text
stringlengths 199
648k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 1
value | url
stringlengths 14
419
| file_path
stringlengths 139
140
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 50
235k
| score
float64 2.52
5.34
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Algorithmically-Tuned Protein Families, Rule Base and Characterized Proteins
The massive numbers of microbial species living in and on the human organism vary greatly from person to person and transform our metabolism enough to impact our health. We are using an informatics-based approach to reads patterns of DNA differences from microbe to microbe as a means to figure out which species do what inside and on the human body. This work is part of the NIH Human Microbiome Project (HMP) as there is a great need to improve existing tools and develop computational methods to address the complexity of metagenomic data generated by human microbiome projects. This project takes a three-pronged approach to dramatically improve methods for extracting meaning from HMP sequence data.
The first approach is to develop algorithms that build protein families, each family just inclusive enough that checking a genome for some cohort of families tells whether or not a pathway is present. These algorithms resemble Phylogenetic Profiling, a data mining technique, but go through optimization steps that guide the building of each family. Pre-built families are not required. The result is new descriptive power that can discover and describe new systems and pathways. Thousands of new families will be created.
The second is a new way to apply annotation rules. Large numbers of rules created automatically, each of which works on fairly small numbers of proteins, can apply very exacting tests to determine whether one protein should be expected to have the same function as another that is already characterized. By deriving support from comparing gene regions or metabolic backgrounds in ways made possible only by having large numbers of complete genomes, these rules can achieve much greater confidence than more simplistic annotation techniques.
The third is a systematic compilation of the right starting points for annotation. Annotation methods today are built to achieve maximum leverage from those few proteins whose functions are known for sure, but searching for those good anchors is surprisingly difficult, and searching repeatedly wasteful. The CHAR database will collect experimentally characterized proteins and make them "rule-ready" and universally available. All of the resources developed through this project will be made publicly available. These approaches combine to let us read metabolic properties from microbial genome sequences more accurately, and figure out better ways to fight disease.
NIH / National Human Genome Research Institute
|
<urn:uuid:6e3ba95f-136c-439f-bf29-27387aaaebdb>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.jcvi.org/cms/research/projects/algorithmically-tuned-protein-families-rule-base-and-characterized-proteins/overview/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00064-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.930939 | 463 | 3.015625 | 3 |
To Your Health
December, 2012 (Vol. 06, Issue 12)
Protect Your Gums, Protect Your Health
Most people tend to worry about their health by looking at some of their major organs when undergoing a physical. What most people tend to miss to get a good indicator of their health is their mouth.
Your gums and dental health can tell you a lot about your overall health if you look into the numerous cautionary signs. Red, swollen and often bleeding gums can indicate that there is something going on within your body you might not be aware of. Often these can be signs of much serious illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes.
In order to make sure you are staying away from common gum related illnesses make sure to be aware of possible bacteria from your mouth indicated in bleeding gums, which can travel into your bloodstream and set off dangerous inflammatory reactions in other parts of the body.
According to some studies people with gum disease are more likely to suffer from heart disease than those with healthy, pink gums. One theory is that oral bacteria travel into the bloodstream where it may attach to fatty plaques in the arteries, causing inflammation and setting the stage for a heart attack. Make sure to evaluate your gums for possible signs of bad bacteria and make sure to see your dentist if you suspect your gum health is affecting your overall health.
Make sure to always brush and floss daily and look out for signs that could wreak havoc on your health.
|
<urn:uuid:6b824119-8088-476e-8905-2d5685f7b3a2>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.toyourhealth.com/mpacms/tyh/article.php?id=1679
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00062-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961167 | 298 | 2.8125 | 3 |
A Cadenza is a parenthetic flourish in a solo piece commonly used just before a final or otherwise important cadence. In a concerto, a cadenza will often have the orchestra stop playing while the soloist performs alone. While cadenzas were originally improvised, modern music typically writes out the cadenza portion.
Beethoven's "Emporor" Concerto
Aaron Copland's Clarinet Concerto
Tartini's "Devil's Trill" Sonata
The First cadenza that was published was composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
|
<urn:uuid:4f2e6e9b-7d6d-4874-990a-eda721e01448>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.conservapedia.com/Cadenza
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00152-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.933827 | 117 | 3.046875 | 3 |
On a volumetric basis, soybean exports have been the bright spot in an otherwise dismal export picture for grains and oilseeds.
Corn exports peaked at 2.402 billion bushels in the 1979 crop year, exceeding that level only once — 2.437 billion bushels in 2007 — in the next 34 years. U.S. corn exports fell below the 2 billion bushel mark in 26 of those 34 years. The current estimate for 2013 crop year corn exports is 1.6 billion bushels.
The peak for wheat exports occurred in 1981, with 1.8 billion bushels leaving U.S. ports. In the years since then, wheat exports fell below 1 billion bushels 7 times. Wheat exports are currently estimated to be just less than 1.2 billion bushels for the 2013 crop year — ⅔ of their 1981 level.
The exports for sorghum, barley and rice are far smaller than corn, wheat and soybeans and only rice has seen an increase.
Soybeans exports, on the other hand, have experienced a dramatic increase over the years since 1979.
In that year, soybean exports were 23.8 million metric tons, increasing to an estimated 41.0 MMT for the 2013 crop year. For soybean meal, the increase over that period was from 7.2 MMT to 9.9 MMT. Soybean oil saw a decline in exports from 1.2 MMT to 0.7 MMT over the same period of time.
Taken together soybean complex — soybeans plus soybean meal plus soybean oil — exports totaled 32.2 MMT in 1979, increasing to an estimated 51.6 MMT for the 2013 crop. The increase in US soybean complex exports is an important story, but we would be remiss if we didn’t look at the world import picture as well.
China’s imports of soybeans have been a significant factor in the increase in U.S. soybean exports, while Brazil and Argentina have also benefitted. The importing of soybeans by China has increased from 0.8 MMT in 1979 to a currently estimated 69 MMT for the 2013 crop year. Since 2000, China’s soybean imports have increased by nearly 4.3 MMT a year.
Imports of soybean meal and soybean oil by China are relatively small over the whole period.
China is now the largest importer of soybean complex in the world at 70.1 MMT.
If we look at the imports of soybean complex by all of the countries in the world, excluding the U.S. and China, we see an important picture. In 1979 these countries imported 48.2 MMT of soybean complex.
For the 2013 crop year, it is estimated that these countries will import 100.6 MMT of soybean complex.
Since 2000, these imports have increased by 1.4 MMT per year, a rate far below that of China. ❖
|
<urn:uuid:45d12cdc-fc47-4db0-b0d5-f5148f3478d3>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.thefencepost.com/news/11337216-113/soybean-exports-china-mmt
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00177-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939851 | 623 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Today, two founders of flight struggle to
understand it. The University of Houston's College
of Engineering presents this series about the
machines that make our civilization run, and the
people whose ingenuity created them.
The magazine Aviation
Week began in 1916 as Aviation and
Aeronautical Engineering. Old issues remind
us how the drama of flight first unfolded.
In 1919 Orville Wright wrote "The Future of Civil
Flying." Wright was frankly puzzled. Years before,
that old bicycle-maker had said the purpose of
flight would be sport. For him, civil flying wasn't
so much moving passengers as it was play.
He acknowledged that you can get from Dayton to New
York four times faster by plane than by train. But
that's not safe, because you pass over mountains.
You can't make emergency landings. Maybe the
government would eventually build landing strips in
the mountains. Still, he saw intercity flight as a
private matter more than a commercial one.
The most important need, Wright says, is for
airplanes with slow landing speeds. After all, the
length of a landing strip rises as the square of
the landing speed. If we can cut landing speeds to
30 miles an hour, we'll be able to fly far more
safely. Then flight will take its place as a
Two years later -- in 1921 -- we see a photo of the
giant Italian seaplane, the Caprioni-60. Its six
wings and eight engines carry 100 passengers in a
lumbering 80-mile-an-hour flight. Its range is 400
miles, and it lands on water.
By 1931 commercial flight is an established fact.
Now Amelia Earhart writes as Vice President of
Luddington Airlines. They've already flown over a
half-million passenger miles between New York and
It's only 12 years since Wright's piece. But her
message is much different. Airlines must figure out
how to keep their schedules. They'll have to learn
to manage ticket sales in a world without
computers. And they'll have to keep the price down.
She brushes off the pernicious problem of
air-sickness. It afflicts only five percent of
travelers. More women suffer than men, but they're
more stoic about it.
There's a fundamental difference between Wilbur
Wright and Amelia Earhart. Wright was still reading
a crystal ball. And he still reflected his dreams
as an inventor. Earhart was a user of the airplane.
Her dream was to extend the invention. She let the
machine work through her to define itself. Of
course she was the more accurate of the two.
Orville Wright outlived Amelia Earhart. She gave
herself over to the machine he'd invented until she
vanished in the Pacific. Wright had shaped the
airplane. She was more accurate just because she
let the airplane shape her -- and us as well.
I'm John Lienhard, at the University of Houston,
where we're interested in the way inventive minds
|
<urn:uuid:11f4bf70-ac37-44b3-8a13-9464a358e979>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi648.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00121-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968562 | 656 | 3.3125 | 3 |
The Curriculum Roadmap:
Engaging in the Adult Basic Education Level Three Social Sciences curriculum contributes to adult learners’ abilities to think critically and reflectively, to make informed decisions, and to be active participants in a culturally diverse society.
Chapter Four: The Relationship Between Concepts
This chapter outlines the core elements of the Adult Basic Education Level Three Social Sciences curriculum guide. When developing courses, instructors will consider the following elements:
Generic Skills21 lay the foundation for across-curricula skill development essential to personal, social, and employment success for adult learners. Instructors are responsible for consciously integrating Generic Skills throughout all courses, making them visible in units of study and individual lessons.
The Learning Process includes knowledge, skills, values, and critical analysis as these apply to Social Sciences and as they act together in the learning process.
The Core Components of social sciences describe the “themes” or areas to explore with learners in relation to the topics in each of the units. The six components will be integrated in course development:
Finally, this chapter provides a summary of the Learning Outcomes as well as a summary of the three units.
The Relationship Between Concepts
|
<urn:uuid:6fe7003b-8303-4d88-99c1-ebf07d7b0f93>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.aeei.gov.sk.ca/evergreen/socialsciences/part3/index.shtml
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00051-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.880177 | 240 | 3.375 | 3 |
The Deficit and Weight
In some ways, the deficit is analogous to being overweight. In the case of the deficit, we have too much debt that results either from too much spending or too little income (or both). In the case of being overweight, one has too much fat that results from consuming too much or exercising too little (or both).
As with being overweight, the deficit has a simple solution. In the case of being overweight, the simple solution is to intake fewer calories and expend more calories. Or, crudely put, eat less and exercise more. It is possible to do just one (eat less or exercise more), but this would be less effective.
In the case of the deficit, the simple solution is to intake more money or expend less (or both). Or, crudely put, tax more and spend less. Of course, it is possible to take just one approach: tax more or spend less. Of course, as with the matter of weight, this would presumably be less effective. It can, however, be argued that it is more desirable to take one approach rather than the other. For example, a stereotypical conservative might argue that spending should be cut without there being any increase in taxes. As another example, a stereotypical liberal might argue that there should be tax increases without any decrease in spending.
My view is that it makes excellent sense to approach the deficit by reducing spending and also increasing revenue. Just as with weight loss, this should be done in a sensible manner. In this case, by cutting excess spending and requiring people (and corporations are people) to bear a fair share of the burden of public services (such as fighting wars for the strategic interests of American businesses).
|
<urn:uuid:e523d33b-6e81-4a92-8fcb-c7c01090da42>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
https://aphilosopher.wordpress.com/2011/07/14/the-deficit-and-weight/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00186-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971273 | 347 | 2.953125 | 3 |
- (US) (uncountable) Corn is a kind of grain, usually with large yellow seeds, that is often eaten (also called maize).
- We will be eating corn tomorrow.
- (US) (uncountable) The plant corn grows on.
- We planted some corn in our garden last year.
- (UK) (countable & uncountable) Any kind of grain.
- We put several barley corns into the soup.
|
<urn:uuid:def429db-c1ef-45f0-879d-08747898a94e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/corn
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00079-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937231 | 98 | 2.625 | 3 |
Difference between economic growth and economic development
Economic Growth is often seen as the 'holy grail' of economic policy. This simplistic emphasis on economic growth is often criticised because of the limitations of economic growth in improving living standards.
Some suggest rather than economic growth, we should measure economic development through measures such as Human Development Index (HDI) which looks at GDP but also statistics such as literacy and health care standards.
Some also argue we should not be using GDP but, a happiness index. Economic Growth can definitely have limitations in improving living standards. Economic development is the increase in the standard-of living in a nation's population with sustained growth from a simple, low- income economy to a modern, high-income economy.
Also, if the local quality of life could be improved, economic development would be enhanced. Its scope includes the process and policies by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well- being of its people.
Goncalo L. Fonsesca at the New School for Social Research defines economic development as "the analysis of the economic development of nations." The University of Iowa's Center for International Finance and Development states that:
"Economic development' is a term that economists, politicians, and others have used frequently in the 20th century. The concept, however, has been in existence in the West for centuries.
Modernisation, Westernisation, and especially Industrialisation are other terms people have used when discussing economic development. Although no one is sure when the concept originated, most people agree that development is closely bound up with the evolution of capitalism and the demise of feudalism."
The study of economic development by social scientists encompasses theories of the causes of industrial - economic modernisation, the phases or waves of economic development historically used by economic developers, plus organisational and related aspects of enterprise development in modern societies.
It embraces sociological research on business organisation and enterprise development from a historical and comparative perspective; specific processes of the evolution (growth, modernisation) of markets and management-employee relations; and culturally related cross-national similarities and differences in patterns of industrial organisation in contemporary Western societies.
Economic development refers to social and technological progress. It implies a change in the way goods and services are produced, not merely an increase in production achieved using the old methods of production on a wider scale.
Economic growth implies only an increase in quantitative output; it may or may not involve development. Economic growth is often measured by rate of change of gross domestic product (e.g., per cent GDP increase per year.) Gross domestic product is the aggregate value-added by the economic activity within a country's borders.
Economic development typically involves improvements in a variety of indicators such as literacy rates, life expectancy, and poverty rates. GDP does not take into account other aspects such as leisure time, environmental quality, freedom, or social justice; alternative measures of economic well-being have been proposed. A country's economic development is related to its human development, which encompasses, among other things, health and education.
Dependency theorists argue that poor countries have sometimes experienced economic growth with little or no economic development; for instance, in cases where they have functioned mainly as resource- providers to wealthy industrialised countries. There is an opposing argument, however, that growth causes development because some of the increase in income gets spent on human development such as education and health.
According to Ranis, we view economic growth to human development as a two-way relationship. Moreover, Ranis suggested that the first chain consist of economic growth benefiting human development with GNP.
Namely, GNP increases human development by expenditure from families, government and organisations such as NGOs. With the increase in economic growth, families and individuals will likely increase expenditures with the increased in incomes, which leads to increase in human development. Further, with the increased in expenditures, health, education tend to increases in the country and later will contribute to economic growth.
In addition to increasing private incomes, economic growths also generate additional resources that can be. Used to improve social services (such as healthcare, safe drinking water etc.). By generating additional resources for social services, unequal income distribution will be limited as such social services are distributed equally across each community; benefiting each individual.
Thus, increasing living standards for the public. It depends on the distribution of higher incomes. Economic growth could bypass the poorest in society. Economic growth may cause negative externalities such as pollution, higher crime rates and congestion which actually reduce living standards.
Economic Growth may conflict with the environment, e.g. global warming. It depends on what is produced. The Soviet Union has fantastic rates of economic growth, but, often through producing a lot Steel and Pig Iron that was not actually very useful. Economic growth can be unsustainable, especially if it is a boom and bust.
Economic Growth definitely has limitations and we need to be aware of these. But, notwithstanding these limitations potential problems, economic growth is still very important. It reduces Poverty.
Growth doesn't necessarily reduce poverty. But, without economic growth it is very difficult to make any meaningful and sustained reduction in poverty. This is especially important in developing economies.
It reduces unemployment. A stagnant economy leads to higher rates of unemployment and the consequent social misery.
Gross National Product (GNP), in economics, a quantitative measure of a nation's total economic activity, generally assessed yearly or quarterly. The GNP equals the gross domestic product plus income earned by domestic residents through foreign investments minus the income earned by foreign investors in the domestic market.
Gross domestic product, often confused with GNP, is calculated from the total value of goods and services produced in an economy over a specified period. Since World War II, GNP has been generally regarded as the most important indicator of the status of an economy.
In the United States, the economy is considered to be in recession if there are two consecutive quarters of decrease in GNP. Despite the fact that GNP does not allow for inflation, overall value of production, and other factors, it is nevertheless a significant measurement of economic health.
In 1995 the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) created a new system for measuring national wealth, based on the value of natural and mineral resources.
The deep recession has led a corresponding rise in budget deficit. Economic growth is essential to improve governments' budget deficits.
If managed correctly, economic growth enables an increase in resources for important public services like education and health care. Economic growth enables an increase in social spending without an increase in tax rates.
|
<urn:uuid:a2b3f217-3091-40a8-a22a-bb79200f975b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.preservearticles.com/2012042631178/what-is-the-difference-between-economic-growth-and-economic-development.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403825.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00176-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949127 | 1,338 | 3.125 | 3 |
The Tempest Compassion and Forgiveness Quotes
How we cite our quotes: (Act.Scene.Line). Line numbers correspond to the 2008 Norton edition.
O, I have suffered
With those that I saw suffer! A brave vessel,
Who had, no doubt, some noble creature in her,
Dash'd all to pieces. O, the cry did knock
Against my very heart! Poor souls, they perished.
Had I been any god of power, I would
Have sunk the sea within the earth or ere
It should the good ship so have swallowed, and
The fraughting souls within her. (1.2.5-13)
Miranda has a naturally merciful temperament. She wishes her father to be merciful, regardless of his aim.
If thou more murmur'st, I will rend an oak
And peg thee in his knotty entrails till
Thou hast howled away twelve winters. (1.2.349-351)
Prospero may not be forgiving or compassionate by nature, as he's accustomed to being unquestioned and a little tyrannical. It's interesting that Ariel is actually the one who inspires Prospero to be merciful to his enemies in the end.
As wicked dew as e'er my mother brushed
With raven's feather from unwholesome fen
Drop on you both. A southwest blow on you
And blister you all o'er.
For this, be sure, to-night thou shalt have cramps,
Side-stitches that shall pen thy breath up. Urchins
Shall, for that vast of night that they may work,
All exercise on thee. Thou shalt be pinched
As thick as honeycomb, each pinch more stinging
Than bees that made 'em. (1.2.385-394)
Anger only begets more anger—both Caliban and Prospero expect the other to be awful, and they only get what they expect. Neither Caliban nor Prospero forgives the other's past wrongs, and this keeps their relationship at a complete standstill.
|
<urn:uuid:16ed09b5-445c-4f70-a42d-706d8b9442a7>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.shmoop.com/tempest/compassion-forgiveness-quotes.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00004-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.908331 | 447 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Advice for presentation of bins during high winds
On windy days, some bins, like the lighter green bin, can blow over. While this is an unusual occurrence, it can cause littering in the street.
Please help us during periods of high winds by only putting your bin out when necessary. Please consider the points below.
- If you think the wind is so bad that a gust might tip the bin over then consider waiting until your next collection
- Can you store or take your recycling or landfill waste to a Recycling Point or Recycling Centre?
If your bin does need to be emptied then if possible:
- Close and secure bin lids
- Don’t put your bin out too early, but put your bin out on the morning of collection, before 6am
- Protect your bin from wind by putting your bin alongside a shelter, such as a wall or a fence, where this is possible
- If this is not practical then place bins in clusters with your neighbours’ bins
- Bring your bin in as soon as possible after collection
|
<urn:uuid:3e26b17a-d19d-4878-bc4f-42b19870c31c>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.fifedirect.org.uk/topics/index.cfm?fuseaction=page.display&p2sid=67BAA834-D2D7-FB12-A6384EBDAA5A9B62&themeid=81E299FB-1BCF-4994-8C8A-233463B738F6
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00059-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.933729 | 222 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Eris, in astronomy, the largest known dwarf planet. Eris, whose highly eccentric elliptical orbit ranges from 38 AU to 97 AU and is inclined more than 44°, is the largest known object of the Kuiper belt (see comet), with a diameter (c.1,500 mi/2,400 km) somewhat larger than that of Pluto. Taking 560 earth years to circle the sun, Eris is believed to be composed of rock and ice. At aphelion (the most distant point from the sun in Eris's orbit), where the temperature is - 405°F ( - 243°C), Eris's surface is covered with highly reflective frozen methane, which forms its atmosphere when it is closer to the sun and the surface temperature is warmer ( - 360°F/ - 218°C). Eris was discovered on Jan. 5, 2005, by astronomers Mike Brown, Chad Trujillo, and David Rabinowitz, using computer analysis of images taken two years earlier in a survey of the Kuiper belt. It was named for the Greek goddess of strife because its discovery was a catalyst for the reclassification of Pluto as a dwarf planet. Eris is known to have one natural satellite, Dysnomia, named for the daughter of the goddess Eris; the moon is estimated to have a diameter about an eighth that of Eris. Eris and its moon were nicknamed Xena and Gabrielle, respectively, before they were officially named.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
|
<urn:uuid:6fbd0a9a-8dde-443a-a7f1-ef81834d6b2d>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/science/eris-astronomy.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00045-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95767 | 323 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Wanting to save space and weight on his project build [Florin] set out to find a way to add Ethernet connectivity without the magnetics. His ill-advised first try involved directly coupling two switches, frying both in the process. After some research he found that Ethernet hardware manufacturers have considered the need for devices without the magnetics and there are several application notes available on the subject. [Florin] followed the information that Realtek has for their devices and learned that they can be couple capacitively. After depopulating the magnetics from a second pair of switches he wired up some resistor-capacitor networks on a breadboard and got the connecting to work.
The chill of autumn is upon us, and with it comes the awkward sport of trying to work touch-sensitive phones and gadgets with gloved fingers. One can try toughing it out with fingerless gloves, or we’ve seen some costly solutions in the forms of specialized gloves and capacitive-compatible styluses, but sometimes simple is best: all it takes is a few stitches of conductive thread in the fingertips.
Conductive thread is available from various sources; SparkFun Electronics comes naturally to mind, but most vendors carrying the LilyPad Arduino will stock a suitable thread as well. Don’t fret if you’ve never sewn before — just a few simple loops are required, and it doesn’t need to be especially tidy. In principle this should work for trackpads and capacitive mice as well, if you use those in the field. For multitouch devices, add a separate conductive bit to each fingertip.
That title’s a mouthful but you’re already familiar with the technology and application of foot pads as sensors in games like Dance Dance Revolution. The usbddr project sought to make a USB connected DDR controller from scratch. The microcontroller used is an Atmel ATmega8 running the V-USB firmware for connectivity and uses the analog to digital converts to read in data from the capacitive sensors.
The physical implementation is cleaver. The base plate has a capacitor plate attached to the top of it and the tile has the other capacitor plate attached to the bottom of it. The two are separated by some weather-stripping which is spongy enough to allow compression, bringing the two capacitor plates together.
We’re not convinced of the long-term durability of the system. We certainly don’t think it will hold up to very much hard-core DDR playing. But we would love to see a Super Mario RPG style puzzle to unlock the door to the ‘castle’ at a child’s birthday party.
Microsoft is showing off five concepts for added mouse functionality. All of them seek to replace traditional move-and-click with touch sensitivity through either capacitive sensing, video recognition, sensor articulation, or laser scanning. We’re excited about the prospects of some of these features but at the same time wonder what this does to the price of this much-abused peripheral. After the break we’ll touch on each of the devices, along with time references for the video embedded above. Continue reading “Five concept mice add multi-touch control”
[Fritz] built this 600 joule capacitive discharge spot welder in a case scavenged from a Lincoln plasma cutter. All of the circuitry was designed by [Fritz] and the schematics are available on his website. He has a few other welding related project also documented on his site that are worth checking out. While this isn’t the first homemade spot welder we have seen, it is definitely the first one with a case mod. If you are not up to the challenge of building one quite as complex as [Fritz]’s example, a microwave can be used as the donor appliance in simpler designs.
[Agent420] brought up this touchpad and VFD hack in the comments on our capicitive sensor guide post. He had broken dell laptop from which he harvested the touchpad and an HP laserjet that contributed the VFD. Though the touchpad communicates using standard PS2 protocol, he wanted to use it with his Atmel 8535 AVR which required him to write some custom code. In the picture above, you can see the VFD displaying the coordinates of his finger. You can download his code as well as the spec sheets for the different pieces on the project thread.
[Marcus] has written up his experiences using the AD7746 capacitance sensor. He used the SparkFun breakout board in conjunction with an Arduino. The available Arduino code wasn’t that great so he rewrote it to be easier to understand. The AD7746 is an I2C device that can be continuously read, but this doesn’t mesh well with the Wiring libraries. Additionally, the calibration routine from the data sheet is difficult to understand. He’s included all of the code he used plus a Processing sketch to help visualize the input which will hopefully make your experience with the chip much more smooth.
|
<urn:uuid:d35b1f90-d370-443d-bc02-8fec7791b61e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://hackaday.com/tag/capacitive/page/3/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943845 | 1,050 | 2.5625 | 3 |
MORE COMPELLING EVIDENCE THAT SITTING STILL CAN KILL
New research adds to a growing scientific consensus that the more time someone spends sitting, the shorter life may be.
To reach that conclusion, published in The British Journal of Sports Medicine, researchers turned to data from the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study, tracking the health habits of almost 12,000 Australian adults. The survey asked respondents how many hours per day they spent sitting in front of the TV.
“People can answer a question like, ‘How much time did you spend watching TV yesterday?’ much better than a question like ‘How much time did you spend sitting yesterday?"’ said J. Lennert Veerman, of the University of Queensland.
Using complex actuarial tables and adjusting for smoking, waist circumference, diet, exercise and other variables, the scientists were next able to isolate the specific effect that the hours of sitting seemed to be having on people’s life spans.
And the findings were sobering: Every single hour of television watched after the age of 25 reduces the viewer’s life expectancy by 21.8 minutes.
By comparison, smoking a single cigarette reduces life expectancy by about 11 minutes, the authors said.
Those results hold true even for people who exercise regularly. It appears, Veerman said, that “a person who does a lot of exercise but watches six hours of TV” every night “might have a similar mortality risk as someone who does not exercise and watches no TV.”
SCIENTISTS FORM EMBRYOS USING EXTRA GENE DONOR
Scientists in Oregon have created embryos with genes from one man and two women, using a provocative technique that could someday be used to prevent babies from inheriting certain rare diseases.
The researchers at Oregon Health & Sciences University said they are not using the embryos to produce children, and it is not clear if this technique will be put to use.
Similar British experiments, reported in 2008, led to headlines about the possibility of babies with three parents. But that’s an overstatement. The DNA from the second woman amounts to less than 1 percent of the embryo’s genes, and it isn’t the sort that makes a child look like Mom or Dad.
The procedure is simply a way of replacing some defective genes that sabotage the normal workings of cells. The technique, if approved someday, would allow a woman to give birth to a baby who inherits her nucleus DNA but not her mitochondrial DNA.
MOSQUITO VIRUS LIKELY SPENDS THE WINTER IN SNAKES
A mosquito-borne virus that is rare but kills some horses and humans along the Eastern Seaboard every year almost certainly survives winters inside snakes, a study has found.
The Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus is found from Florida to Massachusetts. The virus normally circulates in birds, but when it jumps to mammals, it kills 90 percent of infected horses — and about a third of the roughly 10 Americans who get it each year.
Unlike West Nile virus, the “triple E virus” cannot survive in hibernating mosquitoes. Curious scientists at the University of South Florida and Auburn examined mosquitoes’ guts and found snake blood. The researchers infected garter snakes with the virus and then made them “hibernate” in refrigerators. The virus lived.
So the scientists ventured out into the Tuskegee National Forest, vacuuming mosquitoes out of beaver dens and drawing blood from poisonous cottonmouths. They found that virus levels in the snakes peaked in the spring and fall, said Thomas R. Unnasch, author of the study, in The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
“Snakes’ immune systems work better when it’s warm,” he said, so they do not clear the virus in cool weather. In spring, when they venture out to warm up, mosquitoes pick up the virus again by biting them.
|
<urn:uuid:d12aa61b-e873-44dc-9622-23014362abe1>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://health.heraldtribune.com/2012/10/30/8872/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00024-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934073 | 834 | 3.0625 | 3 |
In the world of societal changes that inevitably occur with advancing years and generations, it is generally noted by most sociologists and other observers that somehow the values, ideals, and precepts held by the founders of organizations and nations are gradually discarded by each succeeding generation. This observation is not presented as the way things ought to be but as a fact to be understood. A person may well deplore this gradual slipping away of time honored values while acknowledging that this is, indeed, what we can observe happening time and again.
Going back as far as the ancient Biblical texts we find an acknowledgment that perhaps this is one aspect of common human behavior, though often that behavior is to be deplored. For example, in the ancient texts of the Hebrew Bible, commonly known as the Old Testament, we find these words, "Now there arose up a new king in Egypt that knew not Joseph," (Exodus 1: 8).
When taken within its context, that one statement alone is loaded with broad implications, not just for the ancient Hebrews but for all mankind in general. Joseph, of course, is the son of Jacob, the grandson of the great Hebrew patriarch Abraham. Joseph's brothers sold him into slavery. While in captivity in Egypt, Joseph was able to endear himself to the Egyptian king. Joseph became so trusted and cherished as an advisor to the king that he eventually became the second most powerful man in the country. This would be good for the entire region when famine struck. Joseph had foreseen dire straits for Egypt and everyone else in the region. Thus, he developed a plan. During their time of bounty, they would store the surplus that would not only prevent them from starving to death during the coming famine but enable them to help neighboring groups of people, even the Hebrews who lived to the north of Egypt. When the famine struck, just as Joseph had foretold, Egypt had plenty enough food to survive. He was even able to help his brothers who had sold him into slavery. So widespread was the starvation that these Hebrew men came to Egypt to get food. It was Joseph they had to see in order to ask for the food, but little did they know it was their own brother.
The result was that Joseph's fame spread throughout the region. He was hailed as a strategic genius who saved the nation during famine. But he was also known as a deeply spiritual man of high moral and ethical standards. Several generations of Egyptian kings looked to Joseph as a trusted advisor. But then the day came when Joseph died. In the meantime Joseph's entire Hebrew family relocated to Egypt, and as time passed their children and grandchildren greatly increased and filled the land with Hebrews. These Hebrews were respected by the various kings because they knew that they were Joseph's relatives, and they believed Joseph was genuinely a good man. But in the wake of Joseph's death, time passed to the point that there arose a king in Egypt who "knew not Joseph." The collective memory of the Egyptians had faded when it came to Joseph. This would signify an ominous turn of events for the Hebrews living in Egypt. The new king saw the Hebrews as a threat, given their growing numbers. Thus, the king gradually turned the Hebrews into slaves who were forced into "hard labor," much to the advantage of the Egyptians.
The passing of time does this to nations, organizations, and other entities. The time comes when succeeding generations forget the values of their forebears. Many liberty oriented citizens have sounded the alarm, incessantly, that today America has forgotten the time honored values of our Founders. This has been to our peril.
But this process can also be seen in organizations. An example is Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership (JPFO). With the death of its founder, the late great Aaron Zelman several years ago, one had to wonder if the organization would remain true to its original mission. JPFO was one of the few gun rights groups that took a no-nonsense, no compromise approach to preserving the right of the people to keep and bear arms. It isn't so much that JPFO lost its voice or watered down its message. In this case it was a matter of finances. Zelman was the driving force behind JPFO. Without his leadership it seemed that the impetus for donating to the organization began to wane. This was not necessarily the fault of its board or its current leadership. They worked tirelessly to save JPFO, and such relentless activity eventually took its toll on the health and energy of those who are left.
In time JPFO began to gain ground again. But then a slump took hold, and the organization now finds itself unable to pay its August bills. A sense of panic set in among the leadership, and then the bombshell was dropped today that the board has been in talks with the Second Amendment Foundation and Alan Gottlieb, whom Zelman detested. Zelman believed that Gottlieb is nothing but an opportunist and that his organization exists to do nothing more than secretly promote more gun control so that his organization can raise more funds from gun owners to fight it. The problem is that many believe Gottlieb is not fighting it but basks in the money he is able to get by constantly alarming his donors with reports of strict gun control, much of which Gottlieb himself supported behind the scenes, according to Zelman
This troubling state of affairs has led at least one of JPFO's most prolific writers, Claire Wolfe, to resign. Wolfe wrote today that no information has been relayed to the organization's writers about the secret deal to turn JPFO over to SAF and Gottlieb. But apparently she knows enough about the secret deal that she felt it necessary not only to resign but to write about the crisis today. All of the details can be found in her blog entry today.
But the good news in the midst of this dark cloud is that Wolfe also sees some rays of hope breaking through the cloud. She says that the merger can still be stopped. Wolfe presents that plan for saving JPFO in her blog entry linked above. But the window for stopping this travesty dead in its tracks is quickly closing. The deadline is next week. If thoughtful, sincere gun rights activists wish to preserve the extraordinary work of a most amazing man, Aaron Zelman, the time to move is now. Note that a petition is available for concerned persons to sign. The names of the members of the board are also provided by Wolfe in her blog post, along with timely updated information.
(Hat tip to David Codrea).
You may also be interested in the following:
My personal blog, The Liberty Sphere.
My popular series titled, Musings After Midnight.
My ministry site, Martin Christian Ministries.
|
<urn:uuid:2f679c6d-bef1-4ae5-adbd-95da94a12f4a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.examiner.com/article/time-honored-values-get-lost-with-passing-of-time
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00095-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.985023 | 1,373 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The latest news from academia, regulators
research labs and other things of interest
Posted: Aug 08, 2013
Disorder creates rust protection
(Nanowerk News) Corrosion eats away 75 billion euros of economic output annually in Germany alone. But it may soon be possible to better assess which steels and other alloys will be affected, and how to limit the damage: An international team led by scientists from the Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH in Düsseldorf analysed an amorphous steel comprising iron, chromium, molybdenum, boron and carbon. They found that the more ordered a material’s structure is, and the more uneven the distribution of its atoms, the more easily it is corroded by rust. If the elements of the alloy don’t form a regular crystal lattice and are distributed completely uniformly across the material, then, under corrosive conditions, a passivation layer forms on its surface and protects it from rusting. If, in contrast, ordered nanocrystals form that sometimes contain more chromium and sometimes more molybdenum, the corrosion quickly eats away the material because no protective passivation layer forms.
In humid air, chemistry gnaws at every metal, unless it happens to be gold or another precious metal. But oxygen in the air is only too happy to hook up with the less precious representatives of this class of materials. Humidity helps it in its search for a partner, and all the more so the saltier it is. At the outset of a corrosive attack, some metals, such as chromium and zinc, become coated with a dense oxide layer that prevents further advances on the part of the oxygen. If no such passivation layer forms, the metal corrodes, leaving behind a porous and brittle surface that causes a car body or a ship’s hull to gradually crumble. This is how corrosion destroys up to 4 percent of the economic output of the industrialised nations every year.
“Our findings explain why some materials are particularly susceptible to corrosion despite having the exact same composition as corrosion-resistant steels,” says Frank Renner, who headed the study at the Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH and is now a professor at Hasselt University in Belgium. It is still difficult to say anything about the corrosion resistance of alloys that are currently used in automotive manufacturing, shipbuilding and plant construction. These materials have numerous components. How resistant they are to corrosion depends not only on their composition, but also on how the material was processed and what temperature it is exposed to in use, for instance in a power plant turbine.
A model for the transition from amorphous to crystalline steel
The team of Max Planck researchers has now comprehensively investigated for the first time how the micro- or nanostructure of an alloy that chemists describe using the formula Fe50Cr15Mo14C15B6 influences its corrosion resistance. This alloy is one of the amorphous steels that are used, for example, as abrasion-resistant coatings. The elements in it are present in an irregular structure, but they are distributed completely uniformly in the material. “We are interested in the alloy primarily as a model system in which we can study the transition from the amorphous form to the crystalline form,” says Frank Renner. Since it’s similar to common chromium-molybdenum steels, the researchers’ findings are also relevant for materials used in actual practice. The researchers’ test alloy does, however, contain significantly more carbon than common steels, and also the high boron content is rather unusual for steels from the blast furnace. However, this was the mixture that allowed the team to produce the amorphous variant of the alloy.
The amorphous form of the alloy marked the starting point of a series of measurements that led, via multiple intermediate stages, to the ordered crystalline form. The extent to which the alloy crystallises depends on the temperature at which the researchers bake the elements together: the material remains amorphous at 550 degrees Celsius, while it takes on the completely crystalline form at 800 degrees. The scientists obtained the intermediate stages at 620 to 670 degrees Celsius.
The team used atom probe tomography to reveal the nanostructures of their steel varieties. In this process, the atoms of a sample are evaporated one by one and collected by a detector. The element can be deduced from the time it takes an atom to reach the detector, and its position in the probe from the point of impact. This allowed the researchers to obtain precise maps of the materials, and the maps helped them understand how the atoms regroup with increasing manufacturing temperature. “Different regions form, in each of which one of the metals is concentrated,” explains Jazmin Duarte, who carried out these studies. The sample that the materials scientists produced at 620 degrees Celsius remains largely disordered. “But crystalline structures can already be seen in this sample, too,” says Jazmin Duarte. “In contrast, the form produced at 800 degrees is completely crystalline, with each of the regions extending up to 50 nanometres only.”
Chromium resists corrosion the longest
The researchers now compared the precise information about the nanostructure of the steel variants with electrochemical measurements to assess how easily the various forms fall victim to corrosion. To do this, they wetted the sample surfaces with a saline solution and applied an electrical voltage to the alloy. The higher the voltages a sample withstands in the lab without corroding, the more resistance it shows to the rust attack in practice, too. “The completely amorphous and the largely amorphous forms proved to be almost as resistant as pure chromium,” explains Julia Klemm, who performed the relevant experiments. Under normal conditions, corrosion stands little chance against chromium, because it is sealed by a thin passivation oxide layer. Such a protective layer also forms on the amorphous steels. In the largely crystalline forms of the alloy, however, that is app+arently no longer possible. Here, the rust already eats holes in the sample at relatively low voltages.
To learn more about the destructive work of corrosion, the team additionally analysed which elements are released from the material at which voltages. For this, they used a method that Karl Mayrhofer developed at the Düsseldorf-based Max Planck Institute: they placed a plastic cell with an opening on their sample. Tubes lead into such a cell from two sides, allowing the researchers to have a saline solution flow onto their sample on the one side, and be collected again on the other side. They evaporate the effluent solution with a plasma beam and determine its ion content in a mass spectrometer.
“According to our measurements, at low voltages, especially iron and molybdenum leak out of the amorphous sample,” says Julia Klemm. Hence, the chromium is left and forms an impenetrable protective layer on the entire material. However, as the voltage increases, more and more chromium is dissolved, while the proportion//ratio of dissolved iron and molybdenum remains the same or even decreases. A similar thing happens in the partially crystalline sample. In the completely crystalline sample, in contrast, molybdenum-rich areas corrode noticeably faster with increasing voltage, while chromium-rich areas remain stable over a larger voltage range. In other words, in the crystalline material, the rust spares the chromium-rich areas, and a sponge-like material remains.
Corrosion creates a porous material for filters or catalysts
“It was rather by chance that we discovered that our model alloy makes it possible to electrochemically produce porous structures of the very hard compound of iron, chromium and carbon,” says Frank Renner. “Due to their very large surface, they could be suitable as membranes for filters or substrate materials for catalysts.” After all, the larger their active surface is, the better both filters and catalysts perform.
For car bodies, aircraft fuselages or turbine blades, on the other hand, a crystalline chromium-molybdenum steel perforated by rust is useless. The researchers can also explain why no protective passivation layer develops on the crystalline forms of the alloy. Since the corrosion protection is based primarily on the chromium and its oxide layer, the entire material remains protected only when there is sufficient chromium. If the chromium accumulates in individual areas that lie relatively far apart from one another, then only these regions will be protected.
The connection between chromium distribution and corrosion protection also gives the materials scientists a clue as to why amorphous steels are already corrosion resistant with a chromium content of 4 to 5 percent, while crystalline steels require 12 to 13 percent: the latter must contain more chromium overall so that there will be enough also in the chromium-depleted crystallites to form the passivation layer over the entire material.
The researchers in Düsseldorf aren’t yet able to provide clear instructions for making industrial steels more resistant to rust. “But our study shows that already the separation in the nanometre range strongly influences how corrosion resistant a material is,” says Frank Renner. Thus, the fact that all components in a material should be distributed as uniformly as possible to avoid rust corrosion could provide a clue for practical materials science.
Source: Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung
If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on reddit or StumbleUpon. Thanks!
Check out these other trending stories on Nanowerk:
|
<urn:uuid:32ffce5c-ab6b-4027-8e01-ee85a06545e2>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.nanowerk.com/news2/newsid=31756.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00056-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.916578 | 2,058 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Robert P. Geraci. Window on the East: National and Imperial Identities in Late Tsarist Russia. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2001. xi + 389 pp. $52.50 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-8014-3422-8.
Reviewed by Theodore R. Weeks (Department of History, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale)
Published on H-Russia (November, 2001)
Kazan and Russian Identity
Kazan and Russian Identity
What does it mean to be Russian? We all have some answer: Eastern Orthodoxy, political loyalty to the tsar or to Vladimir Putin, a penchant for vodka and zakuski, a profound love for Pushkin's poems. The mutable and "invented" nature of national identities is by now accepted as a cocktail party banality. At the same time, even the most rational of social scientists cannot escape the fact that millions of people, perhaps billions, consider "their" national or ethnic identity a crucial element of their self-conception. How do these identities arise and develop, how do they affect the identities of neighboring national groups? These are the central questions considered by Robert Geraci's brilliant study of the Tatar-Russian city of Kazan in the nineteenth century. In Kazan Russian-European-Christian elements lived in close and sometimes strained contact with Tatar-"Asian"-Non-Christian elements from the mid-sixteenth century. The proximity of Kazan to Central Russia--Moscow is closer to Kazan than to St. Petersburg--made the city a unique site for the religious and cultural interaction of Europe and "Asia" (in the rather imprecise but often-used terms used in the nineteenth century). The highly contested aspect of Russia's own European-ness further heightens the interest of Kazan as a place where Russians tried to define their own identity and also tried to influence the identity of their non-Russian neighbors.
In this book, Geraci uses Kazan and the upper Volga as his focus to develop some sophisticated and thought-provoking ideas about Russian nationality (as he points out, not "nationalism") and Russian attempts to incorporate non-Russians into the political, linguistic, and cultural world of the Russian state. Geraci's central heroes, so to speak, are those Russian (and later, assimilated non-Russian) scholars, teachers, and administrators who wrestled with the problem of how best to educate (in other words, to re-form) non-Russians. Among the thorny issues they had to decide were the extent to which Tatars (the core group dealt with here) could be assimilated into the Russian nation, the pace of any such assimilation, and the role of religion in this process.
One central figure here, not surprisingly, is Nikolai I. Il'minskii and his "system" of teaching non-Russian children in their native languages. The book is framed, in a sense, by Il'minskii. After a first chapter providing ethnic and historical background on Kazan and its region from the sixteenth century, Geraci discusses Il'minskii, his career, and his conception of missionary activity. While a devout Orthodox believer (and son of a priest), Il'minskii was never ordained and retained a healthy skepticism about the effectiveness of present missionary methods. At the same time, as Geraci admirably shows, Il'minskii's final goal was in fact to educate the Tatars, so to speak, "out of Islam." The use of native languages did not imply that Il'minskii regarded Islamic or Turkic culture as on a par with Russian civilization or the Orthodox Christian religion. A later chapter in the book describes attacks on Il'minskii's "system" (but not on his person) as overly favorable to inorodtsy (in short, non-Russians) and their culture. These controversies of the early twentieth century, after Il'minskii's death, stemmed in great part from a shift in emphasis from religion (always Il'minskii's primary interest in education) to language as a marker of national identity. Geraci's discussion of these arguments is nuanced and lively, while the arguments themselves are frequently exceedingly similar to those forwarded, for example, for and against using Russian in Catholic church services after the 1863 Polish rebellion.
A short review cannot do justice to the richness and breadth of this book. Among other things, Geraci delves into considerations of missionary activity among the Tatar and "pagan" peoples of the upper Volga, the creation of schools for these peoples, including nominally Christian (but culturally rather diverse) groups like the Votiaks (Udmurts) and so-called "Kriashens" converted Tatars). The reader also learns much here about the Kazan Teacher's Seminary, the Kazan Tatar Teachers' School, and especially Kazan University and their role in the enterprise of bringing Russian (whether russkii or rossiiskii) culture to the peoples of this region.
Kazan University, one of the first founded in the Russian Empire, is devoted special attention. After all, the study of eastern languages (later transferred to St. Petersburg) as an academic discipline originated there. Other Kazan University scholars (including many German expatriates) developed the field of ethnography, using as their subject matter the various Finnic and Muslim peoples living in the city's proximity. A fascinating chapter recounts the "Multan case," an accusation of ritual human sacrifice levied against the Votiak community in 1892. The Votiaks as they were known before Soviet times) provide yet another case of "blurred boundaries" between Christian and "Pagan" peoples. While nominally Christian, the Votiaks were suspected of retaining some of their ancient, pre-Christian customs, in particular the practice of human sacrifice in times of great need.
The book concludes with a chapter on the "inorodets as Russian scholar": Nikolai F. Katanov. Despite his Russian-sounding name, Katanov's origins were entirely Asian: he was born in Eastern Siberia to a nomadic, Turkic-speaking (though Christian) family. By dint of his intelligence and hard work, Katanov advanced from Krasnoiarsk gymnasium to St. Petersburg University, ending as a professor in Kazan. Geraci's portrayal of Katanov illuminates in microcosmic form the large issues of the book: nationality, ethnicity, race, religion and how all of these worked together in creating Russian identity in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
It will come as no surprise to learn that Geraci's work is based on a rich and broad variety of sources. He mined archives in Kazan, Moscow, and St. Petersburg, pored through dozens of contemporary periodicals, and assimilated a huge amount of the ethnographic literature. More important than the breadth of sources, however, is the nuanced and intelligent use of those documents. The book truly integrates the sources into a compelling and engrossing narrative, spiked with illuminating analytical insights. Perhaps best of all, Geraci is a gifted writer whose precision and elegance of expression is exemplary.
Like another recently-published "instant classic," Yuri Slezkine's Arctic Mirrors, Robert Geraci's Window on the East takes a seemingly small topic--Kazan, its environs and peoples, and how Russians tried to deal with them in the nineteenth and twentieth century--to develop a compelling argument about the construction and development of Russian national and imperial (the two cannot be separated) identity. Any serious student of Russian history, nationality policy and russification, ethnic relations, or Orientalism needs to read this book. Happily, that is a task as pleasant as it is intellectually stimulating.
If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the network, at: https://networks.h-net.org/h-russia.
Theodore R. Weeks. Review of Geraci, Robert P., Window on the East: National and Imperial Identities in Late Tsarist Russia.
H-Russia, H-Net Reviews.
Copyright © 2001 by H-Net, all rights reserved. H-Net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, originating list, and H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online. For any other proposed use, contact the Reviews editorial staff at [email protected].
|
<urn:uuid:b68881e5-21d2-4035-ae5e-2d730b080310>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=5646
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00079-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942967 | 1,784 | 2.625 | 3 |
Scientists at IBM Research and the California Institute of Technology on Monday announced a scientific advancement that could be a major breakthrough in enabling the semiconductor industry to pack more power and speed into computer chips, while making them more energy efficient and less expensive to manufacture.
IBM researchers and collaborator Paul W.K. Rothemund, of the California Institute of Technology, have made an advancement in combining lithographic patterning with self assembly – a method to arrange DNA origami structures on surfaces compatible with today’s semiconductor manufacturing equipment.
Today, the semiconductor industry is faced with the challenges of developing lithographic technology for feature sizes smaller than 22nm and exploring new classes of transistors that employ carbon nanotubes or silicon nanowires. IBM’s approach of using DNA molecules as scaffolding – where millions of carbon nanotubes could be deposited and self-assembled into precise patterns by sticking to the DNA molecules – may provide a way to reach sub-22nm lithography, according to IBM.
The utility of this approach lies in the fact that the positioned DNA nanostructures can serve as scaffolds, or miniature circuit boards, for the precise assembly of components – such as carbon nanotubes, nanowires and nanoparticles – at dimensions significantly smaller than possible with conventional semiconductor fabrication techniques. This opens up the possibility of creating functional devices that can be integrated into larger structures, as well as enabling studies of arrays of nanostructures with known coordinates.
“The cost involved in shrinking features to improve performance is a limiting factor in keeping pace with Moore’s Law and a concern across the semiconductor industry. The combination of this directed self-assembly with today’s fabrication technology eventually could lead to substantial savings in the most expensive and challenging part of the chip-making process,” said Spike Narayan, a manager of science and technology at IBM Research.
The techniques for preparing DNA origami, developed at Caltech, cause single DNA molecules to self assemble in solution via a reaction between a long single strand of viral DNA and a mixture of different short synthetic oligonucleotide strands. These short segments act as staples - effectively folding the viral DNA into the desired 2D shape through complementary base pair binding. The short staples can be modified to provide attachment sites for nanoscale components at resolutions (separation between sites) as small as 6nm. In this way, DNA nanostructures such as squares, triangles and stars can be prepared with dimensions of 100 – 150nm on an edge and a thickness of the width of the DNA double helix.
The lithographic templates were fabricated at IBM using traditional semiconductor techniques, the same used to make the chips found in today's computers, to etch out patterns. Either electron beam or optical lithography were used to create arrays of binding sites of the proper size and shape to match those of individual origami structures. Key to the process was the discovery of the template material and deposition conditions to afford high selectivity so that origami binds only to the patterns of "sticky patches" and nowhere else.
|
<urn:uuid:6ff4a78e-d8d3-4a75-b0b3-c99fe7471312>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/other/display/20090817070756_IBM_Combines_Lithography_and_DNA_Like_Self_Assemble_to_Make_Future_Chips.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00053-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.924531 | 630 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work.
Death pervades Cold Sassy Tree, a novel that begins with Mattie Lou’s death and closes with Rucker’s death. The demise of close relatives prompts Will, an adolescent already primed to ponder deep issues, to question the meaning of life and the justness of God. Will himself almost dies, a brush with mortality that intensifies his desire to understand God. He longs to know whether God interferes in the lives of individual people, as Cold Sassy religion maintains.
Rucker acts as Will’s spiritual mentor throughout the novel, never lecturing, but sharing with Will his own thoughts on death and God. He holds that God does not interfere to prevent or cause the deaths of individuals and that no amount of prayer will sway him. Rucker thinks that God instituted the general rules guiding death and that humans and animals must live by these rules. Rucker believes that although God will not change the fate of individuals, he will, as Jesus promised, give strength to all who pray for it. Burns portrays death as both a devastatingly sad event and a cause for new life. Because of death, Rucker finds happiness with Miss Love and Loma fulfills her dream of writing plays. By the end of the novel, Will has matured enough to greet death with dignity.
Modern technology floods the slow, Southern town of Cold Sassy. The novel, which takes place in 1906 and 1907, chronicles a time when people’s lives were revolutionized by a host of new conveniences, such as indoor plumbing and toilets, electric light, the automobile, and sound recordings. The novel’s first passages introduce such innovative technology as Will comments on the plumbing and telephones that are making their way into every home. The Tweedy family’s new car, which fascinates the entire town, is the most visible symbol that Cold Sassy is moving out of the nineteenth century, dominated by railroads, and into twentieth century, dominated by automobiles. Burns portrays technological advances as both positive and negative. When Rucker buys a new record player for Miss Love, the purchase brings the family closer together. In order to widen the roads on each side of the railroad lines, however, the tree from which Cold Sassy takes its name must be felled. Even the progressive townspeople cannot help but feel some nostalgia for this symbolic development, which suggests the demise of the town’s old-fashioned ways.
At the smallest whiff of impropriety, Cold Sassy’s residents announce their prejudiced disapproval. For the most part, they distrust what is different. The people of Cold Sassy object to outsiders, making Miss Love the focus of their scorn and disapproval because of her Yankee ways and unusual behavior. Cold Sassy also pays strict attention to social status and discriminates against the people of Mill Town, calling them lintheads and looking down on them as poor, uneducated, and dirty.
An integral part of Will’s maturation is his struggle to resist the close-mindedness of his hometown. When the novel begins, common sense and innocence make Will question the prejudices that older Cold Sassy residents consider the natural order of things. As the novel progresses, Will must develop the bravery to express his own objections. Will befriends Miss Love and becomes her trusted confidante, despite the fact that the rest of Cold Sassy rejects her, including Will’s parents. Will has feelings for Lightfoot, a Mill Town resident, although he stands up for her less successfully than he stands up for Miss Love. Sometimes the omnipresence of Cold Sassy’s prejudices saturates Will, and he agrees with provincial beliefs, as he does when he angrily contradicts Miss Love’s assertion that racism exists in Cold Sassy. For the most part, however, Will resists mindlessly accepting the beliefs of his elders.
Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text’s major themes.
Will often uses humor to deal with the grief and tragedy in his life, telling funny stories to convey or dispel feelings that he does not yet understand. For example, on the way home from the camping trip, Will reacts to the stress of hearing his friends speak disrespectfully about Miss Love by telling a series of tall tales about Loma. To cope with his growing preoccupation with death and the meaning of life, Will tells his friends an anecdote about his great-grandmother’s fantastical near-burial. Humor works temporarily, but eventually Will finds that he needs a more lasting way of dealing with his pain. The bond that Will’s stories create between him and Loma feels so artificial that he is relieved when they become enemies again. Burns portrays humor as a useful temporary measure but an inadequate substitute for expressing emotion.
In Cold Sassy Tree, families are both a burden and an invaluable support system. Family relationships often consist of power games in which family members try to force one another to behave in certain ways. Rucker’s daughters have the power to make his new wife miserable, but Rucker uses his position as head of the family to enforce his decisions. As bitter as these power struggles can be, familial obligations also mean that characters never find themselves alone in times of need. When Camp commits suicide, Rucker stoutly honors his memory, even though Rucker treated Camp badly and resented the fact that his familial bond to Camp forced Rucker to give the lazy boy special treatment. Burns concludes that like all of life’s other obstacles, families are a source of grief and anxiety, but that they can also provide succor and foster growth.
The language in Cold Sassy Tree reflects the regional speech of the period and often reflects a character’s class and upbringing. The people of Cold Sassy speak in standard Southern vernacular, and the people of Mill Town speak with a slightly different inflection that reveals their lower social status. Miss Love speaks proper English because one of her relatives wanted her to sound elegant. Toward the end of the novel, Miss Love inadvertently says “ain't,” a word common in Southern diction and foreign to her proper ways. This utterance signals her gradual acclimation to Cold Sassy’s Southern values and traditions.
Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts.
The Cold Sassy tree gives the novel its title and the town its name, and it symbolizes a number of concepts and characters. The tree stands for Rucker’s and Miss Love’s strength and composure, and the word sassy might refer to their sassy flouting of the town’s social conventions. The tree also symbolizes an older era in the town’s history. The town takes its name from the trees, and the shrinking sassafras grove parallels the town’s bittersweet progress. When settlers first came to Cold Sassy there was a whole grove of sassafras trees. To make room for the new railroad, all but one tree was cut down. At the end of the novel, that last tree is felled so that the tracks can be widened, and the townspeople want to change the name of the town to something more modern. With this eradication of the sassafras trees over time, the town grows more modern and distances itself more from its heritage.
Miss Love Simpson teaches Rucker and Will about love, so it is fitting that her birthday falls on Valentine’s Day. Her name also fits her loving, affectionate nature. Valentine’s Day comes to symbolize not only Love’s sweet nature but also the love shared by Rucker and Miss Love, and the possibility of such love despite social stigmas.
|
<urn:uuid:41e095d4-dc3b-43af-ad21-4ed5bb7d4740>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/coldsassy/themes.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00191-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959486 | 1,626 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The latest news from academia, regulators
research labs and other things of interest
Posted: August 5, 2009
Assembly line for cell-sized microspheres
(Nanowerk News) A production line for uniform lipid-coated microspheres has been created by Japanese scientists. Using a microfluidic device, the team can continuously generate fluid-filled vesicles that are all the same size and all have a single lipid bilayer surrounding them, and could one day be used in drug delivery or artificial cells.
Whilst lipid vesicles are used widely, problems with current production methods mean it is difficult to ensure they are all uniform in size and there is just one lipid bilayer surrounding each vesicle. Another tricky issue is developing an efficient encapsulation process, making sure the vesicle contents aren't lost during synthesis.
Microfluidic production line for uniform size vesicles with a single lipid bulayer. (Image: Angewandte Chemie International Edition)
The team's high-throughout production method uses a microfluidic device consisting of a main channel lined with small chambers. To prepare the device, it is first filled with an aqueous solution containing the material that will make up the vesicles' contents. Oil is then flowed through the device's main channel. This washes the aqueous solution out of the channel, trapping the water in the chambers where a monolayer forms at the interface of the oil and water. The aqueous solution then re-enters the main channel, replacing the oil and pushing some of it down into the top of each of the chambers. A layer of lipid forms here, squashed between the two aqueous layers, with a monolayer at both the 'water'-oil interfaces.
Next, a continuous stream of another aqueous solution is pushed through the main channel, and a gentle flow of the original aqueous solution allowed to enter from bottom of each of the chambers. The flow across the chamber entrance combined with the gentle flow upwards from bottom of the chamber causes the lipid layer to thin out, and the two monolayers to form one bilayer. The shear force combined with the upwards flow of aqueous solution means the lipid bilayer is pulled/pushed up into the fast flowing stream of aqueous solution in the device's main channel. The shear force of the flow on the deformed bilayer eventually leads to a vesicle being pulled off from the leading edge of the bilayer. This process then continues, releasing 'perfectly' sized and shaped vesicles at regular intervals.
One bilayer produces 50 to 100 vesicles, and with multiple chambers in the main channel each device can produce thousands of vesicles at a rate of several hundred vesicles per minute. The device currently only works for a limited period (until the lipid bilayer runs out), but the researchers say that they should be able to scale up the process by making the lipid layer at the top of each chamber thick enough to make several thousand vesicles per chamber.
Jonathan Howse, an expert in making polymer vesicles at the University of Sheffield in the UK, is impressed by the work. 'It is like blowing bubbles underwater,' he says, 'a bubble from a child's toy is just a bubble of air, trapped by a liquid layer, in air, and this is a volume of water trapped inside a lipid layer in water. The lipid layer is analogous to the toy that you blow through.' He particularly likes the fact that the aqueous solution that is encapsulated is separate from the medium flowing through the device at all times - giving the process high encapsulation efficiency.
Currently the device only produces vesicles of one size, approximately cell-sized. This makes it useful for artificial cell research, according to Takeuchi. The vesicles have a phospholipid membrane, analogous with living cells, and can be used to model the kinetic behaviour of living cells and for drug delivery applications. 'We now need to study how our immune system will respond to our vesicles,' says Takeuchi. 'Since we use oil (hexadecane) to form the lipid bilayer and this oil remains inside the membrane, we need to know how this remaining oil affects [human bodies] compared to oil-free vesicles,' he adds.
In terms of adapting the concept to produce different sized vesicles for other applications, Takeuchi told Chemistry World that it might be difficult to generate different size vesicles from the current device. 'But we may be able to change the dimensions of the device and generate different size vesicles with different contents for various purposes,' he adds.
|
<urn:uuid:e94988e3-6ec5-41f3-8e4c-6b004659c2f4>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=12016.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.921367 | 974 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Comprehension: The Months - April (elementary/ upper elementary)
1 of 1
Where did this month get its name? What is it called in other countries? Does it have special flowers or stones associated with it? Learn the answers to these questions, plus room for writing about your feelings about the month.
|
<urn:uuid:12ffdf02-a09e-44fd-afb2-f1c1e04b396b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.abcteach.com/documents/comprehension-the-months-april-elementary-upper-elementary-16561
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00034-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964322 | 65 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Criterion- and Standards- Referenced Tests
Criterion-referenced tests (CRTs) are intended to measure how well a person has learned a specific body of knowledge and skills. Multiple-choice tests most people take to get a driver's license and on-the-road driving tests are both examples of criterion-referenced tests. As on most other CRTs, it is possible for everyone to earn a passing score if they know about driving rules and if they drive reasonably well.
In contrast, norm-referenced tests (NRTs) are made to compare test takers to each other. On an NRT driving test, test-takers would be compared as to who knew most or least about driving rules or who drove better or worse. Scores would be reported as a percentage rank with half scoring above and half below the mid-point (see NRT fact sheet).
In education, CRTs usually are made to determine whether a student has learned the material taught in a specific grade or course. An algebra CRT would include questions based on what was supposed to be taught in algebra classes. It would not include geometry questions or more advanced algebra than was in the curriculum. Most all students who took algebra could pass this test if they were taught well and they studied enough and the test was well-made.
On a standardized CRT (one taken by students in many schools), the passing or "cut-off" score is usually set by a committee of experts, while in a classroom the teacher sets the passing score. In both cases, deciding the passing score is subjective, not objective. Sometimes cut scores have been set in a way that maximizes the number of low income or minority students who fail the test. A small change in the cut score would not change the meaning of the test but would greatly increase minority pass rates.
Some CRT's, such as many state tests, are not based on a specific curriculum, but on a more general idea of what students might be taught. Therefore, they may not match the curriculum. For example, a state grade 10 math test might include areas of math which some students have not studied.
A recent variation of criterion-referenced testing is "standards-referenced testing" or "standards based assessment." Many states and districts have adopted content standards (or "curriculum frameworks") which describe what students should know and be able to do in different subjects at various grade levels. They also have performance standards that define how much of the content standards students should know to reach the "basic" or "proficient" or "advanced" level in the subject area. Tests are then based on the standards and the results are reported in terms of these "levels," which, of course, represent human judgement. In some states, performance standards have been steadily increased, so that students continually have to know more to meet the same level.
Educators often disagree about the quality of a given set of standards. Standards are supposed to cover the important knowledge and skills students should learn -- they define the "big picture." State standards should be well-written and reasonable. Some state standards have been criticized for including too much, for being too vague, for being ridiculously difficult, for undermining higher quality local curriculum and instruction, and for taking sides in educational and political controversies. If the standards are flawed or limited, tests based on them also will be. In any event, standards enforced by state tests will have -- and are meant to have -- a strong impact on local curriculum and instruction.
Even if standards are of high quality, it is important to know how well a particular test actually matches the standards. In particular, are all the important parts of the standards measured by the test? Often, many important topics or skills are not assessed.
A major reason for this is that most state exams still rely almost entirely on multiple-choice and short-answer questions. Such tests cannot measure many important kinds of learning, such as the ability to conduct and report on a science experiment, to analyze and interpret information to present a reasonable explanation of the causes of the Civil War, to do an art project or a research paper, or to engage in serious discussion or make a public presentation (see fact sheet on multiple-choice tests). A few standards-based exams have gone beyond multiple-choice and short-answer, but even then they may not be balanced or complete measures of the standards.
CRTs and NRTs
Sometimes one kind of test is used for two purposes at the same time. In addition to ranking test takers in relation to a national sample of students, a NRT might be used to decide if students have learned the content they were taught. A CRT might be used to assess mastery and to rank students or schools based on their scores. In many states, students have to pass either an NRT or a CRT to obtain a diploma or be promoted. This is a serious misuse of tests. Because schools serving wealthier students usually score higher than other schools, ranking often just compares schools based on community wealth. This practice offers no real help for schools to improve.
NRTs are designed to sort and rank students "on the curve," not to see if they met a standard or criterion. Therefore, NRTs should not be used to assess whether students have met standards. However, in some states or districts a NRT is used to measure student learning in relation to standards. Specific cut-off scores on the NRT are then chosen (usually by a committee) to separate levels of achievement on the standards. In some cases, a CRT is made using technical procedures developed for NRTs, causing the CRT to sort students in ways that are inappropriate for standards-based decisions.
Sometimes the NRT is changed to more closely fit the state standards and to report standards- referenced scores. As a result, a state could report that 35 percent of its students were proficient according to state standards (depending, of course, on where the cut-off score is set), but that 60 percent of its students were above the national average score on the norm-referenced test. Adapting an NRT also means that while everything on the test is in the standards, much of what is in the standards is not in the tests.
If standardized tests are used at all, CRTs make more sense for schools than do NRTs. However, they should be based on relevant, high-quality standards and curriculum and should make the least possible use of multiple-choice and short-answer questions. As with all tests, CRTs and NRTs, no matter what they are called, should not control curriculum and instruction, and important decisions about students, teachers or schools should not be based solely or automatically on test scores.
|criterion fact.pdf||303.29 KB|
- Public School
- College Admissions
- Fact Sheets
- Act Now
- Other Resources
|
<urn:uuid:dfa77d6f-7b6d-4291-9990-d5171efebb1d>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.fairtest.org/facts/csrtests.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00171-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968217 | 1,421 | 4.5625 | 5 |
The Ouachita point was named by Gregory Perino (1976:161) for the Ouachita mountains where many examples have been found.
Preform: Broadly triangular to ovoid, having convex sides and a slightly convex to rounded basal edge.
General Discription: This large knife form has a triangular blade with convex sides and an acute tip on new points. The widest part is one third the length up from the base. Barbs curve inward and are prominent, notches are V shaped. The stem basal edges are slightly convex. Points up to three inches wide and eight and a half inches long have been found. Points are usually made of Ouachita quartzite.
Age and Culture: Late Archaic point of uncertain age that is expected to date in the 3,000 B.C to 1,000 B.C. range.
Distribution: Southwestern Arkansas and Southeastern Oklahoma, with a few reported from Northeastern Texas and Northwestern Louisiana.
Comments: The Little River point found in the same area is similar and probably related. The major difference is the size of the stem and the width of the notches. The stem on the Little River point is one-third wider and the notches one-third narrower than those on an Ouachita point. Barbs on Ouachita points are pointed; those on the Little River type range from pointed and rounded to broadly squared.
1976 The Ouachita point, a new type for Southwest Arkansas, Southeastern Oklahoma.
Central States Archaelogical Journal 27 (4)
Taken from the Perino 3 voume set.
Here are two examples from my collection. These are from Southeastern Oklahoma. I purchased them from John Richardson who purchased them from the finder. Both pieces are made from Barron fork chert. The largest one is 5-1/4" the shorter wider one is 4-1/8".
12-27-2010 12:02 PM
I have this Little River from Moro Bayou in Caljoun County, Arkansas. Also have a Smith and a Ouachita from Arkansas but can't find the Pictures. May be later.
The Little River point is from 3000-1000BC. A large sized broad point with shoulders that can extend to the base. The base is straight. The Little River is broader than the Ouachita.
Last edited by Chad Gilbert; 12-28-2010 at 04:51 AM.
Thanks. I really like the Little River. It's pictured in Overstreet. Here is my Ouachita. From Little River County, Arkansas, near Ashdown.
PhD in Arrowheadology
very cool post, thanks for the info.ed
Here's one from my neck of the woods that I don't see any of Ouachita
|
<urn:uuid:395845b0-c5fa-4378-a962-4614ea459ee0>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.arrowheadology.com/forums/typology/8289-ouachita.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00103-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937831 | 578 | 3.03125 | 3 |
ERIC Number: ED347517
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1992-Jun
Reference Count: N/A
Teaching Reading Comprehension Strategies to Sixth Grade Students To Improve Critical Thinking.
Long, Brenda J.
A reading comprehension program was developed and implemented that addressed the needs of sixth-grade students. The program focused on critical thinking skills using a teamwork approach. Each heterogeneous small group used a checklist composed of before, during, and after reading questions and activities. At the conclusion of the 12-week intervention, students were surveyed on opinions on solving problems, and given posttests on following directions and solving math story problems. Results indicated improved levels of reading comprehension skills in the target group of 30 students. There was a significant increase in critical thinking skills and written communication skills. Greater cooperation among students was observed. Findings suggest that the Reading Strategy Checklist can be used as a cooperative learning program to increase reading comprehension, develop critical thinking skills, improve written communication skills, and enhance whole class discussions. (The Reading Strategies Checklist, a survey instrument, following directions tests, and problem solving tests are attached.) (RS)
Publication Type: Dissertations/Theses - Practicum Papers; Tests/Questionnaires
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Identifiers: Direction Following
Note: M.S. Practicum, Nova University.
|
<urn:uuid:23c2af21-294a-49e9-9096-aa81443c580e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED347517
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00193-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.909889 | 290 | 3.484375 | 3 |
- The Holocaust
- World War II Decisions (USA Center of Military History)
- Pearl Harbor (Wikipedia.org)
"Pearl Harbor is a complex embayment on the island of O'ahu, Hawai'i, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a US Navy deep water naval base: headquarters of the US Pacific Fleet."
"The attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan on 7 December 1941 brought the United States into World War II." 11-04
- Dwight D Eisenhower Library
Provides biographical infomation on Dwight D. Eisenhower, former President of the United States. 10-09
- Jewish Rescues - Stories of Rescues During World War II (Land-Weber)
Provides stories of six heroes.
- World War II (Yahoo)
- African Americans in World War II (History Place)
Provides pictures of African Americans who served with distinction during World War II.
- Frank, Anne (AnneFrank.com)
Provides pictures and information about her life and times. 10-09
- Navajo Code Talker's Dictionary (YourDictionary.com)
Provides the words and codes for those words used to encrypt messages successfully during World War II. The code was declassified (made public) by the U.S. Department of Defense. The men who carried the code are the focus of the movie WindTalkers (or Wind Talkers). 6-02
- Stalin, Joseph (Cambridge University Press - Bowen)
Provides an unsympathetic description of Stalin's life.
- Szilard, Leo (Dannen.com)
Provides a biography of the physicist responsible for initiating the American quest for a nuclear bomb. Sometimes misspelled as Sillard, Silard, Sellard, or Selard. 04-06
- Warsaw Ghetto Revolt (Wiesenthal Center)
Describes the revolt by Jews in Warsaw during World War II. 11-01
- Women Journalists, Photographers, and Broadcasters in the Army (Library of Congress)
- Women's Army Corp (Bellafaire)
- World War II Stories (Mabry)
- World War II Timeline in Europe (History Place)
Provides a comprehensive history of World War II, by date.
|
<urn:uuid:70635752-886c-4ad9-afb0-146c605b1726>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.awesomelibrary.org/Classroom/Social_Studies/History/World_War_II.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00083-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.844701 | 479 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Laura F. Edwards. Scarlett Doesn't Live Here Anymore: Southern Women in the Civil War Era. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000. x + 271 pp. $29.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-252-02568-6.
Reviewed by Derek W. Frisby (Department of History, The University of Alabama)
Published on H-South (January, 2001)
Moving Away from the Myths of Southern Women's History
Moving Away from the Myths of Southern Women's History
Scarlett Doesn't Live Here Anymore endeavors to look behind the faade of Scarlett O'Hara and her idyllic Tara plantation and discover the complexities of southern womanhood. Laura Edwards laments that the recent growth of research on southern women "has not filtered into the classroom, general histories, and traditional publications" (p. 2). Her goal is to "bring together current literature on southern women and make it more accessible to wider audience while showing how the inclusion of women changes our understanding of the period" (p. 2). To do so, Edwards adopts a chronological approach and ambitiously concentrates on the nexus of gender, race, and class in the former Confederacy. Within each division, she examines the lives of planter class women, yeomen class women, and African-American women, synthesizing primary sources with recent historiography.
Planter-class women in the antebellum period lived with a central contradiction in their lives: "the privileges that gave them power as members of the white, planter class also defined their subordination as women" (p. 16). From an early age, elite southern women prepared for a life subordinate to male authority and acquired the skills necessary to fulfill their roles as wives, mothers, and mistresses of slaves. Social relationships, kinship networks, and religion "supported as well as constrained" women and "discouraged girls from seeing themselves as individuals" (p. 20). During the war, planter class women enthusiastically supported secession because they "had more invested in the cause than other southerners did." They understood that duty, honor, and liberty were the "cornerstones that grounded . . . position and power in the southern social structure" (p.71-72). But war's glory and romance soon faded.
Left to maintain the plantation, planter-class women faced wartime hardships and had to "confront the limitations and vulnerability of their legally and culturally defined dependence" (p. 74). Slave management was often their undoing. Lacking the authority possessed by their husbands and overseers, planter-class women gradually came to fear dealing with slaves outside the plantation more than they did the Yankees. To some, slavery had become more trouble than it was worth. Their appeals to exempt men from conscription to "keep the slaves down" and their willingness to accept emancipation or colonization is a telling comment on the growing disillusionment with the war (p. 78). Ironically, the war planter class women had embraced as the means to affirm and secure their social standing became the instrument of its destruction.
But the elite class of southern women refused to abandon the old order and transferred the blame for their losses to the North and African-Americans. "The fundamental premise of the southern ideal of womanhood was that women to be ladies had to have servants" (p. 173). Without slavery to distinguish them from other white women, elite southern women relied on rigidly enforced racial boundaries and new social organizations to separate themselves. Many women sought to do something "creative and intellectually stimulating that would bring public recognition" (p. 184). They created the United Daughters of the Confederacy to mythologize the "Lost Cause" and "installed domesticity as the new standard of elite womanhood" (p. 182). Through these values, they were also able to better define their prejudices against blacks by portraying them as childlike and in need of civilizing.
Southern yeoman women, "suffered under the same restrictions as planter class women," but experienced them differently (p. 32). The largest, yet "most invisible," of the three classes Edwards' examines, these women added to the independence of the antebellum yeoman male (p. 149). They were resourceful, worked in the fields, added value to male-produced raw materials, and most importantly, reproduced to augment the family's labor resources. Sexual virtue was perhaps less valued than the ability to reproduce, and yeoman women showed more of a willingness to cross racial, social, and gender boundaries, not in protest of such standards, but as a means of survival. Although manual labor was the "class barometer" in the antebellum south, yeoman women shared some similarities with their planter class counterparts (p. 37). Religion and family ties offered a measure of stability and companionship for poor white women as well as for the wealthy, but these institutions served to underscore their subordination to males.
The war wreaked havoc on yeoman women and their households. These women had supported the war at first, believing they had some shared interest with the slaveholding class; however, the legal and governmental institutions of the Confederacy began to infringe upon men's family responsibilities as the war progressed. The loss of male labor for military service, the confiscation of livestock and machinery, and having few, if any, slaves meant the yeoman women had to work even harder for less. Unable to provide for their families and assure some measure of independence, many yeomen women withdrew their support for the Confederacy. They manifested their displeasure by encouraging desertions, assaulting government officials, conducting strikes, rioting, and raiding abandoned plantations. These actions further undermined the already tenuous Confederate experiment and accelerated its downfall.
After the war, many of the yeoman families remained hopeful for a return to normalcy, but this was not to be. Yeoman class women, poor but proud, struggled to recover independence and self-esteem from the loss of male labor, animals and equipment, and land. Class prejudice still existed against poor whites, especially among the women, and exacerbated by racial prejudice, the defense of traditional gender relations added to the subordination of women. Many southern families became caught up in a cycle of debt, fostered by the rise of commercial agriculture that rendered their small fields unprofitable. A large number packed up and moved to the cities. Once there, some women joined the "cult of domesticity" in an attempt to redefine their old gender roles, but others flat out rejected the notion that women should be confined to household chores. As the end of the century neared, common southern women became more incorporated in the wage economy and politics, and thus, they began loosening the grip of a male-dominated society.
Slave women depended much less on men than southern white women did. Slave marriages were not legally recognized and a slave woman's status was not linked to her husband. The slave family was therefore less dependent on the male and relied upon the mother-child relationship and extended kinship networks. These networks provided for a more flexible support system for children separated at early ages from their parents. Whereas community, family, and religion fostered subordination in white households, they "blunted slavery's sharp edge" in slave households according to Edwards (p. 55). The nontraditional slave families served as "an alternate social space where slaves could drop the mask of servitude" and a place where they "reclaimed their own labor, directing toward the benefit of their loved ones" (p. 55). Resistance to slavery often originated in the family and took the form of groups manipulating the task system for small benefits rather than individual overt actions. However, slave women remained sexually subordinate to their masters, frequently creating tension between themselves and their white mistresses.
During the war, planters made their slaves work harder in deplorable conditions and reduced the amount of support given to their hands. Many slaves suffered hunger and exposure. Female slaves took over the roles of male slaves in addition to their domestic duties. As the Union army approached, planters sent slaves south away from the front, further fracturing slave families and straining the limits of the slave support networks. Black women suffered physical violence and rape from the "racist" and "immoral" perceptions of Union soldiers (p. 109). Still, the war gave slaves the opportunity for increased resistance against the system that oppressed them. They employed work stoppages, ran away in family groups instead of individually, set up businesses in garrison towns, and in some cases, took over the abandoned plantations. Northern relief organizations, unprepared to deal with slaves as families, struggled to institute white cultural and legal institutions upon the freedmen. They considered the slaves' lack of legal marriages a "moral and social crisis" (p. 109). The problem became the most profound among the freedmen joining the Union army. Many black women, though many of them were not legally their wives, earned the ire of many Union officers by insisting they be allowed to follow their men-in-uniform into the field.
Reconstruction proved to be disappointing for the freedmen. Union policy permitted the return of confiscated land to white owners, but the freedmen believed that their years of labor had entitled them to the land. Many freedmen had expected the land to form the basis of their newly won independence. Some saw accepting white culture, especially legalized marriage, as a means to acquire a sense of family security. The majority of black families "remained flexible and fluid," not defined by biological connections and a male head of household" (p. 128). Sharecropping, Klan violence, and strict child custody provisions of the "Black Codes" further jeopardized the formation of traditional families. Some black women hired themselves out to white families for child care or domestic functions, but whites often claimed that hiring out required a full day's work, while blacks perceived it as task only. Eventually, black families turned away from wage labor to remain independent of whites. Black women became more politically and socially active after the war, but their families continued to be defined by white Democrats and Redemption. Edwards claims their struggles during the postwar period were not in vain. "In the process," she writes, "they established a legacy of struggle [for black women] that would support and inspire future movements for justice" (p. 148).
Edwards summarizes the important contributions of Drew Gilpin Faust, Catherine Clinton, Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Peter Bardaglio, James Roark, Victoria Bynum, Stephanie McCurry, Marli Wiener, George Rable, and others on southern women in the first half of the book. Parts I and II are clearly written, contain excellent explanations of the relationship of women to the "cornerstones" of southern society (duty, honor, and liberty), and describe the contrasting family structures among blacks and whites well. Edwards' strength is in detailing how the lower classes of southern women lived, and she makes good use of the Southern Claims Commission files to retrieve their stories. Her emphasis on the parallelisms of womanhood and slavery however quickly becomes the dominant theme imparting a rather oppressive tone throughout the book. Few attempts are made to highlight internal family relationships and activities outside of a labor or legal framework. The omission of such material makes this a good but incomplete survey of antebellum southern womanhood.
Unfortunately, Part III becomes more summary than synthesis. Edwards, author of the highly-acclaimed Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction, falls back heavily upon that work for the final section's source material, and at times, loses focus on her subject by providing broad historical overviews of the Reconstruction period. Finally, unlike Catherine Clinton's Tara Revisited, Edwards' commercially appealing title is somewhat misleading. The book devotes little attention to the public's fixation on Gone with the Wind and perpetuation of the "moonlight and magnolias" legend. Rare references to the book or film are integrated awkwardly into the text. These "history versus Hollywood" examples sometimes contradict Edwards' own argument that Margaret Mitchell's fictional characters bore little similarity to real planter-class women. Regardless of these detractions, Edwards' greatest achievement in Scarlett Doesn't Live Here Anymore is in relocating black and yeoman women to the center of southern women's history.
Copyright (c) 2001 by H-Net, all rights reserved. This work may be copied for non-profit educational use if proper credit is given to the author and the list. For other permission, please contact [email protected].
If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the network, at: https://networks.h-net.org/h-south.
Derek W. Frisby. Review of Edwards, Laura F., Scarlett Doesn't Live Here Anymore: Southern Women in the Civil War Era.
H-South, H-Net Reviews.
Copyright © 2001 by H-Net, all rights reserved. H-Net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, originating list, and H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online. For any other proposed use, contact the Reviews editorial staff at [email protected].
|
<urn:uuid:3d9fae73-a799-46d7-9c5e-ad9f02730d06>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=4847
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00087-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959446 | 2,747 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Other Carle Articles:
HAVE YOU OVERLOOKED THE OBVIOUS?
Never, since before the earliest days of independence, have the United States been without Chamber of Commerce pressure on government. For better or worse the Chamber of Commerce has been used to convince or intimidate senators, representatives and state legislators to support its goals and enact legislation it promoted .
The first Chamber of Commerce, that of New York, was organized in 1768 and incorporated by royal charter in 1770. Others were established about 1775 at New Haven, Conn and Charleston, S. C . The Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce was established in 1802. On the 13th of April, 1784 the New York legislature passed an act concerning the corporation of the Chamber of Commerce and confirming the rights and privileges thereof. Its title then became the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York.
The merchants and ship owners who founded the New York Chamber of Commerce stated its usefulness as follows: �Whereas, Mercantile societies have been found very useful in trading cities for promoting and encouraging commerce, supporting industry, adjusting disputes relative to trade and navigation, and procuring such laws and regulations as may be found necessary for the benefit of trades in general. . .�
Membership has usually been confined to citizens engaged in finance and commerce. However records have shown that presidents, governors, senators, congressmen, foreign ministers, and members of the state legislatures have been honorary or regular members.
In an article published in One Hundred Years of American Commerce Alexander E. Orr, president of the New York Chamber in 1895, wrote: �The Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York was not only the forerunner of many similar institutions in other states, but also broadly national in its sympathies and work. . . No great politico-economic question has arisen in the United States from the War of 1812-15 to the present time (Note: 1895) in which it has not been vitally and patriotically interested. It has been concerned in nearly everything which related to the commercial welfare and prosperity not only of the city and State of New York, but also of the country at large, of which it is in a measure the commercial guardian. . .�
�As New York is the commercial metropolis of the United States, her merchants, of necessity, must be equally comprehensive in their dealings not only in home products, but also in those of all other countries with whom they hold commercial relations...�
Take special note of the following claim made in the final paragraph of Mr. Orr�s article:
�Thus it will be seen that, starting with but four commercial organizations, of the character and scope outlined, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, their number at its close will have increased five hundred fold. What they have accomplished for the people of this country is simply incalculable. The record is found in our extensive manufacturing industries; in the products of the soil, forests, and mines; in our enormous interstate commerce; in our foreign trade; in our circulating medium and monetary institutions; and, finally, in the unprecedented increase in national wealth, prosperity, and development. �
Orr gave credit for the manufacturing, farming, mining, commerce, foreign trade, banking, and the resulting prosperity not to the manufacturers, farmers, miners, traders, bankers, and American workers, but to commercial organizations numbering 2000 by the close of the nineteenth century.
In the twentieth century Chambers of Commerce size, number, and legislative activity continued and increased. One significant �accomplishment� which the Chambers of Commerce boasted was the creation of the Federal Reserve system in 1913.
The International Chamber of Commerce, created in 1919 in Atlanta and headquartered in Paris, France, immediately placed itself in the center of all international negotiations. It supported the League of Nations and later, the creation of the United Nations. It was then able to influence United Nations policies through the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
The International Chamber of Commerce urged the United States and other nations to support what it called �economic disarmament.� It was also the belief of policy makers for the Chamber that commerce would be benefitted and world peace would result if the governments of all countries would consent to being supervised and regulated by a world government. Throughout the twentieth century the International Chamber of Commerce has worked for this goal.
Chambers of Commerce in the U. S. have supported revenue sharing--much of it shared with Chambers of Commerce, regional government, school busing for integration, Transcendental Meditation, government medical care, HMOs, foreign aid, technology transfer to other countries, the Earth Charter to replace Christianity, the Gorbachev Foundation, sustainable development and smart growth, the World Economic Forum, Business Action for Sustainable Development (BASD), State of the World Forum, elimination of trade and travel barriers between nations, the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), land use planning, world government, etc. etc. etc.
If you are opposed to any Chamber-promoted program without acknowledging the powerful and variously-connected Chambers of Commerce as your adversaries, the best I can say for your chance of success is, -- Good Luck -- but you are totally outmatched by your unrecognized opposition and its connections. If you intend to succeed, do not overlook the obvious. The Chamber of Commerce with its many connections is your chief adversary.
Alexander E. Orr, President New York Chamber of Commerce; One Hundred
Years of American Commerce; Edited by Chauncy M. Depew, LL.D.; D. O.;
Chapter IX �Commercial Organizations�; Haynes & Co. 1895; p. 50.
� 2005 Erica Carle - All Rights Reserved
E-Mails are used strictly for NWVs alerts, not for sale
Erica Carle is an independent researcher and writer. She has a B.S. degree from the University of Wisconsin. She has been involved in radio and television writing and production, and has also taught math and composition at the private school her children attended in Brookfield, Wisconsin. For ten years she wrote a weekly column, "Truth In Education" for WISCONSIN REPORT, and served as Education Editor for that publication.
Her books are GIVE US THE YOUNG--$5 Plus $2.00 P&H WHY THINGS ARE THE WAY THEY ARE--$16 PLUS $4.00 P&H BOTH BOOKS -- $25 Total. A loose leaf collection of quotes titled, SIX GENERATIONS TO SERFDOM is also available--$15 Plus $2.00 P&H. Mailing address: Erica Carle; PO Box 261; Elm Grove, WI 53122.
The International Chamber of Commerce urged the United States and other nations to support what it called �economic disarmament.�
|
<urn:uuid:74724d58-8fa7-4d59-a59d-48987f8e97ed>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://newswithviews.com/Erica/Carle20.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00079-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.944417 | 1,409 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Thermal energy is the energy of an object due to random motions of its atoms and molecules. The hotter the object, the greater its thermal energy. Thermal energy is an extensive variable, proportional to the size of the object. The individual molecules can have different kinetic energies, but a hot object has a higher average value. In a gas or a liquid, molecules can move freely in all directions; in a solid, molecules execute small vibrations in all directions about fixed positions.
In this Demonstration, molecules are shown as red points and their direction of motion is represented by yellow lines. The length of the lines is proportional to the average thermal energy of the particles while the color of the cuboid reflects the temperature of the body.
|
<urn:uuid:d8fd35ac-76c5-490a-a813-fc0c3fdfa82e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/ThermalEnergy/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00173-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.90998 | 146 | 3.96875 | 4 |
There are 521 matching records.
Displaying matches 1 through 30 .
American Memory: Historical Collections for the National Digital Library Library of Congress, American Memory. This expansive archive of American history and culture features photographs, prints, motion pictures, manuscripts, printed books, pamphlets, maps, and sound recordings going back to roughly 1490. Currently this site includes more than 9 million digital items from more than 100 collections on subjects ranging from African-American political pamphlets to California folk music, from baseball to the Civil War. Most topical sites include special presentations introducing particular depositories or providing historical context for archival materials. Visitors can search collections separately or all at once by keyword and type of source (photos and prints, documents, films, sound recordings, or maps). In addition, the Learning Page provides well-organized help for using the collections, including sample teaching assignments. WWW.History includes individual annotations for many of the current collections. Resources Available: TEXT, IMAGES, AUDIO, VIDEO. Website last visited on 2008-10-06.
Documenting the American South University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Libraries. See JAH web review by Crandall Shifflett. Reviewed 2002-03-01. This database presents nearly 1,400 primary documents about the American South in the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries. Culled from the premier collections at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (UNC), the database features ten major projects. Presenting the beginnings of the University of North Carolina, “The First Century of the First State University,” offers “materials that document the creation and growth” of the University. “Oral Histories of th American South” has made 500 oral history interviews on the civil rights, environmental, industrial, and political history of the South. First-Person Narratives of the American South, 1860–1920 offers approximately 140 diaries, autobiographies, memoirs, travel accounts, and ex-slave narratives, and concentrates on women, blacks, workers, and American Indians. (See separate History Matters entry for more details.) “North American Slave Narratives” also furnishes about 250 texts. And the “Library of Southern Literature” makes available an additional 51 titles in Southern literature. “The Church in the Southern Black Community, Beginnings to 1920,” traces “how Southern African Americans experienced and transformed Protestant Christianity into the central institution of community life.” "The Southern Homefront, 1861–1865“ documents ”non-military aspects of Southern life during the Civil War.“ “The North Carolina Experience, Beginnings to 1940” provides approximately 575 histories, descriptive accounts, institutional reports, works of fiction, images, oral histories, and songs. “North Carolinians and the Great War” offers approximately 170 documents on effects of World War I and its legacy. Finally, ”True and Candid Compositions: The Lives and Writings of Antebellum Students at the University of North Carolina" analyzes 121 documents written by students attending the University of North Carolina. The projects are accompanied by essays from the Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, and are searchable by author, keyword, and title. They reflect a larger effort, begun in 1995, to digitize the Southern collections at UNC. Resources Available: TEXT. Website last visited on 2007-10-18.
Oyez: U.S. Supreme Court Multimedia Jerry Goldman, Northwestern University. See JAH web review by Melvin I. Urofsky. Reviewed 2001-09-01. Features audio files, abstracts, transcriptions of oral arguments, and written opinions on more than 3,300 Supreme Court cases. Includes more than 3,000 hours of audio of arguments in selected cases going back to 1955 and all cases since 1995. Users can access cases through keyword searches or a list of 13 broad categories, including civil rights, due process, first amendment, judicial power, privacy, and unions. Also provides easy access to the 20 “most popular cases”—such as Roe v. Wade (abortion), Gideon v. Wainwright (right to counsel), Plessy v. Ferguson (segregation), Grutter v. Bollinger (racial preferences in school admissions decisions), and Bush v. Gore— determined by numbers of hits to the site. Also offers images and biographical outlines for every justice who has served on the Court. “The Pending Docket” provides briefs of pending cases, along with links to relevant opinions; additional material on selected cases; a summary highlighting cases decided in the previous session with a breakdown of the voting of individual justices; and a forum for discussions of selected recent cases. The site also includes a “virtual tour” of the Court building; links to all the written opinions of the Court since 1893; and audio of speeches by a handful of justices. Of great value for those practicing law and studying its history. Resources Available: TEXT, IMAGES, AUDIO. Website last visited on 2007-10-18.
Digital History Steven Mintz and Sara McNeil. See JAH web review by Simon Appleford and Vernon Burton. Reviewed 2008-03-01. Provides multimedia resources and links for teaching American history and conducting basic research, while focusing on slavery, ethnic history, private life, technological achievement, and American film. Presents more than 600 documents pertaining to American politics, diplomacy, social history, slavery, Mexican American history, and Native American history, searchable by author, time period, subject, and keyword, and annotated with essays of 300–500 words each. The site offers a full U.S. history textbook and more than 1,500 searchable and briefly annotated links to American history-related sites, including approximately 150 links to historic Supreme Court decisions, 330 links to audio files of historic speeches, and more than 450 links to audio files and transcripts of historians discussing their own books. Also includes five high school lesson plans; 39 fact sheets with quotations and study questions on major historical topics; 10 essays (800 words) on past controversies, such as the Vietnam War, socialism, and the war on poverty; seven essays presenting historical background on more recent controversies, such as hostage crises and NATO in Kosovo; and essays of more than 10,000 words each on the history of American film and private life in America. Four current exhibits offer 217 photographs, ca. 1896–1903, from the Calhoun Industrial School in Alabama, a freedmen’s school; 19 watercolor sketches by a Civil War soldier; seven letters between 18th-century English historian Catharine Macaulay and American historian Mercy Otis Warren; and an 1865 letter from Frederick Douglass to Mary Todd Lincoln. A valuable site for high school students and teachers looking for comprehensive guidance from professional historians on the current state of debate on many topics in American history. Resources Available: IMAGES. Website last visited on 2008-10-06.
Ad*Access Digital Scriptorium, Duke University. See JAH web review by Kelly Schrum. Reviewed 2001-09-01. This well-developed, easily navigated site presents images and database information for more than 7,000 advertisements printed primarily in the United States from 1911 to 1955. Material is drawn from the J. Walter Thompson Company Competitive Advertisements Collection of the John W. Hartman Center for Sales, Advertising, and Marketing History at Duke University. The advertisements are divided into 5 main subjects areas: Radio (including radios, radio parts, and radio programs); Television (including television sets and programs); Transportation (including airlines, rental cars, buses, trains, and ships); Beauty and Hygiene (including cosmetics, soaps, and shaving supplies); and World War II (U.S. Government ads, such as V-mail or bond drives). The ads are searchable by keyword, type of illustration, and special features. A timeline from 1915 to 1955 provides general context for the ads with a chronology of major events. “About Ad Access” provides an overview of advertising history and the Duke collection, as well as a bibliography and list of advertising repositories in the U.S. Excellent archive of primary documents for students of consumer and popular culture.
Listen to the audio review:
Resources Available: TEXT, IMAGES. Website last visited on 2007-10-10.
Famous Trials Douglas Linder, Professor of Law, University of Missouri, Kansas City. See JAH web review by Jerry Goldman. Reviewed 2001-09-01. Law professor Douglas Linder created this exceptional legal history site. It includes fascinating treatments of over 50 of the most prominent court trials in American history, including: Scopes “Monkey” Trial (1925); Rosenberg Trial (1951); Leopold and Loeb Trial (1924); Salem Witchcraft Trials (1692); Scottsboro Trials (1931–1937); Bill Haywood Trial (1907); My Lai Courts Martial (1970); Nuremberg Trials (1945–49); Dakota Conflict Trials (1862); Mississippi Burning Trial (1967); Chicago Seven Conspiracy (1969–70); Johnson Impeachment Trial (1868); O.J. Simpson Trial (1995); The Three Trials of Oscar Wilde (1895); Hauptmann (Lindbergh) Trial (1935); Sweet Trials (1925–1926); Amistad Trials (1839–1840); Sheriff Shipp Trial (1907–1909); Susan B. Anthony Trial (1873); the Sacco and Vanzetti Trial (1921); Clinton Impeachment Trial (1999); Moussaoui 9/11 Trial (2006); and the Black Sox Trial (1921). Most trial pages include a 750–1000-word essay on the historical background of the case, links to biographies (roughly 500 words) of key figures in the trials, and approximately 15–25 primary documents related to each trial, including transcripts of testimony, media coverage, depositions, and government documents. Cases also contain images, links to related websites, and a bibliography of scholarly works. There are also links to biographies of 5 “trial heroes,” including famous trial lawyer Clarence Darrow, and a “Exploring Constitutional Law” site that offers 83 important constitutional topics for class discussion, such as gay rights, student searches, and the electoral college debates. Each topic includes a 250–300-word introduction to the issue and links to roughly ten related primary documents and court opinions. These topics are designed for classroom use and include issue questions for discussion. Another link explores the Supreme Court and includes items such as biographies of past and present justices, a virtual tour of the Supreme Court building, and a term calendar. Three interactive learning sites on the Bill of Rights, the Constitution, and the Founding Fathers are also offered. This exceptional site can serve as a valuable resource for studying many aspects of legal and constitutional history.
Listen to the audio review:
Resources Available: TEXT, IMAGES. Website last visited on 2007-10-11.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin and American Culture Stephen Railton, University of Virginia. See JAH web review by Ellen Noonan. Reviewed 2001-12-01. This well-designed site explores Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin “as an American cultural phenomenon.” The section of “Pre Texts, 1830–1852” provides dozens of texts, songs, and images from the various genres Stowe drew upon: Christian Texts, Sentimental Culture, Anti-Slavery Texts, and Minstrel Shows. The section on Uncle Tom’s Cabin includes Stowe’s preface, multiple versions of the text, playable songs from the novel, and Stowe’s defense against criticism, The Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin. A third section focuses on responses to the book from 1852 to 1930, including 25 reviews, over 400 articles and notes, nearly 100 responses from African Americans, and almost 70 of pro-slavery responses. The final section explores “Other Media,” including children’s books, songs, games, and theatrical versions. 15 interpretive exhibits challenge students to explore how slavery and race were defined and redefined as well as how various characters assumed a range of political and social meanings. Excellent for teachers and students. Resources Available: TEXT, IMAGES, AUDIO. Website last visited on 2007-10-11.
Remembering Jim Crow American RadioWorks. See JAH web review by Joseph Crespino. Reviewed 2003-09-01. A companion site to the NPR radio documentary on segregated life in the South (broadcast in February 2002). Presents 30 audio excerpts, ranging from one minute to ten minutes in length, and approximately 130 photographs, arranged in six thematically-organized sections. Covers legal, social, and cultural aspects of segregation, black community life, and black resistance to the Jim Crow way of life. As anthropologist Kate Ellis, one of the site’s creators, notes, the interviews display a “marked contrast between African American and white reflections on Jim Crow.” Many of the photographs come from personal collections of the people interviewed. The site also includes 16 photographs taken by Farm Security Administration photographer Russell Lee in New Iberia, Louisiana. The site provides audio files and transcripts of the original radio documentary, more than 90 additional stories, a sampling of state segregation laws arranged by topic, links to 9 related sites, and a 41-title bibliography. The project creators—Ellis and personnel from American RadioWorks, the Minnesota Public Radio documentary producers—used interviews selected from more than 1,000 oral histories compiled by Duke University’s “Behind the Veil” project, in addition to conducting new interviews. The short 100-word introductions to each section succinctly provide a contextual framework to the documentary material. Valuable for those studying the American South, race relations, and African American history. Resources Available: TEXT, IMAGES, AUDIO. Website last visited on 2007-09-19.
The Wizard of Oz: An American Fairy Tale Library of Congress. This well-designed exhibit is composed of three galleries focused on the cultural impact of L. Frank Baum’s The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Each gallery contains multiple panels with one or more images and explanatory text. “‘To Please a Child’: L. Frank Baum and the Land of Oz” uses 16 panels to examine various aspects of the book, including W.W. Denslow’s artwork, Baum’s original copyright application, and an early review of the book appearing in the October 1900 issue of The Literary Review. “To See the Wizard: Oz on Stage and Film” uses 21 panels to look at 2 of the most famous productions of Baum’s book, the 1902–1903 stage play that became one of Broadway’s greatest successes and the classic 1939 MGM movie. The panels on the stage play include 2 color posters published in 1903 to promote the show and the 16 panels on MGM’s version examine the cast, production, and music, including a full-page color advertisement placed in the September 1939 issue of Cosmopolitan. “To Own the Wizard: Oz Artifacts,” with 18 panels, examines the varieties of Oz-related novelties that have appeared over the years, including The Wizard of Oz Monopoly game by Hasbro, a Wizard of Oz stamp, and “The Royal Bank of Oz” rebate check from MGM. This exhibit is of interest to anyone studying popular culture or the history of the arts in 20th-century America. Resources Available: TEXT, IMAGES. Website last visited on 2007-09-24.
California Gold: Northern California Folk Music from the Thirties American Memory, Library of Congress. This site features 35 hours of folk and popular music sound recordings from several European, Slavic, Middle Eastern, and English- and Spanish-speaking communities. The Work Projects Administration California Folk Music Project collected these 817 songs, in 12 languages and representing 185 musicians, in Northern California between 1938 and 1940. The collection also includes 168 photographs of musicians, 45 scale drawings and sketches of instruments, and numerous written documents, including ethnographic field reports and notes, song transcriptions, published articles, and project correspondence. Organized by folk music collector Sidney Robertson Cowell, sponsored by the University of California, Berkeley, and cosponsored by the Archive of the American Folk Song, this was one of the earliest ethnographic field projects to document folk and popular music of such diverse origin in one region. In addition to folk music of indigenous and immigrant groups, the collection includes popular songs from the Gold Rush and Barbary Coast eras, medicine show tunes, and ragtime numbers. In addition, short essays describe the California Folk Music Project and the ethnographic work of Sidney Robertson Cowell. This collection is an excellent resource for learning about ethnographic research practices as well as about cultures of various California ethnic groups. Resources Available: TEXT, IMAGES, AUDIO. Website last visited on 2008-10-14.
American Variety Stage: Vaudeville and Popular Entertainment, 1870–1920 American Memory, Library of Congress. See JAH web review by Robert W. Snyder. Reviewed 2004-07-01. This collection documents the development of vaudeville and other popular entertainment forms from the 1870s to the 1920s. It includes 334 English and Yiddish playscripts, 146 theater programs and playbills, 61 motion pictures, and 10 sound recordings. This site also features 143 photos and 29 memorabilia items documenting the life and career of magician Harry Houdini and an essay with links to specific items entitled “Houdini: A Biographical Chronology.” Search by keyword or browse the subject and author indexes. The site is linked to the Library of Congress Exhibition “Bob Hope and American Variety.” Resources Available: TEXT, IMAGES, AUDIO, VIDEO. Website last visited on 2007-10-02.
African-American Perspectives: Pamphlets from the Daniel A. P. Murray Collection, 1818–1907 American Memory, Library of Congress. See JAH web review by Randall Burkett. Reviewed 2005-12-01. This site presents approximately 350 African-American pamphlets and documents, most of them produced between 1875 and 1900. These works provide “a panoramic and eclectic review of African-American history and culture” in a number of forms, including sermons, organization reports, college catalogs, graduation orations, slave narratives, Congressional speeches, poetry, and playscripts. Topics covered include segregation, voting rights, violence against African Americans, and the colonization movement. Authors include Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Benjamin W. Arnett, Alexander Crummel, and Emanuel Love. Information about publication and a short description (75 words) of content accompanies each pamphlet. The site also offers a timeline of African-American history from 1852 to 1925 and reproductions of original documents and illustrations. A special presentation “The Progress of a People,” recreates a meeting of the National Afro-American Council in December 1898. A rich resource for studying 19th- and early 20th-century African-American leaders and representatives of African-American religious, civic, and social organizations. Resources Available: TEXT, IMAGES. Website last visited on 2007-10-02.
Touring Turn-of-the-Century America: Photographs from the Detroit Publishing Company, 1880–1920 American Memory, Library of Congress. See JAH web review by Marguerite S. Shaffer. Reviewed 2004-07-01. The Detroit Publishing Company was a mass producer of photographic images—especially color postcards, prints, and albums—for the American market from the late 1890s to 1924, the year it went into receivership. This collection of more than 25,000 glass negatives and transparencies and about 300 color photolithograph prints also includes images taken prior to the establishment of the company by landscape photographer William Henry Jackson, who joined the company in 1897 and became its president the following year. Jackson’s earlier work documenting western sites influenced the conservation movement and influenced the establishment of various national parks, including Yellowstone. Although many images in this collection were taken in eastern locations, other areas of the U.S., the Americas, and Europe are represented. The collection specializes in views of buildings, streets, colleges, universities, natural landmarks, resorts, and copies of paintings. More than 300 photographs were taken in Cuba during the period of the Spanish-American War. About 900 Mammoth Plate Photographs include views taken by Jackson of Hopi peoples and their crafts, landscapes along several railroad lines in the United States and Mexico in the 1880s and 1890s, and at other sites in California and Wyoming; and by Henry Greenwood Peabody of the Canadian Rockies. Resources Available: IMAGES. Website last visited on 2007-10-02.
Spanish-American War in Motion Pictures American Memory, Library of Congress. See JAH web review by Bonnie M. Miller. Reviewed 2006-09-01. This site features 68 motion pictures of the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Revolution produced by the Edison Manufacturing Company and the American Mutoscope & Biograph Company between 1898 and 1901. These films include footage of troops, ships, notable figures, and parades shot in the U.S., Cuba, and the Philippines, in addition to reenactments of battles and related events. A Special Presentation puts the motion pictures in chronological order; brief essays provide a historical context for their filming. This site is indexed by subject and searchable by keyword, and includes a link to resources and documents pertaining to the war in the Library’s Hispanic Division. Resources Available: TEXT, VIDEO. Website last visited on 2007-10-02.
American Leaders Speak: Recordings from World War I and the 1920 Election American Memory, Library of Congress. Consists of 59 sound recordings of speeches by American leaders produced from 1918 to 1920 on the Nation’s Forum record label. The speeches—by such prominent public figures as Warren G. Harding, James M. Cox, Calvin Coolidge, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Samuel Gompers, Henry Cabot Lodge, John J. Pershing, Will H. Hays, A. Mitchell Palmer, and Rabbi Stephen S. Wise—deal for the most part with issues and events related to World War I and the 1920 presidential election. Additional topics include social unrest, Americanism, bolshevism, taxes, and business practices. Speeches range from 1 to 5 minutes in length. A special presentation, “From War to Normalcy,” introduces the Nation’s Forum Collection with representative recordings from World War I and the 1920 election, including Harding’s famous pronouncement that Americans need “not nostrums but normalcy.” This site includes photographs of speakers and of the actual recording disk labels, as well as text versions of the speeches. Resources Available: TEXT, IMAGES, AUDIO. Website last visited on 2007-10-03.
Votes for Women: Selections from the National American Woman Suffrage Association Collection, 1848–1921 American Memory, Library of Congress. See JAH web review by Eileen V. Wallis. Reviewed 2012-03-01. This site, representing a subset of items from the Library of Congress' National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Collection, consists of 167 books, pamphlets, handbooks, reports, speeches, and other artifacts totaling some 10,000 pages dealing with the suffrage movement in America. Much of the larger collection was donated by Carrie Chapman Catt, the Association’s longtime president. Also included are works from the libraries of some of the organization’s officers and members, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, Alice Stone Blackwell, Julia Ward Howe, Elizabeth Smith Miller, and Mary A. Livermore. Formed in 1890, NAWSA secured the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920 through a series of well-organized state campaigns. The site includes 2 bibliographies of related works on the suffrage campaign, a 700-word essay on Catt, a timeline entitled “One Hundred Years toward Suffrage: An Overview,” and links to 11 related collections. While a special application is necessary to view reproductions of documents and illustrations, texts of documents have been scanned and are word-searchable. Also see the site’s pictorial partner at . Useful for studying women in politics, female leaders, and suffrage. Resources Available: TEXT, IMAGES. Website last visited on 2007-10-03.
Washington As It Was: Photographs by Theodor Horydczak, 1923–1959 American Memory, Library of Congress. See JAH web review by Zachary M. Schrag. Reviewed 2005-09-01. Presents approximately 14,350 photographs by Theodor Horydczak (1890–1971), most of which document the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area between the 1920s and 1950s. Subjects include the architecture and interiors of government, commercial, and residential buildings; views of streets and neighborhoods; images of work and leisure; and events such as the 1932 Bonus March and the 1933 World Series. Also includes a limited number of shots taken in other U.S. locations and in Canada and a background essay, “Discovering Theodor Horydczak’s Washington.” Provides visual documentation of official and everyday life in the nation’s capital and its environs. Resources Available: TEXT, IMAGES. Website last visited on 2008-10-14.
Around the World in the 1890s: Photographs from the World’s Transportation Commission, 1894–1896 American Memory, Library of Congress. This photo archive contains over 900 images made by American photographer William Henry Jackson (1843–1942) during an 1890’s tour of North Africa, Asia, Australia, and Oceania. The World’s Transportation Commission, an organization formed to aid American business interests abroad, commissioned Jackson. The photographs, originally exhibited in Chicago’s Field Columbian Museum, focus on transportation systems—especially railroads—tourist sites, indigenous life, and locations of natural beauty. Nearly 687 of the images are from lantern slides, many of which were hand-colored. Many of the photographs appeared in Harper’s Weekly. This collection is valuable for those interested in late-19th-century photography and American views of exotic places. Resources Available: TEXT, IMAGES. Website last visited on 2007-09-27.
WWW-Virtual Library, History Central Catalogue History Index Network, University of Kansas. Created by an international group of volunteer institutions, this site offers a gateway with thousands of links to general history resources and seeks to provide “effective tools for practicing historians wishing to work online.“ Links are presented for the following categories: ”Research: Methods and Materials“; ”Eras and Epochs“; ”Historical Topics“; and ”By Countries and Regions." Resources Available: TEXT. Website last visited on 2008-10-06.
Red Hot Jazz Archive: A History of Jazz before 1930 Scott Alexander. See JAH web review by Burton W. Peretti. Reviewed 2002-12-01. This comprehensive site offers biographical information, photographs, and audio and video files for more than 200 jazz bands and musicians active from 1895 to 1929. It includes more than 200 sound files of jazz recordings by well-known artists, such as Louis Armstrong, Sidney Bechet, and Django Reinhardt, and by dozens of lesser-known musicians. The files are annotated with biographical essays of 100 to more than 1,000 words, discographies, and bibliographic listings. Also includes listings of 20 short jazz films made in the late 1920s and early 1930s, and video files for two of these. Offers 20 essays and articles about jazz before 1930, ranging in length from 1,000 to 4,500 words, taken from published liner notes, books, and journals, or written specifically for this website by jazz fans. A valuable collection of audio documents and accompanying information. Resources Available: TEXT, IMAGES, AUDIO, VIDEO. Website last visited on 2007-09-19.
New York Public Library Digital Gallery New York Public Library. This massive collection presents more than 550,000 images relevant to both U.S. and world history, from the earliest days of print culture to the present. These images consist primarily of historical maps, posters, prints and photographs, illuminated manuscript pages, and images drawn from published books. For browsing, the materials are divided by subject heading, library of origin, the name of the item’s creator and/or publisher, and by collection: Arts & Literature; Cities & Building; Culture & Society; History & Geography; Industry & Technology; Nature & Science; and Printing & Graphics. Within these broad collection headings, the images are further subdivided into more specific groupings, for example, Indonesian dance, dress and fashion, Civil War medical care, and New York City apartment buildings. Keyword and Advanced Search options are useful for those wishing to locate specific items. All images can be downloaded for personal use and are accompanied by detailed biographic information, though users will have to turn elsewhere for further historical context. Resources Available: IMAGES. Website last visited on 2008-10-06.
Federal Resources for Educational Excellence: History & Social Studies U.S. Department of Education. This megasite brings together resources for teaching U.S. and world history from the far corners of the web. Most of these websites boast large collections of primary sources from the Library of Congress, the Smithsonian, the National Archives and Records Administration, and prominent universities. There are more than 600 websites listed for U.S. history alone, divided by time period and topic: Business & Work, Ethnic Groups, Famous People, Government, Movements, States & Regions, Wars, and Other Social Studies. While most of these websites are either primary source archives (for example, History of the American West, 1860–1920) or virtual exhibits, many offer lesson plans and ready-made student activities, such as EDSITEment, created by the National Endowment for the Humanities. A good place to begin is the (Subject Map), which lists resources by sub-topic, including African Americans (67 resources), Women’s History (37 resources), and Natural Disasters (16 resources). Each resource is accompanied by a brief annotation that facilitates quick browsing.
Resources Available: TEXT. Website last visited on 2008-10-06.
An American Ballroom Companion: Dance Instruction Manuals, ca. 1490–1920 American Memory, Library of Congress. Features more than 200 “social dance manuals” and related materials in western dance history, from Burgundian dances of the Late Middle Ages to Ragtime dances in vogue between 1890 and World War I. The site offers a rich selection of manuals—including the rare document, Les basses danses de Marguerite d’Autriche, published around 1490—as well as histories, theoretical studies, treatises on etiquette, antidance literature, and other items. Designed to “illuminate the manner in which people have joyfully expressed themselves as they dance for and with one another,” the site also provides a 13,000-word introductory essay, “Western Social Dance: An Overview of the Collection,” which is illustrated with 44 images, 75 video clips demonstrating selected dances from the manuals, and a bibliography of 77 titles. A well-organized presentation that will interest students of dance and of the cultural history of Europe and the U.S. Resources Available: TEXT, IMAGES, VIDEO. Website last visited on 2008-10-09.
Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History, and Government William C. Fray and Lisa A. Spar. This website, sponsored by Yale Law School with the International Relations and Security Network (ISN), is a collection of over 3,500 full-text documents relevant to the fields of law, history, economics, politics, diplomacy, and government. The documents are divided into four century categories: pre-18th, 18th, 19th, and 20th. Includes treaties, presidential papers and addresses, and colonial charters, as well as state and federal constitutional and legal documents. The documents are grouped into 64 Major Collection categories as well, such as Thomas Jefferson’s papers, American diplomacy, and the Cold War. All materials can be accessed through an alphabetical list, through the Major Collections page, through the four century pages, or by a keyword search. All of the search modes are easily navigable. Though most of these documents are directly related to American history, the site also includes over 100 documents on ancient, medieval, and Renaissance history, European history, and modern diplomatic documents such as the Hamas Covenant. The site is ideal for researching American diplomacy, constitutional, political, and legal history.
Listen to the audio review:
Resources Available: TEXT. Website last visited on 2008-10-06.
Inventing Entertainment: The Early Motion Pictures and Sound Recordings of the Edison Companies American Memory, Library of Congress. See JAH web review by Elena Razlogova. Reviewed 2006-12-01. This excellent site features 341 motion pictures, 81 disc sound recordings, and other related materials, such as photographs and original magazine articles documenting Thomas Edison’s corporate impact on the history of American entertainment. Thomas Alva Edison (1847–1931)—prolific inventor, manufacturer, and businessman—patented 1,093 inventions, including the phonograph, the kinetograph (a motion picture camera), and the kinetoscope (a motion picture viewer). All are searchable by keyword, title, or subject; movies are presented in QuickTime, Mpeg and RealMedia formats and a capsule description of each film is provided. Special pages focus on the life of the great inventor and histories of Edison’s contribution to motion picture and sound recording technologies. Part of the American Memory Collection at the Library of Congress, drawn from collections in the Library of Congress Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division. Resources Available: TEXT, IMAGES, AUDIO, VIDEO. Website last visited on 2007-10-01.
South Texas Border, 1900–1920: Photographs from the Robert Runyon Collection American Memory, Library of Congress and University of Texas, Austin. See JAH web review by Neil Foley. Reviewed 2003-03-01. A collection featuring the life’s work of commercial photographer Robert Runyon (1881–1968), totalling more than 8,000 images, that document the history and development of South Texas and the border, including the U.S. military presence in the area prior to and during World War I and the growth and development of the Rio Grande Valley in the early 1900s. A special section presents nine of Runyon’s 350 photographs of the Mexican Revolution (1910–20) in Matamoros, Monterrey, Ciudad Victoria, and the Texas border area from 1913 through 1916. Includes a 900-word essay on the Revolution and a 1,100-word biographical essay on Runyon. An Ameritech Award Winner. Of use to those studying the history of documentary photography, images of the Mexican Revolution, and Texas history. Resources Available: TEXT, IMAGES. Website last visited on 2007-12-04.
SCETI: Schoenberg Center for Electronic Text and Image University of Pennsylvania Special Collections Library. These eclectic special collection materials span the 17th to the 20th centuries. Visitors can search material from nine collections and visit 14 exhibitions. The collection “A Crisis of the Union” on the Civil War presents 224 pamphlets, broadsides, clippings, paintings, and maps to address the “causes, conduct, and consequences” of the war. A collection devoted to Theodore Dreiser presents correspondence, variant editions of the novel Sister Carrie, an early manuscript for Jennie Gerhardt, and scholarly essays. A collection of approximately 4,000 photographs from singer Marian Anderson’s papers is complemented by an exhibit that includes more than 40 audio and video recordings. A collection on the history of chemistry emphasizes the pre-1850 period with monographs on chemistry and alchemy, and more than 3,000 prints and photographs of scientists, laboratories, and apparatus. The Robert and Molly Freedman archive of Jewish Music recordings includes 26,000 catalog entries in English, Yiddish, and Hebrew and six sample recordings. Exhibits celebrate the work of Eugene Ormandy and Leopold Stokowski. Women’s history is represented by the diaries of five American and one English woman written between 1850 and 1909. Diaries range from one to 30 years and are both indexed by date and available for reading as text. An exhibit titled “Household Words” presents writing by women about food from the 15th to the 20th century. An exhibit on the colonization of the Americas as it appeared in print presents illustrations, maps, and manuscripts from the age of exploration. The site also includes an exhibit on the development of the ENIAC computer and a selection of 49 works from the University of Pennsylvania’s art museum. he English Renaissance in Context (ERIC) provides tutorials and a database of texts to help students analyze Shakespearean works and plays. Resources Available: TEXT, IMAGES, AUDIO, VIDEO. Website last visited on 2007-12-04.
Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850–1920 American Memory, Library of Congress. See JAH web review by Char Miller. Reviewed 2010-03-01. Part of the Library of Congress’s American Memory online collection, this site documents the formation of the movement to conserve and protect America’s natural heritage through published works, manuscript documents, images, and motion picture footage drawn from the collections of the Library of Congress. The site contains 62 books and pamphlets, 140 Federal statutes and Congressional resolutions, 34 additional legislative documents, excerpts from the Congressional Globe and the Congressional Record, 360 presidential proclamations, 170 prints and photographs, two historic manuscripts, and two motion pictures. Site visitors can view such holdings as 20 Alfred Bierstadt paintings, period travel literature, a photographic record of Yosemite, Congressional acts regarding conservation and the establishment of national parks. The site provides an annotated chronology of selected events in the development of the conservation movement, with links to pertinent documents and images. The chronology is broken into six periods: 1847–1871; 1872–1889; 1890–1900; 1901–1907; 1908–1911; and 1912–1920. The site is easily navigable and is searchable by subject, author, and keyword. Ideal for researching the history of national parks, nature, and conservation movements in the United States. Resources Available: TEXT, IMAGES, VIDEO. Website last visited on 2007-11-15.
U.S. Senate Historical Office U.S. Senate Historical Office. See JAH web review by Drew E. VandeCreek. Reviewed 2004-06-01. This collection of essays about the history of the U.S. Senate begins with a brief overview (900 words). More than 140 “historical minutes” (300 words) discuss interesting events in the Senate from 1789 to 1980. Events include the caning of Charles Sumner in 1856, the 1914 ban on smoking in the Senate chamber, and a 1935 Huey Long filibuster. The complete texts of 15 oral histories, of 40 to 700 pages, of retired senators and Senate staff members are available and 15 others may be ordered. The oral histories cover 1910 to 1984 and deal with a wide range of issues, including the desegregation of the staff, the McCarthy hearings, preparations to impeach Nixon, rhetorical rules of debate, and the impact of computers on the work of the senate. Staff members include pages, the Sergeant at Arms, aides, administrative assistants, and the first African-American Government Documents Clerk. A collection of 26 essays (500 to 3000 words) discuss Senate procedure, leadership, officers of the Senate, and general information, such as the development of the oath of office. Other essays include 2,400 words on the president pro-tempore and a 1,300 word essay on the 1959 committee, chaired by John F. Kennedy, that designated the five most outstanding senators in American history. The site also includes a section of frequently asked questions about the Senate and links to a directory that provides a 150-word biography of every senator and vice president as well as many congress people and staff members. Statistics about majority and minority leaders and the practice of switching parties are also provided. The minutes of Senate Republican Conferences from 1911 to 1964 and Senate Democratic Conferences from 1903 to 1964 are available in their entirety. Visitors may also read the full texts of eight lectures given by statesmen, such as George Bush and Senator Robert C. Byrd as part of the Leaders Lectures series established in 1988 by Trent Lott. The site is easy to navigate and will be useful for research in the history of American political institutions. Resources Available: TEXT, IMAGES. Website last visited on 2008-10-06.
Virginia Historical Society Virginia Historical Society. Since 1831, the Virginia Historical Society has been collecting materials documenting the lives of Virginians. This website provides information for researchers and the broader public interested in visiting the Society’s headquarters in Richmond, including a collections catalog, finding guides to specific collections, and information about physical exhibitions. The website also includes significant digital holdings. While only five percent of the collection has been digitized, this represents more than 5,000 items, grouped into 14 digital collections. These collections include maps, drawings, paintings, postcards, prints and engravings, 19th century photography, as well as topical collections on African Americans, the Civil War, the Retreat Hospital in Richmond, Virginia’s manufacturing of arms, the 1852 Virginia General Assembly Composite Portrait, the Reynolds Metal Company (forthcoming), the Garden Club of Virginia (forthcoming), and selections from the Society’s ongoing exhibition, The Story of Virginia. The entire collections catalog is keyword searchable, and includes an option to limit the search to digitized materials. Resources Available: TEXT, IMAGES. Website last visited on 2009-02-15.
|
<urn:uuid:9455141b-afbd-4e3e-ae07-c3ba14ed8c8a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/search.php?function=find&top1930=1&wwwhist=1
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00101-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.910996 | 8,815 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Abarbarea 1. See
Abarbarea 2. See
Abaris 1. A Caucasian, who was in the court of Cepheus 1 and was killed by Perseus 1 along with
the ETHIOPIAN CHIEFS [Ov.Met.5.86].
Abaris 2. An ally of Turnus, the man who
resisted Aeneas in Italy. He was killed by Euryalus 7 [Vir.Aen.9.344].
Abaris 3. One of the Dolionians; he was
killed by Jason during
the battle between the Dolionians and the
Abaris 4. One of the Hyperboreans
[Hdt.4.36]. He is reported (in Suda s.v.) as
a Scythian, son of Seuthes. He is said to have
written several works, among which a
Theogony and Arrival of Apollo among the
Hyperboreans. He travelled on an arrow that
Apollo had given him,
both from Scythia to
Hellas and from Hellas to Hyperborean
Scythia. When there
once was a plague in the whole inhabited world, the
oracle of Apollo told
both to Greeks and barbarians that 'the Athenian
people should make prayers on behalf of all of
them.' So, many peoples sent their ambassadors to
Athens, Abaris coming,
as ambassador of the Hyperboreans, in the third
Abas 1. See
Hom.Il.2.536ff.; Hyg.Fab.157; Val.1.451].
Abas 2. See
Pau.2.16.2, 2.12.2, 2.25.5, 10.35.1].
Abas 3. Son of Melampus 1 and Iphianira 1 [see Argos]. Abas 3 married Cyrene and had children by her: Lysimache 1, Idmon 2 and Coeranus 1 [Apd.1.9.13; Hyg.Fab.14; Pau.1.43.5].
Abas 4. One of the
Abas 5. See
Abas 6. One of the ETHIOPIAN CHIEFS who were in the court of Cepheus 1 at the moment of the fight between Phineus 1 and Perseus 1
Abas 7. A companion of the exiled
Aeneas. He was killed by Lausus 1, the man who led one thousand soldiers from the town of Agylla against Aeneas in Italy
Abas 8. See
Abas 9. Defender of
Thebes against the
SEVEN, Abas 9 was killed in battle. His sons Cydon 7 and Argus 9 were killed in the same war by Parthenopaeus, known as son of Atalanta
Abas 10 was a comrade of
Diomedes 2 in Italy. He was turned into a bird (Ov.Met.14.505).
Abderus. Abderus came from Opus in
Locris. He was Heracles 1's favourite, and the city of Abdera, founded
by the latter, was named after him. Abderus, who
was son of Hermes, was killed by the MARES OF DIOMEDES 1 [Apd.2.5.8].
Abia was nurse of Glenus. After her the
city Abia in
Messenia was called.
Glenus is son of
Heracles 1 and Deianira 1 [Apd.2.7.8, Pau.4.30.1].
Abraxas is the name of one the horses of
List of Personifications.
Absyrtus. This name is used by
Hyg.Fab.23, Val.5.457, and Cic.ND.3.48 [see
Acacallis. This name is used by
Arg.4.1490ff. and Pau.10.16.5 [see Acalle].
Acacus. Son of impious
Lycaon 2, said to
have reared Hermes in
Arcadia [Pau.8.3.1ff., 8.36.10].
their sister back. When the people of the city said
that they do not have the girl Academus, who had
learned in some way or other of her concealment at
Aphidnae, told the
DIOSCURI about it.
For this reason he was honoured during his lifetime
by them, and long afterwards when the
Lacedaemonians invaded Attica they spared the
Academy, which had been called after him
Acallaris. Daughter of Eumedes 6. She married Tros 1, after whom the Trojans are called, and had a son Assaracus [DH.1.62.2].
Arg.4.1490ff.; Lib.Met.30; Pau.8.53.4, 10.16.5].
Acamas 1. See
Acamas 2. See
Acamas 3. See
[Hom.Il.5.70, 12.100, 16.342ff.; QS.10.168.].
Acamas 4 . See
Acamas 5. One of
Actaeon's dogs. See
Acamas 6. One of the Thebans who laid an
ambush for Tydeus 2
when he returned from
Thebes. He was killed
by Tydeus 2.
Acamas 7. An Aetolian in the army of the
Acanthis (Acanthyllis), daughter of Autonous 3 and Hippodamia 7, was turned into a bird by Zeus and
Apollo who felt pity for her and her family's fate when her brother Anthus 1 was devoured by his father's horses [Lib.Met.7].
Acanthus was brother of Acanthis and
shared her fate [Lib.Met.7].
Acanthyllis. (See Acanthis.).
Acarnan 1, son of Alcmaeon 1 & Callirrhoe 2, suddenly became grown-up in order to avenge his father, as his mother requested of Zeus when she was
courted by him. The Acarnanians are called after
him [see Robe & Necklace of Harmonia 1] [Apd.3.7.2-6; Pau.8.24.9;
Acarnan 2. See
Acaste 1. See
Acaste 2. Nurse of
daughters. Adrastus 1 was King of Argos
and one of the SEVEN
AGAINST THEBES [Stat.Theb.1.529].
[Apd.1.9.10, 1.9.27, 3.13.1-3, 3.13.8; Arg.1.20ff.;
Eur.Tro.1128; Hyg.Fab.24, 104; Ov.Met.8.299ff.;
Pin.Nem.5.27ff.; Val.1.485, 1.695ff.].
Acca 1. A confidante of Camilla, who told
Turnus about Camilla's death. Camilla was a
woman-warrior, ally of Turnus, the man who resisted
Aeneas in Italy
Acca 2. (Acca Larentia, Laurentia.). This
is the woman who, together with her husband
Faustulus, took care of the twins
Romulus and Remus 1. Some say she was a prostitute [Ov.Fast.5.453ff.;
Acca Larentia. (See Acca 2). This name is
used by Plu.Rom.4.3.
Acesidas. (See Idas 3.). Name used by
Acessamenus. Father of Periboea 7, the eldest of her father's daughters. She married the river god Axius and had a son Pelegon, who became father of Asteropaeus, the man who served under Sarpedon 1 during the Trojan War and was
one of the best among the allies of
Troy. Asteropaeus was
killed by Achilles
at Troy [Hom.Il.21.142].
Acestes. Acestes was the host of
Aeneas when he
commemorated the death of his father. He was son of
the river god Crinisus and a Trojan woman
[Ov.Met.13.83; Hyg.Fab.273; Vir.Aen.5.35ff.].
Acestor. Son of Ephippus from Tanagra in
Boeotia, killed by
ACHAEANS. Those who are reported to have
fought against Troy [see
Achaemenides was left behind by
Odysseus in his
wanderings and later found by
Aeneas. He was son of
Adamastus, an Ithacan [Ov.Met.14.161;
Achaeus 1, from whom the Achaeans derive their name, was son of Xuthus 1 and Creusa 1 [see Achaea]. His children were Archander and Architeles 1 [Apd.1.7.3; Pau.7.1.6; Strab.8.7.1]
Achaeus 2, has been said to be the eponym
of Achaea. He is son
of Poseidon and Larisa 1, daughter of Pelasgus 2, son of Triopas 1, son of King Phorbas 1 of Argos, son of King Argus 5 of Argos, son of Zeus and Niobe 1, daughter of Phoroneus and the
first mortal woman with whom
Zeus consorted. Others have said that Triopas 1 was the son of the otherwise unknown Peranthus 2 [DH.1.17.3].
Achates 1 was a companion of the exiled
Aeneas [Vir.Aen.1.120; Ov.Fast.3.603].
Achates 2 was a Sicilian who came to
Aristaeus in order to join
Dionysus 2 in his
Indian campaign [Nonn.13.309, 37.169].
Achlys. Achlys was a Thessalian witch
from whom Hera procured
treacherous flowers of the field, and shed a sleep
of enchantment over the sons of the NYMPHS
poisoned drugs over their hair and smeared a
magical ointment over their faces, changing their
human shape into that of the CENTAURS HORNED [see
Acidusa married Scamander 2, a Boeotian king who named the Inachus river after himself, a stream near by Glaucia after his mother, and the spring Acidusa after his wife. Scamander 2 and Acidusa had three daughters who were known as "Maidens" [Plu.GQ.41].
Acis, son of Faunus 1 and a Symaethian Nymph, was loved by Galatea 1, one of the NEREIDS. However, the
Polyphemus 2, who
loved her, hurled at him a rock which buried him.
Acis was turned into a river [Ov.Met.13.750, 13.879ff.].
Acmon 1 was a comrade of
Diomedes 2 in
Italy. He was turned into a bird [Ov.Met.14.484].
Acmon 2 was a companion of
Aeneas in Italy. He was son of Clytius 12, son of Aeolus 4. This family followed Aeneas into
exile after the Trojan
Acmon 3 is one of the
perhaps one of the
DACTYLS. Along with
his brothers he joined
Dionysus 2 in his war against the Indians. Acmon 3 was son of Socus 2 and Combe 2 [Nonn.13.135.ff.; Strab.10.3.22].
Acoetes 1 was father of
Laocoon 2, the
Trojan seer who warned the Trojans against the
Acoetes 2 was a sailor from Maeonia, a
region in Lydia about Mount Tmolos in Asia Minor,
who opposed his companions when they tried to
delude Dionysus 2
Acoetes 3 was Evander 2's squire in Arcadia, before the
latter emigrated to Italy [Vir.Aen.11.30].
Aconteus 1. This Ethiopian Chief was on
Perseus 1's side at the moment of the fight between Phineus 1 and Perseus 1 at the court of Cepheus 1, Andromeda's father.
He was turned into a stone when he saw the head of
Aconteus 2 was an Arcadian who fought in
the army of the
THEBES. He was killed by Phegeus 6, during the war [Stat.Theb.7.590].
Acraea, daughter of the river god Asterion 2, was, together with her sisters, one of the nurses of Hera
Acrete. One of the nurses of
Dionysus 2 who
followed him in his Indian campaign
Acrias was the sixth suitor of Hippodamia 3. Like most SUITORS OF HIPPODAMIA 3, he was killed by her father King Oenomaus 1 of Pisa
Acrisius. King of
Argos, who quarrelled with his twin brother Proetus 1 while they were still in the womb. Later, when they were grown up, they waged war for the kingdom, and in the course of it they were the first to invent shields. Acrisius won the war and drove Proetus 1 from Argos. Later an oracle
said that his daughter would give birth to a son
who would kill him. Fearing that, Acrisius built a
brazen chamber and there he guarded
Danae. But having
learned that his daughter had anyway been seduced,
he put her and her child
Perseus 1 in a chest
and cast it into the sea. Much later
Perseus 1 killed
him, as they say accidentally, with a discus [see
Perseus 1]. Some say Acrisius' wife was Eurydice 2, daughter of Lacedaemon, son of Zeus and the Pleiad Taygete; but others say his wife was Aganippe 2, otherwise unknown. By one of them she had two daughters: one of them was Danae and the other was
Evarete, who some call wife of
Oenomaus 1, father of Hippodamia 3, wife of Pelops 1. [Apd.2.2.1-2, 2.4.1-2, 2.4.4; Hyg.Fab.63, 84].
Acron 1 was one of
Aeneas' allies in
Italy. He was killed by Mezentius, king of the
Acron 2. Defender of
Thebes against the
Acron 3. King of the Caeninenses in Italy. Since the ravishing of the Sabine women, Acron 3 had been suspicious of Romulus. He then
rised up in arms against
Romulus, but was
killed by him [Plu.Rom.16.3-4; Prop.4.10.9].
Acrota. Son of Tiberinus 2 and King of Alba Longa. He resigned the throne to Aventinus 2 [see Romulus]
Actaea 1. See
Actaea 2. See
Hes.The.240ff.; Hom.Il.18.38ff.; Hyg.Pre].
ACTAEON'S DOGS. See
Actaeus 1. The first king of what became Attica. He is the father of Aglaurus 1 [see Athens] [Apd.3.14.2;
Actaeus 2. According to some he was
father of Telamon, father of
Ajax 1. Actaeus 2's wife was Glauce 2, daughter of Cychreus, son of Poseidon and
Salamis, daughter of the river god Asopus
Actis is one of the HELIADES 2, a son of Helius and Rhode 2. He left Rhodes and sailed
off to Egypt where he founded the city of
Actor 1 is the King of Phthia in
Thessaly, who purified
Peleus for having killed his half brother Phocus 3, son of Aeacus and Psamathe 1. Actor 1 was the son of Myrmidon and Pisidice 1, daughter of Aeolus 1 and Enarete. Some say that Actor 1 died childless, but others say that he is the father of King Eurytion 2 of Phthia, who is also said to have purified Peleus besideds giving him his daughter and a third part of the country [Apd.1.7.3, 3.13.1, Dio.4.72.6].
Actor 2, son of Hippasus 2, is one of the ARGONAUTS
Actor 3 is son of Deion, son of
Aeolus 1. His mother was Diomede 1, daughter of Xuthus 1, brother of Aeolus 1, and Creusa 1, daughter of King Erechtheus of Athens. He married Aegina, the daughter of the river god Asopus, and had by her a son Menoetius 2, who became father of Patroclus 1
[Apd.1.9.4, 1.9.16; Arg.1.69; Pin.Oly.9.69].
Actor 4, king of the Eleans, founded in
Elis the city of Hyrmina, which he called after his mother. His father was Phorbas 2, son of Triopas 2 or of Lapithus 1. Actor 4 married Molione and became by her father of the twins known as the MOLIONIDES, who are Cteatus and Eurytus 1. [Apd.2.7.2; Dio.4.69.3; Pau.5.1.11].
Actor 5, son of Oenops 1, was among the defenders of the Borraean Gate at Thebes when the
THEBES attacked the city [Aes.Sev.555].
Actor 6 is father of Sthenelus 5, who once followed Heracles 1 in his campaign against the
AMAZONS and was
killed by them [Arg.2.911].
Actor 7, son of Azeus, son of Clymenus 2, son of Presbon, son of Phrixus 1, son of Athamas 1, was father of Astyoche 5, who consorted with Ares and had children by him: Ascalaphus 1 and Ialmenus 1. The latter, who came from Aspledon and Minyan Orchomenus, is
one of those
LEADERS who sailed against
Actor 8 was one of the companions of the
Actor 9. See
Actor 10 was a warrior in the army of the
THEBES. He saw when the chasm opened in the
earth that swallowed
Actor 11 is father of Echecles, the man who received Polymele 2 and her son Eudorus in his home. Eudorus became the commander of a company of Myrmidons during the Trojan War
Actorion was son of Polyxo 6, the woman who invited Triopas 2 and his son Erysichthon 2 to the marriage of her child. Erysichthon 2, however, could not come as he was tormented by the disease (hunger) that Demeter
had sent on him [Cal.Dem.77].
Actoris was the name of a maid that
received from her father [Hom.Od.23.228].
Acusilaus. Son of
Adamastus. An Ithacan who, having no
wealth, sent his son Achaemenides to the war at
Admete 1. One of the
Admete 2. Daughter of
Eurystheus and Antimache, daughter of Amphidamas 1, son of Lycurgus 2, son of Aleus, son of Aphidas 1, son of Arcas 1, son of Zeus and
Eurystheus, son of Sthenelus 3, son of Perseus 1, is the
king of Mycenae and
Tiryns who ordered
Heracles 1 to perform his labours. As Admete 2 desired the belt of the Queen of the AMAZONS Hippolyte 2, her father sent Heracles 1 to fetch
it [Apd.2.5.9, 3.9.2].
Admetus 1. See
Admetus 2. See
Admon was a Dolionian who was killed by
Heracles 1 during
the battle between the Dolionians and the
Adraste was the name of one of the maids
of Helen in
Adrastia 1. See
Adrastia 2. Another name for
Adrastus 2. Father of Eurydice 6, wife of Ilus 2, the founder of Troy. Some have said that she is the mother of King Laomedon 1 of Troy, father of
Priam 1 [Apd.3.12.3].
Adrastus 3. See
Adrastus 4. See
Adrastus 5. See
Aea is the name of a maiden who was pursued by the river god Phasis 1 in Colchis (Caucasus) [Val.5.425].
Aeantides. Son of
Ajax 1 and Glauce 7. At the death of his father he was given to Teucer 1 [Dictys 5.16].
Aeas is a river god who came to console
the river god Peneus on account of what had
happened to Daphne 1
Aechmagoras. Son of
Aechmis. King of Arcadia, son of Briacas, son of Aeginetes 2, son of Pompus, son of Simus, son of Phialus, son of Bucolion 3, son of Holaeas, son of Cypselus 1, son of Aepytus 4, son of Hippothous 6, son of Cercyon 2, son of Agamedes 2, son of Stymphalus 1, son of Elatus 2, son of Arcas 1, son of Zeus and
Aedon. This woman came to believe that
she and her husband loved each other more than
Hera, and was changed
into a nightingale. Aedon was daughter of
Pandareus, a Cretan who was involved in the crimes
of Tantalus 1. Some
say that Aedon was married to Zethus, brother of
Amphion 1, the
father of the
NIOBIDS, but others
say her husband was Polytechnos, a carpenter living
in Colophon, Lydia, who raped his wife's sister and
was punished by her family. Aedon had a son Itylus,
whom she killed [Hom.Od.19.518ff.; Lib.Met.11].
Aegaeon 1. Son of the impious
Lycaon 2 [Apd.3.8.1].
Aegaeon 2 (see Briareus). He whom the mortals called Aegaeon 2, was called Briareus by the gods [Hom.Il.1.404; Stat.Achil.1.209;
Stat.Theb.4.535; TIT.3; Vir.Aen.10.565].
Aegeoneus. Son of
Priam 1 [Apd.3.12.5].
Aegestus 1. A Trojan, founder of Aegesta in Sicily. It is told that one of his ancestors was a Trojan noble, whom King Laomedon 1 put to death. After this, the king delivered the man's daughters to some merchants, ordering them to carry them far away from the kingdom. But a youth who kept them company during the voyage fell in love with one of them and, on their arrival to Sicily, they had a son whom they named Aegestus 1. Aegestus 1 was then reared in Sicily before the Trojan War, but
after the death of his Trojan parents,
Priam 1 being then
king of Troy, he
obtained leave to return home, and participated in
the Trojan War. When the city was about to fall, he fled to Sicily together with Elymus 3 in three ships that Achilles had lost at
the time when he plundered the Trojan cities. Later
Aeneas reunited with them in Sicily [DH.1.47.2, 1.52.1-4, Strab.6.1.3].
Aegestus 2. Son of Numitor 2, the Italian king who succeeded Amulius in the throne. Numitor 2 is the grandfather of Romulus and Remus 1. Aegestus 2 was killed in an ambush by order of his uncle Amulius [DH.1.76.2].
Aegeus 2. The Spartan clan of the Aegidae took their name from Aegeus 2, and his hero-shrine, made by his grandsons, could be seen in Sparta at the time when the traveller Pausanias visited the country. Aegeus 2 was son of Oeolycus, a descendant of Cadmus and son of Theras, after whom the island of Thera is called. For Theras was son of King Autesion 1 of Thebes, son of Tisamenus 1, son of Thersander 1, son of Polynices, son of Oedipus, son
of Laius 1, son of Labdacus 1, son of Polydorus 2, son of Cadmus. Aegeus 2 had a son Hylaeus, who became the father of Maesis, Laeas, and Europas, the three brothers who built the hero-shrines of their ancestors [Hdt.4.149; Pau.3.15.8].
Aegeus 3 is one of the sons of Phorbas 2 and Hyrmina. Phorbas 2 is known for having delivered the island of Rhodes of a snake of
immense size [Dio.4.69.3; Pau.5.1.11].
Aegiale is said to be, by
Aeolus 1, the mother of Alcyone 2, wife of Ceyx [Hyg.Fab.65].
Aegialeus 1. See
Aegialeus 2 is called the first
inhabitant of Sicyon.
He is the son of the river god Inachus and the
Oceanid Melia [see
RIVER GODS and
OCEANIDS]. Some have said that Aegialeus 2 died childless, but others say he is the father of Europs 1, father of Telchis and Hermion. Telchis, who was killed by Argus 1, is the father of Apis 2, the man who called the Peloponnesus Apia after himself and was killed by his own son Thelxion, father of Aegyrus, father of Thurimachus, father of Leucippus 5, father of Calchinia, mother of King Peratus of Sicyon, father of
Plemnaeus, father of Orthopolis who was reared by
Demeter, father of
Chrysorthe, mother by
Apollo of Coronus 2, father of Corax and Lamedon, who became king of Sicyon after Epopeus 1 [Apd.2.1.1; Pau.2.5.6].
Aegialeus 3 (see Apsyrtus). Aegialeus 3 is the name given to Medea's brother
Apsyrtus by some authors [Cic.ND.3.48, Dio.4.45.3].
[Apd.1.8.6; Apd.Ep.6.10; Mimn.22].
Aegialus. King of Caunus in Caria, Asia
Minor, who received
Phoroneus' son Lyrcus 2, when he was searching for Io by request of her father. Lyrcus 2 married Aegialus' daughter Hilebia. Aegialus was son of Caunus and the naiad Pronoe 5. He inherited the throne at his father's death and founded the wealthy city of Caunus, after having assembled the people that lived in scattered groups [Con.2; Parth.1.1].
Aegicorus is one of the PANS who came to
join Dionysus 2 in
his campaign against India. He is son of
Aegimius 1 was son of Dorus 1 after whom the Dorians were called, son of Hellen 1 eponym of the Hellenes, son of
Deucalion 1, the
man who survived the
Flood. King Aegimius 1 of the Dorians had a dispute about the boundaries of the country with the LAPITHS and was
helped by Heracles 1 in the war against them. On the death of
Heracles 1 he
adopted Heracles 1's son Hyllus 1 [Apd.2.7.7; Dio.4.37.3, 4.58.6; Strab.9.4.10].
Aegimius 2 was the father of Pamphylus and Dymas 1, who were allies of the HERACLIDES
3.12.6; Dio.4.72.5; Eur.IA.697; Hdt.5.80;
Lib.Met.38; Nonn.33.297; Pin.Isth.8.17;
Aeginetes 1 is son of Dereites, son of Harpalus 1, son of King Amyclas 1 of Lacedaemon, son of Lacedaemon, son of Zeus and the Pleiad Taygete. Aeginetes 1 was father of Pelias 2, father of Ampyx 3, father of Areus, father of Agenor 9, father of Preugenes, father of Patreus, the founder of Patrae, a city in Achaea [Pau.7.18.5].
Aeginetes 2 was king of Arcadia and son of Pompus, son of Simus, son of Phialus, son of Bucolion 3, son of Holaeas, son of Cypselus 1, son of Aepytus 4, son of Hippothous 6, son of Cercyon 2, son of Agamedes 2, son of Stymphalus 1, son of Elatus 2, son of Arcas 1, son of Zeus and
Callisto. Aeginetes 2 was father of Polymestor 2 and Briacas. [Pau.8.5.9].
Aegipan 1, son of Pan and Aex, one of the
nurses of Zeus, is said
to have been nourished to gether with the god.
Later, when Typhon, having attacked heaven, severed
and hid Zeus' sinews, Aegipan 1, together with Hermes, recovered them. Some say that the constellation called Capricorn or Sea Goat (Capricornus), is Aegipan 1 [Apd.1.6.3; Hyg.Ast.2.13, 2.28].
Aegipan 2 is the son of
Zeus and Boetis, a
Aegius. Son of Aegyptus 1 and a Phoenician woman. He married Mnestra, one of the DANAIDS, and was
killed by her on their wedding night [Apd.2.1.5].
Aegle 1. See
Aegle 2. One of the HELIADES 1; see Helius [Hyg.Fab.154;
Aegle 3. One of the nurses of
Aegle 4 is said to be the woman for whose
abandoned Ariadne. Aegle 4 was daughter of Panopeus 3 [Plu.The.20.1].
Aegleis. Daughter of Hyacinthus 2, a Lacedaemonian. When Minos 2 was at war with
Athens and he could
not take the city, he prayed to
Zeus that he might be avenged on the Athenians. The city was then visited by both famine and pestilence, and the Athenians, obeying an ancient oracle, sacrificed the daughters of Hyacinthus 2, among which was Aegleis [Apd.3.15.8].
Aegolius is known for having entered, together with Laius 2, Celeus 2 and Cerberus 3,the cave of Zeus in
Crete in order to
gather the honey of the sacred bees. For this
reason he and the others were turned into birds
Aegypius. This Thessalian was the son of Antheus 1, son of Nomion 1, and of Bulis. Aegypius became the lover of Timandra 2, but the latter's son Neophron, who was of the same age as Aegypius, being jealous because of the love between his mother and Aegypius, became the lover of Aegypius' mother Bulis and deluded her to sleep with her son. Because Zeus disliked
this state of affairs he turned the two young men
into vultures and the two women into other birds
Aegyptius. An Elder of Ithaca. His son Antiphus 6 sailed with Odysseus against
Troy, and during their
homeward journey he was killed by the Cyclops
Polyphemus 2. Aegyptius' other son Eurynomus 1 is one of the SUITORS OF
PENELOPE, and was killed
Odysseus or someone
in his team (Eumaeus 1, Philoetius, or
Aegyptus 1 was settled by his father Belus 1 in Arabia but subjugated the country of the Melampods and named it Egypt after himself. His mother was Anchinoe, daughter of Nilus, one of the RIVER GODS. By a number of wives among which are Argyphia, Tyria, Caliadne, Gorgo 1, Hephaestine, an Arabian woman, and a Phoenician woman, Aegyptus 1 fathered fifty sons who married the DANAIDS and, with one exception, were murdered by their brides on their wedding night. It is said that Aegyptus 1, distressed at what had happened to his sons, retired to Aroe, which is the city of Patrae in Achaea, and there he
died [for his offspring see
[Aes.Supp.324; Apd.2.1.4-5; Nonn.3.300;
AEGYPTUS 1'S OFFSPRING. See
Aegyptus 2. Son of Aegyptus 1 and Gorgo 1. He married either Dioxippe 1 or Polyxena 2 (DANAIDS) and was
killed by his bride on his wedding night
[Apd.2.1.5; Hyg.Fab.168, 170].
Aegyrus. Son of Thelxion and father of Thurimachus. Thelxion was son of Apis 2, son of Phoroneus, the
first man. [Pau.2.5.7].
Aello 1 (Aellopous) is one of the HARPIES, daughter of Thaumas 1 & Electra 1, or of Thaumas 1 & Ozomene. See HARPIES at BESTIARY [Apd.1.2.6;
Aello 2. One of
Actaeon's dogs. See
Aellopous (see Aello 1) [Hyg.Fab.14].
Aemilia. Daughter of
Aeneas & Lavinia 2. Aemilia is said to have consorted with Ares, giving birth to
Romulus, the founder
of Rome [Plu.Rom.2.3].
HADES. Those whom
Aeneas met in the
Aeneas' Daughter 1. See
Aeneas' Daughter 2. See
Aenete, daughter of Eusorus, is by
Aeneus, the mother of Cyzicus, the king of the
Dolionians who received the
Aenetus. Son of Deion & Diomede 1. Deion is son of Aeolus 1, and Diomede 1 was the daughter of Xuthus 1, son of Hellen 1, eponym of the Hellenes, son of
Deucalion 1, the
man who survived the
Aeneus. Father by Aenete of King Cyzicus
of the Dolionians, who received the
Aenitus. Son of Numitor 2. Aenitus was killed by his uncle Amulius in hunting. Both Numitor 2 and Amulius were kings of Alba Longa in Italy [see Romulus]
Aeolia was daughter of Amythaon 1, son of Cretheus 1, son of Aeolus 1, and Idomene, daughter of Pheres 1, son of Cretheus 1. She married Calydon and had two daughters by him: Epicasta 1 and Protogenia 2. [Apd.1.7.7, 1.9.11].
Aeolius. Aeolius is one of the SUITORS OF HIPPODAMIA 3. He was killed by King Oenomaus 1 of Pisa,
her father [see Pelops 1] [Pau.6.21.11].
Aeolus 3 came in possession of the
islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea which are called
Aeolian after him. He is the son of
Poseidon and Arne,
daughter of Aeolus 1,
or of Aeolus 2, or of
Desmontes [Dio.4.67.3ff.; Hyg.Fab.186, 252].
Aeolus 4 was a Trojan, companion of
Aeneas in Italy, where he was killed by Turnus, King of the Rutulians. Aeolus 4 was father of Clytius 12 and Misenus 1 [ Vir.Aen.6.163ff., 9.774, 12.542].
Aeolus 5 was a defender of
Thebes against the
THEBES. He was killed by Parthenopaeus
Aepytus 1 is the co-founder of Priene in
Caria, Asia Minor at the time of the Ionian
Ionia]. He was son of Neileus, son of Codrus 1, son of Melanthus 1, son of Andropompus 1, son of Borus 3, son of Penthilus 2, son of Periclymenus 1, son of Neleus [Pau.7.2.10,
Aepytus 2 (Telephon) became the sole
survivor of his house after the murder of his
father Cresphontes, one of the
HERACLIDES. Cresphontes was son of Aristomachus 2, son of Cleodaeus 2, son of Hyllus 1, son of Heracles 1. Aepytus 2's mother was Merope 2, daughter of Cypselus 1, son of Aepytus 4, son of Hippothous 6, son of Cercyon 2, son of Agamedes 2, son of Stymphalus 1, son of Elatus 2, son of Arcas 1, son of Zeus &
Callisto. Aepytus 2, who was brought up by his grandfather Cypselus 1, became later King of Messenia and punished his father's murderers. Aepytus 2 was succeeded in the throne of Messenia by his son Glaucus 8 [Apd.2.8.5, Pau.4.3.7-9].
Aepytus 3. King in Azania,
Arcadia. He received the kingdom from Clitor 2 and was succeeded by Aleus. Aepytus 3 was son of Elatus 2, son of Arcas 1, son of Zeus &
Callisto, and Laodice 1, daughter of Cinyras 1, the founder of Paphos in Cyprus, and Metharme. Aepytus 3 was killed by a serpent while hunting [ Pau.8.4.4-7, 8.16.2; Pin.Oly.6.30ff.].
Aepytus 4. King of
Arcadia, son of Hippothous 6, whom he succeeded in the throne, and father of Cypselus 1. Aepytus 4 was struck blind after entering a forbidden sanctuary of Poseidon, and died
shortly after [Pau.8.5.4-6, 8.10.3].
Aepytus 5 is one of the defenders of
Thebes against the
THEBES [Stat.Theb.10.400, 11.240].
Aero (see Merope 3) [Parth.20].
Aerope 1 was daughter of
Catreus, son of King
Minos 2 of
Crete. According to some she married Plisthenes 1 and became mother of Agamemnon. But
according to others she married
Atreus and had by him
Menelaus and Anaxibia 4. Aerope 1 was in love with her husband's brother (Atreus' brother Thyestes 1), whom she helped to produce the golden lamb which made him king of Mycenae [see also
[Apd.3.2.1-2; Apd.Ep.2.11; Eur.Ore.16; Hyg.Fab.86;
Aerope 2 was daughter of King Cepheus 1 of Ethiopia and therefore sister of Andromeda. Aerope 2 consorted with Ares but as she died while giving birth, the god made her dead body able to breast-feed the baby Aeropus 1 [Pau.8.44.7-8].
Aeropus 1. See Aerope 2 above.
Aeropus 2 was son of King Cepheus 2 of Tegea in Arcadia. Cepheus 2 was son of Aleus, son of Aphidas 1, son of Arcas 1, son of Zeus
& Callisto. Aeropus 2 had a son Echemus who inherited the throne and, fighting against the Dorians, killed Hyllus 1, son of Heracles 1
Aesacus 1. See
Aesacus 2 is one of the commanders of the
CENTAURS HORNED who joined
Dionysus 2 in his
campaign against India [Nonn.14.186ff.].
Aeschreis is one of the fifty daughters
of Thespius & Megamede, with whom
consorted. She gave birth to Leucones [Apd.2.4.10,
Aesepus 1. See
Aesepus 2. See
Aesimus is father of
Sinon, the man who was
to light a beacon lamp as a signal to the Achaeans
towards the end of the
Aeson was the son of Cretheus 1 and Tyro. He had two sons: Jason,
who became the Captain of the
ARGONAUTS, and Promachus 2. A political conflict with King Pelias 1 of Iolcus is
said to have led to his death, which occurred when
he, being threatened by
Pelias 1, drank
freely of a bull's blood. Some have said, however,
that he did not die then and that he was restored
to youth by Medea. His wife is variously called Polymede, Alcimede 1 and Amphinome 2, but whoever Aeson's wife was, she is said to have committed suicide after his death [Apd.1.7.2,1.9.11, 1.9.16, 1.9.27; Arg.3.358;
Dio.4.50.2; Hes.CWE.13; Ov.Her.6.105;
Ov.Met.7.160ff.; RET.2; Val.1.740, 1.818ff.].
Aesyetes was father of Alcathous 2, who was killed during the Trojan War by King Idomeneus 1 of Crete.
He is also said to be the father of Assaracus and
Antenor 1 [Dictys
Aethalides 1. See
Aethalides 2 is one of the sailors who
tried to delude
Dionysus 2. He was
turned into a dolphin by the god [Hyg.Fab.134].
Aethalion is one of the sailors who tried
to delude Dionysus 2. He was turned into a fish by the god
Aethalus had a son that was killed by
Aeneas in the Trojan
Aether. See PERSONIFICATIONS.
Aetheria is one of the HELIADES 1. See Helius [Hyg.Fab.154;
Aethion 1 is one of the ETHIOPIAN CHIEFS who were in the court of Cepheus 1 at the moment of the fight between Phineus 1 and Perseus 1 on account
of Andromeda. He
was killed by Perseus 1 [Ov.Met.5.146].
Aethion 2. See
Aethlius was the first man that ruled
Elis. He was the son
either of Zeus & Protogenia 1, or of Aeolus 1, or of
Zeus & Calyce 1. Protogenia 1 is the daughter of Deucalion 1, the
man who survived the
Flood, and of Pyrrha 1. Calyce 1 is daughter of Aeolus 1 and Enarete. She is also said to be the wife of Aethlius. Aethlius and Calyce 1 had a son Endymion who
consorted with Selene
(Moon) [Apd.1.7.2, 1.7.5; Hes.CWE.8; Hyg.Fab.155;
Aethon 1. See
Aethon 2. See
Aethon 3. Father of Hypermestra, who
under the form of a woman was a prostitute, but
changing into a man was able to maintain his father
Aethon 4. See
Aethon 5. One of
Actaeon's dogs. See
Aethra 1. See
Aethra 2. See
Aegeus 1 [Apd.3.10.7,
3.15.7; Apd.Ep.5.22; Dictys 6.2; Dio.4.59.1;
Eur.Hcl.207; Eur.Supp. 3 and passim; Hom.Il.3.144;
Hyg.Fab.37, 243; QS.13.509, 13.497ff.]
Aethra 3 wept as she saw her husband Palanthus 1's fortunes coming to nothing, thus fulfilling the oracle that had declared that the Spartan Phalanthus 1, founder of Tarentum in Italy, would win territory and city when he felt rain under a cloudless sky [Pau.10.10.7-8].
Aethusa. Daughter of
Poseidon and the Pleiad Alcyone 1. She consorted with Apollo and gave birth to Eleuther 1, the man who won a Pythian victory for his loud and sweet voice [Apd.3.10.1, Pau.9.20.1].
Aethylla. After the
Trojan War, Aethylla was taken captive by the Achaeans. Being in Italy and fearing slavery in Greece, she set fire to the vessels, causing the Achaeans to settle there. For this she and her sisters were called Nauprestides. She is daughter of King Laomedon 1 of Troy, either by Strymo, or by Leucippe 2, or by Placia [Apd.3.12.3, Apd.Ep.6.15c].
Aetion, son of an Heliconian Nymph, was
one of the defenders of
Thebes against the
SEVEN. He was
Apollo during the war
Aetius inherited the kingdoms of his father Anthas, named one of the cities Poseidonias and later received Troezen 1 and Pittheus, sons of Pelops 1, and for a
time there were three kings [see also
|
<urn:uuid:7bc4b46b-b8f9-4671-8b3a-215ae3db6ca4>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.maicar.com/GML/002GG/ggAbarbarea1.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00038-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93204 | 10,623 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Dissection was introduced into education in the 1920s as a way of studying anatomy, biology, physiology, and the theory of evolution. It was during a time when people were not so aware—or not at all aware—of issues involving the environment and animal life.
Approximately half of the animals dissected in elementary and secondary schools are frogs. Others include mice, rats, worms, cats, rabbits, fetal pigs, birds, and fish. The animals come from breeding facilities, slaughterhouses, their natural habitats, pet stores, local pounds, and even animal dealers and thieves. Most are killed and “processed” at biological supply companies.
Why Be Concerned?
- Key members of ecosystems around the world, frogs are disappearing fast. Dissection is partly to blame for this depletion because frogs used in school science labs are often collected from the wild. Even frog breeders restock their captive frog population by periodically taking more frogs from the wild.
- Animals used for dissection can have a miserable existence in the process of being captured, transported and ultimately killed.
- Animals used in dissection are often embalmed with formaldehyde, a chemical preservative linked to cancer of the throat, lungs, and nasal passages. Formaldehyde can also damage the eyes, cause asthma attacks and bronchitis, and severely irritate the skin. So far, people can only speculate how inhaling and touching formaldehyde affects the long-term health of students and teachers.
- Dissection has become big business. About six million animals are dissected in U.S. schools. The nation’s largest biological supply company alone grosses $25 to $30 million annually in sales of animals for dissection.
- These costs are borne by schools. For the average-sized science class, 35 bullfrogs cost around $265, nearly $1,325 every year for a school with five biology classes. Many alternatives, which can be used for years by an unlimited number of students, are much less expensive. For example, the CD-ROM The Digital Frog sells for a one-time cost of $197. The hundreds of dollars saved each year can help fund other student needs and activities.
- Biology courses are intended to expose students to useful concepts and stimulate an interest in the life sciences, but dissections can interfere with these goals. Dissection devalues life and teaches insensitivity by treating living beings as disposable objects.
Because so many students in high schools and elementary schools have refused to dissect, the right to refuse has been established in many schools across the country. But there always has been someone—a student or a parent—at every school who was the first person to say no to dissection. At your school, you may be that person. It is not always easy to set a precedent, but it is well worth taking that first step. One of the most important things you can do is to assert your right to an education which does not violate your principles. Remember, many medical schools, such as Harvard, Stanford, Yale, and Columbia Universities, have eliminated the animal laboratories which were once used for teaching.
What You Can Do
Students, parents, teachers, and concerned taxpayers can all act to end dissection. Here’s how students can help:
- As early as possible in the school year, find out if you will be expected to perform or watch a dissection. Do not wait until the last minute. If a dissection lab is planned, tell your teacher that you do not want to participate. With enough time, you and your teacher should be able to choose another project.
- When talking with your teacher, calmly and plainly state your reasons for refusing to dissect. Emphasize that you cannot comfortably participate in dissection because of the values and beliefs you hold. Ask your teacher to respond as soon as possible to your request for a lesson without dissection. If he or she refuses your request, take your concern to the principal.
- Suggest alternatives that will allow you to gain the same knowledge as your classmates who participate in the dissection. Most students do not accept watching other students dissect as an alternative, as this puts them in the position of participating in the use of animals as educational tools. You should expect to be given the same tests as the other students, provided they do not include a dissected animal, and you should not receive a reduced grade for doing an alternative project.
- It may help to put your statements into writing, either to help you speak with your teacher, or to give directly to him or her to read before you discuss the matter. If you give a statement to your teachers, keep a copy of it for future reference.
- You might want to involve other students who oppose dissection. Use any available student forum, such as the school newspaper or student government, to encourage awareness and discussion. Most students will support the right to not dissect.
For additional information, please refer to PCRM’s fact sheets entitled, “Dissection Alternatives” and “Cost Analysis of Dissection Versus Nonanimal Teaching Methods.”
A booklet, Objecting to Dissection, counseling, and alternative loan information are available from:
National Anti-Vivisection Society (NAVS)
53 W. Jackson Blvd.
Chicago, IL 60604-3795
Dissection Hotline: 800-922-FROG
A catalog of alternatives, Beyond Dissection, is available from:
Ethical Science Education Coalition
333 Washington St., Suite 850
Boston, MA 02108
A collection of information on specific alternatives, Alternative Project Sheets, is available from:
National Association for Humane and Environmental Education (NAHEE)
67 Norwich Essex Tpke.
E. Haddam, CT 06423
A program to teach students about environmental and animal issues, Animal Learn, is available from:
American Anti-Vivisection Society (AAVS)
801 Old York Rd., # 204
Jenkintown, PA 19046
Additional information on dissection is available from:
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)
501 Front St.
Norfolk, VA 23510
Alternative loans are also available from:
Humane Society of the United States (HSUS)
2100 L St., N.W.
Washington, DC 20037
|
<urn:uuid:85bf3416-54ca-49ed-ae4b-62bc6efec053>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.pcrm.org/research/animaltestalt/animaltesting/elementary-and-secondary-schools-objection
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00059-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935154 | 1,311 | 3.359375 | 3 |
A University of Oklahoma-led study has demonstrated that ancient DNA can be used to understand ancient human microbiomes. The microbiomes from ancient people have broad reaching implications for understanding recent changes to human health, such as what good bacteria might have been lost as a result of our current abundant use of antibiotics and aseptic practices.
Cecil M. Lewis Jr., professor of anthropology in the OU College of Arts and Sciences and director of the OU Molecular Anthropology Laboratory, and Raul Tito, OU Research Associate, led the research study that analyzed microbiome data from ancient human fecal samples collected from three different archaeological sites in the Americas, each dating to over 1000 years ago. In addition, the team provided a new analysis of published data from two samples that reflect rare and extraordinary preservation: Otzi the Iceman and a soldier frozen for 93 years on a glacier.
"The results support the hypothesis that ancient human gut microbiomes are more similar to those of non-human primates and rural non-western communities than to those of people living a modern lifestyle in the United States," says Lewis. "From these data, the team concluded that the last 100 years has been a time of major change to the human gut microbiome in cosmopolitan areas."
"Dietary changes, as well as the widespread adoption of various aseptic and antibiotic practices have largely benefited modern humans, but many studies suggest there has been a cost, such as a recent increase in autoimmune related risks and other health states," states Lewis.
"We wish to reveal how this co-evolutionary relationship between humans and bacteria has changed, while providing the foundation for interventions to reconstruct what has been lost. One way to do this is to study remote communities and non-human primates. An alternative path is to look at ancient samples and see what they tell us," Lewis says.
"An argument can be made that remote traditional communities are not truly removed from modern human ecologies. They may receive milk or other food sources from the government, which could alter the microbial ecology of the community. Our evolutionary cousins, non-human primates are important to consider. However, the human-chimp common ancestor was over six million years ago, which is a lot of time for microbiomes to evolve distinct, human signatures."
Retrieving ancient human microbiome data is complementary to these studies. However, studying ancient microbiomes is not without problems. Assuming DNA preserves, there is also a problem with contamination and modification of ancient samples, both from the soil deposition, and from other sources, including the laboratory itself.
"In addition to laboratory controls in our study, we use an exciting new quantitative approach called source tracking developed by Dan Knights from Rob Knight's Laboratory at the University of Colorado in Boulder, which can estimate how much of the ancient microbiome data is consistent with the human gut, rather than other sources, such as soil," explains Lewis.
"We discovered that certain samples have excellent gut microbiome signatures, opening the door for deeper analyses of the ancient human gut, including a better understanding of the ancient humans themselves, such as learning more about their disease burdens, but also learning more about what has changed in our gut today."
The paper, "Insights from Characterizing Extinct Human Gut Microbiomes," will be published in the journal PLOS ONE.
|
<urn:uuid:1125232f-75a6-4b6e-a34f-2a377cc36f13>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-12/uoo-oss121312.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00037-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953291 | 670 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Things to Remember about Sending Email
Email is a communication tool provided by the San Antonio Independent School District for your professional use. Like all forms of communication, email is most effective when it utilizes the “3 C’s” of communication – Clarity, Conciseness, and Courtesy. The etiquette tips below will help you to use your email to its fullest advantage:
1. Establish a clear ‘subject’ line. The subject line tells the reader what your email is about, and helps them determine whether to read further. This is especially helpful if the receiver is not the main recipient, but is copied on the email. Use captions to emphasize the need for immediate attention, such as “Time Sensitive”, “Action Required”, or “High Priority”.
2. ‘Front-load’ your message. Present the central idea of your email in the first few lines. Your recipient may read only these thoroughly – then browse through the rest. If you need a response or prompt action, state that information with a timeline at the beginning of the email.
3. Keep it short. Respect your readers time. In general, email should be the length of your computer screen before scrolling. State your message in the fewest sentences possible, and give details in an attachment.
4. Maintain protocols. Avoid confusing the chain of command by selecting carefully who the email is “To” and who is “cc”ed as a courtesy or to be kept informed.
5. Be judicious in determining who is copied on each email. Ask yourself “Does each person in the ‘cc’ line really need to see this message?”
6. Edit and proofread your email. Use standard capitalization, spelling, punctuation, and grammar. Workplace emails are formal and represent your professional demeanor.
7. Consider how an attachment can help communicate. Sending an attachment is a normal practice when you are submitting a document for review or exchanging information. Here are some tips to consider before attaching a document – Title the document in a way that is easy for the recipient to find once it is downloaded. Be sure not to send overly large attachments unless you are sure that your recipient’s Internet connection and email client can handle them.
8. Be polite and professional at all times. It is easy to be abrupt when in a hurry, but remember that it is always professional to be courteous and respectful. Use neutral language and leave negative emotions out of your message. Remember that what you write cannot be taken back. Misinterpretation can happen very easily due to the lack of ‘nonverbals’ – cues we rely on in person to interpret a persons’ motives and intentions. If you are angry or frustrated, ask yourself “Would I ask this in person?”, “How would I feel if I got this email message?” Usually, by the time you consider the above questions, you will be calm enough to write your message using a different approach. Catching someone by surprise in an emotional message is a quick way to alienate your reader and compromise your communication goal. If it appears that an email dialogue has turned into a conflict, suggest an end to the exchange of messages, and that issues be resolved by telephone or in person.
9. Remember that email is public. Keep in mind that designated District employees may review any email message sent or received by any employee. In addition, your message may be forwarded to others, even to individuals outside the District. Consider how your message may be interpreted.
10. Response Expectations. As a general rule, SAISD employees should read and respond to all email within two business days.
11. When it is best to not use or ‘forward’ email. There are sensitive subjects that are not appropriate email topics, primarily because misinterpretation could have serious consequences. Some topics that generally should be addressed outside of email are:
· Disciplinary Action.
· Conflict about grades.
· Personal information.
· Concerns about fellow classmates/workmates.
If you’re unsure whether a topic is too sensitive for email, ask your supervisor.
A special “Thanks” to Austin Independent School District for assistance in creating this protocol document.
|
<urn:uuid:4f6302da-3876-4213-b101-c740c55c454c>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.saisd.net/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=74&catid=6&Itemid=5&el_mcal_month=2&el_mcal_year=2013
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396455.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00186-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.924085 | 891 | 2.84375 | 3 |
|Scientific Name:||Malaxis seychellarum|
|Species Authority:||(Kraenzl.) Summerh.|
Liparis seychellarum Kraenzl.
Microstylis seychellarum (Kraenzl.) Schltr.
Microstylis thomassetii Rolfe
Seidenfia seychellarum (Kraenzl.) Szlach.
|Red List Category & Criteria:||Vulnerable B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D2 ver 3.1|
|Reviewer(s):||Rankou, H. & Fay, M.|
Malaxis seychellarum is endemic to Mahé and Silhouette, where it is restricted to a area of occupancy (AOO) of 10 km2. It is found in fewer than 10 locations and is threatened by ongoing habitat deterioration due to the spread of invasive species. Reduction in humidity due to climate change is a potential future threat. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable.
|Previously published Red List assessments:|
|Range Description:||Endemic to Seychelles, this species is found in the high forests of Mahé and Silhouette. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,000 km2 and the AOO is 10 km2.|
Native:Seychelles (Seychelles (main island group))
|Range Map:||Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.|
|Population:||The current population size and trend are unknown.|
|Current Population Trend:||Unknown|
|Habitat and Ecology:||Found in the dampest areas of high forest above 400 m asl.|
|Major Threat(s):||Threatened by ongoing habitat deterioration caused by invasive species (especially Cinnamomum veurm and Psidium cattleianum). The cloud forest habitat may be threatened by humidity reductions caused by climate change. A number of intrinsic factors, such as limited dispersal, low densities and restricted range, are also potential threats.|
|Conservation Actions:||Present in the Morne Seychellois and Silhouette National Parks. Like most orchids this species is listed on Appendix II of CITES.|
|Citation:||Gerlach, J. 2011. Malaxis seychellarum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T193435A8860249.Downloaded on 01 July 2016.|
|Feedback:||If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided|
|
<urn:uuid:6786c84e-36bb-417c-b19d-4676a2d8b213>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/summary/193435/0
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00103-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.721084 | 583 | 2.546875 | 3 |
I’ve felt surrounded by Georges and Dragons lately! So my friends in our Museum have helped me pull together these Top 10 Facts about them, that I think you really need to know…
- Our flagship coin, the Sovereign, is known and recognised throughout the world. It’s our most famous coin and shows St George, the patron saint of England for more than 650 years. We are thrilled that in 2013 this is a real tribute to the new Royal baby Prince George!
- The legend of St George and the Dragon symbolises the triumph of good over evil. It’s been familiar for many centuries, for instance in colourful wall paintings in medieval churches and on the badges of pilgrims.
- The St George and the Dragon design by Benedetto Pistrucci was first used on gold Sovereigns in 1817. His neo-classical depiction is a masterpiece and has appeared on the coinage of every British monarch since George III, with the single exception of William IV (1830-1837).
- The Royal Birth £5 Crown is the first time in over 100 years that Pistrucci’s St George and the Dragon has appeared on a silver crown. It was last seen on a silver coin for the Coronation year of Edward VII in 1902.
- St George and the Dragon first appeared on the English coinage in the reign of King Henry VIII. These ‘George nobles’ are very rare and much desired by collectors.
- Six Kings have been named George, the first four reigning in succession from 1714 to 1830. George V was The Queen’s grandfather and George VI was her father, who died in 1952. Only Henry and Edward have featured more frequently as Kings’ names, both appearing eight times.
- George V was the founder of the Windsor Dynasty in 1917. He used a version of St George and the Dragon for his Silver Jubilee crown in 1935.
- With the personal approval of George VI (The Queen’s father) a version of Pistrucci’s design was used for the centre of the George Cross, Britain’s highest civilian award for gallantry. At the same time another version of St George and the Dragon was used for the reverse of the George Medal, based on the bookplate used in the Royal Library at Windsor.
- St George and the Dragon also appeared in 1663 in the design on the reverse of the famous petition crown of Charles II (now on loan from our own collection to the exhibition at the Tower of London).
- St George and the Dragon is also familiar as the badge of the Order of the Garter, Britain’s oldest order of chivalry dating back over 650 years to the reign of Edward III. The link with the Royal Family is emphasised by the location of St George’s Chapel within the walls of Windsor Castle.
I hope you now feel much more enlightened about St George, his Dragon and how they relate to sovereigns and Sovereign coins!
To see the 2013 range of gold Sovereigns featuring the original Pistrucci design, take a look at The Royal Mint’s website
|
<urn:uuid:4874523f-19be-4e45-9d1d-7dac0a2cc085>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://blog.royalmint.com/royalty-and-st-george-the-dragon-top-10-facts/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00121-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957035 | 646 | 2.65625 | 3 |
War History Online has an article by Andrew Knighton about Yamamoto, prescient as ever:
The man who planned the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawai'i, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto (photo), was an unusual and contradictory figure. A man with peaceful international connections around the world, he would lead his country’s Navy in a war he did not believe in, trying to win a conflict he expected to lose. Though a senior figure who did not fight on the front line, he would die in military action, as the tide of war hung in the balance.
1. An international figureBorn in 1884, Isoroku Yamamoto became a career naval officer. He graduated from the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy at the age of twenty, was wounded at the Battle of Tsushima in the Russo-Japanese War, returned to training at the Naval Staff College, and emerged as a lieutenant commander in 1916.
The Japanese naval establishment was less aggressive than that of the army, and Yamamoto was an advocate of gunboat diplomacy over actual war. This was particularly true in relation to the United States, a country he knew well. He studied at Harvard from 1919 to 1921, was twice the naval attaché to Washington and, while in the US, took the time to study its business practices and customs. He accompanied diplomats to naval conferences in 1930 and 1934, providing military insight into talks about arms limitation.
2. Naval innovationsInitially a gunnery specialist, in 1924 Yamamoto changed his focus to naval aviation. Aerial combat had only been a feature of warfare for a decade, since the First World War had pushed the European powers into finding ways to fight with aircraft. Yamamoto was therefore at the cutting edge of military thinking, dealing with techniques and technologies that would be vital to the very different naval combat of World War Two.
First as head of the Aeronautics Department and then as commander of the First Carrier Division, Yamamoto gained extensive experience in his field. He pushed for innovations in naval aeronautics, such as a focus on long-range bombers operating from land against enemy fleets. This led to the adoption of land-based bombers equipped with torpedoes, and long-range aircraft such as the Mitsubishi G3M and G4M medium bombers, which could fly great distances but at the price of fragile, vulnerable frames.
Made into an admiral and commander in chief of the Navy, Yamamoto brought innovative approaches to the way existing forces were fielded. Gathering Japan’s six largest aircraft carriers into the single First Air Fleet, he provided the Japanese Navy with a force of incredible striking capacity. The downside of this was that it put all Japan’s best eggs in one basket, making her best carriers vulnerable to being taken out in a single successful attack.
3. Opposition to WarAs Yamamoto made his changes, Japan was heading towards war. The Army was generally more belligerent than the Navy, and Yamamoto fitted this picture, opposing the Army’s grandiose plans to not only to conquer East Asia, but to take on the United States of America.
Yamamoto’s opposition was not based on principles. For all that he admired things about the US, he was a military man and a loyal supporter of Japanese power. He opposed the war because he did not believe Japan could win it. He believed that America was too vast and powerful for Japan to conquer and that without conquering them Japan would not be able to defeat the Americans.
By the time he was proven right, Yamamoto would be dead and his country ruined.
4. The Reluctant Planner“If I am told to fight regardless of the consequences, I shall run wild for the first six months or a year, but I have absolutely no confidence about the second and third years.” Admiral Yamamoto
Unfortunately for all involved, the pro-war faction gained control of the Japanese government. They were determined to break American influence in the region and dominate it themselves. They believed that, through a fast offensive, they could seize the oilfields and the other raw resources they needed to support the war, and so emerge victorious beyond that first year.
Though he still expected disaster, as a loyal officer Yamamoto bowed to the will of his superiors. He was now faced with the unenviable task of planning the initial knockout blow meant to win that first stage of the war. And so he worked, to the best of his ability, in planning the attack on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawai'i. This surprise attack with aircraft and midget submarines was meant to destroy the American carrier fleet, crippling Japan’s opponent before the war really began.
The attack on 7 December 1941 was only a partial success. The American fleet suffered great damage but was far from taken out. The Americans were enraged by the attack and launched themselves into the war with total commitment and with great determination.
5. After Pearl HarborInitial Japanese successes at sea did not lead to American negotiating an end to the war, as Yamamoto and others had optimistically hoped. As the Japanese high command grappled over the decision of what to do next, Yamamoto went back and forth in backing others, until he was able to gain support for his own plan to advance on Midway. The resulting Battle of Midway was a significant defeat for the Japanese and a turning point in the war.
6. Death in actionFollowing Midway, the Japanese lost the momentum of their initial successes. Yamamoto kept them pushing against the Allies, and Japanese resources, in particular the supply of planes on which his plans were so reliant, started to become scarce. In the longer war of attrition, American industry showed its strength.Rico says one can honor a valiant enemy, at the same time that you work to kill him...
In April of 1943, following a further significant defeat at Guadalcanal, Yamamoto undertook an inspection tour in the south Pacific to help raise morale among Japanese forces there. The Americans got word of his location and, on direct orders from President Roosevelt, ambushed Yamamoto’s transport plane on 18 April. Yamamoto and those traveling with him were killed.
He died in a war he opposed, still trying to win it to the end.
|
<urn:uuid:8653f651-bf28-4b98-847a-514589fec9f3>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://ricorant.blogspot.com/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00089-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.980744 | 1,284 | 3.546875 | 4 |
This section of the Religion 91 & 491 website for Kenyon College discusses power issues related to blood and gender topics in Judaism and Christianity. Here we explore various topics raising questions about power, or lack of power, in Christian and Jewish traditions. For example, the Torah and the Bible are the foundations of Judaism and Christianity, encompassing the most powerful teachings of each tradition respectively. Study of the Torah and Bible and access to each is important in understanding access to power within the religious traditions. We also chose to study the Western Wall in Judaism and some sacred spaces of Christianity to examine the physical sites of religion which are charged with spiritual power. The exclusion of women at parts of the Western Wall in Jerusalem specifically shows the inequality of space allotted for Jewish women. Symbols of power, such as Lilith and saints, are important for creating possibilities of change and re-imagination of power in both Judaism and Christianity. These symbols are possible mechanisms for developing greater power and gender equality (see also the Gender sites). Other topics explored in the section relating to power issues are menstruation laws, Yom Kippur, priesthood, and religious leaders.
In our project, we found that power is a crucial element in both Judaism and Christianity and is interwoven in practice, teachings, and rituals. More specifically, often times blood laws and attitudes are related to power or lack of power for women. Power is not static and can be manipulated and interpreted depending on the symbol or area of the tradition. However, some ideas are less malleable than others. Studying different aspects of Christianity and Judaism can allow for new perspectives and thus new definitions of power.
--Beth Bogner, Timothy Bearman, and Rebecca Ray (1999)
--Rebecca Grimes, Amelia Johnson, Charles Lynch, Emily Murray, David Stephens (2000)
|
<urn:uuid:075eb101-f72c-4f33-8477-a920278dc014>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Projects/Reln91/Power/mission.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00082-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.924628 | 368 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Online MA in TESOL!
Around the circle
This is an excellent ESL activity for children in all ages. The pupils will practice listening, speaking and imagination. You can modify it to a topic of your choice; fruits, food, clothes, colours etc.
Here's an example with fruit.
1. Sit in a circle.
2. The teacher starts by saying: "I like apples" and makes a gesture to show "apples" with the hands.
3. The person next to him/her has to repeat and then add a new fruit.
"I like apples" (makes the gesture) and bananas" and adds a new gesture for "bananas".
4. Continue around the circle. One at a time; repeating, and adding on fruits and gestures.
Test your skills! Try to remember what everyone said and go all around the circle.
Ms Paula Maritz,
World's Best Jobs!
Dave's ESL Cafe Copyright © 2016 Dave Sperling. All Rights Reserved.
|
<urn:uuid:d0f872d8-07a9-44bc-9550-3d8e38080510>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.eslcafe.com/idea/index.cgi?display:1046886582-70399.txt
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00050-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.917156 | 211 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Dundy County Courthouse, pdf [DN01-018] Listed 1990/01/10
Dundy County is located in a cattle-raising area in the southwest corner of Nebraska, and its west and south boundaries are also the state line between Nebraska, Colorado, and Kansas. Settlement began in earnest in the 1880s due in large part to construction of the railroad. In 1882 the Burlington Railroad established a station just across from the existing town of Collinsville. Residents promptly moved to the site and changed the name of the town to Benkelman. Dundy County was organized in 1884 and Benkelman was designated as the county seat. In 1920 voters approved a bond issue to replace the original courthouse with a new facility. By September of the following year the new courthouse opened.
How to list a property on the National Register
Return to Nebraska National Register Sites Index Page
Return to National Register information
|
<urn:uuid:199dfd64-b7d8-4e05-8f6f-4051c5bcb937>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://nebraskahistory.org/histpres/nebraska/dundy.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00095-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961352 | 185 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Rice harvesting in Arkansas.
Photo Courtesy of the United States Department of Agriculture. Photo by Garry D. McMichael.
How Rice Is Grown in the United States
In the U.S., rice is grown in huge fields called checks that can be flooded. In between rice crops, a crop called vetch is planted in the check. To prepare a rice check, a tractor pulls a special plow called a moldboard plow that turns under the vetch, which acts as compost and as a fertilizer. Then tractors level the rice check. Rice grows best in clay soil, which softens underwater but does not let water drain through once it is saturated. The rice is kept flooded in 6-8 inches of water until just before harvest. The growing rice is treated periodically with pesticides and herbicides to kill insects and weeds. A harvester, or combine, cuts the rice and then separates the kernels from the stems and the husks from the kernels. The rice is then dried and stored in preparation for milling, when computerized machines remove the brown hulls from the rice. For pictures and a detailed description, click on the DOCUMENTS link below.
|
<urn:uuid:3a00c4ad-418f-4abb-8174-19a5bce36817>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.crosscurrents.hawaii.edu/content.aspx?lang=eng&site=us&theme=work&subtheme=AGRIC&unit=USWORK054
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00037-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941817 | 240 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Did you have one too many cookies or far too much eggnog during the holiday season? Did you skip the gym in favor of shopping? The holiday season is a very difficult time to stay in shape, but there is no better time than now to get back into working out and eating healthy.
The statistics are alarming
According to the American Heart Association (AHA), every minute in the U.S. someone’s wife, mother, daughter or sister dies from heart disease, stroke or another form of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although heart disease death rates among men have declined steadily over the last 25 years, rates among women have fallen at a slower rate.
Eating to prevent heart disease and boost heart health
Weight control and regular exercise are important for keeping your heart in shape. A heart-healthy diet can reduce your risk of heart disease or stroke by 80 percent. If you’ve already been diagnosed with heart disease, have high cholesterol or high blood pressure, a heart-smart diet can help you better manage these conditions and lowering your risk for heart attack.
Is it a good fat or a bad fat?
Limiting saturated fats and cutting out trans fats entirely is extremely important. Both types of fat raise your LDL, or “bad” cholesterol level, which can increase your risk for heart attack and stroke. Reduce the amount of solid fats like butter or margarine, and add flavor to your dishes with herbs or lemon juice. You can also trim fat off your meat or choose leaner, non-animal proteins. Instead of chips, eat fruits or vegetables. Use moderation and opt for “good” fats like monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. Eating high amounts of salt can also contribute to high blood pressure, which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
|
<urn:uuid:f00744d7-bb5d-4930-b9b7-5c54913edf1a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.mcall.com/health/inspirehealth/food/mc-inspire-health-do-your-heart-a-favor-eat-right-and-exercise-story.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00088-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943613 | 371 | 2.609375 | 3 |
As it was stated earlier in the section describing the FT, any continuos signal can be decomposed into a sum of mutually orthogonal signals. For classical FT these signals are sine waves of different frequencies, amplitudes and phases. It is possible to use, however, other sets of mutually orthogonal signals, since this class of signals is wide. What particular kind of signals to chose as a basis for decomposition depends on the kind of elementary components that are expected to be the most interesting part of the analyzed EEG. If the components of interest are sustained rhythms that exist during comparatively long time (comparable with the analysis epoch) or if the time of appearance of transient rhythms inside the analyzed epoch is not the point of interest, then the choice of sine waves (and hence classical FT) is reasonable. If the EEG signal is supposed to be essentially non-stationary and comprised of many transient rhythmic trains, and if, plus to this, we are interested not only in the frequency of these transient oscillations but also in the position of rhythmic trains on a time scale, then the family of wavelets is a choice.
FT provides a detailed frequency information on a signal in a given time interval, but completely looses information on how the frequency content changes with time inside the interval. In contrast, WT finds a compromise between time-domain and frequency domain localization of rhythmic trains and hence gives the knowledge on both time and frequency structure of a signal inside the analysed window, although with some limited resolution. A series of FT windows (the windowed FT) may also provide this dual information but in this case the resolution in both time and frequency domain is fixed, does not depend on the analyzed frequency, but depends entirely on the width of the window. One of the advantages of WT upon windowed FT is that WTs time resolution is variable and depends on the frequency of a component for high frequencies the time resolution is better than for low frequencies.
Figure. Three different wavelet bases, Morlet, Paul, Mexican hat (respectively). The plots give the real part (solid) and imaginary part (dashed) for the wavelets in the time domain. All other wavelets in a set are compressed/dilated and translated copies of a mother wavelet.
A full set of wavelet functions, used for decomposition, consists of a so called mother wavelet and a set of its time shifted and compressed/dilated copies. A mother wavelet is some zero mean function localized both in frequency and time domains, e.g., oscillatory signal amplitude modulated by a bell function. The particular examples of mother wavelets are Morelet wavelet, Mexican hat function (Figure 3), etc (Torrence and Compo 1998). Any compressed/dilated wavelet is characterized by a scale parameter (s) which is actaully a dilation coefficient and is an inverse of frequency (larger scales correspond to dilated signals and smaller scales correspond to compressed signals). As it was mentioned earlier, the certain sets of such functions may serve as full orthogonal bases for decomposition of arbitrary signal defined in a given time interval (this may be mathematically strictly proved (Daubechies 1992)).
The computation of wavelet transform consists of the follows steps:
It should be noted, that
In EEG studies the WT makes it possible to describe time-frequency characteristics of both transients in spontaneous EEG and time-varying rhythms in event related brain activity (Schiff et al 1994). The increase of time resolution of the method with frequency makes it especially worth-while for the analysis of high-frequency (gamma) EEG band (Tallon-Baudry et al 1996).
|
<urn:uuid:a3efaba6-54b4-4a1d-8f57-1d5b705acbfc>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.aha.ru/~geivanit/EEGmanual/Wavelet%20Transform.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00032-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925696 | 757 | 3.046875 | 3 |
What Our Visitors Are Saying
“The technology (self-guided audio and photo table) was so great that I wanted to listen to everything if I had the time.”VISIT TODAY!
Group tours for the general public are now available. To make a reservation or for more information please visit our Tour Information page.CLICK HERE TO SCHEDULE YOUR TOUR!
Support a Student Today
Your gift of $50 or more will have an immediate impact in the Los Angeles Community. Sponsor a Student is designed specifically to help students from underfunded schools and underserved communities receive free Holocaust education.DONATE NOW
Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust’s interactive exhibits use technology to enhance the overall museum experience.
The World That Was Interactive Table
Located in the first room, The World That Was, a large computer touch-screen table depicts the intertwined and rich Jewish community existing before the Holocaust. Visitors can explore and touch digital artifacts and learn about the lives of European Jews before the Holocaust. As they do, the artifacts organize themselves according to the different parts of a community, including: education, religion, culture, sports, children, etc. For example, as a visitor touches a specific image of a Jewish family other images related to that family's life are shown. The artifacts available through the table include photographs, video segments, and text. When audio accompanies a video the audio can be accessed on the audio guide players distributed to visitors.
Interactive Concentration Camp Monitors
In the combined Deportation & Extermination and Labor/Concentration/Death Camps rooms, individual touch-screen monitors allow visitors to learn about 18 different concentration camps. Each display allows visitors to discover general information relating to each camp. This information includes camp locations, architecture, and materials depicting life in camps. Some of the displays feature stories from survivors of the specific camp.
These interactive screens won a 2011 silver MUSE award from the American Association of Museums.
The visitor Audio Guide ties together all of the physical and digital content throughout the Museum. Each visitor is given an Audio Guide player. This personal audio player enables visitors to explore images, documents and artifacts in greater depth. Visitors can access audio tracks associated with specific images, artifacts or video displays throughout the Museum. The Audio Guides also allow visitors to listen to music, poetry and audio from before, during and after the Holocaust.
LAMOTH's spatial audio guides won a 2011 gold MUSE award from the American Association of Museums.
Tree of Testimony
The Tree of Testimony, a dramatic array of video screens displayed in the final room of the Museum tour, showcases the unbelievable stories of Holocaust survivors. Part monument and part informational presentation, this new digital display allows visitors the opportunity to watch recorded interviews with different survivors.
A partnership with USC Shoah Foundation enabled the Museum to create a 70-screen video sculpture displaying all of the Institute’s nearly 51,000 video testimonies over the course of a single year. The video sculpture furthers the Museum’s role as a leader in exhibit design and innovation. The video sculpture, unparalleled in scope, occupies an entire wall of the Museum. Screens of varying sizes are arranged seemingly randomly across the wall. Each screen displays an individual interview. A splash screen appears between interviews, providing the name and additional information about the interview that follows. Visitors can listen to the synchronized audio of the interview through the Museum’s award-winning complimentary audio guides, distributed to each person touring the Museum.
LAMOTH opened this exhibit in spring 2012.
|
<urn:uuid:e829cfc3-2d96-4220-883c-20e01a97fb9b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.lamoth.org/visitor-information/guide-to-the-museum/interactive-technology-and-the/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00132-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.883492 | 724 | 2.5625 | 3 |
1968 - King Assassination Riots
USCONARC/USARSTRIKE Operations Plan 563
(STEEP HILL / GARDEN PLOT)
On April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. spent the day at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis working and meeting with local leaders on plans for his Poor People's March on Washington to take place late in the month. At 6pm, as he greets the car and friends in the courtyard, King is shot with one round from a 30.06 rifle. He will be declared dead just an hour later at St. Joseph's hospital. He was 39 years old.
On 4 April 1968 the news that Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., had been felled by an assassin's bullet in Memphis, Tennessee, spread across the nation like wildfire, sparking some of the most severe episodes of violence in American history. According to reporter Edward Kosner, "it was Pandora's box flung open -- an apocalyptic act that loosed the furies brooding in the shadows of America's sullen ghettos." Robert Kennedy, hearing of the murder just before he is to give a speech in Indianapolis, IN, delivers a powerful extemporaneous eulogy in which he pleads with the audience "to tame the savageness of man and make gentle the life of this world."
Even before the tragic event, the movement seemed to be undergoing a transformation that many of King's closest associates had watched with apprehension. As Martin Luther King's "nonviolent" philosophy began to lose its fervor to Stokley Carmichael's "black power" philosophy, the struggle for black equality became increasingly more aggressive. By 1968, leaders like Carmichael and H. Rap Brown openly scorned nonviolence and challenged King's leadership of the Civil Rights Movement. Adding to the national controversy over nonviolence were the riots in urban black ghettos that began in the Watts section of Los Angeles in the summer of 1965 and continued in Chicago in 1966, Detroit and Newark in 1967, and dozens of other cities. Increasingly in 1967 and 1968, King was attempting to guide a movement deeply divided over philosophy and tactics.
At the White House, Johnson later wrote, "a jumble of anxious thoughts ran through my mind, including fear, confusion, and outrage." Johnson's thoughts quickly turned to the King family, and he telephoned Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King's widow, to express his condolences. A few moments later, Johnson went on national television from the West Lobby and asked "every citizen to reject the blind violence that has struck Dr. King, who lived by nonviolence. . . . It is only by joining together and only by working together that we can continue to move toward equality and fulfillment for all people." Groups of people across the nation failed to heed his words. The ramifications of the assassination were instantaneous and immense; riots broke out in at least 125 U.S. cities, and in the African American sections of a number of American cities, turmoil followed. The murder of Martin Luther King sparked riots in Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Kansas City, Newark, Washington, D.C., and more than 100 other American cities, threatening to turn a peaceful struggle of African Americans into a violent racial confrontation. Rioting left 39 to 46 dead in the days following King's death.
Washington, D.C., home to a large African American population, experienced considerable violence. More than seven hundred fires lit the night sky. By the next evening, the White House had become, in Lady Bird Johnson's words, "a fortress." As the rioting in the nation's capital became worse, Lyndon Johnson ordered four thousand National Guard troops into the capital to restore order. Within two days, the riots in Washington, D.C., ended, leaving at least 6 dead and as many as 350 injured.
The news of King's death resulted in the mobilization of National Guard troops across eighteen states and thirty-six cities. A total of 14,811 Guardsmen were federalized in two states and the District of Columbia.
- 5-16 April 1968; authorized by EO 11403 of 5 April 1968 (1,854 DC National Guard)
- 7-11 April 1968; authorized by EO 11404 of 7 April 1968 (7,174 Illinois National Guard in Chicago)
- 7-12 April 1968; authorized by EO 11405 of 7 April 1968 (5,783 Maryland National Guard in Baltimore).
Popular psychological explanations of political violence are based on theories of rising expectations, deprivation, and resulting frustration that leads to violence. These theories suffer from both definitional and methodological problems and fail to explain the progression from individual expectations or frustration to collective action. Moreover, numerous studies by experimental psychologists indicate that frustration does not necessarily lead to aggression, that much aggression occurs in the absence of a frustrating situation, and that learning can either inhibit or reinforce aggression. The psychological explanation of political violence has been widely accepted by social scientists both because it appears plausible and because it is partly true. In contrast, an explanation which links political violence to a rational calculation based on a sense of indignation is equally plausible and provides a closer link between psychological and political theory. Analysis of the 1919 Chicago race riot, the Watts Riot, the 1968 Riots following Martin Luther King's assassination, and radical student violence indicates that violence is based on moral outrage resulting from unjust or unworthy treatment. The concept of indignation involves norms as well as psychological mechanisms and is based on learned standards. Violence, therefore, can be a rational political response to many forms of government action, especially government violence and is not necessarily based on psychological deprivation or expectations.
Johnson had close ties with the Civil Rights Movement, and in the aftermath of King's assassination he invited its leaders to the White House. On the advice of the Secret Service and the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the president did not attend King's funeral, a decision that was widely criticized. "Once again," Johnson said, "the strange mixture of public and private capacities inherent in the Presidency prevented free action." As a private citizen, Johnson would have attended; as president, following the recommendations of his security staff, he could not. By bringing the civil rights leaders to the White House and seeking accommodation, however, Johnson could obviate criticism and avoid appearing insensitive in the aftermath of the tragic episode.
After the King assassination, Johnson felt that there was a small window during which the legislation could be passed, and he pressed for rapid action. The assassination generated tremendous sympathy for the Civil Rights Movement. For all of the efforts of J. Edgar Hoover and the Federal Bureau of Investigation to discredit King, he remained a monumental figure, the only person in the nation who had the stature to rely on moral suasion. His commitment to nonviolence and the clear and precise nature of the words he spoke resonated with the public. Johnson believed rapid action was essential to passage of the open housing bill, before a backlash from the rioting could turn sympathy into contempt, "normal compassion," as he said, "into bitterness, retaliation, and anger." Johnson seized the opportunity and channeled all his efforts into passage of open housing legislation. "He just put everything aside," recalled Robert C. Weaver. "This is it. This is the time. And he knew how to take advantage of the cards he had." On April 10, the House voted on the bill. In the final tally, 250 voted for the measure, while 171 opposed it. The next day, Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1968 in the East Room of the White House, dedicating it to the memory of Martin Luther King, Jr.
The assassination of King was a thunderous blow to the nation as well as a tragedy of immense proportions. King was perhaps the only person in the nation who could straddle the racial fissures of 1968, often the most reasonable voice in a nation seemingly gone mad. Johnson had had a volatile relationship with King. The two men, both dominant personalities, had trouble establishing a rapport. Both favored social change, but in different ways: Johnson was a tactician, using legislation and maintaining social order, while King favored direct, nonviolent action that disrupted social conventions. The two men needed each other, and for a time they worked together well, acquiring mutual respect if not always understanding. Even though Johnson remained closer to three other African American leaders-Roy Wilkins of the NAACP; Whitney Young of the Urban League; and A. Philip Randolph, the seventy-four-year-old venerated leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters who had merged the role of labor leader with that of independent civil rights advocate-and even though King's opposition to the war in Vietnam had strained their relations badly, the president recognized King's heroic qualities and retained tremendous respect for the slain civil rights leader.
After an international man-hunt James Earl Ray was arrested on June 27 in England, and convicted of the murder. Ray died in prison in 1998.
|Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list|
|
<urn:uuid:0a86199e-30d2-4f0d-a430-0d4ddf39efab>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/king-riots.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00113-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963174 | 1,842 | 3.015625 | 3 |
It may sound unlikely. Certainly it sounds idyllic. But there’s a university course where professors may interrupt class to watch sturgeon swim by, and where lectures may be delivered from the bottom of soil pits or gathered around a campfire.
It’s Forestry Summer Camp, a three-week course offered by the forest and wildlife ecology department at CALS’ Kemp Natural Resources Station near Minocqua. The camp, which takes place every other year, introduces students to the information and skills they need to assess a forest’s natural resources—and also gives them ample opportunities to practice those skills in the field.
“It helps us get an idea of forestry and what it entails to see if it’s a good fit for what we want to do in the future,” says CALS junior Kelsey Egelhoff, who attended camp along with 26 other students this summer.
The department’s idea is to have new forestry majors take the course as early as possible. “It’s meant to provide new students with the excitement, the motivation and the context they need to do well in their remaining courses,” says forest and wildlife ecology professor Eric Kruger, one of the camp’s three coordinators.
Early on, students are divided into groups of four and assigned 250-acre tracts of land, called “compartments,” in the nearby Northern Highland American Legion State Forest to survey over the coming weeks. But even just the first step—setting up a compartment’s research plots—is no small matter.
Egelhoff estimates that her group walked for eight hours one day, guided by GPS, to mark their plots with red-flagged stakes—and they only got halfway done. “But even if it’s hard work, just being outside and getting to enjoy it all is really nice,” says Egelhoff, who hopes to go to graduate school and study redwoods in California.
Next the groups use modern tools and techniques to assess the birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, soils, woody debris, shrubs and trees on their plots, gathering data for a summary of their compartments and a final research project.
“One unique feature of our camp is that we have students explore the data that they collect and answer specific questions that are pertinent to their interests,” says Kruger.
The camp experience, he adds, has value beyond motivating students.
“I would guess that most employers have been through similar camps in their lives and fully appreciate the importance of these camps for the development of young professionals,” Kruger says.
|
<urn:uuid:2448460d-4113-4803-8425-85d8f0054b9b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://grow.cals.wisc.edu/environment/learn-among-the-trees
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00165-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956841 | 552 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Contents: 1. Human body. 2. Cells and tissues. 3. Bones joints and skeletal system. 4. Muscular system. 5. Digestive system. 6. Respiratory system. 7. Nervous system. 8. Reproductive system. 9. Circulatory system. 10. Excretory system. 11. Endocrine system. 12. Sensory system. 13. Exercise physiology-an introduction. 14. Energy systems of the body. 15. Exercise performance. 16. Kidney: responses and adaptations to exercise and training. 17. Metabolic adaptation to exercise and training. 18. Effect of training and exercise on human systems.
It is very necessary to have some knowledge about human body before discussing about the concepts of Anatomy and physiology. IN simple terms, it can be said that human body is a very complicated machine. No action or activity can be done without various kinds of other activities, which take place with in the human body. An individual activity is the result of various coordinated activities.
The present book entitled Anatomy and exercise Physiology discusses all the aspects of Anatomy and Exercise Physiology. The text are arranged in a lucid form and written in simple colloquial English language.
Hopefully the present book will be immensely useful for the students of physical education and sports sciences.
|
<urn:uuid:1fe35578-f10f-4015-b49c-be8fba7a7541>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no106276/cart.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00010-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.889703 | 267 | 3.578125 | 4 |
The ways you can teach new repertoire to students are as varied as the vast amount of piano repertoire available. But, I would like to share some general ideas and suggestions, as well as some ways of teaching FERN, using four different pieces to illustrate. Ready go...
Pick pieces that your students love. If they don't like their pieces, they won't practice. Period.
Divide the piece into smaller sections (have your student help you - a great way to teach form!).
Teach good practice habits - practicing a short section many times is so much better than playing through the entire piece once. You may want to have them practice until they get certain assignments done, instead of for a set amount of time - they may learn repertoire faster (and better) that way.
Hands alone practice! Helpful in learning notes, rhythm, and fingering really well - one hand at a time.
Slow practice = your friend. I like to pick a good metronome speed for my students - just make sure it is not too fast, that it is a speed at which they can play the section comfortably. You can always speed it up later.
Help your student find patterns in the piece. Help them analyze what is going on. They will learn it so much better and more easily when they recognize melodic patterns, chords, etc.
FERN - make sure they learn the four important elements of the piece. Give them specific practicing instructions to help them learn these elements. For example:
In Chopin's Nocturne Op. 72 No. 1, help your student find a good fingering for the left hand right from the beginning. Have them write it in and use the same fingering each and every time. Encourage lots of hands alone practice in small sections (for example, one line at a time) in order to learn the notes and make the correct fingering a habit.
In the Minuet from Bach's Anna Magdalena Notebook, teach your student to produce a lovely, graceful sound as they are learning the notes of this piece. Help them decide where the phrases should be (if not already written in the score) and make sure they learn to play them legato with a relaxed lift of the wrist at the end of each phrase. If you wait to add in these important details after the notes, rhythm and fingering are learned, the student will have already formed habits of playing it with the wrong expression.
In Chopin's Fantasie Impromptu, the four-against-three rhythm usually poses a problem. Once the student has the right hand and left hand learned separately and is ready to put them together, spend some time on the tricky rhythm. I find it helpful to have them beat out a four-against-three rhythm on their lap, with their left hand beating three and their right beating four. It should go like this (try it!): together, right, left, right, left, right, together, right, left, right, left, right, together, etc.
Or, you can use this amazingly helpful sentence, taught to me by one of my dear teachers, which somehow magically solves the rhythm problem and helps you to play it perfectly: "My mother had a duck." Seriously, try it. On "My" you will be playing the right and left hand together. On "mother had a duck" you will play the right and left hands alternating, beginning with the right hand. It will seem a little rigid as you learn it, but once you get it down (with lots of slow practice, my friend!) you can easily smooth it out and even out both hands. To this day, I cannot play Fantasie Impromptu without saying (in my head....usually...) "My mother had a duck, my mother had a duck, my mother had a duck, my mother had a duck......"
And, last but not least:
Hopefully your intermediate and above students will all know the notes on the staff very well, and won't need to say them aloud (as is very helpful for beginners). However, there are still some things you can do to help your student learn the notes quickly and efficiently. One such way is to have them look for patterns - in the melody, in the chords, whatever. When there is some kind of pattern to latch onto, note-learning is much easier.
When teaching Bach's Prelude No. 1 from the Well-Tempered Clavier, I always point out that each measure is basically made up of one chord. One chord, that's it! And usually only a note or two changes from measure to measure. I actually like to have my students learn the notes of this piece by playing each measure as a block chord - so instead of playing the broken chord pattern all you are doing is playing a C chord, holding it for four counts. I have my students look ahead to the next measure to see which notes change, and then play the next chord. I find that this can be so helpful in learning the notes and getting your hand to be in the right position to play the entire measure. It eliminates any pauses and searching around for notes. And it is super easy to add in the real rhythm once all of the notes are learned.
The End. I hope some of these suggestions were helpful, or got you thinking about ways to teach other pieces!
p.s. Please share any great insights into teaching FERN - I'd love to hear your thoughts and ideas.
Labels: How to Practice, Jenny Boster, Practicing and Motivation, Teaching Advanced Students, teaching new repertoire, The Intermediate Student: Repertoire
|
<urn:uuid:e1bc3403-9b1c-4bcd-bd95-c138fbc676a0>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://theteachingstudio.blogspot.com/2010/07/fern-is-your-friend-or-teaching-new.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00042-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966668 | 1,158 | 3.328125 | 3 |
1990 Indo-Pakistan Crisis
The two South Asian neighbors were at the brink of war in the spring of 1990 because of growing tensions over Kashmir because of Pakistani ISI support of militants fighting in Indian controlled Kashmir.
India moved more troops into the region to prevent cross-border infiltration from Pakistan and to threaten hot pursuit or raids on training camps but not to launch concerted, major operations against Pakistan. In retrospect it was unlikely that Pakistan would have used nukes, but the success of the nuclear bluff reinforced leadership's belief in the value of nuclear weapons both as a deterrent and as a tool of diplomatic bargaining.
Despite a civilian government being in power in Pakistan, the military continued to retain control over its nuclear programme, including the use of nuclear diplomacy. Under Zia, Pakistan had adopted a strategy of undermining Indian security through a war by proxy in Jammu and Kashmir. By 1990, the Kashmir insurgency was at its peak as perceived by Pakistan, and India-Pakistan relations had deteriorated. On 13 March 1990, Benazir Bhutto travelled to Pakistan controlled Kashmir and promised a "thousand-year war" to support the militants.
It was under these circumstances that Pakistan implicitly threatened to use nuclear weapons if India intervened militarily, across the Line of Control (LoC) and, therefore, persuaded the United States to act as an intermediary.8 The chronic conventional arms firing across the LoC in Kashmir increased manifold.
In light of the growing risks of war between the two states and the likelihood that nuclear weapons might be used, the first Bush administration, under the Pressler amendment, imposed economic, military sanctions against Pakistan.
|Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list|
|
<urn:uuid:881e9438-00c0-4426-b207-ac43a29f343d>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak-1990.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00156-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954671 | 338 | 3.6875 | 4 |
JANUARY 9, 2013
Humans and animals often have similar health problems. One example of this is Congenital Heart Disease. Congenital Heart Disease refers to a problem the animal is born with. There are multiple types of Congenital Heart Disease: valve malformations or dysplasia, valve narrowing or stenosis, abnormal openings between the heart chambers or septal defects, and patent ductusarteriosus.
MULLET OVER BY JAMES K. WHITE | JANUARY 9, 2013
In 1867 Frederick Maytag (age 10) moved to a farm near Laurel, Iowa. It was in 1893 when Frederick pooled some funds with two of his brothers-in-law and began to make and sell farm implements. Business was slow in the colder months, so Maytag began to use slack time designing and assembling washing machines in the winter of 1906-1907. By 1927, the Maytag Company was making more clothes washing machines than anyone else in America. Maytag had a reputation for striving to keep two groups happy – his employees and his customers.
|
<urn:uuid:0f841166-27b6-412b-bb0c-cf0b8c35f1a6>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://sonorannews.com/archives/2013/130109/features.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00100-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959299 | 224 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The Book of
"Joshua entering on His
Work. [1 - 18]"
This Bible Study is is provided by http://www.theseason.org/ and shared with permission from it's author R. Christopherson
The Word "Joshua" in the Hebrew [Jehoshua'] means "Jehovah (Yahoveh) is salvation"
Strong's #3091 Yehowshuwa` (yeh-ho-shoo'-ah);
or Yehowshu` a (yeh-ho-shoo'-ah); from 3068 and 3467; Jehovah-saved; Jehoshua (i.e. Joshua), the Jewish leader: -Jehoshua, Jehoshuah, Joshua. Compare 1954, 3442.
This book follows Moses fifth book, Deuteronomy, and Joshua is considered one of the former prophets. As we start the book of Joshua, Moses had been taken to Mount Nebo, to give Moses a view into the promise land, and then God took Moses. God buried Moses and took his remains so they were not available to man. Some believe as I do, that Moses' body was transfigured, as Moses appeared with Jesus and Elijah on the mount, and viewed by the disciples Peter, James and John.
As the children of Israel passed through the wilderness for the prior 40 years, Joshua served as an assistant to Moses in serving the People. We will see that God chose Joshua to take the children of Israel in their final step, across the Jordan, and into the promise land. So why did God choose Joshua to lead the children of Israel? When you say Joshua, you are saying "Jesus" in the Greek form. the two names are interchangeable, Joshua and Jehoshua. It comes from # 3068 in the Strong's Hebrew dictionary, as well as # 3467, another form of the same name. So when you say "Jesus" you are saying, "YHVH's Savior", and in the name Jesus, you are saying, the Father and the Son, the two parts of the Godhead. The word even means to "defend", so our Heavenly Father is out to do more than just save your soul. He will even defend your soul while you are in your flesh body.
As we see Joshua leading the children of Israel into the Promise land, we can also see the prophecy of our Lord Jesus Christ leading us into the promise land of the age of the Millennium, Jesus Christ's kingdom right here on earth at the close of this age of flesh man. So as we study this book of Joshua, we are looking at information that is a type of how it shall be at the close of this earth age. Joshua is a type of Savior that will lead Israel to their inheritance in the end times, and on into the Millennium age.
Joshua 1:1 "Now after the death of Moses the servant of the Lord it came to pass, that the Lord spake unto Joshua the son of Nun, Moses' minister, saying,"
So Moses has been taken by God from the presence of the Israelite's camp, and Joshua is being given instructions by God as to what he is to do at this point in time.
Joshua 1:2 "Moses My servant is dead; now therefore arise, go over this Jordan, thou, and all this People, unto the land which I do give to them, even to the children of Israel."
Moses is dead, and the people wept for Moses in the plains of Moab thirty days, and when the days of mourning for Moses were over, God came to Joshua and is instruction him what has to be done now. We read in Deuteronomy 34:9 "And Joshua the son of Nun was full of the spirit of wisdom; for Moses had laid his hands upon him: and the children of Israel hearkened unto him, and did as the Lord commanded."
God buried Moses or took him, and this was the reason that Satan argued for the bones of Moses. Satan would have made a deity out of Moses, and God saw to it that this could not happen.
God had already committed this land to the children of Israel some forty years before, but because of their lack of faith, and rebellion God took those rebellious lives, and it would be their offspring, their children that will now go into the land and claim their inheritance. Moses sent out spies, and all but two came back with a bad report. The people would rather listen to the negative report than trust in God for their deliverance. Joshua and Calib were the only two of the twelve that gave a good report, and God spared their lives for their honesty.
Joshua 1:3 "Every place that the sole of your foot shall tread upon, that have I given unto you, as I said unto Moses."
God here is reaffirming the covenant that He made with Moses in Deuteronomy 11:23, 24; "Then will the Lord drive out all these nations from before you, and ye shall possess greater nations and mightier than yourselves." "Every place whereon the soles of your feet shall tread shall be yours: from the river, the river Euphrates, even unto the uttermost sea shall your coast be."
Joshua 1:4 "From the wilderness and this Lebanon even unto the great river, the river Euphrates, all the land of the Hittites, and unto the great sea toward the going down of the sun, shall be your coast."
Joshua 1:5 "There shall not any man be able to stand before thee all the days of thy life: as I was with Moses, so I will be with thee: I will not fail thee, nor forsake thee."
Esau was not obedient to Isaac his father and too his wives from the heathen daughters of the Canaanites that occupied the land during the time of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. After Esau's disobedience to Isaac's instruction, Isaac told Jacob to go to Padan-aram, to the house of Bethuel, to the house of Laban, Rachel's brother and marry one of his daughters. Jacob was obedient to Isaac's instructions, and made the trip that would take him over fifteen years before he returned with not just one wife, but Lea and Rachael, their maidens, along with his eleven sons and one daughter.
While on his way to Laban's house, God appeared to Jacob in a dream, and in that dream Jacob beheld a ladder set up on the earth, and the top of that ladder reached into heaven: "And behold the angels of God ascending and descending on it." Then in that dream God made Jacob a promise as we read in verses 13, and 14.
Genesis 28:13, 14 "And, behold the Lord stood above it, and said, "I am the Lord God of Abraham thy father, and the god of Isaac: the land whereon thou liest, to thee will I give it, and to thy seed;" "And thy seed shall be as the dust of the earth, and thou shalt spread abroad to the west, and to the east, and to the north, and to the south: and in thee and in thy seed shall all the families of the earth be blessed."
Then we have the fourth part of that eternal promise that God gave to Jacob, as is stated against in Joshua 5:1: "I will not fail thee nor forsake thee" was a promise that God made with Jacob in Genesis 28:15, 16. "And behold, I am with thee, and will keep thee in all places whither thou goest, and will bring thee again into this land; for I will not leave thee, until I have done that which I have spoken to thee of." "And Jacob awake out of his sleep, and he said, "Surely the Lord is in this place; and I knew it not."
God is promising Joshua that no man will be able to overcome you, I will be with you, and I will not forsake thee. Sure God is promising this to Joshua, but this is also the same promise that He makes to any person that follows our Lord Jesus Christ in obedience. When you have been cleansed in Christ blood for forgiveness, He will never leave you nor forsake you either. The conditions for this though is if you believe and if you follow His Commands. If you don't then this promise is not yours to claim for yourself. It is for those that are believers, and doers of the Word. Grace is unmerited favor, for none of us deserve the grace that Father has given to us, but God still expects you to be a doer of the Word. God loves doers of the Word, and His promise is that He will always be with you to defend you.
Joshua 1:6 "Be Strong and of good courage: for unto this people shalt thou divide for an inheritance the land, which I sware unto their fathers to give them."
As we progress through the book of Joshua, the theme and focus subject of the entire book is summed up in this verse: "Be strong and of good courage: for unto this people shalt thou divide for an inheritance the land, which I sware unto their fathers to give." This promise is absolute, God loves people that are strong and of good courage. You don't have to be strong in your physical body to be strong and of good courage. So this topic of being "strong and of good courage" is the subject of the entire book of Joshua.
Joshua 1:7 "Only be thou strong and very courageous, that thou mayest observe to do according to all the law, which Moses My servant commanded thee: turn not from it to the right hand or to the left, that thou mayest prosper whithersoever thou goest."
So what is the purpose for being strong and of good courage? That's right; "That thou mayest observe to do according to all the law." Those words that came from Moses mouth were God's Words given to his people. Moses listened as God spoke, then went out to tell the people. You must read and study that Word of God before you can know the way that God has commanded us to go. It is essential that the under-standing is there, before you set your course for your life. God has forewarned us of all things that are to happen in this end generation, and if you know what is to happen then it is easy to stay away from living in fear. Today the knowledge of knowing the Word can make you prosperous, for God has told you in advance what shall be happening in our time. Though the world may be living in fear of the terror of our time, we know that God will protect His own at all times. Friend, when you hear "peace, peace, peace, the cry of our time" you don't invest in weapons.
Joshua 1:8 "This book of the law shall not depart out of thy mouth; but thou shalt meditate therein day and night, that thou mayest observe to do according to all that is written therein: for then thou shalt make thy way prosperous, and then thou shalt have good success."
Do you see the condition God set for Joshua and the children of Israel to be successful and receive their inheritance? "To observe and to do according to all that is written within the book of the law; then thou shalt have good success." The "Book of the law" includes all five of the books of Moses. "That thou mayest observe to do..." it takes work on your part to study and know the things that God expects of you, and to do and be obedient to those instructions. If you want to be prosperous it is real easy if you have faith and the will to do and follow His ways. That is why it becomes important for us to study to know Father's Word. In the end, it is God's blessings for doing it His Way that makes you successful. All eternal wisdom comes from God, and it is a step above using common sense.
Joshua 1:9 "Have not I commanded thee? Be strong and of a good courage; be not afraid, neither be thou dismayed: for the Lord thy God is with thee whithersoever thou goest."
Again God is repeating to Joshua to be strong and of good courage, and not afraid of what the future gives. God has already told Joshau what is to happen, and the victories that the children of Israel are to have in claiming their inheritance. This is the same as we have it today, for within God's Word He has told us every thing that is necessary that will come to pass in our generation of these end times. So as you watch the news, and hear all the reports of things that the world is planning, and that is taking place: Keep in mind that God is in control of all that happens, to bring His prophecies for our day to reality exactly as it is written in His Word. Why would you worry over anything in these days, for God is with you where every you go. You don't have to worry, but learn to lean on Him and trust in His protective arm. God's promises are for you, and you don't have to wait to get to heaven to receive His blessings. There are no giants in this world that can overcome a servant of the living God.
Joshua 1:10 "Then Joshua commanded the officers of the People, saying,"
Joshua 1:11 "Pass through the host, and command the People, saying, `Prepare you victuals; for within three days ye shall pass over this Jordan, to go in to posses the land, which the Lord your God giveth you to possess it.' "
The word "Jordan" means "the descender". Sure Joshua wanted to do this during that forty year period, but the people rebelled and would not let it happen. For this the entire generation coming out of Egypt had passed away in the wilderness, but God allowed Joshua and Caleb to enter into that promise land and receive the blessings of their inheritance. These two were the spies that told Moses that they could go in and take the land.
Joshua 1:12 "And to the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to half the tribe of Manasseh, spake Joshau, saying,"
Remember that the inheritance of these three tribes were on the east side of the Jordan river.
Joshua 1:13 "Remember the word which Moses the servant of the Lord commanded you, waying, `The Lord your God hath given you rest, and hath given you this land.' "
Moses told these three tribes that their land was over there, and they could start enjoying their inheritance immediately. Their families could build their homes, and raise their families and live stock before the rest of the tribes had even crossed over the Jordan.
Joshua 1:14 "Your wives, you little ones, and your cattle, shall remain in the land which Moses gave you on this side Jordan; but ye shall pass before your brethren armed, all the mighty men of valour, and help them;"
The Reubenites, Gadites, and half the tribe of Manasseh was already home, their wives and little ones could find rest and peace in their homes, but the men must arm themselves, and go before the families of the other tribes until their land had been taken, and they could enjoy their inheritance also. Because they families of these three tribes were safe, Moses was going to make these mighty men of the tribes east of the river lead the attack in claiming the rest of the promise land.
Joshua 1:15 "Until the Lord have given your brethren rest, as He hath given you, and they also have possessed the land which the Lord your God giveth them: then ye shall return unto the land of your possession, and enjoy it, which Moses the Lord's servant gave you on this side Jordan toward the sunrising."
Until the rest of the tribes have their place to rest and possess their land, these men of Reuben, Gad, and Manasseh would lead the attack for the rest of the people. Joshua is telling these soldiers that after the war is over, then you can return to your homes and enjoy the land that God has given to you for an inheritance on the east side of the Jordan river. This was very fair, for all the tribes went to war to take the lands that were given over to Reuben, Gad, and Manasseh.
Joshua 1:16 "And they answered Joshua, saying, "All that thou commandest us we will do, and whithersoever thou sendest us, we will go."
After Joshua made the command and explained all part of what was to be done, the fighting men of these tribes agreed fully with Joshua. God's presence was there, and the man of God was speaking to the People, and they were obedient to the instruction that God gave to them through his servant Joshua. This is called discipline in God Word: Obedience to the Word.
Joshua 1:17 "According as we hearkened unto Moses in all things, so will we hearken unto thee: only the Lord thy God be with thee, as He was with Moses."
These soldiers from the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and Manasseh promised Joshua that they would listen and follow your commands, as long as the Lord God is with you, and leads you like He did Moses.
Joshua 1:18 "Whosoever he be that doth rebel against thy commandment, and will not hearken unto thy words in all that thou commandest him, he shall be put to death: only be strong and of a good courage."
These soldiers themselves made a commitment to Joshua and to God that if anyone rebels against your commandment and instructions, he will be put to death. These men that had already received their inheritance on the east side of the Jordan, have given their loyalty pledge and commitment to the rest of the children of Israel until they had their inheritance, and their families could abide in peace. Though they gave their oath to Joshua, they also encouraged Joshua to be strong and of good courage.
These studies may
be stored on your private computer as a library, printed out in single
copy (or you may
print enough for a study group)
for private study purposes provided the Author and Source are included with
each and every excerpt or copy.
|
<urn:uuid:2bc25d73-a116-493c-8712-71343f59e9fe>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.theseason.org/joshua/joshua1.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00096-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.974185 | 3,822 | 2.796875 | 3 |
what is reverse speech?
Join Our Free Newsletter
about Reverse Speech and what it can do for you. Stay informed of current events in RS, items in the news, and profiles of popular personalities or topics of interest. E-mail:
thehiddenlanguage.com and include your name.
Reverse speech is a covert level of communication that is automatically generated by the brain when we speak. It can be heard when human speech is recorded and played backward. It operates in unison with forward speech and it is complementary to it.
In other words, the content and context of the reversal relates to the forward speech. Speech reversals are communicated and understood at an unconscious level, but can be brought to the surface in a Reverse Speech session.
It requires a trained ear to consistently identify and interpret these hidden messages. Often they have a singsong quality that sets them apart from the apparently meaningless sounds that surround them. They tend to be grammatically unusual, and are sometimes metaphorical in meaning.
Using a strict protocol, the analyst can successfully reveal statements that are communicated from the subconscious or higher mind of the individual. Together, the analyst and client can discuss the meanings of these reversals within the context of the client's experience. Startling realizations and solutions result from this collaborative effort.
By revealing and understanding speech reversals, we can open the door to the unconscious mind of anyone. Prove it to yourself....listen...
How Can You Use Reverse Speech To Improve Your Life?
Imagine the benefit of accessing your own unconscious mind. Of going beyond that to converse with your higher self. Imagine being able to understand the secret messages embedded in the language of other people in business, and relationships. What if you could tell what the politicians were really saying? What's the truth behind the news? Full story .....
Can It Help Improve Your Business?
Embedded messages have been shown to help direct people to make the most profitable decisions in the allocation of resources, in choosing investments and in hiring practices. It can identify unconscious beliefs and patterns that sabotage your success. Considering a partnership or joint venture? Your potential associate reveals more than he or she knows in the messages imbedded in their speech. In radio and television advertising, the hidden language contained in the audio can make or break a campaign. Even voicemail, often your company's first contact with the customer, contains hidden messages that can help or hinder your marketing strategy.
|
<urn:uuid:27adc8cc-3d1e-49b2-b845-9d394fdc5e53>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://thehiddenlanguage.com/index.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00057-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936253 | 497 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Definition of baksheesh
: payment (as a tip or bribe) to expedite service
Did You Know?
Baksheesh came into the English language around 1686 and was most likely picked up by British subjects as they traveled abroad. In Asia, English speakers would have heard "baksheesh" used as a word meaning "gratuity, a present of money, tip" - a meaning they directly adopted. Etymologically speaking, "baksheesh" is from Persian "bakhshīsh," which is also the source of the word buckshee, meaning "something extra obtained free," "extra rations," or "windfall, gratuity." "Buckshee" is strictly a British English term and is not used in American English.
Origin and Etymology of baksheesh
Persian bakhshīsh, from bakhshīdan to give; akin to Greek phagein to eat, Sanskrit bhajati he allots
First Known Use: circa 1760
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up baksheesh? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
|
<urn:uuid:3b8cb42a-ebed-469f-b94a-db51028e3aaf>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/baksheesh
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00125-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.977462 | 250 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Posted on Aug 20, 2009 | Comments 1
Recent reports of American Chemical Society suggest that paraffin wax candles mainly used to create romantic light, fragrance and ambiance may contribute to indoor air pollution.
Researchers conducted extensive testing to reveal that lovers lingering in glow of candles are exposing themselves to carcinogens and the main culprit found was petroleum based paraffin wax candle. They suggest that beeswax or soy candles are of less problem than paraffin and also good ventilation can help to reduce levels of pollutants.
“An occasional paraffin candle and its emissions will not likely affect you,” R. Massoudi and Amid Hamidi, lead authors of the study said. “But lighting many paraffin candles every day for years or lighting them frequently in an unventilated bathroom around a tub, for example, may cause problems.”
Filed Under: Green Living
|
<urn:uuid:786a611d-da94-4573-b9f3-23a18c211333>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.thenewecologist.com/2009/08/candle-light-dinners-may-add-to-indoor-air-pollution/comment-page-1/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00034-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.9246 | 184 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Helpful Ideas for Newbies, Substitutes, and Student Teachers
First Day of School Icebreakers: Terrific getting-to-know-you resources and activities useful at ANY time of year
Ideas and Resources for Substitutes: A collection of reviewed resources to help both substitute teachers and regular teachers leaving instructions for a substitute
Newbies: Ideas and help for new teachers, those teaching something new, and their mentors
Take One, Pass It On: A blog by TeachersFirst’s “resident” newbie teacher. Follow her journey through certification, student teaching, and beginning teaching experience and support her with your comments.
Ten Tips for Student Teachers: Get off on the right foot as a student teacher. Cooperating teachers will want to share this, too!
|
<urn:uuid:16b7dd5a-acc0-4949-9a2a-8278f806f055>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.teachersfirst.com/professional-resources/newbies-subs.cfm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00016-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925425 | 159 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Lake Superior Railroad Museum has many unique items of railroad service equipment in the collection mostly from the local area, but also some unusual gems.
Rotary Snowplow No. 2
NP steam-powered rotary snowplow No. 2 was constructed by the Cooke Locomotive Works for the road in 1887. Used originally to clear deep drifts in the Cascades, it was sent eastward to less rigorous duties in Minnesota when larger, more powerful equipment took over in the mountains. It had its own engine inside to run the plow, but could not run on its own power. The plow was backed by three to four locomotives to get it through the drifts.
It worked like a giant snow blower, with a steam boiler inside turning the blade. Snow was sucked inside the blades and shot to the side of the track from a chute behind the headlight. The rotary plow often cleared snowdrifts up to 15 feet high, and could do in one hour what a wedge plow could do in an entire day. There is a flanger blade between the wheels of the plow, which is needed because the actual plow does not touch the rails. This keeps the blade from getting hung up on switches and places where tracks cross over. The flanger blade can be raised or lowered from inside and was used to scrape ice and snow from the tracks.
Purchased from the Steam Preservation Society of Cadillac, Michigan, it is the oldest plow of its type in existence. Restoration was performed by members of the Lake Superior Transportation Club. Read more about the Rotary #2 here... Photo above by Bruce Ojard
Steam Powered Wrecker No. 161
Originally built as a steam-powered wrecker by Bucyrus Erie in 1915, the No. 161 was modernized with a diesel engine in 1960. The Northern Pacific bought the wrecker secondhand from a shipyard in 1930 and numbered it 44. The wrecker was self-propelled when constructed, but at some point, part of this drive was removed. In its last years of use it was called the Staples Wrecker, since it was based out of Staples, MN. Its lifting capacity is 165 tons using the large hook. Burlington Northern donated No. 161 to the Museum in 1985. Photo by Hannah Booth
At Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad in West Duluth
Duluth, Winnipeg and Pacific
Wrecker Boom Car No.
Wedge Snowplow No. 19
Constructed in 1907 by Russell Car Company, this plow saw service throughout the NP system until the 1960s. Because the snowplow could not power itself, it was pushed by two to three locomotives. This type of plow was designed to handle small to moderate drifts and could move along at whatever speed was appropriate in those conditions, pushing snow off to the side of the tracks. Trouble started when it had to fight deep snow. If the wedge was forced to clear heavy, deep snow the locomotives would have to back up, get a full head of steam, and ram the plow into the snow as fast and as hard as possible. If the plow did not break through on the first try, they would back up and try again, only gaining a couple of feet with each attempt. Sometimes the impact of hitting the snow at such high speeds (50-60mph) would derail the snowplow. A special crew rode inside and every time it derailed, they would get out and help put it on the tracks again. With special re-railing frogs under the wheels, the locomotive would try to drag the snowplow back onto the tracks. A rotary plow could go much faster in deep snow because it could move ahead steadily at two-three mph and was not as susceptible to derailments. There is a flanger blade between the wheels of the snowplow, necessary because the front blades don’t touch the rails. This kept the blade from getting hung up on switches and places where tracks cross over. The flanger blade can be raised or lowered from inside and scraped the remaining thin layer of ice and snow from the tracks. The wedge snowplow was donated to the museum by Hyman-Michaels Company, and restoration was completed by members of the Lake Superior Transportation Club. Photo by Bruce Ojard
Steam Powered Wrecker No. 38
THE STEAM CRANE is a 75 ton wrecker from the Northern Pacific Railroad. #38 was built in 1913 and was used on the railroad to clean up wrecks. In the earlier days of railroading wrecks were much more common and it was common for railroads to have wrecking crews and equipment stationed around their system for quick response to accidents. Today railroading is much safer, with fewer wrecks and most of this work is contracted out to specialty response companies like Hulcher and RJ Corman. It was constructed by Industrial Works at Bay City, Michigan. The red pipes bring steam from its vertical boiler to the cylinders, and the yellow pipes carry exhaust. One of the few steam-powered wrecking cranes still in existence, No. 38 is unique in that most wreckers of its vintage were either scrapped or converted to diesel power. A wrecker is rated according to the distance (radius) between the large hook and the center pin. As the boom is lowered and the hook moves away from the center pin, the rating drops. Photo by LCK
|
<urn:uuid:0a633b5d-dd9a-4761-a430-7eeb70fbc470>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://lsrm.org/Home/exservice.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00051-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.977584 | 1,125 | 2.53125 | 3 |
What is in this article?:
One of the five most economically important cattle diseases in the industry, coccidiosis is a costly parasitic disease, primarily in young calves.
A calf with coccidiosis occasionally shows nervous signs that can vary from twitching to incoordination, loss of balance, and even seizures.
“This syndrome isn’t completely understood,” says Gary Zimmerman, veterinary researcher in Livingston, MT. “Some researchers believe it’s not due to the coccidia themselves, but mineral depletion from the damaged and compromised intestinal tract. Neurotoxins have also been suggested as a cause.”
Such nervous signs occur in 10%-30% of calves with coccidiosis. Joe Dedrickson, Merial’s field director of veterinary services, says parasitologists and diagnostic labs use the term “nervous enteritis” for the condition, since it’s associated with enteritis, which is inflammation of the intestines.
The condition can be difficult to treat. “Calves may respond and look better, and you think the drug worked, but it’s probably the supportive treatment – intravenous (IV) fluids, dextrose, etc., – that helped,” Dedrickson says. Traditional drugs may help, however, by removing coccidia.
Some animals in a coccidiosis outbreak may be weak from diarrhea, dehydration and anemia. If they stagger or go down and have trouble getting up, this may be mistaken for nervous coccidiosis.
“Actual nervous coccidiosis syndrome is dramatic, however,” Dedrickson says. “If these animals become excited, they go into convulsions, drop to the ground and kick; muscles become rigid. If a calf goes down, and you give him thiamin and dextrose IV, oral electrolytes, get him upright so he won’t bloat, and leave him alone – he’s usually gotten up and rejoined the herd when you come back an hour later.”
You may think you did a miracle cure, but the calf simply got over the seizure.
“The convulsions may be dramatic, but if you let them be calm and quiet for awhile, they become normal again. The death rate when you see nervous signs is fairly high, however; more than half generally die in the next few days. They get up and look good, but the next morning you find them dead,” probably of another seizure, Dedrickson says.
Heather Thomas is a rancher and freelance writer based in Salmon, ID.
You might also like:
|
<urn:uuid:2cb42e5b-f87b-4fd0-ae31-beb1b5e73853>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://beefmagazine.com/calving/calving-tips-diagnosing-and-treating-coccidiosis-calves?page=4
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00033-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943522 | 560 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Technically challenging surgery is better for kids
Mayo Clinic surgeons began performing single-incision laparoscopic operations for pediatric intestinal disease in 2010. Today, many gastrointestinal procedures in eligible children are performed through a single, nearly-invisible incision.
Routinely used for appendectomy, cholecystectomy, splenectomy and Nissen fundoplication, single-incision laparoscopic surgery is also becoming the standard of care for children needing intestinal resection for inflammatory bowel disease or polyposis syndromes, according to pediatric surgeon D. Dean Potter Jr., M.D.
"I really don't think twice about it; it's just the way we do it now," he says. "If a patient needs a colectomy, there is no question that I will do it single incision."
Minimal access pediatric surgery was slower to develop than its adult counterpart, in part because the learning curve is steep and smaller instruments are needed. Although children generally have a thinner abdominal wall and less intraabdominal fat than do adults, the limitations of the technique — restricted movement, loss of triangulation and extreme proximity of instruments — are magnified in young patients, making a surgery that is already complex even more technically challenging.
Mayo surgeons have developed approaches that address some of these challenges. One is a radically different technique for performing total colectomy.
"Initially, we mobilized and divided the rectosigmoid colon and dissected from left to right," Dr. Potter explains. "But we now start dissection with the right colon and progress to the rectosigmoid. We found that this simplifies the division of the mesentery and omentum. We've also learned some tricks for dissecting the rectum more easily, even when instruments are in such close proximity."
Dr. Potter and colleagues reported their initial experiences with pediatric single-incision laparoscopic surgery in a recent issue of the Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. They describe a retrospective review of 11 patients, ages 9 to 17, who underwent single-incision laparoscopic procedures at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., from March 2010 to January 2011.
Surgeries included three total colectomies with end ileostomy, eight ileal-pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) procedures and one ileocecectomy. They were performed through a single 1- to 1.5-inch (2.5 to 3.8 cm) incision around the umbilicus or ileostomy site using standard instruments. An accessory umbilical port was initially used in six of the procedures.
Operating time was shortest for the ileocecectomy — 168 minutes — and longest for IPAA at 327 minutes. Dr. Potter notes that these times are similar to those generally reported for laparoscopic colorectal surgery.
"Using an accessory port sped things up and eased the transition to a purely single-site surgery, but we rarely need the accessory port any longer — only for complicated resections. The extra port doesn't affect cosmesis, since it's in the umbilicus, and it improves the safety of complex resections," he says.
Outcomes have been encouraging. Initially, patients remained hospitalized for four days, but stays of two or three days are now common, and postoperative narcotic use is minimal, in large part because of the multimodal anesthesia that can be used with single-incision laparoscopic surgery. Most patients resume a normal diet the day after surgery.
"Kids recuperate faster in general," Dr. Potter says, "but one incision is also less painful, so they not only need less pain medication, but they are also less apprehensive and more willing to get out of bed and begin their recovery."
Bowel function for all patients is excellent, with most experiencing about four daily bowel movements. No patient has reported problems with incontinence, but a few have required an extra pad during the night.
Complications and conclusions
Five patients experienced postoperative complications, including two anastomotic leaks. Both patients with leaks had diverting ileostomies, which have since been reversed. Other complications included one small bowel obstruction, one pelvic abscess and dehydration. Dr. Potter notes that the overall complication rate is similar to that reported by other groups.
"This is a sick group of patients who are malnourished and require steroids and immunosuppression to treat their disease," he says. "We were very concerned with the two early anastomotic leaks, but we have not had a leak since. We learned that one has to be very selective when considering an IPAA without a diverting ileostomy, whether the surgery is performed through a single incision or via an open technique."
Overall, he says, single-incision laparoscopic colon and rectal surgery has been shown to be safe and effective in children. "When people think of single-incision surgery, they think of no scars, and you certainly achieve that," he says. "You can't even see there has been an incision on the abdomen in many cases. But the real benefit is that children heal faster, have less pain, get out of the hospital sooner and return to normal life more quickly."
Elsewhere at Mayo Clinic
Although Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Ariz., and Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Fla., do not generally treat patients younger than 18, both are leaders in adult minimally invasive colorectal surgery. In 2009, surgeons at Mayo Clinic in Arizona performed one of the first single-incision laparoscopic total colectomies in the United States, as well as one of the first single-incision proctocolectomies and one of the first single-incision IPAA procedures.
For more information
Potter DD, et al. Single-incision laparoscopic colon and rectal surgery for pediatric inflammatory bowel disease and polyposis syndromes. Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. 2012;22:203.
|
<urn:uuid:6e82c757-2b6c-4480-b408-db897ec706bb>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.mayoclinic.org/medical-professionals/clinical-updates/digestive-diseases/technically-challenging-surgery-better-kids?p=1
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00109-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950421 | 1,271 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The federal regulations for Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) includes many provisions to protect the rights of parents and their child with a disability while also giving families and school systems means by which to resolve disputes. These rights are known as procedural safeguards. Parents have specific rights under this law to due process hearing requests under 34 CFR &300.507.
You or your school district may not have a due process hearing until you or the school district files a hearing request relating to a proposal or a refusal to initiate or change the identification, evaluation, eligibility determination or educational placement of your child or the provision of a free, appropriate public education (FAPE) to your child. All information must be contained in this request which includes student’s name, student’s address, school student attends, a description of the nature of the problem and a proposed resolution to the problem.
In order for a due process hearing request to go forward, it must be considered sufficient. The due process hearing request will be considered sufficient that is, to have met the content requirements listed above unless the party receiving the due process hearing request (you, the parent or the school district) notifies the hearing officer and the other party in writing, within fifteen calendar days of receiving the request. The other party must believe that the due process hearing request does not meet the requirements listed above.
Within five calendar days of receiving the notification that the receiving party (you or the school district) considers a due process hearing request insufficient, the hearing officer must decide if the due process hearing request meets the stated requirements and must notify the parent and the school district in writing immediately.
It is permissible to amend a due process hearing request but only under certain circumstances. The changes may be made only if:
1. The other party approves of the changes in writing and is given the chance to resolve the due process hearing through a resolution meeting or
2. By no later than five days before the due process hearing begins, the hearing officer grants permission for the changes.
If the complaining party (you or the school district) makes changes to the due process hearing request, the timelines for the resolution meeting (within fifteen calendar days of receiving the due process hearing request) and the time period for resolution (within thirty calendar days of receiving the due process hearing request) starts again. The timeline begins again on the date the amended due process hearing request is filed.
Any request for a due process hearing request from a parent to a local educational agency (LEA) or a school district requires the school district to provide you with prior written notice, regarding the subject matter of your request for a hearing. The school district must also within ten calendar days of receiving the due process hearing request, send to you a response that includes the following information:
1. An explanation of why the school district proposed or refused to take the action raised in the due process hearing request;
2. A description of other options that our student’s IEP team considered and the reasons why those options were rejected;
3. A description of each evaluation procedure, assessment, record, or report the school district used as the basis for the proposed or refused action; and
4. A description of the other factors that are relevant to the school district’s proposed or refused action.
Providing this information does not prevent the school district from asserting that your due process hearing request was insufficient.
More information on due process hearing requests will be contained in the next few articles.
|
<urn:uuid:96f686cc-3a60-42f6-9058-44abe313f946>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.examiner.com/article/due-process-hearing-request-under-idea-part-2?cid=rss
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00059-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949955 | 710 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Just a few quotes...
“For as Adam was told that in the day
he ate of the tree he would die, we know that he did not complete a thousand years. We have perceived, moreover, that the expression, 'The day of the Lord is as a thousand years,' is connected with this subject.”
Justin Martyr (Dialog with Typho the Jew chapter 81 [AD 155])
In this quote St. Justin Martyr speaks of the “day” in Genesis meaning a period of a thousand years by pointing out that despite God telling Adam he would die the day of sinning he lived over 900 years. That is to say that the days were not literal 24 hour periods. This view is not limited to St. Justin.
St Irenaeus expresses a similar idea;
“And there are some, again, who relegate the death of Adam to the thousandth year; for since "a day of the Lord is as a thousand years," he did not overstep the thousand years, but died within them, thus bearing out the sentence of his sin.”
(Against Herasies, 5:23 [AD 189])
It appears that this view of each day containing a thousand years was popular among Early Church Fathers as we read from St. Cyprian of Carthage:
“As the first seven days in the divine arrangement containing seven thousand of years, as the seven spirits and seven angels which stand and go in and out before the face of God, and the seven-branched lamp in the tabernacle of witness, and the seven golden candlesticks in the Apocalypse, and the seven columns in Solomon upon which Wisdom built her house l so here also the number seven of the brethren, embracing, in the quantity of their number, the seven churches, as likewise in the first book of Kings we read that the barren hath borne seven”
(Treatises 11:11 [A.D. 250])
Clement of Alexandria writes that we cannot know when creation took place from reading Scripture:
“That, then, we may be taught that the world was originated, and not suppose that God made it in time, prophecy adds: "This is the book of the generation: also of the things in them, when they were created in the day that God made heaven and earth." For the expression "when they were created" intimates an indefinite and dateless production. But the expression "in the day that God made," that is, in and by which God made "all things," and "without which not even one thing was made," points out the activity exerted by the Son. As David says, "This is the day which the Lord hath made; let us be glad and rejoice in it; " that is, in consequence of the knowledge imparted by Him, let us celebrate the divine festival; for the Word that throws light on things hidden, and by whom each created thing came into life and being, is called day."
(Miscellanies 6.16 [208 AD])
St. Augustine says the following of his view of the word “day” in the Creation Week.
“But simultaneously with time the world was made, if in the world's creation change and motion were created, as seems evident from the order of the first six or seven days. For in these days the morning and evening are counted, until, on the sixth day, all things which God then made were finished, and on the seventh the rest of God was mysteriously and sublimely signalized. What kind of days these were it is extremely difficult, or perhaps impossible for us to conceive, and how much more to say!”
(City of God 11:6 [AD 419])
As St Augustine refers to the days as “impossible to conceive”, it is doubtful that he has 24 hour days in mind, for they are aren't inconceivable, after all.
Though people claim that there is a universal consesus on interpreting Genesis amongst the Church Fathers, in reality that doesn't seem to be the case, at all.
|
<urn:uuid:dc0579f5-bd78-454e-a2e5-6f8863ab60c7>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.orthodoxchristianity.net/forum/index.php?topic=4959.810
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00031-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.975788 | 852 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Officials burned around 31 acres of coastal strand along State Road A1A recently during a prescribed burn, a common practice used in Florida — and other places — to promote healthy habitats.
Joseph Burgess is the resource management coordinator at the Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve, where the burn took place.
“It’s one of the most endangered habitats in Florida,” Burgess said of the coastal strand.
Fire is part of Florida’s ecosystem, officials said, and prescribed burns reduce the wildfire risk and help maintain healthy habitats.
Burgess and the burn team, with officials from Guana and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, burned a section of coastal strand from the Six Mile Boat Ramp to about a mile south from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. July 8, Burgess said. Law enforcement officers were at the scene just in case roads needed to be blocked off.
The coastal strand is burned on a regular rotation to clear out excess coastal oaks and palmettos, which tend to get too dense in that area, he said. Clearing the land allows more grasses and herbaceous vegetation to grow, which supports wildlife in the area.
The coastal strand along State Road A1A in the Guana Research Reserve is one of the only places in St. Johns County with coastal strand, which supports creatures such as the gopher tortoise and the Anastasia Island beach mouse. Another area that has coastal strand habitat is Anastasia State Park.
About prescribed burns
For information on prescribed burning, go to The Florida Forest Service website at www.floridaforestservice.com or call Greg Dunn, senior forester with the Florida Forest Service, at 209-0434.
What is a prescribed fire?
A prescribed fire is the same thing as a controlled burn. Prescribed fires are fires that are planned and permitted and used for a purpose, often to clear out dead brush to reduce the risk of wildfire and to promote regrowth of certain vegetation which helps wildlife and promotes a healthy habitat, said Dunn. Prescribed burns are one tool used by The Florida Forest Service to help the forest.
Why is it done?
Prescribed burns reduce the risk of wildfires, Dunn said, which is one main reason officials do them. The burning clears land of excess vegetation, or fuels, that pose a fire threat. Wildfires are more uncontrollable and intense and could harm people, homes as well as wildlife and vegetation. A prescribed burn is controlled and planned according to the type of habitat and if done right enhances the ecosystem.
Where and when does it need to be done?
About 22 million acres in Florida are considered fire dependent, according to the Florida Forest Service’s prescribed fire report.
“Research suggests that the optimum range of fire frequency ranges from one to five years, depending upon the types of plant and wildlife communities,” according to the report.
Some areas in St. Johns County have not been burned in decades, Dunn said, though he did not provide specific locations. A large part of St. Johns County’s lands have not been burned within five years.
Marshes are burned less frequently, Burgess said.
Who does it?
The Florida Forest Service oversees the prescribed fire program in Florida and issues authorizations for people and agencies to burn their land, according to the Florida Forest Service website. On average, the Florida Forest Service issues 120,000 authorizations for prescribed fires each year that are used to treat more than 2 million acres.
People can request the Florida Forest Service to burn their land. The cost is $20 per acre.
How is it done?
A prescription is written for an area that includes the size of the burn and what weather conditions are necessary. Wind direction is an important factor because of the smoke and the communities it may have an impact on. If the day comes and the conditions are not correct, the prescribed burn is called off.
|
<urn:uuid:79ecc632-6f70-44ba-9f59-ab9d2d907b28>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://staugustine.com/news/local-news/2013-07-23
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00155-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947101 | 818 | 3.28125 | 3 |
A prolonged menstrual period is a medical condition in which a woman undergoes long menstrual bleeding. A normal menstrual cycle is between 21 to 35 days in length which lasts for three to five days of bleeding in a month. Every woman has her own menstrual pattern, but, it is considered to be regular only if it occurs almost on the same date each month, throughout the reproductive years. An extended menstrual period causes various psychological and physical discomforts.
There could be a number of reasons that leads to an extended menstrual period in women. Six major causes of prolonged menstrual periods are listed here.
Causes Of Prolonged Menstrual Periods
A hormonal imbalance is a common problem in women, which disrupts the harmony between progesterone and estrogen, responsible for regulating the formation of the uterine lining. Lack of ovulation may also cause hormonal imbalance leading to heavy bleeding for several days.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, commonly known as PCOS is one of the most common medical complications. It is a medical condition, mainly caused due to an over production of the luteinizing hormone.
Each month, during a normal period cycle, the pituitary gland produces this hormone to signal the ovaries to produce estrogen, androgens and progesterone. This gland, in women affected with PCOS, releases a lot of luteinizing hormone causing abnormal release of estrogen, thereby making the male hormones dominant in the body. Women with PCOS may suffer from prolonged menstrual periods, hair loss and infertility.
Cancer Of The Uterus
Cancer of the Uterus, often confused with the Cervical Cancer is one of the major causes of prolonged menstrual period.
It can lead to abnormal vaginal discharge, acute back pain, fatigue, sudden weight loss and irregular and heavy menstrual periods.
Prolonged Menstrual Periods – Causes and Treatment
Abnormal Periods: Are You Suffering From Polycystic Ovaries?
Reasons For Irregular Menstrual Cycles
Banish Your Period Problems
Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding
Perimenopause is a stage in which the female reproductive life begins to transition towards menopause. The transition begins several years before a woman attains menopause, and the ovaries start producing less estrogen. It is normally observed in women around 40 years of age. However, it may occur in a woman in her 30’s or late twenties.
This condition may last until a woman gets menopause and the ovaries completely stop producing eggs. During the last one or two years of Perimenopause, before a woman reaches the menopause stage, she may experience acute hormonal imbalance leading to heavy bleeding and extended menstrual period.
Endometriosis is one of the most important causes of extended menstrual periods in women. It is a medical condition in which the lining of the uterus, medically defined as the endometrium grows outside the uterus. It is mostly observed in women during their reproductive years and estimated to occur in almost 6-10% of women.
Many women with Endometriosis complain of acute pelvic pain, which is considered to be one of the most important symptoms of this gynecological condition. It is also observed to be one of the leading reasons for infertility in women.
Copper Intrauterine Device
Often used as a birth control method, many women prefer to place the copper intrauterine contraceptive device inside the uterus to have safe intercourse with their partners.
|
<urn:uuid:92973c27-62ce-44b8-8fe0-1d64a7ada759>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.ayushveda.com/6-major-causes-of-extended-menstrual-periods/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394987.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00057-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92519 | 713 | 3.125 | 3 |
Commercial flavorings used in the flavoring manufacturing and food production industries are often complex mixtures of flavoring chemicals, many of which are volatile, meaning that they evaporate into the air from their liquid or solid form. Diacetyl is a prominent chemical ingredient in butter flavorings and is a component of the vapors coming from these and other flavorings. Inhalation of butter flavoring chemical mixtures, including diacetyl, has been associated with severe obstructive lung disease popularly know as “popcorn lung.” In many symptomatic individuals exposed to flavoring who have undergone lung biopsy, an irreversible type of lung damage called constrictive bronchiolitis has been found. In this condition, the smallest airways carrying air through the lungs, the bronchioles, are scarred and constricted. This can decrease or block air movement through these airways.
The November issue of Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene contains two National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-authored articles related to current issues in diacetyl and food flavorings. “Field Evaluation of Diacetyl Sampling and Analytical Methods” (Volume 5 (11), D11-D16, 2008) reports on problems with NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM) Method 2557, used to monitor diacetyl in the workplace. The second article is “Engineering Case Reports: Evaluation of a Local Exhaust Ventilation System for Controlling Exposures During Liquid Flavoring Production” (Volume 5 (11), D103-D110, 2008). (Abstracts are available on the NIOSH website.)
Accurate measurement of diacetyl exposures is likely to be helpful in preventing flavorings-related lung disease. Even though flavorings exposures often involve multiple chemicals, diacetyl may serve as a marker or surrogate for mixed exposures to some hazardous flavorings, as it has been an ingredient in butter flavorings mixtures where disease has been observed. In addition, laboratory studies document that diacetyl has toxic properties as a single component that parallel the effects of exposure to a butter flavoring mixture. Thus, measuring diacetyl exposures identifies hazards. Furthermore, these measurements can guide corrective actions, such as engineering controls, improved work practices, and respiratory protection, to reduce or eliminate exposures.
NIOSH researchers developed and published an analytical method (NMAM 2557) to measure diacetyl in the workplace. Recent investigations indicate this method is adversely affected by humidity, resulting in an underestimation of true concentrations. A NIOSH project is underway to investigate these factors and determine the extent of this phenomenon. The first journal article presents the results from a field comparison between new and previously-existing exposure assessment methods for diacetyl. Side-by-side field samples were collected and analyzed according to NMAM 2557, OSHA method PV 2118, and a modified version of the OSHA method in flavoring manufacturing facilities. The results of the field work confirm the tendency of the NIOSH method to underestimate the true concentration of diacetyl. It is recommended that NMAM 2557 not be used to determine the concentration of airborne diacetyl. Until a new method is developed, NIOSH investigators currently utilize the modified OSHA method. It differs from OSHA method PV 2118 by using larger sample tubes (two 400/200 mg silica gel tubes in series) for sample collection. NIOSH investigators also measure temperature and relative humidity during investigations or research studies.
The second article describes an evaluation of new NIOSH-recommended ventilation controls for weighing and pouring flavoring chemicals on the bench top and mixing large-scale batches of flavorings in mixing tanks. NIOSH found that simple exhaust hoods based on existing designs can dramatically reduce worker exposure during the use and mixing of flavoring chemicals. The implementation of ventilated booths in the liquid production room provides a good engineering control that can be used for a variety of tasks, including large tank ventilation. Other operations such as packaging of powder flavorings and pouring of diacetyl and other high priority chemicals can be more safely completed in these booths. Proper training of employees and evaluation of the control during use is critical to ensure that the controls are operating effectively and that workers are being protected. Using these simple engineering controls can markedly decrease exposure to diacetyl and butter flavorings and hopefully reduce the risk of flavorings-related lung disease. Using them can also decrease exposures to the thousands of flavoring chemicals that have not been studied for toxicity after inhalation and do not have occupational exposure limits.
NIOSH is continuing to evaluate new information pertaining to the risk of respiratory disease from occupational exposures to flavorings. Several efforts are underway to investigate exposures, improve sampling methods, evaluate engineering controls, use animal toxicology models to study a range of flavorings and determine how lung injury occurs, disseminate important public health information, and determine appropriate steps to help safeguard workers’ health. More information can be found on the NIOSH Flavorings-related Lung Disease topic page.
As we move forward with this research we would like your input on the following questions:
- What are the logistical sampling differences between the NIOSH and OSHA methods for diacetyl?
- What is on the horizon for diacetyl and food flavoring sampling?
- What are some general steps that can be taken to reduce exposure to workers handling diacetyl and other flavoring chemicals?
- What sources of information are available on controlling exposure while working with diacetyl and other flavoring chemicals?
—Lauralynn Taylor McKernan ScD CIH; Kevin Dunn MSEE CIH; Kathleen Kreiss MD; David N. Weissman MD
Dr. McKernan is a research industrial hygienist in the NIOSH Education and Information Division. Mr. Dunn is a mechanical engineer in the NIOSH Division of Applied Research and Technology. Dr. Kreiss is the Chief of the Field Studies Branch within the NIOSH Division of Respiratory Disease Studies. Dr. Weissman is the Director of the NIOSH Division of Respiratory Disease Studies.
Posted 11/10/08 at 9:23 am
|
<urn:uuid:338cb891-b0a9-4b2e-84c2-4d6cd320f31d>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2008/11/10/diacetyl/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00011-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925611 | 1,260 | 3.03125 | 3 |
German Shepherd Dog
The proper English name for the breed is German Shepherd Dog (a literal translation from the German Deutscher Schäferhund) and they are typically titled as GSDs, Shepherds or "German Shepherds." The GSD was originally a refinement of herding dogs found in the German Thuringia Highland region to be a standardized herding dog of Germany. In the United States the GSD is the third most popular dog registered by the American Kennel Club with 43,575 registrations. This breed of dog is highly versatile being used as guide dogs for the blind, police dogs, guard dogs, Search and Rescue dogs, Therapy dogs and Military dogs. Despite their diverse working skills, German Shepherds can also make loyal and loving pets inside the home, although socialization is critical for young puppies in order to prevent aggressive and dangerous behavior as an adult.
Due to Anti-German sentiment in the United Kingdom during and after World War I (1914 - 1918), the dog became know as the Alsatian Wolf Dog throughout the commonwealth. In 1919, the English Kennel Club gave the breed an official breed registry name of Alsatian Wolf Dog. The Alsatian is derived from the "Alsace" name, a traditionally German-speaking French area on the west bank of the Rhine, where breeders were expanding the new breed population in the years just before WWI. This name is still used in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and the Commonwealth. Only in 1977 did the British Kennel Club authorize the breed to be known again as the German Shepherd Dog.
The breed has a distinct personality marked by direct and fearless, but not hostile, expression, self-confidence, and a certain aloofness that does not lend itself to immediate and indiscriminate friendships. It is poised, but when the occasion demands, eager and alert; both fit and willing to serve in its capacity as a companion, watchdog, blind leader, herding dog, or guardian, whichever the circumstances may demand. The dog must be approachable, quietly standing its ground and showing confidence and willingness to meet overtures without itself making them.
The dog must not be timid, shrinking behind its master or handler; it should not be nervous, looking about or upward with anxious expression or showing nervous reactions, such as tucking of tail, to strange sounds or sights. Lack of confidence under any surroundings is not typical of good character. Any of the above deficiencies of character that indicate shyness must be penalized as a very serious faults, and any dog exhibiting pronounced indications of these must be excused from any dog show event.
It must be possible for a dog show judge to observe the teeth and to determine that both testicles are descended. Any dog that exhibits unprovoked aggression and attempts to bite any person, dog or other animal must be disqualified and removed from any dog show event.
The ideal dog is a working animal with an incorruptible character combined with body and gait suitable for the arduous work that constitutes its primary purpose.
Proper socialization as a puppy is one of the two key factors which determines what a dog's temperament will be as an adult. Ideally, a German Shepherd must be alert and fearless in defense of its family, but loving and non-aggressive within the home environment.
General Appearance – The first impression of a German Shepherd Dog is that of a strong, agile, well-muscled animal, alert, full of life, keen, intelligent, and composed. It is well balanced, with harmonious development of forequarter and hindquarter. The dog is longer than tall, deep-bodied, and presents an outline of smooth curves rather than angles. It looks substantial and not spindly, giving the impression, both at rest and in motion, of muscular fitness and nimbleness without any look of clumsiness or soft living. The ideal dog is stamped with a look of quality and nobility–difficult to define, but unmistakable when present. Secondary sex characteristics are strongly marked, and every animal gives a definite impression of masculinity or femininity, according to its sex.
Proportion – The Shepherd Dog is longer than tall, and of uniform proportion.
Gait – The Shepherd is a trotting dog with a smooth and flowing gait that is maintained with great strength and firmness of back. The shepherd moves powerfully, but easily, with such coordination and balance that the gait appears to the steady motion of a well-lubricated machine. Even at a walk the shepherd covers a great deal of ground with an economy of long stride on both hind legs and forelegs. In order to achieve ideal movement of this kind, there must be muscular development and ligamentation. The hindquarters deliver, through the back, a powerful forward thrust, which slightly lifts the whole animal and drives the body forward. Reaching far under, and passing the imprint left by the front foot, the back foot takes hold of the ground; then hock, stifle and upper thigh come into play and sweep back, the stroke of the hind leg finishing with the foot still close to the ground in a smooth follow-through. The feet travel close to the ground on both forward reach and backward push. The overreach of the hindquarter usually necessitates one hind foot passing outside and the other foot passing inside the track of the forefoot, and such action is not faulty unless the locomotion is crab-like with the dog's body sideways out of the normal straight line. Viewed from the front, the front legs function from shoulder joint to the pad in a straight line. Viewed from the rear, the hind legs function from the hip joint to the pad in a straight line.
Coat – The ideal dog has a weather-resistant double coat of medium length. The outer coat should be as dense as possible, hair straight, harsh and lying close to the body. The undercoat is short, thick and fine in texture. A slightly wavy outer coat, often of wiry texture, is permissible. The head and ears are covered with a smooth, somewhat softer and shorter hair while the hair covering the legs and paws is more harsh-textured. At the neck, the coat is slightly longer and heavier. A male may carry a thicker ruff than a female. The back of the legs has a slightly longer covering of hair and there is considerably more hair on the breeches and the underside of the tail. For the White Shepherd specialization, both somewhat shorter and longer coats are acceptable.
Head – The head is noble, cleanly chiseled, strong without coarseness, but above all, not fine, and in proportion to the body. The head of the male is distinctly masculine, and that of the bitch, distinctly feminine. The muzzle is long and strong, with lips firmly fitted, and its top line is parallel to the top line of the skull. Seen from the front, the forehead is only moderately arched, and the skull slopes into the long, wedge-shaped muzzle without abrupt stop. Jaws are strongly developed. Ears are moderately pointed, in proportion to the skull, open toward the front, and carried erect when at attention, the ideal carriage being one in which the center lines of the ears, viewed from the front, are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the ground.
Body – The whole structure of the body gives an impression of depth and solidity without bulkiness. Chest Commences at the posternum and is well filled and carried well down between the legs. It is deep and capacious, never shallow, with ample room for lungs and heart, carried well forward, with the posternum showing ahead of the shoulder in profile.
Tail – The tail is bushy, with the last vertebra extended at least to the hock joint. It is set smoothly into the croup and low rather than high. At rest, the tail hangs in a slight curve like a saber. A slight hook–sometimes carried to one side is faulty only to the extent that it mars general appearance. When the dog is excited or in motion, the curve may be accentuated and the tail raised, but it should never curl forward beyond the vertical line. Tails too short, or with clumpy ends due to ankylosis, are serious faults.
Color - There are several different color-marking patterns. For conformation-line dogs, the "saddle" marking is probably the most well-known. This consists of a large black patch on the upper and mid back, extending partway down the dog's sides. The other popular marking is called "bi-color", and consists of a dog that is all one color (typically black) save for differently-colored paws and lower legs, and sometimes a swath on the belly.
Variant sizes and coats
Some groups or breeders have focused on breed specializations that are outside the official breed standards recognized by some national or international kennel clubs.
The Berger Blanc Suisse or White Swiss Shepherd (specialization of the White German Shepherd Dog) is recognized by the FCI or Federation Cynologique Internationale (English, World Canine Federation). The North American UKC or United Kennel Club, recognizes both the White German Shepherd Dog and its specialization the White Shepherd Dog. The American Kennel Club registers White German Shepherd Dogs in its GSD breed registration business but does not allow white GSDs in its conformation dog show ring.
Dogs with the long-haired coat variation look somewhat like the (Tervuren) Belgian Shepherd Dog type of Long coats can come in two variations, both with an undercoat and without. Kennel club treatment of long-haired German Shepherds varies. It is considered a fault under American Kennel Club and FCI (Fédération Cynologique Internationale, i.e. International Canine Federation) standards. Under other standards, such as Germany Langhaar-Schaeferhunde-Verband and the United Kingdom, long-haired German Shepherds are actively bred, registered, and shown, and specialized long-haired breeders exist. There is also a variation known as 'long-stock-haired German Shephard'; stock hair isn't registered directly as a fault and such dogs are able to participate.
The Shiloh Shepherd was bred by Tina M. Barber of Shiloh Shepherds Kennel. The King Shepherd is a larger variation of the German Shepherd.
Shepherding was a common way of life for thousands of years all across Europe, including the countryside that is today called Germany. Over countless centuries shepherds used dogs to herd their sheep throughout the day, and guard them against wolf and bear predators at night. The Roman writer Columella in the 1st century A.D. published a 35-volume essay on agriculture entitled, “The Agricultural Arts” that stated, unequivocally, the dogs that guard the sheep are white in color. The Pyrenean Mountain Sheepdog is a direct decedent of these ancient sheep dogs. Earlier in history, the Roman historian and writer, Marcus Terrentius Varro (116-27 B.C.), described the guardians of the flocks as being invariably white in color. He also writes that, in his opinion, the shepherds preferred white dogs in order to be able to distinguish them from the wolves that usually attacked in the half-light of dawn or dusk.
Many descendants of the ancient shepherd's white dogs were present on 19th century German farms. In addition to the somewhat larger white guard and herding dog varieties, several varieties of medium-sized shepherding dogs were also in use on German farms. These medium-sized shepherd dogs were especially fast and agile and were particularly well suited to moving and guiding sheep herds across the countryside. Herding dogs across Germany had coat colors of brown, grey, grizzled and white, for example; the medium-sized Spitz was known to have white coats, and the larger [Schafpudel] of Germany was always white. Herding dogs from the German highland Thuringia region had upright ears, the general body size and shape of the modern German Shepherd and had either a grey-wolf or white color coat. It is, therefore, a fact that the modern German Shepherd Dog presents all of the coat colors of the breed’s founding ancestors, including white.
Across the regional landscape of 19th century German farms, Shepherds bred a wide variety of dogs to herd their sheep with no uniformity of size, color, or shape, except for what was common for their particular region. The only real interest was that herding dogs be physically and mentally sound so they could work tirelessly, competently and faithfully along side the shepherd. This was the landscape seen by Max Von Stephanitz, the recognized father of the modern German Shepherd Dog breed, in the 1880s. Founding of the Modern German Shepherd Dog Breed in Germany
As a young cavalry officer, Stephanitz’s military duties often required him to travel across the German countryside. It was common for travelers like Stephanitz to board with rural families along the way. At that time most rural German farms had at least a few head of sheep and a herding dog or two to tend them. Stephanitz became fascinated with the German herding dogs and their working capabilities. He admired all the hard working dogs, but observed some dogs had a special look and bearing about them that he especially admired.
Eventually Stephanitz became inspired with the idea that Germany should have a national herding dog that combined the work ethic of the most accomplished herding dogs with that special look and bearing he so admired. Stephanitz envisioned a German shepherding dog who was extremely intelligent, could reason and be a working companion to man. Further, the dog must be quick on his feet and well coordinated, protective, noble in appearance and bearing, trustworthy in character, physically sound in joint and muscle, and be born with an innate desire to please and obey the shepherd master. This is the German Shepherd dog that we know and love today. By 1891 Stephanitz started selecting the best herding dogs from across the German countryside for his breeding program, but Stephanitz was not alone in his passion to develop a national German Shepherding Dog.
The Phylax Society, active primarily between the years 1891-1894, was an organization of German shepherding dog fanciers that in many ways formed the foundations for the German Shepherd Dog Club of Germany. The Phylax Society documented shepherding dogs of varying sizes, types and colors, including white, to have been in all areas of Germany during the late 1800’s.
Like Stephanitz, Phylax Society members were actively engaged in uniting the various sizes, types and colors of German shepherding dogs to produce a standard shepherding dog for Germany. Their focus was more on body shape and color rather than on actual utilitarian herding skills. Stephanitz corresponded with Phylax Society members and attended dog shows organized by the Society, thus adding to Stephanitz’s already knowledge of bloodlines.
The Phylax Society provides an essential prolog to the modern German Shepherd story, both white and colored. The society ultimately did not long survive because its focus was on form rather than utility and the club had no strong central figure to organize and manage Society affairs. The Phylax Society essentially evolved into the German Shepherd Dog Club of Germany, under Stephanitz's leadership, as most former Phylax Society members later joined with Stephanitz.
Breed Founder Stephanitz Finds the First German Shepherd Dog
Stephanitz had been endeavoring to develop his ideal German Shepherd dog in his own breeding kennel throughout the 1890’s when one of the largest all breed dog shows to date took place in the Rhineland town of Karlesruhe on April 3, 1899. Stephanitz, accompany by his friend Artur Meyer, attended the Karlesruhe Exhibition in his continuing search for shepherding dogs that could be added to his breeding program. Among the many shepherding dogs brought to the exhibition from a number of different German agricultural areas, Stephanitz saw his absolute ideal shepherd dog in the body of Hektor (Linksrhein) von Sparwasser, born the 1st of January 1895 along with litter brother, Luchs von Sparwasser.
The breeder of Hektor and Luchs was Herr Friedrich Sparwasser of Frankfort who had been breeding herding dogs from the German highland Thuringia region for over 20 years. Stephanitz at once recognized Hektor as his ideal German Shepherd Dog that he had been striving to develop in his own ten year long breeding program. Stephanitz bought Hektor on the spot and renamed the dog Horand von Grafrath. (Hektor is sometimes referenced as Hektor Linksrhein with Linksrhein referring to the Rhine region of his kennel. Frankfort is close to the Rhine river on the Rhine’s Main tributary and is considered to be in the Rhine region.) Horand is the first entry in the German Shepherd Dog Club of Germany or Der Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde, or SV, Stud Book as “Horand von Grafrath, SZ-1
Friedrich Sparwasser is known to have been breeding both white and wolf (sable) colored herding dogs of the same body conformation in his Frankfort kennel from the 1870's. The German Thuringia Highland herding dogs in Sparwasser's kennel had upright ears and a general body description that resembles modern German Shepherd Dogs. Sparwasser's white coat dogs are documented as showing in several German dog shows from 1882 through at least 1899. Horand’s and Luchs’ maternal grandsire was a white-coat German herding dog named Greif von Sparwasser, whelped in Friedrich Sparwasser's Frankfort kennel in 1879. George Horowitz, renowned English Judge, German Shepherd (Alsatian) columnist, author and historian documents the background of Hektor a.k.a. Horand von Grafrath) in his 1923 book, The Alsatian Wolf-Dog. In his book Horowitz documents that Greif von Sparwasser was presented at the 1882 and 1887 Hanover Dog Shows. Horowitz also documents Greif's white progeny entered in shows in succeeding years. M. B. Willis also covers this period in his book "The German Shepherd, Its History, Development and Genetics" written in 1977.
Greif von Sparwasser was mated with sable/wolf colored female Lotte von Sparwasser who whelped a litter that included a sable/wolf colored female named Lene von Sparwasser, later registered SZ-156. Both Greiff and Lotta had the distinctive 'up right' ears and a similar body conformation that we see in the modern German Shepherd Dog breed. In Lene's mating to dog Kastor (Rüde) von Hanau SZ-153 she whelped a litter that included the wolf colored Hektor (a.k.a. Horand von Grafrath SZ-1) and his wolf colored litter brother Luchs, SZ-155. Friedrich Sparwasser obviously had both white and sable/wolf colored herding dogs of the same body conformation in his kennel and he was pairing white and colored dogs in his breeding program.
Stephanitz writes in his book., "Horand embodied for the enthusiasts of that time the fulfillment of their fondest dreams. He was big for that period, between 24" and 24 1/2", even for the present day a good medium size, with powerful frame, beautiful lines, and a nobly formed head. Clean and sinewy in build, the entire dog was one live wire. His character was on a par with his exterior qualities; marvelous in his obedient fidelity to his master, and above all else, the straightforward nature of a gentleman with a boundless zest for living. Although untrained in puppy hood, nevertheless obedient to the slightest nod when at this master's side; but when left to himself, the maddest rascal, the wildest ruffian and incorrigible provoker of strife. Never idle, always on the go; well disposed to harmless people, but no cringer, mad about children and always in love. What could not have been the accomplishments of such a dog if we, at that time, had only had military or police service training? His faults were the failings of his upbringing, never of his stock. He suffered from a superfluity of unemployed energy, for he was in Heaven when someone was occupied with him and was then the most tractable of dog."
On April 22, 1899, less than a month after Stephanitz purchased Hektor, who he renamed Horand von Grafrath, Stephanitz founded the German Shepherd Dog Club of Germany or Der Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde, the SV, as he wrote the first entry into the new SV Stud Book – “Horand von Grafrath, SZ 1.” Thus, Horand (a.k.a. Hektor) was documented as the foundation of the German Shepherd Dog breed. Membership of the SV German Shepherd Dog Club grew quickly and soon many breeders were using Horand’s progeny, as well as Horand’s litter brother Luchs and his progeny, to expand the German Shepherd Dog breed population.
Horand was line-bred and inbred with his own offspring in the expansion and refinement of the new breed after 1899. Horand was bred to 35 different dams, including his own daughters, producing 53 litters, of which, 140 progeny were registered with the SV. Horand’s litter brother Luchs was also widely bred in the same way in the expansion of the modern German Shepherd breed. Further, Horand’s offspring was inbred with Luchs' offspring, which further concentrated the DNA of these dogs and their immediate ancestors.
By 1923 Stephanitz's still growing club membership numbered over 57,000 enthusiasts who grouped into factions of herdsmen, commercial breeders, and show dog devotees. Many commercial and show oriented breeders, who were less passionate about the dog's working characteristics, particularly wanted the breed to have a full wolf appearance. This, in part, is a carry over from the old Phylax Society members who joined with Stephanitz on the founding of his club in 1899. Winfred Strickland writes in her (1988 revised edition) book, “The German Shepherd Today,” that the old Phylax Society, "was based solely on its members common interest in breeding (herding) dogs to resemble wolves, presumably hoping to cash in on their high market value."
- AKC Registration Data
- United Kingdom Kennel Club
- Horowitz, George (1927). The Alsation Wolf-Dog: Its origin, history, and working capabilities 2nd ed.. Manchester: Our Dogs Publ. Co..
- Willis, Malcolm (1977). The German Shepherd Dog, Its History, Development, and Genetics. New York: ARCO Pub. Co. ISBN 9780668040778.
- Stephanitz, V. (1994). The German Shepherd Dog in Word and Picture. Wheat Ridge, CO: Hoflin Pub Ltd. ISBN 9789993280057.
- Stephanitz, V. (1994). The German Shepherd Dog in Word and Picture. Wheat Ridge, CO: Hoflin Pub Ltd. ISBN 9789993280057. Reprint of a 1925 book, translated from German.
- Strang, Paul (1983). White German Shepherd Book. Medea Pub Co. ISBN 9780911039009.
- Neufeld, Peter (1970). The Invincible White Shepherd. Minnedosa: Glendosa Research Center. ISBN 9780969020813.
- Rankin, Calumn (2002). The All-White Progenitor: German Sheperd Dogs. Upfront Publishing. ISBN 9781844260225.
- Willis, Malcolm (1977). The German Shepherd Dog, Its History, Development, and Genetics. New York: ARCO Pub. Co. ISBN 9780668040778.
- Willis, Malcolm (1992). The German Shepherd Dog. New York: Howell Book House. ISBN 9780876051757.
- Willis, Malcolm (1989). Genetics of the Dog. New York: Howell Book House. ISBN 9780876055519.
- Strickland, Winifred (1988). The German Shepherd Today / Winifred Gibson Strickland and James Anthony Moses. New and Rev. Ed. New York: New York : Macmillan. ISBN 9780026149907.
- Little, Clarence (1979). The Inheritance of Coat Color in Dogs,. New York: Howell Book House. ISBN 9780876056219.
- Ruvinsky, Anatoly (2001). The Genetics of the Dog. Wallingford: CABI Pub. ISBN 9780851995205.
- Isabell, Jackie (2002). Genetics: an Introduction for Dog Breeders. Loveland: Alpine Blue Ribbon Books. ISBN 9781577790419.
- Raisor, Michelle (2005). Determining the Antiquity of Dog Origins: Canine Domestication as a Model for the Consilience between Molecular Genetics and Archaeology. Oxford: Archaeopress. ISBN 9781841718095.
- Hart, Ernest (1988). This Is the German Shepherd. Neptune City: TFH Publications. ISBN 9780876662984.
- Dodge, Geraldine R (1956). The German Shepherd Dog in America. New York: O. Judd Pub. Co. ISBN-10: B0006AUQOO
- Horowitz, George (1927). The Alsation Wolf-Dog: Its origin, history, and working capabilities 2nd ed.. Manchester: Our Dogs Publ. Co.. ISBN-10: B000O91P2E
- Hart, Ernest H (1968). Encyclopedia of dog breeds: Histories and official standards : evolution, geneology, genetics, husbandry, etc.. Crown Publishers.
- Goldbecker, William (1955). This is the German Shepherd. Practical science Pub Co. ISBN-10: B000TT1PTC
- Frei-Dora, Gabi (2004). Der Berger Blanc Suisse - Der Weiße Schäferhund. Dresden, Germany: Mueller Rueschlikon Verla. ISBN 9783275014958.
- Grappin, Pascal (2006). Le Berger Blanc Suisse. Paris, France: Artemis. ISBN 9782844164636.
- Reeves, Jean (2007). White Shepherd. Kennel Club Books, Inc.. ISBN 9781593785895.
- Schmutz SM, Berryere TG. (July/August 2007). "The Genetics of Cream Coat Color in Dogs". Journal of Heredity. PMID 17485734.
- Kerns JA, Olivier M, Lust G, Barsh GS (2003). "Exclusion of melanocortin-1 receptor (mc1r) and agouti as candidates for dominant black in dogs". Journal of Heredity. PMID 12692166.
- Schmutz, Sheila (2007-06-17). Genetics of Coat Color and Type in Dogs. Retrieved on 2007-08-01.
- Lanting, Fred (2007-06-01). The White Shepherd: International Dog. siriusdog.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-01.
- Lanting, Fred (2007-06-01). 100 Years of the German Shepherd Dog. siriusdog.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-01.
- Lanting, Fred (2007-06-01). Will the True Working Dog Disappear?. siriusdog.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-01.
- Lanting, Fred (2007-06-01). Sables: Genetics And Myths. siriusdog.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-01.
- Thorpe-Vargas, Susan (2007-06-01). Canine Genetic Primer. siriusdog.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-01.
- Lanting, Fred (2007-06-01). Heritability. siriusdog.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-01.
- Armstrong, John (2007-05-01). Basic Genetic Concepts. siriusdog.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-01.
- Lanting, Fred (2006-11-01). The Gap Widens. siriusdog.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-01.
|
<urn:uuid:1b644d50-9da6-42ce-a90f-b0050505847a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/German_Shepherd_Dog
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00178-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934935 | 6,014 | 3.09375 | 3 |
September 24, 2007
LOS ANGELES—Public murals have been part of the cultural landscape of American cities for over a century, but murals in Los Angeles, Chicago, New York, and other communities across the nation are rapidly deteriorating – and with them the shared cultural histories of the neighborhoods in which they reside.
Rescue Public Murals, a unique partnership of muralists, conservators, art historians and public art professionals funded in part by a $110,000 grant from the Getty Foundation, aims to save these community treasures across the U.S. by documenting them, assessing their current condition, and securing the expertise and support needed to save them. To help identify all endangered murals, the group also has asked the public to nominate decaying works of art in their own neighborhoods. The information gathered will be included in a national murals database.
Rescue Public Murals is currently assessing the condition of murals located in communities around the country. From among these, local advisory committees will identify the 10 most endangered murals in the country. This list will then form the basis for a national campaign designed to increase public awareness of the importance of mural preservation and secure funds for their preservation.
In Los Angeles, conservation assessments are underway at a remarkable cluster of more than 50 murals at two locations in the Estrada Courts housing complex on East Olympic Boulevard and South Lorena Street. Produced by Chicano artists living in California between 1972 and 1978, the East L.A. murals were created during the height of the Chicano rights and arts movement. Today, several of the most influential of these murals are in poor condition. Examples include We are Not a Minority (1978) created by Mario Torero, Rocky, El Lion, and Zade, and If We Could Share (1976) by Lydia Dominguez.
Other murals being documented include Chicago’s Under City Stone (1972) painted by well-known muralist Caryl Yasko; and Sida en Colores, created by Carlos Callejo in El Paso, Texas.
“Murals are an important public art form, often highlighting contemporary social issues and showcasing the work of important artists,” said Deborah Marrow, director of the Getty Foundation. “Developing a national strategy to preserve them will be of great benefit to the public and will also serve artists and scholars.”
The qualities that make these murals so distinctive – their outdoor locations and the materials used to create them – can hasten their disintegration and decay. Community-based murals from the 1960s are almost all gone. About half of those from the 1970s have been destroyed. Many murals painted in the 1980s are now in serious disrepair. Along with the murals, the muralists are aging, too, and with them crucial information on how best to conserve these works of art.
Often located in inner city neighborhoods and lacking designated caretakers, many murals also face urban renewal pressures that can lead to their destruction. In just the last year alone, community murals documented by Rescue Public Murals in New York and San Francisco have been destroyed, illustrating the threats faced by many murals across the U.S.
Individuals and communities are invited to submit information about public murals, particularly those that are threatened or in poor condition, at www.RescuePublicMurals.org.
# # #
About the Getty:
The J. Paul Getty Trust is an international cultural and philanthropic institution devoted to the visual arts that features the Getty Conservation Institute, the Getty Foundation, the J. Paul Getty Museum, and the Getty Research Institute. The J. Paul Getty Trust and Getty programs serve a varied audience from two locations: the Getty Center in Los Angeles and the Getty Villa in Malibu.
Sign up for e-Getty at www.getty.edu/subscribe/ to receive free monthly highlights of events at the Getty Center and the Getty Villa via e-mail, or visit our event calendar for a complete calendar of public programs.
The Getty Foundation fulfills the philanthropic mission of the Getty Trust by supporting individuals and institutions committed to advancing the understanding and preservation of the visual arts locally and throughout the world. Through strategic grants and programs, the Foundation strengthens art history as a global discipline, promotes the interdisciplinary practice of conservation, increases access to museum and archival collections, and develops current and future leaders in the visual arts. The Foundation carries out its work in collaboration with the Getty Museum, Research Institute, and Conservation Institute to ensure the Getty programs achieve maximum impact. Additional information is available at www.getty.edu/foundation. To learn more, subscribe to the Foundation's e-newsletter by visiting http://www.getty.edu/subscribe/foundation_news/.
|
<urn:uuid:6dff3984-26f6-47e5-a857-4e8fe54c17de>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://getty.edu/news/press/center/rescue_public_murals.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00144-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.938534 | 986 | 3.0625 | 3 |
- Order: Pelecaniformes
- Family: Threskiornithidae
- Polytypic 3 Subspecies
Bare-faced Ibis is widespread in South America, occurring in Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Surinam, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Urugay and Argentina (Matheu and del Hoyo 1992).
In Venezuela, the Bare-faced Ibis typically inhabits elevations up to 500 m, but has been recorded as vagrant up to 3600 m. It occurs in the Maracaibo Basin, river valleys in Andes (sight records in Mérida; Barinas), eastern Falcón to northern Aragua (Ocumare de la Costa Rica; Maracay), in Miranda, and generally east of Andes from Táchira, Apure, Barinas and Guárico to northern Bolívar (east to the lower Río Caura) and in northwestern Amazonas (Hilty 2003).
In Colombia P. infuscatus can be regularly found up to 1000 m. In the Sabana de Bogotá, it has become fairly regular at ca 2600 m over the past decade (C.D. Cadena, unpublished data). The species is usually found in the Sinú Valley, Santa Marta and western Guajira. It is also commonly found in the southern Cauca Valley, Magdalena Valley, northwestern Santander, western Caquetá and Vaupés (Hilty and Brown 1986).
In Ecuador, the Bare-faced Ibis is a very rare visitant to sandbars and adjacent grassy areas. There are only a few Ecuadorian records of these species, all of them recent (since 1964). The first two involve birds that were collected along the Río Napo. Since then there have been a few sightings along the Río Napo, in the lower Río Aguarico/Lagartococha region, and near Río Agrio. No seasonality patterns are evident (Ridgely andGreenfield 2001).
Outside the Americas
Endemic to the Americas.
The Bare-faced Ibis occurs mainly in open areas such as wet meadows, pastures and savannas, marshes, rice fields and margins of lagoons, pools and rivers; it also inhabits wooded swamps and streams. Usually near sea level but recorded to 1950 m in Venezuela, and to 2600 m in Colombia (Hilty and Brown 1986, Cadena personal obsrevations). In urban areas the species occurs along canals and ditches (Hilty 2003). The species has been reported in areas where the original vegetation has been substituted by grasses for cattle or rice fields. This suggests a possible colonization of formerly uninhabited areas owing to human induced habitat transformation in Colombia (Botero et al. 2009), Argentina (Lucero 2009, Lucero and Chebez 2001) and Brazil (Rupp et al. 2008).
Two elements referable to Phimosus infuscatus were collected from the Pliocene of Meade County, Kansas: a fragment of a lower mandible and a worn proximal phalanx of right digit number two (Hibbard 1950, Taylor 1960). Because of the midventral groove, it was identified as an ibis and due to its small size (2.5 mm in width and 1.4-1.7 mm in depth) it was referred to P. infuscatus. These fossils reveal not only that the species occurred in North America, but also that this region of what is now Kansas had a warm, moist, frost-free, tropical climate because nowadays the species is only confined to South America where these weather conditions still exist (Collins 1964).
Matamala, Mateo, and Ornithology Course 2010-20, Universidad de los Andes (edited by Alejandra Echeverri, Iliana Medina, Erika Salazar, Viviana Alarcón & C. Daniel Cadena). 2012. Bare-faced Ibis (Phimosus infuscatus), Neotropical Birds Online (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; retrieved from Neotropical Birds Online: http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=116636
This map is based on the maps available from the NatureServe InfoNatura website. The data for these maps are provided by NatureServe in collaboration with Robert Ridgely, James Zook, The Nature Conservancy - Migratory Bird Program, Conservation International - CABS, World Wildlife Fund - US, and Environment Canada - WILDSPACE.
|
<urn:uuid:d7dd58d6-9a88-4d51-8fa5-43530c793f95>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/distribution?p_p_spp=116636
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399106.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00141-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.884706 | 988 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Cædmon was an Anglo-Saxon poet who died between 670 and 680 AD. He is the earliest English poet who can be identified by name. According to the historian Bede, Cædmon worked as a herdsman at the monastery, located at today's Whitby Abbey.
The story of how he came to be a poet, as recorded by Bede, has inspired many poets. To learn the story, follow this link to my tribute to Cædmon, which is the first poem in my book Poiema Here also is a link to Denise Levertov’s version of the story.
The authorship of many surviving poems, that had once been attributed to him, is now questioned. Here is a modern English translation of the one poem which is uncontested as being written by Cædmon.
Now must we hymn heaven’s Guardian,
Might of the Maker and his mind’s wisdom,
Work of the glorious Father; how he, eternal Lord,
Made the beginning of every wonder.
He made first, for the sons of men,
Heaven overhead, holy Creator.
Then the mid-earth mankind’s Guardian —
Eternal Lord, Almighty God —
Made for man’s dwelling.
Entry written by D.S. Martin. He is the award-winning author of the poetry collections Poiema (Wipf & Stock) and So The Moon Would Not Be Swallowed (Rubicon Press). They are both available at: www.dsmartin.ca
|
<urn:uuid:f5987655-d213-4b03-bad0-e52fa064297a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://kingdompoets.blogspot.com/2010/08/cdmon.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00012-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.973495 | 326 | 2.875 | 3 |
Seizures: When the Computer Goes Haywire
Medical Author: Benjamin C. Wedro, MD, FAAEM
The brain is an impressively wired computer. It stores information from input through our five senses and sifts through the data; gets rid of frivolous material and organizes the important stuff into short-term memory centers; and finally rearranges the final product into long-term memory. The brain also sends messages out electrically to the rest of the body, controlling movement and position so that the body can take the brain where it wants to go. Electricity is the key to its function, and sometimes it short circuits.
Seizures occur when parts of the brain becomes irritable and develop electrical surge. That surge can remain in a small area or it can spread to the whole brain. Normally, when we lift an arm, it is because part of the brain sends an electrical message through the spinal cord for the arm to move. The classic shaking of a seizure is witnessed when the whole brain fires, and the whole body moves. Usually the shaking is short-lived, because the brain doesn't like being irritated and it shuts itself down.
|
<urn:uuid:c039ddf7-18ab-4be2-b4a3-9734eb0b1930>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=84323
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00061-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.919116 | 234 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Aristotle was the first to try and describe all the plants and animals; in other words, the flora and the fauna, that existed at that time in Greece. Especially for flora, he wrote his book called “Concerning Plants”, which however was lost over time. His student, Theophrastus, was especially interested in flora, as depicted in his works “On the causes of plants” and “Enquiry into Plants”, in which he described about 550 species". Later in the 1st Century A,D, the doctor and “grub-hunter” Dioscorides, in his book “De Materia Medica” described over 600 types of plants that were of medical interest. This book was published in 512 A.D., with colored images under the title “Codex vindobonensis”.
A long-lasting dark period followed the great Ancient Greek researchers, up to the time of the European Renaissance times, when interest in plants again began to develop, this time in Central and Western Europe. Το This interest by the Europeans soon “invaded” Greece. Great scientists and researchers began to arrive in Greece, which at that time was under the Ottoman yoke, in order to study not only antiquities but also its nature, and they went on to publish remarkable works. Since then, many renowned researchers began to get involved in Greek flora. With the entry into the 20th Century, research in the flora on Greek land continued with many articles by Greek and foreign researchers, as well as by universities.
An attempt was made to fill the vacuum of information that undoubtedly exists for many Greek species, by the “Program for the Creation of a Data-Bank for Greece’s Natural Environment” by the National Metsovio Polytechnic, which began in 1990 and ended in 1994.. Collecting and evaluating the information amassed by that time permitted the recording of the species and sub-species, amounting to 5,514 taxa, of which there is not adequate information on over more than 1.000 species.
|
<urn:uuid:0069e9cd-95ae-4997-9dec-fc32493429e5>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.visitgreece.gr/portal/site/eot/menuitem.7f0d4e449429307c12596610451000a0/?vgnextoid=cda7c5eeced09110VgnVCM100000460014acRCRD&lang_choosen=en
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00125-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.980822 | 437 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Wetland ecosystems are critically important, not just for wildlife, but also for the livelihoods and well-being of people living in and around them. Unsustainable resource extraction has led to declines in biodiversity and is threatening many local livelihoods. BirdLife Partners are working with Local Conservation Groups around the world to tackle this issue, with some promising results.
Naturally-functioning wetlands are among the world’s most productive environments, providing a range of under-appreciated benefits and services for people's livelihoods and well-being (e.g., food, fibre, flood protection, water purification and cultural values). They are also extremely important habitats for wildlife such as waterbirds, fish and insects. At least 12% of all globally threatened birds depend on wetlands.
However, wetlands are often extremely vulnerable. Over recent decades, increasing demands for land, water, food and raw materials is putting wetland habitats under great pressure, reducing their ability to provide multiple benefits to people and seriously threatening native biodiversity. Unexpected flooding events, falling fishstocks and pollution are common outcomes of the impacts of unsustainable use. Demonstrating how sustainable wetland resource use can benefit both biodiversity and local people can provide a practical solution to this global issue.
BirdLife Partners are working with local communities around the world to address the key threats to biodiversity and support the livelihoods of local people.
One example is the Nyabarongo wetlands, which are a series of marshes in part of the flood-plain of the Nyanbarongo river, the longest river in Rwanda. This unprotected wetland Important Bird Area (IBA) has benefitted from recent work carried out by Association pour la Conservation de la Nature au Rwanda (ACNR, the BirdLife Partner in Rwanda). Until recently, the wetlands were being exploited unsustainably through fishing and harvesting of gull eggs leading to environmental degradation and increased poverty. Working with the local community, ACNR has supported the development of a local cooperative, CEDINYA. By building the capacity of this institution, helping them to defend their resources against illegal use by outsiders, raising awareness of relevant legislation, and helping to provide access to new markets, the project has benefitted both biodiversity and the local community. Providing training in the production of high quality products made from materials harvested from the wetland, such as baskets, has increased household incomes. Improving the efficiency of current processes for smoking fish has reduced the pressure on this food source for bird species and increased fishermen’s incomes by 18.5%.
A similar situation occurred in Burkina Faso’s Sourou Valley Wetlands IBA. Naturama (BirdLife in Burkina Faso) worked with women living around the lake, to develop a micro-credit scheme, providing money to these women to improve fish–smoking techniques including buying improved stoves to reduce firewood consumption. The results have been considerable: income from fish smoking and drying has increased the number of women who can afford to attend neonatal classes from 10% to 70%—a direct contribution to Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 on improving maternal health.
Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, an IBA and Ramsar site in the Terai of south-east Nepal, is by far the most significant wetland staging post for migratory waders and waterfowl in the country. Historically, the relationship between local people and the reserve has been poor. For marginalised and disadvantaged communities, the reserve regulations can seem oppressive—denying them access to much-needed resources and livelihood options. Bird Conservation Nepal (BCN, BirdLife in Nepal), in collaboration with the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (WWT) helped establish fishponds in the indigenous Malaha community that has been suffering from dwindling fish resources—resulting in more destructive fishing practices, including indiscriminate gill-net fishing, electric fishing and the use of poisons. The creation of the ponds provided 40 households with a secure livelihood in aquaculture, whilst reducing the pressure on wild fish stocks. The project also promoted alternatives to fishing. For example, women from some of the most impoverished communities received training and materials to create handicrafts. This included learning to weave mats from the stems of Typha—a common wetland grass.
These examples from around the world demonstrate how it is possible to use wetlands sustainably at Important Bird Areas for the benefit of people and biodiversity.
Related Case Studies in other sections
BirdLife International (2012) The sustainable use of wetland resources can benefit both wildlife and local communities. Presented as part of the BirdLife State of the world's birds website. Available from: http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sowb/casestudy/504. Checked: 25/06/2016
|Key message: Biodiversity conservation is essential to the livelihoods of local communities|
|
<urn:uuid:eec9555a-1523-4b3c-b753-117d56c205c7>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sowb/casestudy/504
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00080-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935073 | 1,001 | 3.625 | 4 |
There hasn’t been a ton of news coming our of the Phoenix Mars Mission, which landed in late May and is still struggling with soil delivery to on-board labs. Scientists worked with engineers last weekend, examining how the icy soil on Mars interacts with the scoop on the Lander’s robotic arm. They are experimenting with various techniques to deliver a sample to one of the instruments.
“It has really been a science experiment just learning how to interact with the icy soil on Mars — how it reacts with the scoop, its stickiness, whether it’s better to have it in the shade or the sunlight,” said Phoenix Principal Investigator Peter Smith of the University of Arizona.
A month ago, it was announced that initial chemistry experiments had yielded useful information. “We are awash in chemistry data,” said Michael Hecht of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, lead scientist for the Microscopy, Electrochemistry and Conductivity Analyzer, or MECA, instrument on Phoenix. “We’re trying to understand what is the chemistry of wet soil on Mars, what’s dissolved in it, how acidic or alkaline it is.” Three more wet-chemistry cells are still available for use later in the mission.
The Martian soil appears to be an analog to soils found in the upper dry valleys in Antarctica. The soil just below the surface on the landing site is described as very basic, with a pH of between eight and nine. Compounds of salts found there include magnesium, sodium, potassium and chloride.
Another analytical instrument, the Thermal and Evolved-Gas Analyzer (TEGA), has baked its first soil sample to 1,000 degrees Celsius (1,800 degrees Fahrenheit). TEGA scientists have begun analyzing the gases released at a range of temperatures to identify the chemical make-up of soil and ice. Analysis is a weeks-long process.
Would the conditions present support life? Well, nothing has been discovered yet that would rule that out.
|
<urn:uuid:732d9470-d75f-4e15-8500-b5223c8a5489>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.designnews.com/author.asp?section_id=1392&doc_id=209806&piddl_msgorder=thrd
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00018-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945126 | 417 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Had Sigmund Freud psychoanalyzed whole eras, not mere individuals, the late 19th century would have been a prime candidate for his therapist’s couch. Take the example of empire-building Britain. Victorians may have been prudish to the extent of covering shapely table legs, but they were sexually voracious. The number of prostitutes working in London — estimated at 50,000 in Johann von Archenholtz’s 1789 publication “A Picture of England” — rose to an all-time high during Queen Victoria’s 1837-1901 reign.
As part of his case study, Freud could have considered the wedding night of John Ruskin. On that night in 1855, the pioneering art critic was expected to consummate his marriage to bourgeois beauty Euphemia “Effie” Gray. Instead he ran traumatized from his bride’s bed, apparently appalled by her pubic hair. Though hairless genitalia is more associated today with porn stars, it was the only way artists of earlier generations could depict the entirely unclothed female form with propriety. Ruskin had, so the tale goes, only ever seen such “artistic” nudes.
Now, amateur psychoanalysts have the opportunity to draw a few conclusions of their own, thanks to a fine exhibition of British and French 19th-century art from the Winthrop Collection of the Fogg Art Museum at Harvard University, currently showing at the National Museum of Western Art in Ueno.
In addition to works by artists as diverse as the visionary William Blake and the sentimentalist William Holman Hunt, this exhibition displays an era’s sexual neuroses.
As if to get us in the mood, the show kicks off with an orgy, albeit an idealized, pastoral one — “The Golden Age” (1862) by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres.
It’s an ironic starting point. The so-called “Golden Age” was a Graeco-Roman dream: a time of contentment, prosperity and, of course, innocence. Couples cavort naked in Ingres’ canvas, although only the women are turned toward the viewer. There are babies, the fruit of all this bucolic erotic activity, but no children. Perhaps this omission was in part to avoid unwanted associations, for the fetishization of child sexuality was a shame of both Britain and France. German Marxist August Bebel, for example, noted that of 2,600 prostitutes arrested in Paris during one year around the turn of the century, 1,500 were minors.
“Woman was a slave before there even were slaves,” Bebel wrote in “Woman and Socialism” (1879), noting that “Woman, according to Christianity, is impure, a corruptress.”
And for all their beauty, the women in the works shown here are both corrupted and corrupting, enslaved and enslaving. Ingres’ famous “Odalisque With a Slave” (1839-40) is a true femme fatale: A man might fall under her spell never to wake again. Indeed, next to her lies a pipe of opium, a drug that blighted sections of Victorian society but which, according to its most famous addict, Thomas de Quincey, “hast the keys of Paradise.” The allure of woman, Ingres seems to say, is as addictive — and as dangerous — as a drug.
History’s favorite bad girls are assembled here in all their allure. There is a lissome Helen of Troy, painted in gold by Edward Burne-Jones. Salome, who danced for the head of John the Baptist, is shown both in “The Apparition” (c. 1876), a stunning canvas by Gustave Moreau, and a series of wicked and witty ink drawings by Aubrey Beardsley, done to accompany Oscar Wilde’s verse-drama “Salome.”
The era’s favorite take on fatal feminine allure, however, were the Sirens, the enchantresses of legend who lured sailors to their doom. There are three here by Moreau, coral-nippled and gorgeously bedecked in seaweed. Dante Gabriel Rossetti provides “A Sea Spell” (1857-77). This auburn-haired beauty is a favorite on greetings cards; the poem accompanying the painting, however, reveals her siren nature. She will sing “Till he, the fated mariner, hears her cry/And up her rock, bare-breasted, comes to die.”
The association of women and water goes back to ancient notions of gender that identified the element with supposedly female qualities such as fertility, instability and treachery. Needless to say, it’s this last quality that defines the shoal of mermaids and sirens that inhabit Victorian art.
The era’s most famous watery seductresses — in J.W. Waterhouse’s “Hylas and the Nymphs” (1891) — aren’t here. But there is a far more striking, though less well-known work, “The Depths of the Sea” (1887) by Burne-Jones. In this a handsome young man, seemingly unresisting (or perhaps already half-drowned), is drawn down to the radiant seabed by a lovely mermaid. She looks at the viewer straight on, challenging, confident and in control. How she must have chilled — and thrilled — the men who first saw her.
In Victorian society, “transgressive” women — prostitutes, or the poor or orphaned girls who might grow up to join their ranks — were confined to ostensibly charitable institutions, such as workhouses or Magdalene hostels (named for the reformed prostitute of the Bible).
The notion of locking up a woman for her own good is, like Aristotle’s thoughts on femininity, as old as antiquity and as musty as mythology. The legend of Danae tells how the young girl, pursued by the lusty god Jupiter, was confined to a brazen tower. A small and unassuming canvas by Burne-Jones, tucked into a corner here, shows Danae watching the construction of her protective prison.
Like so many of the paintings on display, it is a beautiful work of the imagination that reflects an ugly misogynist reality.
|
<urn:uuid:730783f0-e2e8-493a-8d65-fc6727e8ef27>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2002/10/09/arts/the-ugly-truth-about-pre-raphaelite-beauty/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396100.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00107-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960027 | 1,365 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Lock Ridge Park
Lock Ridge Park,
located between Church and Franklin Streets is
open daily from dawn until dusk. Enjoy the
bluebells, festivals, trails, fishing and
The Lock Ridge
Furnace: Iron Ore, Iron Horses, and Ironmen
Iron transformed Alburtis from a sleepy farm
village into an industrial giant. The railroad,
the iron horse, steamed into town in 1864,
bringing together nearby raw materials needed
for ironmaking. By 1868 Lock Ridge Furnace lit
the skies, turning iron ore into the iron
essential for a growing America.
In the late 1800s the Lock Ridge Furnace plant
was a smelly, dirty, noisy inferno. Trains
loaded with anthracite coal to fuel the furnaces
roared up to the stockhouses. An endless stream
of rattling wagons hauled heavy loads of local
iron ore, as well as the local limestone used to
extract the iron from its ore.
Ironmen, including many Irish and German
immigrants, worked in twelve-hour shifts.
“Bottom men” shoved heavy wheelbarrows full of
iron ore, limestone, and anthracite coal onto
elevators. Above, “top men” waited to dump these
regional riches into Lock Ridge’s twin furnace
stacks. Nearby stoves heated air, and roaring
engines blew it into the furnaces. This fiery
blast made the furnaces hot enough to burn
Day and night Lock Ridge’s furnaces flamed,
separating iron from iron ore and shaping it
into bars. Four times a day, sweating “casters”
pulled the plug at the bottom of each furnace.
Wearing protective wooden shoes, casters guided
the red-hot melted iron into bar-shaped channels
in the casthouses. When the iron cooled, casters
swung crowbars to break the bars apart. Loaded
onto train cars, the bars left for market.
Then the iron industry began moving west.
Western Pennsylvania’s softer bituminous coal
could be made into coke--the best fuel for
ironmaking. Unable to compete with furnaces
nearer this new fuel, Lock Ridge closed in 1921.
Today, local preservation efforts have saved
this relic of industrial might for future
The Park is owned
and operated by Lehigh County. To reserve
a pavilion, please call 610-871-0281.
|
<urn:uuid:c98655fa-6b65-450a-91e9-2cb8f38685cc>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.alburtis.org/LOCKRIDGEPARK.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00024-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.884379 | 530 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The McAdams Families of South Carolina A McAdams family was in South Carolina by 1722 long before the McAdams Irish immigrants arrived in the Back-Country in 1767-7 In 1790 there were 6 McAdams families living in South Carolina S.C. Family Index Thomas McAdams of Orangeburg Robert McAdams of Newbury Joseph McAdams of Camden James McAdams of Pendleton Thomas McAdams of Abbeville John McAdams of Union
Robert Homer McAdams served in the South Carolina Assembly in 1722. He married Alice Calhoun there in 1735. Their children are listed born in Abbeville but the family was living in Georgetown. They were were:
i.....John, b. 1736
ii.....Robert, b. 1738
iii....James, b. 1740
iv....Benjamin, b. 1742
v.....Kate, b. 1744
vi....Hannah, b. 1747
vii...Alice, b. 1748
viii...unnamed daughter, b. 1751.
Thomas McAdams of Orangeburg, South Carolina - Top
In 1760 's "poor Irish Protestants of good character" were encouraged to come to the Colony of South Carolina. They had to bring with them a letter of recommendation from a church or civil authority. Their passage would be paid, given bounty land, twenty shillings for tools and provision and transportation to their new land.
Thomas McAdams, age 40, Catherine his wife, age 38, and children Rose 20, Henry 18, and Robert 13 took up the offer and left from Ireland on the snow "Betty Greg" in 1768.
Six months prior to the immigration of Thomas, a William McAdams, age 19 came to South Carolina in July 1767 abroad the ship "Nancy" from Ireland. William petitioned for his plat in Craven County, later the Camden District, the same day that Thomas and Rose petitioned for his warrant of survey, Grants of land were issued 12 Sept. 1768 in Charleston. Henry McAdams also received a warrant but no record has been found of him claming it. No other record has been found of Henry and he may have died.
The same day Thomas and Rose received their grants, Henry Johnston's land was laid out next to Thomas' land. This is the same Henry Johnston who stated on a petition that he knew Robert McAdams of Newberry, South Carolina.
Eighteen years later on 5 June 1786, Thomas McAdams received two tracts of land from the State of South Carolina located in the Orangeburg District on the North Fork of the Edisto River. In 1790 he is listed in the census with on female over 16, two females under 16 and one male under 16. He is also in the 1800 census but appears to have died before 1810.
It is not clear and it appears that either Henry after arriving in America went by the name of Thomas or Catherine died and Thomas, Sr. remarried and had a 2'd family. This Thomas wife was Mary and the family in 1790 appears as:
1. Thomas b. 1774 S.C. married Nancy....
2. Sarah cb. 1778 S.C. married Eliza Jefcoat
3. Jane cb. 1782 S.C. married Thomas Jefcoat
1. Thomas was probably born in Orangeburgh and in 1810 is listed as Thomas M. Adams. The family moved to Pikes Co., Alabama after 1820. He was issued a Cahaba land warrant in 1836. He left an estate in Pikes Co., Alabama which was probated in 1848. His heirs are listed as : widow Nancy, George, Thomas, William W. (Wesley), Robert R., Patience Capps, and Elizabeth Jefcoat. The family was as follows:
A. George....................cb. 1797 S.C. married Sarah --
B. Patience Ann............cb. 1798 married Samuel J. Capps, (2) Mr. Staley
C. Thomas, Jr..............cb. 1800
D. Elizabeth J................b. 1801 married Elijah Jefcoat
E. Robert E...................b. 1806 married Rachel Jefcoat
F. Epram.......................cb. 1809 - probably died before his father
G. William W. (Wesley).. b. 1811 married Hannah King
H. James R....................b. 1818 married Levina, b. 1826
A. George McAdams married Sarah --- and received a Alabama Cahaba land grant in 1836 to him and one with his brother Robert which they sold to John Jefcoat. He had moved from Pikes Co. before his father died in 1848 . He is in the Calhoun Co., Arkansas census in 1860. Listed in his house hold were:
i. John Wesley....b. 1833 Ala. married Sarah M -- b. 1854 lived Choctaw Co., Ala.
ii. James............. .b. 1835 Ala
iii. Marcilla............b. 1841 Ala.
iv. Jane En? and her children:
a. Monne b. 1855 Ark
b. Alice b. 1858 Ark
c. Melisa b. 1859 Ark
B. Patience Ann, cb. 1798 married Samuel J. Capps, 30 May 1833 in Pike Co., Ala. She later returned to S.C. and married Mr. Staley.
C. Thomas, Jr. was born about 1800 in S.C. and is found in the 1830 - 40 census of Pike Co., Alabama. He was issued a Cahaba land warrant in 1836. No other information.
D. Elizabeth J., b. 1801 married Ellijah Jefcoat.
E. Robert E., cb. 1806 married Rachel Jefcoat, d/o John and Marthia L. Jefcoat about 1829. He was issued a Cahaba Land warrant in 1836 in Pikes Co., Ala. Robert was killed in an accident abt. 1861. All six sons served in the Civil War. Their children were:
i. Zilpha S................. b. 1831 m James F. Clements (Clemmons)
ii....Nancy......................b. 1832 m. Francis Davis
iii...Robert A..................b. 1835 m. Samantha --
iv...Elijah...................... b. 1837 m. Sara F.S. Williamson - killed in Civil War.
v....Elizabeth.................b. 1838 m. Mr. Wyrosdick
vi...George L..................b. 1839 - killed in Civil War
vii..Emmaline J.............b. 1842 unmarried
viii.John R....................b. 1844
ix...James W.F..............b. 1845 m. Rachael Jefcoat
x....Benjamin A.............b. 1847 m. Subannah Bannis
xi...Sarah A...................b. 1852
xii..Mary A.....................b. 1854
F. Epram, cb. 1808 in S.C. is not listed an heir of his father's estate and probably died before 1848.
G. William W. (Wesley), b. 1812 married Hannah King, d/o James King on 20 June 1844. He bought his father's farm in 1860 in Pike Co. Known children were:
i.....Mary E...............b. 1849
ii....Clarisa P............b. 1844 m. Mr. Smith
iii...Ben F..................b. 1846
iv...Thomas A...........b. 1848H. James R., b. 1818 in S.C. married Levenia abt. 1840. They lived in Barbour Co., Ala. Their known children were:i......James W..........cb. 1841 ii......William...........cb. 1842 iii.....Benjamin W...cb. 1844 iv.....Marthia Eliz...cb. 1845 v......Susan..............b. 1847 vi....George Asbury.cb. 1848 vii...Goly L (m) .........b. 1850 viii..Catherine..........b. 1853 ix....Margaret............b. 1853 (maybe we one person or twins) x.....Sarah................b. 1856 xi....James................b. 1856 (twins) xii....Cassas (m)........b. 1859
Ref: Family records from Norma Chapman of Waco, Texas, Sellers Family Bible, Jefcoat History, South Carolina Archives, National Archives, and U.S. Census.
Newberry, South Carolina - Top
Reading the heirship letter carefully and comparing family clusters is very convincing that Robert McAdams of Newberry, South Carolina was the son of Thomas McAdams of Orangeburg, S.C.
"Due to heirship to one Thomas McAdams, late of Glasgow, two letter were addressed to Thomas McAdams, father of Robert McAdams. Heirship was recorded between 1810 - 1822. This record was testified to by Henry Johnson and others".
Norma Chapman has obtained copies of the original plot maps and Henry Johnson claimed land adjacent to Thomas McAdams in 1768. Their lands were surveyed and granted on the same day. Thomas' daughter Rose, land was next to John Gordon, John Robinson, Andrew Rea, Richard Rea, and Mary Johnston.
Robert McAdams of Newberry, South Carolina
Robert McAdams arrival in American has two stories. The first story is that Robert McAdams arrived in America in 1768 at the age of 13 from Ireland with his parents, Thomas and Catherine McAdams, brother Henry and sister Rose. The family settled in Orangeburg District, S.C. and not much else is known about them.
If Robert is the son of Thomas McAdams of Orangeburg, the story that is favored, then his father was Thomas McAdam a taylor in Glasgow, Scotland. His father appears to be William McAdam of Dawaltoun of St. Johns of Darly, Scotland and probably the brother of John McAdam of Craigengellian who's father was Quintin McAdam of the McAdam House of Grimmits. From here this can be traced back to John McAdam of Waterhead.
The other story is that Robert McAdams came to America in 1774 as a stole-a-way about the age 16. A brother, John or James came a few years later. He moved to either North Carolina or Tennessee and they lost track of each other.
In either case, Robert does not show up in South Carolina until about 1786. He is highly suspect as being the Robert McAdams who served with the Virginia Troops in the Revolutionary war but final proof is lacking. Robert settled in the Laurens area of Newberry and was associated with the Williams, Coles, Teagues, Garys, Hills, Cadwells, Dalymple, and Hunter families. The evidence is that he married Sarah Williams who is though to be the daughter of John P. and Sarah Williams who lived next door to Robert.
In 1786 he purchased 150 acres of land between the Broceae and Salulda River on Dry Creek of the Bush River from Nathan Williams which was granted to him from the State of South Carolina. Robert made a token payment of 10 shelling and one years work. Daniel Williams is mentioned in estate papers with Robert and the Teagues; however, Daniel and Nathan Williams were residents of the Pendleton District near the Reeves, Mauldens, and James McAdams. The families of Robert and James were living together later in Perry Co., Alabama.
In any event, much research has been done on this family by William McAdams and his son, Horace, Dorothy Gains and other members of the Society. From the arrival of Robert in Newberry the rest of this family history is accurate.
He is believed to have married Sarah Williams, maybe the daughter of John Williams, but is associated with Providence Williams who was a in-law. He probably was in Virginia or Penn. and served with the Virginia troops, but no connection to the several Roberts in the war records can yet be made. He wrote his will 8 Aug. 1820 and named his 8 children:1.....Thomas S., b. 1783 married Sarah Teague (2) Mary Teague to Ala. and Miss. 2....Sarah, b. 1784 married Mr. Gary 3....Providence, cb. 1785 married Patience Williams, moved to Ala. then to La. 4....Caty L., cb. 1786 married Mr. Chelarch 5.....Henry C., cb. 1788 married Rhody Ritcherson (2) Elender Lowell moved to Ga. 6....James, b. 1792 married Sarah Foreman moved to Shelby Co., Ala. 7....John , b. 1795 died unmarried in 1824 8....Linny, cb. 1804 married William P. Stovall, 5 Sept. 1825
1. Thomas S. McAdams their first child was born in 1783. He first married Mary Teague, the daughter of Joshua and Dorothy Caldwell Teague. The Teague family was involved in the "Regulator Movement" and left Rowan Co., North Carolina in a "Hurry" and settled in the Laurens District in 1771. The Teagues were Quakers but turned Baptist when they were pressured to give up their slaves. The families were members of the Bush River Baptist Church. In 1816, Mary, Thomas, and Providence signed the will of James Teague. In 1818 Thomas and Mary were dismissed from the Bush River Church and in November that they moved to Jefferson Co., Alabama.
Thomas was a charter member of the Mt. Hebron Baptist Church founded in 1818 near Leeds. Hosea Holcombe from Union Co., S.C. was the pastor and his son; Harmon C. married Susan McAdams, a daughter of Thomas. By 1835 Mary Teague had died and Thomas re-married Sarah Teague had joined the Alpine Baptist Church in Talladega Co, Alabama. When Sarah died Thomas re-married Mrs. Charity Wallace but separated sometime before 1850.
The children of Thomas McAdams were:
B. Robert E.W. McAdams was b 1802 and married Catherine, a cousin of his mother b. 1804 in S.C. and died 2 June 1863. Robert re-married Sallie J. Williams. He was a minister and a Surgeon Dentist.
The children of Robert and Catherine were:
i.. Thomas T. b. 1822 married Martha T. (2) Emily C. Allen 8 Sept. 1868
a.. Robert .b, 1850
ii......Mary A. b. 1825 married Abbery Wingo 22 Dec. 1853
iii.....Hillary D., b. 1829 killed in the Civil War
iv.....Susan A. b. 1821 married J. Nunnelly, 8 Jan 1861
v......Laura M. b. 1833
vi.....Abner G. b. 1835 married Lou Page 23 Oct. 1864 served in Civil War
vii....Dorothy E. b. 1838
viii...James G.F. b. 1842 killed in the Civil War.
Joshua Teague McAdams was born 1804 and married Martha Hayney b. 10 July 1803. They probably married about 1826. The family was in Shelby Co., Ala. In 1830 and had moved to Benton Co. by 1840 and listed in Walker Co. in 1850. By 1860 they settled in McAdams, Attala Co., Mississippi. Most of the children of Joshua and Martha McAdams were:
i..John H. b. 1827 abt. 1853 married Caroline Barton b. 1829
a. Ann, cb. 1846
b..Martha cb. 1848
c..Joshua T. b. 1850 d. 1912 married Lusrice Jane Sanders
e..John M., b. 7 Oct. 183 married Mary F. Wilson, (2) Martha P. Sanders
ii....James D., b. 1828 married Elizabeth,
a.. Mary Ann, b. 1853
b..Sarah J., b. 1856
c..Samuel M. b. 1859
iii....Martha H. b. 1829 married Moses Barton
a..Martha C., married John W. Garner, son Robert Garner married Amada Kirkpatrick
iv....Sarah cb. 1830 married Jeff Barton
v....daughter unknown cb. 1831 married Addison Morrow killed in Civil War.
vi...Thomas B. cb. 1832 married Clarisa-- b. 1843 Miss.
a...James, b., 1866
b...John R., b. 1868
c...George, b. 1871
vii...Isaac Detridge, b. 7 Dec. 1831 d. 19 Aug. 1889 married Mary E )Betty) Turner, b. 4 March 1835. Served in Civil War, 13th Miss.
a....J. T., married Minnie Gregory 31 Aug. 1883
b...Martha E. married W.R. Adcok 12 Nov. 1833
c...Robert d. 1896
e...John P. Haney b. 187 d. 1938 married T.C. Sills
i Simon, ii. Robert, iii. Denton, iv. Mozella Furr, v. Festus Phillips
viii...Jeptha P. b. 1834 d. 1912 served in the Civil War.ix...Wilburn Benton b. 1833 in Walker Co., Ala. Married Perncia Ann Temple, b. 1838, (2) Mary J. Richardson, b. 1847 (3) Ula Walker Hollingsworth. He served in the Civil War and had a total of 22 children. Their home was McAdams, Miss. The children, not in order. a....James William, cb. 1857 b...Martha Francis, b. 11 Sept. 1859 married James Hines, b. 1879 c...Columbus Benton b. 11 Dec. 1863 d. 1933 married Emma Rebecca Haines d...Ula Walker, b. 1865 married A. Jared Richardson b. 1865 e...Jeptha Madison, b. 20 April 1869 d. Muleshoe, Tex. Married Martha E. Ware (2) Nannie Temple. i. William B. ii. Bertie Lee iii. Lela Mae f....Martha Ware, b. 1872 g...Mary Caroline, b. 14 June 1874, married Leonard H. Hunter h...Emma Ann, married Mr. Stubbs i....Abbie Doll b. 27 Mar. 1879 married Hiram L. Standford j....Authur S. lived in Childress Texas k...Kendrich Cayce d. in Loranine, Texas l...unknown daughter married Robert Murray m..William Dalton b. 1882 married Matilda Hollingsworth b. 1884 n...Pernecin Ann married Mr. Milton o...John Leon, b. 5 Oct. 1885 d. 1906 p...Mattie q...Nannie Jamison married Mr. Temple r....Ada Jennette, cb. 1897 married Mr. Russell s....Mattie Manila b: 19 Sept 1898 d: 10 Sept 1962 mar George R Burgett 29 Sept 1922 t...Vivian b. 1900 married Mr. Singer v....Henry Owen b. 1901 married Agnes Grimland Two others not known
x......James R., b. 1839 may have been killed in the Civil War
xi.....Mary S. b. 1841
xii....Elizabeth P. b. 1843
xiii...Rebecca D., b. 28 Nov. 1847 married J. K. Richardson 2 Oct. 1873
James T. McAdams born 1809 married Julia Lawler, b. 1810 in S.C. The family moved from Shelby Co. Ala. To Spearsville, Union Parish , La. In about 1847. By old family letters he died about 1867. Margaret Lawler, b. 1795 in Tenn. was living with the family in 1860. The also were in Ark. The know children are:
a..E.J. b. 1831
b..Permelia b. 1821
c..James F. b. 1834 married E.T. children were: i. S.E. b. 1849 Ark, ii. W.F. b.
1855 in La. iii. J.D. b. 1857 Ark iv. Am. B. 1859 in Ark.
e..Robert b. 1836
f...Henry Rufus b. 1838 married Dorcas Post 12 Feb. 1856, i. David b. 1857 ii. Rachael b. 1869
g...Mary. b. 1840
h...Ann b. 1842
i....Susan b. 1843
Thomas M. McAdams born 1823 in Ala. Married Martha Teague b. 1833 the daughter of James Jefferson and Ann Golden Teague. They married 7 June 1849 and lived in Benton Co., Ala. Children believed to be theirs:
a..Isaac A. married Martha J. Parker
b..Sarah married Leonard Scott 21 Jan. 1871?
c..Taylom married Flora T. Scott
f..Jack married Fannie Ringold 10 Oct. 1872
g..Buck married Sarah Wallace 17 Aug. 1873
h..Thomas M. married Ellen Johnson 1 Oct. 1874
2....Sarah McAdams, daughter of Robert and Sarah was born in 1784. She married Mr. Gary. Probably Hillary W. Gary who died 18 July 1861 with a widow, Sarah and children,
i. John S., ii. Sally iii, Linda, iv. Ida, vi. Eva. vii. Jessie
3...Providence McAdams son of Robert and Sarah was born 21 Feb. 1785. He married Patience William, daughter of Rachel and Providence William. He received a land grant in Dallas Co. Ala. In 1821 but lived in Perry Co. Just before 1850 he moved to Claiborn Parish, La. Where Providence died 12 Feb. 1857 and buried in the McAdams Cemetery. The children of Providence and Patience are:
a..Abigil cb. 1808 married Franklin Braine 2 Aug 1838
b..William E. cb. 1810 died before 1857 married Charlotte George, b. 1819 The family lived in Perry and Marion Co. Ala in the 1840's moved to Union and Jackson Parish, La. Their children were: i. Josephine b. 1838 ii. Thomas Jefferson, b. 1842 served in Civil War and moved to Franklin Co., Texas. iii. George W. cb. 1844 married Lou C. in Ellis Co, Texas served in the Ga. Troops in the Civil War. iv. Robert (Richard E.) b. 1847 CSA vet moved to Franklin Co., Tex.
c..John b. 1812 married Bethany --, i. G.A. born 183, ii. Elizabeth b. 18, iii. Alex P. b. 187, iv. Robert L. b. 1864
d...Rebecca cb. 1820 married Elijah Sparks 27 Aug. 1849
e...Nancy cb. 1825 married Jackson Crow lived in Ark
f...Elizabeth cb. 1830 married James Carmichael lived in Ark.
h...James Teague b. 1828 married Mary Ann Hay b. 1836 24 April 1853
4......Caty L. McAdams daughter of Robert and Sarah was born about 1786. She married a Mr. Chelarch. No other information.
5......Henry C. McAdams son of Robert and Sarah was born about 1788 and married several times. He moved to Pickens Co., Georgia sometime before 1829 with William Bluford Gary and his with Ruth. Henry served in the War of 1812 and won a Georgia land lottery. He was living in Pauling Co., Ga. With 11 people in his household in 1840 and died in 1843. Some of his children:
a..Nancy cb. 1802 married William Ballard in Floyd Co. Ga.
b..Bluford b. 1810 his 2's wife was Elizabeth Clark Hughes. The children:
i......Henry J. b. 1832 married Amada Wilkins
ii.....Elizabeth J., b. 1833
iii....Bluford Jr., b. 1835 married Catherine
iv....John B. b. 1837 married Sarah F. Allgood
v.....Nancy Ann, b. 1839
vi....Mary, b. 1840
The children of Bluford and Elizabeth C. Hughes:
vii....Emily S. b.1843 married Joseph Driver
viii...Mahala C. b. 1846 married Lucas Hogan
ix....Martha F., b. 1847 married John Henry Cornett 11 Dec. 1864
x.....Young M., b. 1848 married Mary Rollins
xi.....Margery b. 1850
xii....Thomas E. b. 1854 married Catherine Carter
xiii...George W., b. 1856
xiv...Catharine, cb. 1858
c ..Deatan, b. 1815 married Annie (Hannah Caroline Wright)-- moved to Henderson Co., Texas
d...Elizabeth cb, 1816 married Alexander Henderson 28 Aug. 1834
e...James b. 1820, d. 1855. married Martha White b. 1828, children were
i. James William b. 1847, ii. Nancy b. 1847, iii. John b. 1857 iv. Floyd, b. 1860
f...John cb. 1822 served in Mexican War.
g..Virginia, cb. 1825 married Austin V. Young in 1847 in Carroll Co.
h..Minerva Ann, b. 1835
i...Emily, b. 9-16-1844, d. 1941 m. James F.G. Hutcheston- 9 children
j...Gary E. b. 1841
k..Young H., b. 1842
6......James McAdams son of Robert and Sarah was born 1791 and married Sarah Foreman b. 1805 in about 1823. The family settled on a farm near Colulmbiana, Shelby Co. Ala where they both died. The children were:
a.....Isaac F. cb. 1823 married Elizabeth Sentell 25 Dec. 1845
b.....John b. 1824
c.....William b. 1827
d.....Elizabeth B. b. 1834 married David Edwards, 2 March 1851
e.....James F. cb. 1836 married Sarah J. Crow in Perry Co. in 1859. He was a surgeon in the CAS and moved to Ark in about 1862.
g....Sarah J. cb. 1839 married Mr. Horton
h....Henry Clay cb. 1830 was a doctor graduated Mobile 19 April 1853.
7....John W. McAdams son of Robert and Sarah cb 1795 died unmarried in 1824
8....Linny (Belinda) McAdams daughter of Robert and Sarah was born abt. 1804 and married William P. Stovall 5 Sept. 1825 in Shelby Co. Alabama.
Carolyn Sue Bouska had noticed she had Teagues in her family line and I had asked her about it. She answered that she is also a Teague researcher and in listed on the mailing list for the Edward Teague Network. Her Teague line is William Teague, Jr. and Eleanor Simonton. In the Teague information she sent was a letter from the Museum of Teague Family History, 208 S. 3'd Ave. Teague, Texas 75860 dated March 25, l994. It states the LDS records list the wrong wife for Joshua Teague (c.1732-1808). This Joshua Teague was married to Dorothy Gaunt or Gauntt, not Dorothy Caldwell, who was born 1729 in Burlington County, New Jersey, daughter of Zebulon Gaunt, (c. 1679-1772) and Sophia (Shourds) Gaunt. Also, the Teagues immigrated through Fredricks County, Virginia and Roan Co., North Carolina to Newberry, South Carolina which suggest an earlier McAdams-Teague association.
Elijah Teague (1767-1843) who married Sarah Morgan was listed as a son of Johua Teague (1732-1808) and Dorothy Gaunt Teague. Letters were discovered written by the siblings of Dorothy Gaunt to their parents that uncovered the error and showed Elijah Teague was not a son. The Elijah Teague who married Sarah Morgan was a son of Elijah Teague (1726 - 1780) and Alice Teague. This error and the wrong spouse are still showing up in many records.
In the Newberry, S.C. estate records recently furnished by R. Ann Symons she notes in box 9 pg. 3, dated 1815 of the Newberry District estate record is Hannah Gauntt, widow of Israel Gauntt. Her eldest daughter was Susannah Coates - a familiar family in Bush River Baptist Church, which she had by her first husband.
In these estates records Robert McAdams was the administer to John Gary in 1801. However, the paid by estate settlement has Samuel Lindsey paid in 1801 and John Gary with R. McAdams, son-in-law. Since Robert appears several times in these documents it would be logical that R. stands for Robert. This estate sale could cast some doubt that Robert's wife was a William's which has been the assumption of several researchers. There is little doubt due to the documentation that the McAdams and Williams families in Newberry were close. However, this information appears to indicate that Robert's wife was Sarah Gary - daughter of John and Caty Gary. The Williams were in-laws to the Teagues and to Thomas Gary. Thomas Gary was the father-in-law to Providence Williams. These records say that Robert McAdams and Providence Williams were married to Gary first cousins.
Venita Fountain of Homer, La. said her grandfather insisted that Ann Gary was the wife of Providence Williams and it was not Rachel as stated in his estate papers. The fact is that John and Thomas Gary were sons of William Gary, Sr. who settled near the Enoree River, north of Indian Creek in Newberry County in about 1760. He was granted land in 1767 which he conveyed to his son, Charles. The family is reportedly to have come from Virginia. There were 3 other sons, Charles, James, and William. William lived in the Pendleton Dist., S.C. Some of Charles' children lived in Abbeville, S.C.
The confusion comes with John Gary. John Gary III, cb. 1771 was the son of John Gary, Jr. and his wife Anne, last name unknown. John Gary III did marry Catherine (Kate) McAdams, a daughter of Robert McAdams. These estate papers identify Robert McAdams as John's father in law. However, this is more likely to refer to Robert's daughter, Sarah. His estate papers say she was the wife of Mr. Gary who was Hillary W. Gary who died in 1861. Caty is listed as the wife of Mr. Chelarch. In 1818 Charles Leopard was the spouse of Cathey (McAdams) Gary and on application of Thompson B. Thompson, letters of guardianship for Linny Gary who was his wife.
The 3 generations of John Gary appear to be mixed up and all refer to the estate record of 1801. The history of the Gary family state the wife of John Gary, Sr. was Katy who died in 1802. So, this Katy could not have been Robert's daughter. The family records state that John, Jr. died in 1789 leaving a widow, Anne, their son, John III is the person who married Kate McAdams, Robert's daughter. The Gary family came from Virginia and they were related the Lee and Williams families of Virginia.
John Dalrymple also appears in the estate records of Thomas Gary. Patience McAdams, wife of Providence McAdams and Elizabeth Dalrymple were daughters of Providence Williams. The Dalrymples were from around Ayr, Scotland and migrated to North Carolina in 1774 - the same year Robert McAdams is reported to have arrived in America.
R. Ann Symons is pretty certain that her direct line goes back to Robert McAdams of Newberry, S.C. It is his son, Thomas S., who gave his son, James T. the old Bible. Then passed on to Robert F. who died in the Civil War and her grandmother. James T. was a Baptist minister and she thinks that he and Julia (Lawler) may be buried in the old cemetery around Spearsville, Union Parish, La.
from Robert F. McAdams
(this was probably not actually his the last letter home but it was one of them.
Robert was captured at Chickamauga 20 Sept. 1863. He was sent to Camp Douglas, Ill and died there on 14 Nov. 1863.)
Camp near Wartrace, Tennessee
April 27, 1863
Dear wife, and son, and father and mother, brothers and sisters:
I again with the most of pleasure take out my pen to write you a few lines to let you know that we are all well except your brother, E.R. Dildy. He is still complaining with his bowels. He is able to be up. He is not bad off, but he is excused from duty.
We have been up here two days. This is a nice camping place but I do not know how long we will remain here. We are about five miles from the Yanks now. We was called out in the line of battle yesterday AM with two days rations to go and make an attack on them. I thought I would be in a battle, but the order was countermanded and we did not have to go - and I was not sorry a bit. Brother was not going - he was not able to stand the march. Our line was thirteen miles long. Thomas Post is complaining though he is up.
I have no news to write to you. I am standing it first rate. We get plenty of beans and bread to eat and that is better than I looked for. I have $53.00 and a half in Confederate money and I will get 22 or $30.00 in 3 or four days. I am in hopes this will come to a close before long and we will be as happy your ever saw.
I want you all to write to me and I will get one once in a while. When you direct your letters to Wartrace - McAdams, brigade 79 th Regiment, La. Vols. Co. E care of J.B. Landers. So, I will have to come to a close to go on duty. I want you to let Pop and Mother see this. It will do for you all. I drampt I was with you and Frank last night, but when I waked I was in the same old tent then I felt bad. I will write again in a few days.
R.F. McAdams to Penny McAdams
South Carolina records have William McAdams, age 19 immigrated from Ireland in 1767. He does not appears in any other records but Joseph appears her where William was granted land in Craven. Co.
William McAdams b. 1749, came to America from Ireland in 1767 at the age of 19. His grant was issued in Craven Co. in 1768 next to Knox, Lang and Michael Lewers. Joseph and William McAdams who appear here could be the same person. However, until we get a plot map or determine his grant location this is purely speculation.
There are no records until a Joseph McAdams of Camden shows up in the area in 1786. It is possible he came here from North Carolina. He was elected Constable in 1780 and he was a tailor by trade. He received several land grants. He and his wife mortgaged his house in 1787 to John Chestnut wit: Robert Brounfield and John Craven. Joseph in court case with Thomas Lewers in 1793. Joseph is on an estate with Dr. Isaac Alexander of Enoch and Robert Hill of Derry Ireland dated 1785. He lived near James Douglas, John Davis, John Hood, William McGill, William Lang and others. In the will of Robert Hill of Mecklenburg Co., NC, gifts to his brother, John Hill and sister Margaret Reid of Derry Co., Ireland, exec; Rev'd Robert Archibald and David Masse of Rowan Co., NC, wit: Joseph and Dr. Isaac Alexander of Camden, S.C. 10 April 1786.
The census records have 3 males under 16 in 1790. His sons. Joseph and Samuel remained in the area. The 3'd son is not known..He married Mary and was a tailor by trade. Joseph was granted a total of 878 acres of land and died about 1814. In 1830 Mary was about 80 was living on her property with a hired hand and the negro woman whom they had freeded.
i....Joseph, cb. 1774. Joseph re-married Mary 1 Aug. 1806. Joseph vs. Alex Burnside over estate of Mary J. Burnsides in 1810.
a. Hiram Augusta, b. 1792 married Mary
b. Sarah b. 1800 S.C married John Shropshien 27 Dec. 1821
c. Margaret M. cb. 1802 died unmarried in Lancaster Co.
ii...Samuel, cb 1772, wife was Mary Graham. Samuel and James Johnson sued Samuel Johnson, exec for James Gordon and William Graham in 1797.
iii..Thomas McAdams appears only in a tax record in 1813.
James McAdams of the Pendleton District- Top For detailed Family Records - click here to find more details on family members
James McAdams was born in Virginia abt. 1748. An old family letter states his family came to America from Ireland with two brothers. The evidence is that his father was either the John or James, brother of Samuel McAdams who died in Fincastle Co., Va. in 1788. James can be first confirmed when his son, James was born 1773 in Wake Co., North Carolina. He moved to the western part of Virginia near Washington Co. Tenn. He is believed to be the James McAdams listed as serving in the Virginia 7 th and 11 th Regts. with Joseph Crockett. In 1782 he was issued a land warrant for 400 acres which he sold in two parcels that same year. He also had owned property next to Charles Robertson and Brown which he did not sell until after 1800.
Just before 1790 he moved to Pendleton District, S.C. but did not acquire any land until 1802 on Crooked Creek, a branch of the Saluda River. After that his name appears regularly through out the records of Pickens Co. S.C.
The acts of Congress of 1820 providing additional benefits for war veterans prompted James to acquire 2 separate tracts of land in Alabama. He and some of his sons, who had served in the War of 1812 were given land warrants in Jefferson Co., Alabama. In 1821 James received a military land grant in St. Clair Co. Alabama and he moved there at a very old age. He wrote his will in 1828 and it was proved in St. Clair Co. in 1833 by his son Thomas who was the executor of his estate. He named his wife, Jermina, his 9 children and 5 of his slaves.
1....Rebecca was born abt. 1772 probably in N.C. She is mentioned in her father's will as Rebecca Maulden.
2....James, Jr. was born in Wake Co., N.C. in 1773. He spent his adult life in Pickens Co., S.C. on the property his father had purchased on Doddy's Creek. He married Mary Lathum whose family had come from Virginia. He appears in the records of the county several times. He wrote his will in 1855 and was proved in 1863 by his son-inlay, Mason Burdine who was the executor of his estate, He named his wife, Mary and 8 children. The children were:
i..James, Jr., b. 1815, d. 1881 married on 5 March 1839 Nancy Burdine, b. 1821, d. 1859. (2) Amanda M. --, children were:
a... Mary E. b. 1840
b....John b. 1842
c....James G. b. 1845
e....Sarah J. b. 1848
Children of James and Amanda were:
f......George A. cb. 1850
g.....Mason B. cb. 1852
ii.......Susannah cb. 1817 married James Clemmens
iii......Helilnda cb. 1818 married Mason Burdine
iv......Jermina cb. 1820 married W. Fair
v.......Sarah , cg. 1822 married James W. Hunt
vii.....Mary Jane cb. 1830
3.....Margaret, cb. 1774 had died before her father had written his will. He left her share of his estate to Thomas Cantwell who was her husband.
4.....John McAdams, cb. 1775 and one of his sons had died before his father and James left his left his inheritance to his 3 unnamed sons.
5.....Samuel McAdams was born 1776 in Washington Co., Tenn. He married Sarah, b. 1778 in NC. In 1801 they were living in Georgia on the Indian boundary line in Franklin Co. In 1818 he was issued a 160-acre land warrant in Morgan Co. Ala. He was in Lawrence Co. in 1830. The family moved to Bowie Co, Texas where Samuel is believed to have died about 1852. Some of the children of Samuel and Sarah McAdams taken from the Newby family bible.
i ....George b. 1804 married Jo Anna, b. 1810. George was a carpenter by trade and appears to have died before 1860. Their children were:
aGeorge H., b. 1834 Ala.
bJames H. b. 1836 Ala. Married C.M.-- b. 1822 Ark. Children, C.I.A, b.
1848, L.W., b. 1850
c Mary E., b. 1838 Ala.
d.Penelope b. 1840 Ala.
e.Andrew J. b. 1834 Tex
f..Louisa b. 1847 Tex.
g.Hannah b. 1850 in Tex.
ii.....Bethany, cb. 1806 SC married John McAdam, son of William McAdams
iii.....John, cb. 1808 in S.C. married Sarah --, b. 1823 in Ala. She was head of household in 1850 as John had died. She remarried J.B. McWhorter, b. 1824. The family was in Bowie Co. as early as 1840. The children were:
a..Elizabeth b. 1842 Tex.
b..Mary H., b. 1844
c..Sarah, b. 1846
e..D.A. b. 1846
6.....Isaac, cb. 1777 married Martha Anna, b. 1780, daughter of William Turner who had served in the Revolutionary War. During the War of 1812 Isaac was drafted and served 3 months. About 1820 he moved to Jefferson Co., Ala. Were he was granted a land warrant for his war service. He died before 1827 and his heirs sold the property but a final land patent was never issued until 1929. Martha moved to Mississippi in 1840 with some of her sons but returned to Jefferson Co., Ala. By 1850 where she was living with her daughter, Ruthy Ellard. The children of Isaac and Martha were:
a..Nancy cb. 1789 SC married Jessie Turner and family was in Calhoun Co.
Miss. In 1870. Their children.
i. Lucy b. 1821 ii. Thompson b. 1822 iii. William b. 1843
iv. Nancy b. 1845 v. Jane b. 1847 vi. Francis b. 1849
b..Mary, cb. 1799 SC married John Woodall
c.....Sarah b. 1800 d. 1889 married Jessie Hunt b. 1798 on 30 Oct. 1817. Jessie
was a probate judge in Lee Co. Miss and moved to Texas in 1872 where Sarah died
19 Oct. 1885 and Jessie died 25 April 1895 and are buried in Florence Cemetery in
Williamson Co. Texas. Their children were:
i. James b. 1818 married Francis Adams
ii. Joseph cb. 1820 married Nancy Mauldin
iii. William C. b. 1823
iv. Annie b. 1822 married Philip Turner
v. Jane b. 1822 married John P. Payne
vi. Ruth Ann. B. 1824 married J.B. Barrow
vii. Lydia A. b. 1828 married John L. Turner
viii. Sarah C. b. 1830 married Patrick Moore
ix. Jesse Ivy b. 1831 married Sarah J. Pond
x. Thomas J. b. 1833 married Louisa Williams
xi. Elizabeth b. 1833 married James Boyd
xii. Washington b. 1839 died in the Civil War
xiii. John Tyler b. 1840 married Lovonie C. Ellis
xiv. Harrision P. B. 1843
d.....Merrit b. 1801 SC married Peggy Snow on 8 Feb. 1821. The family moved
to Miss. about 1840. Their children were:
i. Isaac cb. 1822 married Margaret Barton in 1843, their children were,
Susan b. 1843, Nancy b. 1845, Merritt b. 1847 and William b. 1849
ii. Catherine b. 1825 married Jeff Murphie
iii. Francis b. 1832
e.....Ruthy cb. 1802 SC married Jonathan Ellard who died in 1838. The family
was in Jefferson Co., Ala. In 1850 living with her mother, Anna.
i. Nancy Ann b. 1821
ii. Caroline, b. 1821
iii. William W. b. 1822
iv. Isaac b. 1823
v. James b. 1824
vi. Merritt b. 1827
vii. Andrew cb. 1830
viii. Joseph cb. 1843
ix. Elizabeth cb. 1836
x. Mary cb. 1838
f.....Catherine b. 1804 married Elbert Bayless on 4 Jan. 1825. Children were:
i. Harritt b. 1837
ii. Nancy b. 1839
iii. Epsey b. 1840
iv. Anna b. 1842
v. George b. 1845
vi. Eugena b. 1848
g....Thomas b. 1805 SC married Lucinda Turner in about 1825. The family lived
in Ark. and moved to Texas.
i. James b. 1826
ii. Thomas b. 1830 married Martha McGown
iii. Eliza b. 1835 married E. Stillwell
iv. Lucenda b. 1838 married Joseph Murphy
v. Rebecca b. 1841 married William White
vi. Jessie M. b. 1843 married Mary Hudson
vii. Anna b. 1846 married James Youngblood
viii. Ruth L. b. 1849 married Nathan Henderson
h.....Polly Ann b. 1807 SC married George McCurley 4 Feb. 1821
i. Robert b. 1824
Polly remarried John Woodhall and their children were:
ii. Elizabeth b. 1836
iii. Caroline b. 1838
iv. Martha b. 1839
v. Leanodias b. 1840
vi. John b. 1842
i........Rebecca cb. 1810 SC married James S. Stovall 8 Jan. 1824 who died 1845
i. Darcas S. b. 1829
ii. Thomas D. cb. 1831
iii. Thomas b. 1834
Rebecca remarried Thomas Gore in 1852
iv. James cb. 1852
v. Merritt cb. 183
j........James cb. 1812 d. Ark., married Mary Ellard
k.......William W., b. 1815 SC d. 1889 married Elizabeth Little Green on 18 Oct. 1835 in Perry Co., Ala. The family moved to Yalobusha Co. about 1840 and on to Leon Co., Texas in 1852. William died in 1889 and is buried in Bethal Cementery on land he donated to the Church.
i. Anny b. 1836 married Calvin Bennett
ii. Thomas L. b. 1839 killed in Civil War
iii. Lintha b. 1842
iv. James H. b. 1845, d. 1929 married Alice Currie in 1870. Children:
a. George b. 1871 d. 1875
b. Ela b. 1875
c. James Luther b. 1877
d. L. Tom, cb. 1879
e. L. Monroe, cb. 1879 d. 1952 married Josephine Morgan
f. Martha Addie b. 1882 married Dr. Owens
g. Lila cb. 1885 married Mr. Calvin
v. Sarah J. b. 1848 married Mr. Childress
vi. Elizabeth b. 1851 married Leonidas D. Ross
vii. John b. 1856 died unmarried
viii. Robert H. b. 1859
ix. Mary b. 1869 married R.F. Childress
William re-married Rebecca Spear after Elizabeth died
x. Lou b. 1880
xi. Jermina b. 1882
7..Thomas born 1780 in Washington Co., Tenn. married Polly Clemmens and moved to Gwinnett Co., Ga. He was in Cass Co. Ga. In 1830 and died in 1852. He had no children and left gifts to his brother and sisters who lived in Pickens Co., S.C. and Texas.
8. William was born in 1788 in South Carolina and married Cynthia b. 1791 in NC. She was probably a Matthews. The family was in Alabama by 1820 and lived in Perry Co . They were also were in Ark. He and his sons, William and Jeptha were issued land grants in Texas in 1839 as residents of Texas who resided there before 1836. In 1850 they were in Smith Co., Texas. Their children were:
a......John, cb. 1807 SC married Bethany McAdams, d/o Samuel McAdams
b......James, b. 1809 SC married Mary Clary
c......William M., b. 1818 SC married Sarah Adrian born in Ky. A son Lewis R
b. 1845 died in the Civil War.
d ......Jeptha J., born 1820 in Ala. Married Amanda, b. 1821 in Ga.
i....John H., b. 1840 Tex
ii...Thomas P, b. 1842
iii..William J., b. 1845
iv...Cymathia, b. 1857
v....Mary L., b. 1849
e.........Thomas F, b. 1827 Ala.
f..........Milida S., b. 1833 Ark
g.........Hugh L, b. 1835 Ark.
9. Polly b. 1791 married Mr. Smith.
John McAdams son of Thomas and Catherine was born in Co. Down, Ireland 15 Aug. 1759. He served in the Revolutionary War under Maj. Williamson . He married Catherine Stuckey about 1784 who died in 1804. He remarried Sarah Webb. He died 1 Nov. 1834. The children of John and Catherine were: A. Mary (Polly) b. 23 Nov. 178 married James Fisher B. Margaret born 11 June 1787 and married Lemuel W. Tribble, b. 17 May 1786 and lived in Abbeville all their lives. Their children: i. Polly Ann married George Grubbs ii. Nancy iii. Emily iv. James R. v. Stephen vi. Samuel M. b. 18 Jan 1824 married Ann --b. 8 Sept. 1825 a. Maragret died at 16 b. Palmyra S. died young c. Samuel married S.E. vii. Ezekial d. 20 Sept. 1861 age 51 viii. John J. John born 16 Feb. 1802 married Vashti Seawright b. 10 Oct. 1816 in about 1838. He remarried Agnes Seawright sometime after her death. The children were: i. James C. b. 30 Dec. 1839 d. 10 Sept. 1862 ii. John O. b. 9 March 1841 d. 18 Sept. 1863 iii. William F. b. 1848 lived with his twin sister, Margaret in 1880 iv. Andrew W., b. 28 Nov. 1846 d. 1872 v. Maragret C. b. 1848 married James D. Lomax K. Jane McAdams born 5 Oct. 1808 married Thomas Davis, b. 1794. L. Robert McAdams b. 5 Oct. 1811 married Christianna Hill in about 1837. Children: i. Robert b. 15 June 1834 married Mattie Cromer, b. 1 Nov. 1848 ii. Martha N. b. 1839 iii. Wellborn Newton b. 8 July 1841 married Mary A. Burton b. 21 May 1861 iv. Allen Jones, b. 10 Oct. 1843 married Mary Emma Moore, b. 24 April 1852 v. Marietta b. 30 Sept. 1848 married F.V. Pruitt b. 3 March 1833 L. James Jones, b. 27 Oct. 1814, d 14 June 1909 did not marry M. Rebecca McAdams b. 15 Oct. 1816, d. 1894 did not marry. 2. Catherine may have married Obidiah Fields about 1785 3. James was born in Ireland about 1765. He is referred to as "Captain" which may come from service in the War of 1812. He married Charlotte --. He died interstate in 1821. A. Sarah b. 1783 married Thomas Branyon B. Mary Ann b. 1789 married John McClane C. William b. 17 Sept. 1788 married Elizabeth -- i. James b. 1826 ii. Margaret b. 1829 married G.F. Burton iii. Polly A. b. 1831 iv. John Oliver, b. 27 May 1833 married Malinda Cassey v. William T. b. 1837 (Twin) vi. Jane D. b. 1837 (Twin) vii. Susan A. b. 1841 D. John b. 1790 married Sarah Fields i. Catherine b. 1815 married William Yandell ii. James Wesley b. 21 Jan 1816 married Cynthia Shelton 20 Oct. 1847 iii. Obidiah F. b. 19 Jan. 1861 married Temperance Arp (2) Mary Jennings iv. Elizabeth b. 1818 v. Samuel L. b. 14 June 1821 married Clara Dowdle (2) Sarah Dowdle vi. Charlotte, b. 1825 married Thomas L. Hardin vii. Nathaniel b. 1826 married Margaret (2) Martha Crook E. Bennett b. 2 March 1794 married Margaret E. Hall i. Mahala J. b. 26 July 1834 ii. Elizabeth, b. 19 Feb. 1837 married J.O. McClain iii. Charlotte Tibitha, b. 18 Sept. 1838 married James O. McClain iv. James, b. 1 Sept. 1839 v. William R. b. 1840 married Mary E. Ellis vi. N. Heibernia, b. 15 July 1843 married James R. McWhorther vii. Enoch Benton, b. 25 Sept. 1846 F. James b. 1797 married Elizabeth -- i. Mary A. b. 1834 ii. Thomas b. 1836 iii. Visiah b. 1838 iv. Moses b. 1840 v. Margaret b. 1842 married James Prestiage vi. Sarah b. 1844 G. Thomas b. 1803 married Margaret -- (2) Susan-- i. Elizabeth b. 1832 ii. Susan A. b. 1834 iii. Rachael C. b. 1837 iv. Samuel F. b. 1 Oct. 1839 married Emma Bowen v. Serena b. 1842 vi. Martha A. b. 1845 vii. William R., b. 1846 married Mary E. Bowen viii. Josephine b. 1848 ix. John B., b. 1865 x. Conie A. b. 1866 xi. Robert P. b. 1870 xii. George Alphonso, b. 1871 H. Hannah b. 1806 married Dempsey Callahan I. Nancy b. 1809 married John B. McWhorter J. Robinson b. 4 July 1816 married Elizabeth A.-- i. James M. b. 1849 ii. Augusta A., b. 1852 iii. Daniel b. 1855 iv. Robert M. b. 1858
John McAdams, cb. 1763 shows up in Union Co. just before 1800 and is believed be the son of Thomas McAdams of Washington Co., Tenn. He married Elizabeth Robertson. He was on the estate of Nathaniel Robertson, 1809, in will of Steel in 1803 land granted to John Dunn. He died in York Co. in 1845.
The children of John and Elizabeth McAdams were:
i....Daniel b. 1784, d. 1871 in Hall Co., Ga. married Judith Whelchel
ii.. Hugh cb. 1788 d. before 1821 married Mary in Pickens Co., Ala.
iii. Samuel, cb. 1790
iv. Elizabeth b. 1807 married John McTheown
The Society has extended information on most of the McAdams families of South Carolina. Some are quite large which were are working on to complete and will be posted at a later date. You may request addition information on any of these lines as only the first known ancestor is listed here.
Return to American Index Page Return to McAdams Home Page
|
<urn:uuid:e4679dcc-59a7-467b-aee6-75aad636cf66>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mcadams/SC.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393146.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00192-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955773 | 12,384 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Ray tracing is one of the most fundamental of 3D rendering techniques, in the sense that it attempts to simulate the way a real scene is created by the light rays that enter your eye. The only difference is that a ray tracer generally works in the reverse direction to real light rays - that is from the camera out to the scene. The program has to trace a the path of a light ray from the camera out into the 3D model and see what it hits. From the color of what it hits, you can work out what color the pixel it intersects in the camera should be. It is simple in theory but it can be tough to implement and it is a real test for the hardware that runs it.
If you watch the live in browser demo don't give up when you see the first image it increases in resolution as you watch.
It also has a simple scene description language that you can use to set up your own demonstrations - and yes, you can edit the scene in the browser. If you want to develop it further then the source code can be downloaded.
Is there nothing out of the reach of the browser?
A quick test suggests that it works on Chrome and Firefox but not under IE9 - for reasons that aren't clear.
A paper authored by a large team of Microsoft Researchers past and present, to be presented this week at the 15th Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational L [ ... ]
A plaque commemorating the invention of the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) over 50 years ago has been installed in the lobby of the AT&T Labs in Middletown, New Jersey [ ... ]
|
<urn:uuid:373cfe61-57dc-488f-8ae8-7e12075bad14>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.i-programmer.info/news/167/3634.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00115-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937163 | 344 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Welcome to the interactive web model of the Solar System,
a simple astronomical simulator and predictor of planet orbits
that displays dynamic view of the Solar System as seen from the north ecliptic pole.
This Solar System simulator is an entertaining, and educational
astronomy program that provides an excellent way to learn about the Solar System from a particular point of view.
You can zoom in and out to view the entire Solar System, or just the inner planets.
By pressing the STOP button a text entry box allows you to enter new values for the date.
|
<urn:uuid:653d4e82-8046-4ce2-896b-602965123641>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.faustweb.net/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403823.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00091-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.802614 | 115 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Vallabh Bhai Patel the iron-man of India was born on 13th October,
1875, in a small village Karamsadh of Bombay region. His father Jhaber
Bhai Patel was a simple farmer and mother Laad Bai was a simple lady.
From his childhood itself, Patel was a very hard-working individual.
He used to help his father in farming and studied in a school at Patelaad.
He passed his high-school examination in 1896. Throughout school he
was a very wise and intelligent student. Inspite of poor financial
conditions his father decided to send him to college but VallabhBhai
refused. Around three years he stayed at home, worked hard and prepared
for the District Leader's examinaton, hence passing with very good
Sardar Patel hated to work for anyone especially the Britishers.
He was a person of independent nature. He started his own practice
of law in a place called Godhara. Soon the practice flourished. He
saved money, made financial arrangement for the entire family. He
got married to Jhaberaba. In 1904, he got a baby daughter Maniben,
and in 1905 his son Dahya was born. He sent his elder brother to England
for higher studies in law. In 1908, Vittha Bhai returned as barrister
and started practising in Bombay. In 1909 his wife became seriously
ill and was taken to Bombay for treatment VallabhBhai had to go for
the hearing of an urgent case and his wife died. He was stunned. He
admitted his children in St. Mary's school Bombay, and he left for
England. He became a barrister and retuned to India in 1913.
He started his practice in Ahmedabad and soon he became aware of
the local life, activities and people's problems. He became an extremely
popular person and he got elected in the Municipal Corportaion in
1917. Around 1915, he came across Mahatma Gandhi. The Swadeshi Movement
was at its peak. Gandhiji gave a lecture at a place in Ahmedabad where
Patel heard him and was very impressed and started actively participating
in the freedom movement. The British government's atrocities were
increasing. The government declared to confiscate all the lands of
farmers. He forced the British government to amend the rules. He brought
together the farmers and encouraged them and hence got the title of
'Sardar' and thus became famous.
The British government considered him as a threat and his lectures
were considered anti-government and he was imprisoned several times.
In 1942, he took part in the Quit India Movement under the leadership
of Mahatma Gandhi. He was arrested along with other leaders and was
sent to Ahmednagar jail. Inspite of the British Rule, rulers of the
small kingdoms were spending a lot of public money, and were having
a nice time. Sardar Vallabh Bhai opposed this.
With great wisdom and political foresight, he consolidated the small
kingdoms. The public was with him. He tackled the Nizam of Hyderabad
and the Nawab of Junagarh who intially did not want to join India.
There were a lot of problems connected with the reunion of the numerous
states into India. Sardar Patel's untiring efforts towards the unity
of the country brought success. Due to the achievement of this massive
task, Sardar Patel got the title of 'Iron Man'. ' He is one
of the prestigious leaders of the world who became immmortal by uniting
a scattered nation without any bloodshed.
His enthusiasm to work for the independent nation got a big jolt
when Gandhiji was murdered. Patel was very attached to Gandhiji and
considered him, his elder brother and teacher. He was encouraged by
Mahatma Gandhi in all his work. Gandhiji's death left him broken.
On 15th December, 1950 he died of a cardiac arrest. The news of his
death spread all over the world. The entire nation plunged into deep
sorrow, everyday life came to a standstill. A grateful nation paid
a tearful homage to it's beloved leader. In 1991 the grateful nation
conferred upon him the honour of Bharat Ratna.
© 2000 - 2009 VandeMataram.com All rights reserved.
|
<urn:uuid:946dd76c-ecd8-43b8-a7ec-8684f5bb35d5>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.vandemataram.com/html/biograph/sardarpatel.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00124-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.985698 | 926 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Being Seen Being Green
By Megan Z. Shearin | September 22, 2010
There’s a new kind of tea being brewed on the campus of Virginia Wesleyan College.
The ingredients are comprised of mainly food scraps such as potato and orange peels, fruits and vegetables. Landscape waste including dry leaves and wood chips are part of the mixture, too.
A partnership between the College’s Dining Services and the Physical Plant has created compost tea, a rich, liquid fertilizer full of nutrients that is being used across campus on flower and shrub beds. This is one of the College’s many sustainability efforts as part of the Marlins Go Green campaign, a campus-wide greening initiative set by the PEIC (President’s Environmental Issues Council) to improve environmental sustainability at Virginia Wesleyan.
In 2007, the two departments teamed up to begin composting. Appropriate food wastes consisting of mostly fresh vegetable matter, such as items left over from the salad bar each day, were taken to a compost pile in the woods near the Physical Plant and left to break down into their organic compound.
According to Assistant Director of the Physical Plant Mike Rigby the additional step of producing compost tea began in February 2010. A compost tea brewer was made by Chris Houghton, college plumber, using PVC pipe, a garden hose and large trash can, and an air pump.
To brew the tea, the compost is put into a mesh bag and immersed in water infused with unsulfured molasses. A pump aerates the mixture to produce a tea with nutrients and beneficial microbes. The brewing process takes between 18 -24 hours to complete, said Rigby. He added that from the time the food scraps are collected to the break down of material and brewing of the tea the overall process takes 6-8 months.
The Benefits of Compost Tea:
Reduces waste sent to the landfill
Reduces the need for toxic garden chemicals
Provides organic nutrients to plants and soil
Reduces water usage in the dining hall
“Compost tea reduces the amount of waste we send to the landfill, reduces the need for chemical treatments, and provides healthy microbes to plants and soil,” said Rigby. “We can see the value of compost tea and this initiative is a team effort across campus.”
Students, faculty and staff have readily stepped up to contribute to the Marlins Go Green efforts. Last spring, Dining Services initiated a new process called “Scrape Your Plate.” Specialized bins have been created for students to scrape their leftover vegetable and fruit scraps, along with napkins/paper products, before returning their used tableware on the dish conveyor. Additional bins can be found for recycling aluminum, plastic and glass.
“We immediately saw the usage of less water and chemicals in the cleaning process,” said General Manager of Dining Services Tim Lockett. “This saves on water usage, energy and encourages everyone to participate in the campus efforts to reduce our carbon footprint.”
From scraping plates, brewing compost tea and spraying organic fertilizer, the process continues to enhance the campus sustainability efforts.
While the process of compost tea is still fairly new, Rigby said there may be opportunities to expand in the future. For now, “it’s neat to see the fruits of your labor,” he said.
|
<urn:uuid:79ccc457-417f-4509-a175-5d43ddfc513c>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.vwc.edu/about-us/sustainability/stories/being-seen-being-green2.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00061-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952634 | 695 | 3 | 3 |
In the UK, schools are inspected every few years to make sure they’re educating kids well and run effectively.
Ofsted, the agency that visits the schools and writes the inspection reports, yesterday released their 2008/09 Annual Report. It’s a 160 page beast of stats, strengths and weaknesses, everything schools and the government need to focus their congratulations and new efforts. There’s a short commentary at the beginning which is great, but on the whole it has quite a lot of technical language.
The Daily Mail covered the report with a shocking headline, How 1 in 3 schools fail to provide adequate teaching. Gosh.
We decided to have a basic poke at the numbers ourselves, since we’ve just started working on Ashdown and have them all handy. (Ashdown is our name for a suite of beautiful and useful products we’re making for parents and teachers around UK schools data.)
So let’s have a look.
It’s pupils that matter to parents, so let’s look at 9- and 14-year-olds.
There are some 160,000 9-year-olds at schools in England that have been inspected in the last year (between September 2008 and August 2009). And about 161,000 14-year-olds, if you care about secondary schools. Let’s see how they break down…
Pupils at schools recently graded by Ofsted in England
Happy schools are better schools.
A shade off two-thirds of all 9-year-olds and all 14-year-olds go to schools that are good or outstanding. But how about that Daily Mail headline? What does “not adequate” mean?
To find out about that I should say something about how Ofsted gives grades to schools. This is the terminology bit.
Ofsted do a few types of inspection, one of which is called a “Section 5 Inspection.” At the top of a report (here’s an example, taken totally at random) there’s a line called “Overall effectiveness of the school.” Right by it is a grade… 1 and 2 are outstanding and good respectively. There are also grades 3 and 4.
Grade 3 is “satisfactory.” You can read how Ofsted inspectors evaluate schools. It’s a bit dry, but in a nutshell a grade of ‘satisfactory’ means this: there’s nothing wrong with student performance, school leadership, value for money, or possibilities for improvement. Ofsted promise to inspect the school again within 3 years, and will make an interim visit just about half the time.
“Inadequate,” grade 4, means something is wrong with either how the kids are being educated, or the ability of the teachers to lead and improve the school. It’s pretty harsh.
1 in 3 schools are what?
Looking at our numbers, one in three pupils go to schools that are satisfactory or inadequate. Hang on, the headline said “fail to provide adequate teaching.” But only one in twenty pupils go to “inadequate” schools. Nineteen out of twenty go to schools that are satisfactory or better.
My confusion, I guess, arises because the headline uses a word which is very close to Ofcom’s own terminology – “inadequate” (grade 4) and “adequate” (in the headline, unused by Ofsted) – and so becomes ambiguous. That’s a shame. Is satisfactory adequate or not? I have no idea. How much do we care? The ambiguity obscures these discussions, but it’s great that journalism is provoking them. It’s huge, the difference in the numbers, between “satisfactory” being a grade we celebrate or one we don’t tolerate.
It’s also worth thinking about the purpose of these kind of statistics. What are stats for?
Let’s revisit Ofsted inspections. If you look again at a report (here’s another random example) and scroll riiight to the bottom, you’ll get a letter from the inspectors themselves written to the pupils of the school. In it the inspectors outline the strengths and weaknesses of the school, and what the school (and the pupils) need to do to improve. And that’s the whole point. It reinforces what’s good, and points out where effort is needed.
The Annual Report does a similar job. It’s a summary view to help focus the congratulations and efforts of parents, teachers and government bodies. Is it great or a concern that 19 out of 20 pupils go to schools that are satisfactory or better? Should we say only 19 out of 20?
In short: is “satisfactory” good enough? These numbers don’t tell us. That’s a matter for public debate.
A new kind of journalism
Holding that the job of statistics is to help target effort, we can go a little further.
We made another chart, for pupils at the “most deprived” schools, and how those schools are doing. Ofsted define the “most deprived” schools as the 20% of schools with the highest proportion of free school meals, so we did the same. (That means we’re looking at inspected schools in England that offer free school meals to 26% of their pupils or more.)
Pupils at “most deprived” schools recently graded by Ofsted in England
A couple of things to note here… the first is that we’re dealing with 37,000 9-year-olds and 23,000 14-year-olds. That’s a lot of kids. The second is that the general shape of the graph has changed. There are, proportionately, more inadequate schools.
And that’s an interesting story: if you’re a pupil aged 9 or 14, anywhere in England, we’ve seen you have about 1 in 20 chance of being at inadequate school. But if you go to one of the most deprived schools, that’s more like 1 in 13.
Now that sucks. Should we really allow there to be more inadequate schools in the most deprived areas? Shouldn’t those schools, in fact, be so well funded that they’re better than schools in general? Well, that priorities decision is a matter for our democratic system, and these are the kind of numbers journalism can provide to inform that debate.
Reports and reporting
What Ofsted’s Annual Report shows is that most pupils – a very large majority – go to schools that are satisfactory, good, or outstanding. But that pupils who go to the most deprived schools aren’t quite as lucky. I still don’t know what the difference is really like, on the ground, between a “satisfactory” and a “good” school, but I’ll reveal my personal politics: I’m glad I now have an opinion where the government should be targeting my tax money, and, from the inspection evaluation notes, I think that the report shows that generally schools are doing a great job.
There are a hundred stories like this in the data. It’ll take a bunch of hard graft and some clever maths to find the really surprising stories (that’s part of what we’re up to). But it’s all there. Actually it’s mostly all there in Ofsted Annual Report too, but percentages are hard to read and so another big part of Ashdown’s job is to add friendly meaning and understanding. That is, to point out which of these hundreds of numbers are important, from the perspective of pupils, parents and teachers.
Thanks Tom for a whole load of number crunching very early in the project, and thanks Matt Brown for whipping up these graphs!
Now back to your regularly scheduled programming…
|
<urn:uuid:02593aac-7cba-4666-8f9e-18a4a2eacdb8>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://berglondon.com/blog/2009/11/25/1-in-3-schools/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00145-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962636 | 1,677 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Health and Safety
We all spend a considerable portion of our day in the workplace. Ensuring that workplaces are safe is important to the well-being of everyone and to the performance of the country's economy.
The Government of Canada protects workplace safety through legislation, programs and services designed to prevent accidents and injuries on the job. The Labour Program works proactively with employers to reduce occupational injuries and illnesses in federally regulated workplaces by providing information on improving health and safety in their organizations, such as:
- Workplace Safety – roles and responsibilities of employers and employees;
- The role of workplace health and safety committees and representatives;
- Prevention – how to protect yourself, what to do in the event of an accident and hazardous substances;
- Workers' Compensation - assistance provided to federal government employees in dealing with the hardships associated with work-related injuries and occupational illnesses; and
- Compliance policy – measures to ensure that employers and employees fulfil their duties, the role of health and safety officers, the appeals process, and the interpretation of policies and Operations Program Directives.
- Date modified:
|
<urn:uuid:7bb5c4af-91b5-428d-8348-124e60538055>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.labour.gc.ca/eng/health_safety/index.shtml
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408828.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00155-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953577 | 220 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The US government has added formaldehyde to a list of known carcinogens (substances directly involved in causing cancer). The report prepared for the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), contained warnings from scientists that people with higher exposure to formaldehyde were more at risk for nasopharyngeal cancer, myeloid leukemia and other forms of cancers.
'There is now sufficient evidence from studies in humans to show that individuals with higher measures of exposure to formaldehyde are at increased risk for certain types of rare cancers' the Report on Carcinogens said.
Formaldehyde is a colorless, flammable, strong-smelling chemical widely used to make resins for household items, such as composite wood products, paper product coatings, plastics, synthetic fibers, and textile finishes.
It is also commonly used as a preservative in medical laboratories, mortuaries, and some consumer products, including hair straightening products.
In small concentrations formaldehyde can irritate the eyes an mucus membranes, resulting in watery eyes, headache, a burning sensation in the throat, and difficulty breathing. Large formaldehyde exposures is converted to formic acid in the body, leading to a rise in blood acidity, rapid, shallow breathing, hypothermia, and coma or death.
PPM Technology have significant experience in the design and development of instruments for accurate detection and measurement of Formaldehyde.
Our Formaldemeter range of instruments has been in existence for over 10 years. We continuoulsy develop and improve the instruments to achieve better performance and features. Our latest instruments are the Formaldemeter htV-m and htV.
Both instruments can accuratly measure very low or extremly high concentration of formaldehyde.
|
<urn:uuid:4efa76f2-b177-488a-b27c-c50e63343925>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.environmental-expert.com/news/us-adds-formaldehyde-to-list-of-carcinogens-242970
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00006-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937206 | 361 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The Corning Museum of Glass is committed to being a responsible steward–leaving not only our collection, but also our facilities and grounds, in the best, most sustainable, state possible for future generations to enjoy. We strive to incorporate green practices in our operations and we consistently look for ways to minimize the environmental footprint of our facilities and our activities.
Part of the Museum’s efforts to become more energy efficient is focused on glassmaking spaces. The centerpiece of any hot glass shop is the glass melting furnace. These furnaces are not very energy efficient. To offset some energy use, we recuperate heat from the furnace, which incorporates the use of waste heat and reduces energy consumption.
The stack of bricks is the flue, a channel in a chimney for carrying flame and smoke to the outer air. Typically, the flue gasses are cooled by mixing with room air and then vented to the outside. In this method, the heat is entirely wasted.
Air is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% other gasses. That means that 79% of the air does nothing but enter the furnace at room temperature and leave at 2000 degrees F. The furnace expends energy to heat these gasses up with little to show for it. It is a bit like a person blowing on soup to cool it off.
Lewis Olson, the Museum’s Hot Glass Show technical team leader, showed me one device the Museum uses which improves efficiency by about 15%.
Above is one of the Museum’s newer glass melting furnaces. Across the top is a recuperator. It is a device which looks like an automotive muffler. Cool combustion air enters from below behind the furnace. The combustion air travels through a pipe in the center of the recuperator. This pipe is jacketed by a larger pipe through which the exhaust gasses from the furnace travel. The flue gasses exit the furnace through a pipe on the top right of the furnace and exit the recuperator on the top left. The combustion air is mixed with fuel (either natural gas or propane) at the burner which is the green device on the right side of the furnace. The flue gas leaves the furnace around 2000 degrees F. The combustion air is heated from ambient temperature to about 550 degrees F using this waste heat. This reduces the amount the air has to be heated and decreases overall gas consumption.
As part of the Museum’s green initiatives, recuperators are being added to all new and rebuilt furnaces. Learn more about the Museum’s green initiatives: http://www.cmog.org/about/green
|
<urn:uuid:49279fc1-aae5-465f-8966-34383a5d03a2>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://blog.cmog.org/2013/03/26/green-museum-glass-furnace-recuperators/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00017-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936323 | 541 | 3.09375 | 3 |
All South Africans have the right to a basic education, including adult basic education and further education. According to the Bill of Rights of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act 108 of 1996), the state has an obligation, through reasonable measures, to progressively make this education available and accessible.
At about 5.3% of gross domestic product, South Africa has one of the highest rates of government investment in education in the world.
Sections in this article:
South Africa's National Qualifications Framework (NQF) recognises three broad bands of education:
School life spans 13 years or grades, from grade 0, otherwise known as grade R or "reception year", through to grade 12 or "matric" - the year of matriculation. General Education and Training runs from grade 0 to grade 9. Under the South African Schools Act of 1996, education is compulsory for all South Africans from the age of seven (grade 1) to age 15, or the completion of grade 9. General Education and Training also includes Adult Basic Education and Training.
|TABLE 1: LEVELS OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICA|
|BAND||SCHOOL GRADE||NQF LEVEL||QUALIFICATIONS|
|General first degree|
|Professional first degree postgraduate|
Adult Basic Education and Training level 4
Further Education and Training takes place from grades 10 to 12, and also includes career-oriented education and training offered in other Further Education and Training institutions - technical colleges, community colleges and private colleges. Diplomas and certificates are qualifications recognised at this level.
The matric pass rate, which was as low as 40% in the late 1990s, has improved considerably. A total of 581 573 full-time students and 38 595 repeat students sat the matriculation exams in 2009, 60.6% of whom passed.
Newly-elected president Jacob Zuma announced in May 2009 that the national Department of Education would be split into two ministries - Basic Education, and Higher Education and Training.
South African Communist Party secretary-general, Dr Blade Nzimande, is the new minister of Higher Education and Training, while former Gauteng Education MEC, Angie Motshekga, now oversees the Ministry of Basic Education.
Each ministry is responsible for its level of education across the country as a whole, while each of the nine provinces has its own education department.
The Ministry of Basic Education focuses on adult basic education and training in addition to primary and secondary education. The Ministry of Higher Education and Training is responsible for tertiary education up to doctorate level, and technical and vocational training. It also oversees the numerous sector education and training authorities.
The central government provides a national framework for school policy, but administrative responsibility lies with the provinces. Power is further devolved to grassroots level via elected school governing bodies, which have a significant say in the running of their schools.
Private schools and higher education institutions have a fair amount of autonomy, but are expected to fall in line with certain government non-negotiables - no child may be excluded from a school on grounds of his or her race or religion, for example.
The Further Education and Training (FET) branch is responsible for the development of policy for grades 10 to 12 in public and independent schools, as well as in public and private FET colleges.
It monitors the integrity of assessment in schools and colleges, and offers an academic curriculum as well as a range of vocational subjects. FET colleges cater for out-of-school youth and adults.
The branch oversees, coordinates and monitors the system’s response to improved learner participation and performance in maths, science and technology. It also devises strategies aimed at the use of information and communication technology (ICT), and supports curriculum implementation through the national educational portal, Thutong (Setswana, meaning “place of learning”).
The latest available statistics show that in 2007 South Africa had 14 167 086 pupils enrolled in all sectors of the education system, attending 35 231 educational institutions and served by 452 971 teachers and lecturers.
The breakdown of schools includes 26 065 ordinary schools and 9 166 other education institutions – namely, special schools, early childhood development (ECD) sites, public adult basic education and training (ABET) centres, public further education and training (FET) institutions and public higher education (HE) institutions.
Of the total enrolled pupils, 12 048 821 (85.0%) were in public schools and 352 396 (2.5%) were in independent schools. Of the pupils in other institutions, 761 087 (5.4%) were in public HE institutions, 320 679 (2.3%) were in public FET institutions, 292 734 (2.1%) were in public ABET centres, 289 312 (2.0%) were in ECD centres, and 102 057 (0.7%) were in special schools.
The total of 26 065 ordinary schools comprised 15 358 primary schools, with 6 316 064 pupils and 191 199 teachers; 5 670 secondary schools, with 3 831 937 pupils and 128 183 teachers; and 5 037 combined and intermediate schools, with 2 253 216 pupils and 74 843 teachers.
Other educational facilities included 2 278 ABET centres, 50 public FET institutions, 4 800 ECD centres and 23 HE institutions.
In state-funded public schools, the average ratio of pupils (also known as learners) to teachers (educators) is 31.5 to one, while private schools generally have one teacher for every 17.5 scholars.
Higher Education and Training, or tertiary education, includes education for undergraduate and postgraduate degrees, certificates and diplomas, up to the level of the doctoral degree.
A matric endorsement is required for the study of university degrees, with a minimum of three subjects passed at the higher, rather than standard, grade, although some universities set additional academic requirements. A standard school-leaving South African senior certificate is sufficient for technical qualifications and diplomas.
South Africa has a vibrant higher education sector, with more than a million students enrolled in the country's 24 state-funded tertiary institutions: 11 universities, five universities of technology, and six comprehensive institutions.
These have recently been integrated, with the country's former 36 universities and "technikons" being amalgamated into larger tertiary institutions. Higher education is also offered at hundreds of private institutions, which are registered with the Department of Education to confer specific degrees and diplomas.
Many of South Africa's universities are world-class academic institutions, at the cutting edge of research in certain spheres. Although subsidised by the state, the universities are autonomous, reporting to their own councils rather than government.
Recently restructured, South Africa’s 21 public higher education institutions offer a range of study and research options for both local and international students.
The restructuring focused, and in some cases reconfigured, the educational programmes on offer - which previously still reflected the structure and priorities of the old apartheid-based system.
The restructuring also brought in comprehensive universities, a new type of institution designed to cater for the merger of some universities with former "technikons". Comprehensive universities offer a broad range of degrees, diplomas and certificates, and will help widen access to tertiary education in the country.
Here's a quick rundown of South Africa's 21 universities, in alphabetical order.
Cape Peninsula University of Technology
Incorporating the former Cape and Peninsula technikons, the university is the largest in the Western Cape, with over 25 000 students on two main campuses, in Bellville and Cape Town.
Central University of Technology
Incorporating the former Technikon Free State and Vista University’s Welkom campus, the university is based in Bloemfontein. Over 100 courses are offered in three faculties: management; engineering, information and communication sciences; and health and environmental sciences.
Durban University of Technology
Incorporating the former ML Sultan, Natal and Mangosuthu technikons, as well as the former University of Zululand’s Umlazi campus, the university has major campuses in Durban and Pietermaritzburg as well as satellite campuses in Umlazi.
Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University
The university has more than 20 000 students and about 2 000 staff members spread across eight campuses in the Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape and George in the Western Cape. It incorporates the former PE Technikon, University of Port Elizabeth and Vista University’s Port Elizabeth campus.
North West University
North West University has more than 45 000 students spread over four campuses. It offers parallel instruction in Afrikaans, English and Setswana, and is experimenting with simultaneous instruction on its Potchefstroom campus.
Based in the Eastern Cape town of Grahamstown, Rhodes University is over a century old and is best known for its journalism department. The university has some 500 academic staff and 7 000 students.
Situated in the wine-growing region of Stellenbosch, 60km from Cape Town, Stellenbosch University has four campuses: the main campus at Stellenbosch, the health sciences faculty at Tygerberg Hospital, the business school in Bellville, and military sciences faculty in Saldanha.
Tshwane University of Technology
Incorporating the former Northern Gauteng, North West and Pretoria technikons, Tshwane University of Technology offers masters and doctoral programmes in addition to degrees, certificates and diplomas.
University of Cape Town
South Africa's oldest university, founded in 1829, has one of the most picturesque campuses in the world, situated on the slopes of Table Mountain's Devil's Peak and overlooking Rondebosch in Cape Town. The university is regarded as one of the top research institutions on the continent, with more "A" rated scientists than any other South African university. The university is home to Groote Schuur Hospital, where the world's first heart transplant took place in 1967.
University of Fort Hare
Fort Hare, dating back to 1916, is the oldest historically black university in the country. It has been the academic home of many of South Africa's most prominent leaders, including Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, Govan Mbeki, and Mangosuthu Buthelezi. Fort Hare has three Eastern Cape campuses, in Alice, Bhisho and East London. The university offers a range of degrees and diplomas in its faculties of education, science and agriculture, social sciences and humanities, management and commerce, and at the Nelson Mandela School of Law.
University of Johannesburg
Incorporating the former Rand Afrikaans University, Technikon Witwatersrand and Vista University’s Johannesburg campuses, the university offers both technical and academic programmes for around 45 000 students.
University of KwaZulu-Natal
Incorporating the former Durban-Westville and Natal universities, the university covers five campuses in Durban and Pietermaritzburg.
University of Limpopo
Formerly the University of the North, and based in South Africa's northern Limpopo province, the university provides training in three faculties: humanities; management sciences and law; and sciences, health and agriculture.
University of Pretoria
Established in 1930, the university is one of South Africa's largest, with almost 40 000 students, including over 2 000 international students from 60 countries. The university's Gordon Institute of Business Science, established in Johannesburg in 2000, has already earned an international reputation, while its faculty of veterinary science at Onderstepoort is the only one of its kind in South Africa.
University of South Africa
Unisa is one of the largest distance-learning universities in the world, made larger by the recent incorporation of the former Technikon SA and Vista University’s distance education division. Based in Pretoria, it offers distance education programmes - both academic and technical - to students across the country, the region and the world.
University of the Free State
Established in 1904, the university is home to around 20 000 students, 16 000 on the main Bloemfontein campus and 3 000 enrolled in the university's distance and internet learning programmes.
University of the Western Cape
Originally established in 1959 as an ethnic college for coloured students, the university provides facilities for over 12 000 students across 68 departments and 16 institutes, schools and research centres.
University of the Witwatersrand
Based in Johannesburg, Wits University is one of the country's leading research institutions, attracting students from across Africa. Since full university status was granted in 1922, Wits has produced more than 100 000 graduates across a range of disciplines. The university offers degrees in the faculties of engineering and the built environment, humanities, health sciences, science and commerce.
University of Venda
The University of Venda for Science and Technology, situated in Thohoyandou in Limpopo, offers career-focussed programmes in the fields of health, agriculture and rural development; humanities, management sciences and law; and natural and applied sciences.
Vaal University of Technology
The university has around 15 000 students spread across its main campus in Vanderbijlpark, 60km south-west of Johannesburg, and four satellite campuses, which include the Sebokeng campus of the former Vista University.
Walter Sisulu University
Incorporating the former Border and Eastern Cape technikons and the University of the Transkei, the university has around 20 000 students spread across its campuses in East London, Butterworth, Queenstown and Mthatha. It offers a range of degrees, certificates and diplomas in 11 faculties, and hosts an MBChB programme in Mthatha.
Compared with most other countries, education gets a really big slice of the pie - usually around 20% of total government expenditure. In the 2008/9 national Budget education received R140.4-billion, amounting to 18.5% of total spending.
More money is always needed to address the huge backlogs left by 40 years of apartheid education. Under that system, white South African children received a quality schooling virtually for free, while their black counterparts had only "Bantu education".
Education was viewed as a part of the overall apartheid system, which included the "homelands", urban restrictions, pass laws and job reservation. The role of black Africans was as labourers or servants only. As HF Verwoerd, the architect of the Bantu Education Act of 1953, conceived it: "There is no place for [the African] in the European community above the level of certain forms of labour. It is of no avail for him to receive a training which has as its aim, absorption in the European community."
Although today's government is working to rectify the imbalances in education, the apartheid legacy remains. The greatest challenges lie in the poorer, rural provinces like the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. Schools are generally better resourced in the more affluent provinces such as Gauteng and the Western Cape.
Illiteracy rates currently stand at around 18% of adults over 15 years old (about 9-million adults are not functionally literate), teachers in township schools are poorly trained, and the matric pass rate remains low.
While 65% of whites over 20 years old and 40% of Indians have a high school or higher qualification, this figure is only 14% among blacks and 17% among the coloured population.
The government is in particular targeting education for the poorest of the poor, with two notable programmes. One is fee-free schools, institutions that receive all their required funding from the state and so do not have to charge school fees. These have been carefully identified in the country's most poverty-stricken areas, and will make up 40% of all schools in 2007.
The other is the National Schools Nutrition Programme, which feeds about 7-million schoolchildren every day, including all those attending primary schools in 13 rural and eight urban poverty nodes. The programme was extended in 2009 to 1 500 secondary schools around the country, feeding 1-million secondary school pupils from grades 8 to 12.
Under the programme, the Department of Education has also established almost 2 100 school gardens with the support of the Department of Agriculture, local government structures and a number of NGOs.
Other priorities include early childhood development, HIV-Aids awareness programmes in schools, and adult basic education and training.
General and Further Education and Training
South Africa's universities
|
<urn:uuid:fa58faff-c71a-44a5-a3af-87836762722d>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=84:education-in-south-africa&catid=34:developmentbg
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00075-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946103 | 3,440 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Water in ear can be experienced by grownups, babies, children or old people. This can happen after a bath, but most common reason can be swimming under water. It is extremely common for swimmers to experience such ear problems, as the water in the ear. This causes inflammation and infection of the ear canal. This condition is known as otitis externa (swimmer's ear). Otitis externa occurs on the skin covering the outer ear canal leading to the ear drum. The most common cause of swimmer's ear is bacteria, such as, streptococcus, pseudomona or staphylococcus. This condition can also affect those who have allergies, such as, psoriasis, asthma, and eczema. Understanding the causes and symptoms, as well as, treatment and prevention methods can help alleviate the discomfort of water in ear.
Causes and Symptoms of Swimmer's Ear
Swimmer's ear does not have to occur only when water goes into the ear. It can also occur due to sand and small debris accumulation in the ear canal. In addition, any other factor, such as, excessive cleaning of the ears or the use of hearing aids can also cause irritation in the ear that result in otitis externa. People living in tropical countries, who have eczema and very little ear wax, are also at risk of getting this bacterial infection. Pain in the ear is the first symptom experienced with otitis externa. The pain can intensify when touched or when chewing foods. Itching and a yellowish discharge, swelling of the ear canal and the outer ear are also common symptoms that occur with swimmer's ear.
Remedies for Water in Ear
Water in ear can cause a feeling of fullness in the ear and impair hearing. This can be an extremely uncomfortable feeling. If suffering with these feelings, after a bath or a swim, you should try and remove as much of the water from your ear as soon as possible. This will prevent bacteria build-up. Here are some easy ways in which you can clear the water from your ear.
- Tilt the head, from side to side. If the feeling is present in the left ear, tilt the head to the left and hit the opposite side with your palm. Dry the outer ear well. You can also use a special ear drier.
- Add more water. This may not sound like a good idea, but it works get rid of excess water in the ear. Lie down and have someone, using a dropper, squeeze a few drops of water into the affected ear. Once done, turn immediately to the other side. You can feel the water pour out of your ear.
- Apply pressure. Lay on the bed with your head hanging off the side of the bed, with the affected ear facing down. Put your palm tight against the affected ear and let go. This has a suction effect and helps pull out the excess water in the ear.
- Try putting rubbing alcohol. The application of 2 to 3 drops of rubbing alcohol in the ear and turning 3 seconds later to the other side can drain excess water.
- Try over-the-counter medication.
Prevention of Water in Ear
As swimmers are more susceptive to infection from water in ears, there are several methods that can be taken in preventing otitis externa.
- Avoid swimming in contaminated pools.
- Wear a swimming cap to prevent water getting into the ears.
- Wear ear plugs.
- Dry the ears thoroughly once out of the water.
- Avoid excessive cleaning of ears with cotton buds as this takes away the protective layer of ear wax.
- If suffering from skin conditions, such as, eczema in the ears, get them treated medically.
Water in ear is preventable and treatable. Proper ear care, treatment and preventive measures can help alleviate or avoid discomfort associated with water in the ears. If you are among those who are susceptible to suffer from water in the ear, use this knowledge to avoid or treat such conditions easily without facing undue pain and complications.
|
<urn:uuid:20f64ea1-0557-4f1a-a4d0-1feacd4c206a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.md-health.com/Water-In-Ear.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00105-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952754 | 841 | 3.484375 | 3 |
A new study published in The Journal of Sexual Medicine reveals that handlebar position is associated with changes in genital sensation in female cyclists.
Led by Marsha K. Guess, MD, MS, of Yale University School of Medicine, researchers evaluated bicycle set-up in terms of the relationship between the seat and the handlebars. 48 competitive women cyclists were studied.
Researchers measured saddle pressures and sensation in the genital region to see if placing handlebars in different positions affects pressure and sensation in the genital region. Results showed that placing the handlebar lower than the seat was associated with increased pressure on the genital region and decreased sensation (reduced ability to detect vibration).
"Modifying bicycle set-up may help prevent genital nerve damage in female cyclists," Guess notes. "Chronic insult to the genital nerves from increased saddle pressures could potentially result in sexual dysfunction."
"There are a myriad of factors affecting women's sexual function. If women can minimize pressure application to the genital tissues merely by repositioning their handlebars higher, to increase sitting upright, and thereby maximize pressure application to the woman's sit bones, then they are one step closer to maintaining their very important sexual health," explained Irwin Goldstein, editor-in-chief of The Journal of Sexual Medicine.
|Contact: Amy Molnar|
|
<urn:uuid:a74fe3d8-9b96-4e70-9f70-23b44e6ae205>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news-1/Handlebar-level-can-affect-sexual-health-of-female-cyclists-92442-1/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00079-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945194 | 262 | 2.578125 | 3 |
SCIENTISTS SEE FOREST FOR TRANSGENIC TREES
down at the.woods
Tue Jul 31 21:46:22 EST 2001
"Daniel B. Wheeler" wrote:
> Totara <down at the.woods> wrote in message news:<3B65ABD5.1D07151D at the.woods>...
> > Daniel
> > Natural hybrids are cross pollinated by wind.
> > Manmade hybrids are cross pollinated in the nursery;
> > transgenic trees are modified using implantation of genes at the
> > microscopic DNA level.
> I guess I'm still confused. Natural hybrids would be something that
> happens in nature by wind pollination. Such _might_ occur in the
> creation of the Leland cypress, which is a cross between Alaska Yellow
> cedar and Monterey cypress. Might...but not very likely.
> Manmade hybrid are cross pollinated in the nursery. I think Leland
> actually chose trees in nature to cross-polinate by hand, but I could
> be wrong. But since it was still hybridized by man it's still a
> manmade hybrid, right?
Leylands cross pollinated in a Welsh park where the parent trees grew together,
which they don't in nature, so in a way it is a man made natural hybrid.
Subsequent Leylands have been hand pollinated.
> And a transgenetic tree would be something that was like a Leland
> cypress but with a gene for, say, an insecticide from a painted daisy
> (pyrethrium) inserted into the genetic make-up?
Yes or worse, a sterility gene that renders all conifers sterile round and about.
Or a pig gene that makes the tree look for its own truffles!
Could this be the end of the world as we know it?
> Daniel B. Wheeler
More information about the Ag-forst
|
<urn:uuid:5425b032-b501-4d2e-a0a7-c0de986e03ef>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/ag-forst/2001-July/016588.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00135-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934895 | 420 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Among the hundreds of disorders defined by the American Psychiatric Association, dissociative identity disorder, formerly called multiple personality disorder, is one of the more contentious.
Herschel Walker's public announcement brings the disorder back into the public eye. ABC News polled mental health experts to get their reaction.
Can One Be a 'We'?
Controversy exists because it calls into question people's understanding of personality, according to mental health experts. How can someone walk around as a "we" instead of an "I"?
Experts still debate whether the disorder should have ever been included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the psychiatric medical bible. To Dr. Richard Loewenstein, medical director of the Trauma Disorders Program at Sheppard Pratt Health Systems in Baltimore, including the disorder inclusion marked "an important watershed in psychiatric history," but to Dr. Mark Levy, a distinguished life fellow at the American Psychiatric Association and assistant clinical professor psychiatry at the University of California at San Francisco, its inclusion "was a mistake."
Dr. John H. Casada, assistant professor of psychiatry at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, takes a middle ground, saying "the disorder was appropriately included in the DSM but needs refinement to make the diagnosis more specific."
Most experts ABC News contacted agreed that the disorder exists, and that it probably occurs in about 1 percent of the population. Many expressed concern that DID or multiple personality can be misdiagnosed, however, and a few believe it rarely, if ever, occurs. Here are the different schools of thought on the disorder.
"It probably isn't real," Levy said. "Dissociation is real. It occurs after trauma in some people and in psychosis, like schizophrenia. However, I've never seen a so-called multiple personality in 35 years of practice."
Casada, of the University of Texas Health Science Center, said, "Such extreme claims demand extraordinary proof. The true believers will be more apt to diagnose the illness and will require less clear symptoms. The skeptics, of which I am admittedly one, will require more evidence and clearer evidence before we diagnose what we believe to be a very rare disorder. I believe that most currently diagnosed DID is caused by clinicians."
Dr. Carole Lieberman, a psychiatrist in Beverly Hills, Calif., suggested that patients might use the disorder to excuse their actions. "Psychiatrists must make the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder very carefully, because oftentimes patients want to find an excuse for their behavior by attributing it to a 'disorder' rather than their own impulsive mistakes."
"The diagnosis of DID is not controversial," said Dr. J. Douglas Bremner, professor of psychiatry and radiology at Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta. "It is established in the DSM. Prior media coverage may have confused the issue."
Some clinicians say they have treated many people with DID, including Walker's therapist, Jerry Mungadze, and Sheppard Pratt's Loewenstein.
"I have treated individuals with DID who are psychiatrists, lawyers, corporate executives, politicians and TV news reporters, among others," Loewenstein said. "Because the disorder is subtle, hidden and symptoms are covert, unlike the typical media depiction, co-workers, friends, even family, may be unaware of the person's disorder. When the diagnosis is made, family members typically say, 'now everything makes sense' about what has seemed like a confusing, often contradictory person."
"DID is one of the most controversial and difficult psychiatric conditions to treat," Dr. Ira Brenner, clinical professor of psychiatry at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia and author of two books on the subject of dissociation. "The issue of 'false memories' and the possible alibi for those accused of crimes who use a DID diagnosis as a defense in court add to the controversy over the condition."
Dr. Bessel van der Kolk, founder and medical director of the Trauma Center at the Justice Resource Institute in Boston and author of "Psychological Trauma," said the "condition has been very well documented since the 1880s, and we now also have very good neuroimaging pictures that demonstrate how different self-states are reflected in activation in different parts of the brain."
Mental health experts also had different views about the impact of Walker's revelation.
"Walker's coming forward is a mixed situation," Loewenstein said. "Public and media fascination with high-profile cases tends to turn off clinicians and others who are unfamiliar with the extensive research on diagnosis and treatment of DID."
In addition, he said, it "contributed to the public and professional confusion that surrounds this disorder."
Casada, at the University of Texas Health Science Center, agreed. "I am concerned that with increased exposure more patients will come to believe that they have DID when they do not and that some practitioners will be encouraged to diagnose DID rather than more common and easily treatable illnesses."
Others believe Walker's announcement will have a positive impact. "Mr. Walker's revelation about his diagnosis is courageous. ... It may empower others to come forth with stories," Brenner, at Jefferson Medical College, said.
Rachel Yehuda, a professor of psychiatry at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York, said she hopes the announcement about such a successful athlete "can reduce stigma. It also flies in the face of the stereotype that psychiatric illness happens to the physically weak."
|
<urn:uuid:c3835a82-ef04-4b86-9c1b-48af9adad8c2>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=4647428&page=2
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00116-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959186 | 1,112 | 2.859375 | 3 |
75 of 77 people found the following review helpful
Science is Simple, and so is this book!,
By A Customer
This review is from: Science Is Simple: Over 250 Activities for Preschoolers (Paperback)
What a fun book! My family and I have had a great time exploring the world around us through this engaging book. The book is very easy to follow, the instructions are clear, and best of all, the hands-on activities are wonderful! This book has offered my children a chance to work together and participate in a wide variety of fun projects. Making slime and blasting-off rockets -- it doesn't get any better than that!!
Even though the book is aimed at preschoolers, my 8-year-old enjoys it just as much as my 4-year-old. They work together as a team. Because of the excellent illustrations, my 4-year-old looks through the book and points out activities that appeal to her. Then, my 8-year-old reads carefully through the directions and helps "supervise" the experiments.
I've found the book to be a great source of fun activities for us to do indoors and out. My kids might not realize that they're learning about science -- they're just having a great time playing! I highly recommend this book for anyone who likes to do hands-on projects with their kids. It would also be a great gift, especially for a preschool teacher!
|
<urn:uuid:530ebd1b-e6e2-4751-a9f9-f45fd69e7c0a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.amazon.com/review/R5SBXG6IMOZ8H
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00037-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.97986 | 295 | 2.65625 | 3 |
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - More than 80 percent of U.S. children severely ill with H1N1 flu have been treated swiftly with antiviral drugs, a trend that could be saving lives, U.S. health officials said on Friday.
Public education campaigns about swine flu have translated into quicker and better treatment with Tamiflu, Roche AG and Gilead Sciences Inc's influenza pill, they said.
Usually, at most 20 percent of children severely ill with influenza ever get treatment with Tamiflu or GlaxoSmithKline's inhaled drug Relenza, said Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Director Dr. Thomas Frieden.
"In this year it been over 80 percent. That means doctors are getting the message that severely ill children need to be treated," Frieden told reporters in a telephone briefing.
Given within the first day or so of a fever, Tamiflu and Relenza can greatly reduce symptoms. A third drug in the same class, BioCryst Inc's peramivir, has emergency authorization for intravenous use in the most severe cases.
The quick treatment is important, as H1N1 is more likely to infect younger adults and children, as opposed to seasonal flu, which takes it heaviest toll among the over-65s.
"We have already had three times the number of deaths among children than we would (have) in a usual flu season," Frieden said. He said 17 more child deaths from swine flu had been reported in the past week, bringing the total confirmed number of H1N1 pediatric deaths to 210.
But the CDC estimates that more than 500 U.S. children have actually been killed by H1N1 -- far more than in a normal flu season.
Frieden said supplies of H1N1 vaccine should improve in coming weeks and said 73 million doses had now been distributed or were ready for distribution -- still less than half of what had originally been hoped for by this week.
"We expect at least 10 million more doses in the coming week," Frieden said.
So far safety monitoring has shown no worrying side-effects from the vaccine, Frieden said, such as the rare neurological condition called Guillain-Barre Syndrome linked to a 1976 vaccination campaign against a different strain of swine flu.
"The likelihood that we will have a 1976-like problem with this year's H1N1 vaccine is vanishingly remote," Frieden said.
Frieden said some school districts had managed to vaccinate virtually every student. "That's an important accomplishment for this year and for the future," he said." School-based vaccination programs are unusual in the United States and this year's has been difficult to organize.
The World Health Organization said separately on Friday that the pandemic appears to have peaked in Canada and the United States.
"Worldwide more than 207 countries and overseas territories or communities have reported laboratory confirmed cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 2009, including at least 8,768 deaths," WHO said in a statement on its website at http://www.who.int.
"In Europe, widespread and intense transmission of pandemic influenza virus continued to be observed across most of the continent," it added. "In Western and Central Asia, influenza transmission remains active."
Both WHO and the CDC note that the confirmed number of deaths and cases are a small fraction of the actual numbers.
|
<urn:uuid:2931dd0f-79e1-4736-a7b8-1c87559d9c05>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.lifescript.com/health/centers/vaccines/news/2009/12/04/drug_treatment_for_swine_flu_getting_to_kids_faster.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00082-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.969023 | 700 | 2.65625 | 3 |
International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health (2009)
Rudi H. Nussbaum
A government-sponsored study of childhood cancer in the proximity of German nuclear power plants (German acronym KiKK) found that children < 5 years living < 5 km from plant exhaust stacks had twice the risk for contracting leukemia as those residing > 5 km. The researchers concluded that since “this result was not to be expected under current radiation-epidemiological knowledge” and confounders could not be identified, the observed association of leukemia incidence with residential proximity to nuclear plants “remains unexplained.” This unjustified conclusion illustrates the dissonance between evidence and assumptions. There exist serious flaws and gaps in the knowledge on which accepted models for population exposure and radiation risk are based. Studies with results contradictory to those of KiKK lack statistical power to invalidate its findings. The KiKK study’s ramifications add to the urgency for a public policy debate regarding the health impact of nuclear power generation.
|
<urn:uuid:b3eb5230-a7a2-4ffe-bb98-f80c6da1089c>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.psr.org/nuclear-bailout/resources/childhood-leukemia-and-cancers.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00023-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.931238 | 202 | 2.53125 | 3 |
#2. GREEK WORD STUDIES
ἀπαρχὴ (Gtr. aparche) meaning 'First-fruits' (Strong's 536)
This bible study uses a Greek Unicode font and the Hebrew Unicode font "David" which comes with later versions of Windows, and is printer friendly.
- HEBREW OLD TESTAMENT
- #1.1 Scriptures for חוֹרֵב (Htr. bikkur) meaning 'first-fruits' Strong's 1061
- GREEK NEW TESTAMENT
- Introduction 2
- #2.1 Scriptures for ἀπαρχὴ (Gtr. aparche) meaning 'first-fruits' Strong's 536
This is a thorough bible study about the meaning of the Greek word ἀπαρχὴ, 'aparche' meaning 'first-fruits' in the New Testament. It gives every verse where the "aparche" appears. To obtain a true understanding of this word these scriptures need to be meditated on and notes made of their meaning in different contexts. This requires putting scriptures together where they seem to have a similar meaning, and then meditating even more. The truth will be revealed by the Holy Spirit, who has been given to guide us into all truth (John 16:13). Wherever this word aparche appears in the Greek, the translation of it is highlighted with bold and yellow. If the word is in italics then there is no equivalent word for it in the Greek. In Greek the suffixes and some prepositions are not added to the basic word to enhance the meaning, except for case endings, so the associated suffix or preposition has not been included in highlighted text. We have not included the definite article in the highlighted text when it has occurred either. Every blessing be to those who seek the truth of God's word.
Romans 8:23 And not only that, but ourselves also, who have the first-fruits of the Spirit, even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting for the adoption; the redemption of our body.
11:16 For if the first-fruit is holy, the lump is also holy: and if the root is holy, so are the branches.
16:5 Likewise greet the church that is in their house. Greet my beloved Epaenetus, who is the first-fruits of Achaia to Christ.
1 Corinthians 15:20 But now Christ has been raised from the dead, and he became the first-fruits of those who slept.
15:21 For since by man came death, by man came also the resurrection of the dead.
15:22 For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive.
15:23 But every man in his own order: Christ the first-fruits; afterwards those who are Christ's at his coming.
16:15 I exhort you, brothers, (you know the house of Stephanas, that it is the first-fruits of Achaia, and that they have dedicated themselves to the ministry of the saints,)
James 1:18 Of his own will he begot us with the word of truth, that we should be a kind of first-fruits of his creatures.
Revelation 14:4 These are those who were not defiled with women; for they are virgins. These are those who follow the Lamb wherever he goes. These were redeemed from among men; the first-fruits to God and to the Lamb.
Please tell your friends about this website.
If you have a website of your own, then please link to this website. See the Website Links page.
To link to this page use: http://www.logosapostolic.org/greek-word-studies/0536-aparche-firstfruits.htm
Send this link to all your friends who like a Greek Word Study on first-fruits.
|
<urn:uuid:463deb6b-58c9-4437-934b-c70ecb9bf331>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.logosapostolic.org/greek_word_studies/536_aparche_firstfruits.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00079-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941113 | 850 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Lesson 5: Impacts of Topography on Sea Level Change
Impacts of Topography on Sea Level Change
This lesson is comprised of three activities. Students use web-based animations to explore the impacts of ice melt, specifically changes to sea level. Students are introduced to topographic maps. Students examine the relationship between topography and sea level change by mapping changing shorelines.
|
<urn:uuid:ec999b12-5cb7-44f4-ac9c-9bebca940ce0>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.teachingboxes.org/seaLevel/lessons/lesson5.jsp
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00083-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.913997 | 77 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Solving Recurrence Equations
I am trying to solve this Recurrence Equation and convert it into big O notation using substitution T(n) = T(n/2) + c
Now I'm lost. Some resources talk of setting n - k = 0 but I don't see how this can help and why you can do this?
T(n) = T(n/4) + 2c
T(n) = T(n/8) + 3c
T(n) = T(n/2^k) + kc
Re: Solving Recurrence Equations
You should have some initial condition T(1) = b for some constant b. Then T(2^k) = b + kc. If n = 2^k, then k = log(n) (logarithm to the base 2). Therefore, T(n) = b + c*log(n) = O(log(n)).
When n is not a power of 2, then the solution depends on whether / is regular division or integer division (which throws away the remainder). In the first case, you need more initial conditions to define T(n) for all n; in fact, you need to know T(n) for all odd natural numbers n. In the second case, I think you can prove that T(n) is monotonic (not necessarily strictly) and you can still have the O(log(n)) bound.
|
<urn:uuid:24766167-b26a-4a6b-9143-a3fa92eaedb4>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://mathhelpforum.com/discrete-math/197577-solving-recurrence-equations-print.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00167-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.907048 | 310 | 2.625 | 3 |
GRAND RAPIDS, MI – Surgery was seen as the standard form of treatment for clubfoot in the U.S. until a pioneering doctor – with help from Internet – demonstrated a less drastic approach, said Dr. Michael David, a Grand Rapids podiatrist.
“It’s a very barbaric surgery, so it’s rare that it’s done in this day and age,” said David. “It creates scars. It’s just forcibly putting the foot into a normal position – forcing it, cutting bones, pinning it.”
He is treating her instead with an approach known as the Ponseti method.
In children with clubfoot, the ligaments and tendons on the inside of the foot are short, enlarged and tight, pulling the foot inward and causing bone deformity. In the 1940s, Dr. Ignacio Ponseti, a pediatric orthopedist at the University of Iowa, developed a method of stretching the tendon and casting to straighten the foot gradually.
“His peers in orthopedic surgery and podiatry kind of pooh-poohed it,” David said. “What made this become world renowned is the Internet.”
In the 1990s, parents searching for the best treatment for their children shared tips online. A Yahoo group, nosurgery4clubfoot, sprang up.
Although others had tried manipulating the foot to straighten it, David said Ponseti's method was more successful because it follows the contours of the joint.
“If you understand the anatomy of the deformity, then you are able to mold the foot much more successfully,” he said.
After the feet are straightened – which takes about a month in newborns – a minor surgery is performed to clip the Achilles tendon, which attaches to the heel. Then for three months, the child wears a brace that consists of shoes attached to a bar. After that, the brace is worn at night for several years.
Clubfoot, which affects one in 1,000 babies, is the most common congenital condition of the foot and ankle. In about 40 percent of cases, both feet are affected, David said.
David, who learned the Ponseti method eight years ago, said it is quickly becoming the standard treatment. The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons says a non-surgical method is the initial treatment for clubfoot, regardless of severity, and fewer than 5 percent will need surgical correction.
Ponseti International is working to make the treatment available worldwide by training health care providers in developing countries. The organization estimates that nearly 1 million children with clubfoot are not receiving treatment.
|
<urn:uuid:f49f5b05-df78-4319-b6b0-259213821aca>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2013/08/treating_clubfoot_without_surg.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00072-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954712 | 566 | 2.625 | 3 |
What's new on our site today!
Legendary Native American Figures: Sasquatch (Sesquac)
Sasquatch is the most famous legendary "bigfoot" creature. According to Halkomelem and other Coast Salish traditions,
Sasquatch was a powerful but generally benign supernatural creature in the shape of a very large, hairy wild man.
Its Halkomelem name is pronounced similar to sess-k-uts.
Tribal affiliation: Halkomelem, Coast Salish
Alternate spellings: Sasq'ets, Sesq'ec, Sesqec, Sacsquec, Saskehavas, Sesquac
Type: Bigfoot, forest spirits
: Choanito, Sc'wanay'tex and Skanicum
Legends and oral history about Native American Sasquatch creatures in Washington state.
Recommended Books of Native American Sasquatch Legends
Illustrated story-book about the Sto:lo Indian sasquatch, in English and Halkomelem.
Those Who Fell From The Sky
British Columbia languages
Northwest Coast tribes
Northwest Native art
Back to American Indian monsters
Back to American Indian legends and stories
Native American flutes
American Native Indian jewelry
Would you like to help support our organization's work with endangered American Indian languages?
Native Languages of the Americas website © 1998-2015 Contacts and FAQ page
|
<urn:uuid:d1c63a7d-63a5-426c-b6f2-80df03aabbbe>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.native-languages.org/sasquatch.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408828.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00086-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.807366 | 299 | 2.828125 | 3 |
When examining tissue masses or tumors inside the lungs, a standard flexible bronchoscope is typically used. However, many bronchoscopes cannot find or reach tumors located in the periphery of the lungs, where smaller bronchi are not wide enough to permit passage of a normal scope.
Over two-thirds of lung masses are located in the periphery of the lungs. Navigational bronchoscopy is a technology which combines electromagnetic navigation with real-time 3D CT images, enabling doctors to biopsy and treat masses in these distant regions of the lungs.
Before undergoing a navigational bronchoscopy procedure, a CT scan is performed to locate potential tumors in the lung. The CT scan is then loaded onto a computer and used to create a virtual, three-dimensional "roadmap" of the lung. A doctor marks where the target lesions are located on the virtual map and plans how to navigate through the lung to reach the lesions.
For the procedure, the patient lies on a low-frequency electromagnetic bed. A bronchoscope, containing an extended working channel (EWC) and locatable guide, is inserted into the patient’s airway, down the trachea and into the bronchi. The electromagnetic bed allows the doctor to view the locatable guide in real-time on the virtual map to carefully guide the scope deep into the lung. The doctor is able to control the movement and direction of the locatable guide as it travels into the smallest bronchiole. Once a target lesion is reached, the locatable guide is removed and a surgical instrument is passed through the EWC to collect a biopsy for testing.
Navigational bronchoscopy may also be used in conjunction with external beam radiation therapy, such as TomoTherapy, to treat peripheral tumors with a precise form of radiation that delivers a high dose to the tumor while reducing radiation exposure to surrounding healthy tissue.
Make an Appointment
|
<urn:uuid:40aaa70a-f534-4080-951f-951d8d1b379e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.nebraskamed.com/health-library/3d-medical-atlas/282/navigational-bronchoscopy
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00092-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.91482 | 393 | 3.25 | 3 |
WASHINGTON, USA – As evidence mounts that income inequality is increasing in many parts of the world, the problem has received growing attention from academics and policymakers. In the United States, for example, the income share of the top one per cent of the population has more than doubled since the late 1970’s, from about eight per cent of annual GDP to more than 20 per cent recently, a level not reached since the 1920’s.While there are ethical and social reasons to worry about inequality, they do not have much to do with macroeconomic policy per se. But such a link was seen in the early part of the twentieth century: capitalism, some argued, tends to generate chronic weakness in effective demand due to growing
Washington, DC - As evidence mounts that income inequality is increasing in many parts of the world, the problem has received growing attention from academics and policymakers. In the United States, for example, the income share of the top one per cent of the population has more than doubled since the late 1970s, from about eight per cent of annual GDP to more than 20 per cent recently, a level not reached since the 1920s.
While there are ethical and social reasons to worry about inequality, they do not have much to do with macroeconomic policy per se. But such a link was seen in the early part of the twentieth century: Capitalism, some argued, tends to generate chronic weakness in effective demand due to growing concentration of income, leading to a "savings glut", because the very rich save a lot. This would spur "trade wars", as countries tried to find more demand abroad.
From the late 1930's onward, however, this argument faded as the market economies of the West grew rapidly in the post-World War II period and income distributions became more equal. While there was a business cycle, no perceptible tendency toward chronic demand weakness appeared. Short-term interest rates, most macroeconomists would say, could always be set low enough to generate reasonable rates of employment and demand.
Now, however, with inequality on the rise once more, arguments linking income concentration to macroeconomic problems have returned. The University of Chicago's Raghuram Rajan, a former chief economist at the International Monetary Fund, tells a plausible story in his recent award-winning book Fault Lines about the connection between income inequality and the financial crisis of 2008.
When asked why they do not invest more, most firms cite insufficient demand. But how can domestic demand be strong if income continues to flow to the top?
Rajan argues that huge income concentration at the top in the US led to policies aimed at encouraging unsustainable borrowing by lower - and middle-income groups, through subsidies and loan guarantees in the housing sector and loose monetary policy. There was also an explosion of credit-card debt. These groups protected the growth in consumption to which they had become accustomed by going more deeply into debt. Indirectly, the very rich, some of them outside the US, lent to the other income groups, with the financial sector intermediating in aggressive ways. This unsustainable process came to a crashing halt in 2008.
Joseph Stiglitz in his book Freefall and Robert Reich in his Aftershock have told similar stories, while economists Michael Kumhof and Romain Ranciere have devised a formal mathematical version of the possible link between income concentration and financial crisis. While the underlying models differ, the Keynesian versions emphasise that if the super-rich save a lot, ever-increasing income concentration can be expected to lead to a chronic excess of planned savings over investment.
Macroeconomic policy can try to compensate through deficit spending and very low interest rates. Or an undervalued exchange rate can help to export the lack of domestic demand. But if the share of the highest income groups keeps rising, the problem will remain chronic. And, at some point, when public debt has become too large to allow continued deficit spending, or when interest rates are close to their zero lower bound, the system runs out of solutions.
This story has a counterintuitive dimension. Is it not the case that the problem in the US has been too little savings, rather than too much? Doesn't the country's persistent current-account deficit reflect excessive consumption, rather than weak effective demand?
The recent work by Rajan, Stiglitz, Kumhof, Ranciere and others explains the apparent paradox: Those at the very top financed the demand of everyone else, which enabled both high employment levels and large current-account deficits. When the crash came in 2008, massive fiscal and monetary expansion prevented US consumption from collapsing. But did it cure the underlying problem?
Although the dynamics leading to increased income concentration have not changed, it is no longer easy to borrow and in that sense another boom-and-bust cycle is unlikely. But that raises another difficulty. When asked why they do not invest more, most firms cite insufficient demand. But how can domestic demand be strong if income continues to flow to the top?
Consumption demand for luxury goods is unlikely to solve the problem. Moreover, interest rates cannot become negative in nominal terms and rising public debt may increasingly disable fiscal policy.
So, if the dynamics fuelling income concentration cannot be reversed, the super-rich save a large fraction of their income, luxury goods cannot fuel sufficient demand, lower-income groups can no longer borrow, fiscal and monetary policies have reached their limits, and unemployment cannot be exported, an economy may become stuck.
The early 2012 upturn in US economic activity still owes a lot to extraordinarily expansionary monetary policy and unsustainable fiscal deficits. If income concentration could be reduced as the budget deficit was reduced, demand could be financed by sustainable, broad-based private incomes. Public debt could be reduced without fear of recession, because private demand would be stronger. Investment would increase as demand prospects improved.
This line of reasoning is particularly relevant to the US, given the extent of income concentration and the fiscal challenges that lie ahead. But the broad trend toward larger income shares at the top is global and the difficulties that it may create for macroeconomic policy should no longer be ignored.
Kemal Dervis, a former minister of economics in Turkey, administrator of the United Nations Development Programme and Vice-President of the World Bank, is currently Vice-President and Director of the Global Economy and Development Programme at the Brookings Institution.
A version of this article was first published by Project Syndicate.
Source: Project Syndicate
|
<urn:uuid:0b381087-fadc-4dab-8330-c42ed50821de>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/03/201231410103911844.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00077-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954851 | 1,311 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Diploma in Environmental EngineeringAcharya Institutes
Price on request
Frequent Asked Questions
Pass in SSLC / 10th or equivalent examinations where in the student should have studied Mathematics and Science.
'Environment' is the buzz word toeay. Corporates and industries world wide are primarily concerned with the issue of reducing the damage to environment and also in rectifying the damages by use of innovative technologies and strategic planning. 'Environmental friendly' is today a certification process that which many processes and practices invariably adhere to. The Diploma in Environmental Engineering gives a broad knowledge to various aspects of environmental issues.
• The Diploma programme combines engineering and environmental aspects for a complete understanding of the the subject.
• Focuses on issues of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle concepts in utilisation of resources.
• Covers all aspects of pollution and control thereof.
Since the students who pass out of this Diploma programme will be exposed to both the theoretical and practical aspects of environmental engineering, they can aspire to fill positions of environment management and audit in companies whose activities directly impact environment such as Chemical, Leather, Textile, Power Generation, etc.
• English Communication
• Applied Mathematics
• Applied Science
• Materials of Construction
• Drawing Practicals
• Basic Workshop (Carpentry & Welding)
• Engineering Drawing
• C Programming
• Engineering Mechanics & Strength of Materials
• Construction Technology
• Water Supply Engineering
• Building Drawing
• CAD Lab
• Waste Water Treatment and Disposal
• Environmental Chemistry
• Estimating & Costing
• Concrete Technology & RCC
• Environmental & Construction Management
• Industrial Waste Water Treatment
• Plumbing & Construction Workshop
• Air Pollution Monitoring & Control
• Environmental Sanitation
• Fundamentals of Ecology & Microbiology
• Pollution Monitoring Lab
|
<urn:uuid:a449ba96-a22a-4cef-8ae8-ac57772b7492>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.emagister.in/diploma_environmental_engineering_courses-ec2646427.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00082-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.832261 | 375 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Asked by Max Kenneally, Albany, New York
How much vitamin D is recommended for those over 55?
Diet and Fitness Expert
Dr. Melina Jampolis
Physician Nutrition Specialist
HI Max. I'm glad you asked this question, as more and more research is being done lately evaluating the role of vitamin D in health and disease prevention. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that occurs naturally in a limited number of foods, so fortified foods including milk, margarines and breakfast cereals and dietary supplements are the major source for most Americans. In addition, vitamin D can be produced by the skin with sunlight exposure, but this ability decreases with age and varies considerably by geography, time of day or year, skin melanin content (darker skin produces less vitamin D) and sunscreen use.
Vitamin D is essential for promoting calcium absorption in the gut. When combined with adequate daily intakes of calcium, vitamin D helps build and preserve bone, helps prevent osteoporosis and helps decrease fracture risk. In addition, emerging research shows a possible role for vitamin D in the prevention or treatment of type 1 diabetes, some cancers, and autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis. Vitamin D also appears to play a role in healthy immune function and reducing inflammation, a risk factor for numerous diseases including cancer, heart disease and diabetes.
A simple blood test is available to determine whether you are deficient in vitamin D, but optimal levels have not yet been established. Groups at risk of vitamin D deficiency include breastfed infants, adults age 50 and older, people with limited sun exposure, people with milk allergy or lactose intolerance, people with fat malabsorption, people with dark skin, and people who are obese. (Because it is fat soluble, larger pools of body fat may act as a reservoir for vitamin D.) If you are or feel that you may be deficient in vitamin D, look for foods or supplements containing the D3 form (cholecalciferol), which is significantly more potent than the D2 form (ergocalciferol).
The current Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board for healthy Americans is available in Table 2 here. If you are deficient in vitamin D or have osteoporosis, you may need higher doses, but talk to your doctor first.
The current tolerable upper limit of vitamin D intake is 50 mcg (2,000 IU) per day. Taking too much vitamin D can cause nausea, vomiting, decreased appetite, constipation, weakness, and can raise blood levels of calcium, which can lead to irregular heart rhythms.
CNN Comment Policy: CNN encourages you to add a comment to this discussion. You may not post any unlawful, threatening, defamatory, obscene, pornographic or other material that would violate the law. All comments should be relevant to the topic and remain respectful of other authors and commenters. You are solely responsible for your own comments, the consequences of posting those comments, and the consequences of any reliance by you on the comments of others. By submitting your comment, you hereby give CNN the right, but not the obligation, to post, air, edit, exhibit, telecast, cablecast, webcast, re-use, publish, reproduce, use, license, print, distribute or otherwise use your comment(s) and accompanying personal identifying and other information you provide via all forms of media now known or hereafter devised, worldwide, in perpetuity. CNN Privacy Statement.
The information contained on this page does not and is not intended to convey medical advice. CNN is not responsible for any actions or inaction on your part based on the information that is presented here. Please consult a physician or medical professional for personal medical advice or treatment.
|
<urn:uuid:abd6f105-0b9b-468f-a648-023e76b03fff>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://edition.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/expert.q.a/03/20/vitamin.d.seniors.jampolis/index.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00017-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.924078 | 767 | 3.109375 | 3 |
London 2012 Olympic Park - Canary Wharf
An example of 1980s urban regeneration, focusing on commerce and retail
The history of human activity on the Isle of Dogs dates back to the 13th Century, when the Stepney Marshes were drained for agricultural use.
The area is most famous, however, for its role in the trading history of London. The Port of London began operating as a point of departure for merchant trading vessels as early as the 16th Century, but it was the Industrial Revolution of the 19th Century that resulted in the most rapid expansion of the docks. The West India Docks were opened in 1902 and contributed to what became the world's largest port. Industries built up around the ports and by the 1930s 100,000 people were employed in the area.
The peak year for the London Docklands was 1961 - in this year over 60 million tonnes of cargo was processed by the docks. However, by the 1970s new technologies and the increased size of cargo ships meant that the London Docklands was no longer able to compete with other ports. By 1981 all of the docks had been closed, resulting in massive unemployment and decline in the area.
During the 1980s, under the London Docklands Development Corporation, the Isle of Dogs was made an Enterprise Zone, offering incentives to try to attract businesses and developers to the area. Investment was helped by new transport initiatives: the Docklands Light Railway and London City Airport. Construction started on Canary Wharf - once a cargo warehouse - in 1988.
During the 1990s, rapid development of buildings such as One Canada Square and the extension of the Jubilee Line enabled the location of many businesses and corporations to the area. The first tenants moved in during 199, and the area is now home to companies such as Citigroup, NatWest Bank plc, Barclays plc, Morgan Stanley, The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, Reuters and many more.
With the opening of the Canada Square shopping mall in 2000 and the East Wintergarden events venue in 2003, there are now over 90,000 people working in the area, almost as many as during the 1930s! The Canary Wharf Estate is over 97 acres in size and contains 14.1 million square feet of office and retail space.
The list below shows the range of fieldwork tasks that can be completed at the Canary Wharf site.
- Visit to the Museum in Docklands (New Port New City gallery) and completion of worksheet
- Environmental quality surveys at three points within the Canary Wharf Estate
- Digital photography task
- Historical maps and clues
- Business, estate agent and shopping surveys
Find out more about the history of Canary Wharf
More information about the history of the site is available on the following websites:
What are the pros and cons of relocating to Canary Wharf?
One company has listed the reasons why it chose to move from its premises in Central London to Canary Wharf. Its list makes a great basis for a discussion around business location.
Images of Canary Wharf
The history of the docks
Why do you need docks?
The advantage of an enclosed dock is that loading or unloading can be carried out at any time. The River Thames is a tidal river so it can rise and fall up to 20 feet between tides. It therefore requires a lock between the river and the basin, otherwise loading and unloading could only take place for about two hours a day and would be a much more difficult operation. The docks in the upriver area are shown in table below. They are the oldest and smallest of London's docks.
Name of Docks, Date fully opened, Imports
- East India - 1806 - Exotic spices
- West India- 1802 - Sugar/ rum and coffee
- London ( Wapping and Limehouse ) - 1805 - Tobacco , rice, wine and brandy
- Surrey (South side of river ) inc Greenland Dock - From 1700 - Originally whaling ships then Timber and trade with Baltic and N America
- St Katherine's- 1827- General and varied
- Millwall- 1868- Grain and other food
The quays and warehouses
A dock also provides a large area of quayside for ships. Most of the early docks had an import and export dock, as it was convenient to keep import and export work separate. The long, thin basins were edged with Quays and brick sheds or warehouses where cargo would be offloaded or stored before being shipped out elsewhere. Unloading was done by hand initially and as there was a limit to how high goods could be stacked there were three floors in the sheds. The docks dealt mainly with international trade. Large ships coming from elsewhere in the UK tended to unload on the water on to lighters which then docked in the smaller wharves up stream - this was much cheaper as not controlled by the shipping companies
The main inward cargos were unprocessed .The concentration of processing and manufacturing industries in the docklands area meant there were lots of flour mills, food manufactures and tobacco companies in the area. Ship repair was another large industry, plus many dock related such as rope-makers, chain-makers, boiler-makers, firms making sacks, casks and drums, engineering works specialising in lifting gear or ship's propellers.
Population and housing
In the 1920s the population of the area grew to around 25,000. The housing was dense and of poor quality. The island was quite isolated, and because it concentrated on serving docks' needs it had a narrow and increasingly old fashioned skills base. Heavy bombing in the war destroyed much of the housing and led to 1960s rebuilding. The result was reasonable quality housing, but lots of high rise blocks. By 1980, due to the closure of the docks and the decline of the employment base, there were a lot of vacant properties. The majority of the housing was council owned, with only four per cent owner occupied.
- Population of 4,000, in 1851
- Population of 21,000, in 1901
- Population of 15,500 with only 7,000 in work, in 1981
Transport and communications
Within the Isle of Dogs transport and communications with the rest of London and beyond were poor. The A13 East India Dock Road was the only road in and out of the area and was highly congested. There was only one bus route and no rail or tube connections.
Retail on the Island was limited to a few small parades of small shops. There were limited recreational spaces and poor primary healthcare facilities. The area had plenty of pubs and a few daytime cafes but no restaurants.
Downloadable resources for the Canary Wharf site
There are eight activities that can be carried out on the Canary Wharf site. The aim of the activities is for students to get a feel for this regeneration project, which was started in the 1980s but is ongoing. Through the activities they will collect social, economic and environmental data for their case study, and will also start to think about the positive and negative impacts of the scheme.
Museum in Docklands
The Museum of London, Docklands, located within the Canary Wharf estate, contains a range of displays and galleries which focus on the history, archaeology and contemporary cultures of this part of London. It is housed within a former warehouse on North Dock.
The gallery that is of most relevance to this fieldwork study is the ‘New Port New City' gallery located on the second floor, which concentrates on the decline of the docks and the role of the London Dockland Development Corporation in regenerating the area. School visits to the Museum must be booked in advance.
Environmental Quality Surveys
Within this study, three environmental quality surveys were undertaken at contrasting localities: on North Dock (an area of mainly housing and restaurants), at the exit of Canary Wharf tube station (in the heart of the Estate) and in Jubilee Park (one of the few green areas in the Estate). This allowed for comparison between the different areas.
The photo task provides a focus for students' digital photography of the area. They are asked to think carefully about the photos they take, taking three photos to sum up the area socially, economically and environmentally. Completing this task at each site visited enables a useful visual comparison to be made.
Historical maps and clues
Providing the students with a historical map of the site they are visiting allows them to identify changes in land use and function. These changes can be annotated onto the map. In addition, students may notice clues about the area's industrial past, for example the derricks that remain on the dockside.
Information boards situated around the site show the names of the businesses that occupy the office buildings on the Canary Wharf Estate. This activity encourages students to think about the types of businesses that are present, and to identify any patterns that exist.
Estate Agent survey
The Knight Frank Estate Agency is located to the west of Cabot Square. It displays properties for sale in the Canary Wharf Estate, and also often has a property magazine stand outside. This activity investigates the range of property prices in the area, and also asks students to make a simplified calculation to work out how much they would need to be earning to afford some of these properties.
The students from Guildford High School had some difficulty persuading passers-by to stop and answer their questionnaire, "they're all too busy!" they complained. However, this in itself is indicative of the nature of the area. This survey aims to find out people's perceptions of the site and their thoughts about past and future changes.
The Canada Square and Cabot Place retail areas at Canary Wharf are amazing. This activity encourages students to think about who the shopping malls are catering for, and includes a survey of the number of convenience, comparison, specialist and chain stores present.
Museum in Docklands
The Museum of London, Docklands website provides further information about displays, along with some good teaching materials, for example this KS3 West Iindia Quay tour (PDF). The museum also runs sessions for KS3 and KS4 students, and is currently developing materials for AS and A2.
|
<urn:uuid:23f517e9-f35a-4f00-881f-63981b212a61>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.rgs.org/OurWork/Schools/Fieldwork+and+local+learning/Planning+your+fieldtrip/Fieldwork+locations/London+2012+Olympic+Park/Canary+Wharf.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00019-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968115 | 2,085 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Kripa, V and Mohammed Salih, K Y (1996) Oyster resources of Ashtamudi lake southwest coast of India. In: The Fourth Indian Fisheries Forum, Proceedings, 24-28 November, 1996, Kochi.
Ashtamudi Lake in Kerala has a rich oyster resource dominated by the Indian oyster Crassostrea mu~lrasensis and the rock oysterSaccostreu cucullatu. This resource which is extensively distributed in the estuary sustains a minor fishery. Studies were conducted to understand the seasonal variation in the density and biomass of these two species in the intertidal and subtidal system. The variation in the epifauna associated with the oyster population in different points of the estuary is given. Results of the experiments conducted to study the oyster spatfall season in the estuarine and marine zones is presented and discussed with reference to site selection in oyster farming and periods for setting oyster spat collectors in the estuary.
|Item Type:||Conference or Workshop Item (Paper)|
|Uncontrolled Keywords:||Oyster resources; Ashtamudi lake|
|Subjects:||Molluscan Fisheries > Edible oyster|
|Divisions:||CMFRI-Kochi > Marine Capture > Molluscan Fisheries
Subject Area > CMFRI Brochures > CMFRI-Kochi > Marine Capture > Molluscan Fisheries
CMFRI-Kochi > Marine Capture > Molluscan Fisheries
|Depositing User:||Users 171 not found.|
|Date Deposited:||30 Oct 2010 10:40|
|Last Modified:||09 Sep 2015 15:28|
Actions (login required)
|
<urn:uuid:5331ed30-17fd-4c04-87db-aa438c0633c4>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/4604/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00036-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.763357 | 371 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.