to the Russian Empire in 1809. Virsta was originally 600 sylis, but then changed to 500 syli, since the Russian syli was longer, 2.134 m. A derived unit was peninkulma = 10 virsta. Metrification replaced virsta with the kilometre in the 1880s.
Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
verst, n. a Russian mile, 3500 feet in length, or almost two-thirds of an English mile. [Russ. versta, a verst; perh. vertietĭ, to turn, cog. with L. vertĕre, to turn.]
The numerical value of verst in Chaldean Numerology is: 2
The numerical value of verst in Pythagorean Numerology is: 3
Images & Illustrations of verst
Translations for verst
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
Get even more translations for verst »
Find a translation for the verst definition in other languages:
Select another language:
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Open Star Clusters
All titles are clickable and link to the original APOD page; click on an image for a larger view of it.
2010 August 17
The great variety of star colors in this open cluster underlies its name: The Jewel Box. One of the bright central stars is a red supergiant, in contrast to the many blue stars that surround it. The cluster, also known as Kappa Crucis contains just over 100 stars, and is about 10 million years old. Open clusters are younger, contain few stars, and contain a much higher fraction of blue stars than do globular clusters. This Jewel Box lies about 6,400 light-years away, so the light that we see today was emitted from the cluster before even the Great Pyramids in Egypt were built. The Jewel Box, pictured above, spans about 20 light-years, and can be seen with binoculars towards the southern constellation of the cross (Crux).
2010 February 11
This pretty, open cluster of stars, M34, is about the size of the Full Moon on the sky. Easy to appreciate in small telescopes, it lies some 1,800 light-years away in the constellation Perseus. At that distance, M34 physically spans about 15 light-years. Formed at the same time from the same cloud of dust and gas, all the stars of M34 are about 200 million years young. But like any open star cluster orbiting in the plane of our galaxy, M34 will eventually disperse as it experiences gravitational tides and encounters with the Milky Way's interstellar clouds and other stars. Over four billion years ago, our own Sun was likely formed in a similar open star cluster.
2009 December 4
A lovely starfield in the heroic northern constellation Perseus holds this famous pair of open or galactic star clusters, h and Chi Perseii. Also cataloged as NGC 869 (right) and NGC 884, both clusters are about 7,000 light-years away and contain stars much younger and hotter than the Sun. Separated by only a few hundred light-years, the clusters' ages based on their individual stars are similar - evidence that they were likely a product of the same star-forming region. Always a rewarding sight in binoculars, the Double Cluster is even visible to the unaided eye from dark locations. Star colors (and spikes) are enhanced in this beautiful, wide field, telescopic image.
2009 November 8
M7 is one of the most prominent open clusters of stars on the sky. The cluster, dominated by bright blue stars, can be seen with the naked eye in a dark sky in the tail of the constellation of the Scorpion (Scorpius). M7 contains about 100 stars in total, is about 200 million years old, spans 25 light-years across, and lies about 1000 light-years away. The above deep exposure was taken last month over several nights from Yalbraith, NSW, Australia. The M7 star cluster has been known since ancient times, being noted by Ptolemy in the year 130 AD. Also visible are a dark dust cloud and literally millions of unrelated stars towards the Galactic center.
2009 October 30
To the eye, this cosmic composition nicely balances the Bubble Nebula at the upper right with open star cluster M52. The pair would be lopsided on other scales, though. Embedded in a complex of interstellar dust and gas and blown by the winds from a single, massive O-type star, the Bubble Nebula (aka NGC 7635) is a mere 10 light-years wide. On the other hand, M52 is a rich open cluster of around a thousand stars. The cluster is about 25 light-years across. Seen toward the northern boundary of Cassiopeia, distance estimates for the Bubble Nebula and associated cloud complex are around 11,000 light-years, while star cluster M52 lies nearly 5,000 light-years away.
2009 August 31
Many stars like our Sun were formed in open clusters. The above pictured open cluster, M25, contains thousands of stars and is about two thousand light years distant. The stars in this cluster all formed together about 90 million years ago. The bright young stars in M25 appear blue. Open clusters, also called galactic clusters, contain fewer and younger stars than globular clusters. Also unlike globular clusters, open clusters are generally confined to the plane of our Galaxy. M25 is visible with binoculars towards the constellation of the Archer (Sagittarius).
2008 December 9
Perhaps the most famous star cluster on the sky, the Pleiades can be seen without binoculars from even the depths of a light-polluted city. Also known as the Seven Sisters and M45, the Pleiades is one of the brightest and closest open clusters. The Pleiades contains over 3,000 stars, is about 400 light years away, and only 13 light years across. A prominent telescope and car company has borrowed the star cluster's name. Quite evident in the above photograph are the blue reflection nebulae that surround the brighter cluster stars. Low mass, faint, brown dwarfs have also been found in the Pleiades.
2007 October 5
A mere 20,000 light-years from the Sun lies NGC 3603, a resident of the nearby Carina spiral arm of our Milky Way Galaxy. NGC 3603 is well known to astronomers as one of the Milky Way's largest star-forming regions. The central open star cluster contains thousands of stars more massive than our Sun, stars that likely formed only one or two million years ago in a single burst of star formation. In fact, nearby NGC 3603 is thought to contain a convenient example of the massive star clusters that populate much more distant starburst galaxies. Surrounding the cluster are natal clouds of glowing interstellar gas and obscuring dust, sculpted by energetic stellar radiation and winds. Recorded by the Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys, the image spans about 17 light-years.
2007 September 13
This alluring telescopic image looks toward the constellation Cepheus and an intriguing visual pairing of dusty reflection nebula NGC 7129 (left) and open star cluster NGC 7142. The two appear separated by only half a degree on the sky, but they actually lie at quite different distances. In the foreground, dusty nebula NGC 7129 is about 3,000 light-years distant, while open cluster NGC 7142 is likely over 6,000 light-years away. In fact, the pervasive and clumpy foreground dust clouds in this region redden the light from NGC 7142, complicating astronomical studies of the cluster. Still, NGC 7142 is thought to be an older open star cluster, while the bright stars embedded in NGC 7129 are perhaps a million years young. The telltale reddish crescent shapes around NGC 7129 are associated with energetic jets streaming away from newborn stars. Surprisingly, despite the dust, far off background galaxies can be seen in the colorful cosmic vista.
2007 August 9
Gathered at the center of this sharp skyview are the stars of Messier 67, one of the oldest known open star clusters. In fact, though open star clusters are usually much younger, the stars of M67 are likely around 4 billion years old, about the same age and with about the same elemental abundances as the Sun. Open clusters are almost always younger because they are dispersed over time as they encounter other stars, interstellar clouds, and experience gravitational tides while orbiting the center of our galaxy. Still, M67 contains over 500 stars or so and lies some 2,800 light-years away in the constellation Cancer. At that estimated distance, M67 would be about 12 light-years across.
2007 April 13
Hurtling through a cosmic dust cloud a mere 400 light-years away, the lovely Pleiades or Seven Sisters star cluster is well-known in astronomical images for its striking blue reflection nebulae. At visible wavelengths, the starlight is scattered and reflected by the dust, but in this portrait in infrared light by the Spitzer Space Telescope, the dust itself glows. The false color image spans about 1 degree or seven light-years at the distance of the Pleiades, with the densest regions of the dust cloud shown in yellow and red hues. Exploring this young, nearby cluster, the Spitzer data have revealed many cool, low mass stars, brown dwarfs or failed stars, and possible planetary debris disks. Want to see the Pleiades tonight? Look near Venus, the brilliant evening star in the west just after sunset.
2006 December 20
For reasons unknown, NGC 6357 is forming some of the most massive stars ever discovered. Near the more obvious Cat's Paw nebula, NGC 6357 houses the open star cluster Pismis 24, home to these tremendously bright and blue stars. The overall red glow near the inner star forming region results from the emission of ionized hydrogen gas. The surrounding nebula, shown above, holds a complex tapestry of gas, dark dust, stars still forming, and newly born stars. The intricate patterns are caused by complex interactions between interstellar winds, radiation pressures, magnetic fields, and gravity. NGC 6357 spans about 400 light years and lies about 8,000 light years away toward the constellation of the Scorpion.
2006 October 21
Clyde Tombaugh discovered planet Pluto in 1930 while surveying the skies with the 13-inch Lawrence Lowell Telescope. But the skilled and careful astronomer also went on to discover star clusters, comets, asteroids, and clusters of galaxies. For example, pictured is galactic or open star cluster Tombaugh 4 in the northern constellation Cassiopeia. Published in 1941, Tombaugh's description, based on his photographic images from the Lowell 13-inch, indicates the cluster is small and faint, and comprised of about 30 stars. Using the apparent brightness of the cluster stars he estimated the distance to be 20 to 30 thousand light-years, making Tombaugh 4 over 10 light-years in diameter. This deep color image, made with a modern ccd camera and another 13-inch telescope, includes the region's foreground stars and faint nebulosities.
2006 April 19
This evening's skyscape includes a view similar to this one, recorded in western skies on April 16 - an orange-hued planet Mars wandering near rich open star cluster M35. Also notable is fainter star cluster NGC 2158, just above and left of M35. The grouping appears near the "foot stars" of the constellation Gemini, but of course Mars is in the foreground, just over 14 light-minutes from planet Earth. The hundreds of stars in cluster M35 are more like 3,000 light-years distant. NGC 2158 is farther still, about 16,000 light-years away and is much more compact than M35. The color image shows off the contrast between hot blue stars and cooler yellowish stars within the confines of M35. But the stars of NGC 2158 are much older, and that cluster's light is definitely dominated by the orange glow of cool giant stars, making an interesting visual comparison to ruddy-colored Mars.
2006 January 9
Perhaps the most famous star cluster on the sky, the Pleiades can be seen without binoculars from even the depths of a light-polluted city. Also known as the Seven Sisters and M45, the Pleiades is one of the brightest and closest open clusters. The Pleiades contains over 3000 stars, is about 400 light years away, and only 13 light years across. Quite evident in the above photograph are the blue reflection nebulae that surround the brighter cluster stars. Low mass, faint, brown dwarfs have also been found in the Pleiades. (Editors' note: The prominent diffraction spikes are caused by the telescope itself and may be either distracting or provide aesthetic enhancement, depending on your point of view.)
2005 August 4
Galactic or open star clusters are relatively young swarms of bright stars born together near the plane of our Milky Way Galaxy. Separated by about a degree on the sky, two nice examples are M46 (upper left) 5,400 light-years in the distance and M47 (lower right) only 1,600 light-years away toward the nautical constellation Puppis. Around 300 million years young M46 contains a few hundred stars in a region about 30 light-years across. Aged 80 million years, M47 is a smaller but looser cluster of about 50 stars spanning 10 light-years. But this portrait of stellar youth also contains an ancient interloper. The small, colorful patch of glowing gas in M46 is actually the planetary nebula NGC 2438 - the final phase in the life of a sun-like star billions of years old. NGC 2438 is estimated to be only 3,000 light-years distant and likely represents a foreground object, only by chance appearing along our line of sight to youthful M46.
2005 April 6
M7 is one of the most prominent open clusters of stars on the sky. The cluster, dominated by bright blue stars, can be seen with the naked eye in a dark sky in the tail of the constellation of Scorpius. M7 contains about 100 stars in total, is about 200 million years old, spans 25 light-years across, and lies about 1000 light-years away. This color picture was taken recently at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona, USA as part of the Advanced Observers Program. The M7 star cluster has been known since ancient times, being noted by Ptolemy in the year 130 AD. Also visible is a dark dust cloud near the bottom of the frame, and literally millions of unrelated stars towards the Galactic center.
2004 October 6
How did this unusually large nebula form? One of the largest nebulas yet detected is actually a complex ring of emission nebulas connected by glowing filaments. The unusual network, known as N11, spans over 1000 light years and is a prominent structure of the Large Magellanic Cloud, the largest satellite galaxy of our Milky Way Galaxy. In the center of the above image is open star cluster LH9, also known as NGC 1760, composed of about 50 bright blue stars that emit radiation that has eroded a hole in their surroundings. A leading hypothesis for the formation of N11 is shells of successive generations of stars being formed further out from the center. The bright region just above center is N11B, an explosive domain where stars are being formed even today.
2004 October 4
Star cluster NGC 6823 is ready for its close-up. The center of the open cluster, visible on the upper right, formed only about two million years ago and is dominated in brightness by a host of bright young blue stars. Outer parts of the cluster, visible above in the image center as the stars and pillars of emission nebula NGC 6820, contain even younger stars. The huge pillars of gas and dust likely get their elongated shape by erosion from hot radiation emitted from the brightest cluster stars. Striking dark globules of gas and dust are also visible across the bottom of this image by the 25 year old Canada France Hawaii Telescope. Open star cluster NGC 6823 spans about 50 light years and lies about 6000 light years away toward the constellation of Vulpecula (The Fox).
2004 March 31
Lying just at the limit of human perception is a picturesque starfield containing one of the larger open clusters on the northern sky. Spanning an angle larger than the Moon, M39's relatively few stars lie only about 800 light years distant toward the constellation of Cygnus. The above picture of M39 is a mosaic of 33 images taken by the WIYN telescope on Kitt Peak in Arizona, USA. The stars in M39 are all about 300 million years old, much younger than the 5000 million years of our Sun. Open clusters, also called galactic clusters, contain fewer and younger stars than globular clusters. Also unlike globular clusters, open clusters are generally confined to the plane of our Galaxy.
2004 February 222002 May 52000 April 5
M7 is one of the most prominent open clusters of stars on the sky. The cluster, dominated by bright blue stars, can be seen with the naked eye in a dark sky in the tail of the constellation of Scorpius. M7 contains about 100 stars in total, is about 200 million years old, spans 25 light-years across, and lies about 1000 light-years away. This color picture was taken in 1995 at the Burrell-Schmidt Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona. The M7 star cluster has been known since ancient times, being noted by Ptolemy in the year 130 AD. Also visible is a dark dust cloud near the bottom of the frame, and literally millions of unrelated stars towards the Galactic center.
2003 January 22
Many stars like our Sun were formed in open clusters. The above pictured open cluster, M11, contains thousands of stars and is just over five thousand light years distant. The stars in this cluster all formed together about 250 million years ago. The bright young stars in M11 appear blue. Open clusters, also called galactic clusters, contain fewer and younger stars than globular clusters. Also unlike globular clusters, open clusters are generally confined to the plane of our Galaxy. M11 is visible with binoculars towards the constellation of Scutum.
2003 January 7
Open cluster M38 can be seen with binoculars toward the constellation of Auriga. M38 is considered an intermediately rich open cluster of stars, each of which is about 200 million years old. Located in the disk of our Milky Way galaxy, M38 is still young enough to house many bright blue stars, although it's brightest star is a yellow giant shining 900 times brighter than our Sun. The cluster spans roughly 25 light-years and lies about 4000 light-years away. M38, pictured above, is found only about 2.5 degrees northwest of open cluster M36. Loosely bound by gravity, open clusters spread out over time as they orbit the galactic center and their member stars slowly escape.
2002 January 3
The Hubble Space Telescope's 1995 image of pillars of dust and gas, light-years long, within the Eagle Nebula (M16) was sensational. The three prominent pillars in that close-up visible light picture also appear below center in this wide-field mosaic along with massive, bright, young stars of cluster NGC 6611 (upper right), whose winds and radiation are shaping the dusty pillars. Made in near infrared light with the European Southern Observatory's 8.2-meter Antu telescope, this wide-field image makes the pillars seem more transparent, as the longer wavelengths partially penetrate the obscuring dust. While the Hubble image showed the pillars' startling surface details - over 70 opaque, finger-shaped lumps of material dubbed evaporating gaseous globules or EGGs, the near infrared view has allowed astronomers to peer inside. Comparing the two views reveals that nearly a dozen of the EGGs do indeed have stars embedded near their tips. More stars within EGGs may be detected if longer wavelength observations of the region are made. But which came first, the stars or the EGGs?
2001 September 9
Hot blue stars shine brightly in this beautiful, recently formed galactic or "open" star cluster. Open cluster NGC 3293 is located in the constellation Carina, lies at a distance of about 8000 light years, and has a particularly high abundance of these young bright stars. A study of NGC 3293 implies that the blue stars are only about 6 million years old, whereas the cluster's dimmer, redder stars appear to be about 20 million years old. If true, star formation in this open cluster took at least 15 million years. Even this amount of time is short, however, when compared with the billions of years stars like our Sun live, and the over-ten billion year lifetimes of many galaxies and our universe. NGC 3293 appears just in front of a dense dust lane emanating from the Carina Nebula.
2001 February 7
Bright blue stars highlight the open cluster known as M103. The gas clouds from which these stars condensed has long dispersed. Of the stars that were formed, the brightest, bluest, and most massive have already used up their nuclear fuel and self-destructed in supernova explosions. A 20 million-year age for M103 was estimated by finding the brightest main-sequence stars that still survive and theoretically computing their lifetimes. In fact, a formerly blue star has recently evolved off the main sequence and is visible above as the red giant star near the cluster center. In general, yellow stars like our Sun are usually less bright and hence less prominent in open clusters than their massive blue cousins. Light takes about 14 years to cross M103. Although visible with binoculars toward the constellation of Cassiopeia, M103's great distance of 8000 light years makes it appear four times smaller than a full moon.
2000 August 22
In the heart of the Rosette Nebula lies a bright open cluster of stars that lights up the nebula. The stars of NGC 2244 formed from the surrounding gas only four million years ago and emit light and wind that define the nebula's appearance today. High energy light from the bright young stars of NGC 2244 ionizes the surrounding hydrogen gas clouds to create the red emission nebula appearance. The hot wind of particles that streams away from the cluster stars contributes to an already complex menagerie of gas and dust filaments while slowly evacuating the cluster center. NGC 2244 measures about 50 light-years across, lies about 4500 light-years away, and is visible with binoculars towards the constellation of Monoceros.
2000 January 12
NGC 6791 is one of the oldest and largest open clusters of stars known. But how did it get so dirty? Open star clusters usually contain a few hundred stars each less than a billion years old. Open star cluster NGC 6791, however, contains thousands of stars recently measured to be about 8 billion years old. What's really confusing, though, is that the stars of NGC 6791 are relatively dirty - the minuscule amounts of heavy elements (generically called metals) are high relative to most other star clusters. Older stars are supposed to be metal poor, since metals have only been slowly accumulating in our Milky Way Galaxy. This enigma makes NGC 6791, pictured above, one of the most studied open clusters and a possible example of how stars might evolve in the centers of galaxies.
January 29, 1997
Most star clusters are singularly impressive. But open clusters NGC 869 and NGC 884 are doubly impressive. Also known as "h and chi Persei", this rare double cluster, shown above, is bright enough to be seen from a dark location without even binoculars. Although their discovery surely predates written history, the "double cluster" was notably cataloged by the Greek astronomer Hipparcos. The clusters are over 7000 light years distant toward the constellation of Perseus, but are separated by only hundreds of light years.
January 28, 1997
Many stars form in clusters. Two types of star clusters are visible in our Milky Way Galaxy: open clusters and globular clusters. Open clusters like M50, shown above, typically contain hundreds of stars, many of which are bright, young, and blue. In fact, most of the bright blue stars in the above picture belong to M50, but most of the dimmer, red stars do not. M50 lies about 3000 light-years from Earth and is about 20 light years across. Open clusters tend to have irregular shapes and are mostly found in the plane of our Galaxy.
March 29, 1998August 23, 1996
Hot blue stars shine brightly in this beautiful, recently formed galactic or "open" star cluster. Open cluster NGC 3293 is located in the constellation Carina, lies at a distance of about 8000 light years, and has a particularly high abundance of these young bright stars. A study of NGC 3293 implies that the blue stars are only about 6 million years old, whereas the cluster's dimmer, redder stars appear to be about 20 million years old. If true, star formation in this open cluster took at least 15 million years. Even this amount of time is short, however, when compared with the billions of years stars like our Sun live, and the over-ten billion year lifetimes of many galaxies and our universe. NGC 3293 appears just in front dense dust lane emanating from the Carina Nebula.
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Fats and carbohydrates are essential nutrients in your diet, but some types are better for you than others. Good fats help protect your heart, while good carbohydrates keep you feeling satisfied for an extended period of time. Stay in optimal health, keep your heart healthy and improve satiety by consuming foods with good fats and good carbs.
Replace bad fats, like saturated and trans fats, with good fats, which are monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. Bad fats raise your low-density lipoprotein, or LDL cholesterol, harden your arteries and increase your risk of heart disease. Good monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, or MUFAs and PUFAs, improve cholesterol levels and lower your chances of developing heart disease. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats also help insulin work more efficiently, a benefit that stabilizes blood sugar levels if you have type 2 diabetes, explains MayoClinic.com.
Foods with Good Fats
Most monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats come from plant-based foods, although some meats and seafood also have high amounts. Foods high in these good fats often contain both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, but may have higher amounts of one type over the other. Vegetable oil, olive oil, avocados and sunflower seeds are all higher in monounsaturated fats. Peanut oil, sunflower oil, chicken and nuts have more polyunsaturated fats. Fatty cold-water fish, including salmon, mackerel and herring, are high in omega-3 fatty acids, a branch of polyunsaturated fats. Omega-3s are especially beneficial for your heart because they keep your arteries healthy, help maintain a steady heartbeat and can lower blood pressure. Walnuts and flaxseeds also have omega-3 fatty acids, but plant-based omega-3s have a shorter chain structure and may not be as beneficial as long-chain omega-3s from fish.
Carbohydrates are either simple or complex. Simple carbohydrates often have a bad reputation, since they break down quickly and can spike your blood sugar. Not all simple carbohydrates are bad. Sucrose, which is white table sugar, is generally an unnecessary type of simple carbohydrate in your diet. Foods high in sucrose have few nutrients and are high in calories. Good simple carbohydrates include fructose and lactose. These good simple carbs come from whole foods that provide high amounts of vitamins and minerals. Complex carbohydrates are starches that take a while to metabolize in your digestive tract. Since complex carbs take longer to break down, they slowly raise your blood sugar and keep it at a stable level for an extended period of time. This is especially important if you have diabetes. Fiber is another type of good complex carbohydrate, which you need for normal bowel functioning.
Foods with Good Carbs
Nearly all foods -- with the exception of eggs, meat and some seafood -- provide carbohydrates. Milk and fruit have good simple carbohydrates, in the form of lactose and fructose. Even though milk has good simple carbs, opt for milk that is low-fat or fat-free to avoid consuming too much harmful saturated fat. Vegetables, especially potatoes, corn, yams and peas, are high in good starchy carbohydrates, as well as fiber. All plant-based foods, including fruits, vegetables, beans, legumes and nuts are high in fiber. In addition to bowel health, fiber keeps you full for an extended period of time. Filling your plate with fibrous vegetables at dinner improves satiety so you are less likely to overeat.
Opt for good fats from lean meats and plant foods as well as good carbohydrates from whole foods, like milk, fruits and vegetables. You need a certain amount of fat to help with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, cushion vital organs and aid in hormone production. Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in your body, providing fuel for all cells, including brain cells. Both simple and complex carbs, with the exception of calorie-free fiber, offer 4 calories per gram. Fat is a concentrated energy source with 9 calories per gram. Between 45 and 65 percent of your total calories need to come from carbs, while 20 to 35 percent should come from fat, reports the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010. For a 2,000-calorie diet, you need 225 to 325 grams of carbohydrates and 44 to 77 grams of fat daily.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010
- MayoClinic.com: Dietary Fats: Know Which Types to Choose
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Carbohydrates
- National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse: Your Digestive System and How It Works
- salmon meal with rice, brussel sprouts and salad image by MAXFX from Fotolia.com
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by S.A. Watt
Wounded continued to arrive in small but steady numbers. On 11 November the first two cases of enteric fever were received in the camp and this proved to be the start of an epidemic during which 1 700 soldiers contracted this fever. Dysentery appeared early, and, during the siege, there were to be 1 800 cases. Because of the ever-increasing numbers of sick and wounded at Intombi, the number of beds increased from 300 to 1 900 in less than three months. The constant expansion of the hospital without the commensurate expansion of staff and equipment necessitated a re-distribution of patients. Eventually convalescent hospitals became impossible and the equipment available for the new tents became less than that of the old camp. Trained nurses were also re-distributed and each part of the camp was prepared to receive a share of those requiring special attention. There was a shortage of hospital staff, which eventually totalled 890, and this was partially overcome by the services offered by patients who had recovered from recent illness, or by withdrawing some of the soldiers from the defensive perimeter in Ladysmith.
To feed so large a number of patients, unable to take solid food, under the conditions of a siege of unknown duration, became, towards the end, a problem which could not be satisfactorily solved. Most of the luxuries vanished towards the end of the siege and the daily ration for a fever patient then consisted of: cereals about 60 g; prepared extracts about 14 g; sugar 140 g; about 570 g beef to make beef tea, and spirits 56 g. Occasionally these patients were given an additional ration of about 230 g meat for beef tea; cereals 28 g; spirits 85 to 150 g; wine 14 g; meat extracts 7 g; milk 335 g. The staff and convalescent patients were issued with the following for the same period: fresh meat 335 g; mealie meal 170 g; bread 454 g; tea 7 g; sugar 110 g; salt 14 g; pepper about 1 g. The beef tea was made from horse extract for which 70 horses and mules were sacrificed daily. The 545 kg of meat obtained was boiled down daily to 36 kg of chevril capable of making 720 litres of beef tea for the sick.
The most serious trouble with regard to feeding the sick, however, occurred after the Battle of Spioenkop (24 January 1900). Preparations for a more extended siege had to be made and comforts were reduced, while essentials had to be supplied until the siege ended. Diets were evolved which were useful as a tentative measure in supporting the sick.
Initially the water supply was obtained from the Klip River. This fluid, of pea-soup consistency, was made drinkable by sterilization and the removal of mud in suspension. Later five hogsheads were sunk into the bed of the Intombi Spruit from which a constant supply of 67 000 litres of clear water was used daily.
For the sanitary work there were 250 Indians and 131 Blacks, including a washing gang of 21. The rate at which the patients died in hospital demanded the services of 44 grave diggers for burials.
When the siege of Ladysmith ended on 28 February 1900, there had been 10 673 admissions at Intombi. Of the 583 soldiers who died, 382 deaths resulted from enteric fever and 109 from dysentery. The remainder of the deaths resulted from other illnesses and wounds due to action. All the dead, together with 5 civilians who succumbed to diseases, were buried in the cemetery nearby.
List of Sources
1. Amery L. The Times History of the War in South Africa (Vols III and IV. London 1905, 1906)
2. Black and White Budget. Vols III and IV.
3. Dooner, M.G. The Last Post, 1903
4. Graphic Magazines of 1899, 1902.
5. Illustrated London News Magazines 1899, 1900.
6. Kisch, H. and Tugman, H. St. J. The Siege of Ladysmith in 120 Pictures. (London 1900)
7. Local History Museum. Durban.
8. Maurice, Maj-Gen Sir F. History of the War in South Africa 1899-1902. (Vol II. London, 1907).
9. Natal Archive Dept. Pietermaritzburg.
10. Royal Commission appointed to consider and report upon the sick and wounded during the South African Campaign. 1901.1 Col 455.
11. Willcox, W.T. The Fifth (Royal Irish) Lancers in South Africa 1899-1902. (York, 1981).
Lt. C Arkwright of the 5th Lancers died of enteric ( today called typhoid) fever on 9 March 1900. Born in March 1874 he entered the 5th Lancers in 1894. Lt Arkwright was in Natal with his regiment when war was declared and served in Ladysmith throughout the siege.
Farrier Quarter Master Corporal R. Holyland of the Royal Horse Guards died of enteric fever on 15 January 1900.
Lt F.O. Barker of the 5th Battalion Lancashire Fusiliers, but attached to the Army Service corps as a 2nd Lieutenant, died of enteric fever on 2 February 1900.
Lt R.W. Pearson of the 2nd Battalion Rifle Brigade was killed in action at Ladysmith on 22 February 1900. Lt Pearson was born in May 1876 and entered the Rifle Brigade in July 1897. He served in the Sudan in 1898, and in October 1899 accompanied his battalion to South Africa and served in Ladysmith during the siege up to the date of his death.
2nd Lt W.A. Orlebar of the 19th Hussars died of disease on 17 February 1900. He was born in March 1879 and entered the 19th Hussars in May 1898. He arrived in South Africa with his regiment in September 1899 and took part in the defence of Ladysmith up to the time of his death.
Sgt P.E.O. Brind of the 2nd Battalion Gordon Highlanders died of enteric fever on 4 March 1900.
2nd Lt C.S. Platt of the 5th Dragon Guards died of enteric fever on 5 January 1900. He was born in August 1877, and entered the 5th Dragon Guards in November 1898. 2nd Lt Platt accompanied his regiment to South Africa arriving in September 1899.
Lt C.P. Russell of the 1st Battalion Leicester Regt. died of enteric fever in the Intombi Field Hospital. Born in November 1875 he entered the Leicester Regt in 1896. He was in Dundee during the battle of Talana Hill (20 October 1899) and saw action at the battle of Lombards Kop (30 October 1899). He died on 5 January 1900.
A view of the British Field Hospitals, both military and civilian, near the Intombi Spruit. The military hospitals can be identified by the large cluster of tents lying to the right of the railway line which runs towards the upper right corner of the photograph. Those who died here lie buried in the cemetery which is visible on the right. The Klip River can be seen in the foreground.
A similar view in 1981. The tents have long since gone and the trees all but obscure the view of the cemetery.
A view of the military hospitals looking south-eastwards with Umbulwana in the background. The temporary markers indicating the graves in the cemetery can be seen to the left of the large marquee.
The site was visited in 1979. The tall trees and the headstones are all that remain to remind the visitor of the ravages of disease which took place here a long time ago.
Another view of the part of the Military Field Hospitals near the Intombi Spruit. Behind the right stands Umbulwana and Lombards Kop and Gun Hill on the left.
A similar view in 1979. Mr P. Terry-Lloyd stands in for the British Medical Officer.
A view of the cemetery near the Intombi Spruit. The hospital tents have been removed. Here lie buried 662 men. 15 officers, 630 other ranks and 15 civilians. A single grave of a Jewish soldier is located in a separate enclosure adjacent to the main cemetery. The first burial took place on 8 November 1899 and the last on 23 March 1900.
A view of the same site in 1979. The individual graves can no longer be located because all the headstones, together with the main British monument have been placed near the eastern boundary of the cemetery.
Return to Journal Index OR Society's Home pageSouth African Military History Society / [email protected]
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"This painting shows all the stars in the sky at night. They show where to walk. When people are painted red and orange or white and singing, the stars sing too. It is the right way.
Milky Way is a special story that we celebrate in a special way. He's the same like earth, especially in Australia. We tell stories to our children about how it is both ways: the land and the sky are linked.
In the dark you see in the middle white patterns, those patterns are here on earth in the land. They are the same stories of water holes, rocks and hills. This is important story this one." Bertha Linty 2004
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By Richard Black
Environment Correspondent, BBC News website
In the dense central forests of Borneo, a conservation group has found what appears to be a new species of mammal.
WWF caught two images of the animal, which is bigger than a domestic cat, dark red, and has a long muscular tail.
Local people, the WWF says, had not seen the species before, and researchers say it looks to be new.
The WWF says there is an urgent need to conserve forests in south-east Asia which are under pressure from logging and the palm oil trade.
The creature, believed to be carnivorous, was spotted in the Kayan Mentarang National Park, which lies in Indonesian territory on Borneo.
The team which discovered it, led by biologist Stephan Wulffraat, is publishing full details in a new book on Borneo and its wildlife.
"You don't find new mammals that often, and to do so must be extraordinary," said Callum Rankine, head of the species programme at WWF-UK.
"We've got camera traps there, which are passive devices relying on infra-red beams across forest paths," he told the BBC News website.
"Lots of animals come past - it's much easier than pushing through the forest itself - and when an animal cuts the beam, two cameras catch images from the front and back."
Not a lemur
So far, two images are all that exist. But they were enough to convince Nick Isaac from the Institute of Zoology in London that the animal may indeed be new.
The find was made in Kayan Mentarang national park on Borneo
"The photos look most like a lemur," he told the BBC News website. "But there certainly shouldn't be lemurs in Borneo."
These long-tailed primates are confined to the island of Madagascar.
"It's more likely to be a viverrid - that's the family which includes the mongoose and civets - which is a very poorly known group," Dr Isaac said.
"One of the photos clearly shows the length of the tail and how muscly it is; civets use their tails to balance in trees, so this new animal may spend chunks of its time up trees too."
That could be one reason why it has not been spotted before. Another could be that access to the heart of Borneo is becoming easier as population centres expand and roads are built.
The WWF says this is the heart of the issue. It accuses the governments of Indonesia and Malaysia, which each own parts of Borneo, of encouraging the loss of native jungle by allowing the development of giant palm oil plantations.
Last week Pehin Sri Haji Abdul Taib Mahmud, chief minister of Sarawak, the larger Malaysian state on Borneo, said that such claims are unfounded and part of a smear campaign.
He told the BBC News website that palm oil plantations are mainly sited on land which had previously been cleared for cultivation or are in "secondary jungle".
But the WWF says species like the new viverrid - if new viverrid it be - are threatened by such development.
It is concerned that other as yet unknown creatures may go extinct before their existence can be documented.
The group is planning to capture the new species in a live trap so it can be properly studied and described.
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|image courtesy of stock.xchng|
Today I'm going to talk about 2 expressions in English that non-native speakers find strange and confusing. They are:
1. If worst comes to worst
-- and --
2. Luck out
As some of you might guess, these expressions are actually what we call "idioms." Indeed, there are many idioms in English that give non-native speakers a lot of trouble.
But don't hate these special expressions. You have to understand that each and every language in the world has its own set of idioms. Your own native language has idioms - probably a lot. And if an American tries to learn your native language, he will also find the idioms of your culture strange and difficult to learn.
In short, the only way to learn an idiom and other such idiomatic expressions is to memorize it as a whole set, and then practice it.
IDIOMS are good to study coz their original, literal meaning is usually so wild and funny. Plus, their origin - how they started and their history until they became popular expressions in English is also very colorful and interesting.
It takes a bit of researching though.
Lastly and more importantly, the person who can use the native idioms of a language will also sound natural and fluent (as long as they are able to use the idioms properly).
Today, like I said, I'm going to talk about the two idioms above because they are very unique and how we use them confuses the average student.
If worst comes to worst =
Some Americans have wondered whether this expression is right or wrong. It means "If the most terrible situation happens" or "if the situation changes from worse to worst."
1. I've prepared flashlights and stored some water. But if worst comes to worst, we'll check in at a hotel.
2. I know they really hate each other. If worst comes to worst, we'll tie each of them up.
3. My boss is getting very critical of me these days. If worst comes to worst, I'll quit.
Some people have argued that it's better to say "if worse comes to worst" because it makes more sense. Like a situation or condition is developing from terrible to more terrible. In other words, there are different levels.
But in the end, it's ok to wonder about things like these but when it comes to idioms, it isn't good to think about them too much. 'Coz you can think about it long and hard till you finally go crazy, but there is very little logical explanation that you can find - in terms of grammar or sense. This is why they are idioms.
Better than over-analyzing it, like I said, just memorize it and try to use it in a situation. So you don't miss the opportunity to practice your English. Don't think about it more than you need to.
In any case, both styles: "If worst comes to worst" and "If worse comes to worst" are widely-accepted. So, choose the one you prefer and move on.
Luck out =
This idiom is especially confusing for many non-native speakers. The reason is that, in their own native languages and in the structure of this expression itself, it's very natural to connect this idiom with another idiom: "out of luck."
But these two expressions are perfectly different.
The average learner of English will think "luck out" has a negative meaning because of the word "out." But as a matter of fact, "luck out" has a positive meaning.
"Luck out" means "to get lucky in a tough situation." Or, in a situation where the chances of succeeding are low.
1. I went to the book store without much hope, but I lucked out and found the last copy of the book I was looking for!
2. Competition in the industry was intense. But the businessman lucked out when he discovered a very unique strategy.
As you can see, because "luck out" looks very much like "run out of luck," we easily assume that it means bad.
But as a matter of fact, "to luck out" means good.
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Insects are the largest and the most diverse group of animals on Earth. To study all the different types of insects would be more than a lifetime task. However, if you chose one insect to study as a representative, the grasshopper would be a good choice. Like other arthropods, grasshoppers have jointed appendages and a segmented body that is surrounded by an exoskeleton. The grasshopper's body is typical of an insect. It is divided into three distinct regions: the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. Three pairs of legs attach to the thorax. The legs of insects are usually adapted for some special activity such as digging, swimming or crawling. The grasshopper's legs are adapted for the activity after which it was named--hopping. Two pairs of wings also are attached to the thorax, making this body segment specially designed for locomotion. The head of a grasshopper bears a pair of compound eyes, simple eyes, a pair of antennae, and specialized mouthparts. In this investigation, you will study the external and internal structures of the grasshopper and investigate features common to the insect class.
1. Identify and label the external structures of a grasshopper.
2. Identify the mouthparts of a grasshopper and describe the function of each.
3.Describe the structure and adaptations of the grasshopper's legs. Identify and label the internal organs of a grasshopper and explain their functions.
Preserved grasshopper, dissecting tray, forceps, dissecting microscope, probe, 6 dissecting pins, medicine dropper, scissors, beaker (150-mL)
1. Read the instructions for the investigation and answer Prelab questions 1 through 4.
2. Rinse the specimen in clear water.
3. Obtain a preserved grasshopper and place it in a dissecting tray dorsal side up. Identify the head, thorax, and abdomen.
4. On the head, locate the pair of antennae and the pair of compound eyes. Use a the dissecting microscope to observe the three simple eyes. Find the two pairs of palps which extend from the mouthparts.
5. On the thorax, locate the two pairs of wings. Compare the front or fore-wings to the rear or hind wings. Answer Prelab question 5.
6. Study the three pairs of legs on your grasshopper. Using scissors and forceps. remove one of the front legs. Identify each of the five parts on the leg you just removed. Answer Prelab question 6.
7. On the first segment of the abdomen, find the large, oval tympanum. Locate the spiracles in the lateral walls of the abdomen. Answer Prelab question 7.
8. In males, the end of the abdomen is blunt and somewhat rounded. In females, the abdomen ends in a four-pronged, egg-laying structure called the ovipositor. Determine whether your specimen is male or female. Answer Prelab question 8.
9. Make a drawing of the external parts of the grasshopper and label the external features of the grasshopper. Answer Prelab question 9.
10. Look closely at the mouthparts of the grasshopper with the dissecting microscope. Using forceps, carefully remove the mouthparts from the preserved grasshopper. Answer Prelab question10.
12. Using scissors, remove both pairs of wings and all remaining legs from your grasshopper.
13. Cut along the middle of each side of the grasshopper with the scissors. Each incision should begin at the anterior edge of the thorax and extend through the last segment of the abdomen.
14. Carefully lift the dorsal part of the exoskeleton. Use your probe to separate the exoskeleton from the tissues beneath it.
15. With dissecting pins, fasten the rest of the body wall to the dissecting tray.
16. With forceps, remove the stringy muscle tissue covering the internal organs. Be careful not to remove the dorsal blood vessel and the heart. You should now be able to see the internal organs.
17. Obtain some tap water in a beaker. With a medicine dropper, cover the organs with water to prevent them from drying out.
18. In the thoracic area, find a large, saclike structure. The posterior part of this organ is the gizzard and the anterior part is the crop. With your probe, gently press down on the crop and the gizzard and compare the way they feel. Answer Investigation questions 1 and 2.
19. Anterior to the crop, follow the short esophagus which opens into the mouth. Locate the small salivary glands which lie beneath the crop.
20. Just posterior to the gizzard, find the fingerlike projections called the gastric caeca. They are attached at the junction between the gizzard and the stomach. Answer Investigation question 3 and 4.
21. Locate the saclike stomach, often called the midgut, just behind the gizzard. Follow the stomach posteriorly and find the narrow, tubelike intestine. The intestine ends in a muscular structure called the rectum which eliminates wastes through the anus.
22. Find the Malphigian tubules, the threadlike tubes attached to the point where the stomach meets the intestine, Label the Malphigian tubules on your drawing. Answer Investigation question 7.
23. In the abdominal area, locate the tiny, whitish-colored tubes called the trachea. Note where they attach to the inside and the outside of the body wall. Answer Investigation question 8.
24. Find the threadlike dorsal aorta in the middle of the dorsal surface on top of the internal organs. Follow the aorta into the abdomen and identify the heart, which looks like bulges in the aorta.
25. Locate the reproductive structures dorsal to the stomach and the intestine. Include these structures in your drawing and label them "testes" or "ovaries" depending on the sex of your specimen.
26. With scissors, cut the digestive tract anterior to the crop and posterior to the rectum. Remove the digestive structures to see the nervous system.
27. On the inner surface of the ventral body wall, find the double, threadlike, ventral nerve cord. Identify the ganglia, the swellings in the nerve cord.
28. Trace the nerve cord toward the head to find the brain, located between the compound eyes.
29. After you have studied the grasshopper, dispose of it. Thoroughly wash and dry your dissecting tools and tray.
30. Before you leave the laboratory, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water.
1. Why are scissors used rather than a scalpel to open the body wall of the grasshopper?
2. Name the body segments of a typical insect.
3. What common structures can be found on the head of the grasshopper and most insects?
4. What structures are attached to the thorax of the grasshopper?
5. Compare the structure of the two pairs of wings. Based on their structure, what do you think is the job of each wing?
6. Are the three pairs of legs identical? Explain your answer and describe for what you think each type of leg is adapted.
7. What is a spiracle?
8. What is the sex of your grasshopper? Explain how you can tell.
9. Name the five major sensory organs of the grasshopper and describe the function of each organ.
10.Describe the function of each mouthpart listed: a. labrum, b. mandible, c. maxillac, d. labium
OBSERVATIONS AND DATA:
1. Compare the muscularity of the crop and the gizzard.
2. How does the structure of the crop and the gizzard make each suitable for its function?
3. What is the role of the gastric caeca?
4. Which is larger, the gizzard or the stomach. In which one do you think food remains the longest?
5. In the grasshopper, where is food digested and absorbed into the bloodstream?
6. What happens in the intestine?
7. How do the Malphigian tubules function as organs of excretion?.
8. Explain how the grasshopper is adapted for moving large amounts of air into its body.
9. Describe the circulatory system of a grasshopper.
ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS:
1. Summarize the main characteristics of insects, these will be the criteria on your phylum chart.
2. Compare the grasshopper with the crab. Which characteristics make the grasshopper well adapted for its life on dry land?
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The Scientific Basis for The Orcas Island Couples' Retreat
We'll start with a story. In 1965 George Bach published a book called The Intimate Enemy which detailed a new approach to couples' therapy. Bach believed that the problem in relationships was that people suppressed their anger; instead, they should openly express it. If they aired their resentments instead of letting them accumulate, that would clear the air between them. So Bach had partners take turns voicing their resentments. He even encouraged them to hit one another with soft foam-rubber bats. He believed that this process would be like erasing the blackboard; then, the couple could start anew.
We now know that Bach was totally wrong. Voicing anger mindlessly doesn't improve things. In fact, it can worsen things. We now know that, from the very beginning, anger needs to be regulated and channeled constructively. Imagine, if we planned a retreat based on Bach's work, how destructive that could be. We believe that solid science is needed in order to create effective intervention.
Our couples' retreat is based on 36 years of consistent programmatic research on relationships. We have studied couples at every point in the life cycle, from newlyweds to octogenarians. We have also followed the same couples for very long time periods, including two groups of couples for 20 years. Our samples have represented every major ethnic and racial group found in the U.S. locales where we have conducted the studies: rural areas, urban centers, and suburbs. We have also spent 12 years studying gay and lesbian relationships, and the relationships that are the most distressed – those troubled by domestic violence.
We brought couples into a lab and videotaped them having either a conflict discussion or a talk about the events of their day or a positive event. While being videotaped, they were also hooked up to instruments that collected physiological data. Then we synchronized the video time code to the physiological data, and the partners watched their tape, rating how they were feeling during each moment. Later, we also analyzed the videotapes, a hundredth of a second by a hundredth of a second, for the emotions the partners expressed non-verbally as well as the content of what they said, and we combined this data with the physiological data. This entire process was repeated annually or in some cases, every few years, along with having the couples fill out written questionnaires. Over the years, changes were analyzed in the quality of relationship, the relationship status, and a number of other factors.
In a further study in a lab we fashioned to look like an apartment, couples stayed for 12 hrs and simply hung out together. It was just like a bed and breakfast holiday, except there were four cameras bolted to the walls, urine and blood samples were taken, and the partners wore physiological monitoring devices. Other than that – just like a simple vacation! Data was gathered while the couples ate, watched TV, listened to music, read the newspaper, and so on. These couples were also followed longitudinally.
For many years we only observed these couples as well as their infants and children without any intervention. Then 15 years ago, we began to work on designing interventions to help couples and families. These were studied, too. We also investigated how to smooth the transition to parenthood, which had proven to be rocky for most couples, and how partner relationships could enhance babies and children's emotional and cognitive development.
In all of that research we repeatedly asked the basic question, "How were the masters of relationship different from the disasters of relationship?" By "masters" we meant people who stayed together and reported being reasonably satisfied with their relationships. By "disasters" we meant people who broke up, or who stayed together but were unhappy with one another. After years of careful study, we identified which precise factors predicted whether a couple would stay together happily, remain together unhappily, or separate and divorce, and we found we could make such predictions based on 15 minutes of observation for five years down the road with, in some cases, 94% accuracy. The result was that we didn't get asked over for dinner much.
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The colonial town of San Miguel de Allende (originally San Miguel el Grande) was founded in 1555 by Spanish missionaries. It holds an important place in the history of Mexico for two reasons. First, it was the birthplace of Ignacio Jose de Allende (1769-1811), a patriot, hero and martyr of the Mexican War of Independence (1810-21). Second, it was the first city in Mexico to declare independence from Spain (1811).
During the colonial era, massive amounts of silver were discovered in neighboring areas. While San Miguel had no mines, it was on the main road connecting the mining towns. As a result, the city became wealthy by serving the many travelers, the miners as well as supplying equipment to the numerous mines in the nearby mountains. The town also became famous for producing exquisite textiles. (Locals claim to have invented the serape.)
By the middle of the 1800s San Miguel was full of large mansions, business establishments and religious buildings (churches, chapels, monasteries and convents).
The city played a minor role in the War of Independence. The Revolution began here when General Ignacio Allende joined with the charismatic Padre Miguel Hidalgo in 1810 to create a rag tag army that began a march on Mexico City, the Spanish capitol of New Spain. Unfortunately, disputes and differences between these two leaders initially produced disastrous results. Eventually, they parted ways. The Spaniards captured and executed both in 1811. For the balance of the War their severed heads hung from cages at the Granary Warehouse in nearby Guanajuato.
The silver mines played out by the early 1900s and San Miguel began a long slide into obscurity. For a period the town was virtually abandoned. Artists, writers and some members of the Beat Generation discovered San Miguel’s charms in the 1930s and ’40s. Two important art schools were founded – Instituto Allende and Escuela de Bellas Arêtes. These institutions began attracting artists from all over the world. The famous muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros taught at Bellas Artes.
Fortunately, in 1938, the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia y Historia declared San Miguel as a “historic and protected town.” As a result the city’s colonial center has been preserved and saved from redevelopment.
In the 1960s Cantinflas, a Mexican movie star bought a home overlooking the city and began promoting it as a cosmopolitan town in his motion pictures. Wealthy Mexican and American tourists’ arrival resulted in a real estate boom of restoration. UNESCO declared San Miguel a World Heritage Site in 2008.
“I depart from materials,
I am as one disembodied,
– So Long – Walt Whitman
This is a beautiful old colonial cemetery. Surrounded by a tall rust colored wall, it is located beside the lovely San Juan de Dios Church. (Please find a few more photos in the Gravesites Gallery. We visited this cemetery three times and the gate was always locked — actually triple locked.)
Our Lady of Guadalupe Cemetery
Camino Antiguo al Panteon
ca 5 acres
“What dead had no speech for, when living,
They can tell you, being dead,
The communication of the dead is tongued with fire,
Beyond the language of the living.”
– Little Giddings – T. S. Eliot
When the old San Juan de Dios Cemetery filled up in the 1940s this newer panteon was opened. It is also surrounded by a tall wall. Comparing the two burial grounds one can see how interment practices changed over the years. Notice how much more colorful and decorated the graves are in Our Lady of Guadalupe. (You’ll find more photos in the Gravesites Gallery.)
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Second Vatican Council
The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twenty-first Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. Pope John XXIII started it in 1962. It lasted until 1965, when Pope Paul VI ended it. Four future popes took part in the council's opening session: Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who on succeeding Pope John XXIII took the name of Paul VI; Bishop Albino Luciani, the future Pope John Paul I; Bishop Karol Wojtyła, who became Pope John Paul II. Father Joseph Ratzinger, who was only 35 at the time, was there as a theological consultant. More than forty years later, he became Pope Benedict XVI.
Different things were discussed. These aimed at modernising the church, and opening a dialogue with other religions. Many people see these meetings as the most important event in the Catholic Church in the 20th century. They let Mass be in different languages.
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Marc-Antoine Charpentier (1643 - February 24, 1704) was a prolific and versatile French composer, creating quality music in several genres. His mastery of sacred vocal music was recognized and acknowledged in his day.
Charpentier was born in or near Paris, and received a solid education before traveling to Rome (c. 1667-9) to study with Giacomo Carissimi, a master of the Roman School and the first composer of oratorios, among other innovations.
His compositions include oratorios, Psalm settings, hymns, Magnificat settings, masses, motets, operas, dramatic secular vocal works, and numerous smaller pieces. Many of these latter works for one or two voices and instruments resemble the Italian cantata of His day.
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|Internet Protocol Tutorial|
|IP Network Numbering|
IP Network PartioningComputer networks consist of individual segments of network cable. The electrical properties of cabling limit the useful size of any given segment such that even a modestly-sized local-area network (LAN) will require several of them. Gateway devices like routers and bridges connect these segments together although not in a perfectly seamless way... (see below)
... . Besides partitioning through the use of cable, subdividing of the network can also be done at a higher level. Subnets support virtual network segments that partition traffic flowing through the cable rather than the cables themselves. The subnet configuration often matches the segment layout one-to-one, but subnets can also subdivide a given network segment.
IP Network NumberingEven without subnetting (explained later), hosts on the Internet or any other IP network are assigned a network number. Network numbering allows a group of hosts (peers) to communicate efficiently with each other. Hosts on the same network may be computers located in the same facility or all computers used by a workgroup, for example. Multi-homed hosts, that contain multiple network adapters, can belong to multiple networks, but each adapter is assigned exactly one network number.
Network numbers look very much like IP addresses, but the two should not be confused. Consider for example the host IP address 10.0.0.1, an address commonly used on private networks. Because it is a Class A address, with no subnetting employed, its leftmost byte (eight bits) by default refer to the network address and all other bits remain set at zero. Thus, 10.0.0.0 is the network number corresponding to IP address 10.0.0.1.
The portion of the IP address that does not refer to the network refers instead to the host address - literally, the unique identifier of the host on that network. In the above example, the host address becomes '0.0.0.1' or simply '1'. Also note that a network address becomes a reserved address that should not be assigned to any actual host. Configuring a live host at 10.0.0.0 in the example above could impact communications for all hosts on that network.
The table below illustrates the default numbering scheme for Class A, B, and C networks.
In general, a network address uses the leftmost byte of its hosts' addressing if the hosts fall within the Class A range, the leftmost two bytes for hosts in Class B, and the leftmost three bytes for hosts in Class C. This algorithm is applied in practice through the use of a network mask. The above table shows the decimal representation of the default network masks that is commonly used by network operating systems. Note that the decimal value '255' corresponds to one byte that has all bits set to one (11111111).
Benefit of Network AddressingNetwork addressing fundamentally organizes hosts into groups. This can improve security (by isolating critical nodes) and can reduce network traffic (by preventing transmissions between nodes that do not need to communicate with each other). Overall, network addressing becomes even more powerful when introducing subnetting and/or supernetting.
» Today's Community Discussions
» More Feature Articles
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Are you on a Mac? Ten minutes from now you will be running your first Ruby-Processing animation, mesmerized by a color shifting 3D cube rotating in space. It’s easy.
What is Ruby?Ruby
is a fairly young programming language, conceived in 1993 and first publicly released in 1995. It was created by Japanese programmer Yukihiro “Matz” Matsumoto
. And if you’re running OS X you already have Ruby installed. Yup, it’s already there waiting for you. For more historical info see “Ruby (Programming Language)” on Wikipedia
. Ruby gained significant popularity with the rise of Ruby on Rails
. (Rails is a web application framework written in Ruby.) In fact, web searches for things having to do with Ruby will usually land you on a page that’s specifically discussing the Rails framework. But Ruby is good for more than just building Web sites. We’re about to make a spinning cube with it, right there on your Desktop! More after the jump…
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Launch of PSLV-C16
The launch of several critical Canadian satellites has once again been delayed. Scheduled for a January 12th launch, the new target date is mid-February according to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). During thermo-vacuum testing an issue came up with the primary payload on the launch, the joint Indian-France satellite SARAL.
The Canadian satellites are part of a secondary payload set to launch on India's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) C20.
NEOSSat will be the first space telescope dedicated to the search for near-Earth asteroids. NEOSSat is the result of a university-industry collaboration and will spend half the time looking for these small interplanetary objects that could potentially impact the Earth and cause great damage. NEOSSat will spend the other half of its time searching for satellites and space debris in orbit around the Earth in a research project sponsored by a DND agency, Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC).
Sapphire is the Department of National Defence (DND) first dedicated military satellite and will upgrade Canada's space surveillance capabilities.
Also launching on the PSLV-C20 rocket are the Canadian built CanX-3b (aka TUGSAT-1) and CanX-3a (aka UniBRITE) nanosatellites. Both of these nanosatellites we're built by the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies Space Flight Laboratory.
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Basic Economics: Inflation
One of the concepts of economics most talked about by adults is inflation.
Simply put, inflation is a rise in prices relative to money available. In other words, you can get less for your money than you used to be able to get.
Here's an example:
You buy a candy bar for 50 cents. A year later, you go to buy the same candy bar and it's 55 cents. You still have only 50 cents, but the price of the candy bar has gone up. We can say that inflation is at work. The price of that bar has been inflated.
People usually refer to inflation when they talk about the prices of large-ticket items, like cars and houses and stocks. But inflation also affects things like groceries and house supplies. It can also affect things like house payments and rent.
When inflation rises but people's paychecks don't, this means that people have spend more of the money to buy the same things that they used to be able to buy for less.
Let's go back to the candy bar. You could also say that if you had only 50 cents, you could get only a percentage of that candy bar. In that case, that would be 5/6. Now, the store probably wouldn't let you buy only 5/6 of a candy bar anyway, but you can see the point: You have only 5/6 of what that candy bar now costs. Your money supply hasn't changed, but the price of what you want has. That's inflation.
Graphics courtesy of ArtToday
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Chain and Logistics Management:
An Essential Part of Safe and Effective Vaccination
Cold chain and logistics refer to the system of people, policies, procedures, vehicles, fuel, equipment, and technologies that work together to make sure that vaccines given to people are safe and effective. Because most vaccines have specific temperature requirements, an effective cold chain and logistics management system prevents both excessive heat and cold from damaging the vaccines from the time of manufacturing until they are used.
Why is this topic important?
An effective logistics system and a well-maintained cold chain are essential for safe and effective immunization service delivery. An improperly functioning cold chain can lead to wasted vaccines, missed opportunities to immunize due to lack of vaccines, and children receiving vaccines that do not protect them as intended or that actually make them sick. Problems with aging or insufficient cold chain equipment, as well as with transport and storage, have become more urgent as new and more expensive vaccines are being introduced (see Snapshots #7 and the box below).
Every immunization program must assess cold chain equipment needs periodically and replace broken equipment not worth repairing. As plans for introducing new vaccines are developed and implemented, additional equipment is needed to handle increased storage requirements. Financing for cold chain and logistics must also be given priority.
The growing contribution of vaccines to global health
“Traditional” vaccines included in the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) already save nearly three million lives per year. Effective vaccines are now available that can prevent substantial proportions of two of the most common causes of child mortality: pneumonia and diarrheal disease. As a result, one in four current childhood deaths can be averted through use of vaccines that are currently, or soon to be, introduced in developing countries (See Figure 1).
Challenges to maintaining effective cold chain and logistics in developing countries
Insufficient, outdated and broken cold chain equipment (see box below) are often cited as major problems affecting routine immunization efforts during country immunization program reviews and supervisory visits. Additional problems are lack of technically-trained staff and inadequate financing for procuring new equipment and transporting technicians and/or broken equipment.
Outdated equipment is still in use and often needed
as back-up due to delays in providing new equipment,
insufficient stock capacity (both permanent and
temporary, if the equipment is being used for
immunization campaigns), or occasional problems
with new equipment (e.g. lack of spare parts
or appropriate tools).
There is often a lack of field-based procurement
and repair plans, which means that cold chain
and logistics inventories are not sufficiently
linked with new equipment projections. This makes
it difficult for countries to prioritize districts
and provinces with the greatest need for new
Cold chain inventories, conducted at least annually, are needed to ensure repairs and replenish equipment. However it is often the case that inventories do not allow for appropriate procurement planning because they fail to provide necessary details, such as:
- The equipment is not working, but is repairable
- The extent of the repair needed (e.g. onsite
repair, major overhaul, spare
- The equipment is not working and should be replaced
Relatively recent CFC (Freon)-free requirements have made repair work on cold chain equipment more complicated. Technicians are often insufficiently trained to work on the newest equipment, and/or are not available to ensure proper maintenance and rapid, high-quality repairs.
Technicians need considerable training to be able to correctly use the more expensive tools and instruments for repairing CFC-free equipment. In some cases, it may be cheaper to procure new units than to repair broken units with more complex inner leaks or burned-out compressors.
Finally, few countries clearly define the conditions that merit condemning equipment for scrap or resale, which contributes to the use of outdated equipment.
Environmental factors complicate cold chain and logistics management
Poor or unreliable energy sources, a common problem in developing countries, weaken the effectiveness of equipment and shorten its lifespan. Also, equipment in remote areas is difficult to reach with timely repairs and routine maintenance, which are necessary to avoid more costly repairs or replacement.
Costs of cold chain and logistics management
An analysis of 45 national comprehensive Multi-Year Plans (cMYP), conducted by WHO and presented at the Cold Chain Logistics meeting in Geneva in February 2008, estimated that 40% of non-vaccine needs for 2008-2010 will be for cold chain and maintenance (22%) and vehicles and transport (18%). These cold chain and logistics needs are estimated at $6 per infant for the three-year period between 2008 and 2010, with additional increases as vaccines against rotavirus and pneumococcal disease are introduced. Currently, funding gaps exist to meet this requirement (see graph), with maintenance primarily internally funded and therefore possibly not considered in donor contributions (see graph).
Cold chain and logistics funding gaps in 45 countries, 2008-2010
Source: cMYP data from 45 countries, WHO/Geneva, Global Immunization Meeting, February 2008, presented by Patrick Lydon
What countries can do to protect their cold chain
- Develop or update policies for the purchase,
repair and replacement of cold chain and
transport equipment. Policies and guidelines
Cold chain equipment in Nigeria.
Credit: Jenny Sequeira
- Specify the frequency of conducting cold chain inventories
- Include equipment specifications, appropriate locations and most reliable energy sources in light of health system needs
- Describe procedures for using these inventories to track breakdowns and schedule equipment repair and replacement
- Incorporate "best practices" to achieving rapid, high-quality equipment repairs
- Specify a timeframe for equipment replacement (i.e., poorly working or nonfunctional equipment that is over ten years old should be replaced)
- Outline procedures and a reasonable timeframe for the disposal of nonfunctional equipment (i.e., equipment that is condemned for disposal should be collected from the facility and taken to an environmentally acceptable disposal facility or location)
- Determine the need for new cold chain and transport equipment, spare parts and repair tools and establish a schedule for procuring them.
- Develop and finance a maintenance organization or unit to ensure that cold chain technicians are available at appropriate levels (e.g. in each district or region, or stationed at the central level and able to travel to regions to repair defective equipment). In planning for this unit, clearly define profiles and competency requirements for cold chain technicians, prepare job descriptions, and estimate costs (e.g., salary, travel and transport for technicians, budgets for spare parts and tool kits).
- Plan and finance refresher trainings in cold chain repair and maintenance for technicians and logisticians. Determine if additional staff are needed.
- Build capacity of technicians to manage, monitor, and supervise all aspects of the cold chain and logistics system including routine maintenance and repair, temperature monitoring, correct inventory management (including spare parts and tools), and use of equipment.
- Ensure that cold chain equipment, maintenance and logistics are a part of new vaccine introduction plans and that program support costs are included in budgets and financed appropriately.
- Immunization Essentials, chapter 6: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACU960.pdf#page=102
- WHO/AFRO Mid-Level Management Course for EPI Managers, Block III; Logistics: www.afro.who.int/ddc/vpd/epi_mang_course/
- TECHNET forum: www.technet21.org
- Cold Chain Equipment Management Tool: www.path.org/projects/cold-chain-ccem.php
Acknowledgements: Mogens Munck, John Lloyd, Keerti Kumar, Serge Ganivet, K.G. Kagaruki, Patrick Lydon, Michel Othepa, and the Tanzania and DR Congo EPI offices.
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- Psychology & the public
- What we do
- Member networks
- Careers, education & training
Second-hand smoke is bad for your memory
The memory of a non-smoker could be damaged if they live with a cigarette user, new research has found. Published in the journal Addiction, the study revealed even just spending time with someone who smokes can have an impact in this regard.
Dr Terence O'Neil and Dr Tom Heffernan of the Collaboration for Drug and Alcohol Research Group at Northumbria University found those exposed to second-hand smoke who do not use cigarettes forgot almost 20 per cent more in memory assessments than those who do not tend to be around individuals lighting up.
Moreover, those who regularly smoke forgot 30 per cent more than their non-smoking counterparts.
Dr Heffernan noted: "Our findings suggest that the deficits associated with second-hand smoke exposure extend to everyday cognitive function."
He added further work in the field should enable a better understanding to be developed regarding the links between second-hand smoking, cognitive function and general health.
Chartered Psychologist Dr Lance Workman comments:
""It has been known for some time that smoking leads to deficits in memory with heavy smokers showing more of an impairment than light smokers. If we think of passive smokers as being the equivalent of light smokers then the results make a lot of sense – they are intermediate in terms of memory loss when compared to heavy smokers and non-smokers.
"The mechanism that causes this memory impairment is still a matter for debate. We know that nicotine causes various specific neurones to alter their firing rate so perhaps this change in neuronal activity has a long term damaging effect on memory. In either event it is another example of just how dangerous passive smoking can be both to our physical and our mental well-being."
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.bps.org.uk/news/second-hand-smoke-bad-your-memory
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|
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| 0.946391 | 376 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Top 7 Causes of Peeling Paint
1. Surface contamination. Any dirt or contaminants on a surface prevent the coating from obtaining optimum adhesion to the substrate. Water based coatings are greatly affected by grease and oil contamination.
2. Surface temperature. The surface was too hot when the coating was applied. This forces off the solvent in the paint too quickly causing the paint to not adhere as it should.
3. A coating is not compatible with the substrate. This mostly occurs when oil based coatings are applied to galvanized steel or concrete. A chemical reaction occurs and breaks down the adhesion bond.
4. A coating is not compatible with an existing coating. This generally occurs when applying a coating over an existing epoxy, polyurethane, or other type of chemically cured coating.
5. Age. The cohesive bond strength within a coating continues to develop over the lifetime of a coating and at some point it can overwhelm the adhesive strength of the coating. That’s why peeling paint curls.
6. Moisture. Moisture transmission through a concrete or wood substrate causes the coating to not adhere. It's forced off by the moisture coming through the substrate.
7. The surface is too smooth. The lack of any surface profile eliminates the development of mechanical adhesion with the substrate. Sanding extremely glossy surfaces will promote adhesion of the coating.
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.rustoleum.com/industrial/resources/surface-preparation/top-7-causes-of-peeling-paint/
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|
en
| 0.925211 | 282 | 2.875 | 3 |
When relaxation can trigger migraine headachesPublished On: Thu, Mar 27th, 2014 | Neurobiology | By BioNews
Allowing stress to build up is so dangerous that even relaxation following heightened stress can act as a trigger for migraine attacks, a new research indicates.
“This study demonstrates a striking association between reduction in perceived stress and the occurrence of migraine headaches,” said Richard B Lipton, director, Montefiore Headache Center in New York.
To examine what triggers headaches, the researchers conducted a three-month electronic daily diary study which captured 2,011 diary records and 110 eligible migraine attacks in 17 participants.
The study compared levels of stress and reduction in stress as predictors of headache.
“Results were strongest during the first six hours where decline in stress was associated with a nearly five-fold increased risk of migraine onset,” Lipton added.
The hormone cortisol, which rises during times of stress and reduces pain, may contribute to the triggering of headache during periods of relaxation.
“This study highlights the importance of stress management and healthy lifestyle habits for people who live with migraine,” said Dawn C Buse, director of behavioural medicine at Montefiore Headache Center.
People should attempt to relax during periods of stress rather than allowing a major build up to occur, Buse added.
This could include exercising or attending a yoga class or may be as simple as taking a walk or focusing on one’s breath for a few minutes, said the study that appeared in the journal Neurology.
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|
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| 0.945251 | 316 | 2.609375 | 3 |
search-forward - Search for a string in the forward direction
search-backward - Search for a string in the backward direction
n search-forward "string" (C-x s)
n search-backward "string" (C-x r)
search-forward searches for a string from the current cursor position to the end of the file. The string is typed on the bottom line of the screen, and terminated with the <ESC> key. Special characters can be typed in by preceding them with a ^Q. A single ^Q indicates a null string. On successive searches, hitting <ESC> alone causes the last search string to be reused.
The numeric argument n is interpreted as follows:-
n > 0
n < 0
search-backward searches backwards in the file. In all other ways it is like search-forward.
The command returns a status of FALSE if the string could not be located (or nth string where n occurrences are requested). If the string is found within the given search criteria the return status is TRUE.
Copyright (c) 1998-2006 JASSPA
Last Modified: 2005/01/15
Generated On: 2006/10/07
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.jasspa.com/me/m2cmd116.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00117-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.785845 | 251 | 3.359375 | 3 |
OneGeology: A site for allWeb Extra
Wednesday, March 28, 2007 OneGeology: A site for all
Perhaps no one knows better than geologists how national
boundaries conflict with science. So in partnership with the United Nations'
International Year of Planet Earth, geologists around the
world are coming together to form a world geological map, accessible to all
on the Internet. The project is called OneGeology, and
earlier this month geologists from 43 nations and 53 national and international
bodies met in Brighton, England, and agreed to an accord that outlines their
The brainchild of geologist Ian Jackson of the British Geological Survey, the
project will be comparable to Google Earth, and perhaps even offered through
the dynamic map program. What will be different, he says, is the wealth of information
it will provide. "It will not be an atlas, but a system on the Web for
users," says Edward Derbyshire of the University of London and chair of
the Science Programme Committee of the International Year of Planet Earth (see
Geotimes, January 2007).
The map will be at a scale of 1:1,000,000, meaning it will show any feature
a kilometer in size or larger, a scale that participants agreed was the most
manageable to begin with, and would allow all countries of the world to participate.
As this project continues, the scale will reduce to a more detailed 1:100,000,
which will show features about the size of one street block.
The original goal of the project was to provide easy access to information that
was already out there, Jackson says. Traditionally, geological data has not
been easily exchangeable across countries. "I don't think people appreciate
how much knowledge is out there," he says.
The program is a collection of data strung together by one programming language
that allows individual geological surveys and other research bodies, such as
polar and marine surveys, to upload their own data to the dynamic geologic map
as frequently as they want. The map will thus reflect the most up-to-date data
each participating body has.
By producing a geological world map, the participants of OneGeology hope to
create a geological standard, allowing lithologies and stratigraphies, for example,
to be easily understood from one nation to another. By providing a harmonious
dataset across countries and continents, nations around the world will have
access to information they have never had before, Jackson says. "We want
people around Earth to know about the resources that will become available,"
says Harvey Thorleifson, director of the Minnesota Geological Survey.
Research in the geosciences will be aided by having ready access to the information
provided by the global geological map. One of the benefits of such a standard
would be the ease of identifying deep geological structures that might be used
for the safe long-term storage of carbon dioxide, Jackson says.
But the map can also benefit other fields such as engineering. For example,
engineers constructing a pipeline can look at the OneGeology map to find information
on bedrock structures that span national boundaries. The map could also help
spot potential problems between nations before they flared into conflict, researchers
suggest. Other unexpected applications include groundwater and pollution tracking
"We realized at the meeting how big this is. I mean, holy smokes!"
Thorleifson adds. The size of the project, and the willingness of so many national
bodies to participate, is terrific, researchers say. And it's only the beginning,
as the project just kicked off this spring.
"Earth is the only place we've got, and we'd better use it wisely,"
says Aubrey Manning, a zoologist at the University of Edinburgh. And this site,
he says, is going to help us do that.
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<urn:uuid:e56c46e9-dff4-4a59-83f8-6364642d18c8>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.geotimes.org/mar07/article.html?id=WebExtra032807.html
|
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|
en
| 0.925612 | 814 | 2.953125 | 3 |
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