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Cornell Cooperative Extension staffers descended on Shelter Island Thursday morning to remove wild parsnip growing in patches along Ram Island Road and Gardiners Bay Drive near Cobbetts Lane.
The invasive and toxic plant was identified relatively early here, thanks to Greg Toner of Gardiners Bay Drive, who was familiar with it as a result of living in Vermont where it’s more prevalent.
When Andy Senesac, plant scientist for Cornell, came on Tuesday to inspect the wild parsnip, he told his staff to move rapidly to remove it before its seeds spread and it can take hold here.
The plant’s sap can cause painful rashes that include blistering so severe that scarring can occur on humans and animals that can last anywhere from months to years. And if the sap comes in contact with the eyes, it can cause blindness.
Tamson Yeh, turf management and pesticide specialist, and Marie Boulier, structural pest and public health educator, garbed in long sleeve shirts, long pants tucked into their boots and donning gloves to protect themselves, dug out the plants and stuffed them into plastic bags to be carried off-Island for laboratory examination.
While many of the plants are in their first year of growth here, others showed signs of second-year growth, Ms. Boulier said. In the first year, the plants sprout small rosettes, but in the second year, they flower, she explained. Once they go to seed and that seed spreads, the problem becomes more difficult to bring under control.
The only good news is the women didn’t find growth close to the water, an indication that salt water may inhibit growth here, Ms. Boulier said.
It’s important that anyone spotting the plant report it so that it can be removed as rapidly as possible, Ms. Boulier said. An email to her at [email protected] is the fastest way to get Cornell Cooperative Extension staffers on site to remove the plant.
ASIAN TIGER MOSQUITOES
On another front, Cornell Cooperative Extension has received an $8,000 New York State grant to create materials and hold workshops in Suffolk County dealing with both ticks and Asian tiger mosquitoes.
The tiger-like stripes identify the mosquitoes. While they were once found primarily in many areas, including Asia, Africa, India, the Middle East, the Caribbean and Central and South America, Australia and the Central and South Pacific, they have recently migrated here, Ms. Boulier said.
They most frequently bite during the day and can spread Chikungunya, a virus infection generally characterized by fever and joint pain lasting for a few days, although it can, in some cases, last for years, according to the CDC. In rare cases, Chikungunya disease “can be severe and disabling,” according to the CDC.
Those most at risk for more serious cases are newborns infected around the time of birth, seniors who are 65 or older and those with medical conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes or heart disease.
On the good news front, those who do get sick are considered likely to be protected from future infections from the Asian tiger mosquitoes, the CDC says.
Symptoms include headache, muscle pain, joint swelling or rash and while the disease was generally found in Africa, Asia, Europe and the Indian and Pacific Oceans, last year it was found in the Caribbean.
The CDC speculated last year that it could make its way to the mainland United States as a result of infected travelers. Advice to travelers at the time was to use insect repellent, wear long sleeves and pants and stay in places with air conditioning or that use window and door screens.
The general treatment is to get plenty of rest, drink fluids to prevent dehydration and take over-the-counter medicines to relieve fever and pain.
Since the mosquitoes have been found in Suffolk County, Ms. Boulier advises property owners to avoid leaving pools of water around their houses that create breeding grounds for the mosquitoes
A workshop on ticks and Asian tiger mosquitoes is already slated for Cornell Cooperative Extension site at Cedar Beach in Southold at 10 a.m. on September 16, but Ms. Boulier is prepared to speak in other communities that might want to set up forums for their residents.
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Go, passer-by, and tell the world
That we perished in the cause,
Faithful to our orders.
The Warsaw Uprising of 1944 — a heroic and tragic 63-day struggle to liberate World War 2 Warsaw from Nazi/German occupation. Undertaken by the Home Army (Armia Krajowa, AK), the Polish resistance movement, at the time Allied troops were breaking through the Normandy defenses and the Red Army was standing at the line of the Vistula River.
Warsaw could have been one of
the first European capitals liberated; however, various
military and political miscalculations, as well as
global politics — played among Joseph Stalin,
Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) — turned
the dice against it.
This site is dedicated to all those who fought for their freedom in the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 as well as all those who, as civilians, perished in the effort.
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| 0.960767 | 196 | 2.921875 | 3 |
October 14, 1871
Horace White, editor-in-chief of the Chicago Tribune, wrote this eyewitness account of the most destructive fire in American history in a letter to Murat Halstead, the editor of the Cincinnati Commercial. The Chicago fire raged for two days and nights, covering over 2,100 acres, causing 200 deaths, destroying 17,450 buildings and leaving 70,000 homeless (out of a population of 324,000).
As a slight acknowledgment of your thoughtful kindness in forwarding to us, without orders, a complete outfit of type and cases, when you heard that we had been burned out, I send you a hastily written sketch of what I saw at the great fire...
The history of the great fire in Chicago, which rises to the dignity of a national event, cannot be written until each witness, who makes any record whatever, shall have told what he saw. Nobody could see it all -- no more than one man could see the whole of the Battle of Gettysburg. It was too vast, too swift, too full of smoke, too full of danger, for anybody to see it all. My experience derives its only public importance from the fact that what I did, substantially, a hundred thousand others did or attempted -- that is, saved or sought to save their lives and enough of their wearing-apparel to face the sky in...
I had retired to rest, though not to sleep (Sunday, October 8) when the great bell struck the alarm, but fires had been so frequent of late, and had been so speedily extinguished, that I did not deem it worth while to get up and look at it, or even to count the strokes on the bell to learn where it was. The bell paused for fifteen minutes before giving the general alarm, which distinguishes a great fire from a small one. When it sounded the general alarm I rose and looked out. There was a great light to the southwest of my residence, but no greater than I had frequently seen in that quarter, where vast piles of pine lumber have been stored all the time I have lived in Chicago, some eighteen years. But it was not pine lumber that was burning this time. It was a row of wooden tenements in the South Division of the city, in which a few days ago were standing whole rows of the most costly buildings which it has entered into the hearts of architects to conceive. I watched the increasing light for a few moments. Red tongues of light began to shoot upward; my family were all aroused by this time, and I dressed myself for the purpose of going to the "Tribune" office to write something about the catastrophe. Once out upon the street, the magnitude of the fire was suddenly disclosed to me.
The dogs of hell were upon the housetops of La Salle and Wells streets, just south of Adams, bounding from one to another. The fire was moving northward like ocean surf on a sand beach. It had already traveled an eighth of a mile and was far beyond control. A column of flame would shoot up from a burning building, catch the force of the wind, and strike the next one, which in turn would perform the same direful office for its neighbor. It was simply indescribable in its terrible grandeur. Vice and crime had got the first scorching. The district where the fire got its first firm foothold was the Alsatia of Chicago. Fleeing before it was a crowd of blear-eyed, drunken and diseased wretches, male and female, half-naked, ghastly, with painted cheeks, cursing and uttering ribald jests as they drifted along.
I went to the "Tribune" office, ascended to the editorial rooms, took the only inflammable thing there, a kerosene lamp, and carried it to the basement, where I emptied the oil into the sewer. This was scarcely done when I perceived the flames breaking out of the roof of the court house, the old nucleus of which, in the center of the edifice, was not constructed of fireproof material, as the new wings had been. As the flames had leapt a vacant space of nearly two hundred feet to get at this roof, it was evident that most of the business portion of the city must go down, but I did not reflect that the city water works, with their four great pumping engines, were in a straight line with the fire and wind. Nor did I know then that this priceless machinery was covered by a wooden roof. The flames were driving thither with demon precision.
Billows of fire were rolling over the business palaces of the city and swallowing up their contents. Walls were falling so fast that the quaking of the ground under our feet was scarcely noticed, so continuous was the reverberation. Sober men and women were hurrying through the streets from the burning quarter, some with bundles of clothes on their shoulders, others dragging trunks along the sidewalks by means of strings and ropes fastened to the handles, children trudging by their sides or borne in their arms. Now and then a sick man or woman would be observed, half concealed in a mattress doubled up and borne by two men. Droves of horses were in the streets, moving by some sort of guidance to a place of safety. Vehicles of all descriptions were hurrying to and fro, some laden with trunks and bundles, others seeking similar loads and immediately finding them, the drivers making more money in one hour than they were used to see in a week or a month. Everybody in this quarter was hurrying toward the lake shore. All the streets crossing that part of Michigan Avenue, which fronts on the lake (on which my own residence stood) were crowded with fugitives, hastening toward the blessed water.
We saw the tall buildings on the opposite sides of the two streets melt down in a few moments without scorching ours. The heat broke the plate-glass windows in the lower stories, but not in the upper ones. After the fire in our neighborhood had spent its force, the editorial and composing rooms did not even smell of smoke. Several of our brave fellows who had been up all night had gone to sleep on the lounges, while others were at the sink washing their faces, supposing that all danger to us had passed. So I supposed, and in this belief went home to breakfast. The smoke to the northward was so dense that we could not see the North Division, where sixty thousand people were flying in mortal terror before the flames. The immense store of Field, Leiter & CO. I observed to be under a shower of water from their own fire-apparatus, and since the First National Bank, a fire-proof building, protected it on one corner, I concluded that the progress of the flames in that direction was stopped, as the "Tribune" building had stopped it where we were. Here, at least, I thought was a saving of twenty millions of property, including the great Central depot and the two grain-elevators adjoining, effected by two or three buildings which had been erected with a view to such an emergency. The postoffice and custom-house building (also fire-proof, according to public rumor) had stopped the flames a little farther to the southwest, although the interior of that structure was burning. A straight line drawn northeast from the post-office would nearly touch the "Tribune," First National Bank, Field, Leiter & CO.'s store, and the Illinois Central Railroad land department another fire-proof. Everything east of that line seemed perfectly safe. And with this feeling I went home to breakfast.
There was still a mass of fire to the southwest, in the direction whence it originally came, but as the engines were all down there, and the buildings small and low, I felt sure that the firemen would manage it. As soon as I had swallowed a cup of coffee and communicated to my family the facts that I had gathered, I started out to see the end of the battle. Reaching State Street, I glanced down to Field, Leiter & CO.'s store, and to my surprise noticed that the streams of water which had before been showering it, as though it had been a great artificial fountain, had ceased to run. But I did not conjecture the awful reality, viz., that the great pumping engines had been disabled by a burning roof falling upon them. I thought perhaps the firemen on the store had discontinued their efforts because the danger was over. But why were men carrying out goods from the lower story?
This query was soon answered by a gentleman who asked me if I had heard that the water had stopped! The awful truth was here! The pumping engines were disabled, and though we had at our feet a basin sixty miles wide by three hundred and sixty long, and seven hundred feet deep, all full of clear green water, we could not lift enough to quench a cooking-stove. Still the direction of the wind was such that I thought the remaining fire would not cross State Street, nor reach the residences on Wabash and Michigan avenues and the terrified people on the lake shore. I determined to go down to the black cloud of smoke which was rising away to the southwest, the course of which could not be discovered on account of the height of the intervening buildings, but thought it most prudent to go home again, and tell my wife to get the family wearing-apparel in readiness for moving. I found that she had already done so. I then hurried toward the black cloud, some ten squares distant, and there found the rows of wooden houses on Third and Fourth avenues falling like ripe wheat before the reaper. At a glance I perceived that all was lost in our part of the city, and I conjectured that the "Tribune" building was doomed too, for I had noticed with consternation that the fire-proof postoffice had been completely gutted, notwithstanding it was detached from other buildings. The "Tribune" was fitted into a niche, one side of which consisted of a wholesale stationery store, and the other of McVicker's Theater. But there was now no time to think of property. Life was in danger. The lives of those most dear to me depended upon their getting out of our house, out of our street, through an infernal gorge of horses, wagons, men, women, children, trunks and plunder.
My brother was with me, and we seized the first empty wagon we could find, pinning the horse by the head. A hasty talk with the driver disclosed that we could have his establishment for one load for twenty dollars. I had not expected to get him for less than a hundred, unless we should take him by force, and this was a bad time for a fight. He proved himself a muscular as well as a faithful fellow, and I shall always be glad that I avoided a personal difficulty with him. One peculiarity of the situation was that nobody could get a team without ready money. I had not thought of this when I was revolving in my mind the offer of one hundred dollars, which was more greenbacks than our whole family could have put up if our lives had depended upon the issue. This driver had divined that, as all the banks were burned, a check on the Commercial National would not carry him very far, although it might carry me to a place of safety. All the drivers had divined the same. Every man who had anything to sell perceived the same. "Pay as you go" had become the watchword of the hour. Never was there a community so hastily and so completely emancipated from the evils of the credit system.
With some little difficulty we reached our house, and in less time than we ever set out on a journey before, we dragged seven trunks, four bundles, four valises, two baskets, and one hamper of provisions into the street and piled them on the wagon. The fire was still more than a quarter of a mile distant, and the wind, which was increasing in violence, was driving it not exactly in our direction. The low wooden houses were nearly all gone, and after that the fire must make progress, if at all, against brick and stone. Several churches of massive architecture were be tween us and harm, and the great Palmer House had not been reached, and might not be if the firemen, who had now got their hose into the lake, could work efficiently in the ever-increasing jam of fugitives.
My wife thought we should have time to take another load; my brother thought so; we all thought so. We had not given due credit either to the savage strength of the fire or the firm pack on Michigan Avenue. Leaving my brother to get the family safely out if I did not return in time, and to pile the most valuable portion of my library into the drawers of bureaus and tables ready for moving, I seized a bird-cage containing a talented green parrot, and mounted the seat with the driver. For one square southward from the corner of Monroe Street we made pretty fair progress. The dust was so thick that we could not see the distance of a whole square ahead. It came, not in clouds, but in a steady storm of sand, the particles impinging against our faces like needle-points. Pretty soon we came to a dead halt. We could move neither forward, nor backward, nor sidewise. The gorge had caught fast somewhere. Yet everybody was good-natured and polite. If I should say I didn't hear an oath all the way down Michigan Avenue, there are probably some mule-drivers in Cincinnati who would say it was a lie. But I did not. The only quarrelsome person I saw was a German laborer (a noted exception to his race), who was protesting that he bad lost everything, and that he would not get out of the middle of the road although he was on foot. He became obstreperous on this point, and commenced beating the head of my horse with his fist. My driver was preparing to knock him down with the butt-end of the whip, when two men seized the insolent Teuton and dragged him to the water's edge, where it is to be hoped he was ducked.
Presently the jam began to move, and we got on perhaps twenty paces and stuck fast again. By accident we had edged over to the east side of the street, and nothing but a board fence separated us from the lake park, a strip of ground a little wider than the street itself. A benevolent laborer on the park side of the fence pulled a loose post from the ground, and with this for a catapult knocked off the boards and invited us to pass through. It was a hazardous undertaking, as we had to drive diagonally over a raised sidewalk, but we thought it was best to risk it. Our horse mounted and gave us a jerk which nearly threw us off the seat, and sent the provision basket and one bundle of clothing whirling into the dirt. The eatables were irrecoverable. The bundle was rescued, with two or three pounds of butter plastered upon it. We started again, and here our parrot broke out with great rapidity and sharpness of utterance, "Get up, get up, get up, hurry up, hurry up, it's eight O'clock," ending with a shrill whistle. These ejaculations frightened a pair of carriage-horses, close to us, on the other side of the fence, but the jam was so tight they couldn't run.
By getting into the park we succeeded in advancing two squares without impediment, and we might have gone farther had we not come upon an excavation which the public authorities had recently made. This drove us back to the avenue, where another battering ram made a gap for us at the intersection of Van Buren Street, the north end of Michigan Terrace. Here the gorge seemed impassable. The difficulty proceeded from teams entering Michigan Avenue from cross-streets. Extempore policemen stationed themselves at these crossings and helped, as well as they could, but we were half an hour passing the terrace. From this imposing row of residences the millionaires were dragging their trunks and their bundles, and yet there was no panic, no frenzy, no boisterousness, but only the haste which the situation authorized. There was real danger to life all along this street, but nobody realized it, because the park was ample to hold all the people. None of us asked or thought what would become of those nearest the water if the smoke and cinders should drive the whole crowd down to the shore, or if the vast bazaar of luggage should itself take fire, as some of it afterward did. Fortunately for those in the street, there was a limit to the number of teams available in that quarter of the city. The contributions from the cross-streets grew less; and soon we began to move on a walk without interruption.
At Eldridge Court, I turned into Wabash Avenue, where the crowd was thinner. Arriving at the house of a friend, who was on the windward side of the fire, I tumbled off my load and started back to get another. Half-way down Michigan Avenue, which was now perceptibly easier to move in, I perceived my family on the sidewalk with their arms full of light household effects. My wife told me that the house was already burned, that the flames burst out ready-made in the rear hall before she knew that the roof had been scorched, and that one of the servants, who had disobeyed orders in her eagerness to save some article, had got singed, though not burned, in coming out. My wife and my mother and all the rest were begrimed with dirt and smoke, like blackamoors; everybody was. The "bloated aristocrats" all along the streets, who supposed they had lost both home and fortune at one swoop, were a sorry but not despairing congregation. They had saved their lives at all events, and they knew that many of their fellow creatures must have lost theirs. I saw a great many kindly acts done as we moved along. The poor helped the rich, and the rich helped the poor (if anybody could be called rich at such a time), to get on with their loads. I heard of cartmen demanding one hundred and fifty dollars (in hand, of course) for carrying a single load. Very likely it was so, but those cases did not come under my own notice. It did come under my notice that some cartmen worked for whatever the sufferers felt able to pay, and one I knew worked with alacrity for nothing. It takes all sorts of people to make a great fire.
Presently we heard loud detonations, and a rumor went around that buildings were being blown up with gunpowder. The depot of the Hazard Powder Company was situated at Brighton, seven or eight miles from the nearest point of the fire. At what time the effort was first made to reach this magazine, and bring powder into the service, I have not learned, but I know that Col. M. C. Stearns made heroic efforts with his great lime-wagons to haul the explosive material to the proper point.
This is no time to blame anybody, but in truth there was no directing head on the ground. Everybody was asking everybody else to pull down buildings. There were no hooks, no ropes, no axes. I had met General Sheridan on the street in front of the post-office two hours before. He had been trying to save the army records, including his own invaluable papers relating to the war of the rebellion. He told me they were all lost, and then added that "the post-office didn't seem to make a good fire." This was when we supposed the row of fire-proof buildings, already spoken of, had stopped the flames in our quarter. Where was General Sheridan now? everybody asked. Why didn't he do something when everybody else had failed? Presently a rumor went around that Sheridan was handling the gunpowder; then everybody felt relieved. The reverberations of the powder, whoever was handling it, gave us all heart again. Think of a people feeling encouraged because somebody was blowing up houses in the midst of the city, and that a shower of bricks was very likely to come down on their heads!
I had paid and discharged my driver after extorting his solemn promise to come back and move me again if the wind should shift to the north -- in which event everybody knew that the whole South Division, for a distance of four miles, must perish. We soon arrived at the house of the kind friend on Wabash Avenue, where our trunks and bundles had been deposited. This was south of the line of fire, but this did not satisfy anybody, since we had all seen how resolutely the flames had gone transversely across the direction of the wind. Then came a story from down the street that Sheridan was going to blow up the Wabash Avenue Methodist Church on the corner of Harrison Street. We observed a general scattering away of people from that neighborhood. I was nearly four squares south of the locality, and thought that the missiles wouldn't come so far. We awaited the explosion, but it did not come. By and by we plucked up courage to go around two or three blocks and see whether the church had fallen down of its own accord.
We perceived that two or three houses in the rear of the edifice had been leveled to the ground, that the church itself was standing, and that the fire was out, in that quarter at least; also, that the line of Harrison Street marked the southern limits of the devastation. The wind continued to blow fiercely from the southwest, and has not ceased to this hour (Saturday, October 14). But it was liable to change. If it chopped around to the north, the burning embers would be blown back upon the South Division. If it veered to the east, they would be blown into the West Division, though the river afforded rather better protection there. Then we should have nothing to do but to keep ahead of the flames and get down as fast as possible to the open prairie, and there spend the night houseless and supperless -- and what of the morrow? A full hundred thousand of us. And if we were spared, and the West Division were driven out upon their prairie (a hundred and fifty thousand according to the Federal census), how would the multitude be fed? If there could be anything more awful than what we had already gone through, it would be what we would certainly go through if the wind should change; for with the embers of this great fire flying about, and no water to fight them, we knew that there was not gunpowder enough in Illinois to stop the inevitable conflagration. But this was not all.
A well-authenticated rumor came up to the city that the prairie was on fire south of Hyde Park, the largest of the southern suburbs. The grass was as dry as tinder, and so were the leaves in Cottage Grove, a piece of timber several miles square, containing hundreds of residences of the better class, some of them of palatial dimensions. A fire on the prairie, communicating itself to the grove, might cut off the retreat of the one hundred thousand people in the South Division; might invade the South Division itself, and come up under the impulsion of that fierce wind, and where should we all be then? There were three or four bridges leading to the West Division, the only possible avenues of escape; but what were these among so many? And what if the "Commune" should go to work and start incendiary fires while all was yet in confusion? These fiends were improving the daylight by plundering along the street. Before dark the whole male population of the city was organized by spontaneous impulse into a night patrol, with pallid determination to put every incendiary to instant death.
About five O'clock P. M. I applied to a friend on Wabash Avenue for the use of a team to convey my family and chattels to the southern suburbs, about four miles distant, where my brother happened to own a small cottage, which, up to the present time, nobody could be induced to occupy and pay rent for. My friend replied that his work-teams were engaged hauling water for people to drink. Here was another thing that I had not thought of -- a great city with no water to drink. Plenty in the lake, to be sure, but none in the city mains or the connecting pipes. Fortunately the extreme western limits were provided with a number of artesian wells, bored for manufacturing establishments. Then there was the river -- the horrible, black, stinking river of a few weeks ago, which has since become clear enough for fish to live in, by reason of the deepening of the canal, which draws to the Mississippi a perpetual flow of pure water from Lake Michigan. With the city pumping-works stopped, the sewers could no longer discharge themselves into the river. So this might be used; and it was. Twenty-four hours had not passed before tens of thousands of people were drinking the water of Chicago River, with no unpleasant taste or effects.
The work-teams of my friend being engaged in hauling water for people who could not get any from the wells or the river or lake; he placed at my disposal his carriage, horses and coachman, whom he directed to take me and the ladies to any place we desired to reach. While we were talking he hailed another gentleman on the street, who owned a large stevedore wagon, and asked him to convey my trunks, etc., to Cottage Grove Avenue, near Forty-third Street, to which request an immediate and most gracious assent was given. And thus we started again, our hostess pressing a mattress upon us from her store. All the streets leading southward were yet filled with fugitives. Where they all found shelter that night I know not, but every house seemed to be opened to anybody who desired to enter. Arrived at our new home, about dusk, we found in it, as we expected, a cold reception, there being neither stove, nor grate, nor fireplace, nor fuel, nor light therein. But I will not dwell upon these things. We really did not mind them, for when we thought of the thousands of men, women, and tender babes huddled together in Lincoln Park, seven miles to the north of us, with no prospect of food, exposed to rain, if it should come, with no canopy but the driving smoke of their homes, we thought how little we had suffered.
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Lighthouses of Australia: Coral Sea Islands Territory
Australia administers all the islands and reefs of the
Coral Sea south of latitude 12° S and west of longitude 157° E.
Within this area and east of the Great Barrier Reef there are 18 major
reef systems that include at least a small amount of dry land and at
least a dozen other reefs that are submerged entirely or dry only at
low tide. In 1969, these bits of land were assembled into the federally
administered Coral Sea Islands Territory.
None of the islands have ever been inhabited, and the only habitable structure
on any of them is the Bureau of Meteorology station on Willis Island. The station was established in 1921 to provide early
warning of tropical cyclones threatening the coast of Queensland. Willis
Island is normally staffed by three meteorologists and an electronics engineer.
Navigational lights in the territory are maintained and operated by the
Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA).
Admiralty numbers are from volume K of the Admiralty
List of Lights & Fog Signals. U.S. NGA numbers are from Publication
- General Sources
- Map of the Coral Sea Islands Territory
- Wikimedia's useful map of the territory comes from Polish Wikipedia.
- Bougainville Reef (3)
- Date unknown (station established 1943). Active; focal plane 15 m (49 ft); white flash every 5 s. 20
m (66 ft) square cylindrical skeletal tower with gallery, mounted on concrete
piles. Lighthouse painted white. The tower also carries an automatic weather station. A very distant view
is available, but the reef is only a blur in Google's satellite view. Bougainville Reef is an atoll, submerged at high tide, in the
northwestern corner of the territory about 250 km (160 mi) southeast of Cape
Melville, Queensland. The reef is named for the French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, who discovered it in 1768. A "temporary" light was established during World War II; it survived until being replaced with a square pyramidal skeletal tower in 1958. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Site
manager: AMSA. Admiralty K3206; NGA 9884.
Lihou Reef Light, 1999
- [Willis Islets (Willis Island) (2)]
- Date unknown. Active; focal plane not listed; two continuous green lights. First listed by NGA in 2015, with no description of the structure carrying the lights.
It's possible the lights are on the weather radar tower seen in photos of the weather station. Previously the light (Admiralty K3206.5) was listed as being on a 13 m (43 ft) "radio mast," a steel pole carrying radio
antennas as well as the light. This light was reported "unlit" in 2005. The mast is seen just beyond the weather
station in Laurie Lindner Constructions's 2008 aerial
photo, but in a November 2011 photo it has disappeared. The company built the current weather station in 2006-07. Another aerial photo of the island is also available, and Google has a very distant satellite
view. Willis Island is the southernmost of three small islands of the Willis atoll. Located roughly 600 km (375 mi) northeast of Townsville,
Queensland. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Site manager:
AMSA. Admiralty K3206.55; NGA 9886.
- Lihou Reef
- 1999. Active; focal plane 33 m (108 ft); white flash every 10 s.
34 m (111 ft) square cylindrical red fiberglass tower, mounted on a square
cylindrical steel skeletal tower with gallery supported by four concrete
piles. A photo is at the top of this page, but Google's satellite view does not show the location of the tower. The Lihou
Reef is one of the largest atolls in the world,
roughly 100 km (60 mi) by 30 km (20 mi). It is named for the British ship captain John Lihou, who discovered the reef in 1823. In 1982 the atoll was established
as the Lihou
Reef National Nature Reserve, now part of the Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve. The lighthouse is located near the northeastern
end of the atoll, about 640 km (400 mi) east southeast of Cairns, Queensland.
Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Site manager: AMSA. Admiralty
K3206.6; NGA 9886.5.
- East Diamond Island
- 2006. Active; focal plane 29 m (95 ft); white flash every 5 s.
25 m (75 ft) square skeletal tower with gallery. A closeup photo is available, but the island is only a blur in Google's satellite view. East Diamond is an island
in the Tregosse Reef system, which lies to the west of the Lihou atoll. Accessible
only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Site manager: AMSA. Admiralty K3206.7;
- Frederick (Fredericks) Reef
- Around 1990 (?). Active; focal plane 33 m (108 ft); white flash every 5 s.
33 m (108 ft) round multistage metal tower mounted on a concrete pier. A Bureau of Meteorology photo is at right, Vaughn Bowden has a photo, and a 2010 photo is
available, but the reef is only a blur in Google's satellite view. The Frederick
Reefs and Saumarez
Reefs (next entry) are in the southwestern corner of the Coral Sea, east
of the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef at Swain Reef. Located at the
northeastern tip of the reef, about 450 km (280 mi) northeast of Gladstone
and 180 km (110 mi) east of Swain Reef. Accessible only by boat. Site open,
tower closed. Site manager: AMSA. Admiralty K3016; NGA 10220.
- Saumarez Reef
- Date unknown. Active; focal plane 21 m (69 ft); four white flashes every
20 s. 19 m (62 ft) skeletal tower with gallery; a square cylindrical section is mounted on a platform supported by four widely spread legs. The reef is only a blur in Google's satellite view. Located at the
northeastern tip of the reef, about 330 km (205 mi) northeast of Gladstone
and 85 km (55 mi) east of Swain Reef. Accessible only by boat. Site open,
tower closed. Site manager: AMSA. Admiralty K3015; NGA 10300.
Frederick Reef Light, early 1990s
Australian Bureau of Meteorology photo
Information available on lost lighthouses:
Notable faux lighthouses:
Adjoining pages: East: New Caledonia | West: Queensland East Coast
Return to the Lighthouse Directory index
| Ratings key
Posted March 20, 2009. Checked and revised May 16, 2016.
Lighthouses: 5. Site copyright 2016 Russ Rowlett and the University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill.
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A reader writes to ask:
I am using 2010 microsoft office for my novel manuscript. I need to change the titles of movies from italics to underlines. Any quick way?
It's a bit tricky, but there is a way to convert all the italics in your document to underlines. This technique will work in Microsoft Word 2010 and in a couple of the older versions of Word that I tested. (Other word processors may have similar features.) I should emphasize that this is an all-or-nothing proposition.
First, find an instance of italics in your document. Select an italicized word by double-clicking on it or by highlighting it with your mouse. Now right-click on the selected word. Click the Styles option in the pop-up menu. You should get an option in the resulting menu that says Select Text with Similar Formatting. Click that. (In older versions of Word, this option will be in the main pop-up menu, not in a submenu.)
Word may take a little time to process this command depending on the length of your document, but when it's finished all the italicized text in your document will be highlighted. Now simply click on the I icon in the formatting bar to toggle italics off, and click the U icon to toggle underlining on. That's all there is to it.
And of course, if you're trying to convert underlines to italics you can modify this same technique.
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| 0.8877 | 304 | 2.59375 | 3 |
|Semester 1 Credit Value:||20|
This module focuses on the archaeology of the period 1500-present within the British Isles. It begins with an examination of the ‘consumer revolution’ after 1500, and looks at the role of archaeology in studying artefacts and consumer tastes in the early modern period. We then move on to look at archaeological approaches to key changes in British landscapes and townscapes from 1500-1800, and include here an examination of the impact of the dissolution of the monasteries, the Civil War, and colonial expansion ‘at home’ in Britain.
The middle section of the course looks at the Industrial era (c.1750-1900), exploring the aims and methods of industrial archaeology (an archaeological discipline in its own right), and looking at the social changes resulting from industrialisation. The final part of the course explores the archaeology of the 20th and 21st centuries, focusing on changing attitudes to death after 1900, the First and Second World Wars, and the emerging archaeology of modern mass consumerism.
Throughout this module we make use of contemporary documentary sources (from probate inventories to factory inspectors reports), examining the ways in which historical archaeologists utilise these documents alongside excavation data in writing the history of the recent past. We also examine the relationship between archaeology and heritage presentation, exploring the sometimes contentious issues that surround the public presentation of recent historical phenomena.
The aims of this module are:
1. To develop students’ knowledge and understanding of the material culture of the period 1500-present
2. To expand students’ understanding of the relationship between documentary sources and archaeological data that characterises historical archaeology as a discipline
3. To examine and engage in debates about the range of interpretative frameworks available for modelling cultural change in Britain after 1500
4. To foster an understanding of the role of archaeology in studying the very recent past
A Lec Introduction to the course/defining ‘post-medieval’ and ‘historical’ archaeology
B Lec ‘Consumerism and the global world of ‘things’ c.1500-1750
A Lec Artefact studies: themes, issues and approaches
B Lec Willow Pattern: reading ceramics from the inside out
A Lec Tudor landscapes: the archaeology of houses and gardens
B Lec The first colony: historical archaeology in Ireland
A Lec James Deetz in the UK: the archaeology of the Georgian period (1714-1830)
B Sem Housing culture: reading Deetz and Johnson
A Lec Landscape change in the age of ‘improvement’: from enclosure to the polite landscape
B Sem History and heritage in the slave trade port cities
A Lec Industrial archaeology in the UK today: aims, themes and issues
B Sem Steel city: the archaeology of Sheffield
A Lec The archaeology of 19th century labour
B Sem From home to factory: history, archaeology and textile workers
A Lec The archaeology of the post-medieval dead
B Sem Grave concerns – Spitalfields and its impact on the archaeology of the recent dead
A Lec The contemporary past: themes and issues in 20th and 21st century archaeology
A Lec What is artefact biography?
A Lec The archaeology of industrialised warfare: WW1, WW2 and beyond
B Sem: Artefact biography: three details case studies
A Sem 20th century artefact studies
B Lec Christmas: a material culture history
Two essay writing classes A Bibliographies and referencing and B Proofreading
We have SIX two-hour practical classes, scheduled fortnightly:
1 (Week 1) Using historical documents: a guide to available resources (with case study on the historical archaeology of slave shipping)
2 (Week 3) How to make a cup of tea: exploring the tea ritual in England
3(Week 5) Ovenstone miners’ cottages I: researching 19th century household goods.
4 (week 7) Ovenstone miners’ cottages II: researching 19th century household goods.
5 (week 9) 18th century graves and how to record them: St Andrews Church, Newcastle
6 (week 11) How to eat your dinner: the material culture of dining practices from 1600-1900
We also have a fieldtrip to Beamish museum (6 hrs) to investigate everyday material culture in the Georgian farmhouse (and much else besides). Your entrance fee to Beamish will be paid for you.
This trip will need to take place on a Saturday: details to be arranged.
|Guided Independent Study||Assessment preparation and completion||53||1:00||53:00||1/3 of guided independent studies|
|Scheduled Learning And Teaching Activities||Lecture||15||1:00||15:00||N/A|
|Guided Independent Study||Directed research and reading||53||1:00||53:00||1/3 of guided independent studies|
|Scheduled Learning And Teaching Activities||Practical||6||2:00||12:00||N/A|
|Scheduled Learning And Teaching Activities||Small group teaching||9||1:00||9:00||Seminars|
|Scheduled Learning And Teaching Activities||Fieldwork||1||6:00||6:00||Field trip to Beamish Museum|
|Guided Independent Study||Independent study||52||1:00||52:00||1/3 of guided independent studies|
Lectures offer a broad overview of the historical archaeology of one of four selected case-studies areas. Seminars examine one aspect of that week’s overview in greater depth. These sessions always involve some group work, and are designed to tie in to, and support, the set written work. Advance (group) preparatory work is required for the seminars. The 6 practical sessions involve ‘hands on’ study of artefacts in museum collections, and/or historical documents.
The format of resits will be determined by the Board of Examiners
|Essay||1||M||50||Assessed Essay (2,000 words) due Week 8, Semester 1|
|Written exercise||1||M||50||Assessed 20th Century Artefact Biography (2,000 words) due Week 12, Semester 1|
Assessment 2 (20th Century Artefact Biography) comprises a study of 20th century artefacts, and in most cases will involve oral interviews with grandparents, parents, elderly friends etc. Students study a ‘display group’ (for example, items on a windowsill, or a mantelpiece) and undertake research (including where possible the recording of oral memories) on the identity and transmission histories of the items, and the associated memories of those who have owned/known them. As an alternative, students can select a single war memorial and carry out research on the memorial, and selected individuals named on it.
The lectures provide a broad overview of the historical archaeology of the period/theme under study. The seminars and practical sessions will examine one aspect of that week’s overview in greater depth. These are designed to tie in to, and support, the set written work.
ERASMUS students at Newcastle One 2,000 word essay to be handed in by 12.00 p.m. of the Friday of the first week of the assessment period. This will replace all work required of domestic students. It remains the case that, if an ERASMUS student specifically requests that s/he be permitted to do the same assessments as the domestic students, that option remains open to them. No variation of the deadlines will be allowed except on production of medical or equivalent evidence.
Disclaimer: The University will use all reasonable endeavours to deliver modules in accordance with the descriptions set out in this catalogue. Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information, however, the University reserves the right to introduce changes to the information given including the addition, withdrawal or restructuring of modules if it considers such action to be necessary.
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| 0.877351 | 1,712 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Some level of emergency care is required every year at every school across the US. When a life-threatening emergency occurs, the quality of the response in the first few minutes can make the difference between life and death. An asthma attack can be just such an emergency. At the first sign of symptoms, all school staff should be prepared and able to respond quickly and confidently.
A well-developed SWAP is a safety net. It includes risk reduction through school walk-arounds and return of school health forms. It also addresses communication with the medical office school-wide and, possibly, a local emergency medical service. There should be periodic checks that emergency equipment and protocols work effectively. Well-coordinated response plans will apply not only to asthma, but to other emergencies such as cardiac arrest, allergic response, seizures, and falls.
Every school should have an individualized School-Wide Asthma Protocol that meets the requirements of that school. Because both emergency and non-emergency asthma management requires a multi-faceted approach, a team approach is required to make it happen. Begin with building a team.
1) The Asthma Support Team
The ideal Asthma Support Team has a diverse core group of four or more members drawn from the administration, PA/PTA, and custodial medical, classroom, cluster, or support staff. The team should recruit others outside the core group such as parents, family workers, classroom volunteers, and even concerned neighbors to help with Program Kit actions.
The AFSZ program emphasizes team-building, education and action. By working together and taking responsibility for overseeing one or more program areas, each team member plays an important role in creating an informed and asthma-free school zone.
2) The SWAP Document
The Asthma Support Team should drive the effort to develop a school-wide asthma emergency plan, or protocol, which should be practiced and understood by all. The SWAP poster, which lays out steps to take in an emergency, is one piece of the puzzle. But there is much more for a school to consider.
If an emergency occurs, is it clear what to do?
Who is called first and when?
What precautionary steps can a gym teacher, a classroom teacher, and a librarian take?
Who in the school knows CPR?
Who knows how to use an HFA inhaler?
Where is an Epi-pen?
Does the school have an existing emergency code for the public address system?
How can the medical office work with the custodial office to make the air on the playground safer and healthier?
Which students have asthma and what and where is their medication?
SWAP Response to Asthma Symptoms
If a child begins to show asthma symptoms, SWAP advises the following:
• Stop all activity, stay calm, and have the child sit up straight.
• Ask the child to tell you or point to the location of his quick-relief inhaler.
If the inhaler is not immediately available, contact the medical office. Request that medical personnel come to you, or have an adult take the child to the medical office. The child should not go alone or with another student.
• Administer quick-relief medication. (p. 104) Check the time.
• Demonstrate slow, deep breathing. Give sips of room-temperature water.
• Repeat quick-relief medication after 5 minutes, if needed.
• If a school nurse has not arrived within 15 minutes of first giving the medication, and the asthma symptoms have not improved or seem to have worsened, call 911. Immediately report the incident to the school medical office.
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| 0.95188 | 748 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The emerging Zika virus poses some unique challenges to patients, doctors, and public health practitioners that aren’t generally a focal point of emergency response efforts. The link to congenital birth defects – including, but not limited to, microcephaly – and Guillain-Barre Syndrome has generated a great deal of concern. As of March 7th, 2016 the CDC has identified 37 countries, mostly in Latin America and the Caribbean, which have active Zika virus transmission. The numbers of reported cases continues to climb as the arbovirus spreads to new locations.
Concerned about the implications for expectant mothers and their unborn children, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the Zika virus and its yet-to-be-proven association with severe birth defects a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on February 1st. As a result, basic research, public education, and public health surveillance of the virus has increased dramatically. Government agencies and organizations all over the world have released guidelines for expectant mothers, travelers, laboratory workers, and clinicians. In the US, the CDC has advised that expectant mothers not travel to effected countries, and that men who may have been exposed to the virus use appropriate protection to avoid sexual transmission. For women living in effected nations, there is an unavoidable risk for infection which cannot be minimized by travel recommendations. To lower the risk for Zika-related fetal development complications, local governments have gone so far as to advise delaying pregnancy. Here are some examples:
- Brazil’s Ministry of Health (MOH) advised women in the northeastern region of the country, where the Zika virus is most prevalent, to delay pregnancy.
- Columbia, with the second highest incidence of Zika virus infection, has advised waiting eight months to get pregnant.
- El Salvador’s MOH suggested the biggest delay on conception, advising deferred pregnancy for two years, until 2018.
- Jamaica’s MOH has recommended that women delay their pregnancies for the upcoming six to twelve months.
- Ecuador has recommended delayed pregnancy, but has not specified a timeline.
The unprecedented nature of these recommendations, and their temporal variability (ranging from 6-24 months), indicates that there’s still a significant amount we do not yet understand about the impact of Zika virus infection on mothers and their unborn children.
On February 29th, the Institute of Medicine released their Workshop brief outlining some of the potential research priorities for Zika going forward, including priorities related to understanding more about Zika and pregnancy. As part of the workshop, Dr. Sonja Rasmussen, an expert on pregnancy and birth defects related to infectious diseases, and a member of the Zika response team at CDC, provided a list of outstanding questions related to Zika and pregnancy, including:
- How often does transmission of Zika virus from mother to fetus occur (what percentage of cases of infected pregnant mothers)?
- How often does fetal infection result in congenital defects?
- What other defects are related to congenital Zika infection?
- What is the best way to diagnose Zika related problems in utero?
Researchers are beginning to work on finding answers to those important questions, but in the meantime, we also need to determine what protective actions women can take now.
The answer to this question will likely differ depending on the population and geographic location. In South and Central America and the Caribbean, where Zika is expected to spread rapidly, experts hope that herd immunity, which can be protective for more vulnerable populations, will develop quickly. In these areas with widespread disease, it is also the hope that women who are infected before pregnancy will develop immunity that will be protective in later pregnancies.
Given these epidemiologic assumptions for areas with widespread disease, public health recommendations for women to delay pregnancy for some period of time may make sense biologically. However, it is important that we continue to gather data about the incidence and prevalence of disease in countries where Zika is widespread to have an idea of how long women should delay pregnancy. In addition, it will be essential to understand more about immunity, whether initial infection really does confer immunity against future infection and if so, how long that immunity lasts.
That being said, recommendations to delay pregnancy for extended periods of time must be considered in the context of other important factors. Many Latin American nations do not have sufficient sexual education or affordable birth control options to adequately support the new demand that Zika has caused. This problem is compounded by the ongoing occurrence of sexual assault and deep cultural ties to Catholicism, which traditionally prohibits the use of birth control. Without readily available and affordable contraceptives, more women are expected to turn to unsafe and illegal abortions. New campaigns for extended access to medically attended abortions in Latin American nations have quickly arisen as more cases of microcephaly appear. Additional investment in public health education, family planning resources, and pre-natal care will be absolutely necessary.
In the US, Zika will likely not be as widespread as it is in the Caribbean, Central and South America. Sporadic local outbreaks are likely to occur, particularly in the southern US, where temperature is favorable and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are plentiful, but outbreaks will probably not reach the point where herd immunity is achieved. In addition, most women in the US will not be exposed before they are pregnant and thus won’t have the same immunologic protection as women in endemic areas.
So, in the US, carefully crafted and targeted recommendations about pregnancy will be necessary. In the event that limited transmission of Zika does occurs in the US, it is conceivable that women of child bearing age in effected regions may be advised to avoid pregnancy until transmission is interrupted. Alternatively, CDC could opt to leave the decision up to the mother, her partner, and their healthcare provider while continuing to provide guidance and information. In addition, continued refinement of guidance regarding sexual transmission is crucial. Giving couples some idea of how long after infection that sexual transmission can occur will be necessary in order to improve compliance with recommended protective measures.
For the time being, public health messaging and reinvigorated mosquito control efforts are the best tools to prevent Zika infection. Public health officials will need to be careful and thoughtful about these recommendations, and mindful of second order impacts when telling women to delay pregnancy. But, with the information we have now, it seems that these recommendations are not unwarranted or overly cautious.
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| 0.950552 | 1,289 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Issue 6, May 29, 2012
After an abnormally warm, dry spring in Illinois, anthracnose might still be rearing its head. Anthracnose is a disease caused by a variety of fungi, all morphologically similar and with similar symptoms: tan to brown or black lesions on the leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits of various plants. Anthracnose infections occur during rainy, spring weather, and usually subside by mid-summer. Oaks are specifically infected by a form of Discula anthracnose, Discula quercinia. Over 20 species of oak are prone to varying degrees of infection. White oak (Quercus alba) is a highly susceptible species.
Anthracnose on oak leaves
Fungal spores of Discula quercina are present on the tree year round, inhabiting the buds, twigs and leaves. The infection process is initiated during wet conditions in spring as spores are splashed onto developing leaves. Ascospores, produced on fallen leaves, also contribute to new infections.
There are three main types of symptoms related to oak anthracnose: twig and leaf dieback, leaf distortion, and angular necrotic spots on the mature leaf. Symptoms are usually heaviest on the lower branches. Fungal fruiting structures can be observed on leaves when viewed under a magnifying lens or microscope. The fungus also produces ascervuli, which look like brown to orange pustules on the twigs. The leaf infections continue along the leaf veins into the twigs. The fungus can be actively producing conidia within 2 weeks after the initial infection. New conidia will contribute to further rounds of infection. If conditions are highly favorable and the trees are stressed beforehand, the infection may cause defoliation and twig dieback. Do not be alarmed by the defoliation. In most cases, the infection is not harmful to the long-term health of the tree. The oak can recover by producing new leaves to replace dead ones.
Magnified view of acervuli or fruiting structures of anthracnose on an oak leaf
There are several methods of control for oak anthracnose:
- Large trees can be pruned to improve air circulation. Improved air circulation will lessen the amount of time the foliage remains wet, thereby reducing the likelihood of infection.
- Sanitation can be helpful, especially on smaller trees. Removal of cankerous twigs to lower the spore numbers can reduce the infection rate. It is also recommended to remove infected plant debris during the winter so that primary inoculum is reduced during the spring.
- Proper watering and fertilization of the tree to reduce stress can make the tree less susceptible to infection in the upcoming spring.
- Fungicides are not usually recommended for anthracnose diseases. The damage caused by the disease is mostly aesthetic. Additionally, spraying a large tree with fungicides may be cost prohibitive. Specific chemical options are provided within Pest Management for the Home Landscape. Apply a suggested fungicide two or three times, at 14-day intervals, starting at leaf emergence. Thorough coverage is required. The manufacturer's directions should be carefully followed. Spraying after the disease is evident will only protect healthy new leaves.
It is common to mistake the symptoms of oak anthracnose with other Quercus (oak) disease. Below is a more comprehensible chart listing some of the disease that it might be confused with:
Disease / Pathogen
Oak Anthracnose (Discula quercinia)
Defoliation, twig dieback, necrotic spots of leaf tissues. These symptoms usually appear in the lower section of leaves because it is most damp there. Symptoms appear during spring when conditions are wet. The host, however, can recover from the disease.
Bacterial Leaf Scorch (Xylella fastidiosa)
Chlorosis and discoloration, stunted growth and scorching patterns of necrosis present on leaves. The symptoms start on the upper layer of leaves, but leaves continue to remain intact throughout the season. As the years pass, the infection can continue until finally the host is dead.
Oak Wilt (Ceratocytis fagacearum)
Symptoms emerge around spring and summer. They first appear at the top of the tree. Symptoms include wilting, chlorosis along the veins of leaf tissue, leaf cast and discolorations in the xylem. Because the fungus attacks the vascular system, it can kill the host.
For more information, visit: www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/M1288.html (Travis Cleveland and Zu Dienle Tan)
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en
| 0.930345 | 976 | 3.671875 | 4 |
The overall rating of a review is different from a simple average of all individual ratings.
Share this review on
As a first year student reading Economics and Politics, I currently have to take a 30 credit module entitled "Principles of Economics". In essence I have found that this is extremely similar to the A' level economics course, however there are a few notable differences - namely the inclusion of Budget lines and indifference curves as part of the syllabus.
Economics by Begg, Fischer, and Dornbusch, I believe, was intended solely for first year university students undertaking basic, or introductory economics modules. For this purpose it is extremely useful. It contains all of the neccessary knowledge you will require for undetaking the first year examination, and will stand you in good stead as a prerequisite for many second and third year economics modules.
The book itself is split into 5 parts: Introduction, Positive microeconomics, welfare economics, macroeconomics, and the world economy. Personally I'm not a huge fan of this layout, as positive microeconomics and welfare economics can be combined under the more general title of microeconomics, and as the world economy is a component of macroeconomics, I believe that the two could also be combined under the former heading.
As well as being split into these 5 parts, each part is split into different chapters for each component of basic economic theory, for example market competition and imperfect competition comes under the heading of positive microeconomics, and output and aggregate demand comes under the heading of macroeconomics. Personally I think that this is an excellent idea, as it makes it easier to divide up topics when revising for the dreaded exams!
In my opinion, the layout of the individual chapters is excellent. The text is seperated into very readable paragraphs, and economic diagrams and models are clearly labelled and colourful. Furthermore, throughout each chapter, the definitions of important economic terms are highlighted in purple boxes making them extremely easy to interpret.
If you have never undertaken a basic economics course before beginning an economics related degree at university, then I am sure that you will find this book to be a blessing. It is clear, concise, and at times, extremely interesting. However, as I have an A' level in economics myself, the book can be quite tedious at times, although this is obviously no fault of the author's. If you have an A level in Economics and are considering whether to purchase this book, then I recommend that you wait a couple of months into your course to assess whether you really need it.
Although 'Economics' really is an excellent book for students, it does come at a price! It's recommended retail price is £34.99, however ive seen it available on a number of online bookshops for £29.99 - a welcome saving. I should also mention that there is a corresponding workbook available from the same authors, priced at £18.99. Although you will definately not need this if you do have an A level in economics, if not it will definately come in useful!
Finally I should mention that each chapter is ended with a useful concise summary of the important points raised, as well as some review questions to consider - both of which are very useful when revising for exams.
All in all an excellent book which I would highly recommend!
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| 0.961067 | 685 | 2.640625 | 3 |
More and more uses for drones and UAVs seem to be cropping up, but there are limitations. The Department of Defense in coordination with the University of North Dakota has developed a UAV that is capable of recognising specific objects on the ground and tracking them accordingly. Traditionally this was a hard exercise, requiring large computation powers, but the duo have come up with an imaging processing machine that’s light enough to be installed on the UAV itself.
The device is capable of tracking specific objects such as cars or houses without any additional processing needing to be performed on the ground. The team tried to boil down the problem to the bare essentials, recognising that cars and houses don’t change shapes, but do change their orientation relative to the camera. The processing machine predicts the path of the object based on previous frames if it’s in motion, but it also creates a new set of images rotated by 10 degrees when it first locks on to the target.
A total of 36 pictures are generated, which leaves the image processor to try and match the current target against the estimations. The team uses a simple Linux computer on a circuit board with a camera and gimballing system, testing it on a UAV with a wingspan of 350 cm and carrying capacity of 11kg. In testing, the team says the system worked well, with targets being locked on to using an air-to-ground video link, sent back at around 25 frames per second at an altitude of 200 feet.
[via Technology Review]
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The origins of handball can be traced back to medieval times but it was in 1906 that the rules of modern handball were first created in Denmark. The game is hugely popular in Northern and Eastern Europe but is played around the world.
The governing body of the game is the International Handball Federation, who also organise the World Championships. It is believed that there are around 19 million handball players in the world today.
Handball is traditionally played indoors but there have been variations such as field handball and beach handball (sometimes referred to as sandball) that have been played outdoors.
Object Of The Game
The object of handball is to score more points than your opponent.
A handball game lasts for a regulation 60 minutes. This is split into two periods of 30 minutes each with a 15 minute interval. For younger players, the period time can be reduced to 20 minutes.
Players & Equipment
The standard handball games features 7 players on each side, six outfield players and one goalkeeper. A team will also have 7 substitutes, which can be used on a rolling basis and with no need to notify the referee.
There is semi-circle area around each goal area, sometimes referred to as the crease or the zone. There is also a dashed semi-circle line which lies 9 metres from goal, which is the free throw line.
The ball must be made from leather or synthetic material and it must be of a size to fit in the hand of a player. This means that there are three regulation sizes of handball. One for over 8s where the ball has a circumference of 50-52 cm, a II for women and males aged 12 to 16 where the ball has a circumference of 54-56cm and a III for males aged 16 and over, with a circumference of 58-60cm.
A handball game can be played with a court, two goals and a ball. Official games will see teams where uniforms.
A goal is scored in handball when the ball is thrown into the opponent’s goal.
Winning The Game
To win in handball you must score more than your opponent.
If the handball game is drawn then there must be a winner; then periods of overtime with a maximum of 2 5 minute periods are played. If the scores are still level, a shoot-out is used to determine the result of the game.
Rules of Handball
- A match consists of two periods of 30 minutes each.
- Each team consists of 7 players; a goalkeeper and 6 outfield players.
- Outfield players can touch the ball with any part of their body that is above the knee.
- Once a player receives possession, they can pass, hold possession or shoot.
- If a player holds possession, they can dribble or take three steps for up to three seconds without dribbling.
- Only the goalkeeper is allowed to come into contact with the floor of the goal area.
- Goalkeepers are allowed out of the goal area but must not retain possession if they are outside the goal area.
- American Football
- Arm Wrestling
- Aussie Rules Football
- Bar Billiards
- Beer Pong
- Bull Riding
- Chess Boxing
- Field Hockey
- Football (Soccer)
- Horse Racing
- Ice Hockey
- MMA (Mixed Martial Arts)
- Muay Thai
- Platform Tennis
- Roller Derby
- Sepak Takraw
- Sumo Wrestling
- Table Tennis (Ping Pong)
- Thumb Wrestling
- Tug of War
- Ultimate Frisbee
- Underwater Hockey
- Water Polo
- Wiffle Ball
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| 0.945542 | 756 | 3.296875 | 3 |
BLACK GERMAN HOLOCAUST VICTIMS
So much of our history is lost to us because we often don't write the history books, don't film the documentaries, or don't pass the accounts down from generation to generation.
One documentary now touring the film festival circuit, telling us to "Always Remember" is "Black Survivors of the Holocaust" (1997). Outside the U.S., the film is entitled "Hitler's Forgotten Victims" (Afro-Wisdom Productions). It codifies another dimension to the "Never Forget " Holocaust story--our dimension.
Did you know that in the 1920's, there were 24,000 Blacks living in Germany? Neither did I. Here's how it happened, and how many of them were eventually caught unawares by the events of the Holocaust.
Like most West European nations, Germany established colonies in Africa in the late 1800's in what later became Togo, Cameroon, SPAN Namibia, and Tanzania. German genetic experiments began there, most notably involving prisoners taken from the 1904 Heroro Massacre that left 60,000 Africans dead, following a 4-year revolt against German colonization. After the shellacking Germany received in World War I, it was stripped of its African colonies in 1918.
As a spoil of war, the French were allowed to occupy Germany in the Rhineland--a bitter piece of real estate that has gone back and forth between the two nations for centuries. The French willfully deployed their own colonized African soldiers as the occupying force. Germans viewed this as the final insult of World War I, and, soon thereafter, 92% of them voted in the Nazi party.
Hundreds of the African Rhineland-based soldiers intermarried with German women and raised their children as Black Germans. In Mein Kampf, Hitler wrote about his plans for these "Rhineland Bastards". When he came to power, one of his first directives was aimed at these mixed-race children. Underscoring Hitler's obsession with racial purity, by 1937, every identified mixed-race child in the Rhineland had been forcibly sterilized, in order to prevent further "race polluting", as Hitler termed it.
Hans Hauck, a Black Holocaust survivor and a victim of Hitler's mandatory sterilization program, explained in the film "Hitler's Forgotten Victims" that, when he was forced to undergo sterilization as a teenager, he was given no anesthetic. Once he received his sterilization certificate, he was "free to go", so long as he agreed to hav! e no sexual relations whatsoever with Germans.
Although most Black Germans attempted to escape their fatherland, heading for France where people like Josephine Baker were steadily aiding and supporting the French Underground, many still encountered problems elsewhere. Nations shut their doors to Germans, including the Black ones.
Some Black Germans were able to eke out a living during Hitler's reign of terror by performing in Vaudeville shows, but many Blacks, steadfast in their belief that they were German first, Black second, opted to remain in Germany. Some fought with the Nazis (a few even became Lutwaffe pilots)! Unfortunately, many Black Germans were arrested, charged with treason, and shipped in cattle cars to concentration camps. Often these trains were so packed with people and (equipped with no bathroom facilities or food), that, after the four-day journey, box car doors were opened to piles of the dead and dying.
Once inside the concentration camps, Blacks were given the worst jobs conceivable. Some Black American soldiers, who were captured and held as prisoners of war, recounted that, while they were being starved and forced into dangerous labor (violating the Geneva Convention), they were still better off than Black German concentration camp detainees, who were forced to do the unthinkable -- man the crematoriums and work in labs where genetic experiments were being conducted. As a final sacrifice, these Blacks were killed every three months so that they would never be able to reveal the inner workings of the "Final Solution".
In every story of Black oppression, no matter how we were enslaved, shackled, or beaten, we always found a way to survive and to rescue others. As a case in point, consider Johnny Voste, a Belgian resistance fighter who was arrested in 1942 for alleged sabotage and then shipped to Dachau. One of his jobs was stacking vitamin crates. Risking his own life, he distributed hundreds of vitamins to camp detainees, which saved the lives of many who were starving, weak, and ill --conditions exacerbated by extreme vitamin deficiencies. His motto was "No, you can't have my life; I will fight for it."
According to Essex University's Delroy Constantine-Simms, there were Black Germans who resisted Nazi Germany, such as Lari Gilges, who founded the Northwest Rann--an organization of entertainers that fought the Nazis in his home town of Dusseldorf-- and who was murdered by the SS in 1933, the year that Hitler came into power.
Little information remains about the numbers of Black Germans held in the camps or killed under the Nazi regime. Some victims of the Nazi sterilization project and Black survivors of the Holocaust are still alive and telling their story in films such as "Black Survivors of the Nazi Holocaust", but they must also speak out for justice, not just history.
Unlike Jews (in Israel and in Germany), Black Germans receive no war reparations because their German citizenship was revoked (even though they were German-born). The only pension they get is from those of us who are willing to tell the world their stories and continue their battle for recognition and compensation.
After the war, scores of Blacks who had somehow managed to survive the Nazi regime, were rounded up and tried as war criminals. Talk about the final insult! There are thousands of Black Holocaust stories, from the triangle trade, to slavery in America, to the gas ovens ! in Germany.
We often shy away from hearing about our historical past because so much of it is painful; however, we are in this struggle together for rights, dignity, and, yes, reparations for wrongs done to us through the centuries. We need to always remember so that we can take steps to ensure that these atrocities never happen again.
For further information, read: Destined to Witness: Growing Up Black in Nazi Germany, by Hans J. Massaquoi.
PLEASE PASS THIS ON, AND ALWAYS REMEMBER...LEST WE FORGET!
Written by A. Tolbert, III
Also: Uncovering The Black German Holocaust:
In case you didnt know...
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| 0.979843 | 1,357 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Bare Island: all quartzite.
Type Square Late-Archaic
The Bare Island is a medium to large, finely flaked, symmetrical point, with a slender isosceles triangular blade and a straight base. The stem is straight with parallel sides.
The Bare Island point dates to the Late Archaic period, 2500 to 1600 BCE. McAvoy (1997) places the point (no radiocarbon dates) along the Nottoway River between 2300 to 2000 BCE
Kinsey (in Ritchie 1971) notes that the similarities between the Bare Island point and a component of the Accokeek Creek site on the lower Potomac River are striking. According to Kinsey, it may be that the antecedent for this type lies in the Virginia and Carolina Piedmont and the Savannah River in Georgia. Bare Island points (straight stem) have been described as closely related to the Clagett point type (constricted stem) and as a narrow variant of the Savannah River point type.
Defined in Literature
Kinsey originally defined this type in 1959 based on points recovered from the Kent-Hally Site on Bare Island in Pennsylvania. His description of this type was re-published by Ritchie in 1961 (revised 1971). Stephenson (1963) also discusses this point type based on points recovered from the Accokeek Creek Site in Maryland.
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<urn:uuid:3b4af20e-1277-44e6-9ced-da761ab4a867>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/arch_DHR/Points/Bare%20Island.xml
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en
| 0.884971 | 282 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Dietary copper affects survival, growth, and reproduction in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus.
Copper in the body
Copper in the body (Properties)
Sea urchins (Research)
Sea urchins (Physiological aspects)
Sea urchins (Food and nutrition)
Animal feeding and feeds (Research)
Powell, Mickie L.
Jones, Warren T.
Gibbs, Victoria K.
Hammer, Hugh S.
Lawrence, John M.
Lawrence, Addison L.
Watts, Stephen A.
|Publication:||Name: Journal of Shellfish Research Publisher: National Shellfisheries Association, Inc. Audience: Academic Format: Magazine/Journal Subject: Biological sciences; Zoology and wildlife conservation Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2010 National Shellfisheries Association, Inc. ISSN: 0730-8000|
|Issue:||Date: Dec, 2010 Source Volume: 29 Source Issue: 4|
|Topic:||Event Code: 310 Science & research|
|Product:||Product Code: 2048000 Prepared Feeds; 3523860 Livestock Feeders NAICS Code: 311119 Other Animal Food Manufacturing; 333111 Farm Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing|
|Geographic:||Geographic Scope: United States Geographic Code: 1USA United States|
ABSTRACT Copper is an essential micronutrient in the diets of
animals. It is a component of many enzymes involved in energy
production, participates in immune function, and protects cells from
free radicals. However, excessive levels in the diet can be toxic. Small
(~13 g wet weight) Lyteehinus variegatus were fed formulated feeds with
12, 36, or 114 mg Cu/kg for 12 wk (levels based on established dietary
levels for other marine invertebrates, supplemented as CuS[O.sub.4] x
5[H.sub.2]O). Under these experimental conditions, wet weights of
individuals fed a 36-mg Cu/kg diet were slightly higher (43.2 [+ or -]
1.2 g (SEM); P = 0.069) than those fed a 12-mg Cu/kg and 114-mg Cu/kg
diet (39.9 [+ or -] 1.2 and 40.3 [+ or -] 1.7 g wet weight,
respectively). Ovary and gut wet weights were significantly lower (P
< 0.003) in the 114-mg Cu/kg diet than the 12-mg Cu/kg and 36-mg
Cu/kg diets (7.24 [+ or -] 0.75 g, 8.11 [+ or -] 0.55 g, and 4.99 [+ or
-] 0.32 g ovary wet weight and 0.97 [+ or -] 0.04 g, 1.07 [+ or -] 0.06
g, and 0.83 [+ or -] 0.04 g gut wet weight for the 12-, 36-, and 114-mg
Cu/kg diets, respectively). Mature gamete formation in ovary and testis
was inversely correlated with dietary copper level. Acini from the
ovaries and testis of urchins in the 36-mg Cu/kg and 114-mg Cu/kg diet
treatments had a greater area occupied by nutrient phagocytes than
urchins on the 12-mg Cu/kg diet. In diets containing low dietary copper
(12 mg Cu/kg), survivorship decreased from 100% to 87%. These data
suggest that dietary copper is essential for normal physiological
function but can be detrimental for certain physiological processes at
high levels. This information will help in the development of formulated
feeds for sea urchin aquaculture.
KEY WORDS: urchin, copper, survival, growth, reproduction, Lytechinus
As harvesting pressures continue to increase on natural sea urchin populations, most of the major fisheries have collapsed or are in a state of decline (Andrew et al. 2002). Aquaculture holds the potential to supplement growing markets for sea urchin roe (uni) around the world; however, successful culture requires an understanding of the nutritional requirements of sea urchins. This includes the requirements for both macro- and microminerals.
Of the microminerals, copper is considered an essential nutrient for aquatic organisms and is often supplemented in formulated production diets. Copper functions as a cofactor in a variety of important enzymes involved in an array of biological processes required for growth, development, maintenance, and reproduction. It is essential in many enzymes required for energy production and protection of cells from free radical damage (Lorenzo et al. 2002). In addition, copper is required for the proper function of innate immune response in many animals (Kelly et al. 1995). In mammals, dietary copper deficiency has been linked to impaired immune cell function and a decrease in the number of mononuclear immune cells (Kelly et al. 1995). Copper levels in the diet must be carefully controlled because of its toxicity at high levels to most organisms. Dietary copper requirements have been established for some commercially important aquaculture species; however, requirements among species appear to be highly variable. Reported daily copper requirements for fish are 1-4 mg Cu/kg dry mass (Bury et al. 2003). Lee and Shiau (2002) reported a dietary copper requirement for growing the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, of 15-21 mg Cu/kg in the diet. Davis et al. (1993) estimated the dietary copper requirement of Penaeus vannarnei to be 34 mg/kg. To determine whether copper supplementation of formulated diets is required for sea urchins, we examined the effect of 3 dietary copper levels on weight gain, organ production, and gamete development in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection, Culture, and Initial Measurements
Lytechinus variegatus were collected in October 2004 from Eagle Harbor in Port St. Joseph Peninsula State Park, FL (30[degrees]N, 85.5[degrees]W) and transported to the Texas Agrilife Mariculture Research Station in Port Aransas, TX. At the time of collection, gonads were of minimal size (0.07 [+ or -] 0.02 (SEM) g wet weight, n = 16). Sea urchins were held for 1 mo in 750-L tanks at 32 [+ or -] 2 ppt salinity and 22 [+ or -] I[degrees]C. Natural seawater was filtered to 0.5 gm via stratified sand filtration using a Diamond water filter (Diamond Water Conditioning, Horton, WI), and then piped to culture raceways under flow-through conditions. During this period, sea urchins were fed a maintenance ration (approximately once every 3 days) of a formulated diet (31% crude protein (Hammer et al. 2006)).
Individual L. variegatus (n = 16 per diet treatment, 13.7 [+ or -] 0.2 g wet weight, 30.1 [+ or -] 0.2 mm diameter) were haphazardly selected and blotted on a paper towel for 15 sec to remove excess water. Test diameter was measured at 2 perpendicular points across the ambitus using calipers, and individuals were weighed to the nearest milligram. A haphazard subsample of sea urchins (n = 16) was removed, weighed as described, and dissected using an incision along the outside of the peristomial membrane, located on the oral surface. The internal organs were removed and separated into the test with spines, Aristotle's lantern, gut, and gonad (ovary or testis; n = 16 for each tissue). The gut (esophagus, stomach, and intestine combined) was rinsed thoroughly in a finger bowl to remove its contents. Each of the organs was blotted on a paper towel for 15 sec to remove excess water and weighed to the nearest milligram (organ wet weight). Organs were placed onto preweighed aluminum pans and dried 48 h to a constant weight at 60[degrees]C. The dry organs were weighed, and moisture content was calculated by subtraction. These data were used to generate linear equations describing the relationship between tissue and total wet and dry weights. These equations were used to estimate the initial urchin total dry weight, as well as the initial organ wet and dry weights for individual urchins in each treatment. At the end of the study, sea urchins from each of the diet treatments were weighed and dissected as previously described.
For the diet trials, each sea urchin was placed individually into a cylindrical enclosure constructed of plastic mesh (diameter, 12 cm; height, 30 cm; open mesh, 4 mm) secured by plastic cable ties. Mesh enclosures were fitted into 11.5-cm internal diameter PVC couplings and elevated 5.5 cm above the bottom of the tank. Small cylindrical plastic spacers (approximately 0.5 cm thick) were then placed under the bottom of each coupling, allowing water circulation beneath the enclosures. Four of these plastic cylindrical enclosures were placed into a Fiberglas tank (volume, 20 L; bottom surface area, 0.07 [m.sup.2]), with each enclosure containing an individually monitored sea urchin. Water volume and depth were held constant in each tank by a central standpipe, with depth maintained below the top of the enclosures to prevent escape. Seawater was supplied to each enclosure at a rate of approximately 95 L/h. Four tanks containing 4 enclosures each (randomized within the system) were used for each diet treatment (n = 16 sea urchins per diet treatment). Fiberglas tanks were connected within a temperature-controlled semirecirculating aquaculture system containing mechanical and biological filtration, foam fractionation (protein skimmer), and ultraviolet disinfection. Seawater was exchanged in the semirecirculating systems at a rate of approximately 10% volume per day. Statistical analysis indicated that there was no difference among Fiberglas tanks; consequently, data were combined among treatment tanks.
Culture conditions were monitored daily to maintain 32 [+ or -] 2 ppt salinity, 22 [+ or -] 1[degrees]C, and 6-7 mg/L dissolved oxygen. The daily photoperiod was 12 h light/12 h dark over a 24-h period. Ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and pH levels were determined weekly and maintained at or below 0.1 [+ or -] 0.05 ppm, 0.1 [+ or -] 0.05 ppm, 5 [+ or -] 2 ppm, and 8 [+ or -] 0.3, respectively. In the Gulf of Mexico, copper levels of natural seawater range from 0.2-0.4 ppb (Boyle et al. 1984).
Diets and Feed Preparation
Diets containing graded levels of copper sulfate (CuS[O.sub.4] x 5[H.sub.2]O; Fisher Scientific, Falls, NJ) were prepared from a base feed containing semipurified and purified ingredients (approximately 28% marine source ingredients, 34.6% plant source ingredients, 6.5% crude fat, 1.1% carotenoids, 0.7% vitamin premix, 18.9% mineral premix, 10.2% binder-antifungal-antioxidant). Diets were supplemented with CuS[O.sub.4] x 5[H.sub.2]O to obtain diets containing 12, 36, and 114 mg copper/kg, respectively. The copper levels reflect the range of copper found to be important for other invertebrates, including shrimp (Lee & Shiau 2002). A 0% copper diet was unattainable in this study, because most practical ingredients contain endogenous levels of copper; consequently, the 12-mg Cu/kg diet reflects a diet containing no supplemental copper. With the addition of each amount of supplemental CuS[O.sub.4] x 5[H.sub.2]O, an equivalent amount of acid-washed diatomaceous earth was removed (diets were isocaloric). Dry ingredients were blended within a twin-shell dry blender (Patterson-Kelley Co., East Stroudsburg, PA) for 10 min and then mixed in a Hobart mixer (model A-200, Hobart Corporation, Troy, OH) for 40 min. Deionized water (500 mL/ kg dry mix) was then added to the dry ingredients and mixed an additional 10 min to achieve a mash consistency appropriate for extrusion. Extrusion was accomplished using a meat chopper attachment (model A-200, Hobart Corporation) fitted with a 4.8-mm die. Moist feed strands were dried on wire racks in a forced-air oven at 35[degrees]C for 24 h to a moisture content of 8-10% and refrigerated at 4[degrees]C until used.
A preweighed amount of feed pellets (weighed to the nearest milligram) was placed into individually labeled plastic bags and assigned to each individual urchin in each diet treatment (n = 16 plastic bags per treatment). Each sea urchin was fed a uniform-size pellet from their respective plastic bag once daily at an amount higher than could be consumed in a 24-h period (ad libitum feeding). Daily feed intake was estimated by visual quantification of the amount of uneaten pellet in each individual enclosure as suggested by Jones et al. (2010) and Hammer et al. (2010). Prior to the next feeding, uneaten food was manually removed by siphon. For each 4-wk period, the weight of the feed pellets proffered was determined, and feed intake was estimated for each individual. Although this method estimates feed intake, technical assistants were trained in feed intake evaluation prior to the experiments, and data are comparable among treatments. In addition, previous studies (Hammer et al. 2010, Jones et al. 2010) indicate that feed leaching was consistent among all diet treatments; consequently, these values represent overestimates of actual feed intake. Values were calculated based on dry weight of feed as fed as follows:
Total feed intake (grams/individual, as fed) over the 12-wk study:
Total feed proffered (g) - total estimated uneaten feed (g)
Daily feed intake (grams of food consumed per individual per day, as fed):
Total feed proffered (g) - total estimated uneaten feed (g)
Number of days Copper intake (milligrams of dry copper consumed per individual) over the 12-wk study:
[Total feed proffered (g) - total estimated uneaten feed (g)] x [copper (mg)/dry feed (g)]
Total tissue copper content:
Tissue dry weight x copper in tissue (ppm)
Test diameter and total wet weight were measured as described previously. The estimated dry matter production was calculated as follows:
Final sea urchin dry weight (g) - calculated initial sea urchin dry weight (g)
Feed and Tissue Copper-Level Determination
Treatment diets as well as sea urchin test, gonad (ovary or testis), and gut dry tissue samples (organs from 10 individuals per treatment) were analyzed for copper concentration at Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi. Samples were digested using a MARSXpress closed-vessel microwave digester (CEM Corporation, Matthews, NC). Copper concentration for each treatment feed or individual sea urchin organ was subsequently determined using a Varian SpectrAA 220Z Atomic Absorption Graphite Furnace system (Varian Corporation, Houston, TX).
One gonad lobe from each individual (n = 16 per treatment) was fixed for 24 h in Davidson's solution and then transferred to 70% ETOH after 24 h. Tissue samples were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at a thickness of 5 [micro]m, and stained with eosin and hematoxylin. Gonad histology was evaluated using an SMZ-1000 zoom stereomicroscope with 2x objective and DSFil color camera (Nikon, Milville, NY). Total area of individual acini (4-6 per individual) were measured, and the areas occupied by nutritive cells and developing gametes were determined using color analysis with the NIS-Elements imaging software (version 2.34, Nikon).
Normality and homogeneity of variances were tested initially using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene tests, respectively, and all data satisfied the assumptions for parametric analysis. The analyses for total wet weight and test diameter were performed using a repeated-measures model with PROC MIXED (SAS version 9.1; SAS Institute, Cary, NC). The effects of treatment group, time in weeks, and the interaction of treatment group and time were evaluated by F tests. The apriori planned comparisons of specific differences in predicted treatment means averaged over time and at each time point (0, 4, 8, 12 wk) were compared using Tukey's adjustment for multiple comparisons. For all other data, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to evaluate the effect of dietary treatment. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to adjust for size to evaluate the direct effect of dietary treatment on organs. Wet or dry test was used as a covariant for organ wet and dry weights, respectively. Male and female gonads were analyzed separately. When the null hypothesis was rejected, Tukey's adjustment was used to compare each pair of group means. All assumptions for ANCOVA analyses were met, including linearity of covariate and dependent variable, homogeneity of variance, and homogeneity of regression. Because all results of ANCOVA were the same as ANOVA, only results for ANOVA are presented. For all analyses, P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Histological data were also studied by ANOVA, and Tukey's adjustment was used to compare each pair of group means to determine significance (P < 0.05) in gonad maturity based on area occupied by parietal and mature gametes and nutritive phagocytes.
Two of 16 urchins died at week 11 in the 12-mg Cu/kg diet treatment. These urchins developed black lesions associated with the epithelial layer. They subsequently showed a decrease in food consumption and spine loss around the lesion. Postmortem dissections of these urchins revealed large numbers of red coelomocytes in the coelomic fluid. Survival in all other treatments was 100% over the 12-wk study period.
Total feed intake did not differ significantly (P [greater than or equal to] 0.05) between males and females within treatments, and data were combined for analysis. Feed intake was significantly lower (P < 0.05) for urchins fed the 36-mg Cu/kg diet for the 4-8-wk and 8-12-wk time periods (Table 1) compared with the feed intake for the 12-mg Cu/kg and 114-mg Cu/kg diets for the same time periods. Total feed intake was significantly lower (P < 0.05) for the 36-mg Cu/kg diet than the 12-mg Cu/kg and 114-mg Cu/kg diets.
Copper was detected in all the tissues derived from all treatments and was highest in tissues of urchins fed the 114-mg Cu/kg diet (Table 2). The gut had the highest level of copper for all tissues regardless of diet. Copper was significantly higher in the gut from urchins fed the 114-mg Cu/kg diet (P < 0.05) compared with the 12-mg Cu/kg and 36-mg Cu/kg diets. The copper level in the gonad tissue did not differ significantly between the 12-mg Cu/kg and 36-mg Cu/kg diet, but was significantly higher in urchins fed the 114-mg Cu/kg diet (P < 0.05) than the 12 mg Cu/kg and 36 mg Cu/kg diets. At 12 wk, the total copper accumulated in the test was greater than that for any of the other tissues for all of the diets because of its higher percent of the body weight (Table 3). The organs from individuals in the 114-mg Cu/kg diet had the highest levels of copper accumulation compared with the 12-mg Cu/kg and 36-mg Cu/kg diets.
All diets supported wet weight gain over the 12-wk period. At week 12, there were no significant differences in test diameters among the 3 dietary treatments (Table 4). Mean wet weight was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in sea urchins fed the 36-mg Cu/kg diet at weeks 8 and 12 compared with the other diet treatments. Total dry weight did not differ significantly among the treatments at either week 0 or week 12.
Organ Wet and Dry Weight
The wet weight of tests for urchins fed the 36-mg Cu/kg diet was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that for urchins fed the 12-mg Cu/kg diet, but did not differ significantly from those fed the 114-mg Cu/kg diet (Table 5). There was no significant difference in dry weights of tests among dietary treatments. The wet weight of the lantern from urchins fed the 6-mg Cu/kg diet was significantly heavier than those from urchins fed either the 36-mg Cu/kg or 114-mg Cu/kg diets (1.29 [+ or -] 0.06 g, 1.12 [+ or -] 0.05 g, and 1.15 [+ or -] 0.03 g, respectively; ANOVA, P = 0.03); however, there was no significant difference in dry weights of the lanterns among any of the treatments (Table 5). The lantern index (dry lantern/dry test) for the 12-mg Cu/kg diet (0.097 [+ or -] 0.003) was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that for urchins fed the 36-mg Cu/kg and 114-mg Cu/kg dietary treatments (0.083 [+ or ] 0.0033 and 0.086 [+ or -] 0.004, respectively). Wet and dry weights of guts were significantly lower for urchins fed the 114-mg Cu/kg diet (0.83 [+ or -] 0.04 g) compared with the 12-mg Cu/kg and 36-mg Cu/ kg diet (P < 0.05). Ovary wet and dry weights for urchins fed the 114-mg Cu/kg diet were significantly lower than the 12-mg Cu/ kg and 36-mg Cu/kg diet (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the wet or dry weights of the testes among diet treatments (Table 5). The gonad index was significantly lower (P < 0.05) for females fed the 114-mg Cu/kg diet compared with the 12-mg Cu/kg and 36-mg Cu/kg diet (Table 6), and was significantly lower (P < 0.05) for males fed the 114-mg Cu/kg diet compared with 12-mg Cu/kg diet, but did not differ significantly from those fed 36-mg Cu/kg diet.
The ratio of acinus area occupied by parietal and mature gametes to the area encompassing nutritive phagocytic cells decreased with increasing dietary copper in females and was significantly lower in the l14-mg Cu/kg diet (0.32 [+ or -] 0.04) compared with the 12-mg Cu/kg and 36-mg Cu/kg diets (0.50 [+ or -] 0.07 and 0.42 [+ or -] 0.03, respectively; Table 7). The ratio of mature gametes to nutritive phagocytes was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in males fed the 12-mg Cu/kg diet compared with the 36-mg Cu/kg and 114-mg Cu/kg diets (0.34 [+ or -] 0.03 and 0.40 [+ or -] 0.03, respectively).
Direct measures of feed intake could not be accomplished in this study because of time and labor available; thus, feed intake was estimated as described previously (Jones et al. 2010). These feed intake estimates are reasonable, as personnel were trained in feed intake evaluation, and all evaluations were consistent. It is acknowledged that these estimates may result in increased variation and increase the potential for type II error. Individual sea urchins feed intermittently and without consistency (i.e., some individuals will feed, whole or in part, immediately, whereas others may not feed for several hours, allowing nutrient leaching) (Hammer et al. 2006). Consequently, feed estimates are always confounded by leaching, and feed intake values will be overestimates of the actual amount of feed consumed. However, these estimated feed intake values are comparable among the diets in this study.
All diets supported higher rates of weight gain than those reported for wild sea urchin populations (Beddingfield & McClintock 2000). However, weight gain differed among urchins fed different levels of dietary copper. Lower average weight gain and survival in the urchins fed the 12-mg Cu/kg diet suggest that there is a copper requirement that is not met by this lower dietary copper level. Weight gain was also lower for the 114-kg Cu/mg diet, indicating a potential negative effect of higher dietary copper levels. Elevated copper levels can also have a negative impact on animal physiology. Lower production weights of the gut and ovaries from urchins receiving the 114-kg Cu/mg diet further suggest a sublethal toxic effect. Similar organs of fish and other invertebrates accumulate dietary copper (Wang & Rainbow 2000, Kamunde et al. 2002, De Schamphelaere et al. 2007).
The patterns of copper accumulation were similar to those reported in other animals. In fish and mammals, copper concentrations have been reported to be highest in the gut and liver (Kamunde & Wood 2003). Between 30-50% of the ingested copper in mammals is absorbed in the small intestines (Gaetka & Chow 2003). In trout, copper accumulation in the tissues is directly related to dietary copper levels and is found at the highest concentration in the liver (Kamunde & Wood 2003). The accumulation of copper in the whole body has also been reported in P. monodon fed different levels of dietary copper (Lee & Shiau 2002). In L. variegatus, the gut tissue contained the highest concentration of copper, but the test, because of its larger mass, stored the highest quantity of copper. Although copper levels were elevated in urchins fed higher dietary levels of copper, the levels did not always show a direct relationship to the dietary copper levels, suggesting regulation of the copper levels in some organs when consuming low to moderate levels of copper.
No mortalities were observed in urchins fed the 114-mg Cu/kg diet in this 12-wk study. The only mortalities were of urchins receiving the lowest dietary copper level, suggesting a pathological copper deficiency. The pathology of the mortalities observed in the 12-mg Cu/kg diet was consistent with that described for a Vibrio sp. bacterial infection (Masuda et al. 2004). Copper is an important component of the immune system in many animals (Kelly et al. 1995). Although the role of copper in the immune system of sea urchins is not known, we hypothesize it is similar to that found in the immune response of other organisms. In mammals, cytochrome c and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase both contain copper, and activities of cytochrome c oxides and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase decrease in rats maintained on low-copper diets. It has been hypothesized that this decrease in enzyme activity may result in an increase in free radicals and the potential for increased tissue damage (Koller et al. 1987).
High copper levels affected reproductive processes in L. variegatus. The increased copper content of the gonad tissue corresponded to reduced gamete development in both males and females. Copper affected steroidogenesis in the testes of male albino rats resulting in suppressed male reproductive activity and reduced testicular weight (Chattopadhyay et al. 1999). In male rats, 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity is inhibited by copper (Chattopadhyay et al. 1999). This same pathway for androgen production is present in L. variegatus (Wasson & Watts 2000, Wasson et al. 2000) and could be similarly affected by dietary copper. Furthermore, transition metals, such zinc and selenium (Trawick 2009, Jones et al. 2010), which are essential in small quantities for growth and health, can accumulate in the organs and impact the development of ovaries and testis, and affect copper function. Transition metals such as copper are important components of the proteins necessary for proper biological function; however, in excess, these same essential metals are potentially toxic (Bury et al. 2003). Excess copper can bind inappropriately to biologically sensitive molecules or can form free radicals (Bury et al. 2003). The growth and survival data in the current study suggest both a copper requirement and the ability of L. variegatus to regulate copper contained in the diet. Additional studies will be required to determine the copper requirement of L. variegatus during growth from juvenile to adult. However, the reduced production observed in the l l4-mg Cu/kg diet suggests that copper levels in the diet must be monitored to avoid potentially toxic effects and to preserve a functioning immune system.
We thank Jeff Barry, Anthony Siccardi, Patty Waits Beasley, and the rest of the staff at the Texas AgriLife Research Mariculture Laboratory in Port Aransas, Texas, for their technical support. We also thank Dr. Renee Desmond (Department of Biostatistics) and Dr. Robert Angus for statistical consultation. This publication was supported by the National Sea Grant College Program of the U.S. Department of Commerce's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under NOAA grant nos. NA16RG2258 and NA06OAR4170078, the Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium project nos. R/ SP-9 and R/SP-15, and the University of Alabama at Binningham. Additional support was provided by the Texas Sea Grant and Texas AgriLife Research Mariculture Laboratory, and the Lindberg Foundation. The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of any of those organizations.
Andrew, N. L., Y. Agatsuma, E. Ballesteros, A. G. Bazhin, E. P. Creaser, D. K. A. Barnes, L. W. Botsford, A. Bradbury, A. Campbell, J. D. Dixon, S. Einarsson, P. K. Gerring, K. Hebert, M. Hunter, S. B. Hur, C. R. Johnson, M. A. Juinio-Menez, P. Kalviss, R. J. Miller, C. A. Moreno, J. S. Palleiro, D. Rivas, S. M. L. Robinson, S. C. Schroeter, R. S. Steneck, R. L. Vadas, D. A. Woodby & Z. Xiaoqi. 2002. Status and management of world sea urchin fisheries. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 40:343-425.
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Davis, D. A. D. M., I. I. I. Gatlin & A. L. Lawrence. 1993. Dietary copper requirement of Penaeus vannamei. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 95:117-199.
De Schamphelaere, K. A. C., I. Forrez, K. Dierckens, P. Sorgeloos & C. R. Janssen. 2007. Chronic toxicity of dietary copper to Daphnia magna. Aquat. Toxicol. 81:409-418.
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Hammer, H. S., B. Hammer, S. Watts, A. Lawrence & J. Lawrence. 2006. The effect of dietary protein and carbohydrate concentration on the biochemical composition and gametogenic condition of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. J. Exp. Mar. Biol, Ecol. 334:109-121.
Hammer, H. S., M. L. Powell, V. K. Gibbs, W. T. Jones, S. A. Watts, A. L. Lawrence, J. M. Lawrence & L. R. D'Abramo. 2010. Effect of dietary menhaden oil and soy oil on consumption, somatic growth and gonad production of the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus. In L. G. Harris, S. A. Bottger, C. W. Walker & M. P. Lesser, editors. Proceedings of the 12th International Echinoderm Conference, Durham, New Hampshire. Taylor and Francis Group, London, UK. pp. 377-384.
Jones, W. T., M. L. Powell, V. K. Gibbs, H. S. Hammer, J. M. Lawrence, J. Fox, A. L. Lawrence & S. A. Watts. 2010. The effect of dietary selenium on weight gain and gonad production in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 41:675-686.
Kamunde, C., M. Grosell, D. Higgs & C. M. Wood. 2002. Copper metabolism in actively growing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): interactions between dietary and waterborne copper uptake. J. Exp. Biol. 205: 279-290.
Kamunde, C. & C. M. Wood. 2003. The influence of ration size on copper homeostasis during sublethal dietary copper exposure in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquat. Toxicol. 62:235-254.
Kelly, D. S., P. A. Daudu, P. C. Taylor, B. E. Mackey & J. R. Turnlund. 1995. Effects of low-copper diets on human immune response. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62:412-416.
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Lee, M. & S. Shiau. 2002. Dietary copper requirement of juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon, and effects on non-specific immune responses. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 13:259.
Lorenzo, J. I., O. Nieto & R. Beiras. 2002. Effect of humic acids on speciation and toxicity of copper to Paracentrotus lividus larvae in seawater. Aquat. Toxicol. 58:27-41.
Masuda, Y., K. Tajima & Y. Ezura. 2004. Resuscitation of Tenacibaculum sp., the causative bacterium of spotting disease of sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius, from the viable but non-culturable state. Fish. Sci. 70:277-284.
Trawick, K. M. 2009. The effects of dietary zinc on growth and reproduction of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Master thesis, University of Alabama at Birmingham. 44 pp.
Wang, W. X. & P. S. Rainbow. 2000. Dietary uptake of Cd, Cr, and Zn by the barnacle Balanus trigonus: influence of diet composition. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Set. 204:159-168.
Wasson, K. M., B. A. Gower, G. A. Hines & S. A. Watts. 2000. Levels of progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol, and androstenedione metabolism in the gonads of Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. 126:153-165.
Wasson, K. M. & S. A. Watts. 2000. Progesterone metabolism in the ovaries and testes of the echinoid Lytechinus variegatus Lamarck (Echinodermata). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. 127:263-272.
MICKIE L. POWELL, (1), * WARREN T. JONES, (1) VICTORIA K. GIBBS, (1) HUGH S. HAMMER, (1) JOHN M. LAWRENCE, (2) JOE FOX, (3) ADDISON L. LAWRENCE (4) AND STEPHEN A. WATTS (1)
(1) Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170, (2) Department of Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620; (3) Texas A&M University System, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412; (4) Texas Agrilife Research Station, 1300 Port Street, Port Aransas, TX 78373
* Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
TABLE 1. Feed intake and copper consumption in L. variegatus fed diets containing 12, 36, or 114 mg Cu/kg for 12 wk. Diets Weeks 0-4 Weeks 4-8 (mg Cu/kg) (g/individual/day) (g/individual/day) 12 0.14 [+ or -] 0.004 (a) 0.28 [+ or -] 0.01 (a) 36 0.13 [+ or -] 0.005 (a) 0.19 [+ or -] 0.01 (b) 114 0.14 [+ or -] 0.004 (a) 0.23 [+ or -] 0.01 (a) Total Feed Diets Weeks 8-12 Consumed (mg Cu/kg) (g/individual/day) (g/individual) 12 0.29 [+ or -] 0.02 (a) 20.11 [+ or -] 0.60 (a) 36 0.22 [+ or -] 0.01 (b) 15.80 [+ or -] 0.64 (b) 114 0.27 [+ or -] 0.01 (a) 18.60 [+ or -] 0.48 (a) Total Copper Diets Consumed (mg Cu/kg) ([micro]g/individual) 12 239.4 [+ or -] 7.1 (a) 36 542.3 [+ or -] 22.l (b) 114 2,127.0 [+ or -] 54.6 (c) Feed intake was reported for each 4-wk period. Values represent means of 14-16 individuals per treatment [+ or -] SEM. Different letters are significantly different among treatments (Tukey's post hoc, P < 0.05); n = 16 per treatment. TABLE 2. Copper levels in dry organs of L, variegatus fed diets containing 12, 36, or 114 mg Cu/kg for 12 wk. Empirical Feed Test Gut Level (mg Cu/kg) (mg Cu/kg) (mg Cu/kg) 12 13.2 [+ or -] 0.61 (a) 29 [+ or -] 21 (a) 36 9.0 [+ or -] 0.58 (a) 48 [+ or -] 2.7 (a) 114 15.5 [+ or -] 0.86 (a) 257 [+ or -] 23 (b) Empirical Feed Gonad Level (mg Cu/kg) (mg Cu/kg) 12 12.5 [+ or -] 0.4 (a) 36 12.5 [+ or -] 0.5 (a) 114 28.8 [+ or -] 7.5 (b) Values are means [+ or -] SEM. Treatments with different letters are significantly different within rows (Tukey's post hoc, P < 0.05); n = 10 individuals per treatment. TABLE 3. Total copper amounts in dry organs of L. variegatus fed diets containing 12, 36, or 114 mg Cu/kg for 12 wk. Empirical Feed Test Gut Level (mg Cu/kg) (mg Cu) (mg Cu) 12 99 [+ or -] 6.3 (a) 6 [+ or -] 0.47 (a) 36 70 [+ or -] 3.7 (b) 12 [+ or -] 2.1 (b) 114 117 [+ or -] 10.8 (c) 56 [+ or -] 6.7 (c) Empirical Feed Gonad Level (mg Cu/kg) (mg Cu) 12 2.7 [+ or -] 4.5 (a) 36 2.6 [+ or -] 2.6 (a) 114 62 [+ or -] 216 Values are means t SEM. For each time period, treatments with different letters are significantly different (Tukey's post hoc, P < 0.05). (n = 10 individuals per treatment). TABLE 4. Growth measurements of L. variegatus fed diets containing 12, 36, or 114 mg Cu/kg for 12 wk. Diet Week 0 Diameter (mm) 12 31.6 [+ or -] 0.26 (a) 36 31.3 [+ or -] 0.21 (a) 114 32.0 [+ or -] 0.27 (a) Total wet weight (g) 12 15.97 [+ or -] 0.44 (aa) 36 15.13 [+ or -] 0.21 (aa) 114 16.34 [+ or -] 0.35 (aa) Total dry weight (g) 12 3.78 [+ or -] 0.09 (aa) 36 3.60 [+ or -] 0.4l (aa) 114 3.85 [+ or -] 0.07 (aa) Diet Week 4 Diameter (mm) 12 35.6 [+ or -] 0.25 (a) 36 34.8 [+ or -] 0.24 (a) 114 35.3 [+ or -] 0.29 (a) Total wet weight (g) 12 23.78 [+ or -] 0.57 (a) 36 23.22 [+ or -] 0.51 (a) 114 23.51 [+ or -] 0.60 (a) Total dry weight (g) 12 * 36 * 114 * Diet Week 8 Diameter (mm) 12 40.0 [+ or -] 0.33 (a) 36 39.7 [+ or -] 0.32 (a) 114 39.0 [+ or -] 0.52 (a) Total wet weight (g) 12 32.94 [+ or -] 0.86 (a) 36 34.93 [+ or -] 0.82 (b) 114 31.97 [+ or -] 1.20 (a) Total dry weight (g) 12 * 36 * 114 * Diet Week 12 Diameter (mm) 12 42.5 [+ or -] 0.41 (a) 36 43.2 [+ or -] 0.39 (a) 114 42.4 [+ or -] 0.61 (a) Total wet weight (g) 12 39.90 [+ or -] l.40 (a) 36 43.24 [+ or -] 1.18 (b) 114 40.25 [+ or -] 1.70 (a) Total dry weight (g) 12 11.3 [+ or -] 0.50 (a) 36 11.3 [+ or -] 0.50 (a) 114 11.0 [+ or -] 0.50 (a) For each dependent variable at each time period, treatments with different letters are significantly different within rows (PROC MIXED, SAS 9.12; P < 0.05, n = 16 individuals per treatment 36 and 12 mg Cu/kg; n = 14 individuals in treatment 12 mg Cu/kg). * No urchins dissected at these time points. TABLE 5. Mean organ wet and dry weights [+ or -] SEM of L. variegatus fed diets containing 12, 36, or 114 mg Cu/kg for 12 wk. mg Cu / kg diet Week 0 Test Wet weight (g) 12 6.71 [+ or -] 0.20 36 6.35 [+ or -] 0.09 114 6.88 [+ or -] 0.16 Dry weight (g) 12 3.35 [+ or -] 0.09 36 3.18 [+ or -] 0.04 114 3.42 [+ or -] 0.07 Lantern Wet weight (g) 12 1.17 [+ or -] 0.10 36 0.98 [+ or -] 0.05 114 1.26 [+ or -] 0.08 Dry weight (g) 12 0.51 [+ or -] 0.03 36 0.46 [+ or -] 0.01 114 0.54 [+ or -] 0.02 Gut Wet weight (g) 12 0.34 [+ or -] 0.02 36 0.30 [+ or -] 0.01 114 0.35 [+ or -] 0.02 Dry weight (g) 12 0.07 [+ or -] 0.00 36 0.06 [+ or -] 0.00 114 0.07 [+ or -] 0.00 Ovary Wet weight (g) 12 1.06 [+ or -] 0.20 36 0.69 [+ or -] 0.09 114 1.23 [+ or -] 0.16 Dry weight (g) 12 0.34 [+ or -] 0.06 36 0.22 [+ or -] 0.03 114 0.39 [+ or -] 0.05 Testis Wet weight (g) 12 1.06 [+ or -] 0.20 36 0.69 [+ or -] 0.09 114 1.23 [+ or -] 0.16 Dry weight (g) 12 0.34 [+ or -] 0.06 36 0.22 [+ or -] 0.03 114 0.39 [+ or -] 0.05 mg Cu / kg diet Week 12 ANOVA * Test Wet weight (g) 12 14.3 [+ or -] 0.43 a 36 16.4 [+ or -] 0.60 b 114 15.1 [+ or -] 0.56 ab Dry weight (g) 12 7.35 [+ or -] 0.24 a 36 8.01 [+ or -] 0.26 a 114 7.71 [+ or -] 0.30 a Lantern Wet weight (g) 12 1.29 [+ or -] 0.06 a 36 1.12 [+ or -] 0.05 b 114 1.15 [+ or -] 0.03 6 Dry weight (g) 12 0.71 [+ or -] 0.03 a 36 0.66 [+ or -] 0.02 a 114 0.65 [+ or -] 0.02 a Gut Wet weight (g) 12 0.97 [+ or -] 0.04 a 36 1.07 [+ or -] 0.06 a 114 0.83 [+ or -] 0.04 b Dry weight (g) 12 0.22 [+ or -] 0.01 a 36 0.25 [+ or -] 0.02 a 114 0.18 [+ or -] 0.01 b Ovary Wet weight (g) 12 7.24 [+ or -] 0.75 a 36 8.11 [+ or -] 0.55 a 114 4.99 [+ or -] 0.32 b Dry weight (g) 12 1.95 [+ or -] 0.24 a 36 2.25 [+ or -] 0.19 a 114 1.51 [+ or -] 0.12 b Testis Wet weight (g) 12 6.44 [+ or -] 0.50 a 36 6.08 [+ or -] 0.60 a 114 5.03 [+ or -] 0.62 a Dry weight (g) 12 1.97 [+ or -] 0.15 a 36 1.91 [+ or -] 0.22 a 114 1.64 [+ or -] 0.21 a * For the effect of dietary treatment on organs, ANOVA results did not differ from those obtained when data were analyzed by ANCOVA using the wet or dry test as a covariant for organ wet and dry weights. Therefore, only results from ANOVA are presented. Treatments with different letters are significantly different within rows for each tissue and weight. n = 16 individuals per treatment 36 and 12 mg Cu/kg; n = 14 individuals in treatment 12 mg Cu/kg. TABLE 6. Gonad index of female and male L. variegatus [+ or -] SEM fed diets containing 12, 36, or 114 mg Cu/kg at 12 wk. Diet Female (mg Cu/ kg) (gonad wt/total wt) 12 18.32 [+ or -] 1.75 (a) (n = 6) 36 19.39 [+ or -] 0.96 (a) (n = 7) 114 14.18 [+ or -] 0.98 (b) (n = 9) Diet Male (mg Cu/ kg) (gonad wt /total wt) 12 16.11 [+ or -] 1.08 (a) (n = 8) 36 13.62 [+ or -] 1.03 (a) (b) (n 9 114 10.93 [+ or -] 1.89 (b) (n = 7) Different letters within sex are significantly different (Tukey's post hoc, P < 0.05). TABLE 7. The ratio of acini area occupied by parietal and mature gametes to the area encompassing nutritive phagocytic cells in gonad acini in L. variegatus. 12 mg Cu/kg 36 mg Cu/kg Males (testis) 0.67 [+ or -] 0.08 (a) 0.34 [+ or -] 0.03 (a) (n = 8) (n = 9) Females 0.50 [+ or -] 0.07 (a) 0.42 [+ or -] 0.03 (a) (ovary) (n = 6) (n = 7) 114 mg Cu/kg Males (testis) 0.40 [+ or -] 0.03 (b) (n = 7) Females 0.32 [+ or -] 0.04 (b) (ovary) (n = 9) Different letters within sex are significantly different (Tukey's post hoc, P < 0.05).
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| 0.873015 | 11,144 | 2.6875 | 3 |
|Category 4 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)|
|Formed||August 27, 1900|
|Dissipated||September 17, 1900|
|(Extratropical after September 11, 1900)|
|Highest winds||1-minute sustained: 145 mph (230 km/h)
|Lowest pressure||936 mbar (hPa); 27.64 inHg|
|Damage||$21 million (1900 USD)|
|Areas affected||Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Cuba, Turks and Caicos Islands, Bahamas, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, Eastern Canada|
|Part of the 1900 Atlantic hurricane season|
The Hurricane of 1900, also known as the Great Galveston Hurricane, made landfall on September 8, 1900, in Galveston, Texas, in the United States. It had estimated winds of 145 miles per hour (233 km/h) at landfall, making it a Category 4 storm on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. It was the deadliest hurricane in US history, and the second costliest hurricane in U.S. history based on the dollar's 2005 value (to compare costs with those of Hurricane Katrina and others).
The hurricane caused great loss of life with a death toll of between 6,000 and 12,000 people; the number most cited in official reports is 8,000, giving the storm the third-highest number of deaths or injuries of any Atlantic hurricane, after the Great Hurricane of 1780 and 1998's Hurricane Mitch. The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 is the deadliest natural disaster ever to strike the United States. The second-deadliest storm to strike the United States, the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane, caused more than 2,500 deaths, and the deadliest storm of recent times, Hurricane Katrina, claimed the lives of approximately 1,800 people.
The hurricane occurred before the practice of assigning official code names to tropical storms was instituted, and thus it is commonly referred to under a variety of descriptive names. Typical names for the storm include the Galveston Hurricane of 1900, the Great Galveston Hurricane, and, especially in older documents, the Galveston Flood. It is often referred to by Galveston locals as the Great Storm or the 1900 Storm.
The storm's origins are unclear, because of the limited observation ability at the end of the 19th century. Ship reports were the only reliable tool for observing hurricanes at sea, and because wireless telegraphy was in its infancy, these reports were not available until the ships put in at a harbor. The 1900 storm, like many powerful Atlantic hurricanes, is believed to have begun as a Cape Verde-type hurricane—a tropical wave moving off the western coast of Africa. The first formal sighting of the hurricane's precursor occurred on August 27, about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) east of the Windward Islands, when a ship recorded an area of "unsettled weather." The storm passed through the Leeward Islands on August 30, probably as a tropical depression as indicated by barometric pressure reports from Antigua.
Three days later, Antigua reported a severe thunderstorm passing over, followed by the hot, humid calmness that often occurs after the passage of a tropical cyclone. By September 1, U.S. Weather Bureau observers were reporting on a "storm of moderate intensity (not a hurricane)" southeast of Cuba. Continuing westward, the storm made landfall on southwest Cuba on September 3, dropping heavy rains. On September 5, it emerged into the Florida Straits as a tropical storm or a weak hurricane. The Weather Bureau ignored reports from Cuban meteorologists because they expected the storm to curve northeast along the coast of North America: "Assumption became fact as the official government reports stated, wrongly, that the storm was traveling northeast in the Atlantic." However, a region of high pressure had pushed the storm to the west into the Gulf of Mexico.
The storm was reported to be north of Key West on September 6, and in the early morning hours of Friday, September 7, the Weather Bureau office in New Orleans, Louisiana, issued a report of heavy damage along the Louisiana and Mississippi coasts. Details of the storm were not widespread; damage to telegraph lines limited communication. The Weather Bureau's central office in Washington, D.C., ordered storm warnings raised from Pensacola, Florida, to Galveston. By the afternoon of the 7th, large swells from the southeast were observed on the Gulf, and clouds at all altitudes began moving in from the northeast. Both of these observations are consistent with a hurricane approaching from the east. The Galveston Weather Bureau office raised its double square flags; a hurricane warning was in effect. The ship Louisiana encountered the hurricane at 1 p.m. that day after departing New Orleans. Captain Halsey estimated wind speeds of 100 mph (160 km/h). These winds correspond to a Category 2 hurricane in the modern-day Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale.
By early afternoon on Saturday, September 8, a steady northeastern wind had picked up. By 5 p.m., the Bureau office was recording sustained hurricane-force winds. That night, the wind direction shifted to the east, and then to the southeast as the hurricane's eye began to pass over the island just west of the city. By 11 p.m., the wind was southerly and diminishing. On Sunday morning, clear skies and a 20 mph (30 km/h) breeze off the Gulf of Mexico greeted the Galveston survivors. The storm continued on, and later tracked into Oklahoma. From there, it continued over the Great Lakes while still sustaining winds of almost 40 mph (as recorded over Milwaukee, Wisconsin) and passed north of Halifax, Nova Scotia, on September 12, 1900. From there it traveled into the North Atlantic where it disappeared from observations, after decimating a schooner fleet fishing off the coast of Newfoundland.
At the end of the 19th century, the city of Galveston, Texas, was a booming town with a population of 36,000 residents. Its position on the natural harbor of Galveston Bay along the Gulf of Mexico made it the center of trade and one of the biggest cities in the state of Texas. With this prosperity came a sense of complacency.
A quarter of a century earlier, the nearby town of Indianola on Matagorda Bay was undergoing its own boom and was second to Galveston among Texas port cities. Then in 1875, a powerful hurricane blew through, nearly destroying the town. Indianola was rebuilt, though a second hurricane in 1886 caused residents to simply give up and move elsewhere. Many Galveston residents took the destruction of Indianola as an object lesson on the threat posed by hurricanes. Galveston is built on a low, flat island, little more than a large sandbar along the Gulf Coast. These residents proposed a seawall be constructed to protect the city, but their concerns were dismissed by the majority of the population and the city's government.
Since its formal founding in 1839, the city of Galveston had weathered numerous storms, all of which the city survived with ease. Residents believed any future storms would be no worse than previous events. In order to provide an official meteorological statement on the threat of hurricanes, Galveston Weather Bureau section director Isaac Cline wrote an 1891 article in the Galveston Daily News in which he argued not only that a seawall was not needed to protect the city, but also that it would be impossible for a hurricane of significant strength to strike the island. The seawall was not built, and development activities on the island actively increased its vulnerability to storms. Sand dunes along the shore were cut down to fill low areas in the city, removing what little barrier there was to the Gulf of Mexico.
On September 4, the Galveston office of the National Weather Service began receiving warnings from the Bureau's central office in Washington, D.C., that a "tropical storm" had moved northward over Cuba. The Weather Bureau forecasters had no way of knowing where the storm was or where it was going. At the time, they discouraged the use of terms such as tornado or hurricane to avoid panicking residents in the path of any storm event. Conditions in the Gulf of Mexico were ripe for further strengthening of the storm. The Gulf had seen little cloud cover for several weeks, and the seas were as warm as bathwater, according to one report. For a storm system that feeds off moisture, the Gulf of Mexico was enough to boost the storm from a tropical storm to a hurricane in a matter of days, with further strengthening likely.
Weather Bureau forecasters believed the storm would travel northeast and affect the mid-Atlantic coast. "To them, the storm appeared to have begun a long turn or 'recurve' that would take it first into Florida, then drive it northeast toward an eventual exit into the Atlantic." Cuban forecasters adamantly disagreed, saying the hurricane would continue west. One Cuban forecaster predicted the hurricane would continue into central Texas near San Antonio. Early the next morning, the swells continued despite only partly cloudy skies. Largely because of the unremarkable weather, few residents heeded the warning. Few people evacuated across Galveston's bridges to the mainland, and the majority of the population was unconcerned by the rain clouds that began rolling in by midmorning.
Isaac Cline claimed that he took it upon himself to travel along the beach and other low-lying areas warning people personally of the storm's approach. These reports by Cline and his brother, Galveston meteorologist Joseph L. Cline, have been called into question in recent years, as no other survivors corroborated these accounts. In fact, Cline's role in the disaster is the subject of some controversy. Supporters point to Cline's issuing a hurricane warning without permission from the Bureau's central office; detractors (including author Erik Larson) point to Cline's earlier insistence that a seawall was unnecessary and his belief that an intense hurricane could not strike the island.
The first train to reach Galveston left Houston on the morning of September 8 at 9:45 a.m. It found the tracks washed out, and passengers were forced to transfer to a relief train on parallel tracks to complete their journey. Even then, debris on the track slowed the train's progress to a crawl. The 95 travelers on the train from Beaumont found themselves at the Bolivar Peninsula waiting for the ferry that would carry them, train and all, to the island. When it arrived, the high seas forced the ferry captain to give up on his attempt to dock. The train crew attempted to return the way they had come, but rising water blocked the train's path.
Ten refugees from the Beaumont train sought shelter at the Point Bolivar lighthouse with 200 residents of Port Bolivar who were already there. The 85 who stayed with the train died when the storm surge overran the tops of the cars.
|“||First news from Galveston just received by train which could get no closer to the bay shore than six miles where the prairie was strewn with debris and dead bodies. About 200 corpses counted from the train. Large steamship stranded two miles inland. Nothing could be seen of Galveston. Loss of life and property undoubtedly most appalling. Weather clear and bright here with gentle southeast wind.||”|
|— G.L. Vaughan
Manager, Western Union, Houston,
in a telegram to the Chief of the U.S. Weather Bureau on the day after the hurricane, September 9, 1900
At the time of the 1900 storm the highest point in the city of Galveston was only 8.7 feet (2.7 m) above sea level. The hurricane brought with it a storm surge of over 15 feet (4.6 m), which washed over the entire island. The surge knocked buildings off their foundations and the surf pounded them to pieces. Over 3,600 homes were destroyed and a wall of debris faced the ocean. The few buildings which survived, mostly solidly built mansions and houses along the Strand District, are today maintained as tourist attractions.
The highest measured wind speed was 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) just after 6 p.m., but the Weather Bureau's anemometer was blown off the building shortly after that measurement was recorded. The eye passed over the city around 8 p.m. Maximum winds were estimated at 120 mph (190 km/h) at the time, though later estimates placed the hurricane at the higher Category 4 classification on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. The lowest recorded barometric pressure was 28.48 inHg (964.4 hPa), considered at the time to be so low as to be obviously in error. Modern estimates later placed the storm's central pressure at 27.49 inHg (930.9 hPa), but this was subsequently adjusted to the storm's official lowest measured central pressure of 27.63 inHg (935.7 hPa).
As severe as the damage to the city's buildings was, the human toll was even greater. Because of the destruction of the bridges to the mainland and the telegraph lines, no word of the city's destruction was able to reach the mainland. At 11 a.m. on September 9, one of the few ships at the Galveston wharfs to survive the storm, the Pherabe, arrived in Texas City on the western side of Galveston Bay. It carried six messengers from the city. When they reached the telegraph office in Houston at 3 a.m. on September 10, a short message was sent to Texas Governor Joseph D. Sayers and U.S. President William McKinley: "I have been deputized by the mayor and Citizen's Committee of Galveston to inform you that the city of Galveston is in ruins." The messengers reported an estimated five hundred dead; this was considered to be an exaggeration at the time.
The citizens of Houston knew a powerful storm had blown through and had made ready to provide assistance. Workers set out by rail and ship for the island almost immediately. Rescuers arrived to find the city completely destroyed. It is believed 8,000 people—20% of the island's population—had lost their lives. Estimates range from 6,000 to 12,000. Most had drowned or been crushed as the waves pounded the debris that had been their homes hours earlier. Many survived the storm itself but died after several days being trapped under the wreckage of the city, with rescuers unable to reach them. The rescuers could hear the screams of the survivors as they walked on the debris trying to rescue those they could. A further 30,000 were left homeless.
The dead bodies were so numerous that burying all of them was impossible. The dead were initially weighted down on barges and dumped at sea, but when the gulf currents washed many of the bodies back onto the beach, a new solution was needed. Funeral pyres were set up on the beaches, or wherever dead bodies were found, and burned day and night for several weeks after the storm. The authorities passed out free whiskey to sustain the distraught men conscripted for the gruesome work of collecting and burning the dead. More people were killed in this single storm than the total of those killed in all the tropical cyclones that have struck the United States since. This count is greater than 300 cyclones, as of 2009. The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 remains the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history.
The storm maintained tropical characteristics and Saffir–Simpson tropical storm-force winds (39–50 mph) when it crossed the Upper Midwest, with more than 4 inches (100 mm) of rain being reported over most of the southern third of Wisconsin. Wind created problems all over, including over Lake Michigan, and other areas in the path of the storm had similar problems. (Tropical storms reach Wisconsin and surrounding areas to the east, west, and south once every 50 years on average with others in the 19th century, 1961, and (subject to debate) Hurricane Ike in 2008; tropical depressions hit twice to three times every two years; and subtropical storms and depressions hit equally or more rarely than their tropical counterparts.)
The rapidly moving storm was still exhibiting winds of 65 mph (105 km/h) by the time it reached New York City on September 12, 1900. The New York Times reported that pedestrian-walking became difficult and that one death was attributed to the storm. A sign pole, snapped by wind, landed on a 23-year-old man, crushing his skull and killing him instantly, while two others were knocked unconscious. Awnings and signs on many buildings broke and the canvas roofing at the Fire Department headquarters was blown off.
Closer to the waterfront, along the Battery seawall, waves and tides were reported to be some of the highest in recent memory of the fishermen and sailors. Spray and debris were thrown over the wall, making working along the waterfront dangerous. Small craft in New York Harbor were thrown off course and tides and currents in the Hudson River made navigation difficult. In Brooklyn, The New York Times reported that trees were uprooted, signs and similar structures were blown down, and yachts were torn from moorings with some suffering severe damage. Because of the direction of the wind, Coney Island escaped the fury of the storm, though a bathing pavilion at Bath Beach suffered damage from wind and waves.
|Rank||Hurricane||Season||Cost (2010 USD)|
|4||"Galveston"||1915||$ 71.3 billion|
|5||Andrew||1992||$ 58.5 billion|
|6||"New England"||1938||$ 41.1 billion|
|7||"Cuba–Florida"||1944||$ 40.6 billion|
|8||"Okeechobee"||1928||$ 35.2 billion|
|9||Ike||2008||$ 29.5 billion|
|10||Donna||1960||$ 28.1 billion|
|Main article: List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes|
About 8,000 people were killed and the city destroyed over the course of several days. The survivors had little to live on until relief arrived.
Survivors set up temporary shelters in surplus U.S. Army tents along the shore. They were so numerous that observers began referring to Galveston as the "White City on the Beach". Others constructed so-called "storm lumber" homes, using salvageable material from the debris to build shelter.
Reporter Winifred Bonfils, a young journalist working for William Randolph Hearst, was the first reporter on the line at the flood's aftermath. She delivered an exclusive set of reports and Hearst sent relief supplies by train.
By September 12, Galveston received its first post-storm mail. The next day, basic water service was restored, and Western Union began providing minimal telegraph service. Within three weeks, cotton was again being shipped out of the port.
Before the Hurricane of 1900, Galveston was considered to be a beautiful and prestigious city and was known as the "Ellis Island of the West" and the "Wall Street of the Southwest". However, after the storm, development shifted north to Houston, which was enjoying the benefits of the oil boom. The dredging of the Houston Ship Channel in 1909 and 1914 ended Galveston's hopes of regaining its former status as a major commercial center.
To prevent future storms from causing destruction like that of the 1900 hurricane, many improvements to the island were made. The first 3 miles (4.8 km) of the Galveston Seawall, 17-foot (5 m) high, were built beginning in 1902 under the direction of Henry Martyn Robert. An all-weather bridge was constructed to the mainland to replace the ones destroyed in the storm.
The most dramatic effort to protect the city was its raising. Dredged sand was used to raise the city of Galveston by as much as 17 feet (5.2 m) above its previous elevation. Over 2,100 buildings were raised in the process, including the 3,000-ton St. Patrick's Church. The seawall and raising of the island were jointly named a National Historical Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2001.
In 1915, a storm similar in strength and track to the 1900 hurricane struck Galveston. The 1915 storm brought a 12-ft (4-m) storm surge which tested the new seawall. Although 53 people on Galveston Island lost their lives in the 1915 storm, this was a great reduction from the thousands who died in 1900.
The Galveston city government was reorganized into a commission government, a newly devised structure wherein the government is made of a small group of commissioners, each responsible for one aspect of governance. This was prompted by fears that the existing city council would be unable to handle the problem of rebuilding the city.
Reference: Deadliest US hurricanes
Today, Galveston is home to a cruise port, two universities, and a major insurance corporation. Homes and other buildings that survived the hurricane have been preserved, and give much of the city a Victorian look. The seawall, since extended to 10 miles (16 km), is now an attraction itself, as hotels and tourist attractions have been built along its length in seeming defiance of future storms.
The last reported survivor of the Galveston Hurricane of 1900, Mrs. Maude Conic of Wharton, Texas, died November 14, 2004, at the claimed age of 116, although the 1910 census and other records indicate she was younger than that.
In historiography, the hurricane and the rebuilding afterward divide what is known as the Golden Era (1875–1900) from the Open Era (1920–1957) of Galveston. The most important long-term impact of the hurricane was to confirm fears that Galveston was a dangerous place to make major investments in shipping and manufacturing operations; the economy of the Golden Era was no longer possible as investors fled. In 1920, Prohibition and tax law enforcement opened up new opportunities for criminal enterprises related to gambling and bootlegging in the city. Galveston rapidly became a prime resort destination enabled by the open vice businesses on the island. This new entertainment-based economy brought decades-long prosperity to the island.
The Galveston Historical Foundation maintains the Texas Seaport Museum at Pier 21 in the port of Galveston. Included in the museum is a documentary titled The Great Storm, that gives a recounting of the 1900 hurricane.
I remember now that it seemed as if we were in a bowl looking up toward the level of the sea. As we stood there in the sandy street, my mother and I, I wanted to take my mother's hand and hurry her away. I felt as if the sea was going to break over the edge of the bowl and come puring down upon us.
Galveston Island, with all its boasted accumulation of people, habitations, wealth, trade and commerce, is but a waif of the ocean, a locality but of yesterday ... liable, at any moment, and certain, at no distant day, of being engulfed and submerged by the self-same power that gave it form. Neither is it possible for all the skillful devices of mortal man to protect this doomed place against the impending danger; the terrible power of a hurricane cannot be ... resisted. I should as soon think of founding a city on an iceberg.
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Race Today is an essential resource for those studying the history of black community struggles in the 1970s and 1980s. The magazine started life as a journal produced by the Institute of Race Relations in the 1960s, but following an ideological dispute severed its links with the IRR in the early 1970s and was thereafter run by a collective whose members included Fraukh Dhondy, Leila Hassan, Darcus Howe, Gus John and Linton Kwesi Johnson.
Race Today appeared monthly from May 1969 to 1978, and bi-monthly from 1979 to 1988.
It was published from 1969 to 1973 by the Institute of Race Relations and from March 1973 to August 1974 by Towards Racial Justice.
- Peter Watson was editor from May 1969 to Feb 1970.
- Alexander Kirby was editor from Mar 1970 to Oct / Nov 1973.
- Ian Macdonald was guest editor in Dec 1973.
- Darcus Howe was editor from Jan 1974 to Dec 1984.
- Leila Hassan was editor from May/Jun 1985 to Jan 1988.
The Library has an excellent but incomplete run of Race Today from 1969 to 1988.
We would gratefully receive donations of issues to complete the run.
Members of the Race Today Collective included:
John La Rose (1927-2006) was born in Trinidad where he was active in trade union and political movements. He came to England in the early 1960s and founded New Beacon Books, the first black publishers and bookshop in Britain. With Andrew Salkey he founded the Caribbean Artists Movement as well as being active in black educational campaigns which challenged the racism directed towards young black people in schools. In 1975 he founded the Black Parents Movement. In 1981 he chaired the New Cross Massacre Action Committee, established in the wake of a fire which killed 13 young black people and which organised a protest march attended by 20,000 marchers.
In 1982 he helped found the International Book Fair of Radical Black and Third World Books, which ran annually until 1995, and was joint director with Jessica Huntley. He wrote that it was "a meeting of the continents for writers, publishers, distributors, booksellers, artists, musicians, filmmakers and people who inspire and consume their creative productions".
He was also chair of the George Padmore Institute, a library and educational centre established in 1991. He wrote several books of poetry
Darcus Howe was born in Trinidad and Tobago and first arrived in London aged 18 to enter the legal profession at Middle Temple, but he became a journalist instead. He went back to Trinidad, where he worked for a time as assistant editor on the trade union paper The Vanguard. He returned to Britain and became involved in black community struggles, joining the British Black Panther Movement in August 1970. Howe was arrested after a protest and tried for rioting, affray and assault but was acquitted after a trial at the Old Bailey by an all-white jury. He became editor of Race Today in 1974. In the years since he has presented a number of TV shows and documentaries and writes regularly for the New Statesman and the Guardian.
Linton Kwesi Johnson was born in Jamaica in 1952 and moved to London in 1963. He was briefly a member of the Black Panthers before joining RTC in 1974, who published his first book of poetry Voices of the Living and the Dead. His second Book Dread, Beat and Blood appeared the following year and he also produced an LP of the same name, working with reggae producer Dennis Bovell. His other records included Forces of Victory (1979), Bass Culture (1980) and Making History (1984). These were very influential records at the time, drawing as they did on young black music culture and patois. This style became known as "dub poetry" although Linton felt that this was an inaccurate description of his work.
Leila Hassan. Unfortunately we have been unable to discover much about her beyond the fact that she was the partner of Darcus Howe. She co-authored a book The Black Explosion in British Schools, published by Race Today in 1982.
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From Sewage to Fuel and Other Biofuel Developments
A new process being developed at the University of Kansas aims to turn treated sewage into biofuel. Meanwhile, the Department of Energy and USDA are putting $24 million into research of other biomass and biofuel projects.
At KU, researchers are testing a process by which microbes munch through treated sewage, creating an algae brew that can be harvested and turned into biofuel, reports the Journal Record.
During the process, the organic matter in the sewage is purified further, helping solve a problem of what to do with the waste, researchers say. The project is receiving Department of Transportation funding.
In further funding, the Department of Energy and the U.S. Department of Agriculture have announced $24 million in grants for biofuels, bioenergy and other bio-based products, according to a press release.
Among the biomass projects:
– GE Global Research is developing kinetic models of biomass gasification.
– Gevo Inc. is working on a yeast fermentation organism to convert cellulosic-derived sugars into biofuel.
– Yenkin-Majestic Paint Corp. is working on a dry fermentation project to turn food waste into biogas, heat and electrical power.
– Velocys Inc. is working on a smaller, more efficient way of converting biomass to biofuels that involves parallel arrays of channels a fifth of an inch wide.
In the area of biofuel production:
– Purdue University is analyzing the global impacts of second-generation biofuels.
– The University of Minnesota is investigating the sustainability of forest-based biofuel feedstocks in the Great Lakes regions.
– The Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials is comparing varying methods of collecting biomass from various sources for conversion to fuels for their environmental and economic impacts. The goal is to estimate the national potential for biofuels production.
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- Fairbanks Completes 4 Building Project in MA
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(January 2015) This article is a short summary of an essay by John F. May and Jean-Pierre Guengant, "Les défis démographiques des pays sahéliens," ÉTVDES 4206 (2014): 19-30, which has been used here with kind permission of the French monthly ÉTVDES.
Most regions of the world have experienced gradually declining rates of population growth. However, sub-Saharan Africa's population is still growing rapidly because the region has not yet embarked on its "demographic transition" from high to low birth and death rates.
The population of sub-Saharan Africa, estimated at 920 million in mid-2014, will more than double in the next 36 years. These projected demographic changes will have tremendous consequences for many issues, from agricultural production to prospects for socioeconomic development, as well as for the political stability of many countries. The Sahel, in particular, will face the most extreme challenges, compounded by the threat of the Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb.
The Arabic word sahel ("shore") denotes the transition zone between the Sahara Desert to the north and the savannah plains to the south. It is a semiarid region with an average rainfall between 12 to 20 inches per year. Since the definition of the Sahel is based on climate, it does not abide by strict international borders. Yet, the demographic figures and future population projections only exist at the country level. This article focuses on the 10 countries that make up the Sahel region—Burkina Faso, Chad, Eritrea, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, and Sudan (see map).
These 10 countries span over 7 million square kilometers and have close to 135 million inhabitants.1 Some of the larger countries that contain extensive expanses of desert (Mali and Niger) have low population densities of fewer than 20 people per square kilometer. Other geographically smaller countries that have access to the sea (such as Senegal) have population densities of 50 people or more per square kilometer. Landlocked Burkina Faso has a population density of 65 people per square kilometer (see table). Only The Gambia has more than 150 people per square kilometer.
Key Demographic Indicators of the 10 Countries of the Sahel, 2014
||Annual Rate of Natural Increase (%)
||Population Density (persons per sq. km.)
||Total Fertility Rate (average number of children per woman)
Note: Sudan does not include South Sudan.
Source: Carl Haub and Toshiko Kaneda, 2014 World Population Data Sheet (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 2014).
The region's GDP per capita in purchasing power parity is relatively low, ranging from approximately US$900 to less than US$3,000 per capita, with the only significant income coming from natural resources like oil and minerals.2 The World Bank's 2015 Doing Business report ranks these nations among the least business-friendly, due in large part to their history of political instability.3 Moreover, the World Bank lists half of the nations of the Sahel as fragile states (low-income countries with weak state capacity).4
Significant population growth appears to be the strongest force driving the region's potentially turbulent future. With annual demographic growth rates ranging from 2.5 percent to nearly 4 percent, the population will continue to grow beyond the region's capacity. This growth has occurred because of commendable rapid decreases in infant and child mortality but lagging decreases in fertility. With total fertility rates between 4.1 and 7.6 children per woman on average, the region's population might increase from almost 135 million today to 330 million by 2050 and close to 670 million in 2100. These estimates follow the United Nations medium assumption for fertility reduction, yielding values that these countries do not show signs of actually being able to meet.
The age structure of the 10 countries of the Sahel will remain predominately young. The number of youth—those younger than 20—will double by 2050. Niger will have the highest youth dependency ratio (ratio of those younger than 20, or dependents, to those ages 20 to 64, or working age) for the next 36 years. Even in 2050, Niger will have 132 people younger than 20 for every 100 people ages 20 to 64. The demographic dividend that could be gained from a larger workforce (when relatively more working adults support relatively fewer dependents) appears to be decades away for the majority of the countries of the Sahel.
Increasing temperatures will also be a factor. Climatologists suggest that the temperature of the Sahel will increase by 3 to 5 degrees Celsius by 2050 and possibly 8 degrees Celsius by 2100.5 Rainfall will decrease and become more erratic. Agricultural production will decrease from anywhere between 13 percent in Burkina Faso to almost 50 percent in Sudan. Other sectors will also face challenges in the next decades: It is unlikely that basic educational and health care infrastructure will be able to meet the rapidly increasing numbers of youth, nor will the formal sector of the economy be able to create enough jobs for upcoming generations.
The region's challenges are neither simple nor one-dimensional. The obvious question remains of what can be done. Progress in the Sahel can be achieved through five main initiatives:
- Accelerating the demographic transition.
- Strengthening existing infrastructure.
- Building human capital (education and health).
- Improving governance.
- Creating jobs.
First, determined action must be taken to slow rapid population growth. Improving female education has been one of the most significant factors associated with decreased fertility, but educating the majority of girls in the Sahel will take time. Moreover, past focus on birth spacing instead of birth limiting, along with small increases in contraceptive prevalence, have not translated into rapid fertility declines. Populations must also be informed of the benefits of smaller family size, access to contraceptives must be improved, and the legal age of marriage must be raised. These changes will reduce the strain on the existing infrastructure and natural resources, allow for more educational investments in young people, and create the possibility of a demographic dividend in the long run. Increased investments in health care and education can increase both the quality and the range of services provided. Transparent and stable governance is also crucial to regional progress. Finally, both the formal and informal sectors must be tapped to increase employment as well as to improve productivity and efficiency.
These five initiatives should be implemented simultaneously. Too often, governments and their partners work only on one or two at any given time. Indeed, given the formidable demographic challenges of the Sahel, the time for action is now.
John F. May is a Visiting Scholar at the Population Reference Bureau (PRB). Jean-Pierre Guengant is director of research, emeritus, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement in Marseille. Thomas R. Brooke was an intern at PRB. The authors want to thank Carolyn Lamere, program associate at PRB, for her thoughtful comments on an earlier draft.
- Carl Haub and Toshiko Kaneda, 2014 World Population Data Sheet (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 2014).
- World Bank, “World DataBank: World Development Indicators,” accessed at http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/variableselection/selectvariables.aspx?source=World-Development-Indicators, on Nov. 24, 2014.
- World Bank, Doing Business 2015: Going Beyond Efficiency, 12th ed., accessed at www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/doing-business-2015, on Nov. 24, 2014.
- World Bank, “Harmonized List of Fragile Situations FY14,” accessed at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTLICUS/Resources/511777-1269623894864/HarmonizedlistoffragilestatesFY14.pdf, on Nov. 24, 2014.
- Malcolm Potts et al., Crisis in the Sahel: Possible Solutions and the Consequences of Inaction (Berkeley: The OASIS Initiative, 2013).
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Get ‘em while their young!
It’s a widely know fact that children, whose immune systems are weaker than adults and still developing, are especially susceptible to getting sick from the chemicals and toxins found in fossil fuel pollution . They are also susceptible to another kind of fossil fuel pollution: educational propaganda.
Scientists have even discovered that brains don’t fully develop and mature until the age of 25. That’s why kids continually shove unidentified objects up their nose, light random things on fire, eat worms, and think licking the light socket might be the best ideas of their short-lived little lives. It’s also why they won’t be able to tell the difference between well-rounded educational materials and industry propaganda.
That’s also why it’s disturbing to see the array of news reports showcasing coloring books, cartoons, and lovable characters that the fossil fuel industry has come up with to entice little tykes. This isn’t your run-of-the-mill energy education. The reason these materials are so exploitative is because none of them explore any of the pitfalls of dirty energy. There’s nothing about public health concerns, water pollution, or the decimation of local ecosystems. And there’s definitely nothing about climate change, which surely belongs on the top 10 list of things kids should be peeing their pants about (after the closet monster of course).
Here’s a litany of examples:
A few days ago, we reported on a natural gas company’s new mascot, Talisman Terry the Fracosaurus and the coloring book Talisman Energy has released without explaining to kids that Talisman Terry would probably be losing his scales if he drank the water contaminated by the process of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) .
Chesapeake Energy, another gas company, came up with Chesapeake Charlie , the beagle who loves natural gas, who also has his own coloring book.
In May, Scholastic Inc. cancelled the distribution of a fourth-grade educational package entitled “United States of Energy” that was contracted by the American Coal Foundation. They ended up dropping the client because of outrage from the community over one-sided learning materials that conveniently left out the negative impacts that coal has on the environment and human health.
Also in May, a group released a parody website, Coal Cares , that satirized coal pollution’s link to childhood asthma. The website offered novelty inhalers to children within 200 miles of a coal plant. But fiction turned out to be not far from the truth.
It turns out that the coal industry has been creating children’s material for years , even some eerily similar to the farcical Coal Cares website. For example, the pro-coal group, Friends of Coal, put out a “Let’s Learn About Coal” coloring book two years ago.
The American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity put out a website cartoon with singing lumps of coal for Christmas a couple years ago. The outrageous part is that if the coal industry were to do something like market a “coal ash sandbox” as a new environmental initiative to “recycle” the toxic byproducts of coal combustion, the public has been so desensitized to these type of tactics that it’s probably not out of the realm of possibility.
Even the biomass industry is trying to tap into this resource with their own coloring book . Burning biomass for energy is a process that’s only 24% efficient, which is even less than other fossil fuels. Not to mention it takes trees, which help fix that burgeoning carbon problem the world is having, and burns them, which ends up releasing more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere instead of taking it out.
It’s likely that these dirty industries are taking a page out of Big Tobacco’s play book. The tobacco industry has been under fire for decades for trying to get youth addicted to cigarettes. The younger kids start to smoke, that ultimately turns into more profits for the companies per lifetime. Joe Camel is the most familiar, and although the companies at present claim they don’t target youth anymore, insider reports show otherwise .
While oil, coal, and gas don’t have a particular chemical like nicotine that is addictive, the American affinity for fossil fuels has often been compared to being a dangerous addiction the US doesn’t seem to want to go to rehab for.
It seems like the only thing that could be worse would be coloring book propaganda from the Tea Party for kids. Oh wait , there already is one.
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By age 3, most children have passed several predictable milestones on the path to learning language. One of the earliest is babbling. By the first birthday, a typical toddler says words, turns when he hears his name, points when he wants a toy, and when offered something distasteful, makes it very clear that his answer is no. By age 2, most children begin to put together sentences like “See doggie,” or “More cookie,” and can follow simple directions.
Research shows that about half of the children diagnosed with autism remain mute throughout their lives. Some infants who later show signs of autism do coo and babble during the first 6 months of life. But they soon stop. Although they may learn to communicate using sign language or special electronic equipment, they may never speak. Others may be delayed, developing language as late as age 5 to 8.
Those who do speak often use language in unusual ways. Some seem unable to combine words into meaningful sentences. Some speak only single words. Others repeat the same phrase no matter what the situation.
Some children with autism are only able to parrot what they hear, a condition called echolalia. Without persistent training, echoing other people’s phrases may be the only language that people with autism ever acquire. What they repeat might be a question they were just asked, or an advertisement on television. Or out of the blue, a child may shout, “Stay on your own side of the road!” — something he heard his father say weeks before. Although children without autism go through a stage where they repeat what they hear, it normally passes by the time they are 3.
People with autism also tend to confuse pronouns. They fail to grasp that words like “my,” “I,” and “you,” change meaning depending on who is speaking. When Alan’s teacher asks, “What is my name?” he answers, “My name is Alan.”
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| 0.976371 | 417 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Population Growth, Labor Supply, and Employment in Developing Countries
NBER Working Paper No. 1837
The economies of the less developed countries are about to face perhaps the greatest challenge in their histories: generating a sufficient number of jobs at reasonable wages to absorb their rapidly growing populations into productive employment. In terms of absolute magnitude, this challenge has no precedent in human history. In some respects, this challenge is also unprecedented in terms of its nature, given, on the one hand, the limited availability of natural resources in many countries and, on the other hand,the widespread availability of advanced technology.This paper examines the nature and magnitude of the principal effects of population growth on labor supply and employment in the developing economies of the world. On the supply side of labor markets, we discuss key features of the interrelations between population growth and the labor force. These include the lags between population growth and labor force participation; the independent effects on labor supply of accelerated population growth due to changes in fertility, mortality, and migration; patterns and trends in labor force participation rates; and gender differences in labor supply behavior. On the demand side, we describe and analyze the nature of labor markets in developing economies and attempt to identify the key factors that condition their labor absorption capacity. Descriptive statistics on the characteristics of developing country labor markets and on the relationships between population growth, labor supply, employment shifts, and growth of output per worker are presented and discussed.The key result of our analysis is that, despite the unprecedented magnitude of population growth and the existence of imperfections in labor markets, developing economies tended to shift between 1960 and 1980, from low-productivity agriculture to the higher productivity service and industrial sectors and, albeit with some exceptions, to raise real income per capita. With respect to their prospects for the remainder of this century, we also conclude that Malthusian disasters will not necessarily be the result of forecasted population growth, provided the developing economies can generate human and physical capital investments of comparable relative magnitudes to the past two decades. However, on the basis of past history, the middle-income developing countries are likely to perform better in this respect than the low-income countries, some of whom may need considerable help if they are to absorb increased population while shifting labor to more productive sectors and raising output per worker.
Document Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3386/w1837
Published: Bloom, David E. and Richard B. Freeman. "The Effects of Rapid Population Growth on Labor Supply and Employment in Developing Countries," Population and Development Review, September 1986, pp. 381-414.
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The hunt for the mysterious Yeti - otherwise known as the Abominable Snowman - has frustrated scientists for decades.
Yesterday, scientists at Oxford Brookes University joined in the hunt after being given a number of hair strands taken from what is purported to be a Yeti-like creature in India.
The Brookes boffins used high-powered microscopes to analyse the samples found in the West Garo jungle of the north-eastern state of Meghalaya.
They compared the suspected Yeti strands to samples taken from primates, bears, dogs, yaks and humans, which were provided by the Natural History Museum in Oxford.
After the microscope tests have been carried out, the hairs will be sent away to a laboratory for DNA testing.
Dr Anna Nekaris, of the university's anthropology department, said: "It's exciting to be asked to take part in this research.
"We put the hairs in clear nail varnish because that helps us to see them more clearly under the microscope.
"Hair cuticle patterns differ greatly from species to species when you look at them under a microscope. ...
The hair was discovered earlier this year by BBC reporter Alastair Lawson, who went on an expedition to find the animal after a number of reported sightings.
A forestry officer had seen the creature in the same location and gathered the hair from the area where it had been standing.
Mr Lawson brought the hair back to England to be analysed and contacted Mr Redmond, who then linked up with scientists at Oxford Brookes.
Mr Lawson said: "The forestry officer said he had seen the Yeti two days in a row and persuaded a zoologist to come with him to collect the hairs.
"I'm not convinced that the Yeti exists, but we might have come across a primate that has not been discovered before. - oxford
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| 0.971487 | 383 | 2.828125 | 3 |
[746 KB, 12 pgs.]
Fall 2008 | Vol. 11 | No. 3
Study Reveals Teen Belt Use Low for Drivers and Passengers
A new State Farm-funded study reveals that both teen drivers and teen passengers buckle up at alarmingly low rates. The study, "Driver and Passenger Seatbelt Use Among U.S. High School Students," is one of the first efforts to detail the different use rates between teen drivers and teen passengers.
According to the study, 59 percent of students always wear seatbelts when driving, but only 42 percent always buckle up as passengers. A concordant analysis showed that only 38 percent of students always wear seat belts both when driving and while riding as a passenger. To obtain these statistics, researchers analyzed data from the national Youth Risk Behavior Surveys administered in 2001-2003. These surveys are unique because they included questions about both driver and passenger seatbelt use. Typically, surveys only cover drivers.
To highlight how low the use rate is for both teen drivers and teen passengers, the researchers compared the data with the use rate of the general population. According to data from the 2002 National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS), 76 percent of drivers and 73 percent of front-seat passengers wore seatbelts, compared with 24 percent of backseat passengers 20 years of age or older.
To address this problem, the researchers indicate that the passage of full-coverage seat belt legislation in all states would be a significant step. Currently, only a minority of states uniformly require teen motorvehicle occupants in the rear seat to wear seat belts. The researchers note that these laws would need to be visibly enforced and that community-based interventions and peer-to-peer educational efforts might also augment seat belt use.
To review the study in depth, visit: http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0749-3797/PIIS0749379708005217.pdf.
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| 0.930238 | 407 | 2.921875 | 3 |
- Mass Spectrometry is the technique in which the analyte is ionized, separated from its matrix and mixture components, according its mass–to–charge ratio (m/z}, and detected to determine the molecular weight of component isotopes.
- Common Abbreviations:
- ESI - ElectroSpray Ionization
- FAB - Fast Atom Bombardment
- ICP - Inductively Coupled Plasma
- MALDI - Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization
- MS/MS - Mass Spectrometry repeated, typically within an ion trap
- TOF - Time Of Flight
Harsh-Environment Mass Spectrometry
Biannual four day workshop, including applications under-water and in outer space, with abstracts and presentations at Cocoa Beach, Florida.
Introduction to Mass Spectrometry
Definitions and biological applications at Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, England.
Mass Spectrometry and Biotechnology Resource
Provides reference materials for scientists working with mass spectrometry in the biotechnology industry.
Mass Spectrometry Blog
Web log of MS web sites and other links, maintained at Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University.
Mobile Miniature Mass Spectrometer
Resource focusing on field-portable MS instruments, with classification by probe, links to project, development, MSDS, software and databases.
Sci Techniques Mass Spec
Archives of forum, with categories for groups, troubleshooting, tutorials, professional, societies, listservers, journals, companies, supplies and services, maintained at Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta.
Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry
Introduction to SIFT-MS for trace gas analysis of air, breath and liquid headspace, in medicine, biology and environmental applications. Includes links to related articles.
Time Of Flight Mass Spectrometer Tutorial
Stepwise guide on the fundamentals of the method through ionisation, acceleration and detection, and instrument components required, by manufacturer and supplier R M Jordan Co Inc, Grass Valley, California.
Wikipedia: Mass Spectrometry
Introduction and related links.
Last update:June 12, 2016 at 14:24:09 UTC
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Since our beginning, we have turned to the night sky in search of answers to universal questions. The vast and utter expanse, teeming with wonder, has always seemed to contain the answers to unlock the many mysteries of our existence, as well as the history and future of the universe.
As we grew, we developed tools to help us look deeper and more clearly into space. Ironically, the further and longer we peered, a simple truth came into focus: we weren’t peering at all. We were receiving. We were catching light waves that were coming from stars millions and millions of miles away and that took years and years to finally reach us. All we were doing was capturing them in the lenses of our telescopes.
In the years following Galileo’s exploration of our solar system with his advanced telescope of the 17th century, we have learned that light waves are not the only waves streaming through the heavens. Gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, and infrared spectrum, are all blasted through space in a continuous celestial congestion.
The heavens also emit barely detectable low-frequency radio signals – signals which when processed could produce images from stars and galaxies further away than ever recorded and with greater clarity than NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. Up to now, however, because of the radio “noise” surrounding our planet, as well as limited capabilities of our radio receiving and processing power, we have been unable to leverage these signals in meaningful ways.
But that’s all about to change. Tremendous work is underway in the Western Australian Outback with the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) radio telescope. This unique radio telescope is actually an array of more than 4,000 dipole antennas, in “tiles” of 16 each, and spread across a 3Km area. The complex patchwork of antennas is being developed by the MWA Consortium, a group of 13 institutions from Australia, New Zealand, India and the U.S, and will form part of the much larger Square Kilometre Array (SKA) radio telescope.
The SKA project is run by the International SKA organisation and will build and then connect radio telescopes installed in Australia, New Zealand and Southern Africa, creating the world’s largest ever radio telescope.
MWA’s complex array of antennas will capture low-frequency radio signals from deep space, convert them from analog to digital, and then process them through a cluster of more than 20 IBM iDataPlex systems, into wide-field images of unparalleled clarity.
Delivering to the MWA such advanced technology as the IBM iDataPlex systems, which make up the core of such supercomputers as Germany’s SuperMUC, is just one of the ways in which IBM will be involved internationally with the SKA radio telescope project. When this massive SKA radio telescope is finished at the end of the decade it will look to the skies and provide a clearer view than ever before possible, enabling scientists to look back in time as they look further out into space. They’ll be able to investigate not just stars and galaxies, but how the atoms we are made of were created in the high-energy furnace which was the universe just after the Big Bang.
We’ve come a long way from the days when Galileo used his telescope to make ink drawings of our moon’s surface, for the first time recording accurately its craters and mountain ranges and giving man greater insight into space.
In the months and years to come, thanks to the know-how, ambition and zeal of an international team of scientists and researchers– as well as some heavy computing power – man will once again look to the night sky, receive what the stars are sending, and try to unlock the mysteries of how our universe began. And when we do, we may get more than just radio waves – we may get answers.
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| 0.960071 | 803 | 3.578125 | 4 |
We come across quite a lot of cool technology here at DT, but it’s not every day that we find something that can literally cool you down.
Developed by four engineering students at MIT, Wristify is a prototype wearable device that leverages the physical phenomenon known as the Peltier effect to reduce your body temperature.
The Peltier effect, named for French physicist Jean Charles Athanase Peltier who discovered it in 1834, describes the phenomenon of heating or cooling caused by an electric current flowing across the junction of two different conductors. As the current moves from one conductor to another, the transfer of energy causes one side to heat up and the other to cool down.
Wristify is basically a series of these junctions (called a Peltier cooler) powered by a small battery and attached to a wrist strap. When placed against the skin, the device makes you feel cooler by reducing the temperature of your wrist a few fractions of a degree per second for a couple seconds at a time. Over the course of a few minutes, this process will cause you to perceive a whole-body cooling of a couple degrees celsius. The team developing the device is still tinkering with it to figure out the optimal cooling cycle, but at this point in time they say the most effective method is to cool your wrist by 0.4 degrees Celsius (0.7F) per second for five seconds, and then turn off for 10 seconds.
The chief benefit of this device is that it offers a more personalized approach to temperature control, one that’s vastly more efficient than current heating and cooling methods. It takes millions of watts to raise or lower the temperature of an entire building, but Wristify can run on a small lithium battery. If everybody had one of these things on their wrist instead of relying on air conditioning or heaters all the time, the potential energy savings could be massive.
Of course, it’s still just a prototype, but the idea recently won the $10,000 top prize in MIT’s annual Making And Designing Materials Engineering Competition, and the team plans to put all that cheddar toward further development of the device. Find out more here.
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Online MA in TESOL!
enjoy with the vocabulary
TYPE OF ACTIVITY: Vocabulary
TOPIC : Parts of the body
TIME : 20 min.
LEVEL/CLASS : Pre-intermediate - 8. Grade
1. I stuck the words related to parts of the body such as eye,knee,hand….on the board.
2. I divided the class into two group, as group A and B .
3. I asked each group to choose a model to represent their group.The models stood in front of the board.
4. Then five students in each group came to the board and they queued as two lines. I gave puppets to each group for organizing turn taking.
5. I read the definition of one word. And the one who push the puppet first had the right to guess the word.
6. After guessing the word correctly, she/he took the word from the board and stuck the word on their group and went to the end of the queue.
7. At the end of this activity, we counted the words on each model and the group which had more word on their model won the competition.
NOTE: Rather than giving long definition of these words, we may give some clues about these words. This may be used for lower level students.
World's Best Jobs!
Dave's ESL Cafe Copyright © 2016 Dave Sperling. All Rights Reserved.
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| 0.95663 | 296 | 4 | 4 |
[C] [D] [E]
[F] [G] [H]
[I] [J] [K]
[L] [M] [N]
[O] [P] [Q]
[R] [S] [T]
[U] [V] [W]
[X] [Y] [Z]
Welcome to ARDictionary!
Pound 1Definition: To strike repeatedly with some heavy instrument; to beat.
Pound 2Definition: To comminute and pulverize by beating; to bruise or break into fine
particles with a pestle or other heavy instrument; as, to pound spice or salt.
Pound 3Definition: To strike heavy
blows; to beat.
Pound 4Definition: To make a jarring noise, as in running; as, the engine pounds.
Pound 5Definition: An inclosure, maintained by public authority, in which cattle or other
animals are confined when taken in trespassing, or when going at large in violation of law; a pinfold.
Pound 6Definition: A level stretch in a canal between
Pound 7Definition: A kind of net, having a large inclosure with a narrow entrance into which fish are directed by
wings spreading outward.
Pound 8Definition: To confine in, or as in, a pound; to impound.
Pound 9Definition: of Pound
Pound 10Definition: A certain specified weight; especially, a legal standard consisting of an established number of
Pound 11Definition: A British denomination of money of account, equivalent to twenty
shillings sterling, and equal in value to about There is no coin known by this name, but the gold sovereign is of the same value.
pound 12Definition: the act of pounding (delivering repeated heavy
blows); "the sudden hammer of
fists caught him off guard"; "the pounding of feet on the hallway"
pound 13Definition: a public enclosure for stray or unlicensed
dogs will be taken to the pound"
Pound 14Definition: United
States writer who lived in Europe; strongly influenced the development of modern literature
pound 15Definition: a nontechnical unit of force equal to the mass of pound with an acceleration of free fall equal to
pound 16Definition: the basic unit of money in Great Britain; equal to pence
pound 17Definition: the basic unit of money in Cyprus; equal to
pound 18Definition: the basic unit of money in Egypt; equal to
pound 19Definition: formerly the basic unit of money in Ireland; equal to pence
pound 20Definition: the basic unit of money in Lebanon; equal to
pound 21Definition: the basic unit of money in the Sudan; equal to
pound 22Definition: the basic unit of money in Syria; equal to
ounces; "he tried to lift pounds"
pound 24Definition: break down and crush by beating, as with a pestle; "pound the roots with a heavy flat stone"
pound 25Definition: place or shut up in a pound; "pound the cows so they
pound 26Definition: shut up or confine in any enclosure or within any bounds or
prisoners are safely pounded"
pound 27Definition: hit hard with the hand, fist, or some heavy instrument; "the salesman pounded the door knocker"; "a
bible-thumping Southern Baptist"
pound 28Definition: partition off into
locks pound the water of the canal"
pound 29Definition: strike or drive against with a heavy impact; "ram the gate with a sledgehammer"; "pound on the door"
pound 30Definition: move rhythmically; "Her heart was beating fast"
pound 31Definition: move heavily or clumsily; "The heavy man lumbered across the room"
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| 0.887412 | 800 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Predicting Who Will Get Chronic Fatigue
Dec. 7, 2001 -- Unraveling the mystery behind chronic fatigue syndrome continues to come in baby steps. The latest study shows that a blood test and physical fitness may predict who goes on to develop this puzzling problem.
Peter D. White and colleagues have shown in previous studies that certain infections -- especially mononucleosis or "mono" -- can trigger chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in certain people. But figuring out the reason has been a challenge.
The researchers took the next step toward discovering the link between mononucleosis infection and CFS by looking at 250 people who had either mono or your average viral upper respiratory infection. They studied them for six months after their infection was diagnosed.
The researchers found that what seems to be linked to CFS depends on how you define the disease. But when depression and anxiety were taken out of the definition, having mono definitely played a big role. Those with a positive mono blood test were twice as likely to come down with CFS.
But why do some people with mono develop CFS and not others?
The researchers looked at many variables including the speed with which CFS came on, antibiotics or other medications taken after the initial infection, how many friends and confidants the infected person had, and multiple blood tests. But none of these seemed to play a role.
In addition to having had mono, the only factor that seemed to make much of a difference to whether someone developed CFS was physical fitness. People with a lower level of physical activity within the months following the initial infection were much more likely to develop CFS.
The physical activity finding is a bit hard to decipher since having CFS may make you less likely to be active in the first place. However, the other possibility is that increasing your physical activity during the months following a mono infection might help beat CFS.
Contrary to other studies, these researchers did not find that having depression or anxiety before becoming infected with mono increased the chance of developing CFS.
"The particular virus causing the infection and the body's immune reaction to it may play an early role, but physical deconditioning may also be important," White says in a news release.
"The study also implies that CFS after infectious mononucleosis might be partially prevented or treated with an early and graded return to appropriate physical activity in order to prevent or treat physical deconditioning," he adds.
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Extraterrestrial life is life that does not originate from Earth. It is also called alien
life, or, if it is a ..... Lack of corroborating evidence from other experiments on the
same samples, indica...
Apr 7, 2015 ... Humanity is on the verge of discovering alien life, NASA higher-ups say. ... and I
think we're going to have definitive evidence within 20 to 30 years," ... Yes - The
Red Planet is teeming with tiny microbes, we just haven't found them yet. ... going
to become planetary systems around other stars, and we can...
Sep 26, 2015 ... Asteroids and comets are key to the formation of life on Earth, scientists think. In
particular, comet impacts, according to a report last August, ...
On this single planet called Earth, there co-exist (among countless other life
forms), .... There is some evidence that because of the stress of microgravity,
Feb 21, 2014 ... NASA scientist claims conclusive proof of extraterrestrial life ... Hoover's interview
is yet more evidence that NASA is not only ... This article is copyright © and
should not be added in its entirety on other websites or email lists.
Since there is yet no evidence that life exists elsewhere, astrobiology is a science
for which there is no data, or at least no data in support of the science.
Sep 4, 2006 ... But other experiments on board failed to find any evidence of life, ... help estimate
the number of planets hosting intelligent life – and capable of ...
... been the top candidate for a planet other than Earth where life might be found.
... In contrast, there is very little evidence of impacts on the surface of Europa.
Despite a lot of research in outer space, scientists have not yet been able to find
evidence of life forms on any other planet other than Earth. Earth is very ...
www.ask.com/youtube?q=Evidence of Life on Other Planets&v=GMkOPALz1AA
Dec 23, 2015 ... In this video you can get extraterrestrial life proof and extraterrestrial life ... Watch
Alien Worlds - Extraterrestrial Life On Other Planets (Space ...
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For Colonial Day at school, we learned the pamphlet stitch, an easy book-binding technique.
1. Make three holes in a short stack of folded paper using a nail and hammer.
2. Thread a needle through the middle hole, working from the inside of the folded paper to the outside of the cover. Leave an inch hanging for tying at the end.
3. Loop back to the inside from the front through the bottom hole.
4. Make a big stitch from the bottom hole to the top hole along the inside fold. 5. Bring the thread back up through the middle; tie; cut.
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Snacking has become a way of life for both adultsand children. A recent study reported that over 95 percent of thewomen and children in this country have at least one snack each day.
Many common snack foods are high in fat, sugar and sodium. If these foods are used for snacks frequently, they can affect our health.
Snacks can be good for us if we make good choices. Children especially may benefit from healthy snacks. They often cannot eat enough at three meals a day to satisfy their hunger and provide all of the nutrients they need. Snacks can provide the additional foods they need.
- Plan snacks as a part of the day's food plan.
- When shopping, let children help pick out fruits, vegetables and cheeses; they will be more interested in eating them.
- Set aside a "snack spot" in the refrigerator and cupboard; keep it stocked with nutritious ready-to-eat snacks.
- Offer snacks at regular times, such as midmorning and midafternoon. Don't let children nibble constantly during the day.
- Avoid high sugar, fatty and salty snacks, such as candy and soda pop.
- Snacks are a good way to introduce new foods. Include a game or activity to learn about the new food; let the child help fix it.
- Plan snacks to help meet the suggested number of servings per day from the Food Guide Pyramid: 6 to 11 servings breads, cereal, rice and pasta; 2 to 4 servings fruits; 3 to 5 servings milk, cheese and yogurt; and 2 to 3 servings meat, poultry, fish, eggs, nuts and dry beans.
- Never offer food as a reward for good behavior.
Simple Healthy Snack Ideas
- Raw vegetables, such as celery, carrots, cauliflower, broccoli, green pepper, green beans, cucumbers, mushrooms or zucchini. May be served with a lowfat dip.
- Fresh fruit in season, cut in slices or halves, such as apples, oranges, bananas, peaches, grapefruit, grapes, melons, pears, plums or strawberries.
- Lowfat quick breads and muffins, such as pumpkin, zucchini, banana or bran.
- Non-sugared cereals, snack mixes made with popcorn and whole grain cereal.
- Lowfat yogurt with fresh, frozen or canned fruit.
- Shakes with lowfat milk or yogurt and fruit.
- Unsweetened fruit juices.
Easter Food Fun
Wrap small Easter candies or jelly beans in colored plastic wrap and hang from an Easter "tree."
Color code the Easter egg hunt. Assign an egg color to each child - even the littlest or slowest egg hunters won't end up with an empty basket.
Remember hard cooked eggs should not be left at room temperature for more than two hours. And hard cooked eggs will not keep forever in the refrigerator - plan on using within 3 to 5 days after cooking.
Maybe the best choice of eggs for egg hunts is plastic. They are fairly inexpensive, reusable, can be filled with treats if desired, will stand up to hard treatment by excited children tossing them in baskets and are not a food safety hazard.
Hard Cooked Eggs
Do you know that eggs really should not be boiled? Boiling eggs at a full, rolling boil makes the white tough and rubbery.
Here's how to do it:
- Cover eggs in pan with enough water to come at least one inch above the eggs.
- Cover pan and rapidly bring just to boiling.
- Turn off heat and let eggs stand in the hot water for 15-20 minutes.
- Take them out of that water and run cold water over them to cool them quickly.
6 hard-cooked eggs, chopped
1/3 cup pickle relish
2 T. lowfat salad dressing or mayonnaise
1 T. prepared mustard
1/2 t. salt
1/4 t. pepper
Combine all of the ingredients. Mix well and chill. Use 1/3 cup of filling per sandwich. Makes 6 sandwiches.
Potato & Egg Casserole
4 cups cooked potatoes, diced
6 hard-cooked eggs, sliced
1 can condensed cream of chicken soup
1 cup lowfat milk
1/2 t. salt
1/8 t. pepper
1/2 cup shredded sharp Cheddar cheese
1/4 t. dill seed
Place potatoes and eggs in greased 2-quart casserole. Blend soup, milk and seasonings. Pour over potatoes and eggs. Top with cheese. Bake at 375°F until hot and bubbly, about 55 minutes. 6 servings.
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Despite Weather, Pumpkins Are Aplenty
Consumers should not have any problems finding the right pumpkin despite a wet spring followed by late-summer hot and dry weather.
While the exceptionally dry weather in Indiana since August has hurt other crops, Purdue University plant pathologist Dan Egel said it probably has been good for pumpkins. Lack of rain has allowed the fruit to mature in the field without added disease pressure promoted by wet conditions.
“The pumpkin crops I have seen this year have been average to above average in size, quantity and quality,” Egel said. “There have been disease problems aggravated by a wet July, but not all growers were affected.”
Powdery mildew, bacterial spot, phytophthora fruit rot and other fruit rots seem to show up every year. This year, bacterial spot of pumpkin caused the most problems, but it didn’t affect all growers, Egel said.
The wet spring delayed planting, especially in the middle of the state, said Extension horticulture specialist Liz Maynard. High temperatures followed and coincided with female flower development and fruit set in some fields, which can reduce the number of flowers that bloom and ultimately reduce fruit set.
“Weather was a big challenge for pumpkin growers this year,” Maynard said.
According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s 2007 Census, Indiana grows 3,231 acres of pumpkins on 450 farms for the fresh market, making it one of the top 10 states in fresh-market pumpkin production.
Maynard offered the following purchasing tips for consumers looking to take advantage of the state’s fall pumpkin harvest:
•Choose pumpkins that are fully mature, meaning the fruit is completely orange and the rind is tough.
•Make sure the pumpkin is solid and has no soft spots or unhealed wounds in the rind.
•Select a pumpkin with a healthy stem that is firmly attached. The stem should be solid, not shriveled. Check that the stem is attached by inspecting it – not by lifting the pumpkin by the stem.
•For jack-o-lanterns, avoid hard-shell pumpkin varieties because they are much harder to carve.
Many consumers look for pumpkins not to carve, but to eat.
“If the pumpkin will be used for eating, I would recommend selecting a pie pumpkin and, ideally, talking with the producer to find out whether or not it is a variety known to be good for eating,” Maynard said.
For more information about autumn produce visit: https:// mdc.itap.purdue.edu/item. asp?itemID=18888
More information about the impact of weather on the 2010 pumpkin growing season is available from the Vegetable Crops Hotline in issues 525 and 529 at: http:// www.btny.purdue.edu/pubs/vegcrop/ index2010.html.
No commercial reproduction without written consent.
Electronic reproduction of any kind forbidden without written consent.
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Water Education NetworkDate: April 16th, 2013
Source: AgriLife Today
A Water Education Network to help people in Texas learn the best ways to manage the precious resource has been launched by the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service.
The site, http://water.tamu.edu, provides a “front door” for all of AgriLife Extension’s information on water conservation, water management, irrigation and water quality, which makes it easier to navigate, according to the developers.
|«||TAMHSC releases new safety mobile app||H7N9 Bird Flu (Avian Influenza)||»|
Keywords: irrigation, water conservation, water education network, water management, water quality
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Screening Tests for HIV Diagnosis and Treatment
HIV Tests: Getting a Diagnosis continued...
Rapid antibody tests. Most of these are blood tests for HIV antibodies. Some can detect antibodies in saliva. Results are available in under 30 minutes and are as accurate as standard tests.
Antibody/antigen tests. These tests are recommended by the CDC and can detect HIV up to 20 days earlier than standard tests. They check for HIV antigen, a part of the virus that shows up 2-4 weeks after infection. These tests can also detect HIV antibodies. A positive result for the antigen allows treatment to begin earlier and the patient to avoid infecting others. These are blood tests only.
Rapid antibody/antigen test. One antibody/antigen tests delivers results in 20 minutes.
In-home test kits. These kits -- there are two available in the U.S. -- screen blood and saliva for HIV antibodies. You can buy them at your local store. The Home Access HIV-1 Test System requires a small blood sample that is collected at home and sent to a lab. The user, who may remain anonymous, can get results by phone in three business days. The OraQuick In-Home HIV Test can detect HIV antibodies in saliva, if the antibodies are present (which can take up to 6 months). The user swabs the upper and lower gums of their mouths, places the sample in a developer vial, and can get results in 20-40 minutes. A follow-up test should be done if the result is positive.
To learn where HIV testing is available in your area, call: 800-CDC-INFO (232-4636). If you have a positive HIV test result, see a health care provider who has experience treating HIV and AIDS as soon as possible.
HIV Screening Tests After Diagnosis
While being treated for HIV, your doctor will perform several tests to monitor your health, determine when you need to start treatment, and check how well treatment is working. These include:
CD4 count. CD4 is a protein that lives on the surface of infection-fighting white blood cells called T-helper cells. HIV targets these immune cells.
To monitor the health of your immune system, your doctor will check your CD4 count -- the number of CD4 cells in a sample of blood. You should have your CD4 count tested every three to six months during treatment.
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St. Paul, MN (September 1, 1998)—A new Hawaiian papaya, genetically resistant to papaya ringspot, is now being widely grown thanks to the cooperative efforts of plant doctors from Cornell University, the University of Hawaii, and the Pharmacia-UpJohn Company. This new papaya variety’s unique design will protect orchards from the significant yield decline experienced from ringspot infection.
"We’ve taken genes from the ringspot virus and inserted them into the plant," says Dennis Gonsalves, plant doctor at Cornell University and member of The American Phytopathological Society. "These genes defend the papaya from the disease."
This destructive disease, which rapidly spreads when aphids pick up the virus on their mouths while feeding on infected plants and continue to feed on healthy plants, was first detected in Hawaii in the 1940’s and virtually eliminated large papaya production on Oahu in the 1950’s. The papaya industry relocated to the Puna district on Hawaii island in the early 1960’s. Plant doctors realized that Puna could not be kept virus free indefinitely and began a research program in the late 1980’s to develop papaya resistant to the disease.
The new transgenic line, 55-1, given the name "UH SunUp," and a hybrid between 55-1 and "Kapoho" (the dominant papaya cultivar grown in Hawaii) named "UH Rainbow," were dramatically successful in field trials. This success, followed by tremendous cooperation between government agencies and grower groups resulted in the first seeds being released to papaya growers this spring. "The impact of the transgenic papaya will be known in the next several years," says Gonsalves. "We are hopeful that Hawaii papaya growers will find good fortune at the end of the ‘Rainbow.’"
The American Phytopathological Society (APS) is a professional scientific organization dedicated to the study and control of plant disease with more than 5,000 members worldwide.
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You’ve been granted free access to this subscribers only article.
Forest Service survey: Drought kills 301 million trees
COLLEGE STATION -- A Texas A&M Forest Service survey of hundreds of forested plots scattered across the state shows 301 million trees were killed as a result of the devastating 2011 drought. (See chart in PDF download above)
According to a Sept. 25 Texas A&M Forest Service press release, the number was determined by a study of both on-the-ground tree health assessments collected during a three-month period earlier this year and satellite imagery from before and after the drought.
The findings fall right in the middle of original estimates gathered last fall that indicated roughly 100 million to 500 million trees had died as a result of the drought.
The drought produced traumatic results, especially for individual landowners. But the good news is the forest is resilient. “When a dead tree falls over, a young, new tree eventually will grow back in its place,” said Burl Carraway, department head for the Texas A&M Forest Service Sustainable Forestry department. “Tree death is a natural forest process. We just had more last year than previous years.”
The findings represent the number of trees in rural, forested areas that died as a direct result of the drought, as well as those that succumbed to insect infestation or disease because they were drought-stressed.
The figure does not include trees in cities and towns. Another 5.6 million trees in urban areas -- along streets and in yards and parks -- also died as a result of the drought, according to a study done earlier this year by the Texas A&M Forest Service Urban Forestry program.
The drought assessment of rural, forested areas was done in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis program and the Texas A&M University Ecosystem Science and Management Department.
As part of the analysis, the state was divided into 10 sections: Panhandle, Trans Pecos, North, Central, South, and the Brazos Valley, as well as four East Texas regions. (See map.)
Some forested areas suffered worse than others. The Brazos Valley region was hit the hardest, losing almost 10 percent of its trees on forested land. North Texas and western Northeast Texas suffered similar fates, losing 8.3 percent and 8.2 percent, respectively.
Trees in far East Texas seemed to fare the best with just 1.3 percent of trees succumbing to the drought in eastern Southeast Texas and just 3.9 percent dying in eastern Northeast Texas.
“So what’s the fate of these trees? The vast majority are going to stand out there -- until they eventually fall to the ground,” Texas A&M Forest Service Analyst Chris Edgar said, stressing that standing, dead trees located near homes or recreation areas should be removed.
Edgar estimated that an existing 272 million standing dead trees already littered the landscape before the drought. That number is expected to double now, which will produce both positive and negative effects.
The standing, dead trees will provide additional habitats for insects, birds, and wildlife. Fallen trees will do the same, while also adding structure to the forest floor, which helps prevent soil erosion.
Conversely, they’ll also begin to release stored carbon back into the atmosphere and could become potential hazards during times of high winds and dangerous fire conditions.
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TDA Market Recap (June 1, 2016)
Texas Hay Report (June 1, 2016)
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| 0.951525 | 1,199 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of activities to do with creating art, practicing the arts and/or demonstrating an art. The normal meaning in both everyday speech and academic discourse is a practicioner in the visual arts only. The term is often used in the entertainment business, especially in a business context, for musicians and other performers (less often for actors). "Artiste" (the French for artist) is a variant used in English only in this context. Use of the term to describe writers, for example, is certainly valid, but less common, and mostly restricted to contexts like criticism.
Wiktionary defines the noun 'artist' (Singular: artist; Plural: artists) as follows:
- A person who creates art.
- A person who creates art as an occupation.
- A person who is skilled at some activity
The Oxford English Dictionary defines the older broad meanings of the term "artist,"
- A learned person or Master of Arts (now rather obselete)
- One who pursues a practical science, traditionally medicine, astrology, alchemy, chemistry (also obselete)
- A follower of a pursuit in which skill comes by study or practice - the opposite of a theorist
- A follower of a manual art, such as a mechanic - partly obselete
- One who makes their craft a fine art
- One who cultivates one of the fine arts - traditionally the arts presided over by the muses - now the dominant usage
History of the termEdit
In Greek the word "techně" is often mistranslated into "art." In actuality, "techně" implies mastery of a craft (any craft.) The Latin-derived form of the word is "tecnicus", from which the English words technique, technology, technical are derived.
In Greek culture the nine Muses patronaged each a different field of human creation:
- Epic poetry
- Lyric song
- Erotic poetry
- Sacred song
- Comedy and bucolic poetry
No muse was identified with the visual arts of painting and sculpture. In ancient Greece sculptors and painters were held in low regard, somewhere between freemen and slaves, their work regarded as mere manual labour .
During the Middle Ages the word artist already existed in some countries such as Italy, but the meaning was something resembling craftsman, while the word artesan was still unknown. An artist was someone able to do a work better than others, so the skilled excellency was underlined, rather than the activity field. In this period some "artisanal" products (such as textiles) were much more precious and expensive than paintings or sculptures.
The first division into major and minor arts dates back to Leon Battista Alberti's works (De re aedificatoria, De statua, De pictura), focusing the importance of intellectual skills of the artist rather than the manual skills (even if in other forms of art there was a project behind).
With the Academies in Europe (second half of XVI century) the gap between fine and applied arts was definitely set.
Many contemporary definitions of "artist" and "art" are highly contingent on culture, resisting aesthetic prescription, in much the same way that the features constituting beauty and the beautiful, cannot be standardized easily without corruption into kitsch.
The present day concept of an 'artist'Edit
Artist is a descriptive term applied to a person who engages in an activity deemed to be an art. An artist also may be defined unofficially, as, "a person who expresses themselves through a medium". The word also is used in a qualitative sense of, a person creative in, innovative in, or adept at, an artistic practice.
Most often, the term describes those who create within a context of 'high culture', activities such as drawing, painting, sculpture, acting, dancing, writing, filmmaking, photography, and music—people who use imagination, talent, or skill to create works that may be judged to have an aesthetic value. Art historians and critics will define as artists, those who produce art within a recognized or recognizable discipline.
The term also is used to denote highly skilled people in non-"arts" activities, as well—crafts, law, medicine, alchemy, mechanics, mathematics, defense (martial arts), and architecture, for example. The designation is applied to high skill in illegal activities, such as "scam artist" (a person very adept at deceiving others, often profiting (semi-illegaly) from other people) or "con artist" (a person very adept at committing fraud).
Often, discussions on the subject focus on the differences among "artist" and "technician", "entertainer" and "artisan," "fine art" and "applied art," or what constitutes art and what does not. The French word artiste (which in French, simply means "artist") has been imported into the English language where it means a performer (frequently in Music Hall or Vaudeville). The English word 'artist' has thus, a narrower range of meanings than the word 'artiste' in French.
Examples of art and artists Edit
- Abstract: Jackson Pollock
- Actress: Greta Garbo
- Animation:Walt Disney
- Architect: Antoni Gaudí
- Ballet: Margot Fonteyn
- Calligraphy: Rudolf Koch
- Choreographer: Martha Graham
- Comics: Will Eisner
- Composer: Giuseppe Verdi
- Conceptual artist: Damien Hirst
- Dancer: Isadora Duncan
- Designer: Arne Jacobsen
- Fashion designer: Alexander McQueen
- Floral designer: Junichi Kakizaki
- Game designer: Peter Molyneux
- Graphic designer: Peter Saville
- Garden design: André le Nôtre
- Illusionist: Houdini
- Illustrator: Quentin Blake
- Industrial designer: Pininfarina
- Jewelry: Fabergé
- Landscape architect: Frederick Law Olmsted
- Movie director: Sergei Eisenstein
- Multimedia: Pablo Picasso
- Muralist: Diego Rivera
- Musician: John Lennon
- Novelist: Charles Dickens
- Musical instrument maker: Stradivari
- Orator: Cicero
- Outsider Art: Nek Chand]
- Painter: Rembrandt van Rijn
- Photographer: Bill Brandt
- Photomontage: John Heartfield
- Pianist: Glenn Gould
- Playwright: Alan Bennett
- Poet: Pablo Neruda
- Potter: Bernard Leach
- Printmaker: Albrecht Dürer
- Sculptor: Michelangelo Buonarotti
- Singer: Maria Callas
- Street Art: Banksy
- Typographer: Eric Gill
See also Edit
- P.Galloni, Il sacro artefice. Mitologie degli artigiani medievali, Laterza, Bari, 1998
- C. T. Onions (1991). The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Clarendon Press Oxford. ISBN 0-19-861126-9
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|
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The Human Right to Adequate Food in the Global Strategic Framework for Food Security and Nutrition – A Global Consensus
The Global Strategic Framework for Food Security and Nutrition (GSF) is the first global framework adopted by consensus, by governments, which systematically mainstreams the right to adequate food and human rights into policies relevant to food security and nutrition at the global, regional and national levels. The GSF requires all stakeholders to implement and ensure the coherence of these policies with regard to the right to adequate food.
This publication documents the consensus reached in the context of the GSF with respect to recommendations that are particularly interesting from a right to food perspective. It builds largely on agreed language from the GSF as a basis for advocacy and information work. It also offers important suggestions to stakeholders on how to translate the global consensus into practice at the national level, notably by presenting a variety of experiences and case studies which demonstrate the importance of a human rights-based approach to food security and nutrition. Moreover, the document presents concrete recommendations put forth in the GSF in order to implement specific policies aimed for vulnerable groups or particular issues. The document concludes by highlighting three areas where the GSF is particularly important from a human rights perspective, namely: its contribution to understanding the primacy of human rights in the field of policies relevant for food security and nutrition; its contribution to the human rights coherence in food security and nutrition actions; and its emphasis on the strengthening of human rights-based monitoring and accountability mechanisms.
Permanent HTML link
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The Genealogy column on TribStar.com suggests a web site aimed at helping to decipher handwriting in old documents. According to the article, all genealogists are challenged to some degree when they have to read and interpret documents in original handwriting. And the further back in time the handwriting sample is, the greater the challenge, until our own language looks foreign to us. A Web site aimed at scholars and researchers aspires to change all of that. English Handwriting 1500-1700, An online course, is a remarkably professional and thorough course of study, certainly equivalent to a college class. The site is at www.english.cam.ac.uk/ceres/ehoc/index.html and contains 28 self-guided lessons ranging in degree of difficulty from 1 to 5. Each lesson divides the computer screen into four sections, taking the user step by step through the process of analysis. The site also has lots of supporting data and sample transcriptions to "shortcut" the process for those not wanting to take the 28 lessons.
This is a great site to visit to refine your skills in transcribing old handwriting. Anyone graduating from this online classroom will be close to an “expert” by the time they are finished, the article said. The site is free to use with no registration.
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Question: What to see in Anegundi?
Answer: Kadebagilu, Anegundi fort & village, Gagan Mahal, Chintamani, Sri Krishnadevaraya Tomb, Handicraft Center, Nava Brindavana, Rishimukha hill & Anegundi fort, Ranganathaswamy temple, Pampa Sarovara & Vijayalaxmi temple, Anjanadri Parvata, Onake Kindi, Aqueduct.. these are the ones I know of. If you explore, surely you'll find lot of interesting things, especially amazingly shaped rock formations. Anegundi's history goes back to prehistoric times. Archaeologists have discovered megalithic burial sites here.
July 28, 2012
Our plan for the morning is to see Kadebagilu, Gagan Mahal, Chintamani and Krishnadevaraya Samadhi.
Arriving from Gangawati, Kadebagilu greets visitors to Anegundi. Kadebagilu means 'Last Gate' in Kannada. This is one of one of the gateways on the outermost wall of Anegundi fort. This might have been a Sunkada Katte- a sales tax collection post during Vijayanagara rule.
About 100 feet from the gateway is an ancient temple with a 10' high rock sculpture of Anjaneya.
Next , we move to Chintamani. The pillared structure on the left is the gateway to Chintamani and on the right is a Brahmin Matha.From here we need to go by foot, about 200 meters to Chintamani, place where Rama performed penance.
That's Tungabhadra river and on its rocky bank are two ancient stone structures. Perhaps they were travelers' rest house.
Another gateway, a Vijaya Stambha and a row of serpent sculptures.
During my first visit, I was told that this is the spot from where Rama shot the arrow to kill at Vaali the king of Kishkindha, a son of Indra and the elder brother of Sugreeva. Vaali and Sugreeva were engaged in a fight on the hill across the river when Rama shot the arrow at Vaali's back. A bow and an arrow are engraved on the floor here, just ahead of the sculpted block (marked in white oval).
A larger drawing of the arrow. It looks more like a Trishula.
If you want to see all places of Anegundi, mentioned at the beginning of the post, plan two full days visit and be prepared to walk and climb.
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| 0.899578 | 564 | 2.578125 | 3 |
by Editorial Staff and Contributors
Cholesterol is a waxy substance that is similar to fat. There are different types of cholesterol including:
Cholesterol tests measure the levels of cholesterol in the blood. They can measure the amount of HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and your total cholesterol levels. A test called the lipid profile test may be used. This test measures the cholesterol levels plus triglycerides. Triglycerides are a type of fat or lipid in the blood.
Reasons for Test TOP
This test is done to measure the levels of cholesterol in the blood. Abnormal levels of cholesterol are linked to an increased risk of plaque formation in blood vessels. This plaque formation can lead to heart attacks or strokes. The results will be used to estimate your risk of heart disease.
Possible Complications TOP
There are no major complications associated with this test.
What to Expect TOP
Prior to Test
Steps to take before the test depend on the test you are having. For example:
Description of Test
You will be asked to sit. An area inside your elbow will be cleaned with an antiseptic wipe. A large band will be tied around your arm. The needle will then be inserted into a vein. A tube will collect the blood from the needle. The band on your arm will be removed. Once all the blood is collected, the needle will be removed. Some gauze will be placed over the site to help stop bleeding. You may also be given a bandage to place over the site. The process takes about 5-10 minutes.
After Test TOP
After the blood sample is collected, you may need to stay seated for 10-15 minutes. If you are lightheaded, you may need to stay seated longer. When you feel better, you can leave.
In some cases, a bit of blood may ooze from the vein beneath the skin and cause a bruise. The risk of bruising can be minimized by placing firm pressure over the puncture site. A bruise will usually resolve in a day or two.
How Long Will It Take? TOP
A few minutes
Will It Hurt? TOP
It may hurt slightly when the needle is inserted.
Talk to your doctor about your test results. More testing may need to be done depending on your test results.
Call Your Doctor TOP
Call your doctor if any of the following occurs:
If you think you have an emergency, call for emergency medical services right away.
American Heart Association
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Canadian Cardiovascular Society
Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada
Akosah KO, Schaper A, Cogbill C, Schoenfeld P. Preventing myocardial infarction in the young adult in the first place: how do the National Cholesterol Education Panel III guidelines perform? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(9):1475-1479.
Cholesterol. American Association for Clinical Chemistry Lab Tests Online website. Available at: https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/cholesterol/tab/glance. Updated December 29, 2014. Accessed January 26, 2015.
Explore high blood cholesterol. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute website. Available at:
...(Click grey area to select URL)
Updated September 19, 2012. Accessed January 26, 2015.
How to get your cholesterol tested. American Heart Association website. Available at:
...(Click grey area to select URL)
Updated August 5, 2014. Accessed January 26, 2015.
Law MR, Wald NJ. Risk factor thresholds: their existence under scrutiny. BMJ. 2002;324(7353):1570-1576.
Last reviewed March 2016 by Marcin Chwistek, MD
Last Updated: 5/1/2014
EBSCO Information Services is fully accredited by URAC. URAC is an independent, nonprofit health care accrediting organization dedicated to promoting health care quality through accreditation, certification and commendation.
This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.
To send comments or feedback to our Editorial Team regarding the content please email us at [email protected]. Our Health Library Support team will respond to your email request within 2 business days.
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| 0.867395 | 931 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The Founding Fathers were sitting around a table sometime in 1776, working on the constitution. It had been a long day.Father1: Whew! It's getting rather warm in here, isn't it?Father2: Shall I open the window?Father1: No, that's alright. I'll just take off my jacket, and roll up my sleeves.Father2: Hey, that's a good idea. Why don't we include that in the constitution?Father1: What? That we're allowed to take our jackets off and roll up our sleeves while at work?Father2: Yeah, but that doesn't sound very smooth. How about "Everyone shall have the right to bare arms?"
Shotgun - The rightmost front passenger seat in a vehicle, a prime choice for any passenger, since it is the most comfortable seat, and also because of the psychological advantage of not being forced to subserviently look at the back of another person's head during a trip.
Enthronement - The physical presence of a person in the Shotgun position.
The owner of a vehicle, if he/she isn't driving, always gets Shotgun in that vehicle. It is their car, it is their seat and they get it. This is a real bonus for an owner who is falling down drunk. They can rest assured Shotgun is rightfully theirs. They won't have to worry about concentrating through an alcohol-induced haze simply to remember to call Shotgun in their own hard-earned car. Once proper Shotgun "enthronement" rights have been established, they may also be surrendered. If the owner of the vehicle is eligible for Shotgun, but wants to sleep it off in the back more...
This is a compilation of actual student GCSE answers.
1. Ancient Egypt was inhabited by mummies and they all wrote in
hydraulics. They lived in the Sarah Dessert and traveled by
Camelot. The climate of the Sarah is such that the inhabitants
have to live elsewhere.
2. The Bible is full of interesting caricatures. In the first
book of the Bible, Guinessis, Adam and Eve were created from an
apple tree. One of their children, Cain, asked, "Am I my
3. Moses led the Hebrew slaves to the Red Sea, where they made
unleavened bread which is bread made without any ingredients.
Moses went up on Mount Cyanide to get the ten commandments. He
died before he ever reached Canada.
4. Solomom had three hundred wives and seven hundred porcupines.
5. The Greeks were a highly sculptured people, and without them
we wouldn't have history. The Greeks also had myths. A myth is a
Chandrika: I considered you as a freedom fighter, the moment I read,
“HARD HARD ONE IS THE BIG BIG GOOD ONE(to be
circulated)” Written by you to the infolanka joke page.
Chandrika: Please show me how to bring a political change in Sri Lanka.
ULTRA MICROS: Your Excellency, its this New Constitution.
Chandrika: Will People Support Me.
ULTRA MICROS: Its Foolishness if they don’t do so.
ULTRA MICROS: Your Excellency, good luck to you.
ULTRA MICRO CONSTITUTION OF THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA.
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is an unitary
State Which Is Comprised of 24 Key Administrative District
Councils and There Sub Councils.
All Laws relating to Citizenship, Matrimony, Inheritance and
Succession shall be governed by The General Law.
English, Sinhala and Tamil shall be Official Languages.
There shall be The more...
1. Ancient Egypt was inhabited by mummies and they all wrote in hydraulics. They lived in the Sarah Dessert and traveled by Camelot. The climate of the Sarah is such that the inhabitants have to live elsewhere.
2. The Bible is full of interesting caricatures. In the first book of the Bible, Guinessis, Adam and Eve were created from an apple tree. One of their children, Cain, asked, "Am I my brother's son?"
3. Actually, Homer was not written by Homer but by another man of that name.
4. Eventually, the Romans conquered the Greeks. History calls people Romans because they never stayed in one place for very long.
5. Nero was a cruel tyranny who would torture his subjects by playing the fiddle to them.
6. Joan of Arc was burnt to a steak and was cannonized by Bernard Shaw. Finally Magna Carta provided that no man should be hanged twice for the same offense.
7. In midevil times most people were alliterate. The greatest writer of the futile ages was Chaucer, more...
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| 0.966107 | 1,033 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Published: Jan 1988
| ||Format||Pages||Price|| |
|PDF (368K)||18||$25|| ADD TO CART|
|Complete Source PDF (6.7M)||365||$87|| ADD TO CART|
The autonomous seafloor strength profiler (ASSP) has been developed to determine the strength profile of the upper 1.5 m of marine sediments. The system can operate in water depths to 6000 m and is designed to remain in a dormancy state of up to one year. The instrument consists of four integrated packages: controller and data acquisition system, mechanical system, volume/pressure compensator, and power supply. This paper describes the ASSP system and presents results of in situ vane tests in a deep sea (5845 m) illitic clay and shallow water (60 m) clayey silty fine sand. The in-situ shear strengths of the deep sea clay are 26% higher than those of core samples. The shear strength profile for the shallow water sediment is quite different from that of a nearby core.
in situ, shear strength, vane shear, comparison, autonomous
Professor of ocean and civil engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
General engineer, Naval Post Graduate School, Monterey, CA
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| 0.839583 | 274 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The country experiences warm temperate climate almost throughout the year. Montevideo, the capital and the largest city of the country is the southernmost capital city in the whole Americas. This city also is the top city in Latin America with good quality of life. The Port of Montevideo is one of major ports of South America, and it is also one of the most advanced container terminal in the continent of South America.
Uruguayan culture has strong European trace mainly due to the European colonization of the country in the past.
|Facts About Uruguay|
|Capital and largest city||Montevideo|
|Area||176,215 km2 (68,037 sq mi)|
|Population||3,324,460 (2013 Est.)|
|Lat Long||34.8833° S, 56.1667° W|
|Time Zone||UYT (UTC−3)|
|Airport||4- Airports commercial Service|
|Neighbour Countries||Brazil, Argentina|
|Currency||Uruguayan peso (UYU)|
Location Map of Venezuela before March 7, 2016
Last Updated : March 8, 2016
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| 0.816448 | 243 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The holiday season brings lots of travel -- visiting family and friends, taking vacations. If you have ever traveled and experienced jet lag, you know that you can feel that you are just not quite fully functioning (particularly when traveling east) when you arrive at your destination. A new study shows that this particular effect of jet lag may linger longer than we realize.
Researchers at The University of California at Berkley conducted an interesting experiment. They used an animal model in which they compared the performance and memory tasks of jet lagged hamsters against a control group. The researchers learned that jet lag affects the part of the brain responsible for memory and learning:
- It limits the growth of brain cells and reduces brain activity.
- It leads to memory and learning problems.
- Even a month after recovering, subjects were still suffering from its effects.
Lance Kriegsfeld, UC Berkley associate professor of psychology and the author of the study, commented, "What this says is that, whether you are a flight attendant, medical resident, or rotating shift worker, repeated disruption of circadian rhythms is likely going to have a long-term impact on your cognitive behavior and function."
I could not agree with him more.
Anyone who travels or works a rotating shift can experience jet lag and not even realize it. Since this was an animal experiment, we can't ask the participants if they noticed feeling any different, or if they had any difficulty learning something new. Even so, this study sheds light on some astounding implications of jet lag for various professionals:
- Pilots learning new flight routes.
- Medical residents practicing new surgical techniques or recognizing unfamiliar states of diseases.
- Shift workers dealing with different job responsibilities, rotations, or assembly methods.
Jet lag could be the cause of many simple errors.
I have written about jet lag before; "jet lag" is usually the result of crossing several time zones in a short period of time, without allowing for your body to time to adjust for the changes in time. Your body will typically adjust at the rate of one to two time zones per day, so if you cross six time zones, your body will naturally make the adjustment to the time change in about three to five days. Though shift workers may not physically cross over time zones, their days and nights fluctuate according to their work schedule, which throws off their biological clock.
Whether you are traveling across the country, or picking up a holiday shift, here are some simple things to help fight jet lag (and keep your brain healthy):
- Time your flights. If you are only flying over two to three zones, avoid the "red eye" flights as much as possible. Remember, jet lag is worse if you traveling east.
- Get outside and get some sunlight! Light helps reset your circadian rhythm and reduces the effects of jet lag.
- Adjust with exercise. Exercise also helps reset your biological clock. I would not suggest running a marathon, but while you are outside getting sunlight, consider taking a brisk walk.
- Avoid alcohol and caffeine. Both will negatively affect your sleep cycle, which will already be slightly off.
- Resist napping on the plane. You may need to fall asleep earlier than your body is used to at your new destination. Being a little more tired could be helpful.
- Melatonin might not be the best answer; the studies on its effectiveness are mixed. As I have "blogged" before melatonin often comes in an overdose amount -- we're talking anything over one milligram. It's important to check with your doctor before taking this hormone.
- Consider a jet lag calculator app. These can help guide you through overcoming and preventing jet lag. Virgin Atlantic offers one that I enjoy from Mental Workout.
Have a happy holiday season, and sleep well.
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en
| 0.94332 | 776 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The Egyptians' civilization was based on religion where their beliefs were very important. They believed in polytheism, which was the belief in many deities. They worshipped as many as two-thousand gods and goddesses. Some gods were worshipped locally, others were worshipped nationally. Some of the various gods were part human and part animal. The god Horus had the head of a hawk and a body of a human. Bulls, cats, and crocodiles were considered very holy. The chief, immortal gods of the Egyptians were Aman-Ra, which was the sun god and lord of the universe, the other was Osiris which was the god of the underworld. Osiris was not an evil god, he actually made afterlife peaceful.
A "bible was created in 1240 B.C. called the "Book of the Dead. The people of this time spent more time preparing for the survival in the next world (death) than in this world. They spent massive amounts of time and money on this task. Death was known as a transitional stage to a better life. They have three souls; the "Ka , the "Ba , and the "Akh.
They have their own version of how the world began. At first, the world was an ocean in darkness. A mound of dry land rose up and the sun god "Re appeared. He created light and all things.
The Egyptians made temples for gods to dwell in. They build a temple in each city for the god of that city.
Priests cared for the temples, attended to the needs of the people, were advisors, and were in charge of the funerals. They were basically the authority. Egyptians didn't second guess the priest's answers to the questions they asked.
The Egyptians had a few superstitions that affected their lives. First were the cat superstitions. When a rich person's cat died, they were immediately mummified elaborately with ribbons and dye. The body was placed in a
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en
| 0.994884 | 400 | 3.609375 | 4 |
This morning I read a short item from Mashable describing some predictions being made for the next five year by IBM. Among more workaday predictions we've heard elsewhere - that biometrics will become mainstream, for example, or that mobile computing will end the digital divide - is a prediction that demands more attention: that mind reading will become a practical technology.
This seems more the stuff of science fiction than it does a practical reflection on the future of work. However, the technology itself is not science fiction. The technology already exists to allow a person to control the movement of a cube on the screen through the exercise of thought alone. As we design input devices of greater and greater sensitivity, phenomena that once appeared to us to be only mental - our thoughts and dreams, for example - will begin to appear as physical manifestations.
Musing ('mental using') will become commonplace. Musability will become an important science, as these interfaces will need to be able to support action without distracting us - if you think it's dangerous to drive while talking on a mobile phone, imagine how dangerous it will be to drive while interfacing with a poorly designed muser agent.
Most likely we will first experience these interfaces as games. We will play at rotating the cube or dropping the objects into the correct containers all the while adapting to new skills our children (or their children) will take for granted. These mental environments will become as real to us - and as important a part of our every day lives - as places like Facebook and Twitter and World of Warcraft are today. It will, indeed, be difficult to imagine what the world was like before people were connected mentally.
It is tempting at first to see such devices as replacing our current control panels and input screens. And there is an advantage to be found in mental control of physical devices. For example, we can with training speed our reaction times. Or we can, through visualization, execute movements that might be difficult physically, such as balancing an object or reproducing an image. Mental controls also reduce the distraction physical movements create while driving or executing some other motor operation.
Musing, however, has the potential to have a much wider impact. The possibility of subsonic broadcast through, say, a tiny transmitter implanted in our ears, or through optical displays embedded in a contact lens, enables two-way communication. A person could interact with another person or device in an entirely inconspicuous manner. The clerk at the counter who smiles and welcomes you by name may be communicating with a complex computer program that tells her everything she needs to know in the time it takes the two of you to shake hands.
Or you may be communicating with each other subvocally. When you walk up to the counter your request has been prepared by your own computer system and is transmitted to her with a thought. She receives a short mental message acknowledging receipt and nods to you in response, while subsonically expressing her thanks for your patronage. Meanwhile your status - and your thoughts - are relayed instantly to other members of your workgroup, who receive them as updates as they participate in meetings or tasks of their own.
It seems like a small thing, internal communication instead of external. But as our machines become more able to respond to our thoughts, these communications will enable complex tasks to be performed by teams of people working in concert. Highly sensitive operations, like computer chip design or brain surgery, for example, will be performed entirely by thought, by operators working in fully immersive environments imagining their way through an environment. Close your eyes and picture yourself attaching neurons to each other - that's what it will feel like to you as nanobots perform the actual physical labour.
While it is tempting to linger on the practical and technical aspects of musability, these will seem superficial when considered against the social changes wrought by such intimate communications. It may be hard to imagine today technologies such as email and texting to be slow and cumbersome, but that is how it will feel to a muser. And the immediacy of such communications will change the way we relate to each other. Social organizations will become much more personal, and the idea that "it's just business" will be relegated to an age when you didn't know - or could pretend you didn't know - how people would feel when you worked with them.
Practical musing technology may still be five years away, and the rise of what the new version of Wired will call "Muser Nation" may be a generation to come, but just as we can see how network technologies have had a profound impact on today's social organizations, weakening the dominance of the hierarchies and resulting in the rise of asymmetrical warfare, people power and crowdsourcing, so also the mentally connected society will experience a fundamental change. It is hopeful - but maybe not unrealistic - to talk of moving beyond mere communicating to an ethos of caring.
Two factors would bring such a future into being. First, we would need a science that allowed us to share not just vocalized thoughts but also our experiences, emotions and feelings. Such a science would be technically possible; the major question is rather whether it would be socially acceptable. And second, a mechanization of work such that the bulk of physical labour were performed mentally, through musable interfaces. In such a case, the practice of 'work' as we know it today becomes less like labour and more like art. In such an environment, we would in order to become engaged, and the level of engagement becomes directly proportional to the emotional fulfillment we receive.
It is perhaps difficult today to imagine a society in which we work for something other than the bread on our table and the roof over our heads, but a combination of abundance energy and mental computation make a reorganization of the underlying economics a necessity. The less demand there is in society for physical labour, the more unfair and less efficient a distribution of wealth based on labour will become. And so as we transition into a post-wealth society, and as public access to the necessities of life become commonplace, new currencies of community and well-being will become paramount.
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en
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“The Grail,” Langdon said, “is symbolic of the lost goddess. When Christianity came along, the old pagan religions did not die easily. Legends of chivalric quests for the Holy Grail were in fact stories of forbidden quests to find the lost sacred feminine.
Reinterpreting the Grail Legend
Knights who claimed to be “searching for the chalice” were speaking in code as a way to protect themselves from a Church that had subjugated women, banished the Goddess, burned non-believers, and forbidden the pagan reverence for the sacred feminine.” (The Da Vinci Code , pages 238-239)
The Holy Grail is a favorite metaphor for a desirable but difficult-to-attain goal, from the map of the human genome to Lord Stanley’s Cup. While the original Grail the cup Jesus allegedly used at the Last Supper normally inhabits the pages of Arthurian romance, Dan Brown’s recent mega–best-seller, The Da Vinci Code , rips it away to the realm of esoteric history.
But his book is more than just the story of a quest for the Grail he wholly reinterprets the Grail legend. In doing so, Brown inverts the insight that a woman’s body is symbolically a container and makes a container symbolically a woman’s body. And that container has a name every Christian will recognize, for Brown claims that the Holy Grail was actually Mary Magdalene. She was the vessel that held the blood of Jesus Christ in her womb while bearing his children.
Over the centuries, the Grail-keepers have been guarding the true (and continuing) bloodline of Christ and the relics of the Magdalen, not a material vessel. Therefore Brown claims that “the quest for the Holy Grail is the quest to kneel before the bones of Mary Magdalene,” a conclusion that would surely have surprised Sir Galahad and the other Grail knights who thought they were searching for the Chalice of the Last Supper.
The Da Vinci Code opens with the grisly murder of the Louvre’s curator inside the museum. The crime enmeshes hero Robert Langdon, a tweedy professor of symbolism from Harvard, and the victim’s granddaughter, burgundy-haired cryptologist Sophie Nevue. Together with crippled millionaire historian Leigh Teabing, they flee Paris for London one step ahead of the police and a mad albino Opus Dei “monk” named Silas who will stop at nothing to prevent them from finding the “Grail.”
But despite the frenetic pacing, at no point is action allowed to interfere with a good lecture. Before the story comes full circle back to the Louvre, readers face a barrage of codes, puzzles, mysteries, and conspiracies.
With his twice-stated principle, “Everybody loves a conspiracy,” Brown is reminiscent of the famous author who crafted her product by studying the features of ten earlier best-sellers. It would be too easy to criticize him for characters thin as plastic wrap, undistinguished prose, and improbable action. But Brown isn’t so much writing badly as writing in a particular way best calculated to attract a female audience. (Women, after all, buy most of the nation’s books.) He has married a thriller plot to a romance-novel technique. Notice how each character is an extreme type…effortlessly brilliant, smarmy, sinister, or psychotic as needed, moving against luxurious but curiously flat backdrops. Avoiding gore and bedroom gymnastics, he shows only one brief kiss and a sexual ritual performed by a married couple. The risqué allusions are fleeting although the text lingers over some bloody Opus Dei mortifications. In short, Brown has fabricated a novel perfect for a ladies’ book club.
Brown’s lack of seriousness shows in the games he plays with his character names Robert Langdon, “bright fame long don” (distinguished and virile); Sophie Nevue, “wisdom New Eve”; the irascible taurine detective Bezu Fache, “zebu anger.” The servant who leads the police to them is Legaludec, “legal duce.” The murdered curator takes his surname, Saunière, from a real Catholic priest whose occult antics sparked interest in the Grail secret. As an inside joke, Brown even writes in his real-life editor (Faukman is Kaufman).
While his extensive use of fictional formulas may be the secret to Brown’s stardom, his anti-Christian message can’t have hurt him in publishing circles: The Da Vinci Code debuted atop the New York Times best-seller list. By manipulating his audience through the conventions of romance-writing, Brown invites readers to identify with his smart, glamorous characters who’ve seen through the impostures of the clerics who hide the “truth” about Jesus and his wife. Blasphemy is delivered in a soft voice with a knowing chuckle: “[E]very faith in the world is based on fabrication.”
But even Brown has his limits. To dodge charges of outright bigotry, he includes a climactic twist in the story that absolves the Church of assassination. And although he presents Christianity as a false root and branch, he’s willing to tolerate it for its charitable works.
(Of course, Catholic Christianity will become even more tolerable once the new liberal pope elected in Brown’s previous Langdon novel, Angels & Demons, abandons outmoded teachings. “Third-century laws cannot be applied to the modern followers of Christ,” says one of the book’s progressive cardinals.)
Where Is He Getting All of This?
Brown actually cites his principal sources within the text of his novel. One is a specimen of academic feminist scholarship: The Gnostic Gospels by Elaine Pagels. The others are popular esoteric histories: The Templar Revelation: Secret Guardians of the True Identity of Christ by Lynn Picknett and Clive Prince; Holy Blood, Holy Grail by Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh, and Henry Lincoln; The Goddess in the Gospels: Reclaiming the Sacred Feminine and The Woman with the Alabaster Jar: Mary Magdalen and the Holy Grail, both by Margaret Starbird. (Starbird, a self-identified Catholic, has her books published by Matthew Fox’s outfit, Bear & Co.) Another influence, at least at second remove, is The Woman’s Encyclopedia of Myths and Secrets by Barbara G. Walker.
The use of such unreliable sources belies Brown’s pretensions to intellectuality. But the act has apparently fooled at least some of his readers the New York Daily News book reviewer trumpeted, “His research is impeccable.”
But despite Brown’s scholarly airs, a writer who thinks the Merovingians founded Paris and forgets that the popes once lived in Avignon is hardly a model researcher. And for him to state that the Church burned five million women as witches shows a willful and malicious ignorance of the historical record. The latest figures for deaths during the European witch craze are between 30,000 to 50,000 victims. Not all were executed by the Church, not all were women, and not all were burned. Brown’s claim that educated women, priestesses, and midwives were singled out by witch-hunters is not only false, it betrays his goddess-friendly sources.
A Multitude of Errors
So error-laden is The Da Vinci Code that the educated reader actually applauds those rare occasions where Brown stumbles (despite himself) into the truth. A few examples of his “impeccable” research: He claims that the motions of the planet Venus trace a pentacle (the so-called Ishtar pentagram) symbolizing the goddess.
But it isn’t a perfect figure and has nothing to do with the length of the Olympiad. The ancient Olympic games were celebrated in honor of Zeus Olympias, not Aphrodite, and occurred every four years.
Brown’s contention that the five linked rings of the modern Olympic Games are a secret tribute to the goddess is also wrong each set of games was supposed to add a ring to the design but the organizers stopped at five. And his efforts to read goddess propaganda into art, literature, and even Disney cartoons are simply ridiculous.
No datum is too dubious for inclusion, and reality falls quickly by the wayside. For instance, the Opus Dei bishop encourages his albino assassin by telling him that Noah was also an albino (a notion drawn from the non-canonical 1 Enoch 106:2). Yet albinism somehow fails to interfere with the man’s eyesight as it physiologically would.
But a far more important example is Brown’s treatment of Gothic architecture as a style full of goddess-worshipping symbols and coded messages to confound the uninitiated. Building on Barbara Walker’s claim that “like a pagan temple, the Gothic cathedral represented the body of the Goddess,” The Templar Revelation asserts: “Sexual symbolism is found in the great Gothic cathedrals which were masterminded by the Knights Templar…both of which represent intimate female anatomy: the arch, which draws the worshipper into the body of Mother Church, evokes the vulva.” In The Da Vinci Code , these sentiments are transformed into a character’s description of “a cathedral’s long hollow nave as a secret tribute to a woman’s womb…complete with receding labial ridges and a nice little cinquefoil clitoris above the doorway.”
These remarks cannot be brushed aside as opinions of the villain; Langdon, the book’s hero, refers to his own lectures about goddess-symbolism at Chartres.
These bizarre interpretations betray no acquaintance with the actual development or construction of Gothic architecture, and correcting the countless errors becomes a tiresome exercise: The Templars had nothing to do with the cathedrals of their time, which were commissioned by bishops and their canons throughout Europe. They were unlettered men with no arcane knowledge of “sacred geometry” passed down from the pyramid builders. They did not wield tools themselves on their own projects, nor did they found masons’ guilds to build for others. Not all their churches were round, nor was roundness a defiant insult to the Church. Rather than being a tribute to the divine feminine, their round churches honored the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
Actually looking at Gothic churches and their predecessors deflates the idea of female symbolism. Large medieval churches typically had three front doors on the west plus triple entrances to their transepts on the north and south. (What part of a woman’s anatomy does a transept represent? Or the kink in Chartres’s main aisle?) Romanesque churches including ones that predate the founding of the Templars have similar bands of decoration arching over their entrances. Both Gothic and Romanesque churches have the long, rectangular nave inherited from Late Antique basilicas, ultimately derived from Roman public buildings. Neither Brown nor his sources consider what symbolism medieval churchmen such as Suger of St.-Denis or William Durandus read in church design. It certainly wasn’t goddess-worship.
[Editor's Note: Dismantling The Da Vinci Code Part Two will appear in this space tomorrow.]
Sandra Miesel is a veteran Catholic journalist.
This article originally appeared in CRISIS Magazine and is used by permission.
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An important eighteenth-century, American made map of Tennessee. This map was issued in Reid's landmark American Atlas in 1796. The map was drawn and engraved by Benjamin Tanner, who was to go on to become one of the most important American cartographers of the early nineteenth century. This map is closely copied from General Daniel Smith's map first issued in 1794, the first and best American made map of Tennessee in the eighteenth century. The area depicted extends from the mouth of the Cumberland River to Muscle Shoals, and from the headwaters of the Tennessee River to the Mississippi. The information is quite accurate and neatly presented. The most prominent features are the rivers, with some orography indicated. Drawn in and labeled are Indian tribes and towns, roads, trails, and settlements such as Nashville, "Clerksville," and Knoxville. Also included is an indication of "Ross's Ironworks" well up the Holston River. A key in the lower left includes the indication for "Wedth of Rivers in Yards." For both its considerable accuracy and its very early date, this is a wonderful American document of Tennessee history. $1,850
Daniel Smith. "A Map of The Tennassee [sic] State formerly Part of North Carolina taken Chiefly from Surveys to Genl. D. Smith & others." At top: "Engraved for Careys American Edition of Guthrie's Geography improved." Philadelphia: M. Carey, 1800. 9 3/8 x 18 7/8. Engraving by Joseph T. Scott. Some soft creases. Overall, very good condition. Wheat & Brun: 653; state III.
An important map of Tennessee, a turn of the century edition of the first American made map of the territory. The map was issued by Mathew Carey, the first American cartographic publisher, and one of the seminal figures in early American cartography. This map was originally printed to accompany Daniel Smith's book on Tennessee (1793) beginning around 1794, and was also inserted in Carey's edition of Guthrie's Geography Improved up to 1800. Carey, an Irish immigrant, established the first American specialized cartographic publishing firm. He set up an elaborate cottage system of craftsmen for engraving, printing, and coloring his maps utilizing the best independent artists directed to a common end. Carey is important, then, not only for the excellent maps he produced, but for his setting the pattern for American map publishing, to be followed by the likes of John Melish and Henry S. Tanner.
This map shows Tennessee as it was just after it became a state. Carey's map was the first map of Tennessee to be based on actual surveys, mostly the work of General Daniel Smith. Smith was one of the Virginia members on the 1779-80 Virginia-North Carolina border commission. Shortly after this he moved to Tennessee, where he spent the remainder of his life. The map contains much interesting information. Rivers, mountains, wilderness "Public Roads," and the few white settlements in the territory are shown. Also shown are towns and lands of the native Americans. The second state of the map was the first to show the first eight counties in 1796, and this third state merely adds the engraved number "41" to the upper right corner outside the neat lines. Overall, a most desirable map of Tennessee interest. $2,400
Mathew Carey. "The State of Tennessee." Philadelphia: M. Carey, 1814. 9 5/8 x 20 1/2. Engraving. Original outline color. Full margins. A few light spots on centerfold. A small replaced section in bottom right corner, far from printed surface. Otherwise, very good condition.
Published just after the War of 1812, this map is from Carey's Atlas and it is an improved depiction of the state over the Smith map Carey had used in earlier versions. It shows the state at a very early date in its development, before the great flood of settlement of the later nineteenth century and at a time when much of the state was wilderness inhabited primarily by Indians. Rivers, towns, trails and roads are shown throughout, though development is quite sparse. The state is broken into twelve counties, with about half the state given over to Cherokee Territory. An attractive and significant map. $1,500
Fielding Lucas, Jr. "Tennessee." From A New and Elegant General Atlas Containing Maps of each of the United States. Baltimore: F. Lucas, Jr., 1816. Folio. 8 1/2 x 10 3/4. Engraving. Full original hand color. Large margins. Fine condition.
A fine map by Baltimore cartographer, Fielding Lucas, Jr. (1781- 1854). Lucas appears to have become involved in the publishing and book trade while a resident of Philadelphia from 1798 to 1804, when he moved to Baltimore. In 1807 Lucas joined Conrad, Lucas & Co., and then in 1810 he set up his own business at 138 Market Street. There Lucas first got involved in cartographic publishing with his New and Elegant General Atlas of 1816. In the second decade of the nineteenth century, through his Philadelphia contacts, Lucas was one of the major contributors to Carey & Lea's atlas of 1823. Concurrently with this involvement, Lucas brought out his own General Atlas, containing 104 maps of all parts of the world. Lucas, during his 50 years of residence in Baltimore, established himself as a prominent citizen of that city, serving as President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, President of the Board of School Commissioners, and as President of the Second Branch of the City Council. But it is for his important role in early American cartography that Lucas is best remembered. $450
Mathew Carey. "The State of Tennessee." Philadelphia: M. Carey & Son, 1818. 9 5/8 x 20 1/2. Engraving. Original outline color. Full margins. Some minor spots. Some pencil marks in margins. Overall, very good condition.
Carey's map of Tennessee issued four years later than that above. $1,500
"Ruiner efter en gammal fastning I Tenessee Staten." [Ruins of an old enclosure in Tennessee]. From Axel Klinckowstrom's Travels. Stockholm, 1824. 6 1/2 x 4 1/4 (neat lines plus margins). Lithograph. Excellent condition.
Baron Axel Leonhard Klinckowstrom was a Swedish aristocrat who spent the years 1818 to 1820 in America as a representative of his government. He wrote a fascinating book about his travels in America and published an atlas of maps and prints to accompany his Bref om de Forente Staterne published in Stockholm in 1824.
The baron provided some original pictures of New York City that are considered original prints after his own paintings (ref. G. Deak's Picturing America, items 310 and 322). This fascinating and early map records how this Swedish explorer recorded what was believed to be an early American Indian site as well as being considered for an industrial site enhanced by strong flowing confluence of Duck River and Little Duck River in this age of water power. Now an historical site, it is believed to date to the Middle Woodlands culture of 80 to 500 A.D. The site is in Coffee County near the town of Manchester, Tennessee. $275
"Map of the States of Kentucky and Tennessee." From John H. Hinton's The History and Topography of the United States of America. London: I.T. Hinton & Simpkin & Marshall, -1832. 9 1/2 x 15 1/2 (neatlines) plus complete margins. Steel engraving by Fenner Sears & Co. Fine condition.
A lovely example of a steel engraved map from one of the more popular nineteenth century view and map books, Hinton's History and Topography. This work contained text and numerous illustrations documenting the history and topography of the United States. Hinton used many different artists, all the engravings being made from drawings made on the spot. For their wide coverage, accurate detail, and pleasing appearance, these are amongst the finest small images of early nineteenth century America to be found anywhere. The London edition was the only one with maps of the regions throughout the United States. Elevation is shown using cross-hatching. $425
Thomas G. Bradford. "Tennessee & Kentucky." From A Comprehensive Atlas. Geographical, Historical & Commercial. Boston: William D. Ticknor, 1835. 7 3/4 x 10. Engraving. Original outline color. Full margins. Some typical, light spotting. First issue. Overall, very good condition.
A small map of Tennessee and Kentucky published in Boston in 1835 showing the states in the third decade of the nineteenth century. Information shown includes rivers, towns, and some topography. Throughout the early period of the century, Kentucky continually added counties, as the population expanded and developed around the state. This map is very up-to-date in showing this political development, with each county indicated and named. $175
"A New Map of Tennessee with its Roads and Distances from place to place along the Stage & Steam Boat Routes." Philadelphia: Thomas, Cowperthwait & Co., 1851. 11 1/4 x 15 3/8. Lithographic transfer from engraved plate. Full original color. Some paper toning and a few light spots. Overall, very good condition.
A strong and beautifully crafted map of Tennessee from the mid-nineteenth century, published by Thomas, Cowperthwait & Co. This firm took over the publication of S. Augustus Mitchell's important Universal Atlas in 1850, and they continued to produce up-dated maps that were amongst the best issued in the period. This map shows Tennessee at an important time in its development. The map is filled with myriad topographical details, including rivers, towns, lakes and political borders. This firm's maps are especially known for their depiction of the transportation routes of the states, and this map is no exception. The transportation infrastructure was extremely important at this period of increased immigration and travel in the American mid-west. This information is clearly depicted, including rail lines, steamboat routes, canals and roads. In the lower right are tables showing distances along steamboat routes through the state. Included are two inset maps showing the areas around Nashville and Knoxville. The map has a striking appearance, with warm hand coloring that well compliments the clear presentation. For its fascinating detail and decorative appeal, this is an excellent Tennessee document. $275
J.H. Colton. "Kentucky and Tennessee." New York: J.H. Colton, 1856. 12 3/4 x 15 5/8. Lithograph. Full original hand-coloring. Full margins. Very good condition.
In the mid-nineteenth century, the center of map publishing in America moved from Philadelphia to New York. The Colton publishing firm played a large role in this shift. This map with its fine detail, is a strong example of their successful work. The map presents the counties with contrasting pastel shades, and includes depictions of towns, roads, railroads, rivers, and some topography. This is an attractive map as well as an interesting historical document. $150
"County Map of Kentucky and Tennessee." Philadelphia: S. Augustus Mitchell, Jr. 1860. 10 3/4 x 13 3/8. Lithograph. Original hand coloring. Full margins. Decorative border. Very good condition.
For most of the middle part of the nineteenth century, the firm founded by S. Augustus Mitchell dominated American cartography in output and influence. This fine map is from one of his son's atlases, and it shows Kentucky and Tennessee in the 1860s. Towns, rivers, roads and other topographical information are clearly shown, and the counties are shaded with contrasting pastel colors. A fine decorative border surrounds the map, and the whole effect makes for an attractive mid-nineteenth century map. $125
"Johnson's "Kentucky and Tennessee." New York: Johnson & Ward, 1862. 17 x 24. Lithograph. Full original hand-color. Very good condition. Three vignettes. Barbed wire border.
An attractive map from A. J. Johnson's atlas issued during the Civil War. Johnson, who published out of New York City, was one of the leading cartographic publishers in the latter half of the century, producing popular atlases, geographies and so on. This finely detailed map is an good example of Johnson's work. Townships, towns, roads, rail lines, rivers and lakes are shown throughout. Of particular note is the extensive road and rail network in the states that would be come so important in the forthcoming conflict. The clear presentation of cartographic information and the warm hand coloring make this an attractive as well as interesting historical document. $175
"Johnson's "Kentucky and Tennessee." New York: Johnson & Ward, 1864-65. 17 1/2 x 24 1/4. Lithograph. Full original hand-color. Very good condition. Two vignettes. Strap work border.
An attractive map from A.J. Johnson's atlas issued during the height of the Civil War. Johnson, who published out of New York City, was one of the leading cartographic publishers in the latter half of the century, producing popular atlases, geographies and so on. This finely detailed map is an good example of Johnson's work. Townships, towns, roads, rail lines, rivers and lakes are shown throughout. Of particular note is the extensive road and rail network in the states that would be come so important in the forthcoming conflict. The clear presentation of cartographic information and the warm hand coloring make this an attractive as well as interesting historical document. $150
"County Map of Kentucky and Tennessee." Philadelphia: S. Augustus Mitchell, Jr. 1867. 10 3/4 x 13 3/8. Lithograph. Original hand coloring. Full margins. Decorative border. Very good condition.
For most of the middle part of the nineteenth century, the firm founded by S. Augustus Mitchell dominated American cartography in output and influence. This fine map is from one of his son's atlases, and it shows Kentucky and Tennessee in the 1860s. Towns, rivers, roads and other topographical information are clearly shown, and the counties are shaded with contrasting pastel colors. A fine decorative border surrounds the map, and the whole effect makes for an attractive mid-nineteenth century map. $150
Frank A. Gray. "Gray's New Map of Kentucky and Tennessee." Philadelphia: O.W. Gray & Son, 1876. 15 3/4 x 25 3/4. Lithograph. Original color. Very good condition.
A nicely detailed map of the states by the Philadelphia firm of O.W. Gray and Son. The firm began its publishing around mid-century and published regional and U.S. atlases up to the 1880s. The map contains excellent topographical information and good detail on the towns, counties, and roads in the states. Of particular note is the extensive network of railroads depicted throughout. This theme is reemphasized in an inset map in the top left of an "Outline Map…Illustrating the System of Railroads." Two other inset maps are included, one with a hypsometric depiction of the states and the other showing the density of population. Tables list the population of each state in each census from 1790 to 1870. $225
"Gray's Atlas Map of Kentucky and Tennessee." Philadelphia: O.W. Gray & Son, ca. 1880. 11 3/4 x 16 1/2. Lithograph. Original color. Full margins. Very good condition.
A nicely detailed map of the state by the Philadelphia firm of O.W. Gray and Son. The firm began its publishing around mid-century and published regional and U.S. atlases up to the 1880s. This map was issued at the time of the American centennial and it is typical of their work. It contains excellent topographical information and good detail on the towns, counties, roads, and railroads in the state. This information and its attractive presentation make it a nice example of American cartography of the period. $125
"Kentucky and Tennessee." Philadelphia: W.M. Bradley & Bro., 1889. 13 1/4 x 20 1/4. Lithograph. Original hand color. Full margins. Very good condition.
A neatly detailed map from the Philadelphia publishing firm of William M. Bradley & Bro. While Philadelphia was no longer the main center of cartographic publishing in North America by the late nineteenth century, many fine maps were still produced there, as is evidenced by this map. Topography, political information, towns, and physical features are all presented precisely and clearly. The transportation network is particularly well delineated. $140
George F. Cram. "Kentucky and Tennessee." Chicago: G.F. Cram & Co., ca. 1889. 9 5/8 x 13 1/4. Lithograph. Outline hand color.
A colorful, detailed map. The George Cram Company was an engraving and publishing firm from Chicago. In the mid-nineteenth century, the center of cartographic publishing was New York City, but in the 1880's this began to shift towards Chicago with the advent of the Rand, McNally and Cram firms. These firms were noted for their efficient output of precise maps filled with useful and up-to-date political and cultural information, and details on roads, towns, railroads, and so forth. $45
"Kentucky & Tennessee." From Gaskell's Atlas of the World. Chicago: Gaskell, 1889. 9 x 12 1/2. Cereograph map with original printed color. Very good condition.
A double sided map from the late nineteenth century that is a good example of the quality of American mapmaking at the time. Done by cereography, or wax engraving, the map is filled with precise, clear and copious details. Shown are towns, road, railroads, rivers, all set against a topographical background and with pastel shades delineated counties. A wonderful map showing these states almost a century and a half ago. $40
"Tennesee." New York: Arbuckle Bros. Coffee Company, 1889. Ca. 3 x 5. Chromolithograph by Donaldson Brothers. Very good condition.
From a delightful series of maps issued by the Arbuckle Bros. Coffee Company. This firm was founded by John and Charles Arbuckle of Pittsburgh, PA. They developed a machine to weigh, fill, seal and label coffee in paper packages, which allowed them to become the largest importer and seller of coffee in the world. Their most famous promotional program involved the issuing of several series of small, colorful trading cards, one of which was included in every package of Arbuckle's Coffee. These series included cards with sports, food, historic scenes, and--one of the most popular--maps. The latter cards included not only a map, but also small illustrations "which portrays the peculiarities of the industry, scenery, etc." of the region depicted. These cards are a delight, containing informative maps as well as wonderful scenes of the area mapped. $65
[Tennessee and Kentucky]. From Rand McNally & Company's Indexed Atlas of the World. Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co., 1899. 18 3/4 x 25 3/4. Cerograph. Very good condition.
A late nineteenth century map from the early days of the Rand, McNally & Co. firm out of Chicago, a company that would shift the center of cartographic publishing from the east coast to the mid-west. Typical of the firm's work, this map has very good detail precisely and neatly exhibited. Topographic and social information, counties, roads, and many more details are neatly illustrated. Aesthetically and cartographically, it foreshadows the maps of the twentieth century. $125
George F. Cram. "Kentucky/Tennessee." (with inset of "Covington, Newport and Vicinity"), from Cram's Universal Atlas, Geographical, Astronomical and Historical. Chicago: G. F. Cram & Co., 1900. 12 5/8 x 20. Colored cerograph. Very good condition.
The George F. Cram Company was an engraving and publishing firm in Chicago. In the mid-nineteenth century the center of cartographic publishing was New York City, but this began to shift towards Chicago with the advent of the Rand, McNally and Cram firms. These companies were noted for their efficient output of precise maps filled with useful and up-to-date political and cultural information. Founded in 1869, the Cram firm quickly became synonymous with accuracy and innovation, creating maps delineating cities, towns, major transportation routes, railroads, and topographical features. This map of Kentucky and Tennessee is bordered by keys indexing counties, which are beautifully shown in contrasting colors, as well as cities with their approximate populations in thousands. Altogether an attractive and informative map. $120
"Kentucky & Tennessee." New York: C.S. Hammond & Co., 1914. 11 x 18. Chromolithograph. Outline color. Very good condition.
A detailed and very up-to-date map by one of leading American cartographic firms of the early twentieth century. New York had become the center of American map publishing in the middle of the nineteenth century. Towards the end of the century much of the cartographic industry moved to Chicago and other cities, but the Hammond firm kept New York as an important center of map-making. This map is typical of the company's output, with accurate and clearly presented topographical and political detail. $40
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©The Philadelphia Print Shop, Ltd. Last updated June 30, 2016
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The mayors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki commended the Japanese government’s support for two U.N. statements against the use of nuclear weapons. Being the two cities that suffered the devastating effect of atomic bombing during World War II, both are hoping that the use of nuclear weapons in the world will soon come to an end.
Japan, for the first time, endorsed two anti-nuclear weapon statements by the United Nations. The first was made by New Zealand, stating, “It is in the interest of the very survival of humanity that nuclear weapons are never used again, under any circumstances.” The other statement was made by Australia, which basically has the same principle as the one made by New Zealand.
According to Hiroshima Mayor Kazumi Matsui, the government’s move is an indication of having the same intent like Hiroshima’s for a world without the threat of nuclear weapons. As for Nagasaki Mayor Tomihisa Taue, having Japan agreeing to the U.N. statements is a step for a nuclear-free world. Both mayors also challenged the government of Japan to step up and initiate leadership in guiding other countries to also commend the U.N. statements against nuclear weapons.
Despite having experienced the loss brought by atomic bombings within three days time back in the Second World War, Japan has not previously endorsed U.N. statements that discourage the development and use of nuclear weapons. Otherwise, Japan would be contradicting its policy of reliance on its ally, the United States. However, the pacifist government was able to agree with Australia and New Zealand’s statements, as both are technically not legally binding.
Comments Off on JDP Startup Corner: Pros & Cons of Working with a Partner in Japan
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The first genocide of the 20th Century occurred when two million Armenians
living in Turkey were eliminated from their historic homeland through forced
deportations and massacres.
For three thousand years, a thriving Armenian community had existed
inside the vast region of the Middle East bordered by the Black, Mediterranean
and Caspian Seas. The area, known as Asia Minor, stands at the crossroads
of three continents; Europe, Asia and Africa. Great powers rose and fell
over the many centuries and the Armenian homeland was at various times
ruled by Persians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs and Mongols.
Despite the repeated invasions and occupations, Armenian pride and cultural
identity never wavered. The snow-capped peak of Mount Ararat became its
focal point and by 600 BC Armenia as a nation sprang into being. Following
the advent of Christianity, Armenia became the very first nation to accept
it as the state religion. A golden era of peace and prosperity followed
which saw the invention of a distinct alphabet, a flourishing of literature,
art, commerce, and a unique style of architecture. By the 10th century,
Armenians had established a new capital at Ani, affectionately called the
'city of a thousand and one churches.'
In the eleventh century, the first Turkish invasion of the Armenian
homeland occurred. Thus began several hundred years of rule by Muslim Turks.
By the sixteenth century, Armenia had been absorbed into the vast and mighty
Ottoman Empire. At its peak, this Turkish empire included much of Southeast
Europe, North Africa, and almost all of the Middle East.
But by the 1800s the once powerful Ottoman Empire was in serious decline.
For centuries, it had spurned technological and economic progress, while
the nations of Europe had embraced innovation and became industrial giants.
Turkish armies had once been virtually invincible. Now, they lost battle
after battle to modern European armies.
As the empire gradually disintegrated, formerly subject peoples including
the Greeks, Serbs and Romanians achieved their long-awaited independence.
Only the Armenians and the Arabs of the Middle East remained stuck in the
backward and nearly bankrupt empire, now under the autocratic rule of Sultan
By the 1890s, young Armenians began to press for political reforms,
calling for a constitutional government, the right to vote and an end to
discriminatory practices such as special taxes levied solely against them
because they were Christians. The despotic Sultan responded to their pleas
with brutal persecutions. Between 1894 and 1896 over 100,000 inhabitants
of Armenian villages were massacred during widespread pogroms conducted
by the Sultan's special regiments.
But the Sultan's days were numbered. In July 1908, reform-minded Turkish
nationalists known as "Young Turks" forced the Sultan to allow
a constitutional government and guarantee basic rights. The Young Turks
were ambitious junior officers in the Turkish Army who hoped to halt their
country's steady decline.
Armenians in Turkey were delighted with this sudden turn of events and
its prospects for a brighter future. Jubilant public rallies were held
attended by both Turks and Armenians with banners held high calling for
freedom, equality and justice.
However, their hopes were dashed when three of the Young Turks seized
full control of the government via a coup in 1913. This triumvirate of
Young Turks, consisting of Mehmed Talaat, Ismail Enver and Ahmed Djemal,
came to wield dictatorial powers and concocted their own ambitious plans
for the future of Turkey. They wanted to unite all of the Turkic peoples
in the entire region while expanding the borders of Turkey eastward across
the Caucasus all the way into Central Asia. This would create a new Turkish
empire, a "great and eternal land" called Turan with one language
and one religion.
But there was a big problem. The traditional historic homeland of Armenia
lay right in the path of their plans to expand eastward. And on that land
was a large population of Christian Armenians totaling some two million
persons, making up about 10 percent of Turkey's overall population.
Along with the Young Turk's newfound "Turanism" there was
a dramatic rise in Islamic fundamentalist agitation throughout Turkey.
Christian Armenians were once again branded as infidels (non-believers
in Islam). Anti-Armenian demonstrations were staged by young Islamic extremists,
sometimes leading to violence. During one such outbreak in 1909, two hundred
villages were plundered and over 30,000 persons massacred in the Cilicia
district on the Mediterranean coast. Throughout Turkey, sporadic local
attacks against Armenians continued unchecked over the next several years.
There were also big cultural differences between Armenians and Turks.
The Armenians had always been one of the best educated communities within
the old Turkish empire. Armenians were the professionals in society, the
businessmen, lawyers, doctors and skilled craftsmen. And they were more
open to new scientific, political and social ideas from the West (Europe
and America). Children of wealthy Armenians went to Paris, Geneva or even
to America to complete their education.
By contrast, the majority of Turks were illiterate peasant farmers and
small shop keepers. Leaders of the Ottoman Empire had traditionally placed
little value on education and not a single institute of higher learning
could be found within their old empire. The various autocratic and despotic
rulers throughout the empire's history had valued loyalty and blind obedience
above all. Their uneducated subjects had never heard of democracy or liberalism
and thus had no inclination toward political reform. But this was not the
case with the better educated Armenians who sought political and social
reforms that would improve life for themselves and Turkey's other minorities.
The Young Turks decided to glorify the virtues of simple Turkish peasantry
at the expense of the Armenians in order to capture peasant loyalty. They
exploited the religious, cultural, economic and political differences between
Turks and Armenians so that the average Turk came to regard Armenians as
strangers among them.
When World War I broke out in 1914, leaders of the Young Turk regime
sided with the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary). The outbreak
of war would provide the perfect opportunity to solve the "Armenian
question" once and for all. The world's attention became fixed upon
the battlegrounds of France and Belgium where the young men of Europe were
soon falling dead by the hundreds of thousands. The Eastern Front eventually
included the border between Turkey and Russia. With war at hand, unusual
measures involving the civilian population would not seem too out of the
The Ottoman Empire and areas of influence at its peak in the mid-1500s, including the historic Armenian Homeland (shown in orange).
The Land of Turan as planned by the Young Turks to create a new empire in the East, but blocked by Historic Armenia.
Present day map of Turkey and Armenia, showing an outline of Historic Armenia and Cilicia (little Armenia).
As a prelude to the coming action, Turks disarmed the entire Armenian
population under the pretext that the people were naturally sympathetic
toward Christian Russia. Every last rifle and pistol was forcibly seized,
with severe penalties for anyone who failed to turn in a weapon. Quite
a few Armenian men actually purchased a weapon from local Turks or Kurds
(nomadic Muslim tribesmen) at very high prices so they would have something
to turn in.
At this time, about forty thousand Armenian men were serving in the
Turkish Army. In the fall and winter of 1914, all of their weapons were
confiscated and they were put into slave labor battalions building roads
or were used as human pack animals. Under the brutal work conditions they
suffered a very high death rate. Those who survived would soon be shot
outright. For the time had come to move against the Armenians.
The decision to annihilate the entire population came directly from
the ruling triumvirate of ultra-nationalist Young Turks. The actual extermination
orders were transmitted in coded telegrams to all provincial governors
throughout Turkey. Armed roundups began on the evening of April 24, 1915,
as 300 Armenian political leaders, educators, writers, clergy and dignitaries
in Constantinople (present day Istanbul) were taken from their homes, briefly
jailed and tortured, then hanged or shot.
Next, there were mass arrests of Armenian men throughout the country
by Turkish soldiers, police agents and bands of Turkish volunteers. The
men were tied together with ropes in small groups then taken to the outskirts
of their town and shot dead or bayoneted by death squads. Local Turks and
Kurds armed with knives and sticks often joined in on the killing.
Then it was the turn of Armenian women, children, and the elderly. On
very short notice, they were ordered to pack a few belongings and be ready
to leave home, under the pretext that they were being relocated to a non-military
zone for their own safety. They were actually being taken on death marches
heading south toward the Syrian desert.
Most of the homes and villages left behind by the rousted Armenians
were quickly occupied by Muslim Turks who assumed instant ownership of
everything. In many cases, young Armenian children were spared from deportation
by local Turks who took them from their families. The children were coerced
into denouncing Christianity and becoming Muslims, and were then given
new Turkish names. For Armenian boys the forced conversion meant they each
had to endure painful circumcision as required by Islamic custom.
Individual caravans consisting of thousands of deported Armenians were
escorted by Turkish gendarmes. These guards allowed roving government units
of hardened criminals known as the "Special Organization" to
attack the defenseless people, killing anyone they pleased. They also encouraged
Kurdish bandits to raid the caravans and steal anything they wanted. In
addition, an extraordinary amount of sexual abuse and rape of girls and
young women occurred at the hands of the Special Organization and Kurdish
bandits. Most of the attractive young females were kidnapped for a life
of involuntary servitude.
The death marches, involving over a million Armenians, covered hundreds
of miles and lasted months. Indirect routes through mountains and wilderness
areas were deliberately chosen in order to prolong the ordeal and to keep
the caravans away from Turkish villages.
Food supplies being carried by the people quickly ran out and they were
usually denied further food or water. Anyone stopping to rest or lagging
behind the caravan was mercilessly beaten until they rejoined the march.
If they couldn't continue they were shot. A common practice was to force
all of the people in the caravan to remove every stitch of clothing and
have them resume the march in the nude under the scorching sun until they
dropped dead by the roadside from exhaustion and dehydration.
An estimated 75 percent of the Armenians on these marches perished,
especially children and the elderly. Those who survived the ordeal were
herded into the desert without a drop of water. Others were killed by being
thrown off cliffs, burned alive, or drowned in rivers.
The Turkish countryside became littered with decomposing corpses. At
one point, Mehmed Talaat responded to the problem by sending a coded message
to all provincial leaders: "I have been advised that in certain areas
unburied corpses are still to be seen. I ask you to issue the strictest
instructions so that the corpses and their debris in your vilayet
But his instructions were generally ignored. Those involved in the mass
murder showed little interest in stopping to dig graves. The roadside corpses
and emaciated deportees were a shocking sight to foreigners working in
Turkey. Eyewitnesses included German government liaisons, American missionaries,
and U.S. diplomats stationed in the country.
The Christian missionaries were often threatened with death themselves
and were unable to help the people. Diplomats from the still neutral United
States communicated their blunt assessments of the ongoing government actions.
U.S. ambassador to Turkey, Henry Morgenthau, reported to Washington: "When
the Turkish authorities gave the orders for these deportations, they were
merely giving the death warrant to a whole race..."
The Allied Powers (Great Britain, France, Russia) responded to news
of the massacres by issuing a warning to Turkey: "...the Allied governments
announce publicly...that they will hold all the members of the Ottoman
Government, as well as such of their agents as are implicated, personally
responsible for such matters."
The warning had no effect. Newspapers in the West including the New
York Times published reports of the continuing deportations with the
headlines: Armenians Are Sent to Perish in the Desert - Turks
Accused of Plan to Exterminate Whole Population (August 18, 1915) -
Million Armenians Killed or in Exile - American Committee on
Relief Says Victims of Turks Are Steadily Increasing - Policy of
Extermination (December 15, 1915).
Temporary relief for some Armenians came as Russian troops attacked
along the Eastern Front and made their way into central Turkey. But the
troops withdrew in 1917 upon the Russian Revolution. Armenian survivors
withdrew along with them and settled in among fellow Armenians already
living in provinces of the former Russian Empire. There were in total about
500,000 Armenians gathered in this region.
In May 1918, Turkish armies attacked the area to achieve the goal of
expanding Turkey eastward into the Caucasus and also to resume the annihilation
of the Armenians. As many as 100,000 Armenians may have fallen victim to
the advancing Turkish troops.
However, the Armenians managed to acquire weapons and they fought back,
finally repelling the Turkish invasion at the battle of Sadarabad, thus
saving the remaining population from total extermination with no help from
the outside world. Following that victory, Armenian leaders declared the
establishment of the independent Republic of Armenia.
World War I ended in November 1918 with a defeat for Germany and the
Central Powers including Turkey. Shortly before the war had ended, the
Young Turk triumvirate; Talaat, Enver and Djemal, abruptly resigned their
government posts and fled to Germany where they had been offered asylum.
In the months that followed, repeated requests were made by Turkey's
new moderate government and the Allies asking Germany to send the Young
Turks back home to stand trial. However all such requests were turned down.
As a result, Armenian activists took matters into their own hands, located
the Young Turks and assassinated them along with two other instigators
of the mass murder.
Meanwhile, representatives from the fledgling Republic of Armenia attended
the Paris Peace Conference in the hope that the victorious Allies would
give them back their historic lands seized by Turkey. The European Allies
responded to their request by asked the United States to assume guardianship
of the new Republic. However, President Woodrow Wilson's attempt to make
Armenia an official U.S. protectorate was rejected by the U.S. Congress
in May 1920.
But Wilson did not give up on Armenia. As a result of his efforts, the
Treaty of Sevres was signed on August 10, 1920, by the Allied Powers, the
Republic of Armenia and the new moderate leaders of Turkey. The treaty
recognized an independent Armenian state in an area comprising much of
the former historic homeland.
However, Turkish nationalism once again reared its head. The moderate
Turkish leaders who signed the treaty were ousted in favor of a new nationalist
leader, Mustafa Kemal, who simply refused to accept the treaty and even
re-occupied the very lands in question then expelled any surviving Armenians,
including thousands of orphans.
No Allied power came to the aid of the Armenian Republic and it collapsed.
Only a tiny portion of the easternmost area of historic Armenia survived
by being becoming part of the Soviet Union.
After the successful obliteration of the people of historic Armenia,
the Turks demolished any remnants of Armenian cultural heritage including
priceless masterpieces of ancient architecture, old libraries and archives.
The Turks even leveled entire cities such as the once thriving Kharpert,
Van and the ancient capital at Ani, to remove all traces of the three thousand
year old civilization.
The half-hearted reaction of the world's great powers to the plight
of the Armenians was duly noted by the young German politician Adolf Hitler.
After achieving total power in Germany, Hitler decided to conquer Poland
in 1939 and told his generals: "Thus for the
time being I have sent to the East only my 'Death's Head Units' with the
orders to kill without pity or mercy all men, women, and children of Polish
race or language. Only in such a way will we win the vital space that we
need. Who still talks nowadays about the Armenians?"
Copyright © 2000 The History Place All Rights Reserved
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| 0.965926 | 3,592 | 4.0625 | 4 |
STUDIES conducted by the Fiji Obesity Prevention in Communities last year showed about 17.8 per cent of adolescents in the country were overweight or obese.
The study was carried out through the Pacific Obesity Prevention in Communities project established by the World Health Organization
And another study conducted in the same period by the Fiji National Nutrition Survey under the Ministry of Health revealed 12.9 per cent of children less than five years and 14.5 percent between the ages of five and 18 were overweight.
This was revealed by National adviser for non-communicable diseases Dr Isimeli Tukana at a workshop on controlling marketing of sugar-sweetened beverages and unhealthy foods to children at the Sea Breeze Hotel in Lautoka yesterday.
He said this was because children in Fiji were heavily exposed to advertising of unhealthy food and non-alcoholic drinks that had little nutritional value.
"Advertising influences children's food choices, purchase requests and consumption patterns," Dr Tukana said.
"Regular consumption of unhealthy food and non-alcoholic beverages are known to significantly contribute to obesity in children and NCDs in adulthood." He said more needed to be done with regards to creating an environment conducive to safe and adequate nutrition for children.
"There needs to be a comprehensive ban on advertisements of unhealthy foods and non-alcoholic beverages aimed at children."
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In recent years, ethics has become part of most tertiary biotechnology curricula. There is, however, considerable variation in the extent and manner of ethics education provided to students in different institutions. In addition, the perceived need that students and employers have regarding ethics education, and the aims and expected outcomes of ethics education, are rarely made clear. This research reports the findings of a questionnaire administered to 375 undergraduate biotechnology students from 19 Australian universities to determine their attitudes towards the teaching of ethics. The results suggest that undergraduate biotechnology students generally regard ethics education to be important and that ethics should be included in undergraduate biotechnology curricula. Students tended, however, to emphasize the professional and industrial side of ethics and not to recognize the personal effects of morals and behaviour. We provide suggestions for rethinking how ethics should be taught.
International Journal of Science Education Vol. 28, Issue 10, p. 1225-1239
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Most of the swine flu stories are about the epidemic winding down, and not being as bad as feared. Maybe. If you ask the numbers (or better yet, the graphs) –
Still pretty impressive. In the rightmost pediatric mortality spike, purple is confirmed H1N1 deaths, and green is untyped. Deaths from flu strains other than H1N1 are at 1 to 2 per week.
Several troubling developments lately. I went to my home town, Lvov, in Ukraine, a few months ago, for the first time after 34 years,
and shortly after I left, the Polish-Ukrainian border was closed because of a then-unknown epidemic of a deadly infection in Western Ukraine. Shortly thereafter, the epidemic was identified as a somewhat mutated H1N1 swine flu, the mutations making it somewhat less sensitive to Tamiflu, more likely to produce “cytokine storm” leading to rapidly progressive hemorrhagic pneumonia, and an antigen drift making H1N1 flu vaccine somewhat less effective for that strain.
The news isn’t all bad. Our experience in previous years showed that (a) even a slightly mismatched injectable vaccine is better than nothing, (b) a slightly mismatched live nasal vaccine is nearly as effective as a full-match vaccine, (c) clinically, even patients who became ill during epidemics with Tamiflu-resistant strains responded to Tamiflu reasonably well, (d) most of the cases are still caused by the “old” strain, Tamiflu-sensitive and matching the vaccine, (e) there is still plenty of vaccine available, EXCEPT for the under-2 year olds (we ran out of that, at this point), (f) there do not seem to be repeat cases of H1N1 infection in people who already had it, making it yet more likely that the vaccines will work against the mutated strain.
I did a count of H1N1 doses already given out this year. It’s over 1400 since October 14 2009, with no serious adverse effects, and so far I know of 2 cases of confirmed flu in H1N1 vaccine recipients, neither infection causing complications. That’s pretty good, as we are seeing between 1 and 5 confirmed cases of flu a day for the last month.  Too early for a statistical inference (odds ratio in vaccinated vs unvaccinated individuals), but looks good so far.
Way back when (late April 2009), in the Fox News interview, I mentioned that many infections are more severe in Native Americans, possibly accounting for higher flu mortality in Mexico. This has now been confirmed. The CDC also now recommends more widespread use of Tamiflu in H1N1 patients, which is something we had been practicing all along.
We still recommend Vitamins A and D supplementation; elderberry extracts have been tested in test tubes and appear to slow down flu virus replication (though no human studies have confirmed this), but it’s worth a try. And, of course, handwashing, “Dracula Cough”, and staying out of crowds.
And get your flu vaccine — H1N1 now, seasonal flu later.
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Scotland Castles: The History of Castles across Rugged Terrain
Scotland is the proudest of all the nations which make up the present-day United Kingdom, and the independent Scottish spirit is forged from the years of border-struggle between the Scots and the English.
There are some incredible castles in Scotland, and the castle in Edinburgh is, of course, the most recognisable.
As well as world-famous Edinburgh Castle, other notable Scottish castles include Craigmillar Castle, once a proud family home on the outskirts of Edinburgh, to Duart Castle, an isolated stone sentinel on the Isle of Mull.
Visitors are often fascinated too by the mighty Caerlaverock Castle - an unusual, triangular beast designed to protect Scottish borders from the English invaders.
Hey - I'm Edd.
I've always loved visiting amazing old castles.
I've created this site to share my favourites.
If you're enjoying this website, don't miss my beautiful new hardback book!
Dunnottar Castle- A Truly Spectacular Setting
The cliff-top setting of Dunnottar Castle is spectacular, to say the very least.
Battered by the choppy North Sea, this awe-inspiring castle has played a surprisingly important role in Scottish history.
The castle has guarded the Scottish crown jewels, and was besieged by William Wallace's troops.
Uncover the history of Edinburgh Castle - A Scottish Landmark
Edinburgh Castle is undoubtedly the most iconic of all castles in Scotland - and it's visible from pretty much any spot in Scotland's capital city.
It's said that the history of the castle is intertwined with the history of Scotland itself - and exploring this fortress is a great way to get a feel for the forces that have formed the country today.
Sieges, squabbles and the Scottish regalia (those are the crown jewels) all play a role in this very special spot.
Craigmillar Castle- a home of Mary, Queen of Scots
Craigmillar Castle nestles in the suburbs of Edinburgh, and was a frequent stopping-over place for Mary, Queen of Scots, whenever she was North of the Border.
This small Scottish castle was designed for domestic life, rather than for defence, but it's an interesting and atmospheric set of ruins for exploration.
Duart Castle - Sentinel on the Isle of Mull
Duart Castle is a lonely little stone castle, that stands guard on the choppy Sound of Mull.
It's the ancestral home to the proud Maclean clan - whose lineage stretches back hundreds of years. You might even meet the Chief of the Clan if you visit today!
Caerlaverock Castle - a Spectacular, Triangular Design
One of our collection of castles needs to be seen from the air - the spellbinding Caerlaverock Castle.
Imagine a castle in the shape of a triangle, with a tower at each corner, surrounded by a deep, dark moat, and you'll have visualised this amazing construction.
Caerlaverock is quite unique - there's no other castle in the world quite like it. As a result, it makes a brilliant day out.
Understanding the History of Scotland's Castles
The vast majority of Scotland castles were built as a result of squirmishes over land, hence the huddles of historical sites around Galloway and the Northern Highlands.
The castles within Galloway were built during conflict with the English; and those in the North were constructed where the influence of the Scottish kings waned against the fierce Norse invaders.
In 1707, the Act of Union united Scotland and England, and formed Great Britain as we now know it. The ride up to 1707, however, was never a smooth one (and you could argue that it's not now smooth sailing: modern Scottish politicians are arguing for Scotland to disentangle itself from the UK).A very typical (or some might say, stereotypical!) Scottish photograph: a bagpiper atop Craigmillar castle. Credit: Stuart Caie, Creative Commons (CC BY 2.0).
Scotland was always a fiercely independent series of territories. However, the Scotland of Medieval times looked nothing like the country we know today.
The kingdom was a patchwork of power and of opposing forces, where the nobility of Scotland struggled to maintain their lands against assaults from the English, and also from the Norwegian (Norse) people who has settled on the Western Isles.
It was King David I who laid the beginnings of feudalism in Scotland, and who triggered the construction of Scotland castles. David I reigned as King of the Scots from 1124-1153, and had learned a lot from the success of the Normans, who had invaded and captured England and Wales from 1066 onwards.
He saw the value of building castles to maintain power over the lands he ruled. David I allowed nobles to build castles and to take power themselves over small chunks of his kingdom - as long as they would lend him men in times of war.
Robert the Bruce vs the 'Hammer of the Scots': How a lack of castles prevented Edward I from conquering Scotland
The first Scotland castles were built under David I in the c12th, and were constructed of wood. In the 13th century, as methods of working with heavy materials began to improve, stone castles began to emerge.
Scotland castles were primarily used defensively - to hold power, and to protect communities against invaders. As a result, most castles were built in the areas most at risk from invasion - such as in Galloway, which marked the southern borders between England and Scotland.
The greatest challenge to Scotland erupted in 1287.
The fearsome Edward I of England - or the 'hammer of the Scots', to give him his nickname - had lead a hugely successful campaign in capturing Wales. He had built an 'iron ring' of Welsh castles to maintain his power over the Welsh people.
In 1287, he began to plan to seize Scotland, and become King of it, too.
As a result, in 1295, Edward I invaded Scotland. He was ostensibly angered by a Scottish treaty with the French, and so slaughtered thousands at Berwick, confiscated the jewels of Scotland, and assumed power.
However, he hadn't counted on Scottish rebellions. William Wallace and, in 1306, Robert the Bruce, challenged Edward's rule with quite unexpected vigour.Culzean Castle. Rather than being a defensive stronghold, this was an elaborate family home built in the 1600s - when castles were becoming to be rather romanticised. Credit: John, Creative Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0).
Edward I's defeat was partially due to his own greed. After spending so much money on his ring of castles in Wales, Edward I didn't have the funds to build any more Scotland castles.
As a result - and as a result of being too cocky about the skills of Robert the Bruce - he didn't hold power of the country for long. He died in 1307, and his dying wish was not to be buried until Scotland was captured - unfortunately for him, it was never to be.
Discover more cunning plots, dusty legends, and tales of England's most beautiful castles...
What lurks in the bedrock beneath Dover Castle?
Where might you find a surviving Round Table, and what happened to 'King Arthur's Corpse' at Tintagel?
What exactly was so terrifying about Medieval machicolations?
And was it a terrible accident, or was Lady Amy Dudley murdered?
If you'd like to delve into these mysteries - and discover many more - you'll love my first print book, Exploring English Castles.
In the words of the American Library Association, it's a 'big, luscious book'.
It's filled with stories, secrets, fables and photos, and runs to 272 pages with more than 200 colour photographs.
It's available from all good bookstores in the US, Europe, Canada and Australia.
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The intertidal snail Batillaria minima has been the subject of numerous posts on this blog (for example, check out this and this). Batillaria minima inhabits tidal flats with low rocks often in dense populations. At low tide, snails become emersed and large numbers of them can be collected easily. These characteristics make the species a suitable subject for different studies. So I've been collecting data on various aspects of the biology of this species during vacation trips in Florida since the early 2000s. One short paper comparing shell heights of large samples measured in 2007 and 2009 has just come out. A pdf copy is available. I am hoping to put out additional papers about B. minima in the future.
Eski mezarlıkların mezar taşları
6 years ago
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is one of the most versatile products used today. It has been a high
protein source for millions of people for thousands of years.
However, being a food source is only the beginning of the uses of
this abundant resource.
In the past century, research efforts surrounding soy and its uses
have resulted in a multitude of everyday consumer goods such as body
& skin care products, hair products, cleaning products, paint
removers, crayons, pens, and yes…you guessed it…candle wax.
Soy candles are soot free.
Candles made from soy wax do
not emit the soot and fumes that are attributed to run-of-the-mill
paraffin candles. You’ve probably seen it a hundred times. You buy
a paraffin candle that smells nice, it’s colorful, the presentation
is perfect…then you light it. Within minutes, you can see the black
residue rising from the lit wick, staining the jar or container from
which these candles burn…and that’s just from the first time you
light it. Continued use of these paraffin candles will not only
further blacken the jar or container it sits in…it can blacken your
walls, ceilings, vents, AC units, heaters, curtains or blinds, and
even carpets…and it’s not just dirt that stains your home. Now,
imagine that same soot being inhaled into your lungs.
Soy candles don’t put your health at risk.
Soy candles do not release the toxins that paraffin candles
emit. According to the state of California’s Proposition 65 (Safe
Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986), there are at least
seven toxins in paraffin candle wax, including benzene, a carcinogen.
Paraffin is a petroleum product – a byproduct of oil refining. Most
fragrance oils used for candle making are petroleum-based
synthetics. The soot from these materials can contain carcinogens,
neurotoxins, and reproductive toxins. Testing and air chamber
analysis by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has found the
following compounds, in significant quantity, in a random group of
over 30 candles tested: acetone; benzene; trichlorofluoromethane;
carbon disulfide; butanone; trichloroethane; carbon tetrachloride
carbon black (soot) particulate matter; trichlo-roethene;
tetrachloroethene; tolulene; chlorobenzene; ethylbenzene; styrene;
xylene; phenol; cresol; cyclopentene; and lead. Obviously you’d have
to be a chemist to truly know what most of these chemicals are, but
according to the EPA, they pose a health hazard with continued
exposure over time.
Soy candles help our environment.
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Breed Standards : Terrier Group : Border Terrier
Official UKC Breed Standard
@Copyright 1991, United Kennel Club.
The goals and purposes of this breed standard include: to furnish guidelines for breeders who wish to maintain the quality of their breed and to improve it; to advance this breed to a state of similarity throughout the world; and to act as a guide for judges.
Breeders and judges have the responsibility to avoid any conditions or exaggerations that are detrimental to the health, welfare, essence and soundness of this breed, and must take the responsibility to see that these are not perpetuated.
Any departure from the following should be considered a fault, and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree and its effect upon the health and welfare of the dog and on the dog’s ability to perform its traditional work.
The Border Terrier is one of the oldest terriers of Great Britain, developed in the border territory surrounding the Cheviot Hills. Farmers and shepherds who needed a dog that had legs long enough to follow a horse, yet was small enough to go to ground after a fox, kept him pure for generations.
The Border Terrier was recognized by the United Kennel Club in 1948.
The Border Terrier is built for endurance and agility. He is strongly made with medium bone and enough length of leg to follow a horse. The breed is rather narrow in shoulder, body and quarters, and is covered with a somewhat broken, close-fitting, intensely wiry jacket. His otter-like head is distinctive. In proportion, the height, measured at the withers, is slightly greater than the distance from the withers to the tail (for example, by about 1˝ inches in a 14-pound dog).
The breed is alert, active, agile and capable of squeezing through narrow openings as well as being able to travel rapidly over any type of terrain. They are extremely game when hunting, yet are good-natured, affectionate, obedient and easily trained.
Gives the impression of being like an otter.
SKULL - moderately broad and flat, with plenty of width between the eyes the ears. The stop is a slight, moderately broad curve, not a pronounced indentation. The cheeks are slightly full.
MUZZLE - short and strong.
TEETH - a full complement of strong, white teeth meet in a scissors or level bite.
Faults: undershot or overshot are serious faults.
EYES - dark with a keen expression.
NOSE - black preferred, but liver or flesh colored are acceptable.
EARS - the ears are small, v-shaped and of moderate thickness. Set somewhat on the side of the head, not high, and drop forward close to the cheeks.
Faults: ears breaking above the level of the skull.
Of moderate length, gradually widening into the shoulder.
Shoulder blades long and well laid back.
FORELEGS - The straight forelegs are not too heavy in bone. They are placed slightly wider than those of a Fox Terrier.
Deep, narrow and fairly long, capable of being spanned by a man’s hands behind the shoulder blades. Ribcage carried well back, but not overly sprung. Back supple but with no suggestions of weakness.
Muscular and racy.
HIND LEGS - Long thighs, well-bent stifles and hocks close to the ground.
Small and compact. The toes point forward and are moderately arched with thick pads.
Moderately short tail, thick at the base, then tapering. Carried gaily when at attention; and may be dropped when the dog is at ease.
Faults: Tail set on too high. Tail carried over the back.
Harsh, dense and straight, with close fitting undercoat. The Border Terrier is to be exhibited in as close to natural state as possible. Acceptable trimming includes tidying up the head, neck and feet.
The hide is very thick while remaining loose fitting.
Acceptable colors are red, wheaten, grizzle and tan and blue and tan.
Dogs: 13 to 15˝ pounds. Bitches: 11˝ to 14 pounds. These are the preferred weights for Border Terriers in working condition.
Movement is straight and rhythmical with good length of stride. The breed must be sound enough to follow a horse.
(A dog with a Disqualification must not be considered for placement in a conformation event, and must be reported to UKC.)
Unilateral or bilateral cryptorchid. Viciousness or extreme shyness. Albinism.
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| 0.936788 | 976 | 2.609375 | 3 |
DETROIT (AP) — Abraham Nemeth, the blind designer of the internationally recognized Nemeth Braille Math Code that simplified symbols for easier use in advanced math and science, has died at his home in suburban Detroit, relatives said Thursday. He was 94.
Nemeth, who was originally discouraged from pursuing his passion for math because of his blindness, died of congestive heart failure on Wednesday at his home in Southfield, said his niece, Dianne Bekritsky. She said her "uncle Abe" had passions ranging from science to music — he even worked his way through college by playing the piano in bars — and was long devoted to the blind community.
Nemeth started working on the code in the 1940s, seeking a simpler system to what was being used at the time. The New York native, who also spent 30 years as a mathematics professor at the University of Detroit Mercy, continued to develop the math code until the end of his life and has been lauded for his work by the blind community and advocates.
But the innovations almost didn't happen. Nemeth originally studied psychology after counselors discouraged him from pursuing math because he was blind, Bekritsky said. He went on to earn his master's degree in psychology from Colombia University. Encouraged by his wife to pursue his passion, Nemeth went back to school to study math, which led to his pioneering work with Braille codes, Bekritsky said.
"The best kind of charity you can give to a person is giving them the ability to make do on their own. The independence they get with the Nemeth Code is invaluable," she said.
Nemeth started developing the Braille math code while working at the American Foundation for the Blind in New York and taking math classes at Brooklyn College. He said in a 1991 interview with a Braille computing newsletter that he sought to devise a system that offered a simpler, more streamlined approach to an existing system, and one that simulated rules of speech.
The Nemeth code is a Braille version of mathematical and scientific symbols. Nemeth wanted to create for math what the literary Braille code provides for words, but make it useful for algebra, geometry and calculus, according to an American Foundation for the Blind website. He sought to simplify and streamline an existing code from England, which he thought used too many symbols.
"He combined the scientific and math code and made it something ... user-friendly," said Carl Augusto, president and chief executive of the American Foundation for the Blind.
"Before Abe Nemeth, blind people becoming scientists, engineers, mathematicians, technologists would be very, very hard," said Augusto, who added he's known Nemeth for about 30 years. "He helped open up a new vista in helping blind people realize that they could compete in the whole area.
In 2006, Nemeth received the Louis Braille Award from the International Braille Research Center for his lifetime of work researching and developing Braille codes. The late Harold Snider, the center's then-chairman, said Nemeth had "guided our thinking about Braille and its codes" for two generations, and in his opinion, "only Louis Braille himself has had more influence on Braille."
Despite a driving focus on math and computer science, Nemeth had diverse interests. He was an accomplished pianist who "put himself through college" playing at bars and clubs, Bekritsky said.
She said her uncle was adored and admired by family, friends and colleagues. She said he was mentally sharp until the end of his life and a tireless volunteer and advocate, including working for the National Federation of the Blind and transcribing Jewish prayer books into Braille.
"He accomplished very unique things for the blind community, and was extremely giving of his talent," Bekritsky said. "The best kind of charity you can give to a person is giving them the ability to make do on their own. The independence they get with the Nemeth Code is invaluable."
Nemeth was preceded in death by two wives. He is survived by three stepchildren, two nephews and a niece. His funeral was held Thursday.
Follow Jeff Karoub on Twitter: http://twitter.com/jeffkaroub
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The overall goal of the project is to develop methodologies to quantify the relative impacts of land use and climate variability on water yields and extreme hydrological events, ie. floods and droughts, at multiple spatial scales. An important objective is to relate land use change to its position in landscape (and its spatial variations) and quantify its cumulative effects on hydrological processes at larger scale. For this purpose, new and innovative data types will be used to improve the knowledge basis required to develop efficient land surface schemes and model techniques facilitating prediction of cumulative and large-scale hydrological and atmospheric processes. The combined use of new data types and cross-disciplinary modeling approaches will facilitate 1) quantification of relationships between site-specific, spatial and cumulative hydrological processes and 2) prediction of the relative impacts of climate and land use changes on water yield and extreme hydrological events at different spatial scales. Such tools are particularly important to mitigate climate change impacts and optimize land use and water management planning in relation to ecosystem health, agricultural production, human/industrial water needs, and flood protection in urban, coastal and near-stream regions.
|Period||01/01/2009 → 31/10/2012|
|Amount||0.00 Danish Kroner|
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Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the totalitarian leader of Germany from 1933 until 1945. He joined the Nazi Party in 1919 and became its leader in 1921. After a short time in jail due to a failed coup in 1923, he gained support because he was a charismatic speaker and through the use of propaganda as well as by extolling German nationalism, anti-Semitism, anti-capitalism, and anti-communism.
During the time from 1920 through 1945, Hitler managed to survive more than 40 assassination attempts, including some by his own generals. How did he do it? The British team of Phillip Nugus and Jonathan Martin have put together a 13-episode documentary that includes captured documents, carefully assembled archive footage, and eyewitness interviews to take you behind the scene and reveal the secrets of Hitler's elite bodyguards. Originally aired as a series on the Military Channel, the 13 episodes are contained on four DVDs that and run 611 minutes.
Disc one begins with a look into how Hitler's bodyguard worked. You will see how his squad grew from a few loyal ruffians into a complicated structure. Next you will see how, through beer hall brawls and street fights, some of the early attempts on Hitler's life began. Then in his first year as Chancellor, he faced a dozen attempts on his life, and in one well planned purge, he eliminated many of his political rivals.
Disc two examines how Jewish, Communist, and Black groups all tried to target Hitler for elimination when the Nazis amped up their anti-Semitic activities. By the time the war was beginning in 1938, there were even more efforts to remove the Führer. Then, when a bomb plot failed, Hitler began to engineer a sting to capture British Agents whom he blamed for the attacks.
Disc three shows that when Hitler wanted to tour in front of cheering crowds in a customized open-top car, his bodyguards had their hands full in the effort to try to protect him. As one of the first politicians to use campaign flights, Hitler further exposed himself to assassination attempts while touring his captured lands. Even when traveling on the rails the British targeted Hitler's special train despite its heavy armor and tight security.
Disc four looks at the assassination attempts made at Wolf's Lair, his heavily camouflaged and fortified military headquarters, including the one that came closest to succeeding. His Alpine retreat in Bavaria even offered opportunities for a pistol-packing German officer, a sniper, a long range bomb raid, and an aerial assault by the allies. This volume finishes up with a poison gas plot in the bunker where Hitler finally died.
Hitler's Bodyguard is a very complete, very detailed, and for the most part very entertaining documentary. The amount of information that is contained here makes this incredibly educational as well.
The video is full-screen, a very sharp 1:33:1 video transfer that appears to be flawless with sharp pictures and no compression problems. Keep in mind that the original source has some flaws and anomalies, but the transfer itself is clean. The audio is Dolby Digital English 2.0 stereo that contains some occasional separation, but the tracks themselves are very clear with no hiss.
The set contains some extras, such as a 20-page viewer's guide with illustrations. This gives some refresher details for each episode along with questions to consider. There is additional information such as additional reading, a who's who among Hitler's bodyguard, and a guide to Hitler's security units. There is also a bonus feature called "Killing Hitler in the Movies," a text filmography, and a photo gallery.
Hitler's Bodyguard is one of the most detailed documentaries on Hitler that I have examined. With all of the information that is presented in this video, this is a must own for anyone with a strong interest in World War II, Hitler, tyrannical rulers, or historians of any kind. If you want to know more about Hitler and how he stayed alive during his 25 years of terror, then I very highly recommend Hitler's Bodyguard.Powered by Sidelines
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| 0.978229 | 833 | 2.578125 | 3 |
How far the portraits of Washington conveyed his expression is open to question. The quotation already given which said that no picture accurately resembled him in the minute traits of his person is worth noting. Furthermore, his expression varied much according to circumstances, and the painter saw it only in repose. The first time he was drawn, he wrote a friend, "Inclination having yielded to Importunity, I am now contrary to all expectation under the hands of Mr. Peale; but in so grave—so sullen a mood—and now and then under the influence of Morpheus, when some critical strokes are making, that I fancy the skill of this Gentleman's Pencil will be put to it, in describing to the World what manner of man I am." This passiveness seems to have seized him at other sittings, for in 1785 he wrote to a friend who asked him to be painted, "In for a penny, in for a Pound, is an old adage. I am so hackneyed to the touches of the painter's pencil that I am now altogether at their beck; and sit 'like Patience on a monument,' whilst they are delineating the lines of my face. It is a proof, among many others, of what habit and custom can accomplish. At first I was as impatient at the request, and as restive under the operation, as a colt is of the saddle. The next time I submitted very reluctantly, but with less flouncing. Now, no dray-horse moves more readily to his thills than I to the painter's chair." His aide, Laurens, bears this out by writing of a miniature, "The defects of this portrait are, that the visage is too long, and old age is too strongly marked in it. He is not altogether mistaken, with respect to the languor of the general's eye; for altho' his countenance when affected either by joy or anger, is full of expression, yet when the muscles are in a state of repose, his eye certainly wants animation."
One portrait which furnished Washington not a little amusement was an engraving issued in London in 1775, when interest in the "rebel General" was great. This likeness, it is needless to say, was entirely spurious, and when Reed sent a copy to head-quarters, Washington wrote to him, "Mrs. Washington desires I will thank you for the picture sent her. Mr. Campbell, whom I never saw, to my knowledge, has made a very formidable figure of the Commander-in-chief, giving him a sufficient portion of terror in his countenance."
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An 18.2-foot-long Burmese python weighing 150 pounds was captured on Tuesday in the Florida Everglades, according to the state's wildlife officials.
Randy Smith, a spokesperson for the South Florida Water Management District, told Megan Gannon of LiveScience that this female python could break the record for the largest Burmese python ever seen on state-owned lands.
The snake is roughly eight inches shorter than the longest Burmese python ever found in Florida. That snake, caught last year in Miami-Dade county, measured 18 feet 8 inches long and weighed 128 pounds.
The 150-pound python was found by engineers during a routine levee inspection, according to Reuters. The levees make good lounging spots for the snakes, which enjoy laying out in the sun.
After being discovered, the python was shot and killed and its body was delivered to researchers at the University of Florida who will cut it open to see if it was carrying any eggs.
Burmese pythons have been invading the Florida Everglades for at least a decade. The snakes are native to Southeast Asia, but were first discovered in the Sunshine State in 1979 and have been multiplying at an alarming rate since the 1990s.
The troublesome creatures eat native animals and are devastating Florida's population of raccoons, bobcats, white-tailed deer, possums, and birds.
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| 0.964982 | 286 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Objective: Preface: Understand Why Sacks Is Writing His Book. Try to explain to students the two different elements of Sachs's personality that he is trying to blend together.
1) (1) For homework, have students write two short essays, one describing a medical case you have heard of in purely 'scientific terms.' In the next essay, have them tell the same story but add 'human' detail.
(2) Have students ask a partner about an illness that he/she has struggled with. Students should carry on a conversation with their partner but refer to them by means of the illness in question. Have them talk about how they feel at the end of it. Then trade places and repeat. Reflect on how they feel, being treated as a subject.
(3) Have students write a personality profile of Dr. Sacks. Help them by producing an information sheet that helps them construct the profile...
This section contains 4,058 words
(approx. 14 pages at 300 words per page)
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Clomiphene Citrate (Clomid & Serophene)
Ovulation and Ovulation-Inducing Fertility Medications for Treating Infertility in Women
Ovulation is the monthly process whereby the female reproductive system produces a mature egg. During ovulation, the brain’s pituitary gland releases two hormones: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Together, these hormones are known as gonadotropins. FSH acts as a ‘messenger’ sent by the pituitary gland to stimulate the development of follicles in the ovaries, each of which will contain one egg. LH is responsible for triggering the release of the egg (ovulation).
During the first half of the menstrual cycle, the ovarian follicles produce the hormone estradiol, which stimulates the growth of the uterine lining (endometrium) and the production of the watery ‘raw egg white’ cervical mucus that functions to help the sperm as it swims up through the uterus to the fallopian tubes. After approximately two weeks, the pituitary releases a surge of LH hormone, triggering ovulation. At this stage, the follicle, now known as the corpus luteum, begins to produce the hormone progesterone, which serves to thicken the uterine lining to prepare for possible pregnancy. Two weeks after ovulation, if a pregnancy has not occurred, the corpus luteum stops progesterone production, the endometrium sloughs off and menstrual bleeding occurs.
Ovulation-Inducing Fertility Drugs. Any number of conditions can hamper the body’s ability to ovulate effectively. One of the primary ways to address this challenge is with medications that stimulate the ovarian follicles to produce multiple eggs in one cycle. The two most common fertility medications used to promote ovulation include Clomiphene Citrate (Clomid or Serophene) and Gonadotropins (Follistim, Menopur, Bravelle and Gonal-F).
Clomiphene is a synthetic chemical, taken orally, that binds to estrogen receptors in the brain and causes pituitary FSH levels to rise (see below). Gonadotropins are identical to human protein hormones FSH and LH and, given by injection, bypass the pituitary gland and directly stimulate the ovaries.
Clomiphene Citrate treatment
Clomiphene is a long trusted oral medication relied upon for its safety, effectiveness and relatively low cost. Clomiphene is used to treat absent or irregular menstrual cycles (ovulation induction), to address a condition called luteal phase defect by increasing progesterone secretion during the second half of the cycle and to make menstrual cycle lengths more predictable, thus improving the timing of intercourse or artificial insemination. Clomiphene may also be used to enhance ovulation in women who are already ovulating (ovulation augmentation).
How does Clomiphene Citrate work?
Clomiphene triggers the brain’s pituitary gland to secrete an increased amount of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and LH (luteinizing hormone). This action stimulates the growth of the ovarian follicle and thus initiates ovulation.
During a normal menstrual cycle only one egg is ovulated. The use of clomiphene often causes the ovaries to produce two or three eggs per cycle. Clomiphene is taken orally for 5 days and is active only during the month it is taken.
Clomiphene Citrate for ovulation induction. Clomiphene used in conjunction with a medication called Provera may be effective in initiating menstruation and ovulation in women who have no menstrual cycle:
- Treatment begins with a 5-7 day course of Provera, taken orally.
- Two to three days after Provera is completed, a menstrual period should begin.
- On the 3rd, 4th or 5th day of menstrual flow, a course of clomiphene is started.
- A clomiphene citrate 50 mg tablet is taken orally for 5 days.
- On day 11 or 12 of the menstrual cycle, ultrasound monitoring is conducted to determine if an ovarian follicle or follicles have developed. Also at this time, patients are asked to use an ovulation predictor kit to test their urine for a surge in LH (luteinizing hormone) indicating that eggs have matured and ovulation is imminent. If no LH surge is detected, ovulation itself may be triggered with an injection of the medication hCG (Ovidrel), which will cause the release of the mature egg(s) from the follicle(s).
- Natural intercourse or insemination is timed to ovulation.
- If ovulation has been assisted by an hCG injection, a form of the hormone progesterone is given via vaginal tablets or gel. The progesterone hormone serves to support the endometrial (uterine) lining and prepare it for the fertilized egg.
- Two weeks after ovulation, patients are asked to take a home pregnancy (urine) test. If the test is positive, a blood test will be performed to confirm results.
If ovulation doesn’t occur during this initial clomiphene dosage, another course of provera will be prescribed and the dose of clomiphene increased until ovulation occurs. It may be possible to begin another clomiphene cycle immediately or, if residual cysts are present on the ovarian follicles, a ‘rest’ cycle may be advised before resuming treatment.
If ovulation cannot be induced even with a higher dose of clomiphene, this form of treatment will be discontinued, and ovulation induction may be attempted again using a different form of fertility drug (letrozole or gonadotropins).
Clomiphene Citrate for Ovulation Augmentation. In women that menstruate regularly on their own, clomiphene may be used to help the ovaries to produce more than one mature egg. This is sometimes referred to as “superovulation.” The process is as follows:
- On Day 3 of the menstrual period, a course of clomiphene is begun. Starting clomiphene early in the cycle helps with the recruitment of more than one mature egg.
- Typically, two clomiphene citrate 50-mg tablets are taken orally for 5 days, from cycle day 3 to cycle day 7.
- On day 11 or 12 of the menstrual cycle, ultrasound monitoring is conducted to determine if an ovarian follicle or follicles have developed. The ultrasound helps to determine how many mature eggs are forming within their follicles. In order for ovulation induction to be successful, 2-3 follicles should be visible at this point (with just one follicle, we would not be significantly enhancing a woman’s chances to become pregnant). When an ovarian follicle matures, it produces the hormone estrogen, which causes the lining to thicken in preparation for an implanting embryo. Ultrasound monitoring at this stage also serves to measure the endometrial (uterine) lining and to make sure the clomiphene itself is not having any adverse effects on the endometrium (see Clomiphene side effects, below),
- At this stage, patients are also asked to use an ovulation predictor kit to test for a surge in LH hormone, indicating imminent ovulation. In most cases, patients are given an injection of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) also known as Ovidrel. This hormone initiates the release of the egg (ovulation) and the development of the corpus luteum, which will help the body to produce progesterone. Ovulation usually occurs approximately 38-44 hours after the hCG injection.
- After ovulation, a form of the hormone progesterone is given via vaginal tablets or gel in order to support the endometrial (uterine) lining and prepare it for the fertilized egg.
- Patients are asked to take a home pregnancy test (urine test) two weeks after ovulation. If the home test is positive, a blood test will be performed to confirm the results.
If the clomiphene cycle did not produce sufficient egg follicles, it may be possible to begin another cycle immediately; or, if residual cysts are present on the ovarian follicles, a rest cycle may be advised before resuming treatment.
Clomiphene Citrate side effects. Ovulation predictor kits detecting the LH surge may demonstrate false positive results if testing begins near the time of clomiphene citrate administration. If patients start ovulation predictor kit testing on cycle day 9 or earlier, there is a high probability of obtaining a false positive result. For that reason, we recommend caution in testing too soon.
If a patient is not pregnant and menses occurs, the same dose of clomiphene is given after a normal pelvic sonogram. We usually recommend up to 6 cycles for ovulation induction patients and up to 3 or 4 for ovulation augmentation patients.
Possible side effects of Clomiphene include:
- Flushing (extremely common)
- Ovulation pain and increased sensitivity –also called “mittelschmerz”
- Blurry vision, double vision or ‘traces,’ (a complication which may cause treatment to be discontinued)
- Moodiness (requiring discontinuation in severe cases)
- Breast tenderness
- Vaginal dryness
- Clomiphene can sometimes decrease cervical mucus production, which may make it impossible for the sperm to swim through the cervix into the uterus. To get around this potential problem, intrauterine insemination (IUI) may be advised so that cervical mucus may be bypassed altogether.
- In approximately 20% of patients clomiphene may negatively impact estrogen production, which in turn prevents the uterine lining from thickening at the necessary time. If the lining is too thin, the embryo cannot implant successfully. This side effect tends to occur with repeated use or with higher doses of medication. Endometrial thinning will stop once clomiphene treatment concludes. An alternative therapy often recommended in these situations is a medication called Letrozole, which has a milder effect on the hormonal system. Letrozole temporarily lowers estrogen levels, prompting the pituitary gland to increase FSH and LH production and promote ovulation. (While letrozole is not yet FDA-approved for ovulation induction, widely conducted studies indicate that there is no detriment to this treatment option.)
- Less than 5% of women may experience an exaggerated response to treatment, known as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. This condition is rare in clomiphene treatment, and more common with use of gonadotropin medications. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is marked by abdominal bloating, nausea and diarrhea, and in more severe cases, symptoms including shortness of breath, difficulty with urination and chest pain. Adjustments can be made for those who hyperstimulate by decreasing medication and shortening the treatment cycle. In 1% of cases, severe hyperstimulation may require intervention with intravenous fluids or removal of abdominal fluid so that fertility treatment may continue. The symptoms of hyperstimulation begin about a week after ovulation. Mild cases last about a week and usually respond to hydration and careful monitoring. In general, ovarian hyperstimulation is highly unlikely, given careful monitoring of follicle development.
- Multiple pregnancy may be a risk with clomiphene treatment. The incidence of twins is increased to 5%; multiple births higher than twins are rare (1-2%). If an ultrasound scan reveals 3 or more mature follicles (eggs) indicating that a high multiple pregnancy is possible, patients may be advised to consider whether or not they would undergo embryo reduction, should a triplet pregnancy occur. If this procedure is not desired, or if multiple pregnancies would pose a physical or emotional challenge, patients may be recommended to forego attempts to conceive during this cycle.
Clomiphene citrate treatment success rates
Of women who are anovulatory (unable to produce an egg each month), approximately 70% will ovulate when treated with clomiphene; and conception rates consistent with a patient’s age should be achieved. Women less than 35 can achieve pregnancy rates of 20-25% per month as long as there are no other significant factors present. Older patients may not achieve these rates as their declining egg quality will become a factor. We stress that success rates are highly individual and depend on a number of factors. The best thing to do is have a thorough discussion with one’s RE physician to gain a better understanding of the likelihood of success with this or any treatment plan.
There are alternate fertility treatments for those who do not become pregnant with clomiphene therapy. If 3-6 full clomiphene cycles do not result in a pregnancy, other methods of ovulation induction can be recommended. For older patients, gonadotropins and intrauterine insemination may be recommended. For younger patients, in whom the risk of multiple gestations may be too high with gonadotropins and IUI, In Vitro Fertilization may be the next best step that will be recommended.
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The Dutch Empire were the territories controlled by the the Netherlands starting in the 1600s and was based on a world wide trade. They established the Dutch East India Company which sailed around Africa to the "East Indies.” This trade route included a trading post at the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. They were the only Europeans to be permitted to trade with the Japanese. The Dutch East India Company maintained a large army and a powerful fleet of ships which helped them drive the English and Portuguese out of the Indies.
The Dutch West India Company sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. In 1624 the Dutch West India Company founded a Colony along the Hudson River called New Netherlands. Their wealth grew because of the fur, timber, and other goods they exported from this colony. In 1664 English troops captured the city at the heart of the New Netherlands, New Amsterdam, which they renamed New York.
The decline of the Dutch Empire began when they lost naval supremacy to England.
The Dutch East India Company (VOC) in the 17th century became the largest business in the world. During the 200 years of its existence nearly a million Europeans left Holland on one of the VOC's ships. Its overseas bases employed about 25,000 workers. In 1687-88 the company's Ceylon and Batavia offices had over 2,500 employees each; it operated Japan's solitary window to the world at the port of Deshima, with 27 employees. Until 1688, when Japan banned the export of silver, it was the source of a plentiful and inexpensive supply of this precious metal. During the 17th century the profit on the annual trade with Japan was over 50%, making Deshima the VOC's richest trading post. The Dutch supplied the Japanese with Chinese silk, textiles from Europe, spices from the Dutch-controlled East Indies, hides from Thailand and Taiwan and ivory from Africa and South East Asia. The VOC's exports from Japan included silver, gold, copper, camphor, porcelain, lacquer-ware and grains. In the 18th century, however, the VOC lost speed. In Europe the Dutch Republic was losing its preeminent place as a trading power to Britain and France. London replaced Amsterdam as the world's financial center. In the early part of the century a series of disastrous shipwrecks in East Asia proved costly for the company. In 1743 the Deshima trade post in Japan made a loss for the first time. The intellectual impact on Japan was undiminished, however, as Japanese scholars threw themselves into the study of Western medicine, astronomy, mathematics, botany, physics, chemistry, pharmacy, geography and the military arts -- all studied in Dutch language books.
Control over the Netherlands East Indies, restored from British to Dutch rule by the Treaty of Vienna in 1815, was strengthened. The colonies sent substantial profits to the Dutch economy and revenues to the Dutch government. However, criticism of exploitative methods of the Dutch East India Company brought a shift in the economic system from forced payments in crops to traditional taxation, and it took the Dutch 35 years to subdue the Achin (Atjeh) rebels in Sumatra.
From 1800 to 1950 Durch engineers created an infrastructure for the Dutch East Indies, including 67,000 kilometers of roads, 7,500 kilometers of railways, many large bridges, modern irrigation systems covering 1.4 million hectares of rice fields, several international harbors, and 140 public drinking water systems. With these public works, Dutch engineers constructed the material base of the colonial and postcolonial Indonesian state.
- Andrade, Tonio. "The Rise and Fall of Dutch Taiwan, 1624-1662: Cooperative Colonization and the Statist Model of European Expansion." Journal of World History 2006 17(4): 429-450. Issn: 1045-6007 Fulltext: Project Muse
- Arasaratnam, Sinnappah. Ceylon and the Dutch, 1600-1800: External Influences and Internal Change in Early Modern Sri Lanka (1996), 332pp
- Aymard, Maurice, ed. Dutch Capitalism and World Capitalism (1982).
- Beekman, E. M. Troubled Pleasures: Dutch Colonial Literature from the East Indies, 1600-1950. (1996). 654 pp.
- Bogucka M. "Amsterdam and the Baltic in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century", Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 433-47. in JSTOR
- Boxer C. R. The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1660-1800 (1965).
- Dash, Mike. Tulipomania. The Story of the World's Most Coveted Flower and the Extraordinary Passions It Aroused. London: Victor Gollancz, 1999. ISBN 0575067233. Very entertaining and informative book about tulips and the Dutch in the 17th century
- Emmer, Pieter. The Dutch in the Atlantic Economy, 1580-1880: Trade, Slavery and Emancipation. (1998). 283 pp.
- Foray, Jennifer L. "The Kingdom Shall Rise Again: Dutch Resistance, Collaboration, and Imperial Planning in the German-Occupied Netherlands." PhD dissertation Columbia U. 2007. 550 pp. DAI 2007 68(1): 309-A. DA3249079 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
- Gouda, Frances. Dutch Culture Overseas: Colonial Practice in the Netherlands Indies, 1900-1942 (1995) online edition
- Israel, Jonathan I. Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585-1740 (1989) 462 pgs. online edition
- Jones, Geoffrey. Renewing Unilever: Transformation and Tradition. (2006). 447 pp.
- Klerck, E. S. De History of the Netherlands Indies, (2 vols. Rotterdam, 1938)
- Lesger, Cle. The Rise of the Amsterdam Market And Information Exchange: Merchants, Commercial Expansion And Change in the Spatial Economy of the Low Countries, (2006) excerpt and text search
- Moore, Bob and Nierop, Henk van, eds. Colonial Empires Compared: Britain and the Netherlands, 1750-1850. (2003). 204 pp.
- Ormrod, David. The Rise of Commercial Empires: England and the Netherlands in the Age of Mercantilism, 1650-1770. (2003). 400 pp.
- Palmer, Leslie H. Indonesia and the Dutch (1962) online edition
- Postma, Johannes The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600-1815 (1990), says Dutch dominated the Atlantic slave trade 1636-89
- Rowen, Herbert H. The Princes of Orange: The Stadholders in the Dutch Republic (1990) excerpt and text search
- Sluyterman, Keetie E. Dutch Enterprise in the Twentieth Century: Business Strategies in a Small Open Economy (2005) online edition
- Unger, Richard W. "Herring, Technology, and International Trade in the Seventeenth Century," The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 40, No. 2 (Jun., 1980), pp. 253-280 in JSTOR
- Unger, Richard W. A History of Brewing in Holland, 900-1900: Economy, Technology and the State. (2001) 428 pp.
- Van Hoesel, Roger, and Rajneesh Narula. Multinational Enterprises from the Netherlands (1999) online edition
- Veenendaal, Augustus. Railways in the Netherlands: A Brief History. (2001) 235 pp.
- Vink, Markus. "'The World's Oldest Trade': Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century," Journal of World History 24.2 (2003) 131-177 in Project Muse
- Vries, Jan de, and Ad van der Woude. The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500-1815. (1997). 767 pp.
- Arthur van Riel, "Review: Rethinking the Economic History of the Dutch Republic: The Rise and Decline of Economic Modernity Before the Advent of Industrialized Growth," The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Mar., 1996), pp. 223-229 in JSTOR
- Wintle, Michael. An Economic and Social History of the Netherlands, 1800-1920: Demographic, Economic and Social Transition. (2000). 399 pp. online edition
- Zanden, Jan Luiten and Riel, Arthur van. The Strictures of Inheritance: The Dutch Economy in the Nineteenth Century. (2004). 384 pp.
- Wim Ravesteijn, "Between Globalization and Localization: The Case of Dutch Civil Engineering in Indonesia, 1800-1950," Comparative Technology Transfer and Society 5#1 April 2007, pp. 32-64, in Project Muse
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Bedbugs never went away. DDT gave them a hard time in the 1940s and for years afterwards, until Rachel Carson’s campaigns outlawed it, but resistant strains survived. Other insecticides – synthetic organophosphates and pyrethroids – have come and gone, but none has been a challenge for the bugs’ versatile genomes. Blood is their only food. The bug explores the skin of its victim with its antennae. It grips the skin with its legs for leverage, raises its beak, and plunges it into the tissues. It probes vigorously, tiny teeth at the tip of the beak tearing the tissues to forge a path until it finds a suitable blood vessel. A full meal takes 10 to 15 minutes. A hungry bug is squat and flat like a lentil. When replete, its distension shapes it like a long berry. A bug will feed weekly from any host that is handy.
Bedbugs do not spread disease. Their presence has been taken as an indicator of poor home hygiene, and they can be a precipitant of entomophobia, but beyond that they haven’t had much significance for public health. Nobody counts them or keeps national records of infestation rates. There are hardly any 20th-century baseline measures that might enable us to assess the accuracy of claims that there has been an upsurge in the 21st. Anecdote has driven the perception that the bugs have gone on the rampage, and epidemiologists are reluctant to put much weight on stories. But the recent ones have been very persuasive. In New York in 2010 bedbugs turned up in the Empire State Building, a theatre in the Lincoln Center, and at the Metropolitan Opera House. It is said that they were in attendance at the 2005 Labour Party Conference in Brighton, and in 2006 they were found in a guest room at the five-star Mandarin Oriental Hyde Park Hotel in Knightsbridge. Analyses shows that the number of bedbug calls to pest controllers in London and Australia has increased significantly since 2000.
Why the resurgence? The bugs’ resistance to insecticides has been blamed, along with the increase in international travel and in the sale of second-hand furniture. Genetic fingerprinting of the bugs might shed light on the comparative importance of movement from city to city, travel across national boundaries and purely local spread; but such studies have only just started. In truth our understanding of how bedbugs get about has changed little since 1730, when John Southall published his Treatise of Buggs:
By Shipping they were doubtless first brought to England, so are they now daily brought. This to me is apparent, because not one Sea-Port in England is free; whereas in Inland-Towns, Buggs are hardly known … If you have occasion to change Servants, let their Boxes, Trunks, &c. be well examin’d before carried into your Rooms, lest their coming from infected Houses should prove dangerous to yours … Upholsterers are often blamed in Bugg-Affairs; the only Fault I can lay to their Charge, is their Folly, or rather Inadvertency, in suffering old Furniture, when they have taken it down, because it was buggy, to be brought into their Shops or Houses, among new and free Furniture, to infect them.
Southall’s worries about the role of ships in transporting bedbugs persisted. Robert Usinger, the author of the monumental Monograph of Cimicidae (the family to which the bedbug belongs), saw a thriving colony of the tropical bedbug, Cimex hemipterus, on a liner sailing from Hong Kong to San Francisco. But local transport is just as much of a problem. In 1944, Usinger was bitten by the common bug, Cimex lectularius, on a bus in Atlanta, Georgia. And in the summer of 1947 a number of ladies in Dundee were referred to the local dermatologist because they had developed a red band studded with blisters, some described as being ‘as big as a pigeon’s egg’, on the backs of their calves. All of them had travelled on the lower deck of a tram on the same route. Investigation showed that only one tram was infested. The bugs had settled in a groove in a wooden slat that held a seat in place. They sat in a row on the edge of the wood, the dermatologist said, ‘extracting nourishment from the legs of unsuspecting lady passengers. Men were never affected, their stouter nether garments providing sufficient protection. The tram was disinfected, the grooves were planed out … the epidemic came to an end.’
In 2008, bugs were found on the New York subway, on wooden benches on station platforms at Hoyt-Schermerhorn in Brooklyn, Union Square in Manhattan and Fordham Road in the Bronx, and in 2010 in a booth at Ninth Street Station on the D Line. ‘If you put out your Linnen to wash,’ Southall said, ‘let no Washer-woman’s Basket be brought into your houses; for they often prove as dangerous to those that have no Buggs.’ The Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service has found bedbugs at airports in woven cane baskets and woven straw bags – as well as on roses from Kenya, in baggage from Europe, and on an airport inspection bench.
So it is clear that bedbugs can hitch-hike long distances and ride about town. But how good they are at very local travel remains undetermined. Urban myths have been around for a long time. ‘Bedbugs are popularly credited with an amazing amount of intelligence,’ observed the British Ministry of Health’s ‘Report on the Bedbug’ in 1934. ‘It is stated that they will travel long distances, 50 yards or more, in search of food, will unerringly choose the direction in which their food is to be found, will go by way of windows, eaves and gutters if unable to get through the party wall, and will drop from the ceiling onto their victims. We are not prepared to say how much of this may be due to popular superstition.’ The report was produced because ‘the infestation of new council houses has become a matter of concern to Local Authorities who are responsible for their maintenance and management.’ Whether bugs became common in these council houses is not clear; it is certain, however, that the current upsurge in bedbug numbers cannot be blamed on an increase in social housing stock.
Hundreds of scientific papers have been published on bugs, though funding for bug research has never been easy to get because of their medical unimportance. Surveys of prevalence are expensive and are hardly ever done. But bugs are easy to keep in the laboratory. Some investigators have allowed bugs to feed on them for convenience, and to save money. Much attention has been paid to their method of reproduction. Males mate preferentially with recently fed females. The male sexual organ, called the paramere, has a sharp point, which the male bug uses to penetrate the abdominal wall of the female. Sperm are injected into the abdominal cavity. This process is sometimes lethal; repeated matings reduce the female lifespan. This sexual conflict of interests has been of great interest to evolutionary biologists.
Males attempt to mate with any moving object the size of a fed female, including juvenile bugs and males who have sucked blood. But in these cases they dismount quickly – good news both for the male, who doesn’t waste his sperm, and for the mountee, since penetration would quite likely have perforated his guts to mortal effect. The males back off because inappropriate partners produce chemical deterrents – alarm pheromones. Their smell is easily detected by humans. It has been described as an ‘obnoxious sweetness’, and is characteristic of a bedroom with a heavy infestation. It is highly likely that these pheromones are what the bedbug-sniffer dog detects. Two firms in Florida train them, usually using animals rescued from shelters. One firm prefers beagle mixes, the other labrador retriever mixes. Bold claims are made for their success. New York City is hiring two, and Lola, a Jack Russell bitch, has been imported into the UK.
Bedbugs avoid the light and are thigmotactic: they love contact with rough surfaces. They seek cracks and crevices, preferably in wood or paper, in which they establish refugia to digest their meals and breed, among an accumulation of faeces, egg shells and cast-off skins. Bugs in refugia are hard to reach with pesticides. Drastic measures have been used. A note in the Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1926 entitled ‘Disinfestation of Barracks’ records that the British Army of the Rhine had been contacted by the representative of a firm in Frankfurt am Main who wanted to explain the use of a substance with the trade name Zyklon ‘B’. He described it as ‘siliceous earth impregnated with hydrogen cyanide, to which is added a tear gas’, and noted that it was extensively used by the German government. A large advertisement inside the front cover of the standard German work on bedbugs published in 1936 says: ‘Zyklon and T-Gas exterminates bugs … without damaging the furnishings.’
The current upsurge has been good news for pest controllers. Booksellers have benefited too: a copy of Southall’s 44-page treatise was auctioned by Bonhams at Oxford in October 2010, and despite being disbound, lacking a frontispiece and having numerous ink annotations, went for £132 inclusive of the buyer’s premium. And bugs have brought business to lawyers. The landmark case this century has been Mathias v. Accor Economy Lodging Inc. The plaintiffs, Burl and Desiree Mathias, were bitten by bugs while staying at a Motel 6 in downtown Chicago. They claimed that in allowing guests to be attacked by bedbugs in rooms costing upwards of $100 a day, the defendant was guilty of wilful and wanton conduct. The jury awarded each plaintiff $5000 in compensatory damages and $186,000 in punitive damages. The defendant appealed, complaining primarily about the level of the punitive damages, but the appeal court judge, Richard Posner, dismissed the appeal. His decision was bold: a Supreme Court statement had been made not long before that ‘few awards exceeding a single-digit ratio between punitive and compensatory damages, to a significant degree, will satisfy due process.’ Posner noted that bedbugs had been discovered at the motel in 1998 by EcoLab, an extermination service. They recommended that every room be sprayed, at a cost of $500. The motel refused. Bugs were found again in 1999. The motel tried without success to get an exterminator to sweep the building free of charge. In the spring of 2000 the motel manager told her superior that guests were being bitten and were demanding, and receiving, refunds, and recommended that the motel be closed while every room was sprayed. Her boss refused. On one occasion a guest was moved from a room after being bitten, only to discover insects in the second room; then, within 18 minutes of being moved to a third, he found them there as well. ‘Odd that at that point he didn’t flee the motel,’ Posner comments. He was unimpressed by the instruction given to desk clerks by the motel management that bed bugs should be called ticks, ‘apparently on the theory that customers would be less alarmed, though in fact ticks are more dangerous than bedbugs because they spread Lyme Disease and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever’. This is the bedbug paradox. For most individuals their bites have only nuisance value. Yet they arouse much more disgust than many other insects whose bites transmit potentially lethal infections.
The bugs in the Empire State Building, Lincoln Center Theater and the Met were found in the basement employee changing room, a dressing-room, and back of house. The likelihood of being bitten in a public place without beds is remote. And if the New York subway had the London Tube’s metal seats rather than wooden ones there would be no bug refugia. Alleviation here would be easy. But it is unlikely that the public will come to terms with bugs. They will continue to turn to lawyers. Posner’s judgment and its financial consequences are on record.
The bedbugs’ lifestyle makes it unlikely that they will go away soon. The contrast with the body louse is instructive. Their refugia and breeding places are the seams of human clothing. Body heat is necessary for egg hatching, so those who take their underclothes off at night and change their garments more than once a month will never be very lousy even if they consort with those who are. The natural habitat of the bedbug is the home. In Europe and North America the only one left for the body louse is the homeless.
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Send Letter to Editor
Flaming red maples, fading goldenrods and slow-chirping crickets are all clues that summer is winding down and autumn is sneaking in. The change brings mixed emotions, but one joy is the return of those perky, chunky, six-inch-long slate-gray birds with white bellies – dark-eyed juncos. Traveling in small flocks, these distinctive sparrows appear predictably from the last week of September into the first week of October under cover of darkness. I often hear their soft twitters before I first spot them scratching the ground under shrubbery or hopping from branch to branch in dense foliage.
Along with shorter days and frosty nights, returning juncos foretell the coming of winter. Early nature watchers gave these winter harbingers a name – snowbirds – and their scientific name, Junco hyemalis, reflects their association with winter: hyemal from Latin means winter. Many juncos spend winter with us, but countless others continue south as far as they choose. They delight us from October through March, then push north in April.
Coniferous forests of extreme northern Wisconsin and Canada are the juncos' summer home. Their soft trilling must be a pleasant addition to the symphony of song in the spring forest. Juncos get down to the business of breeding quickly, constructing a well-hidden nest in a grass-lined depression on the ground. The female alone incubates four to five, gray to blue-white eggs speckled with brown. Eggs hatch in 11 to 13 days and the nestlings, tended by both parents, are fed an insect diet. Young leave the nest in 12 to 13 days. After a second brood is hatched and fledged, juncos gather in flocks and head south.
Dark-eyed juncos are easy to identify. They are the only small winter birds with white bellies that are dark gray on the body, head and tail. They have finch-like, conical pink bills and dark eyes. Females and young are lighter gray washed with brown overtones. The friendly, non-feisty juncos are primarily ground feeders, hopping about, scratching the earth, pecking and searching for seeds. If startled, they fly to cover, fanning their tails to reveal white outer tail feathers – a conspicuous field mark to aid in identification.
Juncos are interesting to study. As you peruse a flock, you can't help but notice the subtle variations in plumage. Perhaps you may see a junco with a black head and breast, reddish back, white belly and buff flanks or maybe a light gray junco with white wing bars. They look quite different from the more familiar dark gray forms, but they are all the same species.
Junco nomenclature and taxonomy are confusing. At one time, six color variations (slate-colored, Oregon, white-winged, pink-sided, gray-headed and red-backed) with separate geographical ranges were considered separate species. Subsequently, ornithologists discovered that where the population ranges overlapped, interbreeding occurred. The six "species" were consequently lumped into one species and renamed the dark-eyed junco. To this day, field guides still identify the various populations. "Our" junco is the eastern population or slate-colored junco.
All this taxonomic confusion has not bothered the birds one iota. They go about wandering the countryside, brightening our winters and twittering when most birds are silent. So put out the bird seed, welcome and carefully examine all of our autumn and winter-visiting dark-eyed juncos. If you don't like the notion of a harbinger of winter, recall the lyric in the Anne Murray hit: "The snowbird sings the song he always sings, and speaks to me of flowers that will bloom again in spring."
Anita Carpenter birds year-round from her home in Oshkosh.
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Number of Kentucky Coal Jobs Lowest Since 1927
The state says Kentucky's coal jobs have dropped to the lowest level in the more than 85 years that the state has kept records of the number.
The Energy and Environment Cabinet says eastern Kentucky mines cut 916 jobs from April through June, while western Kentucky mines added 65 jobs, an increase of 1.5 percent. The Lexington Herald-Leader reports the jobs lost in eastern Kentucky followed steep declines in 2012.
The cabinet said the number of people working at coal mines and facilities statewide dropped to 12,342 as of July, the lowest number since 1927.
The report also said eastern Kentucky coal production has dropped more than 41 percent in two years.
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Those Were the Days of Giants! A Brief Reflection on the Fasting and Abstinence that were once common in Advent and Lent
I was explaining to a new Catholic recently that the color purple (violet) used in advent is akin to its use in Lent, in that both are considered penitential seasons. Hence we are to give special attention to our sins and our need for salvation. Traditionally we would also take part in penitential practices of fasting and abstinence.
Of course, in recent decades Advent has almost wholly lost any real penitential practices. There is no fasting or abstinence required. Confession is encouraged and the readings still retain a kind of focus on repentance.
But long gone are the days of a forty day fast beginning on Nov 12. The observances were every bit as strict as Lent. St. Martin’s Feast Day was a day of carnival (which means literally “farewell to meat” (carnis + vale)). In those days the rose vestments of Gaudete were really something to rejoice about, since the fast was relaxed for a day. Then back into the fast until Christmas. Lent too began with Mardi Gras (fat Tuesday), as the last of the fat was used used up and the fast was enjoined beginning the next day.
And the fast and abstinence were far more than the tokenary observances we have today. In most places, all animal products were strictly forbidden during Advent and Lent. There were many regional differences about the rest of the details. While most areas permitted fish, others permitted fish and fowl. Some prohibited fruit and eggs, and some places like monasteries ate little more than bread. In some places, on Fridays of Lent and Advent, believers abstained from food for an entire day; others took only one meal. In most places, however, the practice was to abstain from eating until the evening, when a small meal without vegetables or alcohol was eaten.
Yes, those were the day of the Giants! When fasting and abstinence were real things.
Our little token fast on only two days really isn’t much of a fast: two small meals + one regular meal; is that really a fast at all? And we abstain from meat only on the Fridays of Lent, instead of all forty days.
What is most remarkable to me is that such fasts of old were undertaken by men, women and children who had a lot less to eat than we do. Not only was there less food, but is was far more seasonal and its supply less predictable. Further, famines and food shortages were more a fact of life than today. Yet despite all this they were able to fast, and twice a year at that, for eighty days total. There were also ember days sporadically through the year when a day long fast was enjoined.
Frankly I doubt we moderns could pull off the fast of the ancients, and even the elders of more recent centuries. Can you imagine the belly aching (pun intended) if the Church called us to follow the strict norms of even 200 years ago? We would hear that such demands were unrealistic, even unhealthy.
Perhaps it is a good illustration of how our abundance enslaves us. The more we get the more we want. And the more we want the more we think we can’t live without. To some degree or another we are so easily owned by what we claim to own, we are enslaved by our abundance and we experience little freedom to go without.
I look back to the Catholics of 100 years and before and think of them like giants compared to us. They had so little compared to me, but they seem to have been so much freer. They could fast. Though poor, they built grand Churches and had large families. They crowded into homes and lived and worked in conditions few of us would be able to tolerate today. And sacrifice seemed more “normal” to them. I have not read of any huge outcries that the mean nasty Church imposed fasting and abstinence in Advent and Lent. Nor have I read of outcries of the fasting from midnight before receiving Communion. Somehow they accepted these sacrifices and were largely able to undertake them. They had a freedom that I think many of us lack.
And then too, imagine the joy when, for a moment the fast lifted in these times: Immaculate Conception, Gaudete, Annunciation, St. Joseph’s Feast day, Laetare Sunday. Imagine the joy. For us its just a pink candle and a pondering, “Rejoice? Over what?” For them these were actual and literal “feast days.”
I admit, I am a man of my time and I find the fasting and abstinence described above nearly “impossible.” I am thinking about going meatless for all forty days, this coming Lent and am currently discerning if that is what the Lord intends for me. But something makes me look back to the Giants of old, who, having far less than I, did such things as a matter of course.
There were giants in those days!
Sites That Link to this Post
- Lent: Fasting & Abstinence in the Tradition of the Church | CatInfor.com | February 27, 2014
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- Firefighters have new technology to put out flames before they spread
- Tech like infrared sensors isn't new, but greatly improved by the Internet
- Planes allow for remote monitoring of wildfire situations, drones used in catastrophes
- Organizations like NASA and NOAA are collaborating to monitor nature from space
Wildfires are fast-moving targets, so one of the most important weapons firefighting teams can have is timely, precise information about where the fire is, where it's likely to spread and what's in its path.
In the past couple of years, firefighters have gained a significant advantage: aircraft equipped with heat-detecting infrared sensors and special communication equipment now can relay to firefighting teams on the ground, in minutes, a fire's precise location, as well as where new "hotspots" are cropping up, even before they burst into visible flame.
"When I was an incident commander, I would have killed for this kind of data," said Russ Johnson, the director of public safety and homeland/national security for Esri, one of the world's leading geographic information companies. In past decades he commanded operations to fight major wildfires, including the massive Yellowstone wildfires of 1988 which scorched about 1.2 million acres.
Monitoring wildfires with infrared sensors from aircraft isn't new, but the level of detail and speed with which this data gets transmitted to firefighting teams has been revolutionized.
"Those aircraft used to have to fly at night, because you couldn't gather good thermal data during daylight hours," Johnson said. "Then you'd have to wait for the plane to land, and then for the thermal imagery to be processed. If we were lucky, we'd get that information on printed maps by 4 or 5 in the morning -- just maybe in time to brief firefighters before they went out on the line.
"Today those flights can happen in daylight with vastly improved accuracy, and incident commanders get that data electronically in two minutes on a computer-based map. We now have accurate, almost real-time situational awareness on the spot. That makes all the difference."
Wildfires generally have a perimeter marked by an advancing line of flame. But burning debris gets sucked up into the column of hot air over the fire and deposited ahead of the fire line, often causing new spot fires where they land, up to half a mile away. These hotspots also can be caused by burning debris rolling downhill on a steep slope. Left unchecked, new hotspots can smolder invisibly for hours or days.
"Incident commanders and emergency responders who are managing fires need to make decisions on where to focus air drops of fire retardants and other resources," Johnson said. "With this new hotspot information, all of a sudden I know: down there in that canyon, not visible yet, there's a hotspot. So let's divert some air assets to hold it while it's still small and later deploy firefighters there. That's so much better than discovering the hotspot only when it busts out of a canyon, when it's strong and harder and more dangerous to fight."
How does this data get to firefighting operations so fast? Generally it's transmitted over the Internet (via broadband or wireless carrier networks) on a secure website, which decision-makers and emergency responders can access via computers or smartphones. But where a direct connection to these conventional networks isn't available, that data can travel the "last mile" by packet radio, a technology long used by amateur radio operators.
Meanwhile, brand new technology is also having an impact on fighting wildfires.
Unmanned aircraft -- sometimes called "drones" -- also are starting to play a bigger role in fighting wildfires. According to Aero-News Network, as of June the Federal Aviation Administration had authorized nearly 60 private and government entities to operate unmanned aircraft systems in domestic airspace for many purposes, including fighting wildfires.
In the latest issue of Earth Imaging Journal, Thomas Zajkowski, a remote sensing specialist with the U.S. Forest Service Remote Sensing Applications Center, explained that in addition to carrying sensors, drones also can help form a data transmission network to quickly transmit thermal imagery and other information to firefighting operations.
But so far, firefighting reconnaissance drones aren't commonplace. Johnson said they've been used mainly "when fires get politically visible. Once a fire becomes catastrophic, they turn the drones loose to collect information and data."
That's because it's complicated to work drones into firefighting procedures, especially for managing aircraft and air space over fire areas.
Johnson explained, "When there's a wildfire, emergency airspace gets declared. This restricts all aircraft near the incident. Procedures for managing drones along with air tankers and other aircraft would have to be built into that protocol. I think in the future, if drones can be cost-effectively and safely applied, they'll become very common and useful in fighting wildfires. But that's a few years down the road."
Satellites and even the International Space Station also help fight wildfires. In particular, satellites operated by NASA and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration can supply current data on wind direction and speed, as well as the dryness of surrounding areas. This can help predict where, and how fast, a fire will spread.
An agreement signed in June will allow NASA and the U.S. Forest Service to collaborate on raising wildfire awareness. This partnership will highlight connections between wildfires, forest and plant growth research, and materials science.
Zajkowski noted in Earth Imaging Journal: "This joint effort is enhanced by the personal interest of astronaut Joe Acaba, a flight engineer aboard the International Space Station. Acaba is an avid outdoorsman who has focused much of his career on the environment. He selected Smokey Bear, the forest service's mascot, as the zero-gravity indicator and talisman for his Soyuz flight to the orbiting laboratory in May.
"Acaba and his crewmates recorded high-resolution video and photographs of recent wildfires in Colorado and Utah."
The opinions expressed in this post are solely those of Amy Gahran.
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In addition to the graphical user interface, the new telescope also includes a "feed emulator program" which allows you to run the telescope by typing in the same commands used in the old Venix operating system. You may choose to use either the graphical interface or the command line interface.
After you login, the computer system will automatically load the telescope control system and open two windows, one for telescope control and one for access to the "star caches" or coordinate files. These two basic windows should be open throughout the night, but additional windows will pop up as needed. The screen layout includes a third window for entering typed commands.
To work in a window, move the mouse's pointer to within that window. In the window are "buttons," boxes for displaying information, and fields for entering information. The mouse is used to control most of the action on the screen. Generally, the left button on the mouse is used to "push" a button on the screen, and the right button is used to access and select menus. To "push" a button, move the mouse's pointer onto that button and click the left (select) button on the mouse. To enter information into the program (e.g. the wavelength setting for the grating) move the mouse's pointer to the line for the information you want to enter, and then type in the appropriate number or character string. If the task calls for entering several fields (e.g. adding a new star to a star cache) the carriage return will automatically move you to the next field. Note the most windows contain a "close," "cancel," "quit," "exit," "enter", or "ok" button to exit and close that window.
With that brief introduction, choose where you want to go next.
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Let's not forget that the Croats were not the only ones tempted by the Axis to view the Fuhrer as the bulwark against Communism. There were plenty of Americans with similar sympathies in the German American Bund, Charles Lindbergh, Joe Kennedy and others who believed that an alliance among Britain, Germany and the US could stop Stalin and destroy communism. We can rehash 20th century history if we like, but the sad reality is that the innocent blood of millions of souls was shed across the continent of Europe. The major powers used one political, economic or religious justification or another to excuse, or more likely turn a blind eye towards, the overwhelming brutality. Americans tend to forget that from the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 through the destruction of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the Balkan war of the mid 1990's, many historians would argue that the major powers of the continent, or their surrogates, essentially were continually at war with limited periods of either armistice or 'cold' war interrupting the bloodshed.
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Jenna Hollenstein, MS, RD
Sleep apnea occurs when breathing stops for brief periods of time while a person is sleeping. It can last for 10-30 seconds, and may occur up to 20-30 times per hour. During 1 night of sleep, this can cause up to 400 episodes of interrupted breathing.
There are three types of respiratory events:
Sleep apnea is more common in men and in adults over 40 years of age.
Factors that increase your chances of developing sleep apnea include:
Symptoms may include:
People with chronic, untreated sleep apnea may be at risk for:
An overnight sleep study is used to help diagnose sleep apnea.
helps detect the presence and severity of sleep apnea. During sleep, it measures your:
In addition to sleep studies, your doctor may order:
There are a number of treatment options for sleep apnea, including:
Continuous positive airway pressure
is done by wearing a mask over your nose and/or mouth during sleep. An air blower forces enough constant and continuous air through your air passages to prevent the tissues from collapsing and blocking the airway.
Oral appliances that help keep the tongue or jaw in a more forward position may help those with mild to moderate sleep apnea.
They can also be used for those with severe obstructive sleep apnea who cannot use CPAP therapy or have tried it without success.
In some cases, surgery may be advised. It is most often helpful in children.
Types of surgery that may be done to treat severe cases of sleep apnea include:
Bariatric surgery may help with weight loss in some people who are
obese. This surgery may reduce many of the complications that are related to obesity, including sleep apnea.
Only used in central apnea,
may help improve the ability to regulate breathing.
Supplemental oxygen may be given if blood levels of oxygen fall too low during sleep, even after opening the airway.
You may be able to prevent sleep apnea by maintaining a
healthy weight. Avoid alcohol, nicotine, and sedatives, which may contribute to airway obstruction.
American Sleep Apnea Association
National Sleep Foundation
Canadian Lung Association
Canadian Sleep Society
Kushida CA, Littner MR, Hirshkowitz M, et al. Practice parameters for the use of continuous and bilevel positive airway pressure devices to treat adults with sleep-related breathing disorders.
Littner MR, Kushida C, Wise M, et al. Practice parameters for clinical use of the multiple sleep latency test and the maintenance of wakefulness test.
Morgenthaler TI, Kapen S, Lee-Chiong T, et al. Practice parameters for the medical therapy of obstructive sleep apnea.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:
http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed. Updated January 12, 2015. Accessed January 15, 2015.
Pack AI, Maislin G. Who should get treated for sleep apnea?
Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:1065-1067.
American Sleep Apnea Association website. Available at:
http://www.sleepapnea.org/learn/sleep-apnea.html. Accessed January 15, 2015.
Smith I, Lasserson TJ, Wright J. Drug therapy for obstructive sleep apnea.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;19:CD003002.
11/24/2014 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: AIM Specialty Health guideline on management of obstructive sleep apnea using oral appliances. National Guideline Clearinghouse website. Available at: http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=48271. Updated May 20, 2014. Accessed January 15, 2015.
1/28/2015 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: Teodorescu M, Barnet JH, et al. Association between asthma and risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea. JAMA. 2015 Jan 13;313(2):156-164.
8/11/2015 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance
http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: Molnar MZ, Mucsi I, Novak M, et al. Association of incident obstructive sleep apnoea with outcomes in a large cohort of US veterans. Thorax. 2015 Jun 2 [Epub ahead of print].
Last reviewed January 2015 by Adrienne Carmack, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © EBSCO Publishing. All rights reserved.
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To understand just how long the space shuttle has been flying, and how many generations of astronauts it has ferried to orbit, consider this: Of the six men assigned to the 134th and next-to-last mission (pictured), four weren’t even born when the first shuttle commander, John Young, joined NASA in 1962.
From This Story
Young, 80 (photo, left), and his STS-1 pilot Bob Crippen, 73, are now retired, as are almost all the original shuttle astronauts — the Apollo-era holdovers as well as the “Thirty-Five New Guys,” as they called themselves, hired in 1978 to fly the new reusable spaceplane. The younger pilots, engineers, and scientists who replaced those first shuttlenauts had the same fire for space travel, says Crippen. They were “Type-A personalities who want to press forward and do something adventurous.”
They were also a diverse bunch. What’s most surprising about the first group portrait in our gallery is how similar the shuttle’s first and last crews appear: all white men, mostly ex-military pilots. Thirty years ago, that was expected. Now it looks odd. The people who flew on the shuttle — 363 altogether — came from many backgrounds, races, and nationalities. They changed the face of spaceflight.
Air & Space Senior Editor Tony Reichhardt has been writing about the shuttle since the launch of STS-1 in 1981. He is the editor of the 2002 book Space Shuttle, The First 20 Years: The Astronauts’ Experiences in Their Own Words.
After working as a photojournalist at several newspapers and as a staff photographer at a national sports magazine, Robert Seale now specializes in location portraits for magazines and corporations.
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| 0.964581 | 371 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Nobody likes to feel sluggish and sweaty, so when the sun is set to “broil” we understand that you’d rather take your workout to an air-conditioned gym. But if you tough it out in the heat, not only will the workouts get easier, you’ll also have better endurance when the mercury drops again.
Illustration by Tara Jacoby.
Hot workouts can be dangerous ones, so we trust that you know the common sense advice about running in the heat. Among the most important: Drink to thirst (or a little bit more) and stop and get help if you start feeling symptoms of heat illness like nausea, dizziness or weakness. And while it’s great to work on your ability to run in the heat, don’t be stupid — stay inside if the temperature is hotter than you can handle, and stay aware of smog and ozone levels (which get worse on hot days) if you live in an urban area.
Why Exercising in the Heat Feels So Miserable
Running is miserable and heat is miserable, therefore running in the heat is miserable. But there’s more to it than that: exercising in the heat feels even worse than it should.
Your brain perceives effort differently in the heat, so even before you overheat, you feel sluggish. In a study published in the European Journal of Physiology, cyclists who worked out in a lab at 35C were slower than when they did the same time trial at 15C. That makes sense, but here’s the weird part: they didn’t overheat and then slow down. They were slower from the start. Our brains slow our bodies down, it seems, proactively trying to conserve energy just based on the fact that we know it’s a hot day.
As our workout continues, our bodies heat up. When asked to cycle to exhaustion, participants pooped out when their core temperatures reached 40C — no matter what temperature they started at. In that study, published in the Journal of Applied Physiology, the athletes that took the longest to reach that temperature were the ones that wore a fancy water-cooling jacket. You can mimic this effect in your own workouts by drinking ice-cold beverages and pouring water over your head. The longer you can keep your body cool, the longer you can keep up a hard effort.
But cooling your body isn’t a complete solution. A cup of ice water over your head or in your belly only provides momentary relief, and water-cooling jackets aren’t practical outside of physiology labs. Let’s look at what happens in real world conditions.
Your body tries to cool off, in part, by sweating. When moisture evaporates from your skin, it takes some body heat with it. In humid weather, though, sweat doesn’t evaporate as easily because the air is already full of water vapour. So when we’re talking about “heat”, we really mean something more like “perceived heat”, which is a combination of heat and humidity. This heat index chart shows the relationship:
You’ll run slower in the heat (and humidity). While you can find charts like this one that predict exactly how much slower you’ll be, the truth is it depends on whether you’re used to the heat, and on your body size.
That’s right, not your fitness, but your actual size. People who are larger have more muscle, fat or both. Muscle generates heat, and fat acts as an insulator. On the other hand, smaller folks generate less heat, but have more skin through which to dissipate that heat — the ol’ surface area to volume ratio. Petite runners place better in races on hot days.
Some people think that being more fit makes you better at dealing with heat, but the opposite is true: the fitter you are, the more body heat you produce just because you’re so good at working hard.
Short of changing your body shape (which is possible, but hardly a short-term fix), what can you do to tolerate exercising in the heat better? The answer is simple: Spend more time exercising in the heat.
How to Adapt to the Heat
Running in the heat makes you better at running in the heat — and it makes you better, period.
Say you do all your workouts outdoors this summer, while your equally fit twin does identical workouts on a treadmill in an air-conditioned gym. Who do you think will finish first in a 5K on a hot weekend in February? That’s right, you will.
But even if the weather is unseasonably cool on that February day, your heat training will still help you beat your twin. Part of the magic of heat training is that it increases the amount of blood in your veins (the better to put it towards your skin for cooling, while still having enough to fuel your muscles). The effect is like a mild, totally legal version of blood doping.
Here’s the bad news: heat adaptation takes work. It’s not enough to sit around in the air conditioning all summer, only venturing outside for occasional workouts. A study published in the European Journal of Applied Physiology found that people who made no particular effort to exercise in the heat didn’t have any better heat tolerance in autumn than in the spring. If you want the advantages of heat training, you have to work for them.
This US Army training protocol provides a good road map for adapting yourself to the heat: Spend at least two hours in the heat each day, it says, and include cardiovascular exercise (like running, cycling, or anything that gets your heart rate up) as part of that.
You can expect to be better adapted to the heat after about two weeks, although you may be able to start seeing results in just a few days.
Don’t expect to be able to do the same workouts at first: remember that your body is still trying to convince you that you are super tired and need to slow down. Safety guidelines for workers provide a reality check here. On their first day in the heat, the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommends giving workers just 20 per cent of their usual workload. Within a week, they should slowly ramp up to 100 per cent.
Also, to stay adapted to the heat, you have to keep spending time in it. You can take a few days off, but if you slack off for a week, you’ll start to lose your hot weather superpowers: about 75 per cent loss after three weeks, according to the Army’s estimates.
To keep up your heat training in cool weather, you can try wearing long sleeves and tights, like elite runner Kara Goucher did when training for a world championship race in muggy Osaka. (She won a bronze medal, the first American ever to do so). She also spent a few weeks in Osaka before the race began, an option worth considering if you’re a dedicated athlete with holiday time to burn.
You can also try the opposite of our keep-cool advice, choosing to run at the hottest time of day on asphalt roads with no shade. Stay safe, and enjoy your new superpowers!
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en
| 0.953677 | 1,518 | 2.59375 | 3 |
If your pup has a persistent head tilt or unceasingly shakes her head, she might have a ruptured ear drum, or one of a number of other issues. Ruptured ear drums, or tympanic membranes, can be triggered by numerous causes, namely ear infections or trauma.
Evidence of a Problem
If Princess has a ruptured ear drum, she is at risk for middle and inner ear damage or infections. You will not be able to identify tympanic membrane damage at home, but your veterinarian can identify the problem. You may notice debris or discharge in the ear, which might be bloody or dark and waxy. The ear may look red, or Princess may cry out if you touch the side of her head. Some dogs tilt their head or continually shake the head. With potential inner ear damage, your pet may stumble or move her eyes back and forth.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Your veterinarian can diagnose a ruptured ear drum by visualizing the ear canal. Depending on the severity, your vet may have to sedate or anesthetize Princess because it can be very painful, and the ear canal may have to be flushed out. Princess’s underlying problem must be treated, especially with an infection. She may need surgery to correct the problem, but surgery is usually not needed if the damage is caught early. The symptoms of a ruptured eardrum are like those of several other conditions. Your vet will determine what's going on.
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http://dogcare.dailypuppy.com/signs-ruptured-ear-drums-canines-5835.html
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en
| 0.940933 | 302 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Publication: Research - peer-review › Journal article – Annual report year: 1998
A novel method for measurement of angular displacement in one or two dimensions for arbitrarily shaped objects is presented. The method is based on Fourier transforming the scattered field from a single laser beam that illuminates the target. The angular distribution of the light field at the target is linearly mapped onto an array image sensor placed in the Fourier plane. Measuring this displacement facilitates the determination of the angular displacement. It is demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally that the angular displacement sensor is insensitive to object shape, target distance and any longitudinal or transverse movement of the target, if the image sensor is placed in the Fourier plane. A straightforward procedure to place the image sensor in the Fourier plane is presented here. Theoretically and experimentally, it is shown that the method has a resolution of 0.3 mdeg for small angular displacements, and methods for further improvement in resolution are discussed. No special surface treatment is required for surfaces having irregularities of the order of or larger than the wavelength of the incident light. It is shown that this is the case for most surfaces of practical interest. Furthermore, it is shown that robust, non-contact optical systems for industrial applications can be produced.
|Citations||Web of Science® Times Cited: No match on DOI|
- Angular displacement, Tilt, Speckles, Non-contact measurements, Laser measurements, Torsion, Optical sensors
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/noncontact-laser-speckle-sensor-for-measuring-one-and-twodimensional-angular-displacement(bccd189b-53f5-43b9-8adf-90518884d112).html
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en
| 0.88504 | 301 | 2.875 | 3 |
Pobiti Kamani is a unique geological phenomenon which has perhaps no parallel to be found anywhere in the world today. Located around 18km inland from Varna, Bulgaria, the site can be found just off the road to the capital of Sofia, in an area known as Pashovi. The name literally translates as ‘the hammered stones’, although it is usually transliterated as ‘the fossil forest’ or ‘stone forest’.
Pobiti Kamani consists of numerous clusters of stone columns, most of which reach heights between five and seven metres… with a thickness ranging from one third of a metre to three metres across.
The striking stone pillars cover a total area of fifty square kilometres, with a number of smaller groupings spreading out from the centre. Those stones found in the heart of the ‘forest’ are the most prominent, and these ancient pillars spread a total distance of nearly a kilometre.
The columns are almost all hollow cylinders, filled with sand and appearing as though hammered loosely into the earth; hence the name ‘the hammered stones’. The site was designated as a natural landmark in 1937, and the stones have been found to contain a number of rare fossils – including the petrified remains of nummulite, mussels and giant snails.
These naturally-formed pillars have attracted the attention of scientists and geologists from around the world, who have each offered their own hypothesis as to the origin of the unique formations.
The first in-depth study of the Fossil Forest was commissioned in 1828 by the Russian General Dibich, who became fascinated with these stones and their potential origins. The site was later visited in 1854 by the English geologist William Hamilton, who hypothesised that the stones were “the work of the sea”, and had been formed by chance over many millennia. These ideas were give further support by a geological survey carried out in 1855.
Perhaps the most cogent explanation to date came from the Bulgarian geologists Peter and Stefan Bonchev Gochev. The brothers believed that the columns date back to the Cenozoic Era, fifty million years ago, when much of Eastern Europe was still at the bottom of the ocean. As sediment and sludge settled to the bottom of the seabed, the thick layer of sand was compressed into limestone. A resultant release of gases forced its way up through holes in the strata, causing hollow flues to form and solidify. Many millions of years later the area has become a dry, arid landscape, and the surrounding sand was slowly eroded away to leave only these stone chimneys, now appearing as tall pillars stuck in the earth.
This idea of a paleo-hydrocarbon seep system seems the most likely explanation, and the process is currently under study by a number of academic institutions around the world; including Varna’s own Institute of Oceanology.
It is believed by many locally that the ‘forest’ is a powerful source of energy… no matter what your take on such beliefs, it is doubtless a breathtaking place to visit, and imbued with a certain otherworldly atmosphere. An easy assumption to make upon arrival is that these are the remnants of an ancient temple; the pillars are often regularly spaced, and the central holes down the middle of each give the suggestion that they were once used to hold timbers or wooden beams in place.
Worthy of note are the large number of simulacra that can be observed around the area of Pobiti Kamani; accidental formations which happen to resemble human faces. These appear on a variety of rock surfaces, and many have been accredited with names and personalities by the locals; pictured here is a pillar known as ‘the soldier’, which casts a watchful eye over the site from its position near the road entrance.
The area around Pobiti Kamani is also blessed with a vast range of flora and fauna – this barren scrubland is in fact home to twenty-one species of birds, seven mammals and in excess of two-hundred-and-forty varieties of plant, many of which are notably rare.
More can be read about the Fossil Forest on Pobiti Kamani’s official webpage.
The Exclusion Zone.
The Bohemian Blog is bigger than it looks. In fact, there’s a whole restricted area hidden away behind the public pages… a space where patrons of the site can access exclusive content, book previews and private image galleries. It’s called The Exclusion Zone. Just sponsor me the equivalent of a cup of coffee for each new article I post, and I’ll send you the password. Check out my page on Patreon to find out more about the perks of getting involved.
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—n. 1. the position or location of a town, building, etc., esp. as to its environment: the site of our summer cabin. 2. the area or exact plot of ground on which anything is, has been, or is to be located: the site of ancient Troy. 3. Computers.a connected group of pages on the World Wide Web regarded as a single entity, usually maintained by one person or organization and devoted to one single topic or several closely related topics. Also calledWeb site.
—v.t. 1. to place in or provide with a site; locate.
2. to put in position for operation, as artillery: to site a cannon.
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Children who are overweight or obese -- particularly older, non-Hispanic white girls -- are more likely to have a neurological disorder known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension, a rare condition that can result in blindness, according to a new Kaiser Permanente study published in The Journal of Pediatrics.
In a cross-sectional, population-based study of 900,000 children ages 2-19 years old, researchers found 78 cases of pediatric idiopathic intracranial hypertension. The condition occurred most frequently in overweight or obese, non-Hispanic white teenage girls--85 percent of the children with IIH were girls 11-19, nearly half were non-Hispanic white, and 73 percent were overweight or obese.
Importantly, the study also found a strong association between IIH and increasing weight class: extremely obese adolescents were 16 times more likely than normal weight children to have IIH; moderately obese children, 6 times more likely; and overweight children, 3.5 times more likely.
"Childhood obesity has again been shown to be associated with a serious disease," said study lead author Sonu M. Brara, MD, of the Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center Neurology Department. "This research is the strongest evidence to date that obesity is associated with IIH in children--it also suggests that the childhood obesity epidemic is likely to lead to increased morbidity from IIH, including blindness."
This study adds to the growing evidence base about data on the prevalence of obesity and prevention of it among children. Earlier this month the Institute of Medicine released its Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention offering recommendations, strategies, and action steps for stakeholders and sectors to accelerate progress in preventing obesity.
In adults, IIH is a relatively rare disorder that predominately affects overweight or obese women ages 20 to 44 with an incidence rate of 15 per 100,000 individuals. The disorder is characterized by increased pressure around the brain in the absence of other diseases, with symptoms including headache, blurred vision, nausea, and eye movement abnormalities. The ailment can lead to blindness in up to 10 percent of patients, particularly when not recognized and treated promptly.
The children and adolescents in the study were enrolled in the Kaiser Permanente Southern California integrated health plan from 2007 to 2009. The study included measured height and weight and diagnosis of IIH.
"Our findings may help improve the early diagnosis and treatment of IIH in young patients," said Dr. Brara. "Overweight and obese children appear to have more IIH symptoms at onset than normal weight children. We suggest that clinicians carefully screen adolescents who are overweight or obese and present with symptoms of IIH, such as headache, blurred vision, and eye movement abnormalities."
According to recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations, extreme obesity is defined as more than 1.2 times the 95th percentile, or a body mass index of more than 35 kilograms/meter squared. Obesity is defined as more than the 95th percentile or a BMI of more than 30 kg/m2. Overweight is defined as more than the 85th percentile or a BMI of more than 25 kg/m2. Body mass index is a reliable indicator of body fatness and calculated based on height and weight. For children, BMI percentiles are the most commonly used indicator to assess the size and growth patterns of individual children. The percentile indicates the relative position of the child's BMI number among children of the same sex and age.
This study was funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. It is part of the Kaiser Permanente Southern California Children's Health Study and its ongoing work to identify and treat childhood obesity through research and community programs.
Researchers at Kaiser Permanente announced in February study findings that the prevalence of asthma among children and adolescents who are overweight or obese varies widely by race and ethnicity. The study also found that the association between childhood asthma and increasing BMI is strongest in Hispanics and weakest in African Americans.
In 2011 Kaiser Permanente announced a study that used electronic health records of more than 700,000 patients to determine that children who are overweight or obese have a significantly higher prevalence of psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin.
Other study authors included Corinna Koebnick, PhD, of the Kaiser Permanente Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California; Amy H Porter, MD, of the Kaiser Permanente Baldwin Park Medical Center; and Annette Langer-Gould, MD, PhD, of the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California and Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Los Angeles Medical Center, Neurology Department.
About the Kaiser Permanente Southern California Department of Research and Evaluation
The Department of Research & Evaluation (R & E) conducts high quality, innovative research into disease etiology, prevention, treatment and care delivery. Investigators conduct epidemiology, health sciences, and behavioral research as well as clinical trials. Areas of interest include diabetes and obesity, cancer, HIV/AIDS, cardiovascular disease, aging and cognition, pregnancy outcomes, women's and children's health, quality and safety, and pharmacoepidemiology. Located in Pasadena, Calif., the department focuses on translating research to practice quickly to benefit the health and lives of Kaiser Permanente Southern California members and the general population. Visit www.kp.org/research.
About Kaiser Permanente
Kaiser Permanente is committed to helping shape the future of health care. We are recognized as one of America's leading health care providers and not-for-profit health plans. Founded in 1945, our mission is to provide high-quality, affordable health care services to improve the health of our members and the communities we serve. We currently serve more than 9 million members in nine states and the District of Columbia. Care for members and patients is focused on their total health and guided by their personal physicians, specialists and team of caregivers. Our expert and caring medical teams are empowered and supported by industry-leading technology advances and tools for health promotion, disease prevention, state-of-the art care delivery and world-class chronic disease management. Kaiser Permanente is dedicated to care innovations, clinical research, health education and the support of community health. For more information, go to: www.kp.org/newscenter.
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Scientific American September 2011
The Latest in Science News
Cities: Better, Greener, Smarter
Bigger cities around the world outperform smaller ones on wages, productivity, and innovation. As Edward Glaeser writes, as part of Scientific American's special issue on cities, the ideas and technologies available to urbanites provides a collaborative environment for essential economic growth and progress- Silicon Valley for technology or Boston for biotech. Celebrating cities from Lagos, Nigeria to New York City, this month's issue highlights how cities are smarter, greener, and better urban areas, providing some of the solutions for the world's biggest challenges.
In the U.S., modern cities have become unanimous with skyscrapers and busy skylines, but with a modern twist. Mark Lamster's feature looks at the modern skyscrapers, a technologically and environmentally advanced creation, such as the Bank of American building in New York City which creates two-third of its own energy.
In another feature Carlo Ratti and Anthony Townsend write about how cities can encourage their citizens to better address their community's needs by simply providing the network. For examples, in Seattle, one project used electronic tags to track the movement of more than 2,000 waste items-ranging from recyclable materials to old electronics-to see how far they traveled across the U.S. The information can help promote behavioral changes to help reduce carbon dioxide emissions from transportation of wastes. The authors encourage governments to build such networks, and then step pack: "By empowering people to devise ways to run their daily lives as smartly, as possible, we can make their extended community-the actual embodiment of a city-smarter, too."
As presented by the writers in this month's issue, by building upwards and integrating densely populated communities, cities can provide greener and healthier living, showing a brighter side to our busy urban areas.
Science of Health: Stamping out vaccine fears early
Discussions with parents about vaccinations for their babies should take place during, or even before, pregnancy, suggest Matthew Daley and Jason Glanz in an article in this month's Scientific American.
Vaccination rates in some parts of the US are trending down and outbreaks of preventable diseases are increasing. Yet, as the authors note, physicians typically do not talk to parents about inoculations until two months after a baby is born-by which time many parents may have already absorbed misinformation about vaccines from friends, family or the Internet. Daley and Glanz, who have studied both vaccines and parental attitudes about vaccines, argue that the healthcare system doesn't do a good job of communicating the counterarguments in a timely or effective manner.
Daley and Glanz propose that talks about vaccinations should begin in a prenatal class devoted to vaccines or thorough web chats with physicians and vaccine researchers. They suggest that web interactions in particular may encourage prospective parents to openly air their concerns and pose questions that they may not feel comfortable asking their own physician face to face.
The authors caution that unless the message about the importance of vaccinations is spread widely and effectively more parents will find themselves "in emergency rooms and isolation wards watching children suffer with the devastating effects of measles, whooping cough or some readily preventable infectious disease."
About Scientific American
Founded in 1845, Scientific American is the award-winning authoritative source for the science discoveries and technology
innovations that matter. The longest continuously published magazine in the U.S., it is translated into 14 languages, and reaches a global audience of more than 6 million. Other titles include Scientific American Mind and Spektrum der Wissenschaft in Germany. Scientific American is at the heart of Springer Nature’s consumer media division, meeting the needs of the general public. Springer Nature is a leading global research, educational and professional publisher, home to an array of respected and trusted brands providing quality content through a range of innovative products and services. For more information, please visit www.scientificamerican.com.
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Nina Simone /'ni?n? s?'mo?n/ (born Eunice Kathleen Waymon; February 21, 1933 – April 21, 2003) was an American singer, songwriter, pianist, arranger, and civil rights activist widely associated with jazz music. Simone aspired to become a classical pianist while working in a broad range of styles including classical, jazz, blues, folk, R&B, gospel, and pop.Born the sixth child of a preacher's family in North Carolina, Simone aspired to be a concert pianist. Her musical path changed direction after she was denied a scholarship to the prestigious Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, despite a well-received audition. Simone was later told by someone working at Curtis that she was rejected because she was black. When she began playing in a small club in Philadelphia to fund her continuing musical education and become a classical pianist she was required to sing as well. She was approached for a recording by Bethlehem Records, and her rendering of "I Loves You, Porgy" was a hit in the United States in 1958. Over the length of her career Simone recorded more than 40 albums, mostly between 1958—when she made her debut with Little Girl Blue—and 1974.Her musical style arose from a fusion of gospel and pop songs with classical music, in particular with influences from her first inspiration, Johann Sebastian Bach, and accompanied with her expressive jazz-like singing in her characteristic contralto. She injected as much of her classical background into her music as possible to give it more depth and quality, as she felt that pop music was inferior to classical. Her intuitive grasp on the audience–performer relationship was gained from a unique background of playing piano accompaniment for church revivals and sermons regularly from the early age of six years old.In the early 1960s, she became involved in the civil rights movement and the direction of her life shifted once again. Simone's music was highly influential in the fight for equal rights in the United States. In later years, she lived abroad, finally settling in France in 1992. She received a Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 2000 and was a fifteen-time Grammy Award nominee over the course of her career.Youth (1933–1954)Simone was born Eunice Kathleen Waymon in Tryon, North Carolina. The sixth of eight children in a poor family, she began playing piano at age three; the first song she learned was "God Be With You, Till We Meet Again". Demonstrating a talent with the instrument, she performed at her local church, but her concert debut, a classical recital, was given when she was twelve. Simone later said that during this performance her parents, who had taken seats in the front row, were forced to move to the back of the hall to make way for white people. Simone said she refused to play until her parents were moved back to the front, and that the incident contributed to her later involvement in the civil rights movement.Simone's mother, Mary Kate Waymon, was a Methodist minister and a housemaid. Simone's father, John Divine Waymon, was a handyman who at one time owned a dry cleaning business, but also suffered bouts of ill health. Mary Kate's employer, hearing of her daughter's talent, provided funds for piano lessons. Subsequently, a local fund was set up to assist in Simone's continued education. With the assistance of this scholarship money she attended high school at Allen High School for Girls in Asheville, North Carolina.After finishing high school, she studied for an interview with the help of a private tutor to study piano further at the Curtis Institute, but was rejected. Simone believed that this rejection was related directly to her race, although Curtis began accepting black applicants in the 1940s and the first black graduate was George Walker in 1945 who went on to win a Pulitzer. Simone then moved to New York City, where she studied at the Juilliard School of Music.Early success (1954–1959)To fund her private lessons, Simone performed at the Midtown Bar & Grill on Pacific Avenue in Atlantic City, whose owner insisted that she sing as well as play the piano. In 1954 she adopted the stage name Nina Simone. "Nina" (from niña, meaning 'little girl' in Spanish) was a nickname a boyfriend had given to her, and "Simone" was taken from the French actress Simone Signoret, whom she had seen in the movie Casque d'or. Simone's mixture of jazz, blues, and classical music in her performances at the bar earned her a small, but loyal, fan base.In 1958 she befriended and married Don Ross, a beatnik who worked as a fairground barker, but quickly regretted their marriage. Playing in small clubs in the same year she recorded George Gershwin's "I Loves You, Porgy" (from Porgy and Bess), which she learned from a Billie Holiday album and performed as a favor to a friend. It became her only Billboard top 20 success in the United States, and her debut album Little Girl Blue soon followed on Bethlehem Records. Simone lost more than $1 million in royalties (notably for the 1980s re-release of My Baby Just Cares for Me) and never benefited financially from the album's sales because she had sold her rights outright for $3,000.Becoming popular (1959–1964)After the success of Little Girl Blue, Simone signed a contract with Colpix Records, and recorded a multitude of studio and live albums. Colpix relinquished all creative control to her, including the choice of material that would be recorded, in exchange for her signing the contract with them. By this point, Simone only performed pop music to make money to continue her classical music studies, and was indifferent about having a recording contract. She kept this attitude toward the record industry for most of her career.Simone married a New York police detective, Andrew Stroud, in 1961; Stroud later became her manager.Civil rights era (1964–1974)In 1964, she changed record distributors, from the American Colpix to the Dutch Philips, which also meant a change in the contents of her recordings. Simone had always included songs in her repertoire that drew upon her African-American origins (such as "Brown Baby" and "Zungo" on Nina at the Village Gate in 1962). On her debut album for Philips, Nina Simone in Concert (live recording, 1964), however, Simone for the first time openly addressed the racial inequality that was prevalent in the United States with the song "Mississippi Goddam", her response to the murder of Medgar Evers and the bombing of a church in Birmingham, Alabama that killed four black children. The song was released as a single, and it was boycotted in certain southern states. "Old Jim Crow", on the same album, addressed the Jim Crow laws.From then on, a civil rights message was standard in Simone's recording repertoire, becoming a part of her live performances. Simone performed and spoke at many civil rights meetings, such as at the Selma to Montgomery marches. Simone advocated violent revolution during the civil rights period, rather than Martin Luther King's non-violent approach, and she hoped that African Americans could, by armed combat, form a separate state. Nevertheless, she wrote in her autobiography that she and her family regarded all races as equal.She covered Billie Holiday's "Strange Fruit", a song about the lynching of black men in the South, on Pastel Blues (1965). She also sang the William Waring Cuney poem "Images" on Let It All Out (1966), about the absence of pride she saw among African-American women. Simone wrote "Four Women", a song about four different stereotypes of African-American women, and included the recording on her 1966 album Wild Is the Wind.Simone moved from Philips to RCA Victor during 1967. She sang "Backlash Blues", written by her friend Langston Hughes on her first RCA album, Nina Simone Sings the Blues (1967). On Silk & Soul (1967), she recorded Billy Taylor's "I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be Free" and "Turning Point". The album 'Nuff Said! (1968) contains live recordings from the Westbury Music Fair, April 7, 1968, three days after the murder of Martin Luther King, Jr.. She dedicated the whole performance to him and sang "Why? (The King Of Love Is Dead)", a song written by her bass player, Gene Taylor, directly after the news of King's death had reached them. In the summer of 1969 she performed at the Harlem Cultural Festival in Harlem's Mount Morris Park.Together with Weldon Irvine, Simone turned the late Lorraine Hansberry's unfinished play To Be Young, Gifted and Black into a civil rights song. Hansberry had been a personal friend whom Simone credited with cultivating her social and political consciousness. She performed the song live on the album Black Gold (1970). A studio recording was released as a single, and renditions of the song have been recorded by Aretha Franklin (on her 1972 album Young, Gifted and Black) and by Donny Hathaway.Later life (1974–2003)Simone left the United States in September 1970, flying to Barbados and expecting Stroud to communicate with her when she had to perform again. However, Stroud interpreted Simone's sudden disappearance, and the fact that she had left behind her wedding ring, as an indication of a desire for a divorce. As her manager, Stroud was in charge of Simone's income.When Simone returned to the United States she learned that a warrant had been issued for her arrest for unpaid taxes (as a protest against her country's involvement with the Vietnam War), causing her to return to Barbados again to evade the authorities and prosecution. Simone stayed in Barbados for quite some time and she had a lengthy affair with the Prime Minister, Errol Barrow. A close friend, singer Miriam Makeba, then persuaded her to go to Liberia. Later, she lived in Switzerland and the Netherlands, before settling in France in 1992.She recorded her last album for RCA, It Is Finished, during 1974. Simone did not make another record until 1978, when she was persuaded to go into the recording studio by CTI Records owner Creed Taylor. The result was the album Baltimore, which, while not a commercial success, did get good reviews and marked a quiet artistic renaissance in Simone's recording output. Her choice of material retained its eclecticism, ranging from spiritual songs to Hall & Oates' "Rich Girl". Four years later Simone recorded Fodder on My Wings on a French label. During the 1980s Simone performed regularly at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in London, where she recorded the album Live at Ronnie Scott's in 1984. Although her early on-stage style could be somewhat haughty and aloof, in later years, Simone particularly seemed to enjoy engaging her audiences sometimes by recounting humorous anecdotes related to her career and music and by soliciting requests. In 1987, the original 1958 recording of "My Baby Just Cares for Me" was used in a commercial for Chanel No. 5 perfume in the United Kingdom. This led to a re-release of the recording, which stormed to number 4 on the UK's NME singles chart, giving her a brief surge in popularity in the UK. Her autobiography, I Put a Spell on You, was published in 1992. She recorded her last album, A Single Woman, in 1993.In 1993, Simone settled near Aix-en-Provence in Southern France. She had suffered from breast cancer for several years before she died in her sleep at her home in Carry-le-Rouet, Bouches-du-Rhône, on April 21, 2003. (In addition, Simone received a diagnosis of bipolar disorder in the late 1980s). Her funeral service was attended by singers Miriam Makeba and Patti LaBelle, poet Sonia Sanchez, actor Ossie Davis, and hundreds of others. Simone's ashes were scattered in several African countries. She left behind a daughter, Lisa Celeste Stroud, an actress and singer, who took the stage name Simone, and has appeared on Broadway in Aida.ReputationSimone had a reputation for volatility. In 1985, she fired a gun at a record company executive whom she accused of stealing royalties. Simone said she "tried to kill him" but "missed". In 1995, she shot and wounded her neighbor's son with a pneumatic pistol after the boy's laughter disturbed her concentration. According to a biographer, Simone took medication for a condition from the mid-1960s on. All this was only known to a small group of intimates, and kept out of public view for many years, until the biography Break Down and Let It All Out written by Sylvia Hampton and David Nathan revealed this in 2004 after her death.Simone standardsThroughout her career, Simone assembled a collection of songs that would become standards in her repertoire. These songs were self-written tunes, tributes to works by others with a new arrangement by Simone, or songs written especially for Simone. Her first hit song in America was her rendition of George Gershwin's "I Loves You, Porgy" (1958). It peaked at number 18 in the pop singles chart and number 2 on the black singles chart. During that same period Simone recorded "My Baby Just Cares for Me", which would become her biggest success years later, in 1987, after it was featured in a 1986 Chanel No. 5 perfume commercial. A music video was also created by Aardman Studios.Well known songs from her Philips albums include "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" on Broadway-Blues-Ballads (1964), "I Put a Spell on You", "Ne me quitte pas" (a rendition of a Jacques Brel song) and "Feeling Good" on I Put a Spell On You (1965), "Lilac Wine" and "Wild Is the Wind" on Wild is the Wind (1966). Especially the songs "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood", "Feeling Good", and "Sinner Man" (Pastel Blues, 1965) have great popularity today in terms of cover versions (most notably a version of the former song by The Animals), sample usage, and its use on soundtracks for various movies, TV-series, and video games. "Sinnerman", in particular, has been featured in the TV series Scrubs, Person of Interest, and Sherlock, and on movies such as The Thomas Crown Affair, Miami Vice, and Inland Empire, and sampled by artists such as Talib Kweli and Timbaland. The song "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" was sampled by Devo Springsteen on "Misunderstood" from Common's 2007 album Finding Forever, and by little-known producers Rodnae and Mousa for the song "Don't Get It" on Lil Wayne's 2008 album Tha Carter III. The song "See-Line Woman" was sampled by Kanye West for "Bad News" on his album 808s & Heartbreak. The 1965 rendition of "Strange Fruit" originally by Billie Holiday was sampled by Kanye West for "Blood on the Leaves" on his album "Yeezus".Simone's years at RCA-Victor spawned a number of singles and album tracks that were popular, particularly in Europe. In 1968, it was "Ain't Got No, I Got Life", a medley from the musical Hair from the album 'Nuff Said! (1968) that became a surprise hit for Simone, reaching number 4 on the UK Singles Chart and introducing her to a younger audience. In 2006, it returned to the UK Top 30 in a remixed version by Groovefinder. The following single, the Bee Gees' rendition of "To Love Somebody" also reached the UK Top 10 in 1969. "The House of the Rising Sun" was featured on Nina Simone Sings the Blues in 1967, but Simone had recorded the song in 1961 and it was featured on Nina at the Village Gate (1962), predating the versions by Dave Van Ronk and Bob Dylan. It was later covered by The Animals, for whom it became a signature hit.Performing styleSimone's bearing and stage presence earned her the title "High Priestess of Soul". She was a piano player, singer, and performer, "separately and simultaneously". On stage, Simone moved from gospel to blues, jazz, and folk, to numbers with European classical styling, and Bach-style fugal counterpoint. She incorporated monologues and dialogues with the audience into the program, and often used silence as a musical element. Simone compared it to "mass hypnosis. I use it all the time". Throughout most of her life and recording career she was accompanied by percussionist Leopoldo Fleming and guitarist and musical director Al Schackman.MusicMusicians who have cited Simone as important for their own musical upbringing include Emeli Sandé, Antony and the Johnsons, Nick Cave, Van Morrison, Christina Aguilera, Elkie Brooks, Talib Kweli, Mos Def, Kanye West, Lena Horne, Bono, John Legend, Elizabeth Fraser, Cat Stevens, Anna Calvi, Peter Gabriel, Maynard James Keenan, Cedric Bixler-Zavala, Mary J. Blige, Fantasia Barrino, Michael Gira, Angela McCluskey, Lauryn Hill, Patrice Babatunde, Alicia Keys, Ian MacKaye, Kerry Brothers, Jr. "Krucial", Amanda Palmer, Steve Adey and Jeff Buckley. John Lennon cited Simone's version of "I Put a Spell on You" as a source of inspiration for the Beatles song "Michelle". Musicians who have covered her work (or her specific renditions of songs) include Black Rock Coalition Orchestra, J.viewz, Carola, Aretha Franklin, Janis Joplin, Marilyn Manson, Donny Hathaway, David Bowie, Elkie Brooks, Roberta Flack, Kimbra, The Animals, Shivaree, Ambrosia Parsley, Muse, Cat Power, Katie Melua, Timbaland, Feist, Shara Worden, Common, Lil Wayne, Michael Bublé, and Meshell Ndegeocello. Singer-songwriter Tom Russell's homage to Nina Simone appears on his 2009 album Blood and Candle Smoke.Simone's music has been featured in soundtracks of various motion pictures and video games, including but not limited to, La Femme Nikita (1990), Point of No Return (1993), The Big Lebowski (1998), Notting Hill (1999), Any Given Sunday (1999), The Thomas Crown Affair (1999), Six Feet Under (2001), The Dancer Upstairs (2002), Before Sunset (2004), Cellular (2004), Inland Empire (2006), Miami Vice (2006), Sex and the City (2008), The World Unseen (2008), Revolutionary Road (2008), Watchmen (2009), The Saboteur (2009), Repo Men (2010). Frequently her music is used in remixes, commercials, and TV series including "Feeling Good" featured prominently in the Season Four Promo of Six Feet Under, 2004.FilmThe documentary Nina Simone: La légende (The Legend) was made in the 1990s by French filmmakers, based on her autobiography I Put a Spell on You. It features live footage from different periods of her career, interviews with friends and family, various interviews with Simone then living in the Netherlands, and while on a trip to her birthplace. A portion of footage from The Legend was taken from an earlier 26-minute biographical documentary by Peter Rodis, released in 1969 and entitled simply, Nina.Her filmed 1976 performance at the Montreux Jazz Festival is available on video courtesy of Eagle Rock Entertainment and is screened annually in New York City at an event called "The Rise and Fall of Nina Simone: Montreux, 1976" which is curated by Tom Blunt.Plans for a Simone biographical film were released at the end of 2005, to be based on Simone's autobiography I Put A Spell On You (1992) and to focus on her relationship in later life with her assistant, Clifton Henderson, who died in 2006; Simone's daughter, Simone Kelly, has since refuted the existence of a romantic relationship between Simone and Henderson on account of his sexuality. Screenwriter Cynthia Mort (Will & Grace, Roseanne and The Brave One) is working on the screenplay, and Zoe Saldana has been chosen to star in the lead role. The casting unleashed international controversy on account of Saldana's "dissimilar" appearance to Simone and the implication that Henderson was more than just her assistant, and in fact, her romantic partner. Release of the movie is scheduled for 2013.HonorsSimone was the recipient of a Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 2000 for her song "I Loves You Porgy." She has also received fifteen Grammy Award nominations. On Human Kindness Day 1974 in Washington, D.C., more than 10,000 people paid tribute to Simone. Simone received two honorary degrees in music and humanities, from the University of Massachusetts Amherst and Malcolm X College. She preferred to be called "Dr. Nina Simone" after these honors were bestowed upon her. Only two days before her death, Simone was awarded an honorary degree by the Curtis Institute, the music school that had refused to admit her as a student at the beginning of her career.In 2002, the city of Nijmegen (The Netherlands) named a street after her, the Nina Simone straat. Simone lived in Nijmegen between 1988 and 1990.Simone was inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame in 2009.In 2010 a statue in her honor was erected in Trade Street, Tryon, North Carolina, her place of birth.
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Los Grandes del Arte Moderno Mexicano(Masters of Mexican Modern Art) showcases the artists who, more than any others, defined Mexican Modernism in the 1920s and 1930s: Manuel Álvarez Bravo, Frida Kahlo, Leopoldo Méndez, José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, David Siqueiros, and Rufino Tamayo. The paintings, prints, and photographs that comprise the exhibition are drawn from the permanent collection of the Madison Museum of Contemporary Art, which is particularly strong in twentieth-century Mexican art. In presenting Los Grandes del Arte Moderno Mexicano, the museum places these works in a world context for acknowledgment and celebration. The exhibition will be on view in MMoCA’s Henry Street Gallery from June 7, 2013, to August 10, 2014.
Following the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920), modern art enjoyed a vital period of artistic achievement in a newly egalitarian society. Mexico City was the movement’s hub and the city played host to an international gathering of artists. Although their presence created a cosmopolitan exuberance comparable to that generated by the international avant-garde in Paris, it was the Mexican painters, muralists, photographers, poets, and printmakers who dominated the art scene. Modern art in Europe, rejecting the art of the past, was itself a revolutionary model. Mexican artists who wished to depart from the academic tradition of their colonial history enlisted modern art as a vehicle for recognizing and honoring the ideals of the Revolution.
Similar to modernist movements that arose between World Wars I and II in Germany, the Soviet Union, and the United States, Mexican artists sought a realist art that championed social reform and national identity.
This new artistic movement was nationalistic but tempered by Expressionism and Surrealism, which were among the most important avant-garde directions in Europe. Mexican Modernism was also characterized by a fresh expressivness and enriched by references to indigenous folk art and Pre-Columbian art.
A clear example is Leopoldo Méndez’s El rebozo de Soledad (The Shawl of Solitude), from 1952, a woodcut by an artist esteemed as the greatest Mexican printmaker of the twentieth century. Méndez’s social agenda was to show compassion for the indigenous peoples of Mexico, but the slashes of white and emotional intensity of this print ally it to the sensibilities of expressionist movements abroad
Generous support for Los Grandes del Arte Moderno Mexicano, and all exhibitions in the Henry Street Gallery of the Madison Museum of Contemporary Art, has been provided by an endowment established by the Pleasant T. Rowland Foundation. Related education programming is made possible through a major grant from the Madison Community Foundation.
Bi-lingual Virtual Exhibition Tours
English-Language Virtual Tour
MMoCA curator Richard H. Axsom presents an English-language virtual tour of Los Grandes del Arte Moderno Mexicano. In addition to his role at MMoCA, Richard Axsom is professor emeritus of Art History at the University of Michigan, where he taught courses on modern and contemporary art. A nationally recognized art historian, curator, and author, he has published extensively in the area of modern and contemporary American prints. For a Spanish-language translation of this virtual tour, click on the YouTube "cc" icon.
Spanish-Language Virtual Tour
Professor Rubén Medina offers a Spanish-language virtual tour that highlights works by Frida Kahlo, Manuel Álvarez Bravo, and David Alfaro Siqueiros on view in Los Grandes del Arte Moderno Mexicano. Rubén Medina is a poet, translator, and chair of the University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Spanish and Portuguese who specializes in Mexican and Chicano/a literature and culture, intellectual history, film studies, and Mexican migration to the United States. For an English-language translation of this virtual tour, click on the YouTube "cc" icon.
Thursday, March 13 · 12:30–1 pm
Richard H. Axsom on Pre-Hispanic Influences on Mexican Modernism
Mexican Modernism, arising from twentieth-century ideals of the Mexican Revolution and modern art, owed much of its character to pre-colonial and pre-Hispanic influences. Notable among these sources are Mexico’s native cultures and the arts of ancient Mexico. Drawing upon works in Los Grandes del Arte Moderno Mexicano, MMoCA curator Richard Axsom will discuss this dimension of Mexican Modernism. Henry Street Galleries.
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What's the Latest Development?
Inspired by a comic strip describing the parts of a NASA Saturn V rocket, geneticist Theo Sanderson has created the Up-Goer 5 Text Editor, which asks users to "explain a hard idea using only the ten hundred most used words" in the English language. Inspired by the editor, which is free and available online, bloggers Chris Rowan and Anne Jefferson have challenged scientists to explain their work using the editor. Submissions appear on their Ten Hundred Words of Science Tumblr page.
What's the Big Idea?
Any layperson who's spent time trying to read scientific and academic texts will appreciate this attempt to make their authors aware of what they write and how they write it. If the results appear overly simplistic or even "dumbed-down," there's a good reason for that: When forced to use simpler words, the writer creates text that, when read, sounds like something even the least-educated (relatively speaking) would comprehend: "[C]hildren have a very limited perspective and background, so new information has to be given in a context that they are capable of understanding, and that generally means using a reasonably small vocabulary."
Photo Credit: Shutterstock.com
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There has been a 45 per cent increase in the number of sixth-form students taking double maths over the past five years to reach 13,223, but uptake is still relatively low.
Less than one in six of those who study maths at A-Level also take further maths, which is regarded as desirable and in some cases essential for science and maths courses at top universities.
The Government hopes to increase the number of pupils taking the more advanced course by ensuring that every school that offers maths also offers further maths.
Elizabeth Truss, the Education Minister, announced on Friday that funding for a programme to increase take-up of double maths was being increased to £5 million a year for the next five years.
She said: “It is not good enough that only 60 per cent of state-funded schools and colleges offering A-Level maths also offer further maths A-Level.
“These students are potentially missing out on a place at a top university to study maths and science.”
The Telegraph’s Make Britain Count campaign highlighted the UK’s poor numeracy skills, with seven million adults unable to grasp basic maths.
The Government launched the further mathematics support programme in March 2009 in order to increase the number of pupils studying double maths at A-Level.
There are now more than 2,500 schools in England who have registered with the scheme, which offers extra training for teachers and online tuition for pupils.
The additional funding will also help to prepare sixth formers to take the even more advanced STEP, AEA and MAT exams, which are often required by leading universities such as Cambridge, Oxford, Imperial College London and Warwick.
Mrs Truss said: “This programme targets schools and colleges where no students are currently taking further maths A-Level, helping them to improve and extend their maths provision.
“It is an excellent programme which will enable more students to study further maths A-Level.”
Maths is now the second most popular A-Level after English, with 85,714 students taking it last year, up by a third from five years earlier.
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When an autopsy is performed to determine the cause of death and law enforcement investigates to determine if a homicide occurred, this is an example of an inquest.
- a judicial inquiry, as a coroner's investigation of a death
- the jury or group holding such an inquiry
- the verdict of such an inquiry
Origin of inquestMiddle English enqueste ; from Old French ; from Vulgar Latin an unverified form inquaesita, feminine past participle of an unverified form inquaerere: see inquire
- Law a. An investigation conducted by a coroner, sometimes with the aid of a jury, into the cause of death of a person when the cause may be criminal.b. A hearing conducted by a judge or magistrate to determine damages when a defendant has defaulted.c. A judicial inquiry into a specified matter, such as a person's mental condition.
- An investigation or inquiry: “In his inquest into the earliest days of Rome he had to confront the question of the relation between history and myth” (Robert Ackerman).
Origin of inquestMiddle English enqueste, from Old French, from Vulgar Latin *inquaes&imacron;ta, thing inquired into, alteration of Latin inqu&imacron;s&imacron;ta, feminine past participle of inqu&imacron;rere, to inquire into; see inquire.
From Old French enqueste (Modern French enquête), from Vulgar Latin inquirere, or from Medieval Latin inquesta < in + Latin quaesita.
inquest - Legal Definition
- An inquiry into a suspicious death conducted by a coroner or medical examiner.
- An inquiry into a particular subject matter by a special jury.
- A judge’s determination of damages after a defendant’s default.
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The Value of Child-Initiated Play
The early childhood curriculum at Acorn Hill is not only play-based, it is focused on child-initiated play. While many of us instinctively appreciate the importance of play to young children’s healthy development, the critical role of imaginative free play for learning in young children has now been scientifically established. Research shows that children who engage in complex forms of socio-dramatic play have greater language skills, better social skills, more empathy, more imagination, and more of the subtle capacity to know what others mean. They are less aggressive and show more self-control and higher levels of thinking.
The classrooms at Acorn Hill provide an environment that encourages children to initiate play and learn by freely exploring the world around them, which in turn nurtures self-education and self-regulation skills. Our teachers support this process by tuning into each individual child’s play and helping him or her build on it by providing materials, new ideas and support to overcome obstacles. In this way, the teacher is always supporting the growth of each child with the methods best suited to the individual.
The daily activities in a Waldorf kindergarten and nursery all work to strengthen the primary senses and encourage physical, social, emotional and intellectual development through free play, rhythmic physical games, art such as painting and woodworking, acting out stories , and the participation in the chores and household activities such as setting table, kneading bread dough and cooking. The Waldorf early childhood curriculum at Acorn Hill builds the skills required as a foundation for academic learning. Sequencing, sensory integration, eye-hand coordination tracking, language development, active listening skills, creative storytelling and the love of learning are all fostered in the pre-school and kindergarten.
American Academy of Pediatrics: The Importance of Play in Promoting Healthy Child Development
Dr. David Whitebread’s University of Cambridge research project on academics and play in early childhood. Also see this report by Dr. David Whitebread, University of Cambridge
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Duke study homework helps.
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AND HOW ABOUT YOU.
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With over a million residents (about a third of the population of the whole country) in its metropolitan area, Auckland is New Zealand’s largest city. The city grew up on a narrow isthmus between two harbors, the Manukau to the west and the Waitemata to the east. “Waitemata” is the native Mäori word for “sparkling waters.” The Waitemata is the area’s principle deep water harbor.
The harbor was first surveyed in 1840 by Lt. P. Fisher of the HMS Herald, assisted by the master of the vessel, P. C. D. Bean, after whom Bean Rock is named. The Mäori called the rock “Te Toka a Kapetawa,” and legend tells us that a chief named Tara marooned his brother-in-law there.
A day beacon was placed on the rocks by sometime in the 1840s. In 1867 gold rush fever struck the region and better navigational aids were needed for the approach to the Port of Auckland. Colonial Marine Engineer James Melville Balfour was the Marine Engineer for the Colony of New Zealand, which also made him Superintendent of Lighthouses. Balfour had spent years working with the famous Scottish family of lighthouse builders and engineers, the Stevensons of Edinburgh.
Balfour recommended a principal harbor light to be built on the northern end of Bean Rock, along with a screwpile light on a sandspit in Ponui Passage. In December 1869, three months after making this recommendation, Balfour drowned in a boating accident in Timaru at the age of 38. He had designed a number of lighthouses that were constructed after his death. Balfour is buried at the Dunedin South Cemetery, his grave marked by two stone lighthouses.
The lighthouse at Bean Rock was built by Auckland City Builder William Cameron under the direction of engineer James Stewart. The work at the exposed site was dangerous for the builders, but fortunately there were no mishaps.
Bean Rock Lighthouse is an open framework cottage-style lighthouse built of mostly native timbers. The iron foundation piles, ten inches in diameter, were driven deep into the rock. Wooden posts, radiating in a hexagonal pattern around a central column, rose 30 feet to the base of the cottage. The hexagonal cottage is surrounded by a verandah and has a corrugated iron roof.
A fifth order lens from London and lighting apparatus were installed 50 feet above the water, flashing white, red and green to indicate safe channels. The lighthouse was completed in July 1871 after eight months of work.
The light’s first keeper was Hugh Brown, a former crew member of a harbor pilot boat. Keeper Brown spent 19 years at the lighthouse, retiring in 1890 due to ill health. He had to invent creative ways to survive the isolation and tight living space. For exercise, Brown walked — or jogged — a circular circuit of 35 paces around the verandah.
In 1876 the provincial government was abolished and the Marine Department of New Zealand took over the operation of the lighthouse.
Extensive repairs were made to the structure in 1898-99.
James Anderson served as keeper between 1909 and 1911. It is largely through the memories of his son that we have a vivid picture of life at this unique station. His son, Ivan Anderson, who had a long career for the Marine Department in Auckland, was interviewed by P. W. Shirley in 1974 about the days when his father served at Bean Rock. Following are some of his memories as recorded in a paper by P. W. Shirley, courtesy of the Auckland War Memorial Museum Library.
“My father, James Anderson, was stationed at Bean Rock Lighthouse from 1909 to 1911, having been transferred there from Kahurangi Point on the West Coast of the South Island... Then in case of families with children, school age, they had to live ashore, and the men did not take kindly to having to spend every night away out on the beacon. In the case of our family, we were pleased indeed when we got notice of transfer to Manukau South Heads.
“My mother seldom went out to the beacon, but to me it was another world, and I was out with Dad at every possible chance... I used to like to see it come up rough, so I would miss a couple of days school, but Dad would ask some small boat passing if they would give me a trip home.
“Fishing was a special attraction... On calm days Dad would lower the boat, and I was allowed to fish from it while it would be tied on the north side in the deeper water where some good snapper lived.
“A blue heron often came and sat on the lower platform, so Dad put a little shelter shed for it to sleep in, and he called it Charlie... Dad fired a shot at a harrier hawk one day when it tried to attack his blue heron on the lower platform, and it did not come back again.
“There was no telephone and the only signal was the New Zealand ensign hoisted on the flagpole if a launch was urgently needed... Morse code was fairly new, and Dad taught me to signal with the torch. We could see the beacon from our home in Devonport, and I would relay bits of news to him most evenings.
“One afternoon, while in school at Devonport, there was a loud explosion, and when I heard that the powder-hulk had been on fire off Karaka Bay, I wondered how Bean Rock fared. It smashed quite a few panes of glass on the place.
“I was out at the beacon shortly after the steamer Kaipara hit a rock off Narrow Neck, and her cargo of frozen mutton had to be dumped... There were carcasses floating around and sharks nosing at them around the tide mark... Often a lot of flotsam would come out with the tide. Sometimes a dinghy, a crate of cheese, or a box of butter, and a good supply of firewood to take home to Devonport.
“The scows used to unload cattle on Kohimarama Beach to drive to Westfield. One day a young steer panicked and swam out to Bean Rock. Dad tried to lasso it but it took off for North Head, but the poor animal could not make it when the tide turned...
“Father got me out of bed early one morning to see a wonderful sight, Halley’s Comet... There was a good telescope at the Rock and with all the coastal shipping there was usually plenty to see, and a look at Mt. Victoria [signal station] would tell you if any ship was coming in.
“There were very few visitors to the Rock. On one occasion a small boat would come out from Parnell and perhaps have a little party and sing-song, and they were always most welcome...
“In the winter months things were rather lonely. My father’s hobby for such times was shell carving from pearl shell, mussel and Parnell, mostly birds and fish in the form of brooches, and he won a lot of prizes at exhibitions, besides selling a few.
“During gales the wind would howl through the steel rods on the beacon, and the structure would vibrate a bit in extra big gusts, but it would never actually shake. A person had to be most careful using the outside stairway at such times... The dwelling was very drafty in windy weather and windows had to be pegged to stop the clatter.
“Regarding the living quarters on Bean Rock, they could not compare in any respect to the houses provided for lightkeepers on other stations. The accommodation consisted of a fair-sized living room with a table and four chairs, a sofa, and adjoining was a small kitchen, with a coal stove, and pantry shelves, and a small bench with a sink. The toilet was off one corner, but there was no bathroom. The rest of the house was the bedroom off the opposite end of the living room.
“Beside the bed on the wall was a small glass window about two inches square and with a small reflector above. It acted like a periscope, enabling a person to see from his bed if the light was burning all right. I can remember my Dad setting the alarm clock for about three hours each night. Sometimes he would just look in the periscope, but on stormy or foggy nights he would go up the ladder a few times to make doubly sure that all was burning brightly.
“On fine Sundays, the steamer Minerva was usually on a fishing excursion to the crater hole close to the west side of the beacon, and some summer evenings you would hear the band on a ferry moonlight excursion close at hand. In early morning, we would often be treated to a show of dolphins playing around.
“There was quite a lot of maintenance work to be done, everlasting chipping off rust and painting... The keeper did all this work in his own time, according to the weather... A lot of the awkward places, including the house roof, were painted with the paint brush on what was known as a man-help, which was a stick with a hold in the end to put the paint brush handle through. No handy rollers in those days.
“Most times the keeper would go ashore early in the morning, often avoiding the wind. If you were lucky, you would be able to sail home.”
According to interviewer P. W. Shirley, in later years Ivan Anderson “seldom passed old Bean Rock without thinking something about it, happy or otherwise.”
In 1912, not long after James Anderson left Bean Rock, the government converted the light to unattended acetylene gas operation. It was the first lighthouse in New Zealand to be automated, mercifully ending the days of keepers living at the Rock. Administration of the lighthouse was transferred to the Auckland Harbour Board around the same time.
By 1970 there was talk of replacing the lighthouse with a more modern structure. Preservationists objected, but an engineering study showed that the old structure was in poor shape and there were fears that it could collapse in a storm. Some consideration was given to the idea of rebuilding an exact replica of the lighthouse.
In 1985 an extensive renovation took place, thanks to the Auckland Harbour Board and Historic Places Trust. First the cottage was removed by crane, an operation that resulted in some tense moments. A mooring pole snapped when the floating crane strained against it, and one of the crossbeams on which the house was being lifted buckled on the first attempt. When the house was successfully lifted, spectators cheered and boat horns sounded in appreciation.
The house was renovated for five months onshore, while the base’s rotten wooden legs were replaced by Australian hardwood and sunk in new concrete foundations on the rock. Workers found up to 20 coats of paint on a section of the dwelling, illustrating just how well the keepers had done their job. As part of the renovation the dwelling was again painted white, its original color. It had been painted yellow since 1956.
Finally, the cottage was lowered back into place and bolted onto its new legs. The light was converted to solar power, and it continues to operate as an aid to navigation and a very visible link to Auckland’s past.
NOTE (added by the author, Dec. 5, 2006): Research by Anne Stewart Ball, great granddaughter of engineer James Stewart, shows that he was the primary designer of the Bean Rock Lighthouse. Mr. Stewart had been a civil engineer in Scotland and he went to New Zealand in 1859. His title was Inspector of Steamers at the time Bean Rock Lighthouse was built. He also designed Ponui Passage Lighthouse and oversaw the building of the Manukau Heads Lighthouse.
This story appeared in the
February 2002 edition of Lighthouse Digest Magazine. The print edition contains more stories than our internet edition, and each story generally contains more photographs - often many more - in the print edition. For subscription information about the print edition, click here.
All contents copyright © 1995-2016 by Lighthouse Digest®, Inc. No story, photograph, or any other item on this website may be reprinted or reproduced without the express permission of Lighthouse Digest. For contact information, click here.
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1. What is the author's ethnic background?
2. Where was the author educated?
3. In which country did the original story take place?
4. Oyo is a _______________.
5. In which year did the actual occurrence described in the play take place?
6. During what major event did Soyinka decide to set her play around?
World War II.
7. According to Soyinka, what first needs to exist before there can be a clash between two cultures?
8. In the author's note, Soyinka states that Elesin Oba is the _____________ in the eyes of the Yoruban people.
9. How many kingdoms are the Yoruba divided into?
10. The author states that this story illustrates a ____________________ between two cultures.
This section contains 3,281 words
(approx. 11 pages at 300 words per page)
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Politics, like just about everything else, is going mobile. More than a quarter of American adults used their cellphones to learn about or participate in the 2010 U.S. midterm election, according to a survey from the Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project.
The survey, which polled 2,257 adults from November 3 to November 24, found that the people who use their phones for politics are most often between the ages of 18 and 29 and more likely to own high-tech electronics and use social networking sites than other voters. The percentage of Republican and Democratic voters in this group is similar to that of the general population.
The survey counted communicating about voting, sharing and reading election news, and contributing money to campaigns as political participation. Fourteen percent of respondents said that they used their cellphones to tell others that they had voted; 6% said they used them to let others know about conditions at local voting stations; 10% sent text messages about the election; 3% used their cells to shoot and share photos or videos related to the election; 12% kept up with election news using their phones; and 4% used their mobiles to monitor results.
Only 1% used their mobile devices to either contribute money by text message or to download an app that provided updates from a candidate or group about election news, respectively.
Interestingly, 21% of those who used their cellphones to learn about or participate in the election said that they didn't vote, although that figure is substantially less than the national average of 38%.
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This book was designed to be used as a teaching tool for both parents and teachers. Although the story is non-fiction, the history the characters encounter are based on true events and real places. Children will have fun learning about history that happened right in their own backyard!
On these pages we have created some interdisciplinary lesson ideas and activities. They can easily be adapted or modified to meet your specific needs and/or for certain age and grade levels.
"Pine Bush"- Debate (Discussion)
"Monroe"- Compare and Contrast (Science)
"Cornwall"- Reading Center (English/ History)
"Newburgh"- Letter Writing (English)
All- Walking Tour (History)
"Pine Island"- Experimenting and Graphing (Math)
"Woodbury Common"- Sale Price vs. Retail Price (Math)
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| 0.929544 | 172 | 3.65625 | 4 |
C1: Little Variety• Mangrove is species poor as there areonly 4 main species present: Avicennia,Sonneratia, Rhizophora, Bruguiera• This is because only Halophytes (salttolerant plants) can survive in this region.
C2: Dense & Luxuriant• Most form a dense, continuous canopydue to the presence of high temperaturesand high rainfall.
C3: SparseUndergrowth• Little sunlight filters through the dense,continuous canopy.• Hence there is little undergrowth present inthis layer.
C4: Evergreen leaves• As there is high temperature and highrainfall throughout the year, the leavesremain evergreen.
C5: Colourful flowers• The flowers are generally colourful toattract insects to pollinate its flowers.
C6: Buoyant Fruits• This enables fruits to be carried away bywaves and currents to new coastal areas.
A1: High rainfall• The leaves are broad with drip tips toenable water to flow off the leaves quickly.
A2: High Temperature• The leaves are thick and leathery toreduce water loss through transpiration.
A3: Salt• Avicennia are salt secretors: They excreteexcess salt on their leaves which are thenremoved by the wind or rain.• Bruguiera, Rhizophora, Sonneratia areultrafiltrators: They absorb salt and store it inthe old leaves which fall off eventually.
A4: Oxygen Deprived• Due to waterlogged conditions in themangrove environment, the soil is oxygen-deprived.• Avicennia and Sonneratia have aerial roots:As these roots are exposed during low tide,they take in oxygen.
A5: Muddy Soil• Prop Roots– Rhizophora: Stilt or prop roots which anchor the rootsfirmly to the ground• Keed Roots (Knee-Like)– Bruguiera: Kneed roots that provide firm support onthe soft soil.• Fruits with elongated structure:– Rhizophora: enables the fruits to anchor in soft muddysoil.
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| 0.86669 | 459 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Southern Californians should have their eyes on the sky this weekend as the full moon becomes a "supermoon," the first of three this summer.
The astronomical event occurs when the moon is closest to the Earth in its orbit, making it appear much larger and brighter than usual.
David Reitzel, an astronomical lecturer at the Griffith Observatory, said the moon will appear largest on the west coast just before dawn on Saturday, at 4:25 a.m. That’s when the moon reaches its fullest, as it is close to setting over the western part of the sky.
On Friday night, the moon will be "not quite full" yet, Reitzel said, but viewers may notice it appearing more full as it moves throughout the night.
- Download: Download the NBCLA Mobile App
According to a NASA news release, the best time to see the supermoon is when it hangs low, close to the horizon. Moon-gazing in a place with foreground objects such as trees or buildings for scale amplifies this "Moon illusion."
The full moons on August 10 and September 9 will also be supermoons. The August moon will be the biggest as its proximity to earth coincides the closest to the moon’s fullness.
Reitzel said the supermoon, known as a perigee moon scientifically, is not rare, and the term "supermoon" is a "pop culture take" on the occurrence that has gained attention recently.
"If it gives people a reason to look into the sky, I'm all for it," he said.
Because of the moon’s proximity to Earth, the supermoon is also expected to cause stronger tides.
At the Griffith Observatory, viewers can look through telescopes pointed at the moon for free. Reitzel said long lines are expected, and he recommends people arrive right after sunset for the viewing.
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| 0.955971 | 389 | 3.15625 | 3 |
A report commissioned by security company, McAfee, claims that the costs associated with Cyber criminality hover around $445 billion (about £350bn, AUD 469bn) globally.
Not surprisingly, OECD countries tend to lose the most given that most of the world's wealth is located there while poorer and less connected countries are relatively unscathed.
The biggest portion of the cost was down to stolen intellectual property, which is also the hardest to track and evaluate.
However, it is still extremely difficult to put a figure on a constantly growing number but the consensus is that cybercrime accounts for about 0.8% of the global gross domestic product.
The sponsor of the research, McAfee, estimated back in 2009 that companies globally lose more than $1 trillion through cybercrime and data theft.
The document was produced by former US intelligence officials working for the Washington-based Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).
Article continues below
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| 0.965193 | 191 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The United Nations has designated the first Monday of October every year as World Habitat Day. This year, it will be celebrated on 7 October 2013. The purpose of World Habitat Day is to reflect on the state of our towns and cities and the basic right of all to adequate shelter. It is also intended to remind the world that we all have responsibility to shape the future of our cities and towns.
This year, the United Nations chose the theme Urban Mobility because mobility and access to goods and services is essential to the efficient functioning of our cities and towns as they expand. Accessible cities encourage a shift towards more sustainable modes of transportation and draw more and more travellers out of cars and onto trains, buses, bike paths, and sidewalks.
But mobility is about more than just the mode of transport we use. Urban planning and design should focus on how to bring people and places together, by creating cities that focus on accessibility, and optimal urban densities, rather than simply increasing the length of urban transport infrastructure.
The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) will present Tuesday, October 9, 2013 at 11:30 the report "The State of the European Cities in Transition: Effective Taking stock 20 years of reform." The event is organized at the Permanent Representation of Lithuania to the European Union, rue Belliard 41-43, 1040 Brussels.
Additional links :
The Brussels based United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe - UNRIC provides information on UN activities to the countries of the region. It also provides liaison with institutions of the European Union in the field of information. Its outreach activities extend to all segments of society and joint campaigns, projects and events are organized with partners including the EU, governments, the media, NGOs, schools and local authorities.
United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe (UNRIC Brussels)
Residence Palace, Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat 155, Block C2,7th and 8th floor, Brussels 1040, Belgium
Tel.: +32 2 788 8484 / Fax: 32 2 788 8485
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| 0.919211 | 429 | 2.6875 | 3 |
You're a kid who knows right from wrong.
When you were little, your parents helped you understand what was good and what was not. Once you got bigger, you could see when something wasn't fair and you remember how much you hated that.
These days, you're old enough (and strong enough) to speak up when you see things that are wrong. In the new book "Father Groppi: Marching for Civil Rights" (Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2013) by Stuart Stotts, you'll read about one peace-loving man who did, too.
James Groppi didn't know much about civil rights when he was a kid, but he knew what discrimination felt like. Born in 1930, Groppi was the second-youngest child of parents who came from Italy -- and in segregated Milwaukee, that meant a lot of teasing and prejudice.
But the Groppi family was close, the parents taught tolerance and James was a good scholar. Teachers also noticed that he was a natural leader and he became captain of his basketball team. It was during a game that he had one of his most memorable moments: James blocked another player who happened to be black, and accidentally knocked him down. The boy kicked James and when they both apologized later, James understood that it was an example of respect.
In 1952, James went into the seminary to study for the Catholic priesthood. He worked at a Milwaukee youth center, where he got to know many black children and he saw how much racism hurt them. When he graduated from seminary and was ordained in 1959, he preached against discrimination at an all-white church before he was sent to a parish in which the congregation was almost all black.
That move gave him an early understanding of civil rights.
Starting in 1961, Father James Groppi got involved in the civil rights movement. He made several trips to the South, where segregation was nearly everywhere. He worked to integrate restaurants, and he supported Dr. King's third March on Selma. He was arrested for peaceful protests and he kept supporters safe on many marches.
And then, in an action that would put him in the national news, Father Groppi took on the entire city of Milwaukee over unfair housing practices.
I'm always a little surprised when the work of an influential person is lost to history. Why don't more people know this story? Fortunately for your child, "Father Groppi: Marching for Civil Rights" corrects that omission.
But author Stuart Stotts doesn't just tell the tale of James Groppi, his work, and his disappointments. Stotts also writes about how Catholic higher-ups viewed civil rights, where racism came from and what happened, and he tells the story of a city that he claims is still "deeply segregated." This is a fascinating biography, made better for kids because of a glossary, index, and pronunciation guide.
If your child loves history, or if you want him to know more about the hard work done for equality, here's a book to find. For your 7- to 12-year-old, reading "Father Groppi: Marching for Civil Rights" seems just right.
• Terri Schlichenmeyer, aka The Bookworm, has been reading since she was 3 years old and she never goes anywhere without a book. She lives on a hill in Wisconsin with two dogs and 12,000 books.
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| 0.988698 | 707 | 3.046875 | 3 |
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