ABHISHEKSINGH0204/PCM_dataset · Datasets at Hugging Face

distractor1 stringlengths 1 57	distractor2 stringlengths 1 62	distractor3 stringlengths 1 63	correct_answer stringlengths 1 67	question stringlengths 14 399	support stringlengths 0 3.56k
2012	2006	1987	1996	What year did the soho spacecraft first started to operate?	Humans have sent spacecraft up to study our star. The SOHO spacecraft has been in operation since 1996. The craft orbits the Sun in step with Earth but closer to it. SOHO has sent back amazing images. Onboard instruments have also sent back mountains of data. The data is mostly about the Sun's outer layers.
hydrogen	sugar	quartz	salts	Concentration of what, the substance left behind when ocean water evaporates, is about 3.5 percent?	Dissolved mineral salts wash into the ocean. As ocean water evaporates, it leaves the salts behind. This makes the water saltier. Ocean water is about 3.5 percent salts. The main salt is sodium chloride.
hydro sphere	heroclix sphere	imipenem sphere	volvox sphere	What has a distinct front and back end?	The Volvox sphere has a distinct front and back end. The colony of cells can swim in a coordinated fashion. The cells have eyespots, which are more developed in the cells near the front. This enables the colony to swim towards light.
one	three	four	two	In how many basic was can substances cross the plasma membrane?	If a cell were a house, the plasma membrane would be walls with windows and doors. Moving things in and out of the cell is an important role of the plasma membrane. It controls everything that enters and leaves the cell. There are two basic ways that substances can cross the plasma membrane: passive transport and active transport.
simple cells	animal cells	human cells	plant cells	What type of cells have chloroplasts?	Plants are multicellular eukaryotes with cell walls made of cellulose. Plant cells also have chloroplasts. In addition, plants have specialized reproductive organs. These are structures that produce reproductive cells. Male reproductive organs produce sperm, and female reproductive organs produce eggs. Male and female reproductive organs may be on the same or different plants.
spores	parasites	vaccines	pathogens	What is the term for disease-causing agents, such as bacteria and viruses?	The body’s first line of defense consists of different types of barriers that keep most pathogens out of the body. Pathogens are disease-causing agents, such as bacteria and viruses. These and other types of pathogens are described in Figure below . Regardless of the type of pathogen, however, the first line of defense is always the same.
drift	core	crater	trough	To figure out the height of a wave you measure the distance between the crest and what?	The figure above also shows how the size of waves is measured ( Figure above ). The highest point of a wave is the crest . The lowest point is the trough . The vertical distance between a crest and a trough is the wave height . Wave height is also called amplitude . The horizontal distance between two crests is the wavelength . Both amplitude and wavelength are measures of wave size.
lifespans	elements	pathogens	genetics	Humans possess greater diversity of what type, compared to laboratory animals?
similar notation	scientific diffusion	certain diffusion	scientific notation	What system can be used by scientists to express very small numbers?	Very small numbers can also be expressed using scientific notation. The mass of an electron in decimal notation is 0.000000000000000000000000000911 grams. In scientific notation, the mass is expressed as 9.11 × 10 -28 g. Notice that the value of the exponent is chosen so that the coefficient is between 1 and 10.
abnormalities	clusters	chromosonal variations	phenotypes	An unknown genotype can be determined by observing what, the term for characteristics of the resulting offspring?	Consider the following example: Suppose you have a purple and white flower and purple color ( P ) is dominant to white ( p ). The white flower must be homozygous for the recessive allele, but the genotype of the purple flower is unknown. It could be either PP or Pp . A testcross will determine the organism's genotype. The unknown genotype can be determined by observing the phenotypes of the resulting offspring. If crossing the unknown dominant phenotype ( PP or Pp genotype) individual with the recessive phenotype individual produces only dominant phenotypes (no recessive), then the unknown individual is homozygous dominant. If any recessive phenotypic individuals result from the cross, then the unknown individual must carry the recessive allele, and have the heterozygous genotype.
mandatory energy	specific energy	conservative energy	alternative energy	Wind power, solar power, hydropower, and geothermal power are called renewable sources of energy or what other term?	Alternative energy sources include wind power, solar power, hydropower, and geothermal power.
ten volts	eight volts	six volts	twelve volts	How much electricity is generated by an average car battery?	The description given above describes the process that occurs in one cell of a lead-acid battery. Because cars require a battery with a higher voltage than can be obtained with a single cell, car batteries generally consist of several cells connected together to produce the desired voltage output. A typical car battery will generate twelve volts of electricity.
protoskeleton	cellulose	collagen	cytoskeleton	What is the term for a cellular "scaffolding" that crisscrosses the cytoplasm?	The cytoskeleton is a cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" that crisscrosses the cytoplasm. All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton, and recent research has shown that prokaryotic cells also have a cytoskeleton. The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is made up of a network of long, thin protein fibers and has many functions. It helps to maintain cell shape. It holds organelles in place, and for some cells, it enables cell movement. The cytoskeleton also plays important roles in both the intracellular movement of substances and in cell division. Certain proteins act like a path that vesicles and organelles move along within the cell. The threadlike proteins that make up the cytoskeleton continually rebuild to adapt to the cell's constantly changing needs. Three main kinds of cytoskeleton fibers are microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments.
biochemical	Morse code	code of ethics	genetic	What common code do all known living organisms use?	The genetic code is universal. All known living organisms use the same genetic code. This shows that all organisms share a common evolutionary history.
migratory and logistic	exponential and economical	organic and inorganic	exponential and logistic	What are 2 common growth patterns of population?	Populations may show different patterns of growth. The growth pattern depends partly on the conditions under which a population lives. Two common growth patterns are exponential growth and logistic growth. Both are represented in Figure below .
gravity numbers	linear numbers	light numbers	quantum numbers	Solutions to schrödinger’s equation involve four special numbers called what?	Solutions to Schrödinger’s equation involve four special numbers called quantum numbers . (Three of the numbers, , , and , come from Schrödinger’s equation, and the fourth one comes from an extension of the theory). These four numbers completely describe the energy of an electron. Each electron has exactly four quantum numbers, and no two electrons have the same four numbers. The statement that no two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers is known as the Pauli exclusion principle .
egg	saliva	Feces	sperm	What is the only human cell with flagella?	Sperm cells are the only human cell with flagella . This is because of their need to "swim" long distances to reach an egg for fertilization.
seed	cell	dna	grain of pollen	What can be described as a tiny male gametophyte enclosed in a tough capsule?	A grain of pollen is a tiny male gametophyte enclosed in a tough capsule (see Figure below ). It carries sperm to an ovule while preventing it from drying out. Pollen grains can’t swim, but they are very light, so the wind can carry them. Therefore, they can travel through air instead of water.
ventricular	carotid	radial	aorta	What is the largest artery in the body called?	Flaps of tissue called valves separate the heart’s chambers. Valves keep blood flowing in just one direction through the heart. For example, a valve at the bottom of the right atrium opens to let blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. Then the valve closes so the blood can’t flow back into the right atrium.
ovarian	anterior	vaginal	fallopian	Fertilization occurs if a sperm enters the egg while it is passing through what tube?	Fertilization occurs if a sperm enters the egg while it is passing through the fallopian tube. When this happens, the egg finally completes meiosis. This results in two daughter cells that are different in size. The smaller cell is called a polar body . It contains very little cytoplasm. It soon breaks down and disappears. The larger cell is the egg. It contains most of the cytoplasm. This will develop into a child.
bones	arteries	veins	capillaries	When the smooth muscle relaxes, the arterioles dilate, allowing blood to enter the what?
toads	mosquitos	snakes	frogs	What to tadpoles develop into?	Frogs typically lay their eggs in puddles, ponds, or lakes. Their larvae, or tadpoles , have gills, a tail, but no legs, and need to live in water. If fact, they are quite similar to a fish. Tadpoles develop into adult frogs in water ( Figure below ). During this transformation, they develop lungs, lose their tails and form their four legs.
dorsal fin	tail fin	under belly	gills	What part of the body do fish use to absorb oxygen?	In order to absorb oxygen from the water, fish use gills ( Figure below ). Gills take dissolved oxygen from water as the water flows over the surface of the gill.
helium nuclei	carbon nuclei	peroxide nuclei	hydrogen nuclei	The electrons in a water molecule are more concentrated around the more highly charged oxygen nucleus than around this?	We will find in Atomic Physics that the orbits of electrons are more properly viewed as electron clouds with the density of the cloud related to the probability of finding an electron in that location (as opposed to the definite locations and paths of planets in their orbits around the Sun). This cloud is shifted by the Coulomb force so that the atom on average has a separation of charge. Although the atom remains neutral, it can now be the source of a Coulomb force, since a charge brought near the atom will be closer to one type of charge than the other. Some molecules, such as those of water, have an inherent separation of charge and are thus called polar molecules. Figure ⎛ ⎞ 19.19 illustrates the separation of charge in a water molecule, which has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom ⎝H 2 O⎠ . The water molecule is not symmetric—the hydrogen atoms are repelled to one side, giving the molecule a boomerang shape. The electrons in a water molecule are more concentrated around the more highly charged oxygen nucleus than around the hydrogen nuclei. This makes the oxygen end of the molecule slightly negative and leaves the hydrogen ends slightly positive. The inherent separation of charge in polar molecules makes it easier to align them with external fields and charges. Polar molecules therefore exhibit greater polarization effects and have greater dielectric constants. Those who study chemistry will find that the polar nature of water has many effects. For example, water molecules gather ions much more effectively because they have an electric field and a separation of charge to attract charges of both signs. Also, as brought out in the previous chapter, polar water provides a shield or screening of the electric fields in the highly charged molecules of interest in biological systems.
tundra	bedrock	upper crust	permafrost	What is the layer of ground below the surface that is always frozen, even in the summer?	Polar tundra climates occur near the poles. Tundra climates have permafrost. Permafrost is layer of ground below the surface that is always frozen, even in the summer. Only small plants, such as mosses, can grow in this climate.
pathogens	algae	proteins	bacteria	What is usually the prey of a protist?	The protist wraps around its prey, which is usually bacteria.
wave diffusion	a prism	wave reflection	wave refraction	What concentrates wave energy or disperses it?	Wave refraction either concentrates wave energy or disperses it. In quiet water areas, such as bays, wave energy is dispersed. This allows sand to be deposited. Land that sticks out into the water is eroded by the strong wave energy. The wave energy concentrates its power on the wave-cut cliff .
stems	fibroblasts	cells	chloroplasts	In plants and algae, photosynthesis takes place in which organelles?	In plants and algae, photosynthesis takes place in organelles called chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain stacks of membranes called thylakoids, which contain chlorophyll. Thylakoids are surrounded by a fluid-filled space called stroma.
echo chamber	ultrasound machines	amplifiers	echo sounders	What produces sound waves that travel outward in all directions in water?	During World War II, battleships and submarines carried echo sounders. Their goal was to locate enemy submarines ( Figure below ). Echo sounders produce sound waves that travel outward in all directions. The sound waves bounce off the nearest object and then return to the ship. Scientists know the speed of sound in seawater. They then can calculate the distance to the object that the sound wave hit. Most of these sound waves did not hit submarines. They instead were used to map the ocean floor.
air	Ash	Soil	water	The roots of a plant take in nutrients and what vital substance?
sun cycle	life cycle	water cycle	calvin cycle	Carbon fixation is the first step of what cycle involving light reactions?	As Melvin Calvin discovered, carbon fixation is the first step of a cycle. Like an electron transport chain, the Calvin Cycle, shown in Figure below , transfers energy in small, controlled steps. Each step pushes molecules uphill in terms of energy content. Recall that in the electron transfer chain, excited electrons lose energy to NADPH and ATP. In the Calvin Cycle, NADPH and ATP formed in the light reactions lose their stored chemical energy to build glucose.
induced-dipole forces	particle - dipole forces	ion-dipole forces	dipole-dipole forces	What are the attractive forces that occur between polar molecules called?	Dipole-dipole forces are the attractive forces that occur between polar molecules. A molecule of hydrogen chloride has a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative chlorine atom. In a collection of many hydrogen chloride molecules, they will align themselves so that the oppositely charged regions of neighboring molecules are near each other.
cell cloning	gene variation	gene change	gene cloning	The production of multiple copies of a single gene is called?
gases and animals	plants and water	soil and animals	plants and animals	Fossil fuels are made out of what two objects?	Fossil fuels are made from plants and animals that lived hundreds of millions of years ago. The plants and animals died. Their remains settled onto the ground and at the bottom of the sea. Layer upon layer of organic material was laid down. Eventually, the layers were buried very deeply. They experienced intense heat and pressure. Over millions of years, the organic material turned into fossil fuels.
vertebrates	bacteria	protists	protozoa	Amoebas and paramecia are examples of what?	Examples of protozoa include amoebas and paramecia.
fusobacteria	phytoplankton	algae	cyanobacteria	Name the bacteria that make food through photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air?	Bacteria called cyanobacteria are very important. They are bluish green in color (see Figure below ) because they contain chlorophyll (but not chloroplasts, of course). They make food through photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air. These bacteria were probably responsible for adding oxygen to the air on early Earth. This changed the planet’s atmosphere. It also changed the direction of evolution. Ancient cyanobacteria also may have evolved into the chloroplasts of plant cells.
battering ram	rotor	catapult	lever	What simple machine consists of a bar that rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum?	A lever is a simple machine that consists of a bar that rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum. There are three classes of levers. Depending on its class, a lever may have an ideal mechanical advantage that is less than, equal to, or greater than 1. First-class levers also change the direction of the input force.
protein	insulin	sugar	glucose	Which carbohydrate is produced by photosynthesis?	Glucose is the carbohydrate produced by photosynthesis. Energy-rich glucose is delivered through your blood to each of your cells.
Prime Meridian	orbital	pole	equator	What term is used to describe the line of latitude right in the middle of the planet?	Lines of latitude circle around Earth. The equator is a line of latitude right in the middle of the planet. The equator is an equal distance from both the North and South Pole. If you know your latitude, you know how far you are north or south of the equator.
inferior vertebral notch	sympathetic ganglion	spinous process	intervertebral foramen	What is the opening formed between adjacent vertebrae for the exit of a spinal nerve called?	Figure 7.24 Intervertebral Disc The bodies of adjacent vertebrae are separated and united by an intervertebral disc, which provides padding and allows for movements between adjacent vertebrae. The disc consists of a fibrous outer layer called the anulus fibrosus and a gel-like center called the nucleus pulposus. The intervertebral foramen is the opening formed between adjacent vertebrae for the exit of a spinal nerve.
mars and venus	earth and venus	saturn and uranus	mars and jupiter	What two planets is the asteroid belt found between?	Hundreds of thousands of asteroids have been found in our solar system. They are still being discovered at a rate of about 5,000 new asteroids per month! The majority are located in between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. This region is called the asteroid belt , as shown in Figure below . There are many thousands of asteroids in the asteroid belt. Still, their total mass adds up to only about 4 percent of Earth’s Moon.
ideal	inert	natural	noble	Neon is an example of what kind of gas?	Once we reach neon, a noble gas, all of the 2p orbitals will be completely full. Neon has a configuration of 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 . Any further electrons will need to go in the next highest energy orbital, which would be the 3s orbital.
nutrients	area	parasites	species	Many organisms look very similar to other organisms because they may be from the same what?
polar	metal	ionic	covalent	What type of compound is hydrogen chloride?	The largest, most complex covalent molecules have thousands of atoms. Examples include proteins and carbohydrates, which are compounds in living things. The smallest, simplest covalent compounds have molecules with just two atoms. An example is hydrogen chloride (HCl). It consists of one hydrogen atom and one chlorine atom, as you can see in the Figure below . You can watch an animation of hydrogen chloride forming at the following URL.
non-dormant	serial eruptions	explosive	non-explosive	What kind of volcanic eruptions are less deadly?	Some volcanic eruptions are non-explosive ( Figure below ). This happens when there is little or no gas. The lava is thin, fluid and runny. It flows over the ground like a river. People generally have a lot of warning before a lava flow like this reaches them, so non-explosive eruptions are much less deadly. They may still be destructive to property, though. Even when we know that a lava flow is approaching, there are few ways of stopping it!.
earth	heat	water	sun	Where do most ecosystems get their energy from?	Most ecosystems get their energy from the Sun. Only producers can use sunlight to make usable energy. Producers convert the sunlight into chemical energy or food. Consumers get some of that energy when they eat producers. They also pass some of the energy on to other consumers when they are eaten. In this way, energy flows from one living thing to another.
solubility	viscosity	mixing	enthalpy	When a solute dissolves into a solvent what is that called?	Enthalpy changes also occur when a solute undergoes the physical process of dissolving into a solvent. Hot packs and cold packs (see Figure below ) use this property. Many hot packs use calcium chloride, which releases heat when it dissolves according to the equation below.
lattice	nucleus	neutron	atom	The smallest part of an element that maintains the identity of that element is called what?	Note Sometimes the word pure is added to substance, but this is not absolutely necessary. By definition, any single substance is pure. The smallest part of an element that maintains the identity of that element is called an atom. Atoms are extremely tiny; to make a line 1 inch long, you would need 217 million iron atoms. The smallest part of a compound that maintains the identity of that compound is called a molecule. Molecules are composed of atoms that are attached together and behave as a unit. Scientists usually work with millions and millions of atoms and molecules at a time. When a scientist is working with large numbers of atoms or molecules at a time, the scientist is studying the macroscopic view of the universe. However, scientists can also describe chemical events on the level of individual atoms or molecules, which is referred to as the microscopic viewpoint. We will see examples of Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books.
coral reef	bridges	soot	ice	Varves form in lakes covered by what?	Varves form in lakes covered by ice. Varves are useful to scientists for understanding climate.
gravity	matter	energy	time	Speed takes distance and what else into account?	Speed just takes distance and time into account. How might direction be considered as well?.
endocrine	synaptic	dopaminergic	parasympathetic	Which division of the autonomic nervous system controls processes like digestion, heartbeat, and breathing?	The parasympathetic division controls internal organs and glands during the rest of the time. It controls processes like digestion, heartbeat, and breathing when there is not an emergency.
pollen	zygote	germ	seed	What does the ovule develop into after fertilization?	An ovule is a female reproductive structure in seed plants. It contains a tiny female gametophyte. The gametophyte produces an egg cell. After the egg is fertilized by sperm, the ovule develops into a seed.
legislation	gentrification	assimilation	immigration	What is a key factor in the growth of populations?	Moving into an area, or immigration, is a key factor in the growth of populations. Shown above is actual vintage luggage left by some of the millions of immigrants who came through Ellis Island and into the United States.
bubble point	its dip point	freezing point	its dew point	Air is said to reach what point, a term used by meteorologists, when humidity increases or temperature decreases?	Air reaches its dew point when humidity increases or temperature decreases.
fermentation	excitation	polarization	depolarization	In neurons, what often involves gated sodium channels?
space	energy	velocity	time	Line graphs are especially useful for showing changes over what?	Line graphs are especially useful for showing changes over time. The line graph in Figure below shows how distance from school changed over time when some students went on a class trip.
crater	cavern	valley	caldera	After a massive eruption what will a mountain collapsing above an empty chamber create?	During a massive eruption all of the material may be ejected from a magma changer. Without support, the mountain above the empty chamber may collapse. This produces a huge caldera . Calderas are generally round, bowl-shaped formations like the picture in Figure below .
metatarsal	patella	calcareous	talus	The posterior half of the foot is formed by seven tarsal bones. the most superior of these bones is called?	Tarsal Bones The posterior half of the foot is formed by seven tarsal bones (Figure 8.19). The most superior bone is the talus. This has a relatively square-shaped, upper surface that articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint. Three areas of articulation form the ankle joint: The superomedial surface of the talus bone articulates with the medial malleolus of the tibia, the top of the talus articulates with the distal end of the tibia, and the lateral side of the talus articulates with the lateral malleolus of the fibula. Inferiorly, the talus articulates with the calcaneus (heel bone), the largest bone of the foot, which forms the heel. Body weight is transferred from the tibia to the talus to the calcaneus, which rests on the ground. The medial calcaneus has a prominent bony extension called the sustentaculum tali (“support for the talus”) that supports the medial side of the talus bone.
hypothalamus	hippocampus	cerebral cortex	thalamus	What helps to regulate consciousness, arousal, and sleep states?	Basal Ganglia Interconnected brain areas called the basal ganglia (or basal nuclei), shown in Figure 35.20b, play important roles in movement control and posture. Damage to the basal ganglia, as in Parkinson’s disease, leads to motor impairments like a shuffling gait when walking. The basal ganglia also regulate motivation. For example, when a wasp sting led to bilateral basal ganglia damage in a 25-year-old businessman, he began to spend all his days in bed and showed no interest in anything or anybody. But when he was externally stimulated—as when someone asked to play a card game with him—he was able to function normally. Interestingly, he and other similar patients do not report feeling bored or frustrated by their state. Thalamus The thalamus (Greek for “inner chamber”), illustrated in Figure 35.24, acts as a gateway to and from the cortex. It receives sensory and motor inputs from the body and also receives feedback from the cortex. This feedback mechanism can modulate conscious awareness of sensory and motor inputs depending on the attention and arousal state of the animal. The thalamus helps regulate consciousness, arousal, and sleep states. A rare genetic disorder called fatal familial insomnia causes the degeneration of thalamic neurons and glia. This disorder prevents affected patients from being able to sleep, among other symptoms, and is eventually fatal.
endangered	accumulation	abundance	extinction	Some fish will be over-fished to the point that their species ceases to exist, which is also known as what?	will inevitably make it more difficult and costly to grow food. The world’s growing human population faces significant challenges in the increasing costs and other difficulties associated with producing food. Wild Food Sources In addition to growing crops and raising food animals, humans obtain food resources from wild populations, primarily wild fish populations. For about one billion people, aquatic resources provide the main source of animal protein. But since 1990, production from global fisheries has declined. Despite considerable effort, few fisheries on Earth are managed sustainability. Fishery extinctions rarely lead to complete extinction of the harvested species, but rather to a radical restructuring of the marine ecosystem in which a dominant species is so over-harvested that it becomes a minor player, ecologically. In addition to humans losing the food source, these alterations affect many other species in ways that are difficult or impossible to predict. The collapse of fisheries has dramatic and long-lasting effects on local human populations that work in the fishery. In addition, the loss of an inexpensive protein source to populations that cannot afford to replace it will increase the cost of living and limit societies in other ways. In general, the fish taken from fisheries have shifted to smaller species and the larger species are overfished. The ultimate outcome could clearly be the loss of aquatic systems as food sources.
controlling digestion	controlling breeding	controlling thought	controlling flight	Not surprisingly, what is the function of the most developed part of a bird's brain?	Birds have a large brain relative to the size of their body. Not surprisingly, the part of the brain that controls flight is the most developed part. The large brain size of birds is also reflected by their high level of intelligence and complex behavior. In fact, birds such as crows and ravens may be more intelligent than many mammals. They are smart enough to use objects such as twigs for tools. They also demonstrate planning and cooperation. Most birds have a poor sense of smell, but they make up for it with their excellent sense of sight. Predatory birds have especially good eyesight. Hawks, for example, have vision that is eight times sharper than human vision.
Sickness	endemic	mites	epiphytic	What type of roots enable a plant to grow on another plant?	Epiphytic roots enable a plant to grow on another plant. For example, the epiphytic roots of orchids develop a spongy tissue to absorb moisture. The banyan tree (Ficus sp. ) begins as an epiphyte, germinating in the branches of a host tree; aerial roots develop from the branches and eventually reach the ground, providing additional support (Figure 30.20). In screwpine (Pandanus sp. ), a palm-like tree that grows in sandy tropical soils, aboveground prop roots develop from the nodes to provide additional support.
longitude	circumference	elevation	latitude	What is the distance north or south of the equator called?	Latitude is the distance north or south of the Equator. It is expressed as a number between 0° and 90° north or south.
harden	narrow	constrict	dilate	In response to a cut, mast cells secrete histamines that cause nearby capillaries to do what?	Figure 42.5 In response to a cut, mast cells secrete histamines that cause nearby capillaries to dilate. Neutrophils and monocytes leave the capillaries. Monocytes mature into macrophages. Neutrophils, dendritic cells and macrophages release chemicals to stimulate the inflammatory response. Neutrophils and macrophages also consume invading bacteria by phagocytosis.
hydrocarbon	sulfur	base	acid	What is the term for an ionic compound that produces positive hydrogen ions when dissolved in water?	An acid is an ionic compound that produces positive hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. Acids taste sour and turn blue litmus paper red.
edges	bottoms	layers	nodes	The stems of all vascular plants get longer through primary growth. this occurs in primary meristem at the tips and ______ of the stems.	The stems of all vascular plants get longer through primary growth. This occurs in primary meristem at the tips and nodes of the stems. Most stems also grow in thickness through secondary growth. This occurs in secondary meristem, which is located in and around the vascular tissues. Secondary growth forms secondary vascular tissues and bark. In many trees, the yearly growth of new vascular tissues results in an annual growth ring like the one in Figure below . When a tree is cut down, the rings in the trunk can be counted to estimate the tree’s age.
amplitude	curved	inverse	transverse	What kind of waves are electromagnetic waves?	In this lesson, you learned that electromagnetic waves are transverse waves. Like other transverse waves, electromagnetic waves have certain properties.
calcification	migration	evaporation	erosion	What process is involved in the formation of a waterfall, when a stream flows from an area of harder to softer rock?	Mountain streams may erode waterfalls. A waterfall forms where a stream flows from an area of harder to softer rock ( Figure below ). The water erodes the softer rock faster than the harder rock. This causes the stream bed to drop down, like a step. This creates a waterfall. As erosion continues, the waterfall gradually moves upstream.
bones	fingernails	cuticles	fingertips	Meissner’s corpuscles are not as plentiful in the palms as they are in the what other part of the hand?	Which of the following statements about mechanoreceptors is false? a. Pacini corpuscles are found in both glabrous and hairy skin. Merkel’s disks are abundant on the fingertips and lips. Ruffini endings are encapsulated mechanoreceptors. Meissner’s corpuscles extend into the lower dermis. Meissner’s corpuscles, (shown in Figure 36.6) also known as tactile corpuscles, are found in the upper dermis, but they project into the epidermis. They, too, are found primarily in the glabrous skin on the fingertips and eyelids. They respond to fine touch and pressure, but they also respond to low-frequency vibration or flutter. They are rapidly adapting, fluid-filled, encapsulated neurons with small, well-defined borders and are responsive to fine details. Like Merkel’s disks, Meissner’s corpuscles are not as plentiful in the palms as they are in the fingertips.
reflective and continental	micro and continental	amorphous and continental	oceanic and continental	What are the two types of earth crust?	The crust is less than 1% of Earth by mass. The two types are oceanic crust and continental crust.
wavelength	Ohm	frequency	wave amplitude	What is determined by the energy of the disturbance that causes the wave?	Wave amplitude is determined by the energy of the disturbance that causes the wave. A wave caused by a disturbance with more energy has greater amplitude.
glass	titanium	coins	aluminum	What is made from the minerals in rocks known as bauxite?	Aluminum is made from the minerals in rocks known as bauxite.
not solid	only horizontal	not magnetic	not horizontal	What is a defining feature of deformed sedimentary rocks?	Sedimentary rocks that are not horizontal have been deformed.
producer	predator	consumer	prey	Resemblance to other species can serve as protection to what category of species?
chloroplasts	endothermic cells	mesophyll	dermal cells	What type of cells make up the epidermis of a leaf?	The epidermis of the leaf consists of a single layer of tightly-packed dermal cells. They secrete waxy cuticle to prevent evaporation of water from the leaf. The epidermis has tiny pores called stomata (singular, stoma) that control transpiration and gas exchange with the air. For photosynthesis, stomata must control the transpiration of water vapor and the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Stomata are flanked by guard cells that swell or shrink by taking in or losing water through osmosis . When they do, they open or close the stomata (see Figure below ).
gravity	pipes	earth rotation	ocean currents	What carries warm or cold water throughout the world’s oceans?	Ocean currents carry warm or cold water throughout the world’s oceans. They help to even out the temperatures in the oceans. This also affects the temperature of the atmosphere and the climate around the world. Currents that are near shore have a direct impact on climate. They may make the climate much colder or warmer. You can see examples of this in Figure below .
biological	renewable	untapped	nonrenewable	What type of resource cannot be replaced as easily as it is consumed?	A nonrenewable resource is one that cannot be replaced as easily as it is consumed. Fossil fuels are an example of nonrenewable resources. They take millions of years to form naturally, and so they cannot be replaced as fast as they are consumed. To take the place of fossil fuel use, alternative energy resources are being developed. These alternative energy sources often utilize renewable resources. The following are examples of sustainable alternative energy resources:.
proteins	hormones	vitamins	enzymes	What substances are involved in most of the chemical reactions that take place in organisms, including digestion?	Enzymes are involved in most of the chemical reactions that take place in organisms. About 4,000 such reactions are known to be catalyzed by enzymes, but the number may be even higher. In animals, an important function of enzymes is to help digest food. Digestive enzymes speed up reactions that break down large molecules of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into smaller molecules the body can use. Without digestive enzymes, animals would not be able to break down food molecules quickly enough to provide the energy and nutrients they need to survive.
allergy	cancer	anemia	immunodeficiency	What occurs when the immune system is not working properly?	Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is not working properly. As a result, it cannot fight off pathogens that a normal immune system would be able to resist. Rarely, the problem is caused by a defective gene. More often, it is acquired during a person’s lifetime. Immunodeficiency may occur for a variety of reasons:.
stellar force	velocity force	centripetal force	magnetic force	The force that a magnet exerts on certain materials is called what?	The force that a magnet exerts on certain materials, including other magnets, is called magnetic force . The force is exerted over a distance and includes forces of attraction and repulsion. North and south poles of two magnets attract each other, while two north poles or two south poles repel each other. A magnet can exert force over a distance because the magnet is surrounded by a magnetic field . In the Figure below , you can see the magnetic field surrounding a bar magnet. Tiny bits of iron, called iron filings, were placed under a sheet of glass. When the magnet was placed on the glass, it attracted the iron filings. The pattern of the iron filings shows the lines of force that make up the magnetic field of the magnet. The concentration of iron filings near the poles indicates that these areas exert the strongest force. You can also see how the magnetic field affects the compasses placed above the magnet. To see an animated magnetic field of a bar magnet, go to this URL: http://micro. magnet. fsu. edu/electromag/java/magneticlines/.
phosphorus	weathering	acid	stress	What is applied to a rock to make it bend and flow?	The amount of stress on a rock may be greater than the rock’s strength. In that case, the rock will change and deform ( Figure below ). Deep within the Earth, the pressure is very great. A rock behaves like a stretched rubber band. When the stress stops, the rock goes back to its original shape. If more stress is applied to the rock, it bends and flows. It does not return to its original shape. Near the surface, if the stress continues, the rock will fracture and break.
mitosis	spermatogenesis	glycolysis	photosynthesis	What is the function of chloroplasts that are found in plant and algal cells?	Actually, almost all organisms obtain their energy from photosynthetic organisms. For example, if a bird eats a caterpillar, then the bird gets the energy that the caterpillar gets from the plants it eats. So the bird indirectly gets energy that began with the glucose formed through photosynthesis. Therefore, the process of photosynthesis is central to sustaining life on Earth. In eukaryotic organisms, photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts . Only cells with chloroplasts—plant cells and algal (protist) cells—can perform photosynthesis. Animal cells and fungal cells do not have chloroplasts and, therefore, cannot photosynthesize. That is why these organisms, as well as the non-photosynthetic protists, rely on other organisms to obtain their energy. These organisms are heterotrophs.
rectum	vagina	cerebellum	urethra	What passes through the prostate gland immediately inferior to the bladder before passing below the pubic symphysis?	Male Urethra The male urethra passes through the prostate gland immediately inferior to the bladder before passing below the pubic symphysis (see Figure 25.3b). The length of the male urethra varies between men but averages 20 cm in length. It is divided into four regions: the preprostatic urethra, the prostatic urethra, the membranous urethra, and the spongy or penile urethra. The preprostatic urethra is very short and incorporated into the bladder wall. The prostatic urethra passes through the prostate gland. During sexual intercourse, it receives sperm via the ejaculatory ducts and secretions from the seminal vesicles. Paired Cowper’s glands (bulbourethral glands) produce and secrete mucus into the urethra to buffer urethral pH during sexual stimulation. The mucus neutralizes the usually acidic environment and lubricates the urethra, decreasing the resistance to ejaculation. The membranous urethra passes through the deep muscles of the perineum, where it is invested by the overlying urethral sphincters. The spongy urethra exits at the tip (external urethral orifice) of the penis after passing through the corpus spongiosum. Mucous glands are found along much of the length of the urethra and protect the urethra from extremes of urine pH. Innervation is the same in both males and females.
anaerobic	digestive	pulmonary	respiratory	Terrestrial animals lose water by evaporation from their skin and which surfaces?
blue	black	red	white	What color are leukocytes blood cells?	The chemicals that trigger an inflammatory response attract leukocytes to the site of injury or infection. Leukocytes are white blood cells. Their role is to fight infections and get rid of debris. Leukocytes may respond with either a nonspecific or a specific defense.
stress	work	temperature	friction	What is something that all machines must overcome?	The mechanical advantage of a simple machine such as a pulley is the factor by which the machine changes the force applied to it. The ideal mechanical advantage of a machine is its mechanical advantage in the absence of friction. All machines must overcome friction, so the ideal mechanical advantage is always somewhat greater than the actual mechanical advantage of the machine as it is used in the real world.
particles	ions	protons	molecules	The conservation of momentum principle can be applied to systems as different as a comet striking earth and a gas containing huge numbers of atoms and these?	The conservation of momentum principle can be applied to systems as different as a comet striking Earth and a gas containing huge numbers of atoms and molecules. Conservation of momentum is violated only when the net external force is not zero. But another larger system can always be considered in which momentum is conserved by simply including the source of the external force. For example, in the collision of two cars considered above, the two-car system conserves momentum while each one-car system does not. Making Connections: Take-Home Investigation—Drop of Tennis Ball and a Basketball Hold a tennis ball side by side and in contact with a basketball. Drop the balls together. (Be careful!) What happens? Explain your observations. Now hold the tennis ball above and in contact with the basketball. What happened? Explain your observations. What do you think will happen if the basketball ball is held above and in contact with the tennis ball?.
genes	filaments	chromosomes	nucleotides	What are the small units that comprise nucleic acids?	DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are built of small units called nucleotides.
isotopes	noble gases	metalloids	chemical compounds	Minerals that are not pure elements are made of what?	Minerals that are not pure elements are made of chemical compounds. For example, the mineral quartz is made of the compound silicon dioxide, or SiO 2 . This compound has one atom of the element silicon for every two atoms of the element oxygen.
ions	cations	salts	acids	What can be classified as monoprotic or polyprotic based on the number of acidic hydrogens they contain?	Acids can be classified as monoprotic or polyprotic based on the number of acidic hydrogens they contain.
thymic zone	synthesis zone	fantasmic zone	photic zone	What is the top part of water able to receive enough sunlight for photosynthesis called?	Only the top 200 meters or so of water receive enough sunlight for photosynthesis. This part of the water is called the photic zone. Below 200 meters, there is too little sunlight for photosynthesis to take place. This part of the water is called the aphotic zone. In this zone, food must come from other sources. It may be made by chemosynthesis, in which microorganisms use energy in chemicals instead of sunlight to make food. Or, food may drift down from the water above.
density	color	temperature	speed	Different media affect what property of light?	The speed of light is different in different media.
aperture	aqueous humor	lens	retina	Signals from rods and cones can follow several different pathways in what structure of the eye?
modification	dissociation	acceptance	habituation	What is the term for getting used to something after being consistently exposed to it?	One of the simplest ways of learning that occurs in just about all animals is habituation. Habituation means learning to get used to something after being exposed to it repeatedly. It usually involves getting used to something that is frightening or annoying but not dangerous.
plutonium	boron	magnesium	uranium	What element do nuclear power plants use in fuel rods?	Nuclear power plants use uranium in fuel rods. The fuel rods become nuclear waste. Nuclear waste can be dangerous for hundreds of thousands of years.
skin	water	blood	all environments	Where on earth do bacteria live?	Prokaryotes include Bacteria and Archaea. An individual prokaryote consists of a single cell without a nucleus. Bacteria live in virtually all environments on Earth. Archaea live everywhere on Earth, including extreme environments.
Microwaves	abnormal	volcanic	seismic	What type of waves radiate energy out from an earthquake's focus?	Geologists study earthquake waves to “see” Earth's interior. Waves of energy radiate out from an earthquake’s focus. These are called seismic waves ( Figure below ). Seismic waves change speed as they move through different materials. This causes them to bend. Some seismic waves do not travel through liquids or gases. Scientists use all of this information to understand what makes up the Earth’s interior.
psychotherapy	metastasis	electrolysis	dialysis	What is a popular treatment for kidney failure?	Uncontrolled diabetes may damage capillaries of nephrons. As a result, the kidneys lose much of their ability to filter blood. This is called kidney failure . The only cure for kidney failure is a kidney transplant, but it can be treated with dialysis. Dialysis is a medical procedure in which blood is filtered through a machine (see Figure below ).
salts	proteins	platelets	iron ions	What is critical for the formation of hemoglobin?	Minerals Minerals in food are inorganic compounds that work with other nutrients to ensure the body functions properly. Minerals cannot be made in the body; they come from the diet. The amount of minerals in the body is small—only 4 percent of the total body mass—and most of that consists of the minerals that the body requires in moderate quantities: potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and chloride. The most common minerals in the body are calcium and phosphorous, both of which are stored in the skeleton and necessary for the hardening of bones. Most minerals are ionized, and their ionic forms are used in physiological processes throughout the body. Sodium and chloride ions are electrolytes in the blood and extracellular tissues, and iron ions are critical to the formation of hemoglobin. There are additional trace minerals that are still important to the body’s functions, but their required quantities are much lower. Like vitamins, minerals can be consumed in toxic quantities (although it is rare). A healthy diet includes most of the minerals your body requires, so supplements and processed foods can add potentially toxic levels of minerals. Table 24.5 and Table 24.6 provide a summary of minerals and their function in the body.
insulin and estrogen	serotonin and glucagon	testosterone and insulin	insulin and glucagon	Which hormones work together to control the level of glucose in the blood?	The pancreas is located near the stomach. Its hormones include insulin and glucagon. These two hormones work together to control the level of glucose in the blood. Insulin causes excess blood glucose to be taken up by the liver, which stores the glucose as glycogen. Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release it back into the blood. The pancreas also secretes digestive enzymes into the digestive tract.

2012

2006

1987

1996

What year did the soho spacecraft first started to operate?

Humans have sent spacecraft up to study our star. The SOHO spacecraft has been in operation since 1996. The craft orbits the Sun in step with Earth but closer to it. SOHO has sent back amazing images. Onboard instruments have also sent back mountains of data. The data is mostly about the Sun's outer layers.

hydrogen

sugar

quartz

salts

Concentration of what, the substance left behind when ocean water evaporates, is about 3.5 percent?

Dissolved mineral salts wash into the ocean. As ocean water evaporates, it leaves the salts behind. This makes the water saltier. Ocean water is about 3.5 percent salts. The main salt is sodium chloride.

hydro sphere

heroclix sphere

imipenem sphere

volvox sphere

What has a distinct front and back end?

The Volvox sphere has a distinct front and back end. The colony of cells can swim in a coordinated fashion. The cells have eyespots, which are more developed in the cells near the front. This enables the colony to swim towards light.

one

three

four

two

In how many basic was can substances cross the plasma membrane?

If a cell were a house, the plasma membrane would be walls with windows and doors. Moving things in and out of the cell is an important role of the plasma membrane. It controls everything that enters and leaves the cell. There are two basic ways that substances can cross the plasma membrane: passive transport and active transport.

simple cells

animal cells

human cells

plant cells

What type of cells have chloroplasts?

Plants are multicellular eukaryotes with cell walls made of cellulose. Plant cells also have chloroplasts. In addition, plants have specialized reproductive organs. These are structures that produce reproductive cells. Male reproductive organs produce sperm, and female reproductive organs produce eggs. Male and female reproductive organs may be on the same or different plants.

spores

parasites

vaccines

pathogens

What is the term for disease-causing agents, such as bacteria and viruses?

The body’s first line of defense consists of different types of barriers that keep most pathogens out of the body. Pathogens are disease-causing agents, such as bacteria and viruses. These and other types of pathogens are described in Figure below . Regardless of the type of pathogen, however, the first line of defense is always the same.

drift

core

crater

trough

To figure out the height of a wave you measure the distance between the crest and what?

The figure above also shows how the size of waves is measured ( Figure above ). The highest point of a wave is the crest . The lowest point is the trough . The vertical distance between a crest and a trough is the wave height . Wave height is also called amplitude . The horizontal distance between two crests is the wavelength . Both amplitude and wavelength are measures of wave size.

lifespans

elements

pathogens

genetics

Humans possess greater diversity of what type, compared to laboratory animals?

similar notation

scientific diffusion

certain diffusion

scientific notation

What system can be used by scientists to express very small numbers?

Very small numbers can also be expressed using scientific notation. The mass of an electron in decimal notation is 0.000000000000000000000000000911 grams. In scientific notation, the mass is expressed as 9.11 × 10 -28 g. Notice that the value of the exponent is chosen so that the coefficient is between 1 and 10.

abnormalities

clusters

chromosonal variations

phenotypes

An unknown genotype can be determined by observing what, the term for characteristics of the resulting offspring?

Consider the following example: Suppose you have a purple and white flower and purple color ( P ) is dominant to white ( p ). The white flower must be homozygous for the recessive allele, but the genotype of the purple flower is unknown. It could be either PP or Pp . A testcross will determine the organism's genotype. The unknown genotype can be determined by observing the phenotypes of the resulting offspring. If crossing the unknown dominant phenotype ( PP or Pp genotype) individual with the recessive phenotype individual produces only dominant phenotypes (no recessive), then the unknown individual is homozygous dominant. If any recessive phenotypic individuals result from the cross, then the unknown individual must carry the recessive allele, and have the heterozygous genotype.

mandatory energy

specific energy

conservative energy

alternative energy

Wind power, solar power, hydropower, and geothermal power are called renewable sources of energy or what other term?

Alternative energy sources include wind power, solar power, hydropower, and geothermal power.

ten volts

eight volts

six volts

twelve volts

How much electricity is generated by an average car battery?

The description given above describes the process that occurs in one cell of a lead-acid battery. Because cars require a battery with a higher voltage than can be obtained with a single cell, car batteries generally consist of several cells connected together to produce the desired voltage output. A typical car battery will generate twelve volts of electricity.

protoskeleton

cellulose

collagen

cytoskeleton

What is the term for a cellular "scaffolding" that crisscrosses the cytoplasm?

The cytoskeleton is a cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" that crisscrosses the cytoplasm. All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton, and recent research has shown that prokaryotic cells also have a cytoskeleton. The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is made up of a network of long, thin protein fibers and has many functions. It helps to maintain cell shape. It holds organelles in place, and for some cells, it enables cell movement. The cytoskeleton also plays important roles in both the intracellular movement of substances and in cell division. Certain proteins act like a path that vesicles and organelles move along within the cell. The threadlike proteins that make up the cytoskeleton continually rebuild to adapt to the cell's constantly changing needs. Three main kinds of cytoskeleton fibers are microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments.

biochemical

Morse code

code of ethics

genetic

What common code do all known living organisms use?

The genetic code is universal. All known living organisms use the same genetic code. This shows that all organisms share a common evolutionary history.

migratory and logistic

exponential and economical

organic and inorganic

exponential and logistic

What are 2 common growth patterns of population?

Populations may show different patterns of growth. The growth pattern depends partly on the conditions under which a population lives. Two common growth patterns are exponential growth and logistic growth. Both are represented in Figure below .

gravity numbers

linear numbers

light numbers

quantum numbers

Solutions to schrödinger’s equation involve four special numbers called what?

Solutions to Schrödinger’s equation involve four special numbers called quantum numbers . (Three of the numbers, , , and , come from Schrödinger’s equation, and the fourth one comes from an extension of the theory). These four numbers completely describe the energy of an electron. Each electron has exactly four quantum numbers, and no two electrons have the same four numbers. The statement that no two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers is known as the Pauli exclusion principle .

egg

saliva

Feces

sperm

What is the only human cell with flagella?

Sperm cells are the only human cell with flagella . This is because of their need to "swim" long distances to reach an egg for fertilization.

seed

cell

dna

grain of pollen

What can be described as a tiny male gametophyte enclosed in a tough capsule?

A grain of pollen is a tiny male gametophyte enclosed in a tough capsule (see Figure below ). It carries sperm to an ovule while preventing it from drying out. Pollen grains can’t swim, but they are very light, so the wind can carry them. Therefore, they can travel through air instead of water.

ventricular

carotid

radial

aorta

What is the largest artery in the body called?

Flaps of tissue called valves separate the heart’s chambers. Valves keep blood flowing in just one direction through the heart. For example, a valve at the bottom of the right atrium opens to let blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. Then the valve closes so the blood can’t flow back into the right atrium.

ovarian

fallopian

Fertilization occurs if a sperm enters the egg while it is passing through what tube?

Fertilization occurs if a sperm enters the egg while it is passing through the fallopian tube. When this happens, the egg finally completes meiosis. This results in two daughter cells that are different in size. The smaller cell is called a polar body . It contains very little cytoplasm. It soon breaks down and disappears. The larger cell is the egg. It contains most of the cytoplasm. This will develop into a child.

bones

arteries

veins

capillaries

When the smooth muscle relaxes, the arterioles dilate, allowing blood to enter the what?

toads

mosquitos

snakes

frogs

What to tadpoles develop into?

Frogs typically lay their eggs in puddles, ponds, or lakes. Their larvae, or tadpoles , have gills, a tail, but no legs, and need to live in water. If fact, they are quite similar to a fish. Tadpoles develop into adult frogs in water ( Figure below ). During this transformation, they develop lungs, lose their tails and form their four legs.

dorsal fin

tail fin

under belly

gills

What part of the body do fish use to absorb oxygen?

In order to absorb oxygen from the water, fish use gills ( Figure below ). Gills take dissolved oxygen from water as the water flows over the surface of the gill.

helium nuclei

carbon nuclei

peroxide nuclei

hydrogen nuclei

The electrons in a water molecule are more concentrated around the more highly charged oxygen nucleus than around this?

We will find in Atomic Physics that the orbits of electrons are more properly viewed as electron clouds with the density of the cloud related to the probability of finding an electron in that location (as opposed to the definite locations and paths of planets in their orbits around the Sun). This cloud is shifted by the Coulomb force so that the atom on average has a separation of charge. Although the atom remains neutral, it can now be the source of a Coulomb force, since a charge brought near the atom will be closer to one type of charge than the other. Some molecules, such as those of water, have an inherent separation of charge and are thus called polar molecules. Figure ⎛ ⎞ 19.19 illustrates the separation of charge in a water molecule, which has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom ⎝H 2 O⎠ . The water molecule is not symmetric—the hydrogen atoms are repelled to one side, giving the molecule a boomerang shape. The electrons in a water molecule are more concentrated around the more highly charged oxygen nucleus than around the hydrogen nuclei. This makes the oxygen end of the molecule slightly negative and leaves the hydrogen ends slightly positive. The inherent separation of charge in polar molecules makes it easier to align them with external fields and charges. Polar molecules therefore exhibit greater polarization effects and have greater dielectric constants. Those who study chemistry will find that the polar nature of water has many effects. For example, water molecules gather ions much more effectively because they have an electric field and a separation of charge to attract charges of both signs. Also, as brought out in the previous chapter, polar water provides a shield or screening of the electric fields in the highly charged molecules of interest in biological systems.

tundra

bedrock

upper crust

permafrost

What is the layer of ground below the surface that is always frozen, even in the summer?

Polar tundra climates occur near the poles. Tundra climates have permafrost. Permafrost is layer of ground below the surface that is always frozen, even in the summer. Only small plants, such as mosses, can grow in this climate.

pathogens

algae

proteins

bacteria

What is usually the prey of a protist?

The protist wraps around its prey, which is usually bacteria.

wave diffusion

a prism

wave reflection

wave refraction

What concentrates wave energy or disperses it?

Wave refraction either concentrates wave energy or disperses it. In quiet water areas, such as bays, wave energy is dispersed. This allows sand to be deposited. Land that sticks out into the water is eroded by the strong wave energy. The wave energy concentrates its power on the wave-cut cliff .

stems

fibroblasts

cells

chloroplasts

In plants and algae, photosynthesis takes place in which organelles?

In plants and algae, photosynthesis takes place in organelles called chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain stacks of membranes called thylakoids, which contain chlorophyll. Thylakoids are surrounded by a fluid-filled space called stroma.

echo chamber

ultrasound machines

amplifiers

echo sounders

What produces sound waves that travel outward in all directions in water?

During World War II, battleships and submarines carried echo sounders. Their goal was to locate enemy submarines ( Figure below ). Echo sounders produce sound waves that travel outward in all directions. The sound waves bounce off the nearest object and then return to the ship. Scientists know the speed of sound in seawater. They then can calculate the distance to the object that the sound wave hit. Most of these sound waves did not hit submarines. They instead were used to map the ocean floor.

air

Ash

Soil

water

The roots of a plant take in nutrients and what vital substance?

sun cycle

life cycle

water cycle

calvin cycle

Carbon fixation is the first step of what cycle involving light reactions?

As Melvin Calvin discovered, carbon fixation is the first step of a cycle. Like an electron transport chain, the Calvin Cycle, shown in Figure below , transfers energy in small, controlled steps. Each step pushes molecules uphill in terms of energy content. Recall that in the electron transfer chain, excited electrons lose energy to NADPH and ATP. In the Calvin Cycle, NADPH and ATP formed in the light reactions lose their stored chemical energy to build glucose.

induced-dipole forces

particle - dipole forces

ion-dipole forces

dipole-dipole forces

What are the attractive forces that occur between polar molecules called?

Dipole-dipole forces are the attractive forces that occur between polar molecules. A molecule of hydrogen chloride has a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative chlorine atom. In a collection of many hydrogen chloride molecules, they will align themselves so that the oppositely charged regions of neighboring molecules are near each other.

cell cloning

gene variation

gene change

gene cloning

The production of multiple copies of a single gene is called?

gases and animals

plants and water

soil and animals

plants and animals

Fossil fuels are made out of what two objects?

Fossil fuels are made from plants and animals that lived hundreds of millions of years ago. The plants and animals died. Their remains settled onto the ground and at the bottom of the sea. Layer upon layer of organic material was laid down. Eventually, the layers were buried very deeply. They experienced intense heat and pressure. Over millions of years, the organic material turned into fossil fuels.

vertebrates

bacteria

protists

protozoa

Amoebas and paramecia are examples of what?

Examples of protozoa include amoebas and paramecia.

fusobacteria

phytoplankton

algae

cyanobacteria

Name the bacteria that make food through photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air?

Bacteria called cyanobacteria are very important. They are bluish green in color (see Figure below ) because they contain chlorophyll (but not chloroplasts, of course). They make food through photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air. These bacteria were probably responsible for adding oxygen to the air on early Earth. This changed the planet’s atmosphere. It also changed the direction of evolution. Ancient cyanobacteria also may have evolved into the chloroplasts of plant cells.

battering ram

rotor

catapult

lever

What simple machine consists of a bar that rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum?

A lever is a simple machine that consists of a bar that rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum. There are three classes of levers. Depending on its class, a lever may have an ideal mechanical advantage that is less than, equal to, or greater than 1. First-class levers also change the direction of the input force.

protein

insulin

sugar

glucose

Which carbohydrate is produced by photosynthesis?

Glucose is the carbohydrate produced by photosynthesis. Energy-rich glucose is delivered through your blood to each of your cells.

Prime Meridian

orbital

pole

equator

What term is used to describe the line of latitude right in the middle of the planet?

Lines of latitude circle around Earth. The equator is a line of latitude right in the middle of the planet. The equator is an equal distance from both the North and South Pole. If you know your latitude, you know how far you are north or south of the equator.

inferior vertebral notch

sympathetic ganglion

spinous process

intervertebral foramen

What is the opening formed between adjacent vertebrae for the exit of a spinal nerve called?

Figure 7.24 Intervertebral Disc The bodies of adjacent vertebrae are separated and united by an intervertebral disc, which provides padding and allows for movements between adjacent vertebrae. The disc consists of a fibrous outer layer called the anulus fibrosus and a gel-like center called the nucleus pulposus. The intervertebral foramen is the opening formed between adjacent vertebrae for the exit of a spinal nerve.

mars and venus

earth and venus

saturn and uranus

mars and jupiter

What two planets is the asteroid belt found between?

Hundreds of thousands of asteroids have been found in our solar system. They are still being discovered at a rate of about 5,000 new asteroids per month! The majority are located in between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. This region is called the asteroid belt , as shown in Figure below . There are many thousands of asteroids in the asteroid belt. Still, their total mass adds up to only about 4 percent of Earth’s Moon.

ideal

inert

natural

noble

Neon is an example of what kind of gas?

Once we reach neon, a noble gas, all of the 2p orbitals will be completely full. Neon has a configuration of 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 . Any further electrons will need to go in the next highest energy orbital, which would be the 3s orbital.

nutrients

area

parasites

species

Many organisms look very similar to other organisms because they may be from the same what?

polar

metal

ionic

covalent

What type of compound is hydrogen chloride?

The largest, most complex covalent molecules have thousands of atoms. Examples include proteins and carbohydrates, which are compounds in living things. The smallest, simplest covalent compounds have molecules with just two atoms. An example is hydrogen chloride (HCl). It consists of one hydrogen atom and one chlorine atom, as you can see in the Figure below . You can watch an animation of hydrogen chloride forming at the following URL.

non-dormant

serial eruptions

explosive

non-explosive

What kind of volcanic eruptions are less deadly?

Some volcanic eruptions are non-explosive ( Figure below ). This happens when there is little or no gas. The lava is thin, fluid and runny. It flows over the ground like a river. People generally have a lot of warning before a lava flow like this reaches them, so non-explosive eruptions are much less deadly. They may still be destructive to property, though. Even when we know that a lava flow is approaching, there are few ways of stopping it!.

earth

heat

water

sun

Where do most ecosystems get their energy from?

Most ecosystems get their energy from the Sun. Only producers can use sunlight to make usable energy. Producers convert the sunlight into chemical energy or food. Consumers get some of that energy when they eat producers. They also pass some of the energy on to other consumers when they are eaten. In this way, energy flows from one living thing to another.

solubility

viscosity

mixing

enthalpy

When a solute dissolves into a solvent what is that called?

Enthalpy changes also occur when a solute undergoes the physical process of dissolving into a solvent. Hot packs and cold packs (see Figure below ) use this property. Many hot packs use calcium chloride, which releases heat when it dissolves according to the equation below.

lattice

nucleus

neutron

atom

The smallest part of an element that maintains the identity of that element is called what?

Note Sometimes the word pure is added to substance, but this is not absolutely necessary. By definition, any single substance is pure. The smallest part of an element that maintains the identity of that element is called an atom. Atoms are extremely tiny; to make a line 1 inch long, you would need 217 million iron atoms. The smallest part of a compound that maintains the identity of that compound is called a molecule. Molecules are composed of atoms that are attached together and behave as a unit. Scientists usually work with millions and millions of atoms and molecules at a time. When a scientist is working with large numbers of atoms or molecules at a time, the scientist is studying the macroscopic view of the universe. However, scientists can also describe chemical events on the level of individual atoms or molecules, which is referred to as the microscopic viewpoint. We will see examples of Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books.

coral reef

bridges

soot

ice

Varves form in lakes covered by what?

Varves form in lakes covered by ice. Varves are useful to scientists for understanding climate.

gravity

matter

energy

time

Speed takes distance and what else into account?

Speed just takes distance and time into account. How might direction be considered as well?.

endocrine

synaptic

dopaminergic

parasympathetic

Which division of the autonomic nervous system controls processes like digestion, heartbeat, and breathing?

The parasympathetic division controls internal organs and glands during the rest of the time. It controls processes like digestion, heartbeat, and breathing when there is not an emergency.

pollen

zygote

germ

seed

What does the ovule develop into after fertilization?

An ovule is a female reproductive structure in seed plants. It contains a tiny female gametophyte. The gametophyte produces an egg cell. After the egg is fertilized by sperm, the ovule develops into a seed.

legislation

gentrification

assimilation

immigration

What is a key factor in the growth of populations?

Moving into an area, or immigration, is a key factor in the growth of populations. Shown above is actual vintage luggage left by some of the millions of immigrants who came through Ellis Island and into the United States.

bubble point

its dip point

freezing point

its dew point

Air is said to reach what point, a term used by meteorologists, when humidity increases or temperature decreases?

Air reaches its dew point when humidity increases or temperature decreases.

fermentation

excitation

polarization

depolarization

In neurons, what often involves gated sodium channels?

space

energy

velocity

time

Line graphs are especially useful for showing changes over what?

Line graphs are especially useful for showing changes over time. The line graph in Figure below shows how distance from school changed over time when some students went on a class trip.

crater

cavern

valley

caldera

After a massive eruption what will a mountain collapsing above an empty chamber create?

During a massive eruption all of the material may be ejected from a magma changer. Without support, the mountain above the empty chamber may collapse. This produces a huge caldera . Calderas are generally round, bowl-shaped formations like the picture in Figure below .

metatarsal

patella

calcareous

talus

The posterior half of the foot is formed by seven tarsal bones. the most superior of these bones is called?

Tarsal Bones The posterior half of the foot is formed by seven tarsal bones (Figure 8.19). The most superior bone is the talus. This has a relatively square-shaped, upper surface that articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint. Three areas of articulation form the ankle joint: The superomedial surface of the talus bone articulates with the medial malleolus of the tibia, the top of the talus articulates with the distal end of the tibia, and the lateral side of the talus articulates with the lateral malleolus of the fibula. Inferiorly, the talus articulates with the calcaneus (heel bone), the largest bone of the foot, which forms the heel. Body weight is transferred from the tibia to the talus to the calcaneus, which rests on the ground. The medial calcaneus has a prominent bony extension called the sustentaculum tali (“support for the talus”) that supports the medial side of the talus bone.

hypothalamus

hippocampus

cerebral cortex

thalamus

What helps to regulate consciousness, arousal, and sleep states?

Basal Ganglia Interconnected brain areas called the basal ganglia (or basal nuclei), shown in Figure 35.20b, play important roles in movement control and posture. Damage to the basal ganglia, as in Parkinson’s disease, leads to motor impairments like a shuffling gait when walking. The basal ganglia also regulate motivation. For example, when a wasp sting led to bilateral basal ganglia damage in a 25-year-old businessman, he began to spend all his days in bed and showed no interest in anything or anybody. But when he was externally stimulated—as when someone asked to play a card game with him—he was able to function normally. Interestingly, he and other similar patients do not report feeling bored or frustrated by their state. Thalamus The thalamus (Greek for “inner chamber”), illustrated in Figure 35.24, acts as a gateway to and from the cortex. It receives sensory and motor inputs from the body and also receives feedback from the cortex. This feedback mechanism can modulate conscious awareness of sensory and motor inputs depending on the attention and arousal state of the animal. The thalamus helps regulate consciousness, arousal, and sleep states. A rare genetic disorder called fatal familial insomnia causes the degeneration of thalamic neurons and glia. This disorder prevents affected patients from being able to sleep, among other symptoms, and is eventually fatal.

endangered

accumulation

abundance

extinction

Some fish will be over-fished to the point that their species ceases to exist, which is also known as what?

will inevitably make it more difficult and costly to grow food. The world’s growing human population faces significant challenges in the increasing costs and other difficulties associated with producing food. Wild Food Sources In addition to growing crops and raising food animals, humans obtain food resources from wild populations, primarily wild fish populations. For about one billion people, aquatic resources provide the main source of animal protein. But since 1990, production from global fisheries has declined. Despite considerable effort, few fisheries on Earth are managed sustainability. Fishery extinctions rarely lead to complete extinction of the harvested species, but rather to a radical restructuring of the marine ecosystem in which a dominant species is so over-harvested that it becomes a minor player, ecologically. In addition to humans losing the food source, these alterations affect many other species in ways that are difficult or impossible to predict. The collapse of fisheries has dramatic and long-lasting effects on local human populations that work in the fishery. In addition, the loss of an inexpensive protein source to populations that cannot afford to replace it will increase the cost of living and limit societies in other ways. In general, the fish taken from fisheries have shifted to smaller species and the larger species are overfished. The ultimate outcome could clearly be the loss of aquatic systems as food sources.

controlling digestion

controlling breeding

controlling thought

controlling flight

Not surprisingly, what is the function of the most developed part of a bird's brain?

Birds have a large brain relative to the size of their body. Not surprisingly, the part of the brain that controls flight is the most developed part. The large brain size of birds is also reflected by their high level of intelligence and complex behavior. In fact, birds such as crows and ravens may be more intelligent than many mammals. They are smart enough to use objects such as twigs for tools. They also demonstrate planning and cooperation. Most birds have a poor sense of smell, but they make up for it with their excellent sense of sight. Predatory birds have especially good eyesight. Hawks, for example, have vision that is eight times sharper than human vision.

Sickness

endemic

mites

epiphytic

What type of roots enable a plant to grow on another plant?

Epiphytic roots enable a plant to grow on another plant. For example, the epiphytic roots of orchids develop a spongy tissue to absorb moisture. The banyan tree (Ficus sp. ) begins as an epiphyte, germinating in the branches of a host tree; aerial roots develop from the branches and eventually reach the ground, providing additional support (Figure 30.20). In screwpine (Pandanus sp. ), a palm-like tree that grows in sandy tropical soils, aboveground prop roots develop from the nodes to provide additional support.

longitude

circumference

elevation

latitude

What is the distance north or south of the equator called?

Latitude is the distance north or south of the Equator. It is expressed as a number between 0° and 90° north or south.

harden

narrow

constrict

dilate

In response to a cut, mast cells secrete histamines that cause nearby capillaries to do what?

Figure 42.5 In response to a cut, mast cells secrete histamines that cause nearby capillaries to dilate. Neutrophils and monocytes leave the capillaries. Monocytes mature into macrophages. Neutrophils, dendritic cells and macrophages release chemicals to stimulate the inflammatory response. Neutrophils and macrophages also consume invading bacteria by phagocytosis.

hydrocarbon

sulfur

base

acid

What is the term for an ionic compound that produces positive hydrogen ions when dissolved in water?

An acid is an ionic compound that produces positive hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. Acids taste sour and turn blue litmus paper red.

edges

bottoms

layers

nodes

The stems of all vascular plants get longer through primary growth. this occurs in primary meristem at the tips and ______ of the stems.

The stems of all vascular plants get longer through primary growth. This occurs in primary meristem at the tips and nodes of the stems. Most stems also grow in thickness through secondary growth. This occurs in secondary meristem, which is located in and around the vascular tissues. Secondary growth forms secondary vascular tissues and bark. In many trees, the yearly growth of new vascular tissues results in an annual growth ring like the one in Figure below . When a tree is cut down, the rings in the trunk can be counted to estimate the tree’s age.

amplitude

curved

inverse

transverse

What kind of waves are electromagnetic waves?

In this lesson, you learned that electromagnetic waves are transverse waves. Like other transverse waves, electromagnetic waves have certain properties.

calcification

migration

evaporation

erosion

What process is involved in the formation of a waterfall, when a stream flows from an area of harder to softer rock?

Mountain streams may erode waterfalls. A waterfall forms where a stream flows from an area of harder to softer rock ( Figure below ). The water erodes the softer rock faster than the harder rock. This causes the stream bed to drop down, like a step. This creates a waterfall. As erosion continues, the waterfall gradually moves upstream.

bones

fingernails

cuticles

fingertips

Meissner’s corpuscles are not as plentiful in the palms as they are in the what other part of the hand?

Which of the following statements about mechanoreceptors is false? a. Pacini corpuscles are found in both glabrous and hairy skin. Merkel’s disks are abundant on the fingertips and lips. Ruffini endings are encapsulated mechanoreceptors. Meissner’s corpuscles extend into the lower dermis. Meissner’s corpuscles, (shown in Figure 36.6) also known as tactile corpuscles, are found in the upper dermis, but they project into the epidermis. They, too, are found primarily in the glabrous skin on the fingertips and eyelids. They respond to fine touch and pressure, but they also respond to low-frequency vibration or flutter. They are rapidly adapting, fluid-filled, encapsulated neurons with small, well-defined borders and are responsive to fine details. Like Merkel’s disks, Meissner’s corpuscles are not as plentiful in the palms as they are in the fingertips.

reflective and continental

micro and continental

amorphous and continental

oceanic and continental

What are the two types of earth crust?

The crust is less than 1% of Earth by mass. The two types are oceanic crust and continental crust.

wavelength

Ohm

frequency

wave amplitude

What is determined by the energy of the disturbance that causes the wave?

Wave amplitude is determined by the energy of the disturbance that causes the wave. A wave caused by a disturbance with more energy has greater amplitude.

glass

titanium

coins

aluminum

What is made from the minerals in rocks known as bauxite?

Aluminum is made from the minerals in rocks known as bauxite.

not solid

only horizontal

not magnetic

not horizontal

What is a defining feature of deformed sedimentary rocks?

Sedimentary rocks that are not horizontal have been deformed.

producer

predator

consumer

prey

Resemblance to other species can serve as protection to what category of species?

chloroplasts

endothermic cells

mesophyll

dermal cells

What type of cells make up the epidermis of a leaf?

The epidermis of the leaf consists of a single layer of tightly-packed dermal cells. They secrete waxy cuticle to prevent evaporation of water from the leaf. The epidermis has tiny pores called stomata (singular, stoma) that control transpiration and gas exchange with the air. For photosynthesis, stomata must control the transpiration of water vapor and the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Stomata are flanked by guard cells that swell or shrink by taking in or losing water through osmosis . When they do, they open or close the stomata (see Figure below ).

gravity

pipes

earth rotation

ocean currents

What carries warm or cold water throughout the world’s oceans?

Ocean currents carry warm or cold water throughout the world’s oceans. They help to even out the temperatures in the oceans. This also affects the temperature of the atmosphere and the climate around the world. Currents that are near shore have a direct impact on climate. They may make the climate much colder or warmer. You can see examples of this in Figure below .

biological

renewable

untapped

nonrenewable

What type of resource cannot be replaced as easily as it is consumed?

A nonrenewable resource is one that cannot be replaced as easily as it is consumed. Fossil fuels are an example of nonrenewable resources. They take millions of years to form naturally, and so they cannot be replaced as fast as they are consumed. To take the place of fossil fuel use, alternative energy resources are being developed. These alternative energy sources often utilize renewable resources. The following are examples of sustainable alternative energy resources:.

proteins

hormones

vitamins

enzymes

What substances are involved in most of the chemical reactions that take place in organisms, including digestion?

Enzymes are involved in most of the chemical reactions that take place in organisms. About 4,000 such reactions are known to be catalyzed by enzymes, but the number may be even higher. In animals, an important function of enzymes is to help digest food. Digestive enzymes speed up reactions that break down large molecules of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into smaller molecules the body can use. Without digestive enzymes, animals would not be able to break down food molecules quickly enough to provide the energy and nutrients they need to survive.

allergy

cancer

anemia

immunodeficiency

What occurs when the immune system is not working properly?

Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is not working properly. As a result, it cannot fight off pathogens that a normal immune system would be able to resist. Rarely, the problem is caused by a defective gene. More often, it is acquired during a person’s lifetime. Immunodeficiency may occur for a variety of reasons:.

stellar force

velocity force

centripetal force

magnetic force

The force that a magnet exerts on certain materials is called what?

The force that a magnet exerts on certain materials, including other magnets, is called magnetic force . The force is exerted over a distance and includes forces of attraction and repulsion. North and south poles of two magnets attract each other, while two north poles or two south poles repel each other. A magnet can exert force over a distance because the magnet is surrounded by a magnetic field . In the Figure below , you can see the magnetic field surrounding a bar magnet. Tiny bits of iron, called iron filings, were placed under a sheet of glass. When the magnet was placed on the glass, it attracted the iron filings. The pattern of the iron filings shows the lines of force that make up the magnetic field of the magnet. The concentration of iron filings near the poles indicates that these areas exert the strongest force. You can also see how the magnetic field affects the compasses placed above the magnet. To see an animated magnetic field of a bar magnet, go to this URL: http://micro. magnet. fsu. edu/electromag/java/magneticlines/.

phosphorus

weathering

acid

stress

What is applied to a rock to make it bend and flow?

The amount of stress on a rock may be greater than the rock’s strength. In that case, the rock will change and deform ( Figure below ). Deep within the Earth, the pressure is very great. A rock behaves like a stretched rubber band. When the stress stops, the rock goes back to its original shape. If more stress is applied to the rock, it bends and flows. It does not return to its original shape. Near the surface, if the stress continues, the rock will fracture and break.

mitosis

spermatogenesis

glycolysis

photosynthesis

What is the function of chloroplasts that are found in plant and algal cells?

Actually, almost all organisms obtain their energy from photosynthetic organisms. For example, if a bird eats a caterpillar, then the bird gets the energy that the caterpillar gets from the plants it eats. So the bird indirectly gets energy that began with the glucose formed through photosynthesis. Therefore, the process of photosynthesis is central to sustaining life on Earth. In eukaryotic organisms, photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts . Only cells with chloroplasts—plant cells and algal (protist) cells—can perform photosynthesis. Animal cells and fungal cells do not have chloroplasts and, therefore, cannot photosynthesize. That is why these organisms, as well as the non-photosynthetic protists, rely on other organisms to obtain their energy. These organisms are heterotrophs.

rectum

vagina

cerebellum

urethra

What passes through the prostate gland immediately inferior to the bladder before passing below the pubic symphysis?

Male Urethra The male urethra passes through the prostate gland immediately inferior to the bladder before passing below the pubic symphysis (see Figure 25.3b). The length of the male urethra varies between men but averages 20 cm in length. It is divided into four regions: the preprostatic urethra, the prostatic urethra, the membranous urethra, and the spongy or penile urethra. The preprostatic urethra is very short and incorporated into the bladder wall. The prostatic urethra passes through the prostate gland. During sexual intercourse, it receives sperm via the ejaculatory ducts and secretions from the seminal vesicles. Paired Cowper’s glands (bulbourethral glands) produce and secrete mucus into the urethra to buffer urethral pH during sexual stimulation. The mucus neutralizes the usually acidic environment and lubricates the urethra, decreasing the resistance to ejaculation. The membranous urethra passes through the deep muscles of the perineum, where it is invested by the overlying urethral sphincters. The spongy urethra exits at the tip (external urethral orifice) of the penis after passing through the corpus spongiosum. Mucous glands are found along much of the length of the urethra and protect the urethra from extremes of urine pH. Innervation is the same in both males and females.

anaerobic

digestive

pulmonary

respiratory

Terrestrial animals lose water by evaporation from their skin and which surfaces?

blue

black

red

white

What color are leukocytes blood cells?

The chemicals that trigger an inflammatory response attract leukocytes to the site of injury or infection. Leukocytes are white blood cells. Their role is to fight infections and get rid of debris. Leukocytes may respond with either a nonspecific or a specific defense.

stress

work

temperature

friction

What is something that all machines must overcome?

The mechanical advantage of a simple machine such as a pulley is the factor by which the machine changes the force applied to it. The ideal mechanical advantage of a machine is its mechanical advantage in the absence of friction. All machines must overcome friction, so the ideal mechanical advantage is always somewhat greater than the actual mechanical advantage of the machine as it is used in the real world.

particles

ions

protons

molecules

The conservation of momentum principle can be applied to systems as different as a comet striking earth and a gas containing huge numbers of atoms and these?

The conservation of momentum principle can be applied to systems as different as a comet striking Earth and a gas containing huge numbers of atoms and molecules. Conservation of momentum is violated only when the net external force is not zero. But another larger system can always be considered in which momentum is conserved by simply including the source of the external force. For example, in the collision of two cars considered above, the two-car system conserves momentum while each one-car system does not. Making Connections: Take-Home Investigation—Drop of Tennis Ball and a Basketball Hold a tennis ball side by side and in contact with a basketball. Drop the balls together. (Be careful!) What happens? Explain your observations. Now hold the tennis ball above and in contact with the basketball. What happened? Explain your observations. What do you think will happen if the basketball ball is held above and in contact with the tennis ball?.

genes

filaments

chromosomes

nucleotides

What are the small units that comprise nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are built of small units called nucleotides.

isotopes

noble gases

metalloids

chemical compounds

Minerals that are not pure elements are made of what?

Minerals that are not pure elements are made of chemical compounds. For example, the mineral quartz is made of the compound silicon dioxide, or SiO 2 . This compound has one atom of the element silicon for every two atoms of the element oxygen.

ions

cations

salts

acids

What can be classified as monoprotic or polyprotic based on the number of acidic hydrogens they contain?

Acids can be classified as monoprotic or polyprotic based on the number of acidic hydrogens they contain.

thymic zone

synthesis zone

fantasmic zone

photic zone

What is the top part of water able to receive enough sunlight for photosynthesis called?

Only the top 200 meters or so of water receive enough sunlight for photosynthesis. This part of the water is called the photic zone. Below 200 meters, there is too little sunlight for photosynthesis to take place. This part of the water is called the aphotic zone. In this zone, food must come from other sources. It may be made by chemosynthesis, in which microorganisms use energy in chemicals instead of sunlight to make food. Or, food may drift down from the water above.

density

color

temperature

speed

Different media affect what property of light?

The speed of light is different in different media.

aperture

aqueous humor

lens

retina

Signals from rods and cones can follow several different pathways in what structure of the eye?

modification

dissociation

acceptance

habituation

What is the term for getting used to something after being consistently exposed to it?

One of the simplest ways of learning that occurs in just about all animals is habituation. Habituation means learning to get used to something after being exposed to it repeatedly. It usually involves getting used to something that is frightening or annoying but not dangerous.

plutonium

boron

magnesium

uranium

What element do nuclear power plants use in fuel rods?

Nuclear power plants use uranium in fuel rods. The fuel rods become nuclear waste. Nuclear waste can be dangerous for hundreds of thousands of years.

skin

water

blood

all environments

Where on earth do bacteria live?

Prokaryotes include Bacteria and Archaea. An individual prokaryote consists of a single cell without a nucleus. Bacteria live in virtually all environments on Earth. Archaea live everywhere on Earth, including extreme environments.

Microwaves

abnormal

volcanic

seismic

What type of waves radiate energy out from an earthquake's focus?

Geologists study earthquake waves to “see” Earth's interior. Waves of energy radiate out from an earthquake’s focus. These are called seismic waves ( Figure below ). Seismic waves change speed as they move through different materials. This causes them to bend. Some seismic waves do not travel through liquids or gases. Scientists use all of this information to understand what makes up the Earth’s interior.

psychotherapy

metastasis

electrolysis

dialysis

What is a popular treatment for kidney failure?

Uncontrolled diabetes may damage capillaries of nephrons. As a result, the kidneys lose much of their ability to filter blood. This is called kidney failure . The only cure for kidney failure is a kidney transplant, but it can be treated with dialysis. Dialysis is a medical procedure in which blood is filtered through a machine (see Figure below ).

salts

proteins

platelets

iron ions

What is critical for the formation of hemoglobin?

Minerals Minerals in food are inorganic compounds that work with other nutrients to ensure the body functions properly. Minerals cannot be made in the body; they come from the diet. The amount of minerals in the body is small—only 4 percent of the total body mass—and most of that consists of the minerals that the body requires in moderate quantities: potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and chloride. The most common minerals in the body are calcium and phosphorous, both of which are stored in the skeleton and necessary for the hardening of bones. Most minerals are ionized, and their ionic forms are used in physiological processes throughout the body. Sodium and chloride ions are electrolytes in the blood and extracellular tissues, and iron ions are critical to the formation of hemoglobin. There are additional trace minerals that are still important to the body’s functions, but their required quantities are much lower. Like vitamins, minerals can be consumed in toxic quantities (although it is rare). A healthy diet includes most of the minerals your body requires, so supplements and processed foods can add potentially toxic levels of minerals. Table 24.5 and Table 24.6 provide a summary of minerals and their function in the body.

insulin and estrogen

serotonin and glucagon

testosterone and insulin

insulin and glucagon

Which hormones work together to control the level of glucose in the blood?

The pancreas is located near the stomach. Its hormones include insulin and glucagon. These two hormones work together to control the level of glucose in the blood. Insulin causes excess blood glucose to be taken up by the liver, which stores the glucose as glycogen. Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release it back into the blood. The pancreas also secretes digestive enzymes into the digestive tract.