ABHISHEKSINGH0204/PCM_dataset · Datasets at Hugging Face

distractor1 stringlengths 1 57	distractor2 stringlengths 1 62	distractor3 stringlengths 1 63	correct_answer stringlengths 1 67	question stringlengths 14 399	support stringlengths 0 3.56k
metal and petiole	stalk and petiole	leaf and petiole	blade and petiole	What are the two basic parts that all flowering plants have in common?	Flowering vascular plants also have diverse leaves. However, the leaves of all flowering plants have two basic parts in common: the blade and petiole. The blade of the leaf is the relatively wide, flat part of the leaf that gathers sunlight and undergoes photosynthesis. The petiole is the part that attaches the leaf to a stem of the plant. This occurs at a node.
kinetic	homeostasis	pulmonary	osmotic	Salts are important in maintaining what balance of the blood?
scales	antennae	thin skin	thicker fur	What do some animals grow to protect themselves in winter?
earthquake surge	cloud formation	storm rise	storm surge	What weather phenomenon can raise sea level as much as 25 feet when low pressure pulls water upward?	Some of the damage done by storms is from storm surge . Low pressure in a storm pulls water upward. Water piles up at a shoreline as storm winds push waves into the coast. Storm surge may raise sea level as much as 7.5 m (25 ft). This can be devastating in a shallow land area when winds, waves, and rain are intense.
Vitamin A	metabolic d	tissue d	vitamin d	The action of sunlight on the skin triggers the body to produce what vitamin?	Milk and other dairy foods are not the only sources of calcium. This important nutrient is also found in green leafy vegetables, broccoli, and intact salmon and canned sardines with their soft bones. Nuts, beans, seeds, and shellfish provide calcium in smaller quantities. Except for fatty fish like salmon and tuna, or fortified milk or cereal, vitamin D is not found naturally in many foods. The action of sunlight on the skin triggers the body to produce its own vitamin D (Figure 6.22), but many people, especially those of darker complexion and those living in northern latitudes where the sun’s rays are not as strong, are deficient in vitamin D. In cases of deficiency, a doctor can prescribe a vitamin D supplement.
radio	ultrasound	loop	echo	What is heard when sound waves bounce back from a surface that they can't pass through?	Did you ever hear an echo of your own voice? An echo occurs when sound waves bounce back from a surface that they can’t pass through. The woman pictured here is trying to create an echo by shouting toward a large building. When the sound waves strike the wall of the building, most of them bounce back toward the woman, and she hears an echo of her voice. An echo is just one example of how waves interact with matter.
big hole	elevator	cave	well	What is hole that is dug or drilled through the ground down to an aquifer?	Many people get their freshwater from an aquifer. They obtain the water through a well. A well is a hole that is dug or drilled through the ground down to an aquifer.
hairs	feathers	pores	scales	What protective substance covers the skin of most reptiles?	Reptiles are a class of tetrapod vertebrates that produce amniotic eggs. They include crocodiles, alligators, lizards, snakes, and turtles. The reptile class is one of the largest classes of vertebrates. It consists of all amniotes except birds and mammals. Reptiles have several adaptations for living on dry land that amphibians lack. For example, as shown in Figure below , the skin of most reptiles is covered with scales. The scales, which are made of very tough keratin , protect reptiles from injury and prevent them from losing water.
mitosis	spawning	hibernation	pollination	What step, involving placement of a substance on the stigma, precedes fertilization?
eruptions	currents	earthquakes	thunderstorms	What weather phenomenon is caused by strong warm updrafts from heated ground?	Thunderstorms form when the ground is really hot ( Figure below ). The air near the ground becomes very warm and humid. This is true in some locations in late afternoon or early evening in spring and summer. The warm air rises rapidly, which creates strong updrafts. When the rising air cools, its water vapor condenses. The updrafts create tall cumulonimbus clouds. Winds blow the cloud top sideways. This makes the well-known anvil shape of a cloud known as a thunderhead ( Figure below ). Water droplets and ice fly up through the cloud. When these droplets get heavy enough, they fall. This starts a downdraft. A convection cell develops within the cloud. A mature thunderstorm produces gusty winds, lightning, heavy rain, and hail.
cells	bark	leaves	roots	The older parts of what structures anchor the plant and transport water and solutes between the soil and shoots?
chloroplasm	thermal tissue	cambrium layer	vascular tissue	What do you call a specialized type of plant tissue that transports water and nutrients throughout the plant?	Vascular seedless plants have vascular tissue, a specialized tissue that transports water and nutrients throughout the plant.
glutamate	sucrose	insulin	glucose	The major fuel for the brain is which carbohydrate?	The brain is a marvelous organ. And it’s a hungry one, too. The major fuel for the brain is the carbohydrate glucose. The average adult brain represents about 2% of our body’s weight, but uses 25% of the glucose in the body. Moreover, specific areas of the brain use glucose at different rates. If you are concentrating hard, (taking a test, for example) certain parts of the brain need a lot of extra glucose while other parts of the brain only use their normal amount. Something to think about.
wind density	amount of destruction	wind temperature	wind speed	How do they classify tornadoes?	The winds of a tornado can reach very high speeds. The faster the winds blow, the greater the damage they cause. Wind speed and damage are used to classify tornadoes ( Table below ).
kidney	joints	heart	liver	What part of the body does hepatitis b effect?	Hepatitis B is a disease of the liver. It is caused by a virus called hepatitis B, which can be passed through sexual activity. Hepatitis B causes vomiting. It also causes yellowing of the skin and eyes. The disease goes away on its own in some people. Other people are sick for the rest of their lives. In these people, the virus usually damages the liver. It may also lead to liver cancer. Medicines can help prevent liver damage in these people. There is also a vaccine to protect against hepatitis B.
electrons	positrons	neutrons	photons	In the radiative zone, light particles called what can only travel a few millimeters before they hit another particle?	The radiative zone is the next layer out. It has a temperature of about 4 million °C. Energy from the core travels through the radiative zone. The energy travels at an extremely slow rate. Light particles are called photons . In the radiative zone, photons can only travel a few millimeters before they hit another particle. The particles are absorbed and then released again. It may take 50 million years for a photon to travel all the way through the radiative zone.
forests	sediment	mineral	soil	What natural resource can be damaged by the accumulation of too much salt?	Soils may also remain in place but become degraded. Soil is contaminated if too much salt accumulates. Soil can also be contaminated by pollutants.
plug	muscles	cartilage	socket	What secures teeth in the mouth?	Anatomy of a Tooth The teeth are secured in the alveolar processes (sockets) of the maxilla and the mandible. Gingivae (commonly called the gums) are soft tissues that line the alveolar processes and surround the necks of the teeth. Teeth are also held in their sockets by a connective tissue called the periodontal ligament. The two main parts of a tooth are the crown, which is the portion projecting above the gum line, and the root, which is embedded within the maxilla and mandible. Both parts contain an inner pulp cavity, containing loose connective tissue through which run nerves and blood vessels. The region of the pulp cavity that runs through the root of the tooth is called the root canal. Surrounding the pulp cavity is dentin, a bone-like tissue. In the root of each tooth, the dentin is covered by an even harder bone-like layer called cementum. In the crown of each tooth, the dentin is covered by an outer layer of enamel, the hardest substance in the body (Figure 23.11). Although enamel protects the underlying dentin and pulp cavity, it is still nonetheless susceptible to mechanical and chemical erosion, or what is known as tooth decay. The most common form, dental caries (cavities) develops when colonies of bacteria feeding on sugars in the mouth release acids that cause soft tissue inflammation and degradation of the calcium crystals of the enamel. The digestive functions of the mouth are summarized in Table 23.4.
ideal reproduction	sexual reproduction	organic reproduction	asexual reproduction	What is the production of offspring without gamete fusion called?
wind	sediment movements	tidal pull	plate movements	What causes continents to drift closer to the poles or the equator?	Plate movements cause continents to drift closer to the poles or the Equator. Ocean currents also shift when continents drift. All these changes can affect Earth’s temperature.
a model	a fact	a study	a theory	What does a hypothesis become after many experiments provide results supporting it?	The scientific method is employed by scientists around the world, but it is not always conducted in the order above. Sometimes, hypothesis are formulated before observations are collected; sometimes observations are made before hypothesis are created. Regardless, it is important that scientists record their procedures carefully, allowing others to reproduce and verify the experimental data and results. After many experiments provide results supporting a hypothesis, the hypothesis becomes a theory . Theories remain theories forever, and are constantly being retested with every experiment and observation. Theories can never become fact or law .
dissove	look	move	form	Geologists group rocks based on how they what?	Geologists group rocks based on how they form. There are three major rock types. Each will be described in more detail in the coming concepts.
gamete	fetus	meiosis	nucleus	What organelle contains the genetic material of the cell?	The nucleus contains the genetic material of the cell.
light waves	mind waves	radio waves	sound waves	What kind of waves travel through liquids and solids as well as air?	Sound waves can travel through many different kinds of matter. Most of the sounds we hear travel through air, but sounds can also travel through liquids such as water and solids such as glass and metal. If you swim underwater — or even submerge your ears in bathwater — any sounds you hear have traveled to your ears through water. You can tell that sounds travel through glass and other solids because you can hear loud outdoor sounds such as sirens through closed windows and doors.
methane	carbon dioxide	nitrogen	oxygen	What is made by trees and other plants during photosynthesis?	Oxygen is made by trees and other plants during photosynthesis. We know that we need oxygen to live. But why? This oxygen is an essential component for the optimal production of usable energy - which occurs through cellular respiration.
waves	arrows	electrons	rays	Regardless of the mode, light is modeled as traveling in straight lines called what?	25.1 The Ray Aspect of Light There are three ways in which light can travel from a source to another location. (See Figure 25.3. ) It can come directly from the source through empty space, such as from the Sun to Earth. Or light can travel through various media, such as air and glass, to the person. Light can also arrive after being reflected, such as by a mirror. In all of these cases, light is modeled as traveling in straight lines called rays. Light may change direction when it encounters objects (such as a mirror) or in passing from one material to another (such as in passing from air to glass), but it then continues in a straight line or as a ray. The word ray comes from mathematics and here means a straight line that originates at some point. It is acceptable to visualize light rays as laser rays (or even science fiction depictions of ray guns). Ray The word “ray” comes from mathematics and here means a straight line that originates at some point.
omniverous	specalist	carniverous	generalists	What are organisms called, like the red-winged blackbird, that eat many different types of food?	Birds may be specialists or generalists in terms of what they eat. Generalists are organisms that eat many different types of food. Birds that are generalists include the red-winged blackbird in Figure below . It has a basic beak that can eat many different foods. Red-winged blackbirds are omnivores. They may eat a wide variety of seeds as well as insects and other small animals such as snails and frogs.
genetic trees	genetic order	gene mapping	evolutionary trees	What is a common name for the descriptive hypothesis that help to understand patterns of descent?
duration	density	power	speed	Exemplified by a lit match bursting into flame or the process that forms fossil fuels, chemical reactions vary greatly in terms of what?	Chemical reactions vary widely in the speeds with which they occur. Some reactions occur very quickly. If a lighted match is brought in contact with lighter fluid or another flammable liquid, it erupts into flame instantly and burns fast. Other reactions occur very slowly. A container of milk in the refrigerator will be good to drink for weeks before it begins to turn sour. Millions of years were required for dead plants under Earth’s surface to accumulate and eventually turn into fossil fuels such as coal and oil.
the bedroom	the kitchen	the basement	the bathroom	What is the best room in the home to start saving water?	It’s easy to save water at home. If you save even a few gallons a day you can make a big difference in the long run. The best place to start saving water is in the bathroom. Toilet flushing is the single biggest use of water in the home. Showers and baths are the next biggest use. Follow the tips below to save water at home.
surface	molecular	thermal	solar	Latitude affects the amount of which radiation a place receives?	Latitude affects the amount of solar radiation a place receives.
volume	strength	diameter	density	What physical property of matter reflects how closely packed the particles are?	Density is an important physical property of matter. It reflects how closely packed the particles of matter are. Density is calculated from the amount of mass in a given volume of matter, using the formula:.
magnetism	gravity	weak nuclear force	strong nuclear force	What is the force of attraction between fundamental particles called quarks, called.	The strong nuclear force is a force of attraction between fundamental particles called quarks, which have a type of charge called color charge. The strong nuclear force is transferred between quarks by fundamental force-carrying particles called gluons. Both protons and neutrons consist of quarks. The exchange of gluons holds quarks together within a proton or neutron. Excess, or residual, strong force holds together protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The strong nuclear force is strong enough to overcome the electromagnetic force of repulsion pushing protons apart. Both forces are represented in the Figure below .
Friction	Magnetic force	Tension	gravity	The force that pulls objects toward the earth is what?
revolution	circulation	coverage	speed	What is the distance something travels in a given amount of time called?	A snail might travel 2 centimeters in a minute. A cheetah might travel 2 kilometers in the same amount of time. The distance something travels in a given amount of time is its speed.
proteins	Atoms	chromosomes	mitochondria	One type of tissue, called brown fat, is made up of cells packed full of what?
anemia	malaria	Alzheimer's	epilepsy	Abnormal electrical activity in the brain is the cause of what disease associated with seizures?	Epilepsy is a disease in which seizures occur. A seizure is a period of lost consciousness that may include violent muscle contractions. It is caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Epilepsy may result from an infection, injury, or tumor. In many cases, however, the cause can’t be identified. There is no known cure for epilepsy, but the seizures often can be prevented with medicine. Sometimes children with epilepsy outgrow it by adulthood.
ion	quark	neutron	electron	Because atoms are always electrically neutral, for each added proton, one of what is also added?	From left to right across the periodic table, each element has one more proton than the element to its left. Because atoms are always electrically neutral, for each added proton, one electron is also added. Electrons are added first to the lowest energy level possible until that level is full. Only then are electrons added to the next higher energy level.
chromosomes	algae	eukaryotes	prokaryotes	What is the group of single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus that have a single piece of circular dna in the nucleoid area of the cell?	22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes Prokaryotes (domains Archaea and Bacteria) are single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus. They have a single piece of circular DNA in the nucleoid area of the cell. Most prokaryotes have a cell wall that lies outside the boundary of the plasma membrane. Some prokaryotes may have additional structures such as a capsule, flagella, and pili. Bacteria and Archaea differ in the lipid composition of their cell membranes and the characteristics of the cell wall. In archaeal membranes, phytanyl units, rather than fatty acids, are linked to glycerol. Some archaeal membranes are lipid monolayers instead of bilayers. The cell wall is located outside the cell membrane and prevents osmotic lysis. The chemical composition of cell walls varies between species. Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan. Archaean cell walls do not have peptidoglycan, but they may have pseudopeptidoglycan, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, or protein-based cell walls. Bacteria can be divided into two major groups: Gram positive and Gram negative, based on the Gram stain reaction. Gram-positive organisms have a thick cell wall, together with teichoic acids. Gram-negative organisms have a thin cell wall and an outer envelope containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins.
Static Charges	gravitational charges	particle charges	oscillating charges	What are electromagnetic waves created by?	24.2 Production of Electromagnetic Waves • Electromagnetic waves are created by oscillating charges (which radiate whenever accelerated) and have the same frequency as the oscillation. • Since the electric and magnetic fields in most electromagnetic waves are perpendicular to the direction in which the wave moves, it is ordinarily a transverse wave. • The strengths of the electric and magnetic parts of the wave are related by.
electron transport	Krebs cycle	photosynthesis	glycolysis	What is the first stage of cellular respiration?	The first stage of cellular respiration is glycolysis . It takes place in the cytosol of the cytoplasm.
transfer plants	arctic plants	water plants	land plants	Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of what?	28.5 Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of land plants.
ovaries	knees	intestines	lungs	The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body and includes all bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. it serves to protect the brain, spinal cord, heart, and what else?	The Axial Skeleton The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial and appendicular. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body and includes all bones of the head, neck, chest, and back (Figure 7.2). It serves to protect the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back, and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs. The axial skeleton of the adult consists of 80 bones, including the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage. The skull is formed by 22 bones. Also associated with the head are an additional seven bones, including the hyoid bone and the ear ossicles (three small bones found in each middle ear). The vertebral column consists of 24 bones, each called a.
asteroid	meteorite	comet	satellite	What is an object that orbits a larger object called?	One of the first uses of rockets in space was to launch satellites. A satellite is an object that orbits a larger object. An orbit is a circular or elliptical path around an object. Natural objects in orbit are called natural satellites. The Moon is a natural satellite. Human-made objects in orbit are called artificial satellites. There are more and more artificial satellites orbiting Earth all the time. They all get into space using some sort of rocket.
crystals	molecules	gas	ions	When atoms gain or lose electrons, what is formed?	As we saw in the previous chapter, ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons. If an atom loses one or more electrons, the resulting ion has a positive charge (more protons are present than electrons). If the atom gains one or more electrons, the resulting ion has a negative charge (more electrons are present than protons). Positive ions are called cations, and negative ions are called anions. Because opposite charges attract one another, cations and anions are held together by strong electromagnetic forces. An ionic compound consists of a large three-dimensional array of alternating cations and anions. For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) is composed of Na + and Cl - ions arranged into a structure like the one shown in Figure below .
muscular	circulatory	gastrointestinal	cardiovascular	Lymph capillaries collect the fluid that leaks from blood capillaries and slowly return it to what system?	Courtesy of the U. S. National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program. Lymph capillaries collect the flood the leaks from blood capillaries and is slowly returned to the cardiovascular system .
macrophages	cilia	platelets	bronchioles	Asthma affects what tiny branches into which the bronchi are divided?	Asthma is a chronic illness in which the bronchioles, the tiny branches into which the bronchi are divided, become inflamed and narrow ( Figure below ). The muscles around the bronchioles contract, which narrows the airways. Large amounts of mucus are also made by the cells in the lungs. People with asthma have difficulty breathing. Their chests feel tight, and they wheeze. Asthma can be caused by different things, such as allergies. Asthma can also be caused by cold air, warm air, moist air, exercise, or stress. The most common asthma triggers are illnesses, like the common cold. Asthma is not contagious and cannot be passed on to other people. Children and adolescents who have asthma can still lead active lives if they control their asthma. Asthma can be controlled by taking medication and by avoiding contact with environmental triggers for asthma, like smoking.
benadryl	ammonia	nucleus	carbonyl	The difference between aldehydes and ketones is the placement of what group within the molecule?	The difference between aldehydes and ketones is the placement of the carbonyl group within the molecule. An aldehyde is an organic compound in which the carbonyl group is attached to a carbon atom at the end of a carbon chain. A ketone is an organic compound in which the carbonyl group is attached to a carbon atom within the carbon chain. The general formulas for each are shown below.
enlarged	spherical	reduced	virtual	A plane mirror has a flat reflective surface and forms only which kind of images?	Most mirrors are plane mirrors. A plane mirror has a flat reflective surface and forms only virtual images. The image formed by a plane mirror is also life sized. But something is different about the image compared with the real object in front of the mirror. Left and right are reversed. Look at the man shaving in Figure below . He is using his right hand to hold the razor, but his image appears to be holding the razor in the left hand. Almost all plane mirrors reverse left and right in this way.
extinction zone	deceased zone	hydrothermal vent	dead zone	Dissolved fertilizer can ultimately lead to the creation of what in lakes or coastal oceans, which means a place where nothing can live?	Chemicals that are applied to farm fields include fertilizers and pesticides. Excess chemicals can be picked up by rainwater. The chemicals can end up in streams, ponds, lakes, or the ocean. Dissolved fertilizer causes tremendous numbers of water plants and algae to grow. This can lead to dead zones where nothing can live in lakes or the coastal oceans.
carbon	xenon	oxygen	helium	When the hydrogen is nearly used up, the star can fuse which element into heavier elements?	Within a nebula, there are varying regions where gravity has caused the gas and dust to clump together. The gravitational attraction of these clumps pull more atoms into the clump. As this accretion continues, the gas pressure increases and the core of the protostar gets hotter and hotter. If the protostar gets dense enough and hot enough, a fusion reaction will ignite and the star lights up. The minimum mass for the formation of a star is about 80 times the mass of Jupiter. A star is a very large, very hot ball of gas which has hydrogen fusing into helium in the core. Stars spend the majority of their life fusing hydrogen into helium. When the hydrogen is nearly used up, the star can fuse helium into heavier elements. Throughout this process, a battle goes on in the core of the star between gravity trying to collapse the star and temperature-produced gas pressure pushing the material in the star outward. During the life of a star, there is a balance between the gas pressure pushing out and gravity pushing in.
picric cell	planetoid cell	non-voltaic cell	voltaic cell	What type of cell has negative anode is positive cathode?	The standard cell potential is negative, indicating a nonspontaneous reaction. The battery must be capable of delivering at least 1.10 V of direct current in order for the reaction to occur. Another difference between a voltaic cell and an electrolytic cell is the signs of the electrodes. In a voltaic cell, the anode is negative and the cathode is positive. In an electrolytic cell, the anode is positive because it is connected to the positive terminal of the battery. The cathode is therefore negative. Electrons still flow through the cell form the anode to the cathode.
lymphatic system	mucous system	digestive system	urinary system	Which human body system controls the amount of water in the body and removes wastes?	The urinary system controls the amount of water in the body and removes wastes. Any problem with the urinary system can also affect many other body systems.
iron	fossils	recent rock	earlier rock	Rounded grains indicate that the minerals eroded from what?	Cratonic rocks contain rounded sedimentary grains. Rounded grains indicate that the minerals eroded from an earlier rock. It also means that rivers or seas existed.
gaseous reaction	radiation	mechanical reaction	chemical reaction	Changes of state of matter do not involve what type of reaction?	Not all changes in matter involve chemical reactions. For example, there are no chemical reactions involved in changes of state. When liquid water freezes or evaporates, it is still water. No bonds are broken and no new products are formed.
deep mining	explosive mining	underwater mining	underground	What type of mining is used to recover ores that are deeper into earth’s surface?	Underground mining is used to recover ores that are deeper into Earth’s surface. Miners blast and tunnel into rock to gain access to the ores. An underground ore deposit can be approached from above, below, or sideways. The direction depends on the placement of the ore body, its depth, the concentration of ore, and the strength of the surrounding rock. An example of an underground mine can be seen below ( Figure below ).
hepatic liverworts	hornworts	kidney liverworts	thallose liverworts	What are liverworts with a flattened, ribbon-like body called?	Jason Hollinger. Liverworts with a flattened, ribbon-like body are called thallose liverworts . CC BY 2.0.
countries	system	tissue	population	What is made up of organisms of the same species that live in the same area?	Communities consist of populations of different species. The size and growth of populations in a community are influenced by species interactions. For example, predator-prey relationships control the growth of both predator and prey populations.
nitrogen	atomic mass	orbits	charge	The oxygen atom in a water molecule pull the electrons away from the hydrogen atoms which leads to an unequal distribution of what?	This model shows the arrangement of oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule. A water molecule has a bent or angular (non-linear) shape, with an angle of about 105°. The nucleus of the oxygen atom attracts electrons more strongly than do the hydrogen nuclei. As a result, the middle part of the molecule near oxygen has a negative charge, and the other parts of the molecule have a positive charge. In essence, the electrons are "pulled" toward the nucleus of the oxygen atom and away from the hydrogen atom nuclei. Water is a polar molecule, with an unequal distribution of charge throughout the molecule.
neither	sometimes significant	significant	not significant	Are zeroes that show only where the decimal point fall significant or not significant?	Zeros that show only where the decimal point falls are not significant. For example, the number 470,000 has just two significant figures (4 and 7). The zeros just show that the 4 represents hundreds of thousands and the 7 represents tens of thousands. Therefore, these zeros are not significant.
fermentation	pollination	relaxation	hibernation	Torpor, a process that leads to a decrease in activity and metabolism and allows animals to survive adverse conditions, includes what long winter 'sleep'?	Energy Requirements Related to Levels of Activity The more active an animal is, the more energy is needed to maintain that activity, and the higher its BMR or SMR. The average daily rate of energy consumption is about two to four times an animal’s BMR or SMR. Humans are more sedentary than most animals and have an average daily rate of only 1.5 times the BMR. The diet of an endothermic animal is determined by its BMR. For example: the type of grasses, leaves, or shrubs that an herbivore eats affects the number of calories that it takes in. The relative caloric content of herbivore foods, in descending order, is tall grasses > legumes > short grasses > forbs (any broad-leaved plant, not a grass) > subshrubs > annuals/biennials. Energy Requirements Related to Environment Animals adapt to extremes of temperature or food availability through torpor. Torpor is a process that leads to a decrease in activity and metabolism and allows animals to survive adverse conditions. Torpor can be used by animals for long periods, such as entering a state of hibernation during the winter months, in which case it enables them to maintain a reduced body temperature. During hibernation, ground squirrels can achieve an abdominal temperature of 0° C (32° F), while a bear’s internal temperature is maintained higher at about 37° C (99° F). If torpor occurs during the summer months with high temperatures and little water, it is called estivation. Some desert animals use this to survive the harshest months of the year. Torpor can occur on a daily basis; this is seen in bats and hummingbirds. While endothermy is limited in smaller animals by surface to volume ratio, some organisms can be smaller and still be endotherms because they employ daily torpor during the part of the day that is coldest. This allows them to conserve energy during the colder parts of the day, when they consume more energy to maintain their body temperature.
prokaryotes	anthocyanins	chromatids	heterozygotes	What produces gametes with different alleles?
reproductive	symbolic	isolated	analogous	What term is used to describe structures that are similar in unrelated organisms?	Analogous structures are structures that are similar in unrelated organisms. The structures are similar because they evolved to do the same job, not because they were inherited from a common ancestor. For example, the wings of bats and birds, shown in Figure below , look similar on the outside. They also have the same function. However, wings evolved independently in the two groups of animals. This is apparent when you compare the pattern of bones inside the wings.
river bank	artesian well	culvert	aquifer	What is defined as a saturated layer of rock or soil?	An aquifer is a saturated layer of rock or soil.
gravity	resistance	thrust	pressure	Air flows into the lungs largely due to a difference in what?	Pulmonary Ventilation The difference in pressures drives pulmonary ventilation because air flows down a pressure gradient, that is, air flows from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure. Air flows into the lungs largely due to a difference in pressure; atmospheric pressure is greater than intra-alveolar pressure, and intra-alveolar pressure is greater than intrapleural pressure. Air flows out of the lungs during expiration based on the same principle; pressure within the lungs becomes greater than the atmospheric pressure. Pulmonary ventilation comprises two major steps: inspiration and expiration. Inspiration is the process that causes air to enter the lungs, and expiration is the process that causes air to leave the lungs (Figure 22.17). A respiratory cycle is one sequence of inspiration and expiration. In general, two muscle groups are used during normal inspiration: the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles. Additional muscles can be used if a bigger breath is required. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly toward the abdominal cavity, creating a larger thoracic cavity and more space for the lungs. Contraction of the external intercostal muscles moves the ribs upward and outward, causing the rib cage to expand, which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity. Due to the adhesive force of the pleural fluid, the expansion of the thoracic cavity forces the lungs to stretch and expand as well. This increase in volume leads to a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure, creating a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure. As a result, a pressure gradient is created that drives air into the lungs.
electrolysis	birthing	capitis	cytokinesis	The cytoplasm divides during what stage of the cell cycle?	3. The third step is the division of the rest of the cell. This is called cytokinesis, as it is in a prokaryotic cell. During this step, the cytoplasm divides, and two daughter cells form.
reproduction	function	instance	behavior	Researchers have also used insect courtship to explore genetic variation underlying differences in what?
spinal cord	thymus	medulla	cerebellum	What part of the brain lies under the cerebrum and behind the brain stem?	The cerebellum is the next largest part of the brain. It lies under the cerebrum and behind the brain stem. The cerebellum controls body position, coordination, and balance. Whether you are riding a bicycle or writing with a pen, you are using your cerebellum.
immune	digestive	endocrine	reproductive	In human females, the mammary glands are associated with, but not part of, what organ system that is used to create new humans?
plumes	rivers	cones	lahars	What is the term for volcanic mudflows?	Mudflows or lahars, which are volcanic mudflows, are mass movements that contain a lot of water.
Newton	Galileo	janus	copernicus	During the scientific revolution, who proposed that the sun, not earth, is the center of the solar system?	The Scientific Revolution occurred in Europe. This was the beginning of modern Western science. Many scientific advances were made during this time. Copernicus proposed that the sun, not Earth, is the center of the solar system.
mass	contrast	sound	color	Quantum chromodynamics combines what property with quark theory?	Why must hadrons be white? The color scheme is intentionally devised to explain why baryons have three quarks and mesons have a quark and an antiquark. Quark color is thought to be similar to charge, but with more values. An ion, by analogy, exerts much stronger forces than a neutral molecule. When the color of a combination of quarks is white, it is like a neutral atom. The forces a white particle exerts are like the polarization forces in molecules, but in hadrons these leftovers are the strong nuclear force. When a combination of quarks has color other than white, it exerts extremely large forces—even larger than the strong force—and perhaps cannot be stable or permanently separated. This is part of the theory of quark confinement, which explains how quarks can exist and yet never be isolated or directly observed. Finally, an extra quantum number with three values (like those we assign to color) is necessary for quarks to obey the Pauli exclusion principle. Particles such as the Ω − , which is ++ composed of three strange quarks, sss , and the Δ , which is three up quarks, uuu, can exist because the quarks have different colors and do not have the same quantum numbers. Color is consistent with all observations and is now widely accepted. Quark theory including color is called quantum chromodynamics (QCD), also named by Gell-Mann.
dominant or autosomal	divergent or dominant	recessive or allelic	dominant or recessive	Traits inherited in mendelian patterns are either?
budding	fragmentation	asexual reproduction	sexual reproduction	What kind of reproduction results in offspring that are genetically unique?	Sexual reproduction results in infinite possibilities of genetic variation. In other words, sexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically unique. They differ from both parents and also from each other. This occurs for a number of reasons.
35	32	35	33	How many vertebrae make up the human vertebral column?	Human Vertebral Column and Vertebrae. The human vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae. Two vertebrae are shown here enlarged.
moisture	blood	hair	cuticle	What do cells of dermal tissue secrete?	Dermal tissue covers the outside of a plant. It's like the plant's skin. Cells of dermal tissue secrete a waxy substance called cuticle. Cuticle helps prevent water loss and damage to the plant.
pollution	habitat	differentiation	diversity	What is the term for many different types of animals within the same species?
a toxic reaction	a bio reaction	a thermodynamic reaction	a chemical reaction	What is a process in which some substances change into different substances?	A chemical reaction is a process in which some substances change into different substances. In a chemical reaction, bonds break in reactants and new bonds form in products.
phytoflagellate bacteria	decomposers	enzymes	denitrifying bacteria	What causes nitrate to go back to its gaseous nitrogen state?	Denitrifying bacteria turn nitrate back into gaseous nitrogen.
electromagnetic respiration	cellular transportation	cellular digestion	cellular respiration	What is the metabolic process by which cells obtain energy by “burning” glucose?	The use of the word respiration in relation to gas exchange is different from its use in the term cellular respiration . Recall that cellular respiration is the metabolic process by which cells obtain energy by “burning” glucose. Cellular respiration uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Respiration by the respiratory system supplies the oxygen and takes away the carbon dioxide.
space	Reflection	water	air	What weakly scatters visible light?	The color of a material is due to the ability of its atoms to absorb certain wavelengths while reflecting or reemitting others. A simple red material, for example a tomato, absorbs all visible wavelengths except red. This is because the atoms of its hydrocarbon pigment (lycopene) have levels separated by a variety of energies corresponding to all visible photon energies except red. Air is another interesting example. It is transparent to visible light, because there are few energy levels that visible photons can excite in air molecules and atoms. Visible light, thus, cannot be absorbed. Furthermore, visible light is only weakly scattered by air, because visible wavelengths are so much greater than the sizes of the air molecules and atoms. Light must pass through kilometers of air to scatter enough to cause red sunsets and blue skies.
glands	intestines	lungs	veins	Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, what carries un-oxygenated blood back to the heart?
dna analysis	proteins analysis	residues analysis	rna analysis	What type of analysis is performed to study gene expression patterns in cells?	RNA analysis is performed to study gene expression patterns in cells. RNA is naturally very unstable because RNAses are commonly present in nature and very difficult to inactivate. Similar to DNA, RNA extraction involves the use of various buffers and enzymes to inactivate macromolecules and preserve the RNA. Gel Electrophoresis Because nucleic acids are negatively charged ions at neutral or basic pH in an aqueous environment, they can be mobilized by an electric field. Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate molecules on the basis of size, using this charge. The nucleic acids can be separated as whole chromosomes or fragments. The nucleic acids are loaded into a slot near the negative electrode of a semisolid, porous gel matrix and pulled toward the positive electrode at the opposite end of the gel. Smaller molecules move through the pores in the gel faster than larger molecules; this difference in the rate of migration separates the fragments on the basis of size. There are molecular weight standard samples that can be run alongside the molecules to provide a size comparison. Nucleic acids in a gel matrix can be observed using various fluorescent or colored dyes. Distinct nucleic acid fragments appear as bands at specific distances from the top of the gel (the negative electrode end) on the basis of their size (Figure 17.4). A mixture of genomic DNA fragments of varying sizes appear as a long smear, whereas uncut genomic DNA is usually too large to run through the gel and forms a single large band at the top of the gel.
xerophyte	spirogyra	terapoda	myriapoda	What class are centipedes and millipedes in?	Myriapoda, which includes centipedes and millipedes. All of these animals live on land, and can have anywhere from ten to nearly 200 pairs of appendages.
less	thinly	Longly	more	Light moving from air into water is bent ___________ the normal?	Light moving from air into water is bent ___________ the normal.
conduction molecules	axons	attenuation molecules	neurotransmitter molecules	An electrical signal along a nerve cell triggers the secretion of what?
inorganic compounds	amino acids	hydrocarbons	organic compounds	Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur are basic elements that form what type of compounds, which are vital to life?	In just the right combinations, you get life. Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. Some of the most basic of elements, but some of the most important. Together they can form countless combinations of organic compounds. And in just the right combinations, anything can happen.
even number	four	two	one	Urea and carbon dioxide are molecules with how many carbon atoms?
cell death	disease	contraction	competition	Half of the neurons formed in the embryo are eliminated because of _____________
only animals	only seafood	only plants	plants & animals	What do omnivores eat?	Omnivores are heterotrophs that consume both plants and animals. They include crows and human beings. The grizzly bears pictured in Figure below are also omnivores.
eastward	inward	westward	outward	Upwelling mantle at the mid-ocean ridge pushes plates in which direction?	Plates move for two reasons. Upwelling mantle at the mid-ocean ridge pushes plates outward. Cold lithosphere sinking into the mantle at a subduction zone pulls the rest of the plate down with it.
disregard other species	imitate other species	help other species	threaten other species	Why are exotic species also called invasive species?	conditions in the new environment, threatening the species that exist there. For this reason, exotic species are also called invasive species. Exotic species can threaten other species through competition for resources, predation, or disease.
spermatosis	glycogenolysis	ketoacidosis	spermatogenesis	The process of producing mature sperm is called what?	The process of producing mature sperm is called spermatogenesis . Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and become mature in the epididymis . The entire process takes about 9 to 10 weeks. You can watch an animation of spermatogenesis at this link: http://wps. aw. com/bc_martini_eap_4/40/10469/2680298. cw/content/index. html .
conclusions	samples	controls	hypotheses	Unlike theories, which are proved true, what are often falsified?
reptiles	mammals	animals	plants	What living things have cell walls containing cellulose and plastids such as chloroplasts?	Plants have eukaryotic cells with large central vacuoles, cell walls containing cellulose, and plastids such as chloroplasts and chromoplasts. Different types of plant cells include parenchymal, collenchymal, and sclerenchymal cells. The three types differ in structure and function.
isotope of atom	electron shell	neutron	nucleus of atom	Where does the energy from an atomic bomb come from?	An atomic bomb explodes and generates a huge mushroom cloud. The tremendous energy released when the bomb explodes is incredibly destructive. Where does all the energy come from? The answer is the nucleus of the atom.
evolution	reproduction	renewal	restoration	Removal of dams on rivers is an example of what?	21.3 Preserving Biodiversity Five mass extinctions with losses of more than 50 percent of extant species are observable in the fossil record. Recent extinctions are recorded in written history and are the basis for one method of estimating contemporary extinction rates. The other method uses measures of habitat loss and species-area relationships. Estimates of contemporary extinction rates vary but are as high as 500 times the background rate, as determined from the fossil record, and are predicted to rise. There is a legislative framework for biodiversity protection. International treaties such as CITES regulate the transportation of endangered species across international borders. Legislation within individual countries protecting species and agreements on global warming have had limited success; there is at present no international agreement on targets for greenhouse gas emissions. In the United States, the Endangered Species Act protects listed species but is hampered by procedural difficulties and a focus on individual species. The Migratory Bird Act is an agreement between Canada and the United States to protect migratory birds. The non-profit sector is also very active in conservation efforts in a variety of ways. Conservation preserves are a major tool in biodiversity protection. Presently, 11 percent of Earth’s land surface is protected in some way. The science of island biogeography has informed the optimal design of preserves; however, preserves have limitations imposed by political and economic forces. In addition, climate change will limit the effectiveness of present preserves in the future. A downside of preserves is that they may lessen the pressure on human societies to function more sustainably outside the preserves. Habitat restoration has the potential to restore ecosystems to previous biodiversity levels before species become extinct. Examples of restoration include reintroduction of keystone species and removal of dams on rivers. Zoos have attempted to take a more active role in conservation and can have a limited role in captive breeding programs. Zoos also have a useful role in education.
proteins	particle	molecule	cell	What is considered the smallest unit of life?	CHAPTER SUMMARY 4.1 Studying Cells A cell is the smallest unit of life. Most cells are so tiny that they cannot be seen with the naked eye. Therefore, scientists use microscopes to study cells. Electron microscopes provide higher magnification, higher resolution, and more detail than.
protazoa	bacteria	moulds	plants	What living things are considered photoautotrophs because they use sunlight and carbon from carbon dioxide to synthesize chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates?	Solar Dependence and Food Production Some organisms can carry out photosynthesis, whereas others cannot. An autotroph is an organism that can produce its own food. The Greek roots of the word autotroph mean “self” (auto) “feeder” (troph). Plants are the best-known autotrophs, but others exist, including certain types of bacteria and algae (Figure 5.2). Oceanic algae contribute enormous quantities of food and oxygen to global food chains. Plants are also photoautotrophs, a type of autotroph that uses sunlight and carbon from carbon dioxide to synthesize chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates. All organisms carrying out photosynthesis require sunlight.
a neutron	a proton	an alkali	an anion	Acids are molecular compounds that dissolve in water to produce hydronium ions and what else?	Acids are molecular compounds that dissolve in water to produce hydronium ions and an anion.

metal and petiole

stalk and petiole

leaf and petiole

blade and petiole

What are the two basic parts that all flowering plants have in common?

Flowering vascular plants also have diverse leaves. However, the leaves of all flowering plants have two basic parts in common: the blade and petiole. The blade of the leaf is the relatively wide, flat part of the leaf that gathers sunlight and undergoes photosynthesis. The petiole is the part that attaches the leaf to a stem of the plant. This occurs at a node.

kinetic

homeostasis

pulmonary

osmotic

Salts are important in maintaining what balance of the blood?

scales

antennae

thin skin

thicker fur

What do some animals grow to protect themselves in winter?

earthquake surge

cloud formation

storm rise

storm surge

What weather phenomenon can raise sea level as much as 25 feet when low pressure pulls water upward?

Some of the damage done by storms is from storm surge . Low pressure in a storm pulls water upward. Water piles up at a shoreline as storm winds push waves into the coast. Storm surge may raise sea level as much as 7.5 m (25 ft). This can be devastating in a shallow land area when winds, waves, and rain are intense.

Vitamin A

metabolic d

tissue d

vitamin d

The action of sunlight on the skin triggers the body to produce what vitamin?

Milk and other dairy foods are not the only sources of calcium. This important nutrient is also found in green leafy vegetables, broccoli, and intact salmon and canned sardines with their soft bones. Nuts, beans, seeds, and shellfish provide calcium in smaller quantities. Except for fatty fish like salmon and tuna, or fortified milk or cereal, vitamin D is not found naturally in many foods. The action of sunlight on the skin triggers the body to produce its own vitamin D (Figure 6.22), but many people, especially those of darker complexion and those living in northern latitudes where the sun’s rays are not as strong, are deficient in vitamin D. In cases of deficiency, a doctor can prescribe a vitamin D supplement.

radio

ultrasound

loop

echo

What is heard when sound waves bounce back from a surface that they can't pass through?

Did you ever hear an echo of your own voice? An echo occurs when sound waves bounce back from a surface that they can’t pass through. The woman pictured here is trying to create an echo by shouting toward a large building. When the sound waves strike the wall of the building, most of them bounce back toward the woman, and she hears an echo of her voice. An echo is just one example of how waves interact with matter.

big hole

elevator

cave

well

What is hole that is dug or drilled through the ground down to an aquifer?

Many people get their freshwater from an aquifer. They obtain the water through a well. A well is a hole that is dug or drilled through the ground down to an aquifer.

hairs

feathers

pores

scales

What protective substance covers the skin of most reptiles?

Reptiles are a class of tetrapod vertebrates that produce amniotic eggs. They include crocodiles, alligators, lizards, snakes, and turtles. The reptile class is one of the largest classes of vertebrates. It consists of all amniotes except birds and mammals. Reptiles have several adaptations for living on dry land that amphibians lack. For example, as shown in Figure below , the skin of most reptiles is covered with scales. The scales, which are made of very tough keratin , protect reptiles from injury and prevent them from losing water.

mitosis

spawning

hibernation

pollination

What step, involving placement of a substance on the stigma, precedes fertilization?

eruptions

currents

earthquakes

thunderstorms

What weather phenomenon is caused by strong warm updrafts from heated ground?

Thunderstorms form when the ground is really hot ( Figure below ). The air near the ground becomes very warm and humid. This is true in some locations in late afternoon or early evening in spring and summer. The warm air rises rapidly, which creates strong updrafts. When the rising air cools, its water vapor condenses. The updrafts create tall cumulonimbus clouds. Winds blow the cloud top sideways. This makes the well-known anvil shape of a cloud known as a thunderhead ( Figure below ). Water droplets and ice fly up through the cloud. When these droplets get heavy enough, they fall. This starts a downdraft. A convection cell develops within the cloud. A mature thunderstorm produces gusty winds, lightning, heavy rain, and hail.

cells

bark

leaves

roots

The older parts of what structures anchor the plant and transport water and solutes between the soil and shoots?

chloroplasm

thermal tissue

cambrium layer

vascular tissue

What do you call a specialized type of plant tissue that transports water and nutrients throughout the plant?

Vascular seedless plants have vascular tissue, a specialized tissue that transports water and nutrients throughout the plant.

glutamate

sucrose

insulin

glucose

The major fuel for the brain is which carbohydrate?

The brain is a marvelous organ. And it’s a hungry one, too. The major fuel for the brain is the carbohydrate glucose. The average adult brain represents about 2% of our body’s weight, but uses 25% of the glucose in the body. Moreover, specific areas of the brain use glucose at different rates. If you are concentrating hard, (taking a test, for example) certain parts of the brain need a lot of extra glucose while other parts of the brain only use their normal amount. Something to think about.

wind density

amount of destruction

wind temperature

wind speed

How do they classify tornadoes?

The winds of a tornado can reach very high speeds. The faster the winds blow, the greater the damage they cause. Wind speed and damage are used to classify tornadoes ( Table below ).

kidney

joints

heart

liver

What part of the body does hepatitis b effect?

Hepatitis B is a disease of the liver. It is caused by a virus called hepatitis B, which can be passed through sexual activity. Hepatitis B causes vomiting. It also causes yellowing of the skin and eyes. The disease goes away on its own in some people. Other people are sick for the rest of their lives. In these people, the virus usually damages the liver. It may also lead to liver cancer. Medicines can help prevent liver damage in these people. There is also a vaccine to protect against hepatitis B.

electrons

positrons

neutrons

photons

In the radiative zone, light particles called what can only travel a few millimeters before they hit another particle?

The radiative zone is the next layer out. It has a temperature of about 4 million °C. Energy from the core travels through the radiative zone. The energy travels at an extremely slow rate. Light particles are called photons . In the radiative zone, photons can only travel a few millimeters before they hit another particle. The particles are absorbed and then released again. It may take 50 million years for a photon to travel all the way through the radiative zone.

forests

sediment

mineral

soil

What natural resource can be damaged by the accumulation of too much salt?

Soils may also remain in place but become degraded. Soil is contaminated if too much salt accumulates. Soil can also be contaminated by pollutants.

plug

muscles

cartilage

socket

What secures teeth in the mouth?

Anatomy of a Tooth The teeth are secured in the alveolar processes (sockets) of the maxilla and the mandible. Gingivae (commonly called the gums) are soft tissues that line the alveolar processes and surround the necks of the teeth. Teeth are also held in their sockets by a connective tissue called the periodontal ligament. The two main parts of a tooth are the crown, which is the portion projecting above the gum line, and the root, which is embedded within the maxilla and mandible. Both parts contain an inner pulp cavity, containing loose connective tissue through which run nerves and blood vessels. The region of the pulp cavity that runs through the root of the tooth is called the root canal. Surrounding the pulp cavity is dentin, a bone-like tissue. In the root of each tooth, the dentin is covered by an even harder bone-like layer called cementum. In the crown of each tooth, the dentin is covered by an outer layer of enamel, the hardest substance in the body (Figure 23.11). Although enamel protects the underlying dentin and pulp cavity, it is still nonetheless susceptible to mechanical and chemical erosion, or what is known as tooth decay. The most common form, dental caries (cavities) develops when colonies of bacteria feeding on sugars in the mouth release acids that cause soft tissue inflammation and degradation of the calcium crystals of the enamel. The digestive functions of the mouth are summarized in Table 23.4.

ideal reproduction

sexual reproduction

organic reproduction

asexual reproduction

What is the production of offspring without gamete fusion called?

wind

sediment movements

tidal pull

plate movements

What causes continents to drift closer to the poles or the equator?

Plate movements cause continents to drift closer to the poles or the Equator. Ocean currents also shift when continents drift. All these changes can affect Earth’s temperature.

a model

a fact

a study

a theory

What does a hypothesis become after many experiments provide results supporting it?

The scientific method is employed by scientists around the world, but it is not always conducted in the order above. Sometimes, hypothesis are formulated before observations are collected; sometimes observations are made before hypothesis are created. Regardless, it is important that scientists record their procedures carefully, allowing others to reproduce and verify the experimental data and results. After many experiments provide results supporting a hypothesis, the hypothesis becomes a theory . Theories remain theories forever, and are constantly being retested with every experiment and observation. Theories can never become fact or law .

dissove

look

move

form

Geologists group rocks based on how they what?

Geologists group rocks based on how they form. There are three major rock types. Each will be described in more detail in the coming concepts.

gamete

fetus

meiosis

nucleus

What organelle contains the genetic material of the cell?

The nucleus contains the genetic material of the cell.

light waves

mind waves

radio waves

sound waves

What kind of waves travel through liquids and solids as well as air?

Sound waves can travel through many different kinds of matter. Most of the sounds we hear travel through air, but sounds can also travel through liquids such as water and solids such as glass and metal. If you swim underwater — or even submerge your ears in bathwater — any sounds you hear have traveled to your ears through water. You can tell that sounds travel through glass and other solids because you can hear loud outdoor sounds such as sirens through closed windows and doors.

methane

carbon dioxide

nitrogen

oxygen

What is made by trees and other plants during photosynthesis?

Oxygen is made by trees and other plants during photosynthesis. We know that we need oxygen to live. But why? This oxygen is an essential component for the optimal production of usable energy - which occurs through cellular respiration.

waves

arrows

electrons

rays

Regardless of the mode, light is modeled as traveling in straight lines called what?

25.1 The Ray Aspect of Light There are three ways in which light can travel from a source to another location. (See Figure 25.3. ) It can come directly from the source through empty space, such as from the Sun to Earth. Or light can travel through various media, such as air and glass, to the person. Light can also arrive after being reflected, such as by a mirror. In all of these cases, light is modeled as traveling in straight lines called rays. Light may change direction when it encounters objects (such as a mirror) or in passing from one material to another (such as in passing from air to glass), but it then continues in a straight line or as a ray. The word ray comes from mathematics and here means a straight line that originates at some point. It is acceptable to visualize light rays as laser rays (or even science fiction depictions of ray guns). Ray The word “ray” comes from mathematics and here means a straight line that originates at some point.

omniverous

specalist

carniverous

generalists

What are organisms called, like the red-winged blackbird, that eat many different types of food?

Birds may be specialists or generalists in terms of what they eat. Generalists are organisms that eat many different types of food. Birds that are generalists include the red-winged blackbird in Figure below . It has a basic beak that can eat many different foods. Red-winged blackbirds are omnivores. They may eat a wide variety of seeds as well as insects and other small animals such as snails and frogs.

genetic trees

genetic order

gene mapping

evolutionary trees

What is a common name for the descriptive hypothesis that help to understand patterns of descent?

duration

density

power

speed

Exemplified by a lit match bursting into flame or the process that forms fossil fuels, chemical reactions vary greatly in terms of what?

Chemical reactions vary widely in the speeds with which they occur. Some reactions occur very quickly. If a lighted match is brought in contact with lighter fluid or another flammable liquid, it erupts into flame instantly and burns fast. Other reactions occur very slowly. A container of milk in the refrigerator will be good to drink for weeks before it begins to turn sour. Millions of years were required for dead plants under Earth’s surface to accumulate and eventually turn into fossil fuels such as coal and oil.

the bedroom

the kitchen

the basement

the bathroom

What is the best room in the home to start saving water?

It’s easy to save water at home. If you save even a few gallons a day you can make a big difference in the long run. The best place to start saving water is in the bathroom. Toilet flushing is the single biggest use of water in the home. Showers and baths are the next biggest use. Follow the tips below to save water at home.

surface

molecular

thermal

solar

Latitude affects the amount of which radiation a place receives?

Latitude affects the amount of solar radiation a place receives.

volume

strength

diameter

density

What physical property of matter reflects how closely packed the particles are?

Density is an important physical property of matter. It reflects how closely packed the particles of matter are. Density is calculated from the amount of mass in a given volume of matter, using the formula:.

magnetism

gravity

weak nuclear force

strong nuclear force

What is the force of attraction between fundamental particles called quarks, called.

The strong nuclear force is a force of attraction between fundamental particles called quarks, which have a type of charge called color charge. The strong nuclear force is transferred between quarks by fundamental force-carrying particles called gluons. Both protons and neutrons consist of quarks. The exchange of gluons holds quarks together within a proton or neutron. Excess, or residual, strong force holds together protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The strong nuclear force is strong enough to overcome the electromagnetic force of repulsion pushing protons apart. Both forces are represented in the Figure below .

Friction

Magnetic force

Tension

gravity

The force that pulls objects toward the earth is what?

revolution

circulation

coverage

speed

What is the distance something travels in a given amount of time called?

A snail might travel 2 centimeters in a minute. A cheetah might travel 2 kilometers in the same amount of time. The distance something travels in a given amount of time is its speed.

proteins

Atoms

chromosomes

mitochondria

One type of tissue, called brown fat, is made up of cells packed full of what?

anemia

malaria

Alzheimer's

epilepsy

Abnormal electrical activity in the brain is the cause of what disease associated with seizures?

Epilepsy is a disease in which seizures occur. A seizure is a period of lost consciousness that may include violent muscle contractions. It is caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Epilepsy may result from an infection, injury, or tumor. In many cases, however, the cause can’t be identified. There is no known cure for epilepsy, but the seizures often can be prevented with medicine. Sometimes children with epilepsy outgrow it by adulthood.

ion

quark

neutron

electron

Because atoms are always electrically neutral, for each added proton, one of what is also added?

From left to right across the periodic table, each element has one more proton than the element to its left. Because atoms are always electrically neutral, for each added proton, one electron is also added. Electrons are added first to the lowest energy level possible until that level is full. Only then are electrons added to the next higher energy level.

chromosomes

algae

eukaryotes

prokaryotes

What is the group of single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus that have a single piece of circular dna in the nucleoid area of the cell?

22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes Prokaryotes (domains Archaea and Bacteria) are single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus. They have a single piece of circular DNA in the nucleoid area of the cell. Most prokaryotes have a cell wall that lies outside the boundary of the plasma membrane. Some prokaryotes may have additional structures such as a capsule, flagella, and pili. Bacteria and Archaea differ in the lipid composition of their cell membranes and the characteristics of the cell wall. In archaeal membranes, phytanyl units, rather than fatty acids, are linked to glycerol. Some archaeal membranes are lipid monolayers instead of bilayers. The cell wall is located outside the cell membrane and prevents osmotic lysis. The chemical composition of cell walls varies between species. Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan. Archaean cell walls do not have peptidoglycan, but they may have pseudopeptidoglycan, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, or protein-based cell walls. Bacteria can be divided into two major groups: Gram positive and Gram negative, based on the Gram stain reaction. Gram-positive organisms have a thick cell wall, together with teichoic acids. Gram-negative organisms have a thin cell wall and an outer envelope containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins.

Static Charges

gravitational charges

particle charges

oscillating charges

What are electromagnetic waves created by?

24.2 Production of Electromagnetic Waves • Electromagnetic waves are created by oscillating charges (which radiate whenever accelerated) and have the same frequency as the oscillation. • Since the electric and magnetic fields in most electromagnetic waves are perpendicular to the direction in which the wave moves, it is ordinarily a transverse wave. • The strengths of the electric and magnetic parts of the wave are related by.

electron transport

Krebs cycle

photosynthesis

glycolysis

What is the first stage of cellular respiration?

The first stage of cellular respiration is glycolysis . It takes place in the cytosol of the cytoplasm.

transfer plants

arctic plants

water plants

land plants

Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of what?

28.5 Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of land plants.

ovaries

knees

intestines

lungs

The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body and includes all bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. it serves to protect the brain, spinal cord, heart, and what else?

The Axial Skeleton The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial and appendicular. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body and includes all bones of the head, neck, chest, and back (Figure 7.2). It serves to protect the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back, and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs. The axial skeleton of the adult consists of 80 bones, including the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage. The skull is formed by 22 bones. Also associated with the head are an additional seven bones, including the hyoid bone and the ear ossicles (three small bones found in each middle ear). The vertebral column consists of 24 bones, each called a.

asteroid

meteorite

comet

satellite

What is an object that orbits a larger object called?

One of the first uses of rockets in space was to launch satellites. A satellite is an object that orbits a larger object. An orbit is a circular or elliptical path around an object. Natural objects in orbit are called natural satellites. The Moon is a natural satellite. Human-made objects in orbit are called artificial satellites. There are more and more artificial satellites orbiting Earth all the time. They all get into space using some sort of rocket.

crystals

molecules

gas

ions

When atoms gain or lose electrons, what is formed?

As we saw in the previous chapter, ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons. If an atom loses one or more electrons, the resulting ion has a positive charge (more protons are present than electrons). If the atom gains one or more electrons, the resulting ion has a negative charge (more electrons are present than protons). Positive ions are called cations, and negative ions are called anions. Because opposite charges attract one another, cations and anions are held together by strong electromagnetic forces. An ionic compound consists of a large three-dimensional array of alternating cations and anions. For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) is composed of Na + and Cl - ions arranged into a structure like the one shown in Figure below .

muscular

circulatory

gastrointestinal

cardiovascular

Lymph capillaries collect the fluid that leaks from blood capillaries and slowly return it to what system?

Courtesy of the U. S. National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program. Lymph capillaries collect the flood the leaks from blood capillaries and is slowly returned to the cardiovascular system .

macrophages

cilia

platelets

bronchioles

Asthma affects what tiny branches into which the bronchi are divided?

Asthma is a chronic illness in which the bronchioles, the tiny branches into which the bronchi are divided, become inflamed and narrow ( Figure below ). The muscles around the bronchioles contract, which narrows the airways. Large amounts of mucus are also made by the cells in the lungs. People with asthma have difficulty breathing. Their chests feel tight, and they wheeze. Asthma can be caused by different things, such as allergies. Asthma can also be caused by cold air, warm air, moist air, exercise, or stress. The most common asthma triggers are illnesses, like the common cold. Asthma is not contagious and cannot be passed on to other people. Children and adolescents who have asthma can still lead active lives if they control their asthma. Asthma can be controlled by taking medication and by avoiding contact with environmental triggers for asthma, like smoking.

benadryl

ammonia

nucleus

carbonyl

The difference between aldehydes and ketones is the placement of what group within the molecule?

The difference between aldehydes and ketones is the placement of the carbonyl group within the molecule. An aldehyde is an organic compound in which the carbonyl group is attached to a carbon atom at the end of a carbon chain. A ketone is an organic compound in which the carbonyl group is attached to a carbon atom within the carbon chain. The general formulas for each are shown below.

enlarged

spherical

reduced

virtual

A plane mirror has a flat reflective surface and forms only which kind of images?

Most mirrors are plane mirrors. A plane mirror has a flat reflective surface and forms only virtual images. The image formed by a plane mirror is also life sized. But something is different about the image compared with the real object in front of the mirror. Left and right are reversed. Look at the man shaving in Figure below . He is using his right hand to hold the razor, but his image appears to be holding the razor in the left hand. Almost all plane mirrors reverse left and right in this way.

extinction zone

deceased zone

hydrothermal vent

dead zone

Dissolved fertilizer can ultimately lead to the creation of what in lakes or coastal oceans, which means a place where nothing can live?

Chemicals that are applied to farm fields include fertilizers and pesticides. Excess chemicals can be picked up by rainwater. The chemicals can end up in streams, ponds, lakes, or the ocean. Dissolved fertilizer causes tremendous numbers of water plants and algae to grow. This can lead to dead zones where nothing can live in lakes or the coastal oceans.

carbon

xenon

oxygen

helium

When the hydrogen is nearly used up, the star can fuse which element into heavier elements?

Within a nebula, there are varying regions where gravity has caused the gas and dust to clump together. The gravitational attraction of these clumps pull more atoms into the clump. As this accretion continues, the gas pressure increases and the core of the protostar gets hotter and hotter. If the protostar gets dense enough and hot enough, a fusion reaction will ignite and the star lights up. The minimum mass for the formation of a star is about 80 times the mass of Jupiter. A star is a very large, very hot ball of gas which has hydrogen fusing into helium in the core. Stars spend the majority of their life fusing hydrogen into helium. When the hydrogen is nearly used up, the star can fuse helium into heavier elements. Throughout this process, a battle goes on in the core of the star between gravity trying to collapse the star and temperature-produced gas pressure pushing the material in the star outward. During the life of a star, there is a balance between the gas pressure pushing out and gravity pushing in.

picric cell

planetoid cell

non-voltaic cell

voltaic cell

What type of cell has negative anode is positive cathode?

The standard cell potential is negative, indicating a nonspontaneous reaction. The battery must be capable of delivering at least 1.10 V of direct current in order for the reaction to occur. Another difference between a voltaic cell and an electrolytic cell is the signs of the electrodes. In a voltaic cell, the anode is negative and the cathode is positive. In an electrolytic cell, the anode is positive because it is connected to the positive terminal of the battery. The cathode is therefore negative. Electrons still flow through the cell form the anode to the cathode.

lymphatic system

mucous system

digestive system

urinary system

Which human body system controls the amount of water in the body and removes wastes?

The urinary system controls the amount of water in the body and removes wastes. Any problem with the urinary system can also affect many other body systems.

iron

fossils

recent rock

earlier rock

Rounded grains indicate that the minerals eroded from what?

Cratonic rocks contain rounded sedimentary grains. Rounded grains indicate that the minerals eroded from an earlier rock. It also means that rivers or seas existed.

gaseous reaction

radiation

mechanical reaction

chemical reaction

Changes of state of matter do not involve what type of reaction?

Not all changes in matter involve chemical reactions. For example, there are no chemical reactions involved in changes of state. When liquid water freezes or evaporates, it is still water. No bonds are broken and no new products are formed.

deep mining

explosive mining

underwater mining

underground

What type of mining is used to recover ores that are deeper into earth’s surface?

Underground mining is used to recover ores that are deeper into Earth’s surface. Miners blast and tunnel into rock to gain access to the ores. An underground ore deposit can be approached from above, below, or sideways. The direction depends on the placement of the ore body, its depth, the concentration of ore, and the strength of the surrounding rock. An example of an underground mine can be seen below ( Figure below ).

hepatic liverworts

hornworts

kidney liverworts

thallose liverworts

What are liverworts with a flattened, ribbon-like body called?

Jason Hollinger. Liverworts with a flattened, ribbon-like body are called thallose liverworts . CC BY 2.0.

countries

system

tissue

population

What is made up of organisms of the same species that live in the same area?

Communities consist of populations of different species. The size and growth of populations in a community are influenced by species interactions. For example, predator-prey relationships control the growth of both predator and prey populations.

nitrogen

atomic mass

orbits

charge

The oxygen atom in a water molecule pull the electrons away from the hydrogen atoms which leads to an unequal distribution of what?

This model shows the arrangement of oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule. A water molecule has a bent or angular (non-linear) shape, with an angle of about 105°. The nucleus of the oxygen atom attracts electrons more strongly than do the hydrogen nuclei. As a result, the middle part of the molecule near oxygen has a negative charge, and the other parts of the molecule have a positive charge. In essence, the electrons are "pulled" toward the nucleus of the oxygen atom and away from the hydrogen atom nuclei. Water is a polar molecule, with an unequal distribution of charge throughout the molecule.

neither

sometimes significant

significant

not significant

Are zeroes that show only where the decimal point fall significant or not significant?

Zeros that show only where the decimal point falls are not significant. For example, the number 470,000 has just two significant figures (4 and 7). The zeros just show that the 4 represents hundreds of thousands and the 7 represents tens of thousands. Therefore, these zeros are not significant.

fermentation

pollination

relaxation

hibernation

Torpor, a process that leads to a decrease in activity and metabolism and allows animals to survive adverse conditions, includes what long winter 'sleep'?

Energy Requirements Related to Levels of Activity The more active an animal is, the more energy is needed to maintain that activity, and the higher its BMR or SMR. The average daily rate of energy consumption is about two to four times an animal’s BMR or SMR. Humans are more sedentary than most animals and have an average daily rate of only 1.5 times the BMR. The diet of an endothermic animal is determined by its BMR. For example: the type of grasses, leaves, or shrubs that an herbivore eats affects the number of calories that it takes in. The relative caloric content of herbivore foods, in descending order, is tall grasses > legumes > short grasses > forbs (any broad-leaved plant, not a grass) > subshrubs > annuals/biennials. Energy Requirements Related to Environment Animals adapt to extremes of temperature or food availability through torpor. Torpor is a process that leads to a decrease in activity and metabolism and allows animals to survive adverse conditions. Torpor can be used by animals for long periods, such as entering a state of hibernation during the winter months, in which case it enables them to maintain a reduced body temperature. During hibernation, ground squirrels can achieve an abdominal temperature of 0° C (32° F), while a bear’s internal temperature is maintained higher at about 37° C (99° F). If torpor occurs during the summer months with high temperatures and little water, it is called estivation. Some desert animals use this to survive the harshest months of the year. Torpor can occur on a daily basis; this is seen in bats and hummingbirds. While endothermy is limited in smaller animals by surface to volume ratio, some organisms can be smaller and still be endotherms because they employ daily torpor during the part of the day that is coldest. This allows them to conserve energy during the colder parts of the day, when they consume more energy to maintain their body temperature.

prokaryotes

anthocyanins

chromatids

heterozygotes

What produces gametes with different alleles?

reproductive

symbolic

isolated

analogous

What term is used to describe structures that are similar in unrelated organisms?

Analogous structures are structures that are similar in unrelated organisms. The structures are similar because they evolved to do the same job, not because they were inherited from a common ancestor. For example, the wings of bats and birds, shown in Figure below , look similar on the outside. They also have the same function. However, wings evolved independently in the two groups of animals. This is apparent when you compare the pattern of bones inside the wings.

river bank

artesian well

culvert

aquifer

What is defined as a saturated layer of rock or soil?

An aquifer is a saturated layer of rock or soil.

gravity

resistance

thrust

pressure

Air flows into the lungs largely due to a difference in what?

Pulmonary Ventilation The difference in pressures drives pulmonary ventilation because air flows down a pressure gradient, that is, air flows from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure. Air flows into the lungs largely due to a difference in pressure; atmospheric pressure is greater than intra-alveolar pressure, and intra-alveolar pressure is greater than intrapleural pressure. Air flows out of the lungs during expiration based on the same principle; pressure within the lungs becomes greater than the atmospheric pressure. Pulmonary ventilation comprises two major steps: inspiration and expiration. Inspiration is the process that causes air to enter the lungs, and expiration is the process that causes air to leave the lungs (Figure 22.17). A respiratory cycle is one sequence of inspiration and expiration. In general, two muscle groups are used during normal inspiration: the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles. Additional muscles can be used if a bigger breath is required. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly toward the abdominal cavity, creating a larger thoracic cavity and more space for the lungs. Contraction of the external intercostal muscles moves the ribs upward and outward, causing the rib cage to expand, which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity. Due to the adhesive force of the pleural fluid, the expansion of the thoracic cavity forces the lungs to stretch and expand as well. This increase in volume leads to a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure, creating a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure. As a result, a pressure gradient is created that drives air into the lungs.

electrolysis

birthing

capitis

cytokinesis

The cytoplasm divides during what stage of the cell cycle?

3. The third step is the division of the rest of the cell. This is called cytokinesis, as it is in a prokaryotic cell. During this step, the cytoplasm divides, and two daughter cells form.

reproduction

function

instance

behavior

Researchers have also used insect courtship to explore genetic variation underlying differences in what?

spinal cord

thymus

medulla

cerebellum

What part of the brain lies under the cerebrum and behind the brain stem?

The cerebellum is the next largest part of the brain. It lies under the cerebrum and behind the brain stem. The cerebellum controls body position, coordination, and balance. Whether you are riding a bicycle or writing with a pen, you are using your cerebellum.

immune

digestive

endocrine

reproductive

In human females, the mammary glands are associated with, but not part of, what organ system that is used to create new humans?

plumes

rivers

cones

lahars

What is the term for volcanic mudflows?

Mudflows or lahars, which are volcanic mudflows, are mass movements that contain a lot of water.

Newton

Galileo

janus

copernicus

During the scientific revolution, who proposed that the sun, not earth, is the center of the solar system?

The Scientific Revolution occurred in Europe. This was the beginning of modern Western science. Many scientific advances were made during this time. Copernicus proposed that the sun, not Earth, is the center of the solar system.

mass

contrast

sound

color

Quantum chromodynamics combines what property with quark theory?

Why must hadrons be white? The color scheme is intentionally devised to explain why baryons have three quarks and mesons have a quark and an antiquark. Quark color is thought to be similar to charge, but with more values. An ion, by analogy, exerts much stronger forces than a neutral molecule. When the color of a combination of quarks is white, it is like a neutral atom. The forces a white particle exerts are like the polarization forces in molecules, but in hadrons these leftovers are the strong nuclear force. When a combination of quarks has color other than white, it exerts extremely large forces—even larger than the strong force—and perhaps cannot be stable or permanently separated. This is part of the theory of quark confinement, which explains how quarks can exist and yet never be isolated or directly observed. Finally, an extra quantum number with three values (like those we assign to color) is necessary for quarks to obey the Pauli exclusion principle. Particles such as the Ω − , which is ++ composed of three strange quarks, sss , and the Δ , which is three up quarks, uuu, can exist because the quarks have different colors and do not have the same quantum numbers. Color is consistent with all observations and is now widely accepted. Quark theory including color is called quantum chromodynamics (QCD), also named by Gell-Mann.

dominant or autosomal

divergent or dominant

recessive or allelic

dominant or recessive

Traits inherited in mendelian patterns are either?

budding

fragmentation

asexual reproduction

sexual reproduction

What kind of reproduction results in offspring that are genetically unique?

Sexual reproduction results in infinite possibilities of genetic variation. In other words, sexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically unique. They differ from both parents and also from each other. This occurs for a number of reasons.

35

32

35

33

How many vertebrae make up the human vertebral column?

Human Vertebral Column and Vertebrae. The human vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae. Two vertebrae are shown here enlarged.

moisture

blood

hair

cuticle

What do cells of dermal tissue secrete?

Dermal tissue covers the outside of a plant. It's like the plant's skin. Cells of dermal tissue secrete a waxy substance called cuticle. Cuticle helps prevent water loss and damage to the plant.

pollution

habitat

differentiation

diversity

What is the term for many different types of animals within the same species?

a toxic reaction

a bio reaction

a thermodynamic reaction

a chemical reaction

What is a process in which some substances change into different substances?

A chemical reaction is a process in which some substances change into different substances. In a chemical reaction, bonds break in reactants and new bonds form in products.

phytoflagellate bacteria

decomposers

enzymes

denitrifying bacteria

What causes nitrate to go back to its gaseous nitrogen state?

Denitrifying bacteria turn nitrate back into gaseous nitrogen.

electromagnetic respiration

cellular transportation

cellular digestion

cellular respiration

What is the metabolic process by which cells obtain energy by “burning” glucose?

The use of the word respiration in relation to gas exchange is different from its use in the term cellular respiration . Recall that cellular respiration is the metabolic process by which cells obtain energy by “burning” glucose. Cellular respiration uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Respiration by the respiratory system supplies the oxygen and takes away the carbon dioxide.

space

Reflection

water

air

What weakly scatters visible light?

The color of a material is due to the ability of its atoms to absorb certain wavelengths while reflecting or reemitting others. A simple red material, for example a tomato, absorbs all visible wavelengths except red. This is because the atoms of its hydrocarbon pigment (lycopene) have levels separated by a variety of energies corresponding to all visible photon energies except red. Air is another interesting example. It is transparent to visible light, because there are few energy levels that visible photons can excite in air molecules and atoms. Visible light, thus, cannot be absorbed. Furthermore, visible light is only weakly scattered by air, because visible wavelengths are so much greater than the sizes of the air molecules and atoms. Light must pass through kilometers of air to scatter enough to cause red sunsets and blue skies.

glands

intestines

lungs

veins

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, what carries un-oxygenated blood back to the heart?

dna analysis

proteins analysis

residues analysis

rna analysis

What type of analysis is performed to study gene expression patterns in cells?

RNA analysis is performed to study gene expression patterns in cells. RNA is naturally very unstable because RNAses are commonly present in nature and very difficult to inactivate. Similar to DNA, RNA extraction involves the use of various buffers and enzymes to inactivate macromolecules and preserve the RNA. Gel Electrophoresis Because nucleic acids are negatively charged ions at neutral or basic pH in an aqueous environment, they can be mobilized by an electric field. Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate molecules on the basis of size, using this charge. The nucleic acids can be separated as whole chromosomes or fragments. The nucleic acids are loaded into a slot near the negative electrode of a semisolid, porous gel matrix and pulled toward the positive electrode at the opposite end of the gel. Smaller molecules move through the pores in the gel faster than larger molecules; this difference in the rate of migration separates the fragments on the basis of size. There are molecular weight standard samples that can be run alongside the molecules to provide a size comparison. Nucleic acids in a gel matrix can be observed using various fluorescent or colored dyes. Distinct nucleic acid fragments appear as bands at specific distances from the top of the gel (the negative electrode end) on the basis of their size (Figure 17.4). A mixture of genomic DNA fragments of varying sizes appear as a long smear, whereas uncut genomic DNA is usually too large to run through the gel and forms a single large band at the top of the gel.

xerophyte

spirogyra

terapoda

myriapoda

What class are centipedes and millipedes in?

Myriapoda, which includes centipedes and millipedes. All of these animals live on land, and can have anywhere from ten to nearly 200 pairs of appendages.

less

thinly

Longly

more

Light moving from air into water is bent ___________ the normal?

Light moving from air into water is bent ___________ the normal.

conduction molecules

axons

attenuation molecules

neurotransmitter molecules

An electrical signal along a nerve cell triggers the secretion of what?

inorganic compounds

amino acids

hydrocarbons

organic compounds

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur are basic elements that form what type of compounds, which are vital to life?

In just the right combinations, you get life. Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. Some of the most basic of elements, but some of the most important. Together they can form countless combinations of organic compounds. And in just the right combinations, anything can happen.

even number

four

two

one

Urea and carbon dioxide are molecules with how many carbon atoms?

cell death

disease

contraction

competition

Half of the neurons formed in the embryo are eliminated because of _____________

only animals

only seafood

only plants

plants & animals

What do omnivores eat?

Omnivores are heterotrophs that consume both plants and animals. They include crows and human beings. The grizzly bears pictured in Figure below are also omnivores.

eastward

inward

westward

outward

Upwelling mantle at the mid-ocean ridge pushes plates in which direction?

Plates move for two reasons. Upwelling mantle at the mid-ocean ridge pushes plates outward. Cold lithosphere sinking into the mantle at a subduction zone pulls the rest of the plate down with it.

disregard other species

imitate other species

help other species

threaten other species

Why are exotic species also called invasive species?

conditions in the new environment, threatening the species that exist there. For this reason, exotic species are also called invasive species. Exotic species can threaten other species through competition for resources, predation, or disease.

spermatosis

glycogenolysis

ketoacidosis

spermatogenesis

The process of producing mature sperm is called what?

The process of producing mature sperm is called spermatogenesis . Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and become mature in the epididymis . The entire process takes about 9 to 10 weeks. You can watch an animation of spermatogenesis at this link: http://wps. aw. com/bc_martini_eap_4/40/10469/2680298. cw/content/index. html .

conclusions

samples

controls

hypotheses

Unlike theories, which are proved true, what are often falsified?

reptiles

mammals

animals

plants

What living things have cell walls containing cellulose and plastids such as chloroplasts?

Plants have eukaryotic cells with large central vacuoles, cell walls containing cellulose, and plastids such as chloroplasts and chromoplasts. Different types of plant cells include parenchymal, collenchymal, and sclerenchymal cells. The three types differ in structure and function.

isotope of atom

electron shell

neutron

nucleus of atom

Where does the energy from an atomic bomb come from?

An atomic bomb explodes and generates a huge mushroom cloud. The tremendous energy released when the bomb explodes is incredibly destructive. Where does all the energy come from? The answer is the nucleus of the atom.

evolution

reproduction

renewal

restoration

Removal of dams on rivers is an example of what?

21.3 Preserving Biodiversity Five mass extinctions with losses of more than 50 percent of extant species are observable in the fossil record. Recent extinctions are recorded in written history and are the basis for one method of estimating contemporary extinction rates. The other method uses measures of habitat loss and species-area relationships. Estimates of contemporary extinction rates vary but are as high as 500 times the background rate, as determined from the fossil record, and are predicted to rise. There is a legislative framework for biodiversity protection. International treaties such as CITES regulate the transportation of endangered species across international borders. Legislation within individual countries protecting species and agreements on global warming have had limited success; there is at present no international agreement on targets for greenhouse gas emissions. In the United States, the Endangered Species Act protects listed species but is hampered by procedural difficulties and a focus on individual species. The Migratory Bird Act is an agreement between Canada and the United States to protect migratory birds. The non-profit sector is also very active in conservation efforts in a variety of ways. Conservation preserves are a major tool in biodiversity protection. Presently, 11 percent of Earth’s land surface is protected in some way. The science of island biogeography has informed the optimal design of preserves; however, preserves have limitations imposed by political and economic forces. In addition, climate change will limit the effectiveness of present preserves in the future. A downside of preserves is that they may lessen the pressure on human societies to function more sustainably outside the preserves. Habitat restoration has the potential to restore ecosystems to previous biodiversity levels before species become extinct. Examples of restoration include reintroduction of keystone species and removal of dams on rivers. Zoos have attempted to take a more active role in conservation and can have a limited role in captive breeding programs. Zoos also have a useful role in education.

proteins

particle

molecule

cell

What is considered the smallest unit of life?

CHAPTER SUMMARY 4.1 Studying Cells A cell is the smallest unit of life. Most cells are so tiny that they cannot be seen with the naked eye. Therefore, scientists use microscopes to study cells. Electron microscopes provide higher magnification, higher resolution, and more detail than.

protazoa

bacteria

moulds

plants

What living things are considered photoautotrophs because they use sunlight and carbon from carbon dioxide to synthesize chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates?

Solar Dependence and Food Production Some organisms can carry out photosynthesis, whereas others cannot. An autotroph is an organism that can produce its own food. The Greek roots of the word autotroph mean “self” (auto) “feeder” (troph). Plants are the best-known autotrophs, but others exist, including certain types of bacteria and algae (Figure 5.2). Oceanic algae contribute enormous quantities of food and oxygen to global food chains. Plants are also photoautotrophs, a type of autotroph that uses sunlight and carbon from carbon dioxide to synthesize chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates. All organisms carrying out photosynthesis require sunlight.

a neutron

a proton

an alkali

an anion

Acids are molecular compounds that dissolve in water to produce hydronium ions and what else?

Acids are molecular compounds that dissolve in water to produce hydronium ions and an anion.