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[ { "docid": "51522459#0", "text": "The Urals montane tundra and taiga ecoregion (WWF ID:PA0610) covers the main ridge of the Ural Mountains (both sides) - a 2,000 km (north-south) by 300 km (west-east) region. The region is on the divide between European and Asian ecoregions, and also the meeting point of tundra and taiga. It is in the Palearctic ecozone, and mostly in the Boreal forests/taiga ecoregion with a Humid continental climate, cool summer climate. It covers .", "title": "Urals montane tundra and taiga" }, { "docid": "9189548#0", "text": "The boreal forest or taiga of the North American continent stretches through a majority of Canada and most of central Alaska, extending spottily into the beginning of the Rocky Mountain range in Northern Montana and into New England and the Adirondack Mountains of New York. This habitat extends as far north as the tree line (replaced by the High Arctic tundra) and discontinues in mixed deciduous-coniferous forests to the south. The \"taiga\", as it is called there, of Eurasia occupies a similar range on those continents. Throughout the Northern Hemisphere, the boreal forest covers 2.3 million square miles, a larger area than the remaining Brazilian Amazon rain forest. Although it is largely forest, the boreal forests include a network of lakes, river valleys, wetlands, peat lands and semi-open tundra.\nOnly 8% of the Canadian boreal forest is protected and over 30% has already been designated for logging, energy and other development, much of it within the last decade. The U.S. is the leading importer of Canadian wood products as well as oil and gas, having purchased 20 billion dollars (approximately 80% of Canada's timber exports) worth of Canadian forest products in 2001. Presently trees being logged in the Boreal are primarily pulped and turned into disposable products such as toilet tissue, junk mail, and catalogs. Decisions will be made in the next several years regarding the remaining lands and where development will take place.", "title": "Birds of North American boreal forests" }, { "docid": "31302#2", "text": "A different use of the term taiga is often encountered in the English language, with \"boreal forest\" used in the United States and Canada to refer to only the more southerly part of the biome, while \"taiga\" is used to describe the more barren areas of the northernmost part of the biome approaching the tree line and the tundra biome. Hoffman (1958) discusses the origin of this differential use in North America and why it is an inappropriate differentiation of the Russian term. Although at high elevations taiga grades into alpine tundra through Krummholz, it is not exclusively an alpine biome; and unlike subalpine forest, much of taiga is lowlands.\nTaiga is the world's second-largest land biome, after deserts and xeric shrublands, covering or 11.5% of the land area of the Earth. The largest areas are located in Russia and Canada. The taiga is the terrestrial biome with the lowest annual average temperatures after the tundra and permanent ice caps. Extreme winter minimums in the northern taiga are typically lower than those of the tundra. The lowest reliably recorded temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere were recorded in the taiga of northeastern Russia. The taiga or boreal forest has a subarctic climate with very large temperature range between seasons, but the long and cold winter is the dominant feature. This climate is classified as \"Dfc\", \"Dwc\", \"Dsc\", \"Dfd\" and \"Dwd\" in the Köppen climate classification scheme, meaning that the short summer (24 h average 10 °C (50 °F) or more) lasts 1–3 months and always less than 4 months. In Siberian taiga the average temperature of the coldest month is between and . There are also some much smaller areas grading towards the oceanic \"Cfc\" climate with milder winters, whilst the extreme south and (in Eurasia) west of the taiga reaches into humid continental climates (\"Dfb\", \"Dwb\") with longer summers. The mean annual temperature generally varies from −5 °C to 5 °C (23 °F to 41 °F), but there are taiga areas in eastern Siberia and interior Alaska-Yukon where the mean annual reaches down to −10 °C (14 °F). According to some sources, the boreal forest grades into a temperate mixed forest when mean annual temperature reaches about 3 °C (37 °F). Discontinuous permafrost is found in areas with mean annual temperature below 0 °C, whilst in the \"Dfd\" and \"Dwd\" climate zones continuous permafrost occurs and restricts growth to very shallow-rooted trees like Siberian larch. The winters, with average temperatures below freezing, last five to seven months. Temperatures vary from −54 °C to 30 °C (−65 °F to 86 °F) throughout the whole year. The summers, while short, are generally warm and humid. In much of the taiga, −20 °C (−4 °F) would be a typical winter day temperature and 18 °C (64 °F) an average summer day.", "title": "Taiga" } ]

[ { "docid": "25702#15", "text": "Taiga the most extensive natural area of Russia - stretches from the western borders of Russia to the Pacific. It occupies the territory of the Eastern Europe and West Siberian plains to the north of 56 ° -58 ° N and most of the territory east of Yenisei River taiga forests reach the southern borders of Russia in Siberia taiga only accounts for over 60% of Russia. In the north-south direction the eastern taiga is divided (east of the Yenisei River), with a continental climate, and west, with a milder climate, in general, the climate zone is moist, moderately warm (cool in the north) in the summer and harsh winter, there is a steady snow cover in the winter. In the latitudinal direction, the taiga is divided into three subzones - northern, middle and southern taiga. In the western taiga dense spruce and fir forests on wetlands alternate with pine forests, shrubs, and meadows on the lighter soils. Such vegetation is typical of the eastern taiga, but it plays an important role not fir and larch. Coniferous forest, however, does not form a continuous array and sparse areas of birch, alder, willow (mainly in river valleys), the wetlands - marshes. Within the taiga are widespread fur-bearing animals - sable, marten, ermine, moose, brown bear, Wolverine, wolf, and muskrat.\nIn the taiga is dominated by podzolic and cryogenic taiga soils, characterized by clearly defined horizontal structure (only in the southern taiga there is sod-podzolic soil). Formed in a leaching regime, poor humus om. Groundwater is normally found in the forest close to the surface, washing calcium from the upper layers, resulting in the top layer of soil of the taiga discolored and oxidized. Few areas of the taiga, suitable for farming, are located mainly in the European part of Russia. Large areas are occupied by sphagnum marshes (here is dominated by podzolic-boggy soil). To enrich the soil for agricultural purposes should be making lime and other fertilizer.", "title": "Geography of Russia" }, { "docid": "51183397#0", "text": "The Sakhalin Island taiga ecoregion (WWF ID:PA0607) covers most of Sakhalin Island, the largest island in Russia, and which lies in the Pacific Ocean separated only by Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan. The region is one of taiga (coniferous and mixed broad leaf forest landscape, with mixed larch forests at the lower elevations and shrubs at higher elevations.) The vegetation is heavily influenced by a maritime climate that is relatively warmer than the colder continental taiga in Siberia to the west. A long, thin island (1,000  km by 200  km), Sakhalin is connected to the mainland by ice bridges in the winter, so it shares certain flora and fauna species. It is in the Palearctic ecozone, and mostly in the Boreal forests/taiga ecoregion with a Humid continental climate, cool summer climate. It covers .", "title": "Sakhalin Island taiga" }, { "docid": "51225243#0", "text": "The \"'Kamchatka-Kurile taiga’\" ecoregion (WWF ID:PA0604) is a \"conifer island\" in the middle of the Kamchatka Peninsula, along the Kamchatka River. It is the easternmost example of Siberian taiga. The region has unusual ecological conditions, a \"snow forest\" that combines low temperatures, high humidity and boreal forest with heavy snowfall. The local ecology is also affected by volcanic activity. The region is about 300 km long (north-south), and averages about 100 km west-east. It is in the Palearctic ecozone, and mostly in the Boreal forests/taiga ecoregion with a Humid continental climate, cool summer climate. It covers .", "title": "Kamchatka-Kurile taiga" }, { "docid": "1674160#7", "text": "The taiga vole's habitat stretches from northwestern Canada to Alaska. Fossils have been found as far south as Arkansas, Tennessee and Virginia, suggesting that the taiga voles cover a much smaller range now than in the past. Taiga vole fossils have been found south of where the Laurentide Ice Sheet once was during the late Pleistocene. Fossil evidence suggests that they moved northwest after the Wisconsin glaciation event. The taiga voles are mostly found today in boreal forests and tundra, which provides good evidence as to why fossils have been found so far south. Fossil specimens have been dated back to just before or just after the glacial maximum, when scientist believe that areas of the southern United States would have been covered by the boreal forests and tundra that the taiga vole prefers for habitat.", "title": "Taiga vole" }, { "docid": "51156827#1", "text": "The ecoregion covers an area about 700 km west-east by 1,200 km north-south, the north-south distance being extended by long narrow strips along the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk to the north, and down the spine of Sikhote-Alin to the south. The Amur River delta and Sikhote-Alin Mountains run through the center of the ecoregion, meeting at the Sea of Okhotsk and the Shantar Islands offshore. To the west is the Manchurian Mixed Forest ecoregion, an area of low hills with cover of pine and deciduous forest. The eastern edge is the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sakhalin Gulf. To the north is the East Siberian taiga ecoregion, a colder region of larch forest and less snow. The Ussuri broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion lies to the south, with warmer temperatures and mixed broadleaf forests.", "title": "Okhotsk-Manchurian taiga" }, { "docid": "51042605#1", "text": "The ecoregion covers an area about 1,800 km west-east by 1,000 km north-south. The western border is the Lena River; beyond that is the East Siberian taiga ecoregion. The eastern edge is the Kolyma River, beyond which farther east is the Bering tundra ecoregion. To the north is a strip Arctic coastal tundra about 100 km wide, the Northeast Siberian coastal tundra ecoregion. The Okhotsk Sea to the south completes the outline of the ecoregion, but internally the Verhkoyansk and Chersky mountains (which are in the \"Cherskii-Kolyma mountain tundra\" ecoregion) confines the ecoregion into valleys and lowlands.", "title": "Northeast Siberian taiga" }, { "docid": "22159418#0", "text": "Ulaan Taiga (, \"lit. \"red taiga\"\") is a mountain range in north-western Khövsgöl, Mongolia, between the Darkhad Valley and Mongolia's border with Tuva, Russia. The range covers parts of the Ulaan-Uul, Tsagaannuur and Bayanzürkh sums. Notable peaks include Mt. Lam Taiga (2619m) and Mt. Belchir (3351m). The Shishged River and the Delgermörön have their sources in this area. A part of the area along the border with Tuva has been put under natural protection.", "title": "Ulaan Taiga" }, { "docid": "51183397#2", "text": "Altitude zones play a large role in the types of forest cover. The island stretches north of Hokkaido, the northern major island of Japan, separated by 42 km. The mainland to the west is separated by the Sea of Okhotsk in the north, the Sea of Japan in the south, and the Tatar Strait at the narrowest point (8 km). To east is the Pacific Ocean, and to the north the Sea of Okhotsk.\nThe mountains are medium height (averaging 500 – 800 meters above sea level).", "title": "Sakhalin Island taiga" } ]

[ { "docid": "11636805#0", "text": "The Nobel Prize in Literature () is awarded annually by the Swedish Academy to authors for outstanding contributions in the field of literature. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Swedish Academy. The first Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded in 1901 to Sully Prudhomme of France. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, Prudhomme received 150,782 SEK, which is equivalent to 8,823,637.78 SEK in January 2018. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.", "title": "List of Nobel laureates in Literature" }, { "docid": "23385442#0", "text": "The Nobel Prize in Literature () is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, produced \"in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction\" (original Swedish: \"den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning\"). Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. It was not awarded in 2018, but two names will be awarded in 2019.", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" } ]

[ { "docid": "23385442#41", "text": "The Nobel Prize in Literature is not the only literary prize for which all nationalities are eligible. Other notable international literary prizes include the Neustadt International Prize for Literature, the Franz Kafka Prize, the Man Booker International Prize, and in the 1960s the Formentor Prix International. In contrast to the other prizes mentioned, the Neustadt International Prize is awarded biennially. The journalist Hephzibah Anderson has noted that the Man Booker International Prize \"is fast becoming the more significant award, appearing an ever more competent alternative to the Nobel\". The Man Booker International Prize \"highlights one writer's overall contribution to fiction on the world stage\" and \"has literary excellence as its sole focus\". Established in 2005, it is not yet possible to analyze its importance on potential future Nobel Prize in Literature laureates. Only Alice Munro (2009) has been awarded with both. The Neustadt International Prize for Literature is regarded as one of the most prestigious international literary prizes, often referred to as the American equivalent to the Nobel Prize. Like the Nobel or the Man Booker International Prize, it is awarded not for any one work, but for an entire body of work. It is frequently seen as an indicator of who may be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Gabriel García Márquez (1972 Neustadt, 1982 Nobel), Czesław Miłosz (1978 Neustadt, 1980 Nobel), Octavio Paz (1982 Neustadt, 1990 Nobel), Tomas Tranströmer (1990 Neustadt, 2011 Nobel) were first awarded the Neustadt International Prize for Literature before being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "33825#31", "text": "Soyinka was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1986, becoming the first African laureate. He was described as one \"who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence\". Reed Way Dasenbrock writes that the award of the Nobel Prize in Literature to Soyinka is \"likely to prove quite controversial and thoroughly deserved\". He also notes that \"it is the first Nobel Prize awarded to an African writer or to any writer from the 'new literatures' in English that have emerged in the former colonies of the British Empire.\" His Nobel acceptance speech, \"This Past Must Address Its Present\", was devoted to South African freedom-fighter Nelson Mandela. Soyinka's speech was an outspoken criticism of apartheid and the politics of racial segregation imposed on the majority by the Nationalist South African government. In 1986, he received the Agip Prize for Literature.", "title": "Wole Soyinka" }, { "docid": "11636805#1", "text": "As of 2017, the Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded to 114 individuals. When he received the award in 1958, Russian-born Boris Pasternak was forced to publicly reject the award under pressure from the government of the Soviet Union. In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre made known that he did not wish to accept the Nobel Prize in Literature, as he had consistently refused all official honors in the past. However the Nobel committee does not acknowledge refusals, and includes Pasternak and Sartre in its list of Nobel laureates.", "title": "List of Nobel laureates in Literature" }, { "docid": "27827075#64", "text": "García Márquez received the Nobel Prize in Literature on 8 December 1982 \"for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts\". His acceptance speech was entitled \"The Solitude of Latin America\". García Márquez was the first Colombian and fourth Latin American to win a Nobel Prize for Literature. After becoming a Nobel laureate, García Márquez stated to a correspondent: \"I have the impression that in giving me the prize, they have taken into account the literature of the sub-continent and have awarded me as a way of awarding all of this literature\".", "title": "Gabriel García Márquez" }, { "docid": "48413764#1", "text": "Asians have been the recipients of all six award categories: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economics. The first Asian recipient, Rabindranath Tagore, was awarded the Literature Prize in 1913. The most Nobel Prizes awarded to Asians in a single year was in 2014, when five Asians became laureates. The most recent Asian laureates, a Japanese scientist Tasuku Honjo and Iraqi Yazidi human rights activist Nadia Murad were awarded their prizes in 2018.", "title": "List of Asian Nobel laureates" }, { "docid": "11636805#2", "text": "Fourteen women have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, more than any other Nobel Prize with the exception of the Nobel Peace Prize. There have been four instances in which the award was given to two people (1904, 1917, 1966, 1974). There have been eight years in which the Nobel Prize in Literature was not awarded (1914, 1918, 1935, 1940–1943, 2018). The country with the most recipients of the Nobel Prize in Literature is France with 16, followed by the United States with 12 and the United Kingdom with 11.", "title": "List of Nobel laureates in Literature" }, { "docid": "23385442#21", "text": "In 1962, John Steinbeck received the Nobel Prize for Literature. The selection was heavily criticized, and described as \"one of the Academy's biggest mistakes\" in one Swedish newspaper. \"The New York Times\" asked why the Nobel committee gave the award to an author whose \"limited talent is, in his best books, watered down by tenth-rate philosophising\", adding, \"we think it interesting that the laurel was not awarded to a writer ... whose significance, influence and sheer body of work had already made a more profound impression on the literature of our age\". Steinbeck himself, when asked if he deserved the Nobel on the day of the announcement, replied: \"Frankly, no.\" In 2012 (50 years later), the Nobel Prize opened its archives and it was revealed that Steinbeck was a \"compromise choice\" among a shortlist consisting of Steinbeck, British authors Robert Graves and Lawrence Durrell, French dramatist Jean Anouilh and Danish author Karen Blixen. The declassified documents showed that he was chosen as the best of a bad lot: \"There aren't any obvious candidates for the Nobel prize and the prize committee is in an unenviable situation,\" wrote committee member Henry Olsson.", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "24002071#14", "text": "On 10 December 1909, Selma Lagerlöf won the Nobel Prize \"in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination, and spiritual perception that characterize her writings\", but the decision was preceded by harsh internal power struggle within the Swedish Academy, the body that awards the Nobel Prize in literature. During her acceptance speech, she remained humble and told a fantastic story of her father, as she visited him in heaven. In the story, she asks her father for help with the debt she owes and her father explains the debt is from all the people who supported her throughout her career. In 1904, the Academy had awarded her its great gold medal, and in 1914, she also became a member of the academy. For both the academy membership and her Nobel literature prize, she was the first woman to be so honored.\nIn 1991, she became the first woman to be depicted on a Swedish banknote, when the first 20-kronor note was released.", "title": "Selma Lagerlöf" } ]

[ { "docid": "649760#21", "text": "Treatment for hyperphosphatemia consists of treating the underlying disease, dialysis where appropriate, or oral administration of calcium carbonate, but not without first checking the serum calcium levels (these two levels are related). Administration of corticosteroids in gradually reduced doses (e.g., prednisolone) for 7–10 days is recommended by some specialists in cases of severe hemorrhagic effects. Organ-specific care and treatment are essential in cases of kidney, liver, or heart involvement.", "title": "Leptospirosis" } ]

[ { "docid": "13410143#12", "text": "\"Leptospira noguchii\" is another pathogenic bacteria that causes Leptospirosis. Leptospirosis can be transferred in a multitude of ways. Leptospirosis can transfer from animals to humans (zoonosis), humans to humans, or animals to animals via intake of contaminated body fluids, such as urine and blood. The disease is normally absorbed through the mucosal membranes of another animal or human and is excreted from the body in the urine. The infected individual can be asymptomatic or have very severe symptoms. In serious cases, kidney or liver failure, aseptic meningitis, and fatal pulmonary hemorrhages have occurred in humans.", "title": "Leptospira noguchii" }, { "docid": "15985948#8", "text": "Leptospirosis is a water contract disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospirabacterial. It is a disease that affects both humans and animals. The number of leptospirosis cases had steadily increased from 2011 (2,268 cases with 55 death) to 2015 (8,291 cases with 78 death) and 5,284 cases with 52 death in 2016. Leptospirosis can have important health impact and is a burden to the nation if not well controlled. Addressing leptospisoris includes maintain a clean environment and by not swimming or wading in water that might be contaminated with animal urine, or eliminating contact with potentially infected animals.", "title": "Health in Malaysia" }, { "docid": "649760#2", "text": "Ninety percent of cases of the disease are mild leptospirosis. The rest experience severe disease, which develops during the second stage or occurs as a single progressive illness. The classic form of severe leptospirosis is known as Weil's disease, which is characterized by liver damage (causing jaundice), kidney failure, and bleeding. Additionally, the heart and brain can be affected, meningitis of the outer layer of the brain, encephalitis of brain tissue with same signs and symptoms; and lung affected as the most serious and life-threatening of all leptospirosis complications. The infection is often incorrectly diagnosed due to the nonspecific symptoms.", "title": "Leptospirosis" }, { "docid": "649760#35", "text": "At least five important serovars exist in the United States and Canada, all of which cause disease in dogs:\nIn dogs when leptospirosis is caused by \"L. interrogans\" it may be referred to as \"canicola fever\". Leptospirosis should be strongly suspected and included as part of a differential diagnosis if the sclerae of a dog's eyes appear jaundiced (even slightly yellow). The absence of jaundice does not eliminate the possibility of leptospirosis, and its presence could indicate hepatitis or other liver pathology rather than leptospirosis. Vomiting, fever, failure to eat, reduced urine output, unusually dark or brown urine, and lethargy are also indications of the disease.", "title": "Leptospirosis" }, { "docid": "8430768#43", "text": "Leptospirosis, also known as field fever is an infection caused by \"Leptospira\". Symptoms can range from none to mild such as headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; to severe with bleeding from the lungs or meningitis. \"Leptospira\" is transmitted by both wild and domestic animals, most commonly by rodents. It is often transmitted by animal urine or by water or soil containing animal urine coming into contact with breaks in the skin, eyes, mouth, or nose.\nThe countries with the highest reported incidence are located in the Asia-Pacific region (Seychelles, India, Sri Lanka and Thailand) with incidence rates over 10 per 1000,000 people s well as in Latin America and the Caribbean (Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Jamaica, El Salvador, Uruguay, Cuba, Nicaragua and Costa Rica) However, the rise in global travel and eco-tourism has led to dramatic changes in the epidemiology of leptospirosis, and travelers from around the world have become exposed to the threat of leptospirosis. Despite decreasing prevalence of leptospirosis in endemic regions, previously non-endemic countries are now reporting increasing numbers of cases due to recreational exposure International travelers engaged in adventure sports are directly exposed to numerous infectious agents in the environment and now comprise a growing proportion of cases worldwide.", "title": "Globalization and disease" }, { "docid": "649760#8", "text": "House-bound domestic dogs have contracted leptospirosis, apparently from licking the urine of infected mice in the house. The type of habitats most likely to carry infective bacteria includes muddy riverbanks, ditches, gullies, and muddy livestock rearing areas where there is a regular passage of wild or farm mammals. The incidence of leptospirosis correlates directly with the amount of rainfall, making it seasonal in temperate climates and year-round in tropical climates.\nLeptospirosis also transmits via the semen of infected animals.", "title": "Leptospirosis" }, { "docid": "8008615#2", "text": "Swimming in the pool at the bottom of the falls is discouraged. This is due both to occasional rockfalls and to the bacterial disease called Leptospirosis, which causes severe flu-like symptoms. Leptospirosis is found in freshwater and is common in tropical climates. In Hawaii, rats and mice often carry the disease and can easily transfer it to humans through their urine.", "title": "Manoa Falls" }, { "docid": "649760#9", "text": "Humans become infected through contact with water, food, or soil that contains urine from these infected animals. This may happen by swallowing contaminated food or water or through skin contact. The disease is not known to spread between humans, and bacterial dissemination in convalescence is extremely rare in humans. Leptospirosis is common among water-sport enthusiasts in specific areas, as prolonged immersion in water promotes the entry of this bacterium. Surfers and whitewater paddlers are at especially high risk in areas that have been shown to contain these bacteria, and can contract the disease by swallowing contaminated water, splashing contaminated water into their eyes or nose, or exposing open wounds to infected water.\nIn tropical and semi tropical areas, like South and South-east Asia the disease is increasingly seen as epidemics after heavy rains, sometimes after flooding. Periods of heavy rain followed by days of little or no rain seemed to be the setting for leptospirosis epidemics in this part of the world. Most cases seemed to occur by cutaneous exposure of the legs while walking in stagnant water or moist soil. The presence of wounds or fissures on the legs are a risk factor for acquiring the infection.", "title": "Leptospirosis" }, { "docid": "2540987#14", "text": "Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus \"Leptospira\". Humans and dogs become infected through contact with water, food, or soil containing urine from infected animals. This may happen by swallowing contaminated food or water or through skin contact, especially with mucosal surfaces, such as the eyes or nose, or with broken skin. In dogs, transmission most commonly occurs by drinking puddle, pond, or ditch water contaminated by urine from infected wildlife such as squirrels or raccoons. The liver and kidney are most commonly damaged by leptospirosis. Vasculitis can occur, causing edema and potentially disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Myocarditis, pericarditis, meningitis, and uveitis are also possible sequelae.\nBrucellosis in dogs is caused by \"Brucella canis\". It is a sexually transmitted disease, but can also be spread through contact with aborted fetuses. The most common sign is abortion during the last trimester or stillbirth. Other symptoms include inflammation of the intervertebral disc and eye (uveitis), and inflammation of the testicle (orchitis) and prostate (prostatitis) in males.", "title": "Dog health" }, { "docid": "649760#13", "text": "Diagnosis of leptospirosis is confirmed with tests such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The MAT (microscopic agglutination test), a serological test, is considered the gold standard in diagnosing leptospirosis. As a large panel of different leptospira must be subcultured frequently, which is both laborious and expensive, it is underused, especially in developing countries.", "title": "Leptospirosis" } ]

[ { "docid": "44607#5", "text": "At the beginning of the 17th century, the right to print was strictly controlled in England. This was probably the reason why the first newspaper in the English language was printed in Rome by Joris Veseler around 1620. This followed the style established by Veseler's earlier Dutch paper \"Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c.\" However, when the English started printing their own papers in London, they reverted to the pamphlet format used by contemporary books. The publication of these newsbooks was suspended between 1632 and 1638 by order of the Star Chamber. After they resumed publication, the era of these newsbooks lasted until the publication of the \"Oxford Gazette\" in 1665.", "title": "History of British newspapers" } ]

[ { "docid": "30993324#3", "text": "In 1869, the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" published what is regarded as the first Sunday magazine, and the \"Chicago Inter Ocean\" added color to its supplement. \"The New York Times Magazine\" was published on September 6, 1896, and it contained the first photographs ever printed in that newspaper. During the 1890s, publications were inserted into Joseph Pulitzer's \"New York World\" and William Randolph Hearst's \"New York Journal\". Hearst had the eight-page \"Women's Home Journal\" and the 16-page \"Sunday American Magazine\", which later became \"The American Weekly\". In November 1896, Morrill Goddard, editor of the \"New York Journal\" from 1896 to 1937, launched Hearst's Sunday magazine, later commenting, \"Nothing is so stale as yesterday's newspaper, but \"The American Weekly\" may be around the house for days or weeks and lose none of its interest.\"", "title": "Sunday magazine" }, { "docid": "3494738#103", "text": "The first Spanish-language newspapers in the United States were \"El Misisipí\" and \"El Mensagero Luisianés\", which began publication in New Orleans in 1808 and 1809. \"La Gaceta de Texas\" and \"El Mexicano\", the first newspapers in what is now considered the Southwest, were written and typeset in Nacogdoches, Texas but printed in Natchitoches, Louisiana in 1813. They supported the Mexican independence movement.", "title": "History of American newspapers" }, { "docid": "662134#6", "text": "Letterpress printing was introduced in Canada in 1752 in Halifax, Nova Scotia by John Bushell in the newspaper format. This paper was named the Halifax Gazette and became Canada's first newspaper. Bushell apprenticed under Bartholomew Green in Boston. Green moved to Halifax in 1751 in hopes of starting a newspaper, as it did not exist in the area. Two weeks and a day after the press he was going to use for this new project arrived in Halifax, Green died. Upon receiving word about what happened, Bushell moved to Halifax and continued what Green had started. The Halifax Gazette was first published on March 23, 1752, making Bushell the first letterpress printer in Halifax, and eventually Canada. There is only one known surviving copy which was found in the Massachusetts Historical Society.", "title": "Letterpress printing" }, { "docid": "1821883#2", "text": "The collections of the AAS contain over three million books, pamphlets, newspapers, periodicals, graphic arts materials and manuscripts. The Society is estimated to hold copies of two-thirds of the total books known to have been printed in what is now the United States from the establishment of the first press in 1640 through the year 1820; many of these volumes are exceedingly rare and a number of them are unique. Historic materials from all fifty U.S. states, most of Canada and the British West Indies are included in the AAS repository. One of the more famous volumes held by the Society is a copy of the very first book printed in America, the Bay Psalm Book. AAS also has one of the largest collections of newspapers printed in America through 1876, with more than two million issues in its collection.", "title": "American Antiquarian Society" }, { "docid": "1965416#2", "text": "Its first issue was published on September 6, 1896, and contained the first photographs ever printed in the newspaper. In the early decades it was a section of the broadsheet paper and not an insert as it is today. The creation of a \"serious\" Sunday magazine was part of a massive overhaul of the newspaper instigated that year by its new owner, Adolph Ochs, who also banned fiction, comic strips and gossip columns from the paper, and is generally credited with saving \"The New York Times\" from financial ruin. In 1897, the magazine published a 16-page spread of photographs documenting Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, a \"costly feat\" that resulted in a wildly popular issue and helped boost the magazine to success.", "title": "The New York Times Magazine" }, { "docid": "22112840#15", "text": "The emergence of the new media in the 17th century has to be seen in close connection with the spread of the printing press from which the publishing press derives its name. The German-language \"Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien\", printed from 1605 onwards by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg, is often recognized as the first newspaper. At the time, Strasbourg was a free imperial city in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation; the first newspaper of modern Germany was the \"Avisa\", published in 1609 in Wolfenbüttel.", "title": "Newspaper" }, { "docid": "22112840#19", "text": "In 1752, John Bushell published the \"Halifax Gazette\", which claims to be \"Canada's first newspaper.\" However, its official descendant, the \"Royal Gazette\", is a government publication for legal notices and proclamations rather than a proper newspaper; In 1764, the \"Quebec Gazette\" was first printed 21 June 1764 and remains the oldest continuously published newspaper in North America as the \"Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph\". It is currently published as an English-language weekly from its offices at 1040 Belvédère, suite 218, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. In 1808, the \"Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro\" had its first edition, printed in devices brought from England, publishing news favourable for the government of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves since it was produced by the official press service of the Portuguese crown.", "title": "Newspaper" }, { "docid": "45265915#81", "text": "The first daily newspaper in the city, the \"Journal de Paris\", began publication on 1 January 1777. It was four pages long, printed on small sheets of paper, and focused on local news, and what was allowed by the royal censors. The press did not emerge as a force in Parisian life until 1789 and the Revolution, when censorship was abolished. Serious publications, such as the \"Journal des Débats\" appeared, along with thousands of short pamphlets, addressing the current topics of the day, and often virulent in their language. The period of press freedom did not last for long; in 1792 Robespierre and the Jacobins restored censorship and closed opposition newspapers and printing houses. Strict censorship was retained by governments that followed. Freedom of the press was not restored until the second half of the 19th century.", "title": "Paris in the 18th century" }, { "docid": "15928#15", "text": "As mass-printing technologies like the printing press spread, newspapers were established to provide increasingly literate audiences with news. The first references to privately-owned newspaper publishers in China date to the late Ming dynasty in 1582. Johann Carolus's \"Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien\", published in 1605 in Strassburg, is often recognized as the first newspaper in Europe. The first successful English daily, the \"Daily Courant\", was published from 1702 to 1735. While journalistic enterprises were started as private ventures in some regions, such as The Holy Roman Empire and the British Empire, other countries such as France and Prussia kept tighter control of the press, treating it primarily as an outlet for government propaganda and subjecting it to uniform censorship. Other governments, such as the Russian Empire, were even more distrusting of journalistic press and effectively banned journalistic publications until the mid-19th century. As newspaper publication became a more and more established practice, publishers would increase publication to a weekly or daily rate. Newspapers were more heavily concentrated in cities that were centers of trade, such as Amsterdam, London, and Berlin. The first newspapers in Latin America would be established in the mid-to-late 19th century.", "title": "Journalism" }, { "docid": "36897421#2", "text": "The very first newspaper to be published in North America by the Icelandic immigrant population was handwritten by Jon Gudmundsson in 1876, and was called \"Nýi Þjóðólfur\". In 1877, the first edition of a newspaper printed on a printing press, \"Framfari\" was published on September 1 at Lundi. The need for Icelandic language publications was felt keenly by the immigrants, who felt it important from the beginning to preserve both their language and their culture. This was followed by \"Leifur\" and several other publications.", "title": "Lögberg-Heimskringla" } ]

[ { "docid": "455909#34", "text": "A children's novel \"Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH\"\nby Robert C. O'Brien, published in 1971, features a society of intelligent rats that had presumably escaped from a laboratory at NIMH. The novel was later adapted into a critically acclaimed animated feature film entitled \"The Secret of NIMH\" by animator and director Don Bluth. The book was followed by a sequel in 1986, \"Racso and the Rats of NIMH\".", "title": "National Institute of Mental Health" }, { "docid": "9265197#18", "text": "\"Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH\", by Robert C. O'Brien and published in 1971, was inspired by Calhoun's work. The book later inspired an animated film, \"The Secret of NIMH\".", "title": "John B. Calhoun" }, { "docid": "1063412#0", "text": "Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH is a 1971 children's book by Robert C. O'Brien, with illustrations by Zena Bernstein. The winner of the 1972 Newbery Medal, the story was adapted for film in 1982 as \"The Secret of NIMH\".", "title": "Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH" }, { "docid": "558970#0", "text": "The Secret of NIMH is a 1982 American animated dark fantasy adventure film directed by Don Bluth in his directorial debut. It is an adaptation of Robert C. O'Brien's 1971 children's novel \"Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH\". The film was produced by Aurora Productions and released by MGM/UA Entertainment Company for United Artists and features the voices of Elizabeth Hartman, Dom DeLuise, Arthur Malet, Derek Jacobi, Hermione Baddeley, John Carradine, Peter Strauss, and Paul Shenar. The \"Mrs. Frisby\" name in the novel had to be changed to \"Mrs. Brisby\" during production due to trademark concerns with Frisbee discs. It was followed in 1998 by a direct-to-video sequel called \"\", which was made without Bluth's involvement or input. In 2015, a CGI/live action remake was reported to be in the works.", "title": "The Secret of NIMH" } ]

[ { "docid": "8144412#5", "text": "After the completion of \"Banjo\", the studio moved out of Bluth's house and into a two-story facility in nearby Studio City. The studio's first commission was to produce a two-minute animated sequence for the song “Don't Walk Away” in the live-action musical \"Xanadu\". The brief sequence might ordinarily have taken four or five months to produce; Bluth's studio completed it in under three. The studio then started work on its first feature film, an adaptation of the Newbery Medal-winning children's book \"Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH\". Backed by Aurora Productions, \"The Secret of NIMH\" started production in 1980 and was completed in 1982. Though generally well received by critics, who praised the richness and fluidity of the animation, some found the narrative unsatisfying. \"The Secret of NIMH\" returned only a modest box office performance, which was blamed on distributor MGM/UA's poor promotion, regionally staggered releases and competition from \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\", which had been released the previous month (which most likely brought \"NIMH\" nearly into obscurity). Between this and an industry-wide animators strike in 1982, the studio found itself in financial trouble and filed for bankruptcy.", "title": "Sullivan Bluth Studios" }, { "docid": "558970#20", "text": "\"The Secret of NIMH\" received widespread critical acclaim upon its release and continues to be hailed as one of the greatest animated films of all time. It received a 96% \"Fresh\" approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 23 reviews with the consensus that \"\"The Secret of NIMH\" is a dark, well-told tale that respects its young audience enough to not tone down its subject matter.\" Critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert gave the movie two positive \"yes\" votes on a July 15, 1982, episode of their television program \"Sneak Previews\" with Ebert stating \"Walt Disney would've liked \"The Secret of NIMH\".\" Ebert would give \"Secret of NIMH\" three out of four stars in his review for the \"Chicago Sun-Times\", calling it \"an artistic success\", praising the quality of its animation, and that it \"contains that absolute rarity among feature-length animated cartoons, an interesting premise\". However, Ebert found that \"NIMH\" may not resonate as well on an emotional level with younger viewers, since \"it has so many characters and involves them in so many different problems that there's nobody for the kids in the audience to strongly identify with.\" Siskel, writing for the \"Chicago Tribune\", found the movie \"charming\", but stated that the narrative was \"littered with too many unimportant characters\" and that Dom DeLuise \"insert[ed] too much of himself\" into the character of Jeremy. Despite this, Siskel found the film, particularly the second half, to be a \"genuine pleasure\", and felt that even adults will be drawn into the story by the end, giving it three stars out of four. In his review for the 1990 VHS re-release, Jeff Unger of \"Entertainment Weekly\" gave \"The Secret of NIMH\" a grade of \"A\", calling it \"a wonderful adaptation\" of the original book, adding that \"Bluth and his animators, bless them, chose to revive an endangered art form – classically detailed animation. They drew their characters exquisitely and gave them individual personalities. The entire ensemble – artists, actors, animals, and musicians – created something unique: the world's first enjoyable rat race.\" Similarly, Richard Corliss of \"Time\" magazine called the movie \"something gorgeous to look at\".\n\"The Secret of NIMH\" won Best Animated Film of 1982 at the 10th annual Saturn Awards, where it also received a nomination for Best Fantasy Film, losing to \"The Dark Crystal\". In his acceptance speech, Bluth remarked, \"Thanks. We didn't think anyone had noticed.\" The film was also nominated for Best Family Feature for Animation, Musical or Fantasy at the 4th annual Youth in Film Awards, being beaten by \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\", while the home video release received an Award of Excellence from the Film Advisory Board. In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Animation Films list.", "title": "The Secret of NIMH" }, { "docid": "6142128#2", "text": "In 1982, \"Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH\" became the basis for the animated film \"The Secret of NIMH\", directed by Don Bluth. In 1998, a film sequel to \"The Secret of NIMH\", called \"\" was released. The sequel has no connection to Jane Leslie Conly's sequel, \"Racso and the Rats of NIMH\", but did have a connection with Mrs. Frisby (the story about the six missing mice). It is recently announced that a live-action/animated reboot is in development.", "title": "Rats of NIMH" }, { "docid": "2730049#0", "text": "The Secret of NIMH 2: Timmy to the Rescue is a 1998 American direct-to-video animated adventure film produced by MGM Animation and the sequel to the 1982 animated film \"The Secret of NIMH\". In the film, Timothy Brisby, the youngest son of Jonathan and Mrs. Brisby, goes to Thorn Valley wanting to become a hero like his father. Martin is missing and it is up to Timmy and his partner Jenny to confront him and get the rats back. At Thorn Valley, Timothy learns from a young girl mouse named Jenny that the mice who were presumed to have been killed during the escape from NIMH are still alive, so he and the rats mount a rescue operation.", "title": "The Secret of NIMH 2: Timmy to the Rescue" }, { "docid": "6756878#1", "text": "Her first own book, \"Racso and the Rats of NIMH\", was published in 1986, and is a sequel to her father's \"Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH\". She graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in 1966 and from Smith College in 1971. Her \"Crazy Lady!\" won the Newbery Honor. She lives in Baltimore, Maryland with her family: Peter, her husband; Eliza, her daughter; and Will, her son.", "title": "Jane Leslie Conly" }, { "docid": "1063412#11", "text": "In 1982, the animated film \"The Secret of NIMH\" was released, directed by Don Bluth. The film adds a mystical element completely absent from the novel, with Nicodemus portrayed as a wise, bearded old wizard with magic powers and an enchanted amulet, rather than an equal of the other rats. The character of Jenner is made a villain who is still present with the rats, rather than having left them before the story begins. The crow Jeremy has much greater prominence as comic relief in the film than he has in the book. Additionally, the Frisby family name was changed to \"Brisby\" to avoid trademark infringement with the Frisbee.", "title": "Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH" }, { "docid": "558970#8", "text": "Before they started making \"Banjo\", artist and story writer Ken Anderson had been getting into \"Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH\", which he called \"a wonderful story\". He gave the book to Bluth for him to read and make a film out of after Bluth finished the animation direction of \"Pete's Dragon\". Bluth later showed \"NIMH\" to Disney animation director Wolfgang Reitherman, who turned down Bluth's offers to make a movie based on the book, stating, \"We've already got a mouse [named Mickey Mouse,] and we've done a mouse movie [called \"The Rescuers\"].\" However, Bluth also presented the novel to the other staff that would work for Don Bluth Productions later on, and they all loved it. Two months later, former Disney executive James L. Stewart, who now had started Aurora Productions, called Goldman and told him about Anderson's idea of making a film based on \"NIMH\". At Bluth, Goldman and Pomeroy's request, Aurora Productions acquired the film rights and offered Don Bluth Productions a budget of US$5.7 million and 30 months to complete the film, tighter in both budget and schedule than most Disney animated features at the time.", "title": "The Secret of NIMH" } ]

[ { "docid": "24458#3", "text": "PVC was accidentally synthesized in 1872 by German chemist Eugen Baumann. The polymer appeared as a white solid inside a flask of vinyl chloride that had been left exposed to sunlight. In the early 20th century the Russian chemist Ivan Ostromislensky and Fritz Klatte of the German chemical company Griesheim-Elektron both attempted to use PVC in commercial products, but difficulties in processing the rigid, sometimes brittle polymer thwarted their efforts. Waldo Semon and the B.F. Goodrich Company developed a method in 1926 to plasticize PVC by blending it with various additives. The result was a more flexible and more easily processed material that soon achieved widespread commercial use.", "title": "Polyvinyl chloride" }, { "docid": "1019168#1", "text": "Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was discovered by French physicist Henri Victor Regnault, and German physicist Eugen Baumann. Klatte designed the production process, although never successfully commercialised it. Klatte is sometimes incorrectly attributed to be the discoverer or inventor of PVC.", "title": "Fritz Klatte" } ]

[ { "docid": "2926948#1", "text": "In 1912, the first patents for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were founded in Britain and Germany. It was not until the early 1930s that PVC was able to be produced cheaply, limiting its marketable applications for the time. World War II helped make the substance popular, as manufacturers used it to make an assortment of items for soldiers. It was here that PVC’s water resistance was shown to be an important property, and tools made from PVC were used in many marine applications. After the war, PVC was not a popular choice of materials in the marine industry due to its density. In the 1970s, the need for a strong, moisture-resistant material led to plastic manufactures working with PVC to make it lighter. This led to the creation of PVC foamboard, by combining PVC with polyurea at the molecular level.", "title": "Closed-cell PVC foamboard" }, { "docid": "24328987#1", "text": "Scientific Anglers was founded in 1945 in Midland, Michigan. Scientific Anglers' notable developments include the introduction of PVC coated designs of contemporary floating fly lines in 1952 and the development of sinking fly lines in 1960. Their introduction of PVC coated fly lines was largely responsible for the decline of the old line sizing system that used letters—HCH—to designate the taper and weight of silk fly lines. Because PVC coated lines were significantly different from silk lines, a new system evolved that identified lines with their grain weight in the first 30 feet of line (i.e. 5 wgt) and a two letter designation—DT (Double Taper), (ST-Single Taper) or (WF-Weight Forward) to identify the line taper.", "title": "Scientific Anglers" }, { "docid": "5004742#6", "text": "PVC or polyvinyl chloride production dates back to the 19th century but began being widely used in the 1950s when companies discovered its versatility. By the 1980s, 20 companies were producing PVC. The advancements in chemical makeup made the material ideal for construction. Its low cost, durability, and processability made it a widely used product outside of construction into markets like IT, healthcare, and transportation The market for PVC extended out of construction into beauty products like aerosol hairspray. PVC was largely deemed harmless until four workers died of angiosarcoma in a PVC production factory in Louisville, Kentucky. After this, the vinyl industry developed a standard of one part per million (1ppm) as the acceptable level during the production of PVC and also removed PVC from hairspray products (award of commendation article). The Vinyl Institute claimed that only resin workers were at risk during the production and that the new (1ppm) standard protected against that.", "title": "Blue Vinyl" }, { "docid": "38307748#3", "text": "The plastics were used in clothing since its invention, particularly in raincoats. But PVC clothing became more noted in the 1960s and early 1970s fashion trend. The fashion designers of that era saw the PVC plastic as the ideal material to design futuristic clothes. During that era, boots, raincoats, dresses and other PVC garments were made in many colors and even transparent and worn in public areas to some degrees. At that time it was also common to see PVC clothes on films and TV series such as The Avengers, for example. And since then these shiny plastic clothes became a fetish object.", "title": "PVC clothing" }, { "docid": "7804521#14", "text": "In UK domestic architecture, guttering is often made from UPVC sections. The first PVC pipes were introduced in the 1930s for use in sanitary drainage systems. Polyethylene was developed in 1933. The first pressurised plastic drinking water pipes were installed in the Netherlands in the 1950s. During the 1960s rain water pipes, guttering and down pipes using plastic materials were introduced followed by PVC soil systems which became viable with the introduction of ring seals. A British Standard was launched for soil systems, local authorities started to specify PVC systems. By 1970 plastic rainwater systems accounted for over 60% of new installations. A European Standard EN607 has existed since 2004.", "title": "Rain gutter" }, { "docid": "38307748#5", "text": "Fashion designers such as Jean Paul Gaultier, Yves Saint Laurent, Pierre Cardin and André Courrèges have used PVC in their collections. Since 2010, the PVC has been the target of fashion not only for the female public but also to the male public.PVC clothing requires some care to make it last longer and maintain its appearance.\nIt is known that PVC clothes are made with a fabric covered with a plastic layer. For this reason, the PVC clothes should not be over-stretched, to avoid damage to the plastic layer.\nWhen excessively stretching the clothing, the plastic layer can lose its smooth texture and stay striated, losing also part of the original shine, and may even tear.", "title": "PVC clothing" }, { "docid": "14445747#0", "text": "PVC-1 is a 2007 Colombian drama film directed by Spiros Stathoulopoulos. The plot was inspired by a true story about a pipe bomb improvised explosive device (IED) that was placed around the neck of an extortion victim. The name came from the PVC pipes used for the explosive device. This directorial debut premiered at the Cannes International Film Festival in 2007 as an official selection of the Directors' Fortnight. The 84-minute film was shot in one single continuous take without cuts using a Glidecam Smooth Shooter and a Glidecam 2000 Pro camera stabilization system. The film won numerous awards at the International Thessaloniki Film Festival.", "title": "PVC-1" }, { "docid": "43982#22", "text": "Plastic pipe is in wide use for domestic water supply and drain-waste-vent (DWV) pipe. Principal types include:\nPolyvinyl chloride (PVC) was produced experimentally in the 19th century but did not become practical to manufacture until 1926, when Waldo Semon of BF Goodrich Co. developed a method to plasticize PVC, making it easier to process. PVC pipe began to be manufactured in the 1940s and was in wide use for Drain-Waste-Vent piping during the reconstruction of Germany and Japan following WWII. In the 1950s, plastics manufacturers in Western Europe and Japan began producing acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) pipe. The method for producing cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) was also developed in the 1950s. Plastic supply pipes have become increasingly common, with a variety of materials and fittings employed.", "title": "Plumbing" } ]

[ { "docid": "34643#2", "text": "In China, the Jin dynasty, which had united the nation prior in 280, began to quickly face troubles by the start of the century due to political infighting, which led to the opportunistic insurrections of the northern barbarian tribes (starting the Sixteen Kingdoms period), which quickly overwhelmed the empire, forcing the Jin court to retreat and entrench itself in the south past the Yangtze river, starting what is known as the Eastern Jin dynasty around 317. \nTowards the end of the century, Emperor of the Former Qin, Fu Jiān, united the north under his banner, and planned to conquer the Jin dynasty in the south, so as to finally reunite the land, but was decisively defeated at the Battle of Fei River in 383, causing massive unrest and civil war in his empire, thereby leading to the fall of the Former Qin, and the continued existence of the Eastern Jin dynasty.", "title": "4th century" }, { "docid": "34742#2", "text": "In China, the period known as the Sixteen Kingdoms, where various barbarian tribes formed their own kingdoms, persisted. After the fall of the Former Qin towards the end of the previous century, the north of China was eventually once again reunited by Northern Wei in 439. Meanwhile, in the Eastern Jin dynasty, the Jin statesman and general Liu Yu started consolidating his power and eventually forced the last Emperor of the Jin dynasty, Emperor Gong of Jin, to abdicate to him in 420, creating the (Liu) Song dynasty, which was also the starting point of the period known as the Northern and Southern dynasties.", "title": "5th century" }, { "docid": "166408#12", "text": "The Tang dynasty lasted for three centuries before it eventually succumbed to internal strife. In the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907–960) that followed, Kaifeng in eastern Henan became the capital of four dynasties. The Song dynasty that reunified China in 982 also had its capital at Kaifeng. Under Song rule, China entered another era of culture and prosperity, and Kaifeng overtook Luoyang and Chang'an as the largest city in China and in the world. In 1127, however, the Song dynasty succumbed to Jurchen (Jin dynasty) invaders from the north in the Jin–Song war, and in 1142 ceded all of northern China, including Henan. The Song government moved its capital to Hangzhou in Southern China, which, under the Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279) continued to enjoy relative economic and culture prosperity. A prolonged period of peace and cultural and economic prosperity in the Yangtze River delta \"Jiangnan\" region (modern southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang, and Shanghai) made this the new center of Chinese culture and economy.", "title": "Henan" }, { "docid": "521930#1", "text": "One might incorrectly infer from viewing historical timelines that transitions between dynasties occur abruptly and smoothly. Rather, dynasties were often established before the complete overthrow of an existing reign, or continued for a time after they had been effectively defeated. For example, the conventional date 1645 marks the year in which the Qing dynasty armies overthrew the preceding Ming dynasty, according to the dynastic cycle of China. However, the Qing dynasty was established in 1636 (or even 1616, albeit under a different name), while the last Ming dynasty pretender was not deposed until 1663. This change of ruling houses was a messy and prolonged affair, and the Qing took almost twenty years to extend their control over the whole of China. It is therefore inaccurate to assume China changed suddenly and all at once in the year 1645.", "title": "Dynasties in Chinese history" } ]

[ { "docid": "8616149#1", "text": "The Sui Dynasty united China in AD 589, defeating the Chen Dynasty and ending the division of the country that spanned almost 300 years. After the unification of China, Sui asserted its position as an overlord of neighbouring countries. However, in Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, Pyeongwon and his successor Yeongyang insisted on maintaining an equal relationship with the Sui Dynasty.", "title": "Goguryeo–Sui War" }, { "docid": "72664#6", "text": "The Qin dynasty unified China in 221 BC. The Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 220) ruled the area under two provinces (\"zhou\"), You Prefecture in the north and Ji Province in the south. At the end of the Han dynasty, most of Hebei came under the control of warlords Gongsun Zan in the north and Yuan Shao further south; Yuan Shao emerged victorious of the two, but he was soon defeated by rival Cao Cao (based further south, in modern-day Henan) in the Battle of Guandu in 200. Hebei then came under the rule of the Kingdom of Wei (one of the Three Kingdoms), established by the descendants of Cao Cao.\nAfter the invasions of northern nomadic peoples at the end of the Western Jin dynasty, the chaos of the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern dynasties ensued. Hebei, firmly in North China and right at the northern frontier, changed hands many times, being controlled at various points in history by the Later Zhao, Former Yan, Former Qin, and Later Yan. The Northern Wei reunified northern China in 440, but split in half in 534, with Hebei coming under the eastern half (first the Eastern Wei; then the Northern Qi), which had its capital at Ye (), near modern Linzhang, Hebei. The Sui dynasty again unified China in 589.", "title": "Hebei" }, { "docid": "7865267#5", "text": "After the Tang dynasty was ousted by the Later Liang (Five Dynasties) in northern China, China split in different Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The Emperors of Later Liang in Northern Central China and the Southern Han in Southern China both claimed to be the sole legitimate Emperors of China. The Jiedushi Khúc Thừa Mỹ (Qu Changmei) chose to recognize the Later Liang in Northern Central China as the legitimate rulers and acknowledged themselves as part of the Later Liang and resisted and fought against the Southern Han. Jiaozhi did not declared independence.", "title": "Third Chinese domination of Vietnam" }, { "docid": "74134#3", "text": "After the collapse of a united China under the Han dynasty in 220 due in large part to the Yellow Turban and the Five Pecks of Rice rebellions, China eventually coalesced into the Three Kingdoms. Of these, Cao Wei was the strongest, followed by Eastern Wu and Shu Han, but they were initially in a relatively stable formation. After a 249 coup by Sima Yi, the Sima family essentially controlled Cao Wei and the conquest of Shu by Wei rapidly followed.", "title": "Northern and Southern dynasties" }, { "docid": "51320#91", "text": "Qin Shi Huangdi ruled the unified China directly with absolute power. In contrast to the decentralized and feudal rule of earlier dynasties the Qin set up a number of 'commandries' around the country which answered directly to the emperor. Nationwide the philosophy of legalism was enforced and publications promoting rival ideas such as Confucianism were prohibited. In his reign unified China created the first continuous Great Wall with the use of forced labor. Invasions were launched southward to annex Vietnam. After the emperor's death rebels rose against the Qin's brutal reign in new civil wars. Ultimately the Han Dynasty arose and ruled China for over four centuries in what accounted for a long period in prosperity, with a brief interruption by the Xin Dynasty. The Han Dynasty played a great role in developing the Silk Road which would transfer wealth and ideas for millennia, and also invented paper. Though the Han enjoyed great military and economic success it was strained by the rise of aristocrats who disobeyed the central government. Public frustration provoked the Yellow Turban Rebellion – though a failure it nonetheless accelerated the empire's downfall. After 208 AD the Han Dynasty broke up into rival kingdoms. China would remain divided until 581 under the Sui Dynasty, during the era of division Buddhism would be introduced to China for the first time.", "title": "Ancient history" }, { "docid": "1635640#6", "text": "The Tang dynasty (618–907) oversaw the next golden age of China. As the Tang dynasty ended, China was torn apart in the period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. During this time, a second major wave of immigration arrived in the safe haven of Fujian, led by general Wang, who set up an independent Kingdom of Min with its capital in Fuzhou. After the death of the founding king, however, the kingdom suffered from internal strife, and was soon swallowed up by Southern Tang, another southern kingdom.", "title": "Fujian Province, Republic of China" }, { "docid": "105032#11", "text": "The Sui dynasty reestablished unity in 589, and the Tang dynasty (618-907) presided over the next golden age of China. For the earlier part of this period Shandong was ruled as part of Henan Circuit, one of the circuits (a political division). Later on China splintered into warlord factions, resulting in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Shandong was part of the Five Dynasties, all based in the north.", "title": "Shandong" } ]

[ { "docid": "3626422#0", "text": "Yuri becomes the king of a nation where all of the citizens are demons, but they appear indistinguishable from humans. Their only distinguishing traits are their long lives and the ability to use magic. The people of the Demon Tribe are able to make a pact with an element after which they can then use magic of that element. Covenant Castle is in the capital of the Demon Kingdom. It is the residence of the demon king. The culture of The Great Demon Kingdom is very different from the Japanese culture Yuri is accustomed to, and the differences make for amusing mishaps with long ranging consequences, such as an accidental proposal of marriage.", "title": "Kyo Kara Maoh!" }, { "docid": "2257264#14", "text": "On Demon Island, the two groups have to defeat the demon king's Devas. The first two are played by real-life people who work for the company. One of them turns out to be Myriah (using the form of the demon Pristina), and she faces off with the party of Il-Barn, Capri, Boromir, and Ah-Dol. On the other hand, just as they (Lotto, Yureka, Aradon, and Olios) are about to lose, Basara appears and proceeds to kill the masked Deva. Lotto makes a deal with Basara which he (Basara) agrees to. The deal is that Basara can kill all the monsters and that they (Lotto, Yureka, Aradon, and Olios) will finish off his \"leftovers\" or complete the quest if Basara were to die. They continue on to meet the next Deva—Cube. Roto then leaves Basara to fight Cube and heads for the entrance to the demon king's room along with Yureka, Aradon, and Olios. Basara stops him from doing so, causing Lotto to fall. Yureka jumps down to save Lotto. As Basara is turned to stone by Cube, Aradon and Olios leave Lotto and Yureka to fight Cube.", "title": "ID eNTITY" }, { "docid": "24710432#2", "text": "The demons form a large community, and are led by a king named Wesamuni (also referred to as Wessamony in some sources). Wesamuni is feared by all the demons and he rules them with an iron fist. Any wrongdoing is punished severely, often by death. There are 32 torturous punishments he can hand out, including boiling, roasting, impaling, and pouring molten metal down the offender's throat. King Wesamuny has a magical golden sword which can fly out of his hand, behead a thousand \"with the rapidity of lightning\" and return to his hand again, all of its own accord.", "title": "Demons of Sri Lanka" }, { "docid": "250055#0", "text": "Asmodeus (; , \"Asmodaios\") or Ashmedai (; , \"ʾAšmədʾāy\", Ashema Deva; see below for other variations) is a \"king of demons\", or in Judeo-Islamic lore the king of the earthly spirits (shedim/jinn), mostly known from the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit, in which he is the primary antagonist. In the Binsfeld's classification of demons, Asmodeus represents Lust. The demon is also mentioned in some Talmudic legends; for instance, in the story of the construction of the Temple of Solomon.", "title": "Asmodeus" } ]

[ { "docid": "11780186#28", "text": "As one of the twelve he is King over all Sorcerers. He rules over the Underworld and is leader of the demons in the human realm. He is also the Father of Sheyshen and the Sorcerer of the Dark. Taorun confronted him with a proposal and promises of control over all the human realm if he joined the Demon Emperor's alliance. He accepted, and was offered a dozen demon nobility beads to help increase all the Twelve Sorcerers powers in order to help stall Hyacia. After immobilizing Hyacia, the Sorcerer King starts to absorb her power, supposedly if he is successful, his abilities would rival that of Demon Emperor and the Heavenly Emperor. He swallows the Soul-Scattering Hammer when Sheyshen tries to use it on him, adding the power of the first four Demon Emperors that were trapped inside the hammer to his own. Even after becoming drunk on the powers of the demon nobility, the Sorcerer King still cares for his two children, telling them to leave the battlefield when he starts to truly fight Rey Yan and then after trapping Rey Yan inside his Soul-Stealing Cape, he allows his children to live and reflect on what they have done in disobeying him. All during his battle with Rey, the Sorcerer King is continually impressed by Rey's fighting abilities. The Sorcerer King was only able to absorbs a tenth of Hyacia's power. Upon his death at the hands of Rey Yan using the power of Ban-Go, the Sorcerer King chose total oblivion rather than to have some part of him remain in this 'filthy world'. He also asks for forgiveness from his children. The entire reason the Sorcerer King hates Hyacia is because she took the body of Renshou, the being he loved.", "title": "List of Chronicles of the Cursed Sword characters" }, { "docid": "37525079#0", "text": "1000 years ago, the Demon King caused a great amount of trouble for the human realm, but was sealed by the legendary hero Creasion. Now in the present, a large hole has appeared in the world, from which a large number of demons have emerged. The King has ordered the 75 probable descendants of the original hero to destroy the demons and save the world. Senyu follows the story of Alba, hero number 45, and his quest to save the world. Along the way he is accompanied by Royal Soldier Ross, who is less than helpful and whose semi antagonist antics provide humor. The plot contains a number of twists and turns, fitting the screwball nature of the manga/anime. Alba quickly teams up with the demon queen herself, a little pink haired girl who reveals the whole issue was an accident.\nThe series starts almost exclusively comedic, with episodic gags mainly involving Alba's bad luck and Ross abusing him. A more serialized story and plot starts to develop halfway into Volume 1, as an order of 12 powerful demons themed after the 12 months of the Gregorian Calendar starts making its move to revive the original Demon King. Simultaneously, other of the probable hero descendants also interfere, with lesser demons and government officials caught in the crossfire.", "title": "Senyu" }, { "docid": "48026882#4", "text": "The next day, the group pass into the capital city of the Biqiu Kingdom and a minister (Yao Chen) comes out to greet them and bring them to see the king: an immature and childlike man who likes to play games. The king orders Tang to perform for him but the monk doesn't have anything to showcase. Sun Wukong therefore pastes an \"obedience sticker\" on Tang allowing Tang to copy his actions and perform stunts for the king. Sun Wukong, however, goes too far and makes Tang slap the king continuously, who throws them all out. Tang orders Sun Wukong to return and apologize, but it is revealed that Sun Wukong purposely provoked the king to make him reveal his form as the demon Red Boy. They fight and Sun Wukong defeats Red Boy, also freeing the true king of Biqiu (Bao Bei'er) from his cage under the throne. As a reward for helping him, the king presents them with a beautiful girl, Felicity (Lin Yun), to accompany them on their travels. As Felicity dances for them, Tang is reminded of his deceased lover, Ms Duan (Shu Qi).", "title": "Journey to the West: The Demons Strike Back" }, { "docid": "726338#6", "text": "The third book is the conclusion of the whole Dialogue. Here, King James provides a description of all these kinds of Spirits and Specters that trouble men or women. His Classification of demons was not based on separate demonic entities with their names, ranks, or titles but rather categorized them based on 4 methods used by any given devil to cause mischief or torment on a living individual or a deceased corpse. He quotes previous authors who state that each devil has the ability to appear in diverse shapes or forms for varying arrays of purposes as well. In his description of them, he relates that demons are under the direct supervision of God and are unable to act without permission, further illustrating how demonic forces are used as a \"Rod of Correction\" when men stray from the will of God and may be commissioned by witches, or magicians to conduct acts of ill will against others but will ultimately only conduct works that will end in the further glorification of God despite their attempts to do otherwise. The demonic forces were described as follows:", "title": "Daemonologie" }, { "docid": "3058168#4", "text": "The world they currently live in is dominated by two races, the human race and the mazoku race. The mazoku are demonic creatures that once ruled their world, until they were all sealed away into a tiny box by a heroic angel 500 years ago. An age of prosperity and peace arose and human civilization blossomed. Cities were built and nations were created. Science advanced in some, while magic became the source of power for others. One day, a woman by the name of Pandora accidentally opens the box containing all the demons, releasing them all from their imprisonment, darkening the skies and dooming human race to extinction at the hands of the mazoku. In a desperate attempt to save humanity, the Demon King Chestra, who was also released from that box, was sealed again. Pandora's two children, who were fathered by Chestra as part of the deception used to trick her, were separated as infants; one was taken by the mazoku, the other remained with her mother. In order to keep the world safe, the box that sealed the Demon King, now named Pandora's box, was sent far away, and the key that opened the box was also sent far away, in hopes that even if the mazoku would ever get their hands on one, they would not be able to make use of it. All the demons who were released then headed north, and occupied the northern-most continent and called it their capital, Hameln. Now humans fight a never-ending war against the demons in order to survive. Pandora's children - one who lives with the humans, and is hated by all those around him; the other, living with the mazoku who have never shown her any sign of affection - are destined to be reunited and bring an end to the war, one way or another.", "title": "Violinist of Hameln" }, { "docid": "38036629#0", "text": "Dakshin Rai (, \"King of the South\") is revered deity in the Sundarbans in India and Bangladesh who rules over beasts and demons. He is regarded as the overall ruler of the Sundarbans. The God is worshiped by all those who enter the Sunderban forests of West Bengal, for subsistence, irrespective of their caste, creed or religion.", "title": "Dakshin Rai" }, { "docid": "22956967#0", "text": "\"King of Hell\" is a Korean Manhwa that is written by Ra In-Soo and illustrated by Kim Jae-Hwan. The story follows the main character, going by the name of Majeh, who is an envoy to the next world for the King of Hell. When evil spirits started escaping into the living world, the King of Hell had Majeh’s spirit returned to his body and ordered Majeh to hunt down and capture these escape demons. As the series progresses, Majeh gets acquainted with new and old characters in which some of them joins Majeh on his quest into capturing these escape demons.", "title": "List of King of Hell volumes" } ]

[ { "docid": "5428#6", "text": "After 80 years of colonial hibernation, the brief episode of Japanese occupation during World War II, that coincided with the investiture of king Sihanouk was the opening act for the irreversible process towards re-emancipation and modern Cambodian history.\nThe Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–70), independent since 1953, struggled to remain neutral in a world shaped by polarisation of the nuclear powers USA and Soviet Union.\nAs the Indochinese war escalates, Cambodia becomes increasingly involved, the Khmer Republic is one of the results in 1970, another is civil war. 1975, abandoned and in the hands of the Khmer Rouge, Cambodia endures its darkest hour – Democratic Kampuchea and its long aftermath of Vietnamese occupation, the People's Republic of Kampuchea and the UN Mandate towards Modern Cambodia since 1993.", "title": "History of Cambodia" } ]

[ { "docid": "33169963#5", "text": "The ILO created the “Minimum Age Convention”, which was ratified by Cambodia in 1999. The purpose of this convention was to determine the minimum age permissible for employment, with the larger goal of eradicating child labour. They define the minimum age of employment at fifteen years old, except in countries with poorly developed economies and educational facilities. In such countries the minimum age of employment is fourteen years old. For work that harms a child's health, safety, or morals, the minimum age is eighteen years old.", "title": "Child labour in Cambodia" }, { "docid": "8603747#22", "text": "Cambodia has a population of about 14 million, with around 1.5 million children below 5 years. In 2007, when our study was conducted, it had an under-5 mortality of 91 and a high rate (37 per cent) of stunting. By 2010, the under-5 mortality rate had decreased to 58, but there still is a high rate of moderate to severe stunting (40 per cent in 2006-2010) in Cambodia. In 2005-2006, the enrollment rate in ECCE for 3-5 year olds in Cambodia was about 12 per cent overall, and for 5- to 6-year-olds, it was 27.27 per cent (state pre-schools 21.23 per cent; private pre-schools 1.43 per cent; community pre-schools 3.96 per cent and home-based programmes 0.84 per cent). More recent gures indicate that in 2009-2010, the enrolment rate of 3- to 5-year-olds was 20 per cent and that it was 38 per cent for 5-year-olds. The Cambodian government would like to give priority for ECCE to children from poor and remote backgrounds, but it does not have the funds to increase state pre-school provision or increase the national budget for ECCE.", "title": "Education in Cambodia" }, { "docid": "334751#107", "text": "Fifty percent of the Cambodian population is younger than 22 years old. At a 1.04 female to male ratio, Cambodia has the most female-biased sex ratio in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Among the Cambodian population aged over 65, the female to male ratio is 1.6:1.", "title": "Cambodia" }, { "docid": "33169963#13", "text": "Children are often sought from impoverished areas are often brought to entertainment and tourism areas, to work in the red light district. Most of these prostitutes start their job between ten and sixteen years old. When interviewed, child sex tourists report that they prefer to have sex with virgins because it is safer. Sex tourists go to Cambodia because the brothels are cheap and the price of a virgin in Cambodia is much lower than those in nearby countries and the United States. Child sex tourism is a violation of the UN Convention of the Rights of a Child, and of the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography.", "title": "Child labour in Cambodia" }, { "docid": "15860842#12", "text": "Child labor rates in Cambodia are among the highest in Southeast Asia, with some 90% of all 5–17 year old who are economically active but unpaid. 70% of child labor work in the form of agriculture. Many children and youth in Cambodia have work activities that are embedded in their daily lives by their families, and based on their larger societal status and income. This labor is often seen by outsiders as child labor or street children. Families understand this labor as beneficial to the survival, a belief reflected in state policies.", "title": "Youth in Cambodia" }, { "docid": "33169963#17", "text": "In 2005, Cambodia had a very high primary school enrollment rate of 95.1 percent, but the primary school completion rate was only 46.8 percent. Secondary school completion was even lower with a rate of 25.7 percent. At the same time 52 percent of 7- to 14-year-old children were economically active. A study by Kim (2011) reports that most employed children in Cambodia are enrolled in school but their employment is associated with late school entry, negative impacts on their learning outcomes, and increased drop out rates. These associations are stronger with girls. Boys tend to be more involved in economic activities, but girls tend to have lower school enrollment rates. Currently, there are no educational policies to address the significant impact that child labour has on educational outcomes in Cambodia. Child labour has short term positive economic effects because the children are bringing in more money for their families, but the long term economic effects are negative due to the lack of schooling.", "title": "Child labour in Cambodia" }, { "docid": "26135390#11", "text": "The documentary as a television \"event\" can send ripples far and wide ... \"Year Zero\" not only revealed the horror of the Pol Pot years, it showed how Richard Nixon's and Henry Kissinger's 'secret' bombing of that country had provided a critical catalyst for the rise of the Khmer Rouge. It also exposed how the West, led by the United States and Britain, was imposing an embargo, like a medieval siege, on the most stricken country on earth. This was a reaction to the fact that Cambodia's liberator was Vietnam – a country that had come from the wrong side of the Cold War and that had recently defeated the US. Cambodia's suffering was a wilful revenge. Britain and the US even backed Pol Pot's demand that his man continue to occupy Cambodia's seat at the UN, while Margaret Thatcher stopped children's milk going to the survivors of his nightmare regime. Little of this was reported. Had \"Year Zero\" simply described the monster that Pol Pot was, it would have been quickly forgotten. By reporting the collusion of \"our\" governments, it told a wider truth about how the world was run ... Within two days of \"Year Zero\" going to air, 40 sacks of post arrived at ATV ... in Birmingham – 26,000 first-class letters in the first post alone. The station quickly amassed £1m, almost all of it in small amounts. \"This is for Cambodia,\" wrote a Bristol bus driver, enclosing his week's wage. Entire pensions were sent, along with entire savings. Petitions arrived at Downing Street, one after the other, for weeks. MPs received hundreds of thousands of letters, demanding that British policy change (which it did, eventually). And none of it was asked for. For me, the public response to \"Year Zero\" gave the lie to clichés about \"compassion fatigue\", an excuse that some broadcasters and television executives use to justify the current descent into the cynicism and passivity of Big Brotherland. Above all, I learned that a documentary could reclaim shared historical and political memories, and present their hidden truths. The reward then was a compassionate and an informed public; and it still is.", "title": "Year Zero: The Silent Death of Cambodia" }, { "docid": "350579#21", "text": "In addition to political oppression, the Cambodian government has been accused of corruption in the sale of vast areas of land to foreign investors resulting in the eviction of thousands of villagers as well as taking bribes in exchange for grants to exploit Cambodia's oil wealth and mineral resources. Cambodia is consistently listed as one of the most corrupt governments in the world. Amnesty International currently recognizes one prisoner of conscience in the country: 29-year-old land rights activist Yorm Bopha. In 2014, Transparency International released a National Integrity System Assessment on Cambodia detailing systemic corruption across the country's governance system.", "title": "Modern Cambodia" }, { "docid": "21248177#13", "text": "Dengue fever is especially prevalent among children in between 4 and 6 years old, living in urban Cambodia. Dengue fever was introduced in Cambodia in 1980, the incidences have been increasing since then. However, the case fatality rate has decreased from 15% to 0.3% from 1980 to 2010", "title": "Health in Cambodia" }, { "docid": "1083018#0", "text": "The King of Cambodia (, ) is the head of state of the Kingdom of Cambodia. The King's power is limited to that of a symbolic figurehead to whom people are to give love and respect. The monarch also represents peace, stability, and prosperity to the Khmer people. Since 1993, the King of Cambodia is an elected monarch, making Cambodia one of the few elective monarchies of the world. The king is elected for life from among the members of the Norodom and Sisowath bloodline who are at least 30 years old by the \"Royal Council of the Throne\", which consists of several senior political and religious figures.", "title": "Monarchy of Cambodia" } ]

[ { "docid": "3642648#0", "text": "The history of ITV, the United Kingdom \"Independent Television\" commercial network, goes back to 1954. As of 29 February 2016, there are fifteen regional licences for the ITV Network, shared between two owners: ITV plc (13 licences), and the STV Group (2 licences).", "title": "History of ITV" } ]

[ { "docid": "4593870#8", "text": "\"Night Network\" was ITV's first major experiment into the area of overnight broadcasting beginning on Friday 28 August 1987, originally for the ITV regions covered by LWT, TVS and Anglia, before expanding to other regions during the summer of 1988. Whereas overnight broadcasts are commonplace today, back in the late 1980s, ITV decided it would take a more cautious approach with \"Night Network\" only initially broadcasting between 1am and 4am in the Friday and Saturday night schedules, and between 1am and 3am in the Sunday night schedule.", "title": "Night Network" }, { "docid": "5507564#2", "text": "In September 2005, the ITV network celebrated its fiftieth anniversary with a season of ITV 50 programming that was run on the network, including a run down of ITV's 50 top programmes presented by Phillip Schofield and Cat Deeley, a World of Sport retrospective, a seven-week Gameshow Marathon presented by Ant & Dec, the launch of an \"Avenue Of The Stars\", and most notably, a five-part documentary series narrated by Melvyn Bragg which chronicled ITV's history. The regional companies owned by ITV plc also aired special regional retrospectives (even though none of them were themselves fifty years old), as well as using special ITV 50 station identification. While Scottish Television, Grampian Television, and UTV aired the network ITV 50 programming, they did not themselves air regional programmes of this sort, nor did they use the special identification. ITN also celebrated its fiftieth anniversary with special features in its programming.", "title": "ITV 50" }, { "docid": "756067#23", "text": "On 2 September 1996, this ident was replaced by one with a deep purple/blue background and an emphasis on the deep colours of the logo, as well as a smoother form-up. This ident was replaced on 5 October 1998 by one with a yellow background and featuring a small ITV logo underneath the Meridian name. On 8 November 1999, the emphasis was on the network's hearts logo, with a very small Meridian logo only featuring at the end of the form-up. This look was in use until October 2002 when ITV1 in England and Wales abandoned local continuity and idents. The only exceptions were ITV1 idents shown before regional programming, which featured the word \"Meridian\" below the ITV1 logo, . However, even this did not last, and only a few years later these regional idents were dropped. Meridian for a while managed to retain some identity by featuring their (sun/moon face) logo on the local weather forecast. However, the logo was completely removed in 2004, last seen at the start of the late-night weather forecast on 5 December 2004. On 1 February 2005, it was replaced with a generic \"ITV Meridian\" logo, the official name of the franchise.\nSince 2006, all idents have been generic to the entire network with no difference between regions and only the ITV1 name being used. On 14 January 2013, the station's on-air identity was changed to ITV, along with all other ITV plc-owned franchises. \nFrom September 2014, however, Meridian's identity was revived by an announcement (including the sub-region) immediately prior to the evening edition of ITV Meridian News.", "title": "ITV Meridian" }, { "docid": "3426485#1", "text": "\"Children's ITV\" launched on 3 January 1983, as a late afternoon programming block on the ITV network. It replaced the earlier \"Watch It!\" branding and introduced networked in-vision continuity links between programmes. These links were originally pre-recorded from a small London studio, up until 1987 when Central won the contract to produce live links from their Birmingham studios. In 2004, presentation of CITV was relocated to Granada Television in Manchester, which saw the demise of in-vision continuity. Nine years later, the operations moved to ITV Granada's MediaCityUK studios in Salford.", "title": "CITV" }, { "docid": "667053#5", "text": "Prior to 1 January 1988, each programme on ITV would be preceded by the identifier of the regional company that had produced the show, and this would be broadcast throughout the network, in other words by all companies showing the programme. It meant that viewers across the country would see a Yorkshire Television logo and hear the corresponding fanfare before \"Emmerdale Farm\" and Scottish Television idents before \"Take the High Road\". In consequence, most ITV-produced series shown abroad would also be preceded by the producing company's logo – for example, PBS presentations of \"Upstairs, Downstairs\" featured the London Weekend Television logo and fanfare before the start of the programme. Beginning in 1988, these were largely replaced by endcaps. Since the consolidation of the ITV network in the early 2000s, these have generally disappeared, UTV and STV being the only notable exceptions.", "title": "Station identification" }, { "docid": "3642648#26", "text": "Channel 4 had launched on 2 November 1982. Originally, it built on the ITV network for its funding, whereby the ITV companies sold Channel 4's airtime. This arrangement ended on 31 December 1992, after which a 'funding formula' continued, whereby the ITV companies would subsidise Channel 4 if it fell into the red. However, it never did, and the funding formula was withdrawn in 1998. During this sixteen-year period, Channel 4 and ITV would regularly cross-promote each other's programming, free of charge.", "title": "History of ITV" }, { "docid": "180521#3", "text": "Channel Television was awarded the licence for the islands in 1960 by the then regulator the Independent Television Authority (ITA). However, the ITA pointed out that the Television Act 1954 that established ITV did not include provision for the Channel Islands and as a result, if the ITA was to operate an ITV service there, it would have to be permitted by means of extending the Act to the islands with an Order in Council. In addition, the new station faced difficulties connecting to the rest of the ITV network. The solution was the construction of a microwave relay station on the northern island of Alderney that would connect with another ITV station, initially Westward Television. At first, the station received difficulties in getting permission for the new mast, but these were overcome in September 1961.", "title": "ITV Channel Television" }, { "docid": "8115018#46", "text": "In December 2018, ITV announced a new project, \"ITV Creates\", which would be the basis of its idents beginning 1 January 2019. The network will commission artwork featuring the ITV logo from British artists, which will be used as the basis for a new set of idents every week. The first 8 artists of the project are Ravi Deepres, Sutapa Biswas, James Brunt, Patricia Volk, Mark Titchner, Katrina Russell Adams, Kristina Veasey, and James Alec Hardy. ITV Creative executive creative director Tony Pipes explained that the project was meant to be a platform for British visual artists, reflect ITV's position as being an \"endlessly creative\" broadcaster, and counter the traditional notion of idents being a static theme used for a long-term period.", "title": "History of ITV television idents" }, { "docid": "46129#0", "text": "ITV Digital was a British digital terrestrial television broadcaster which launched a pay-TV service on the world's first digital terrestrial television network. Its main shareholders were Carlton Communications and Granada plc, two franchises of the ITV network. Starting as ONdigital in 1998, the service was re-branded as ITV Digital in July 2001. Low audience figures, piracy issues and an ultimately unaffordable multimillion-pound deal with the Football League led to the broadcaster suffering massive losses, forcing it to enter administration in March 2002. Pay television services ceased permanently on 1 May 2002, and the remaining free-to-air channels such as BBC One and Channel 4 had ceased when the company was liquidated in October, with the terrestrial multiplexes subsequently taken over by Crown Castle and the BBC to create Freeview later that month.", "title": "ITV Digital" }, { "docid": "3642648#7", "text": "Despite the review, no company lost its position as the local ITV contractor for their region and all licences were extended for another three years (starting July 1964), although several of the major companies were instructed to strengthen the regional emphasis of their on-screen identities. The only change to the network was the formation of a single Wales and West franchise, operated by TWW, following the collapse of WWN and its subsequent takeover by TWW. WWN ran into trouble when it had problems with the construction of its transmitter network, as well as strict provisions in its contract to produce a large amount of Welsh-language programming. This meant that WWN lost a lot of money and, despite some help from other ITV companies, it declared itself bankrupt in January 1964 — the only ITV company to have ever done so.", "title": "History of ITV" } ]

[ { "docid": "20656228#5", "text": "An influential 2002 study by Matsuoka \"et al\". has demonstrated that, rather than the multiple independent domestications model, all maize arose from a single domestication in southern Mexico about 9,000 years ago. The study also demonstrated that the oldest surviving maize types are those of the Mexican highlands. Later, maize spread from this region over the Americas along two major paths. This is consistent with a model based on the archaeological record suggesting that maize diversified in the highlands of Mexico before spreading to the lowlands.", "title": "Maize" } ]

[ { "docid": "3992015#16", "text": "The indigenous crops were replaced slowly by other more productive crops developed in Mexico: maize, beans and additional varieties of squash. Maize, or corn, was a relative latecomer to the United States. The oldest known evidence of maize in Mexico dates from 6,700 BCE. The oldest evidence of maize cultivated in the United States is about 2,100 BCE at several locations in Arizona and New Mexico.", "title": "Eastern Agricultural Complex" }, { "docid": "20656228#43", "text": "The domestication of maize is of particular interest to researchers—archaeologists, geneticists, ethnobotanists, geographers, etc. The process is thought by some to have started 7,500 to 12,000 years ago. Research from the 1950s to 1970s originally focused on the hypothesis that maize domestication occurred in the highlands between the states of Oaxaca and Jalisco, because the oldest archaeological remains of maize known at the time were found there.", "title": "Maize" }, { "docid": "51418585#2", "text": "Tortillas made with maize (corn) are the oldest variety of tortilla, and remain very popular in Mexico and Central America.", "title": "Tortilla" }, { "docid": "39848356#6", "text": "The earliest known dates for maize agriculture on the northern Great Plains are from AD 1000 to 1200. The Missouri River Valley in present-day North Dakota was probably the northern limit of pre-historic maize cultivation on the Great Plains. Prior to cultivation, Indian farmers had to breed maize varieties that would mature in short growing seasons. Prehistoric evidence of maize cultivation north of the border of the United States and Canada on the Great Plains is lacking but by the 1790s maize was being grown by Indian farmers as far north as the mouth of the Red River north of Winnipeg, Manitoba.", "title": "Agriculture on the prehistoric Great Plains" }, { "docid": "87791#7", "text": "Maize has been a staple food for centuries. It is the most planted crop in the Mexican region. The country grows more than 42 different types of maize, each of which has several varieties whose number is estimated at more than 3,000 by the International Center for the Improvement of Maize and Wheat (CIMMYT). The characteristics of each variety depend upon soil conditions, humidity, altitude, and how cultivated. Some of the earliest evidence of maize cultivation suggests that domestication took place in several places at the same time.", "title": "Corn tortilla" }, { "docid": "17254851#43", "text": "During the early Late Woodland period (350–750 CE), maize agriculture is rare. A 2010 analysis of a local stalagmite revealed that Native Americans were burning forests to clear land as early as 100 BCE. Maize agriculture became more commonplace during the Middle Woodland 400 BCE–400 CE, which also saw a flowering of Eastern Agricultural Complex, that is, the increased gardening of indigenous seed crops. Maize came from the southwest to the lower Mississippi Valley. Bean cultivation preceded maize in the upper Ohio Valley. The following Late Prehistoric Woodland people approached solving this problem with the development of the \"Three Sisters Crop\" method or companion seed sowing. As Dragoo explained, environment affected development in ways of human living. Walton C. Galinat researched maize cultivation in the Eastern United States. These studies include terrain altitude deviation (valley vs ridge flats and plateau frost days) daily temperature changes and the number of days for the growing season comparing variety of maize through time. Early varieties of maize needed considerably more growing days than eight-row maize. In New England maize was well established by 1200 CE and distributions of the Southern Dent Pathway established other varieties of maize after 1500 CE. \"Maize (corn) did not make a substantial contribution to the diet until after 1150 B.P.\" wrote Mills (OSU 2003).", "title": "Prehistory of West Virginia" }, { "docid": "10909992#23", "text": "Maize was the single most important staple of the Aztecs. It was consumed at every meal by all social classes, and played a central role in Aztec mythology. To some of the first Europeans, the Aztecs described maize as \"precious, our flesh, our bones\". It came in a vast number of varieties of various sizes, shapes and colors; yellow, reddish, white with stripes of color, black, with or without speckles and a blue-husked variant that was considered to be particularly precious. Other local and regional varieties must have also existed but few were recorded. Maize was revered to such an extent that women blew on maize before putting it into the cooking pot so that it would not fear the fire, and any maize that was dropped on the ground was picked up rather than being wasted. One of the Aztec informants of the Spanish Franciscan missionary and chronicler Bernardino de Sahagún explained the practice in the following way:", "title": "Aztec cuisine" }, { "docid": "20656228#48", "text": "As maize was introduced to new cultures, new uses were developed and new varieties selected to better serve in those preparations. Maize was the staple food, or a major staple – along with squash, Andean region potato, quinoa, beans, and amaranth – of most pre-Columbian North American, Mesoamerican, South American, and Caribbean cultures. The Mesoamerican civilization, in particular, was deeply interrelated with maize. Its traditions and rituals involved all aspects of maize cultivation – from the planting to the food preparation. Maize formed the Mesoamerican people's identity.", "title": "Maize" }, { "docid": "24931681#3", "text": "Maize is believed to have crossed the Isthmus of Panama around 5,000 years BCE reaching Colombia and later the Ecuadorian coast. Since then, domestication and evolution of native varieties followed this pattern;", "title": "Ecuador maize varieties" } ]

[ { "docid": "1581463#0", "text": "The yakalo is a cross of the yak (\"Bos grunniens\") and the American bison (\"Bison bison\", known as a buffalo in North America). It was produced by hybridisation experiments in the 1920s, when crosses were made between yak bulls and both pure bison cows and bison-cattle hybrid cows. As with many other inter-specific crosses, only female hybrids were found to be fertile (Haldane's rule). Few of the hybrids survived, and the experiments were discontinued in 1928.", "title": "Yakalo" }, { "docid": "145957#106", "text": "Oxen may includingrefer to the common cow, the buffalo), and the yak. The zodiacal ox is one of the twelve zodiacal signs in the twelve-year calendar cycle. Yak tails are mentioned as magical whisks used by Daoist sorcerors. The ox appears in various agricultural myths.", "title": "Chinese mythology" }, { "docid": "230271#1", "text": "The English word \"yak\" is a loan originating from . In Tibetan, it refers only to the male of the species, the female being called , or \"g.nag\" . In English, as in most other languages that have borrowed the word, \"yak\" is usually used for both sexes, with \"bull\" or \"cow\" referring to each sex separately.", "title": "Domestic yak" }, { "docid": "2706031#16", "text": "American bison has been bred with the domestic Tibetan yak to create the yakalo.\nDomestic yak bulls mated with bison cows produced fully fecund progeny, both sexes. Male yak bred to beefalo produced fertile females and sterile males. The appearance of the yak X bison hybrid is strongly reminiscent morphologically to Bison latifrons.", "title": "Bovid hybrid" }, { "docid": "230271#2", "text": "Yaks belong to the genus \"Bos\" and are therefore related to cattle (\"Bos primigenius\" species). Mitochondrial DNA analyses to determine the evolutionary history of yaks have been inconclusive.", "title": "Domestic yak" }, { "docid": "2706031#10", "text": "In Tibet and Mongolia, yaks are quite often crossbred to dairy cattle, the result being known as \"dzo\" or \"zho\". The offspring are used as milk cows, if female, or as oxen, if male.", "title": "Bovid hybrid" }, { "docid": "32625124#14", "text": "Among domesticated animals, yaks (\"Bos grunniens\") are the highest dwelling animals of the world, living at . The yak is the most important domesticated animal for Tibet highlanders in Qinghai Province of China, as the primary source of milk, meat and fertilizer. Unlike other yak or cattle species, which suffer from hypoxia in the Tibetan Plateau, the Tibetan domestic yaks thrive only at high altitude, and not in lowlands. Their physiology is well-adapted to high altitudes, with proportionately larger lungs and heart than other cattle, as well as greater capacity for transporting oxygen through their blood. In yaks, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (\"HIF-1\") has high expression in the brain, lung and kidney, showing that it plays an important role in the adaptation to low oxygen environment. On 1 July 2012 the complete genomic sequence and analyses of a female domestic yak was announced, providing important insights into understanding mammalian divergence and adaptation at high altitude. Distinct gene expansions related to sensory perception and energy metabolism were identified. In addition, researchers also found an enrichment of protein domains related to the extracellular environment and hypoxic stress that had undergone positive selection and rapid evolution. For example, they found three genes that may play important roles in regulating the bodyʼs response to hypoxia, and five genes that were related to the optimisation of the energy from the food scarcity in the extreme plateau. One gene known to be involved in regulating response to low oxygen levels, ADAM17, is also found in human Tibetan highlanders.", "title": "Organisms at high altitude" } ]

[ { "docid": "32294565#0", "text": "Yak butter/ \"Dri Butter\" འབྲི་མར། is butter made from the milk of the domesticated female yak known as Dri འབྲི། (\"Bos grunniens\"). It is a staple food item and trade item for herding communities in south Central Asia and the Tibetan Plateau. Many different political entities have communities of herders who produce and consume yak's dairy products including cheese and butter – for example, China, India, Mongolia, Nepal, and Tibet.\nWhole yak's milk has about twice the fat content of whole cow's milk, producing a butter with a texture closer to cheese.\nThe English word \"yak\" is a loan originating from Tibetan: གཡག་, Wylie: g.ya. In Tibetan, it refers only to the male of the species, the female being called Tibetan: འབྲི་, Wylie: 'bri, or nak. In English, as in most other languages that have borrowed the word, \"yak\" is usually used for both sexes.", "title": "Yak butter" }, { "docid": "32294565#1", "text": "Yaks provide their herders with many different benefits, including dung for fuel, draught power, meat, fiber, and milk. Not all herding communities have a tradition of using yak's milk or making butter, although in regions of mountain pastures the practice is common. Each individual yak cow produces little milk, so only when large herds are present can herders expect much milk to be obtained. Milk is much more plentiful in summer than winter; turning fresh milk into butter or cheese is a way to store calories for later use.", "title": "Yak butter" }, { "docid": "230271#6", "text": "Yaks are heavily built animals with a bulky frame, sturdy legs, rounded cloven hooves, and extremely dense, long fur that hangs down lower than the belly. While wild yaks are generally dark, blackish to brown in colouration, domestic yaks can be quite variable in colour, often having patches of rusty brown and cream. They have small ears and a wide forehead, with smooth horns that are generally dark in colour. In males (bulls), the horns sweep out from the sides of the head, and then curve forward. They typically range from in length. The horns of females (cows) are smaller, only in length, and have a more upright shape. Both sexes have a short neck with a pronounced hump over the shoulders, although this is larger and more visible in males. Males weigh , females weigh . Wild yaks can be substantially heavier, bulls reaching weights of up to . Depending on the breed, domestic yak males are high at the withers, while females are high at the withers.", "title": "Domestic yak" } ]

[ { "docid": "31175#71", "text": "Tobin's more specific concept of a \"currency transaction tax\" from 1972 lay dormant for more than 20 years but was revived by the advent of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. In December, 1997 Ignacio Ramonet, editor of \"Le Monde Diplomatique\", renewed the debate around the Tobin tax with an editorial titled \"Disarming the markets\". Ramonet proposed to create an association for the introduction of this tax, which was named ATTAC (Association for the Taxation of financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens). The tax then became an issue of the global justice movement or alter-globalization movement and a matter of discussion not only in academic institutions but even in streets and in parliaments in the UK, France, and around the world.", "title": "Tobin tax" }, { "docid": "25681121#26", "text": "In 1972 the economist James Tobin proposed a tax on all spot conversions of one currency into another. The so-called Tobin tax is intended to put a penalty on short-term financial round-trip excursions into another currency. Tobin suggested his currency transaction tax in 1972 in his Janeway Lectures at Princeton, shortly after the Bretton Woods system effectively ended. In 2001, James Tobin looked back at the 1994 Mexican peso crisis, the 1997 Asian financial crisis, and the 1998 Russian financial crisis, and said: \"[My proposed] tax [idea] on foreign exchange transactions... dissuades speculators as many investors invest their money in foreign exchange on a very short-term basis. If this money is suddenly withdrawn, countries have to drastically increase interest rates for their currency to still be attractive. But high interest is often disastrous for a national economy, as the nineties' crises in Mexico, South East Asia and Russia have proven...\"", "title": "Financial transaction tax" }, { "docid": "31175#2", "text": "Tobin suggested his currency transaction tax in 1972 in his Janeway Lectures at Princeton, shortly after the Bretton Woods system of monetary management ended in 1971. Prior to 1971, one of the chief features of the Bretton Woods system was an obligation for each country to adopt a monetary policy that maintained the exchange rate of its currency within a fixed value—plus or minus one percent—in terms of gold. Then, on August 15, 1971, United States President Richard Nixon announced that the United States dollar would no longer be convertible to gold, effectively ending the system. This action created the situation whereby the U.S. dollar became the sole backing of currencies and a reserve currency for the member states of the Bretton Woods system, leading the system to collapse in the face of increasing financial strain in that same year. In that context, Tobin suggested a new system for international currency stability, and proposed that such a system include an international charge on foreign-exchange transactions.", "title": "Tobin tax" } ]

[ { "docid": "31175#109", "text": "At the UN September 2001 World Conference against Racism, when the issue of compensation for colonialism and slavery arose in the agenda, Fidel Castro, the President of Cuba, advocated the Tobin Tax to address that issue. (According to Cliff Kincaid, Castro advocated it \"specifically in order to generate U.S. financial reparations to the rest of the world,\" however a closer reading of Castro's speech shows that he never did mention \"the rest of the world\" as being recipients of revenue.) Castro cited Holocaust reparations as a previously established precedent for the concept of reparations.", "title": "Tobin tax" }, { "docid": "25681121#28", "text": "Paul Bernd Spahn opposed the original form of a Tobin Tax in a Working Paper \"International Financial Flows and Transactions Taxes: Survey and Options\", concluding \"...the original Tobin tax is not viable. First, it is virtually impossible to distinguish between normal liquidity trading and speculative noise trading. If the tax is generally applied at high rates, it will severely impair financial operations and create international liquidity problems, especially if derivatives are taxed as well.\" However, on 16 June 1995 Spahn suggested that \"Most of the difficulties of the Tobin tax could be resolved, possibly with a two-tier rate structure consisting of a low-rate financial transactions tax and an exchange surcharge at prohibitive rates.\" This new form of tax, the Spahn tax, was later approved by the Belgian Federal Parliament in 2004.", "title": "Financial transaction tax" }, { "docid": "26615883#9", "text": "On March 23, 1999, due in part to the Halifax Initiative work with Members of Parliament, members from all five political parties contributed to a vote which passed a private member motion on the Tobin tax. The motion was originally brought forward by New Democratic Party MP Lorne Nystrom. The motion passed by a margin of 164 to 83, including that of 131 Liberal Party of Canada members. As a result, discussions of the Tobin Tax reemerged in national referenda around the world and in United Nations' studies, and lent growing support for global taxes.", "title": "Halifax Initiative" }, { "docid": "31175#16", "text": "On September 19, 2001, retired speculator George Soros put forward a proposal based on the IMF's existing special drawing rights (SDRs) mechanism. In Soros' scheme, rich countries would pledge SDRs (which are denominated as a basket of multiple 'hard' currencies) for the purpose of providing international assistance. Soros was not necessarily dismissing the Tobin tax idea. He stated, \"I think there is a case for a Tobin tax ... (but) it is not at all clear to me that a Tobin tax would reduce volatility in the currency markets. It is true that it may discourage currency speculation but it would also reduce the liquidity of the marketplace.\" In this Soros appeared to agree with the Chicago School.", "title": "Tobin tax" }, { "docid": "31175#97", "text": "On June 15, 2004, the Commission of Finance and Budget in the Belgian Federal Parliament approved a bill implementing a Spahn tax. According to the legislation, Belgium will introduce the Tobin tax once all countries of the eurozone introduce a similar law. In July 2005 former Austrian chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel called for a European Union Tobin tax to base the communities' financial structure on more stable and independent grounds. However, the proposal was rejected by the European Commission.", "title": "Tobin tax" }, { "docid": "25681121#61", "text": "At the UN World Conference against Racism 2001, when the issue of compensation for colonialism and slavery arose in the agenda, President Fidel Castro of Cuba advocated the Tobin Tax to address that issue. According to Cliff Kincaid, Castro advocated it \"specifically in order to generate U.S. financial reparations to the rest of the world\", however a closer reading of Castro's speech shows that he never did mention \"the rest of the world\" as being recipients of revenue. Castro cited holocaust reparations as a previously established precedent for the concept of reparations. Castro also suggested that the United Nations be the administrator of this tax, stating the following:May the tax suggested by Nobel Prize Laureate James Tobin be imposed in a reasonable and effective way on the current speculative operations accounting for trillions of US dollars every 24 hours, then the United Nations, which cannot go on depending on meager, inadequate, and belated donations and charities, will have one trillion US dollars annually to save and develop the world. Given the seriousness and urgency of the existing problems, which have become a real hazard for the very survival of our species on the planet, that is what would actually be needed before it is too late.", "title": "Financial transaction tax" }, { "docid": "11027185#3", "text": "In 1912, the new PCHA was formed and Tobin was one of the original players, playing for the New Westminster Royals. Tobin would play the bulk of his career in the PCHA, playing with the Portland Rosebuds, Victoria Aristocrats, Seattle Metropolitans and Vancouver Millionaires. Several of the teams were PCHA champions and Tobin played in the 1916, 1920 and 1922 Stanley Cup playoffs, but did not play for a Stanley Cup champion.", "title": "Charles Tobin" }, { "docid": "25794261#6", "text": "On September 19, 2001, retired speculator George Soros put forward a proposal, special drawing rights or SDRs that the rich countries would pledge for the purpose of providing international assistance, without necessarily dismissing the Tobin tax idea. He stated, \"I think there is a case for a Tobin tax... (but) it is not at all clear to me that a Tobin tax would reduce volatility in the currency markets. It is true that it may discourage currency speculation but it would also reduce the liquidity of the marketplace.\"", "title": "Currency transaction tax" } ]

[ { "docid": "1163581#0", "text": "The Student Federation of the University of Ottawa (; also known as the SFUO) was the official students' union representing undergraduate students of the University of Ottawa from 1969 to 2018. Since December 24, 2018, it is unrecognized on the University of Ottawa’s campus.", "title": "Student Federation of the University of Ottawa" }, { "docid": "338722#14", "text": "At his time as a student at the University of Ottawa, Rock was President of the SFUO (the Student Federation of the University of Ottawa) in 1969. After the announcement of Rock's appointment to President of the University of Ottawa, \"The Ottawa Citizen\" wrote:\nAt a time when the university, like other Canadian campuses, is experiencing a resurgence in student activism, Mr. Rock would bring a sensitivity to student issues, said Mr. Mitchell. \"This is something that Allan Rock is particularly qualified for, being a former student leader himself.\"", "title": "Allan Rock" }, { "docid": "338722#3", "text": "Rock served as President of the Student Federation of the University of Ottawa for the 1969-70 year. As President, he met John Lennon in June 1969 and drove him around Ottawa while he was hosting him for a \"peace conference\" he was holding. He had invited Lennon to Ottawa after his famous \"bed-in\" in Montreal. He tried to introduce Lennon to Pierre Trudeau, but the prime minister was not at home when they dropped by. He had also previously served as an executive for the Arts students association and briefly as SFUO External Commissioner.", "title": "Allan Rock" } ]

[ { "docid": "1163581#35", "text": "In the summer of 2008, a committee was formed to create a report on national student organizations and their benefits. The vast majority of this report was about the Canadian Federation of Students.", "title": "Student Federation of the University of Ottawa" }, { "docid": "1163581#2", "text": "On August 9, 2018, La Rotonde, the Universities French Language newspaper, reported that the Ottawa Police Service was investigating members of the executive and the Student Federation for fraud. Subsequently on August 10th, the University announced it was withholding their funding until an audit into the allegations could be completed. On September 25, 2018, the University of Ottawa provided the Federation with a 90 day notice of termination of their contract, citing insufficient progress and learning of further allegations of workplace misconduct, internal conflict and improper governance. In 2019, University of Ottawa students will choose a new union in a referendum.", "title": "Student Federation of the University of Ottawa" }, { "docid": "46254628#0", "text": "The Student Federation of the University of Ottawa (also known as the SFUO, or FÉUO in French) was the student union representing undergraduate students at the University of Ottawa.", "title": "History of the Student Federation of the University of Ottawa" }, { "docid": "1163581#43", "text": "The Executives of the Student Federation of the University of Ottawa planned an event called \"In My Skin\" to be held on March 4, 2014. The event sought to foster two conversations, according to its organizers: each group was to discuss the benefits and disadvantages that racialized and non-racialized students face in dealing with institutional racism. It was planned that students would be split into \"breakout groups\", where they would discuss discrimination and white privilege and then would regroup to discuss the issues as a whole.", "title": "Student Federation of the University of Ottawa" }, { "docid": "140699#55", "text": "On December 24, 2018 the Student Federation of the University of Ottawa will lose its official status as a student union, following a termination of their agreement. The University cited the SFUO's handling of allegations of financial mismanagement, fraud, and workplace misconduct as the reason. In 2019, students will choose a new undergraduate student association in a referendum.", "title": "University of Ottawa" }, { "docid": "54072404#0", "text": "Francis James \"Jock\" Turcot (5 October 1943 – 25 December 1965) was President of the Student Federation of the University of Ottawa (then known as the Students' Union of the University of Ottawa) in 1965 and a leading figure of the Canadian student movement in the 1960s.", "title": "Jock Turcot" }, { "docid": "46254628#18", "text": "In 2010, the SFUO saw the implementation of the UPass for full-time students following a successful referendum where around 64% of students voted in favour. In 2012, another referendum to keep the UPass was successful. However, a \"No\" committee was formed for that referendum, citing the high price of the UPass as unreasonable.", "title": "History of the Student Federation of the University of Ottawa" }, { "docid": "1163581#55", "text": "The agreement between the University and the SFUO stipulates that either party may terminate the agreement by giving the other party three months' written notice. Therefore, on December 24, 2018, following termination of the agreement, the University will no longer recognize the SFUO as the exclusive association representing undergraduate students and will no longer collect fees from students on behalf of the Federation.", "title": "Student Federation of the University of Ottawa" }, { "docid": "1163581#56", "text": "On November 7, 2018, the SFUO released the completed audit from PwC to the public. On November 8, 2018 the University of Ottawa responded by sending an email to students indicating the report “has not restored the University’s confidence in the SFUO’s ability to practice sound financial management.” They reiterated their intention to terminate the University of Ottawa-SFUO agreement.", "title": "Student Federation of the University of Ottawa" }, { "docid": "1163581#53", "text": "In August 2018, allegations of fraud committed by SFUO executives and an SFUO employee surfaced with the online circulation of a police report filed by outgoing SFUO president, Hadi Wess. The police report outlines the discovery of purchases carried out by current president, The Rat Miskeen Rizki Rachiq, as well as the Executive Manager, Vanessa Dorimain. As of August 10, 2018, the University of Ottawa issued a formal statement, announcing that it would take over the management of student levies until the results of a forensic audit were released.", "title": "Student Federation of the University of Ottawa" } ]

[ { "docid": "12359424#0", "text": "The Florida–Tennessee football rivalry, sometimes referred to as the \"Third Saturday in September\", is an American college football rivalry between the Florida Gators football team of the University of Florida and Tennessee Volunteers football team of the University of Tennessee, who first met on the football field in 1916. The Gators and Vols have competed in the same athletic conference since Florida joined the now-defunct Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association in 1910, and the schools were founding members of the Southeastern Conference in 1932. Despite this long conference association, a true rivalry did not develop until the early 1990s due to the infrequency of earlier meetings; in the first seventy-six years (1916–91) of the series, the two teams met just twenty-one times. The Southeastern Conference (SEC) expanded to twelve universities and split into two divisions in 1992. Florida and Tennessee were placed in the SEC's East Division and have met on a home-and-home basis every season since. Their rivalry quickly blossomed in intensity and importance in the 1990s and early 2000s as both programs regularly fielded national championship contending teams under coaches Phil Fulmer of Tennessee and Steve Spurrier at Florida.", "title": "Florida–Tennessee football rivalry" }, { "docid": "12359424#5", "text": "Florida and Tennessee have played on the third Saturday of September almost every year since 1992, giving the rivalry its nickname. Notable exceptions were in 2001, when the game was postponed until December 1 due to the September 11 terrorist attacks, and in 2014, when the addition of two new members to the SEC temporarily scrambled the dates of many traditional conference rivalries and moved the Florida–Tennessee game to October. The rivalry has sometimes served as the conference opener and is often the first significant test of the season for one or both of the teams.", "title": "Florida–Tennessee football rivalry" } ]

[ { "docid": "2964340#0", "text": "The Third Saturday in October is the Alabama–Tennessee football rivalry. It is an American college football rivalry game played annually by the Crimson Tide of the University of Alabama and the Volunteers of the University of Tennessee. The respective campuses are located approximately apart. It is known as the Third Saturday in October because the game was traditionally played on it prior to the 1992 football season, when the Southeastern Conference (SEC) split into its Eastern and Western divisions. From 1995 to 2015, it was only scheduled for that date six times, though it was scheduled for that date in 2016, 2017 and 2018. Alabama leads the series 57–37–8 .", "title": "Third Saturday in October" }, { "docid": "59556618#8", "text": "Alabama announced its 2019 football schedule on September 18, 2018. The 2019 Crimson Tide' schedule consists of 7 home and 4 away games for the regular season. Alabama will host four SEC conference opponents Ole Miss (Rivalry), Arkansas, Tennessee (Third Saturday of October) and LSU (Rivalry) and will travel for four SEC opponents to South Carolina, Texas A&M, Mississippi State (Rivalry) and arch-rival Auburn for the 126th annual Iron Bowl to close out the SEC regular season on the road. Alabama is not scheduled to play SEC East opponents Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Missouri and Vanderbilt in the 2019 regular season. The Crimson Tide’s bye week comes during week 6 (on October 5) and week 10 (on November 2).", "title": "2019 Alabama Crimson Tide football team" }, { "docid": "965011#10", "text": "Tennessee competes in the SEC's Eastern Division, along with Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Missouri, South Carolina, and Vanderbilt, and has longstanding football rivalries with the majority of them. However, the Vols' most intense and bitter traditional rivalry is with the Alabama Crimson Tide. The teams battle every year in the Third Saturday in October, though the game is now usually held on the fourth Saturday in October. The Vols' Super Bowl champions Peyton Manning and Reggie White are among the most famous NFL athletes to start their careers at the University of Tennessee. Todd Helton also played football, in addition to baseball, as a quarterback.", "title": "Tennessee Volunteers" }, { "docid": "7357018#25", "text": "Despite the heated in-state rivalry with Auburn, former Alabama head coach Bear Bryant was more adamant about defeating his rivals to the north, the Tennessee Vols. The series is named the Third Saturday in October, the traditional calendar date on which the game was played. Despite the name, the game was played on the third Saturday just five times between 1995 and 2007. The first game between the two sides was played in 1901 in Birmingham, ending in a 6–6 tie. From 1902 to 1913, Alabama dominated the series, only losing once, and never allowing a touchdown by the Volunteers. Beginning in 1928, the rivalry was first played on its traditional date and began to be a challenge for the Tide as Robert Neyland began challenging Alabama for their perennial spot on top of the conference standings. In the 1950s, Jim Goostree, the head trainer for Alabama, began a tradition as he began handing out cigars following a victory over the Volunteers.", "title": "Tennessee Volunteers football" }, { "docid": "7751357#19", "text": "Despite the heated in-state rivalry with Auburn, Bear Bryant was more adamant about defeating his rivals to the north, the Tennessee Volunteers. The series is named the Third Saturday in October, the traditional calendar date on which the game was played. Despite the name, the game has only been played on the third Saturday five times between 1995–2007. The first game between the two sides was played in 1901 in Birmingham, ending in a 6–6 tie. From 1902 to 1913, Alabama dominated the series, only losing once, and never allowing a touchdown by the Volunteers. Beginning in 1928, the rivalry was first played on its traditional date and began to be a challenge for the Crimson Tide as Robert Neyland began challenging Alabama for their perennial spot on top of the conference standings. In the 1950s, Jim Goostree, the head trainer for Alabama, began another tradition as he began handing out cigars following a victory over the Volunteers.", "title": "Alabama Crimson Tide football" }, { "docid": "34908478#4", "text": "In April 2011, UMass announced plans to join the Mid-American Conference and move up to the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision, the highest level of college football in the country. Boston College had been a member of this division for decades, and there was much speculation that the two schools may cultivate a renewal of the rivalry. This was confirmed when it was reported in September, 2011, that they had agreed to play a three-game biannual series beginning in 2014. Two of the games will be played at BC's Alumni Stadium, while the other was played at Gillette Stadium, the Minutemen's home field on August, 2014.", "title": "Boston College–UMass football rivalry" }, { "docid": "5683868#3", "text": "The game played on December 2, 2017 was the 2017 SEC Championship Game, and was the second time the Tigers and Bulldogs meet in the 2017 season.\nSeries record sources: \"2011 Auburn Football Media Guide\", \"2011 Georgia Football Media Guide\", College Football Data Warehouse,\nIn 1892, The two schools met in the first meeting in what is now the Deep South’s oldest college football rivalry. Auburn won the game 10–0. One Atlanta newspaper called it the “social event of the year.”", "title": "Deep South's Oldest Rivalry" }, { "docid": "38044784#6", "text": "In October 2006, General Mills announced they would honor the then third-longest running college football rivalry with a special edition Wheaties box. The box featured the helmets of Texas and Texas A&M and their respective home stadiums, Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium and Kyle Field, on either side. Although several individual college basketball and football teams had been featured previously on special edition boxes, this was the first time Wheaties had honored a rivalry series.", "title": "Texas–Texas A&M football rivalry" } ]

[ { "docid": "169713#2", "text": "Lake Tanganyika is situated within the Albertine Rift, the western branch of the East African Rift, and is confined by the mountainous walls of the valley. It is the largest rift lake in Africa and the second largest lake by volume in the world. It is the deepest lake in Africa and holds the greatest volume of fresh water, accounting for 16% of the world's available fresh water. It extends for in a general north-south direction and averages in width. The lake covers , with a shoreline of , a mean depth of and a maximum depth of (in the northern basin). It holds an estimated .", "title": "Lake Tanganyika" }, { "docid": "27938384#5", "text": "b. Lake Victoria is Africa’s largest lake it is also the largest tropical lake and the second largest freshwater lake in the world. While the Victoria Falls are neither the highest nor the widest waterfall in the world, it is claimed to be the largest sheet of falling water in the world measuring some 184,500 sq meters.", "title": "Victoria Cup (rugby union)" }, { "docid": "1786688#4", "text": "Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and the second largest fresh-water lake in the world. Many water sports are available there. Lakeside leisure sites are also available.", "title": "Mukono District" }, { "docid": "1786700#7", "text": "Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and the second largest fresh-water lake in the world. The lake is a prime spot for leisure activities. Water sports available on the lake include:\n(a) Sport Fishing (b) Water Rafting (c) Canoeing (d) Cruising and (e) Sailing.", "title": "Wakiso District" }, { "docid": "30120#3", "text": "Further northwest is Lake Victoria on the Kenya–Uganda–Tanzania border. This is the largest lake in Africa by surface area and is traditionally named as the source of the Nile River. Southwest of this, separating Tanzania from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is Lake Tanganyika. This lake is estimated to be the second deepest lake in the world after Lake Baikal in Siberia. The western portion of the country between Lakes Victoria, Tanganyika, and Malawi consists of flat land that has been categorised by the World Wildlife Fund as part of the Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands ecoregion. Just upstream from the Kalambo Falls, there is one of the most important archaeological sites in Africa.", "title": "Geography of Tanzania" }, { "docid": "552748#13", "text": "Lake Victoria (elevation ), with an area of , is the largest lake in Africa. It is not in the rift valley, instead occupying a depression between the eastern and western rifts formed by the uplift of the rifts to either side. Lakes Victoria, Tanganyika, and Malawi are sometimes collectively known as the African Great Lakes.", "title": "Rift Valley lakes" }, { "docid": "72979#1", "text": "With a surface area of approximately , Lake Victoria is Africa's largest lake by area, the world's largest tropical lake, and the world's second largest fresh water lake by surface area after Lake Superior in North America. In terms of volume, Lake Victoria is the world's ninth largest continental lake, containing about of water.", "title": "Lake Victoria" } ]

[ { "docid": "61943#1", "text": "It is the fourth largest fresh water lake in the world by volume, the ninth largest lake in the world by area—and the third largest and second deepest lake in Africa. Lake Malawi is home to more species of fish than any other lake, including at least 700 species of cichlids. The Mozambique portion of the lake was officially declared a reserve by the Government of Mozambique on June 10, 2011, while in Malawi a portion of the lake is included in Lake Malawi National Park.", "title": "Lake Malawi" }, { "docid": "341943#0", "text": "Lake Albert, also Mwitanzige and formerly Lake Mobutu Sese Seko, is a lake located in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is one of the African Great Lakes. Lake Albert is Africa's seventh-largest lake, and the world's twenty-seventh largest lake by volume.", "title": "Lake Albert (Africa)" }, { "docid": "1854#27", "text": "The principal lakes of Africa are situated in the African Great Lakes plateau. \nThe lakes found within the Great Rift Valley have steep sides and are very deep. \nThis is the case with the two largest of the type, Tanganyika and Nyasa, the latter with depths of .", "title": "Geography of Africa" }, { "docid": "632354#0", "text": "The Cahora Bassa lake—in the Portuguese colonial era (until 1974) known as Cabora Bassa, from \nNyungwe \"Kahoura-Bassa\", meaning \"finish the job\"—is Africa's fourth-largest artificial lake, situated in the Tete Province in Mozambique. In Africa, only Lake Volta in Ghana, Lake Kariba, on the Zambezi upstream of Cahora Bassa, and Egypt's Lake Nasser are bigger in terms of surface water.", "title": "Cahora Bassa" } ]

[ { "docid": "40901730#5", "text": "Hispanic or Latino was the most commonly reported race or ethnic group in California other than White. Hispanics or Latinos may be of any race, but they report their race as either White or some other race in the vast majority of cases (see Relation between ethnicity and race in census results). They comprised 37.2 percent (13,752,743) of California's total population and comprised the majority of the population in eight counties. Of these counties, Imperial County reported the highest concentration (79.6 percent). Notably, Imperial County also borders Mexico. Of the ten counties which reported the highest concentration of Hispanics or Latinos, all but Monterey County were landlocked. On the other hand, the ten counties which reported the lowest concentrations of Hispanic or Latinos were also all landlocked. None of these counties have populations over 200,000 and their average population was 65,633. The county that reported the lowest concentration of Hispanics or Latinos was Trinity County (6.7 percent) with a population of just 13,711. Although San Diego County also borders Mexico, it nevertheless had a lower percentage of Hispanics or Latinos than nearby counties which don't.", "title": "California locations by race" }, { "docid": "3058522#30", "text": "White Americans are the majority in 49 of the 50 states, with Hawaii as the exception. \"Non-Hispanic Whites\" are the majority in 46 states; Hawaii, New Mexico, California, and Texas (and the District of Columbia) are the exceptions. These five jurisdictions have \"minority majorities\", i.e. minority groups compose the majority of the population.", "title": "Race and ethnicity in the United States" }, { "docid": "40901730#4", "text": "Native Americans, defined in this article as the sum of those reported their race as American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, or other Pacific Islanders, comprised more than 10 percent of the population in two counties: Alpine County (22.1 percent) and Inyo County (10.4 percent). Crows Landing had the highest percentage of Native Americans of any place in California (62.8 percent), and Native Americans comprised a majority of the population in a total of six places. In no case did a place that reported more than 10 percent of its population as Native American have a population of over 5,000. The place with the highest concentration of Native Americans and with a population of over 5,000 was East Palo Alto, in which 9.8 percent of the population was Native American.", "title": "California locations by race" }, { "docid": "8279916#8", "text": "According to 2015 US Census Bureau estimates, California's population was 72.9% White, 6.5% Black or African American, 14.7% Asian, 1.7% Native Americans, 0.5% Pacific Islander and 3.8% from two or more races. By ethnicity, 38.8% of the total population is Hispanic-Latino (of any race) and 61.4% Non-Hispanic (of any race). Hispanics are the largest ethnic group in California.", "title": "Demographics of California" } ]

[ { "docid": "8279916#4", "text": "No single ethnic group forms a majority of California's population, making the state a minority-majority state. Hispanics (of any race) are the largest single ethnic group in the state. Spanish is the state's second most widely spoken language. Areas with especially large Spanish speaking populations include the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the California-Mexico border counties of San Diego and Imperial, and the San Joaquin Valley. Nearly 43% of Californian residents speak a language other than English at home, a proportion far higher than any other state.", "title": "Demographics of California" }, { "docid": "40901730#3", "text": "Black or African American was the fourth most commonly reported racial group in California, comprising 6.1 percent (2,252,129) of the state's population, roughly half that of Asians. Solano County had the highest percentage of those reporting Black or African American as their race (14.6 percent), and they surpassed 10 percent in two other counties: Alameda (12.5 percent) and Sacramento (10.2 percent). Alpine County was the only county which reported exclusively racial groups other than Black or African American. Of the ten counties in California with the lowest percentage of Blacks or African Americans, all are relatively small (with an average population of 86,038), and all but Santa Cruz County are landlocked. In contrast, most of the ten counties with the highest percentages of Blacks or African Americans had rather high populations, with an average population of 1,918,645. View Park-Windsor Hills had the highest percentage of Blacks or African Americans of all places in California (83.8 percent), and all places reporting a majority of this racial group were in Los Angeles County. This racial group was even more concentrated than Asians were, with roughly four in ten (603) places not reporting this racial group at all and with only about place in ten (201) reporting a concentration above that of the state.", "title": "California locations by race" }, { "docid": "2262832#15", "text": "Whitney is a school with students from predominantly Asian heritage. In the 2013-2014 academic school year, the majority demographic group, as reported by the State of California, was Asian with 71.5% of enrollment. Filipinos made up 10.9% of enrollment, Hispanics of any race were 8.6%, whites (not Hispanic) 4.7%, African Americans 2.4%, Pacific Islanders 0.5%, Native American or Alaska Native (not Hispanic) 0.2%, and two or more races (not Hispanic) 1.1%.", "title": "Whitney High School (Cerritos, California)" }, { "docid": "3928377#4", "text": "Oxford Academy's enrollment is made up of students of predominantly Hispanic and Asian heritage. In the 2015-2016 academic school year, the majority demographic group, as reported by the State of California, was Asian with 59.7% of enrollment. Hispanics of any race made up 17.5% of enrollment, whites (not Hispanic) 10.0%, Filipinos 7.9%, African American (not Hispanic) 1.7%, Pacific Islander 0.4%, Native American or Alaska Native (not Hispanic) 0.3%, and two or more races (not Hispanic) 2.3%.", "title": "Oxford Academy (California)" }, { "docid": "40901730#1", "text": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Whites were the dominant racial group in California, comprising 61.8 percent of its population of 36,969,200. The county with the highest percentage of whites was Sierra County (92.5 percent), which is also the second smallest county in California. The ten counties with the highest percentage of whites were all relatively small. They had an average population of 60,460, and none had a population of over 200,000. In contrast, the counties with the lowest percentage of whites were much larger, with an average population of 1,999,943. The smallest of these counties was Solano County, with a population of 411,620. All counties in California had a White majority, except Alameda County. White was the only reported racial group in 142 places, comprising one in ten of the total. The largest of these places was Forest Meadows, with a population of 1,546. Most of the ten places with the lowest reported percentage of whites were in Los Angeles County, and two of these places — Buck Meadows and Lookout — reported only racial categories other than White.", "title": "California locations by race" }, { "docid": "17264087#2", "text": "The system lacks a racial/ethnic majority among the population. In 2011, according to a California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation report, Hispanic inmates made up 39.8% of the population, African American inmates 28.9%, and white inmates 25.2%, with 6.1% classified as \"other.\" Prisoner identification and affiliation is tied closely to race and region of the state, which has contributed to tension and violence. There has been a long running racial tension between African American and Southern Mexican American prison gangs and significant riots in California prisons where Mexican inmates and African Americans have targeted each other particularly, based on racial reasons. California is the birthplace of the United States' most powerful and well-known prison gangs, including the Aryan Brotherhood, Mexican Mafia, Nuestra Familia, and the Black Guerrilla Family. State efforts against these gangs made California a pioneer in the development of Security Housing Unit \"supermax\" control-unit facilities.", "title": "Prisons in California" }, { "docid": "5407#77", "text": "By ethnicity, in 2016 the population was 61.1% non-Hispanic (of any race) and 38.9% Hispanic or Latino (of any race). Hispanics are the largest single ethnic group in California. Non-Hispanic whites constituted 37.7% of the state's population. \"Californios\" are the Hispanic residents native to California, who are culturally or genetically descended from the Spanish-speaking community which has existed in California since 1542, of varying Mexican American/Chicano, Criollo Spaniard, and Mestizo origin.", "title": "California" } ]

[ { "docid": "4329#0", "text": "Backgammon is one of the oldest known board games. Its history can be traced back nearly 5,000 years to archeological discoveries in the Middle East, originally in Iran. It is a two player game where each player has fifteen pieces (\"checkers\") which move between twenty-four triangles (\"points\") according to the roll of two dice. The objective of the game is to be first to \"bear off\", i.e. move all fifteen checkers off the board. Backgammon is a member of the tables family, one of the oldest classes of board games.", "title": "Backgammon" } ]

[ { "docid": "4329#64", "text": "\"Tάβλη (tavli)\" meaning \"table\" or \"board\" in Byzantine Greek, is the oldest game with rules known to be nearly identical to backgammon; it is described in an epigram of Byzantine Emperor Zeno (AD 476–491). The board was the same with 24 points, 12 on each side. As today, each player had 15 checkers and used cubical dice with sides numbered one to six. The object of the game, to be the first to bear off all of one's checkers, was also the same. Hitting a blot, reentering a piece from the bar, and bearing off, all followed the modern rules. The only differences with modern backgammon were the use of an extra die (three rather than two) and the starting of all pieces off the board (with them entering in the same way that pieces on the bar enter in modern backgammon). The name τάβλη is still used for backgammon in Greece, where it is frequently played in town plateias and cafes. The epigram of Zeno describes a particularly bad dice roll the emperor had for his given position. Zeno, who was white, had a stack of seven checkers, three stacks of two checkers and two \"blots\", checkers that stand alone on a point and are therefore in danger of being put outside the board by an incoming opponent checker. Zeno threw the three dice with which the game was played and obtained 2, 5 and 6. As in backgammon, Zeno could not move to a space occupied by two opponent (black) pieces. The white and black checkers were so distributed on the points that the only way to use all of the three results, as required by the game rules, was to break the three stacks of two checkers into blots, exposing them and ruining the game for Zeno.\nThe τάβλη of Zeno's time is believed to be a direct descendant of the earlier Roman \"Ludus duodecim scriptorum\" (\"Game of twelve lines\") with that board's middle row of points removed, and only the two outer rows remaining. Ludus duodecim scriptorum used a board with three rows of 12 points each with the 15 checkers being moved in opposing directions by the two players across three rows according to the roll of the three cubical dice. Little specific text about the gameplay of Ludus duodecim scriptorum has survived; it may have been related to the older Ancient Greek dice game Kubeia. The earliest known mention of the game is in Ovid's Ars Amatoria (The Art of Love) (written between 1 BC and 8 AD). In Roman times this game was also known as alea, and a likely apocryphal Latin story linked this name, and the game, to a Trojan soldier named Alea.", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "docid": "1331491#3", "text": "As a consequence of the reduced number of pieces, many people believe that hypergammon relies more heavily on luck than does backgammon. The lead in a game can swing very quickly. The difficulty of getting two pieces on the same point means that both players nearly always have blots on the board. The combination of the fact that bearing off can be completed with a single lucky roll of doubles and that it is nearly impossible to protect blots from being sent to the bar results in gammons being scored much more often than in backgammon.", "title": "Hypergammon" }, { "docid": "1001141#7", "text": "The Game of Ur is a race game and it is probably a direct ancestor of the tables, or backgammon, family of games, which are still played today. The Game of Ur is played using two sets of seven checker-like game pieces. One set of pieces are white with five black dots and the other set is black with five white dots. The gameboard is composed of two rectangular sets of boxes, one containing three rows of four boxes each and the other containing three rows of two boxes each, joined together by a \"narrow bridge\" of two boxes. The gameplay involves elements of both luck and strategy. Movements are determined by rolling a set of four-sided, pyramid-shaped dice. Two of the four corners of each die are marked and the other two are not, giving each die an equal chance of landing with a marked or unmarked corner facing up. The number of marked ends facing upwards after a roll of the dice indicates how many spaces a player may move during that turn. A single game can last up to half an hour and can be very intense.", "title": "Royal Game of Ur" }, { "docid": "52003586#3", "text": "The approach originated in TD-Gammon (1992). In backgammon, the evaluation of the game situation during self-play was learned through TD(formula_1) using a layered neural network. Four inputs were used for the number of pieces of a given color at a given location on the board, totaling 198 input signals. With zero knowledge built in, the network learned to play the game at an intermediate level.", "title": "End-to-end reinforcement learning" }, { "docid": "4329#3", "text": "Backgammon playing pieces may be termed checkers, draughts, stones, men, counters, pawns, discs, pips, chips, or nips.", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "docid": "80000#22", "text": "In backgammon, two players move their pieces in opposing directions, according to the rolls of dice. The use of a doubling cube allows players to increase the stakes of the game. The basis of the modern game can be traced to Medieval and Renaissance sources. Backgammon has been studied considerably by computer scientists, who have developed software that plays at the level of top human players.", "title": "Tables (board game)" }, { "docid": "4453286#7", "text": "The game can also be played on a 6 × 6 board with ten pieces on each side, labeled 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12. A pair of 6-sided dice are rolled. The game can also be played in rounds with a doubling cube as in backgammon.", "title": "EinStein würfelt nicht!" }, { "docid": "4329#39", "text": "To reduce the possibility of cheating, most good quality backgammon sets use precision dice and a dice cup. This reduces the likelihood of loaded dice being used, which is the main way of cheating in face-to-face play. A common method of cheating online is the use of a computer program to find the optimal move on each turn; to combat this, many online sites use move-comparison software that identifies when a player's moves resemble those of a backgammon program. Online cheating has therefore become extremely difficult.", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "docid": "4329#26", "text": "Russian backgammon is a variant described in 1895 as: \"...much in vogue in Russia, Germany, and other parts of the Continent...\". Players start with no checkers on the board, and both players move in the same direction to bear off in a common home board. In this variant, doubles are more powerful: four moves are played as in standard backgammon, followed by four moves according to the difference of the dice value from 7, and then the player has another turn (with the caveat that the turn ends if any portion of it cannot be completed).", "title": "Backgammon" } ]

[ { "docid": "18600328#2", "text": "The Ring, which Gollum referred to as \"my precious\" or \"precious\", extended his life far beyond natural limits. Centuries of the Ring's influence twisted Gollum's body and mind, and, by the time of the novels, he \"loved and hated [the Ring], just as he loved and hated himself.\" Throughout the story, Gollum was torn between his lust for the Ring and his desire to be free of it. Bilbo Baggins found the Ring and took it for his own, and Gollum afterwards pursued it for the rest of his life. Gollum finally seized the Ring from Frodo Baggins at the Cracks of Doom in Orodruin in Mordor, but he fell into the fires of the volcano, where both he and the Ring were destroyed.", "title": "Gollum" } ]

[ { "docid": "18600328#4", "text": "Bilbo Baggins stumbled upon Gollum's lair, having found the Ring in the network of goblin tunnels leading down to the lake. At his wits' end in the dark, Bilbo agreed to a riddle game with Gollum on the chance of being shown the way out of the mountains. In the first edition of \"The Hobbit\", Gollum's size is not stated. Only in the revised version is it specified that he is small and is actually an unnaturally long-lived Hobbit. Originally he was also characterized as being less bound to the Ring than in later versions; he offered to give the Ring to Bilbo if he lost the riddle game, and he showed Bilbo the way out of the mountains after losing. To fit the concept of the ruling Ring that emerged during the writing of \"The Lord of the Rings\", Tolkien revised later editions of \"The Hobbit\": The version of the story given in the first edition became the lie that Bilbo made up to justify his possession of the Ring to the Dwarves and Gandalf. In the new version Gollum pretended that he would show Bilbo the way out if he lost the riddle-game, but he actually planned to use the Ring to kill and eat the hobbit. Discovering the Ring missing, he suddenly realized the answer to Bilbo's last riddle – \"What have I got in my pocket?\" – and flew into a rage. Bilbo inadvertently discovered the Ring's power of invisibility as he fled, allowing him to follow Gollum undetected to a back entrance of the caves. Gollum was convinced that Bilbo knew the way out all along, and hoped to intercept him near the entrance, lest the goblins apprehend Bilbo and find the Ring. Bilbo at first thought to kill Gollum in order to escape, but was overcome with pity, and so merely leaped over him. As Bilbo escaped, Gollum cried out, \"Thief, Thief, Thief! Baggins! We hates it, we hates it, we hates it forever!\"", "title": "Gollum" }, { "docid": "23140913#29", "text": "As is told in \"The Hobbit\", Bilbo found the Ring shortly afterward while lost in the tunnels near Gollum's lair. When \"The Hobbit\" was written, Tolkien had not yet conceived of the Ring's sinister history. Thus, in the first edition of \"The Hobbit\", Gollum offers to surrender the Ring to Bilbo as a reward for winning the Riddle Game. When Tolkien revised the nature of the Ring for \"The Lord of the Rings\", he realized that the Ring's grip on Gollum would never permit him to give it up willingly. Tolkien therefore revised the second edition of \"The Hobbit\": after losing the Riddle Game to Bilbo, Gollum went to get his \"Precious\" (as he always called it) so he could kill and eat Bilbo, but flew into a rage when he found the Ring missing. Deducing from Bilbo's last question—\"What have I got in my pocket?\"—that Bilbo had found the Ring, Gollum chased him through the caves, not realizing that the hobbit had discovered the Ring's powers of invisibility and was following him to the cave's exit. Bilbo escaped Gollum and the goblins by remaining invisible, but when he rejoined Gandalf and the dwarves he was travelling with, he decided not to tell them that the Ring had made him invisible. In fact he told them a story that closely followed the first edition of \"The Hobbit\": that Gollum had given him the Ring and showed him the way out. Gandalf was not convinced and later forced the real story from Bilbo; he was thus immediately suspicious of the Ring.", "title": "One Ring" }, { "docid": "36914424#6", "text": "The company journeys into the Misty Mountains, where they find themselves amid a colossal battle between Stone Giants. They take refuge in a cave and are captured by Goblins, who take them to their leader, the Great Goblin. Bilbo becomes separated from the Dwarves and falls into a crevice where he encounters Gollum, who unknowingly drops a golden ring. Pocketing the ring, Bilbo finds himself confronted by Gollum. They play a riddle game, wagering that Bilbo will be shown the way out if he wins or eaten by Gollum if he loses. Bilbo eventually wins by asking Gollum what he has in his pocket. Noticing his ring is lost, Gollum realizes that Bilbo possesses it and chases him. Bilbo discovers that the ring grants him invisibility, but when he has a chance to kill Gollum, Bilbo spares his life out of pity and escapes while Gollum shouts his hatred towards the hobbit Baggins.", "title": "The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey" }, { "docid": "9378946#8", "text": "On the first night of the quest, the entire company is captured by three trolls, who plan to eat them. However, Gandalf arrives, imitating the trolls' voices and causing them to fight amongst themselves until the sun rises, which turns them to stone. As Bilbo searches for supplies in their cave, he meets an injured elf, Lianna (Jennifer Hale), who he assists by finding her healing potion. He also finds a dagger, which he calls Sting. The party then move on to the Elven city of Rivendell, where Elrond tells them of a secret entrance into the Lonely Mountain. They then head to the Misty Mountains. During the night, they are attacked by goblins, and Bilbo is knocked unconscious. He awakens alone and lost. As he wanders through the underground passages, he finds a ring, and encounters a creature named Gollum (Daran Norris). Gollum makes a deal with Bilbo; they will play a game of riddles. If Gollum wins, he will eat Bilbo, but if Bilbo wins, Gollum will show him the way out. Bilbo wins the game, and Gollum says he must get something before he can lead Bilbo out. He then realizes his ring is gone. Bilbo puts the ring on and discovers it makes its wearer invisible. An infuriated Gollum runs to the exit to try to stop Bilbo leaving, unwittingly leading the invisible Bilbo out. He reunites with the dwarves and Gandalf, but the party are then attacked by a groups of goblins and wargs. They climb to the tops of the trees, and are rescued by a band of eagles, who drop them off near Mirkwood Forest.", "title": "The Hobbit (2003 video game)" }, { "docid": "22635334#7", "text": "The scene cuts to Gandalf emerging from Mirkwood's dungeons after interrogating Gollum. Gandalf tells Aragorn that Gollum knows of Bilbo Baggins and The Shire, and explains that he must now go there to warn Frodo. Aragorn suggests sending Frodo to meet him in Bree, and Gandalf readily agrees. The film ends with Gollum speaking to himself in the dungeon, where he vows to kill \"Bagginses\" and reclaim his \"Precious\".\"The Hunt for Gollum\" had a shooting budget of less than £3,000. Location filming took place in North Wales, Epping Forest and Hampstead Heath. 160 people volunteered as crew members for the production. The production design was based on Peter Jackson's \"Lord of the Rings\" films. Director Chris Bouchard said, \"Peter Jackson's individual look was a big inspiration, it's been an adventure for us to play in that world that he created.\" The film's most difficult production aspect was the title character.", "title": "The Hunt for Gollum" }, { "docid": "18600328#11", "text": "In \"The Return of the King\", Sam single-handedly rescued Frodo from Cirith Ungol and, dressed in scavenged Orc-armour, the two began to make their way across the plateau of Gorgoroth. They finally arrived, against all odds, at Mount Doom, the only place where the Ring could be destroyed. However, Gollum had secretly followed them all the way, seeking a chance to surprise them and take the Ring. When Frodo and Sam had almost reached their destination, Gollum attacked them, but Frodo threw him down. Sam faced Gollum on his own, letting Frodo continue up the mountain to finish their mission. Like Bilbo and Frodo before him, Sam spared Gollum's life out of pity, and turned his back on the beaten (but still wily) creature and followed Frodo.", "title": "Gollum" }, { "docid": "18600328#8", "text": "In \"The Two Towers\", Frodo and Sam confronted Gollum in the Emyn Muil; Gollum nearly strangled Sam, but Frodo subdued him with his Elvish sword, Sting, which had once belonged to Bilbo. Frodo tied an Elvish rope around Gollum's ankle as a leash, but the mere touch of the rope pained him. Taking pity on the wretched creature, just as Bilbo once had, Frodo made Gollum swear to help them. Agreeing to the oath, Gollum swore by the \"precious\" itself, and Frodo released him. The unlikely company, guided by Gollum, made their way to the Black Gate, the main entrance to Mordor. Frodo's kindness brought out Gollum's better nature, and he made at least some effort to keep his promise. Sam, however, despised Gollum upon sight, and often warned Frodo of the creature's deception and slipperiness.", "title": "Gollum" }, { "docid": "23140032#11", "text": "Frodo and Sam made their way through Emyn Muil, followed by the creature Gollum, who had been tracking the Fellowship since Moria, seeking to reclaim the Ring he had possessed for centuries. After Gollum attacked the hobbits, Frodo subdued him with Sting. He then took pity on Gollum, and spared his life (just as Bilbo had done in \"The Hobbit\"), instead binding him to a promise to guide them through the Dead Marshes to the Black Gate, which Gollum did. Gollum said that there was \"another way\" into Mordor, and Frodo, over Sam's objections, allowed him to lead them south into Ithilien. It was there that they met Faramir, younger brother of Boromir, who took them to Henneth Annûn. There Frodo allowed Gollum to be captured by Faramir, saving Gollum's life but leaving him feeling betrayed by his \"master\". After giving them provisions, Faramir allowed the two hobbits and Gollum to go on their way, but warned Frodo of Gollum's treachery.", "title": "Frodo Baggins" }, { "docid": "30292#9", "text": "The group travels into the wild, where Gandalf saves the company from trolls and leads them to Rivendell, where Elrond reveals more secrets from the map. Passing over the Misty Mountains, they are caught by goblins and driven deep underground. Although Gandalf rescues them, Bilbo gets separated from the others as they flee the goblins. Lost in the goblin tunnels, he stumbles across a mysterious ring and then encounters Gollum, who engages him in a game of riddles. As a reward for solving all riddles Gollum will show him the path out of the tunnels, but if Bilbo fails, his life will be forfeit. With the help of the ring, which confers invisibility, Bilbo escapes and rejoins the dwarves, improving his reputation with them. The goblins and Wargs give chase, but the company are saved by eagles before resting in the house of Beorn.", "title": "The Hobbit" } ]

[ { "docid": "2191207#7", "text": "When the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) was founded on 20 June 1941, it included provisions for Air Ground Control Parties to serve with the United States Army at the division, corps, and Army headquarters. The Air Ground Control Parties functions were to regulate bombing and artillery in close conjunction with the ground troops, as well as assess bomb damage. They were thus the first of similar units to try to fulfill the functions of the FAC without being airborne. However, these units were often plagued by turf wars and cumbersome communications between the respective armies and air forces involved. As a result, it could take hours for an air strike requested by ground troops to actually show up.", "title": "Forward air control" }, { "docid": "47353944#4", "text": "When the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) was founded on 20 June 1941, it included provisions for Air Ground Control Parties to serve with the United States Army at the division, corps, and Army headquarters. The Air Ground Control Parties functions were to regulate bombing and artillery in close conjunction with the ground troops, as well as assess bomb damage. They were thus the first of similar units to try to fulfill the functions of the forward air controller (FAC) without being airborne. However, these units were often plagued by interservice rivalry and cumbersome communications between the respective armies and air forces involved. As a result, it could take hours for an air strike requested by ground troops to actually show up.", "title": "Forward air control operations during World War II" }, { "docid": "32212#6", "text": "The United States Coast Guard traces its origin to the founding of the Revenue Cutter Service on 4 August 1790 which merged with the United States Life-Saving Service on 28 January 1915 to establish the Coast Guard. The United States Air Force was established as an independent service on 18 September 1947; it traces its origin to the formation of the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps, which was formed 1 August 1907 and was part of the Army Air Forces before becoming an independent service as per the National Security Act of 1947. The United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps was formerly considered to be a branch of the United States Armed Forces from 29 July 1945 until its status as such was revoked on 3 July 1952.", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "docid": "32090#0", "text": "The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial and space warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the five branches of the United States Armed Forces, and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially formed as a part of the United States Army on 1 August 1907, the USAF was established as a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on 18 September 1947 with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947. It is the youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces, and the fourth in order of precedence. The USAF is the largest and most technologically advanced air force in the world. The Air Force articulates its core missions as air and space superiority, global integrated intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance, rapid global mobility, global strike, and command and control.", "title": "United States Air Force" } ]

[ { "docid": "9167627#10", "text": "To clarify the situation and provide both services sounder legal bases from which to operate, Congress passed the Army and Air Force Authorization Act of 1949 which became law on 10 July 1950. The law stipulated that the Air Force of the United States would consist of the U.S. Air Force (the Regular Air Force), the Air National Guard of the United States, the Air National Guard when it was in the service of the United States, and the U.S. Air Force Reserve. The Air Force of the United States was to have an authorized strength of not more than seventy groups with separate Air Force squadrons, reserve groups, and whatever supporting and auxiliary and reserve units as might be required.", "title": "Continental Air Command" }, { "docid": "1858944#2", "text": "On 12 February 1942 the United States adopted the British air defense philosophy. The Army Chief of Staff, Gen. George C. Marshall, approved the allocation of 53,299 African-Americans to the Army Air Forces with the \"stipulation that air base defense 'for the number of air bases found necessary' be organized and that 'Negro personnel' be used for this purpose as required.\" This order formed the Army Air Forces (AAF) air base security battalions in June 1942. Units were deployed throughout the European, Asian and African theaters and designed to defend against local ground attacks. These units were armed with rifles, machine guns and 37mm guns.", "title": "United States Air Force Security Forces" }, { "docid": "3715500#1", "text": "United States Air Force Honor Guard origins can be traced to May 1948 when Headquarters Command, United States Air Force, directed the creation of an elite ceremonial unit comparable to that of the other services. A ceremonial unit was activated within the 1100th Air Police Squadron at Bolling AFB with the responsibility of maintaining an Air Force ceremonial capability in the National Capital Region. The USAF HG officially became an Air Force squadron in 1972.", "title": "United States Air Force Honor Guard" }, { "docid": "9895061#2", "text": "In 1917, upon the United States' entry into World War I, the first major U.S. aviation combat force was created when an Air Service was formed as part of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF). Major General Mason Patrick commanded the Air Service of the AEF; his deputy was Brigadier General Billy Mitchell. These aviation units, some of which were trained in France, provided tactical support for the U.S. Army, especially during the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne offensives. Among the aces of the AEF Air Service were Captain Eddie Rickenbacker and 2nd Lieutenant Frank Luke.\nConcurrent with the creation of this combat force, the U.S. Army's aviation establishment in the United States was removed from control of the Signal Corps and placed directly under the United States Secretary of War. An assistant secretary was created to direct the Army Air Service, which had dual responsibilities for development and procurement of aircraft, and raising and training of air units. With the end of the First World War, the AEF's Air Service was dissolved and the Army Air Service in the United States largely demobilized.", "title": "History of the United States Air Force" }, { "docid": "23508196#6", "text": "A major step toward a separate air force came in March 1935, when command of all combat air units within the Continental United States (CONUS) was centralized under a single organization called the \"\"General Headquarters Air Force\"\". Since 1920, control of aviation units had resided with commanders of the corps areas (a peacetime ground forces administrative echelon), following the model established by commanding General John J. Pershing during World War I. In 1924, the General Staff planned for a wartime activation of an Army general headquarters (GHQ), similar to the American Expeditionary Forces model of World War I, with a GHQ Air Force as a subordinate component. Both were created in 1933 when a small conflict with Cuba seemed possible following a coup d'état, but were not activated.", "title": "United States Army Air Forces" }, { "docid": "13739823#3", "text": "The first Airways and Air Communications Service (AACS) squadrons were formed on 1 June 1948, when the United States Air Force (USAF) discontinued the Army Air Forces Base Unit system while implementing the Wing Base reorganization (Hobson Plan). On 1 October 1948, active AACS squadrons were renumbered starting at 1900 when USAF required Major Command controlled units to have four digits contained within blocks of numbers allotted to the commands. AACS Squadrons active on 1 June 1961 were redesignated as communications squadrons. Those squadrons numbered in the 1200s were renumbered in the 2100s retaining the last two digits of their AACS number.\n emblemsA Space Communications Squadron is a Communications Squadron supporting a Space Wing in Air Force Space Command.", "title": "List of United States Air Force communications squadrons" }, { "docid": "4070196#0", "text": "The United States Air Force Academy is an undergraduate college in Colorado Springs, Colorado, with the mission of educating and commissioning officers for the United States Air Force. The Academy was established in 1954, entered its first class in 1955, and graduated its first class in 1959. All students hold the Air Force rank of \"Cadet.\" Sports media refer to the Academy as \"Air Force\"; this usage is officially endorsed. Most cadets are admitted through a congressional appointment system. The curriculum is broad-based but has traditionally emphasized science and engineering. Before the Academy's first graduating class in 1959, the United States Military Academy and United States Naval Academy were the primary sources of officers for the Air Force and its predecessors, the Army Air Corps and Army Air Forces. Though the primary focus of the Academy is for the Air Force, some graduates are given the option of \"cross-commissioning\" into the United States Army, United States Navy, United States Marine Corps, or United States Coast Guard.", "title": "List of United States Air Force Academy alumni" } ]

[ { "docid": "529871#0", "text": "Weapon X is a fictional clandestine government genetic research facility project appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are conducted by the Canadian Government's Department K, which turns willing and unwilling beings into living weapons. The project often captures mutants and does experiments on them to enhance their abilities or superpowers, turning them into weapons. They also mutate baseline humans. The Weapon X Project produced Wolverine, Leech, Deadpool, and Sabretooth.", "title": "Weapon X" }, { "docid": "2862927#0", "text": "Washout (John Lopez) was a fictional mutant character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in a one-page cameo in \"X-Force\" vol. 1 #129 before being given a larger role in the \"Weapon X\" series.", "title": "Washout (comics)" }, { "docid": "23795835#0", "text": "\"Weapon X\" is a comic book story arc written and illustrated by Barry Windsor-Smith and published by American company Marvel Comics. The story arc appears in \"Marvel Comics Presents\" #72-84 and tells the story of Wolverine during his time in Weapon X. Only the prologue and part of the final chapter are told from the perspective of Wolverine, who is in a near mindless state for the bulk of the story. Instead, three members of the Weapon X team serve as the protagonists: Abraham Cornelius, Carol Hines, and a man referred to within the story as only \"the Professor\".", "title": "Weapon X (story arc)" }, { "docid": "713143#0", "text": "Weapon Plus is a fictional clandestine program appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It was created by Grant Morrison during his run in \"New X-Men\". The program's purpose is the creation of super-soldiers intended to fight the wars of the future, especially a Mutant-Human war. Weapon X, the organization's most well-known program, was originally the tenth installation, but eventually it branched off and became an independent program with similar purposes. Morrison's introduction of Weapon Plus also shed new information about the origins of Weapon X, Captain America and other Marvel Comics supersoldiers.", "title": "Weapon Plus" }, { "docid": "529871#3", "text": "The code-name \"Weapon X\" was originally mentioned in the first appearance of Wolverine in \"The Incredible Hulk\" #180, in 1974, since which, it had been implied that he was connected to a shady and malevolent government program. In the 1991 \"Marvel Comics Presents\" story arc \"Weapon X,\" the project was designated Experiment X, and it was revealed that it was responsible for bonding the adamantium to Wolverine's skeleton, making him indestructible. It also subjected him to brainwashing in order to bring out his most basic murderous instincts and to transform him into the perfect assassin. The scientists christened their new killing machine \"Weapon X\".", "title": "Weapon X" }, { "docid": "529871#2", "text": "The Weapon X organization first appeared in \"The Incredible Hulk\" #181 and was created by Len Wein and John Romita Sr.", "title": "Weapon X" } ]

[ { "docid": "683606#31", "text": "Marrow made a cameo appearance as a Weapon X test subject in the 2016 comic book film, \"Deadpool\". A woman with bones protruding from her back can be seen as Wade Wilson enters the Weapon X facility in an attempt to cure his cancer.", "title": "Marrow (comics)" }, { "docid": "18487716#0", "text": "Ultimaton, also known as Weapon XV, is a living weapon created by the anti-mutant supersoldier program Weapon Plus. The character was created by Grant Morrison and Chris Bachalo, first appeared in \"New X-Men\" #143 (August 2003). Ultimaton escapes from the Weapon Plus facilities, fights the X-Men and is destroyed. He is later resurrected to guard a child clone of Apocalypse.", "title": "List of Marvel Comics characters: U" }, { "docid": "5503874#0", "text": "Shiva is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is depicted as a program that manifests itself as an armored robot, was designed to eliminate rogue survivors of the Weapon X program. The robots themselves, in addition to the program, were created by Larry Hama and Marc Silvestri, and first appeared in \"Wolverine\" #50. The program learns, and sends out new 'clones' of the original robot, that can't be defeated the same way twice.", "title": "Shiva (Marvel Comics)" }, { "docid": "2084518#0", "text": "X-Factor Investigations is a fictional detective agency appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The organization was created by writer Peter David for the comic book series \"X-Factor\" (vol. 3). The agency first appears under the name XXX Investigations in the first issue of the Marvel Comics limited series \"Madrox\" #1 (November 2004). In the final issue, \"Madrox\" #5 (March 2005), the name is changed to X-Factor Investigations, and later abbreviated XF Investigations.", "title": "X-Factor Investigations" }, { "docid": "991728#0", "text": "Scientific and Technological Advanced Research Laboratories (S.T.A.R. Labs) is a fictional scientific research facility and organization appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. It first appeared in \"Superman\" #246 (December 1971) and was created by Cary Bates and Rich Buckler.", "title": "S.T.A.R. Labs" } ]

[ { "docid": "283887#0", "text": "Gjakova () or Đakovica (; sometimes transliterated as Djakovica) is a city and municipality located in the Gjakova District of western Kosovo. According to the 2011 census, the city of Gjakova has 40,827 inhabitants, while the municipality has,94,556 inhabitants.", "title": "Gjakova" } ]

[ { "docid": "42026705#31", "text": "According to some statistics in the early 20th century in Gjakova there were 400 craftsmen. The vigorous development of craftsmanship stimulated also the development of trade. \"The people of Gjakova have a tendency agriculture, but they are more betrothed to trade. They go to distant places where they open their shops, inns etc. to provide for their living\" was written in the yearbook (salname) of the vilayet of Kosova in 1887. The Gjakovar traders and craftsmen used to sell their product not only in Grand Bazaar, but also in many markets in other towns of Ottoman Empire, of Serbia and Austria. According to the facts, in the 1720s, the traders of Pristina and Gjakova transported their goods firstly to Dubrovnik and then to Italy. In 1803 the trader (merchant) from Gjakova, Jonuz Spahiu, had sold 114 bales of small leathers in Venice. In 1827 Salih Gjakova and Kërsto Gjakova sent gunpowder, rifles and flint stone to Sarajevo, whilst a year later, Hasan Gjakova and his nephew Hamza sent three bales of rifles to Serbia. According to the minutes of customs duty (cymryks) of Pozhega, of Aleksinac, of Kragujevac, of Mokra Gora, of Belgrade, etc., the traders from Gjakova sold their goods such as silk galloons, tobacco, rice, maize, eels, razors, soles, double-barrel sporting rifles, pistols, long rifles, cartridges, gunpowder, flint stones, wax, snuff, different leathers, salt, oil, cotton, cotton breast collars, cotton ribbons, silver galloons, scarfs, figs etc. Ali Sulejmani from Gjakova, in 1837, transported 56 loads of sheep leathers and other goods in an amount of 283.38 groshes, through Belgrade to Austria whereas in 1841, Halil Dobruna transported through Serbia to Austria galloons in an amount of 1800 groshes and 21,5 loads of Morocco leather (saftjan).", "title": "Old Bazaar, Gjakova" }, { "docid": "283887#14", "text": "According to OSCE estimations, before the Kosovo War of 1999 the municipality had a population of about 145,000, of which 93% were Kosovo Albanians and 7% non-majority communities, including some 3,000 Serbs, who mostly lived in the main town.", "title": "Gjakova" }, { "docid": "283887#24", "text": "According to official data, in 2006, there were 581 registered small and medium enterprises, in 2008 there were 3,120 such registered businesses, while in 2012 their number had reached 4,120. Gjakova currently has 12,000 people employed, in both the public and private sector, mostly in the latter. Although unemployment is high, there is a gradual increase of employment over the years according to data from the Kosovo Ministry of Work and Social Wellbeing. According to government statistics, in 2010, 40,000 people were registered as unemployed, while in 2011 this number decreased to 30,000 and in 2012 to 15,000. 30,000 people in Gjakova receive social assistance. This category includes poor families, people with disabilities, families of war veterans/victims and the retired.", "title": "Gjakova" }, { "docid": "283887#13", "text": "According to the 2011 census, the resident population was 94,556, of which urban inhabitants numbered 40,827 and rural 53,729; there were 47,226 males and 47,330 females. The ethnic groups include Albanians (87,672), Balkan Egyptians (5,117), Roma (738), Ashkali (613), and smaller numbers of Bosniaks (73), Serbs (17), Turks (16), Gorani (13) and others. Based on those that answered, the religious make-up was 77,299 Muslims, 16,296 Roman Catholics, 22 Orthodox Christians, 142 others, and 129 irreligious.", "title": "Gjakova" }, { "docid": "283887#23", "text": "According to official sources identified in the Ministry of Trade and Industry, by the end of 2005 there were about 3,200 registered businesses that exercise activity in different areas of Gjakova, such as enterprise manufacturing, construction, service, trade, catering, craft, transportation, information technology, etc. Social economy in 1989 has counted 45 companies that have employed 18,640 workers. In non-economic activities (education, health, culture, government institutions, banks, etc.) there were employed 4000 workers. Furthermore, they also developed the private economy – where in 2010 approximately 920 employees were registered in the business entities. The economy of the municipality of Gjakova suffered mostly during the economic sanctions and the mass violence done by Serbian forces during the war. The situation further during NATO’s intervention as a result of the destructive actions of multiple military and police forces, which have stood and operated in the economic enterprise facilities. This meant that during their withdrawal, these Serbian forces robbed, looted and destroyed most of the assets, inventories, transportation machines, etc. The losses that were done in the social economy as a result of the war were approximately 190 million DEM, whereas in the private economy around 100 million DEM.", "title": "Gjakova" }, { "docid": "42017814#2", "text": "Gjakova is mentioned as a city for the first time in 1662, by the Ottoman Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi, who described it as a flourishing and attractive town consisting of 2,000 houses, all built of stone with roofs and gardens. \nPublic buildings were suited on a broad plain and included two richly adorned Congregational mosques, several prayer-houses, some khans with leaden roofs, a delightful bathhouse, and about 300 shops like nightingale-nests.", "title": "Culture of Gjakova" }, { "docid": "283887#27", "text": "Dominated by small family businesses, retail stores, cafeterias and providers of basic services, the private sector of Gjakova remains weak. It makes up only 5.5 percent of all businesses registered in Kosovo. According to the Tax Administration Office in Gjakova, 88 to 93 percent of active businesses are businesses with a single owner, five to ten percent are businesses with limited liability and the remaining two percent are large businesses. As in any other place in Kosovo, more than 90 percent of the sector consists of small family businesses which cannot create growth with added value. Only 2 out of 53 studied businesses in the centre of Gjakova declared not having employed any relative.", "title": "Gjakova" }, { "docid": "283887#31", "text": "Historical monuments in Gjakova are divided into three main categories based on their cultural, religious and social context. The core part of the town was created between the Krena River to the east and Cabrati hill to the west. Around the cornerstone of the town, the Old Bazaar - the center of trade and craftsmanship - was created. By 1900, the bazaar housed around 1000 enterprises. Numerous bridges were built to enable the journey of trade caravans across the neighboring rivers. With the fast development of trade in the city, several inns were built to host the many visitors. Because of its ancient origins and fast economic development, Gjakova has become of great historical importance.", "title": "Gjakova" }, { "docid": "174266#24", "text": "British journalist H. Brailsford estimated in 1906 that two-thirds of the population of Kosovo was Albanian and one-third Serbian. The most populous western districts of Gjakova and Peć were said to have between 20,000 and 25,000 Albanian households, as against some 5,000 Serbian ones. A map of Alfred Stead, published in 1909, shows that similar numbers of Serbs and Albanians were living in the territory.", "title": "Demographic history of Kosovo" } ]

[ { "docid": "8045252#0", "text": "Public Affairs is a term for the formal offices of the branches of the United States Department of Defense whose purpose is to deal with the media and community issues. The term is also used for numerous media relations offices that are created by the U.S. military for more specific limited purposes. Public affairs offices are staffed by a combination of officers, enlisted personnel, civilian officials and contract professionals.", "title": "Public affairs (military)" }, { "docid": "2328245#2", "text": "In the 1950s, the concept of corporate public affairs was only beginning to come into vogue, and at the time meant mostly legislature watching and corporate community involvement. Today, the definition of \"public affairs\" is much broader, encompassing political involvement, lobbying (government relations), paces, corporate community involvement, issues management, grassroots advocacy, and public relations. This broadening of the field of public affairs and an increased understanding of the importance of political involvement has been demonstrated in the growth of formal corporate and association public affairs programs. In the 1950s, only a handful of companies had formal programs, today, thousands of companies and associations have them.", "title": "Public Affairs Council" }, { "docid": "23728089#0", "text": "Public affairs generally refer to the building and development of relations between an organization and politicians, governments and other decision-makers.", "title": "Public affairs industry" } ]

[ { "docid": "1287559#24", "text": "What does \"publicity\" mean? A newspaper of general circulation (or comparable breadth) or as few as 3–5 people who know the person harmed? Neither defamation nor false light has ever required everyone in society be informed by a harmful act, but the scope of \"publicity\" is variable. In some jurisdictions, publicity \"means that the matter is made public, by communicating it to the public at large, or to so many persons that the matter must be regarded as substantially certain to become one of public knowledge.\"", "title": "Privacy laws of the United States" }, { "docid": "43681121#3", "text": "Howard Feinstein, from \"Screen Daily\", said: “In a film that has taken Cuba by storm and is in the midst of a streak of overseas awards, former documentarian Daranas smoothly pulls together dual journeys that might not otherwise intersect so credibly. […] Reception should be positive, with such pluses as first-rate performances, especially Daranas’s brilliant work with children, and an inventive script outweighing a few rough technical edges.”", "title": "Behavior (film)" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "510016#3", "text": "What does it mean that something is \"public\"? Jürgen Habermas says, \"We call events and occasions 'public' when they are open to all, in contrast to closed or exclusive affairs\".", "title": "Public sphere" }, { "docid": "32412518#1", "text": "Salwāǧa corresponds with the tropical Zodiac sign Aquarius. \"Salwāǧa\" literally means \"pail of water\" in Pashto.", "title": "Salwāǧa" }, { "docid": "48609379#1", "text": "A public, not to be confused with \"the\" public, is composed of members that address each other, are addressed as a group, and also subscribe to specific ideals. Michael Warner describes a public as “being self-organized, …a relationship among strangers …[where] merely paying attention can be enough to make [one] a member.” Robert Asen notes that identity formation of members of a public “entails mutual recognition among members of diverse cultures.\" To Warner, publics are a social space where information is exchanged and is required for the exchange of information.", "title": "Public rhetoric" }, { "docid": "32412462#1", "text": "Waǵay corresponds with the tropical Zodiac sign Virgo. \"Waǵay\" literally means \"virgin\" in Pashto.", "title": "Waǵay" }, { "docid": "34345431#2", "text": "As stated in \"Brewer v. Williams\", , the right to counsel “[means] at least that a person is entitled to the help of a lawyer at or after the time that judicial proceedings have been initiated against him, whether by formal charge, preliminary hearing, indictment, information, or arraignment.” \"Brewer\" goes on to conclude that once adversarial proceedings have begun against a defendant, he has a right to legal representation when the government interrogates him and that when a defendant is arrested, “arraigned on [an arrest] warrant before a judge,” and “committed by the court to confinement,” “[t]here can be no doubt that judicial proceedings ha[ve] been initiated.”", "title": "Assistance of Counsel Clause" } ]

[ { "docid": "249458#0", "text": "The Tibetan people () are an ethnic group native to Tibet. Their current population is estimated to be around 6 million. In addition to living in Tibet, significant numbers of Tibetans live in other parts of China, as well as India, Nepal, and Bhutan.", "title": "Tibetan people" }, { "docid": "249458#2", "text": "As of the 2014 Census, there are about 6 million Tibetans living in the Tibet Autonomous Region and the 10 Tibetan Autonomous Prefectures in Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan, China. The SIL Ethnologue in 2009 documents an additional 189,000 Tibetic speakers living in India, 5,280 in Nepal, and 4,800 in Bhutan. The Central Tibetan Administration's (CTA) Green Book (of the Tibetan Government in Exile) counts 145,150 Tibetans outside Tibet: a little over 100,000 in India; over 16,000 in Nepal; over 1,800 in Bhutan, and over 25,000 in other parts of the world. There are Tibetan communities in the United States, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, France, Mexico, Norway, Mongolia, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. In the Baltistan region of northern Pakistan, the Balti people are a Muslim ethnicity of Tibetan descent numbering around 300,000.", "title": "Tibetan people" }, { "docid": "8928074#23", "text": "Tibet, the homeland of 7 million Tibetans, about half of whom live in the Tibetan Autonomous Region (\"Tibet\") and slightly more in the neighboring provinces of Qinghai, Yunnan, Gansu and Sichuan, lies for the most part within the People's Republic of China. For centuries Tibet resisted Chinese influence and control, with varying effectiveness. During periods when China was dominant, little more was involved than a Chinese governor and a garrison in Lhasa and Chinese administration in border areas such as Amdo and Kham with mixed populations of Tibetans and Chinese; no attempt was made by the Chinese to displace the Tibetan aristocracy or political and religious institutions of Tibet. From 1912 until 1950, Tibet experienced a period of \"de facto\" independence from Chinese rule, following the fall of the Qing dynasty. However, in 1950 the Chinese successfully incorporated Tibet and its outlying areas, occupied it, displaced Tibetan political and religious institutions, and assumed governance of the nation. Tibetan resistance since 1950 has taken a variety of forms, including instances of armed resistance that has been described as terrorism by Chinese authorities.", "title": "Terrorism in China" } ]

[ { "docid": "243781#2", "text": "Tibetic languages are spoken by some 6 million people.\nWith the worldwide spread of Tibetan Buddhism, the Tibetan language has spread into the western world and can be found in many Buddhist publications and prayer materials; with some western students learning the language for translation of Tibetan texts. Outside Lhasa itself, Lhasa Tibetan is spoken by approximately 200,000 exile speakers who have moved from modern-day Tibet to India and other countries. Tibetan is also spoken by groups of ethnic minorities in Tibet who have lived in close proximity to Tibetans for centuries, but nevertheless retain their own languages and cultures.", "title": "Tibetic languages" }, { "docid": "23417648#0", "text": "The Tibetan diaspora is a term used to refer to the communities of Tibetan people living outside their original homeland of Tibet. Tibetan emigration has three separate stages. The first stage was in 1959 following the 14th Dalai Lama's escape to Dharamshala in India, in fear of persecution from the People's Liberation Army. The second stage occurred in the 1980s, when China opened Tibet to foreigners. The third stage began in 1996 and continues today although with less frequency. Not all emigration from Tibet is permanent; today some parents in Tibet send their children to communities in the diaspora to receive a traditional Tibetan education. The 2009 census registered about 128,000 Tibetans in exile, with the most numerous part of the community living in India, Nepal, and Bhutan. However, in 2005 and 2009 there were estimates of up to 150,000 living in exile.", "title": "Tibetan diaspora" }, { "docid": "11145219#33", "text": "When the 10th Panchen Lama addressed the Tibet Autonomous Region Standing Committee Meeting of the National People’s Congress in 1987, he detailed mass imprisonment and killings of Tibetans in Amdo (Qinghai): \"there were between three to four thousand villages and towns, each having between three to four thousand families with four to five thousand people. From each town and village, about 800 to 1,000 people were imprisoned. Out of this, at least 300 to 400 people of them died in prison...In Golok area, many people were killed and their dead bodies were rolled down the hill into a big ditch. The soldiers told the family members and relatives of the dead people that they should all celebrate since the rebels had been wiped out. They were even forced to dance on the dead bodies. Soon after, they were also massacred with machine guns. They were all buried there\"", "title": "History of Tibet (1950–present)" }, { "docid": "26597226#35", "text": "The figure of 1.2 million dead is challenged by Chinese demographer Yan Hao who says that the methodoloy used by the TGIE is defective. “How can they come to these exact death figures by analysing documents,” he questions, “if they have problems in working out an exact figure of Tibet’s total population alive at present?” “How can they break down the figures by regions” “when they have a problem in clearly defining the boundary of the greater Tibet as well as its provinces?” Yan Hao stresses that “knowledge of statistics tells us that random sampling is necessary for acquiring reliable data in any surveys” and “those conducted entirely among political refugees could produce anything but objective and unbiased results.”", "title": "Human rights in Tibet" }, { "docid": "31516#59", "text": "The proportion of the non-Tibetan population in Tibet is disputed. On the one hand, the Central Tibetan Administration of the Dalai Lama accuses China of actively swamping Tibet with migrants in order to alter Tibet's demographic makeup. On the other hand, according to the 2010 Chinese census ethnic Tibetans comprise 90% of a total population of 3 million in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Exact population numbers probably depend on how temporary migrants are counted.", "title": "Tibet" }, { "docid": "54753#16", "text": "Historically, the population of Tibet consisted of primarily ethnic Tibetans. According to tradition the original ancestors of the Tibetan people, as represented by the six red bands in the Tibetan flag, are: the Se, Mu, Dong, Tong, Dru and Ra. Other traditional ethnic groups with significant population or with the majority of the ethnic group reside in Tibet include Bai people, Blang, Bonan, Dongxiang, Han, Hui people, Lhoba, Lisu people, Miao, Mongols, Monguor (Tu people), Menba (Monpa), Mosuo, Nakhi, Qiang, Nu people, Pumi, Salar, and Yi people.", "title": "Tibet Autonomous Region" }, { "docid": "31516#58", "text": "Historically, the population of Tibet consisted of primarily ethnic Tibetans and some other ethnic groups. According to tradition the original ancestors of the Tibetan people, as represented by the six red bands in the Tibetan flag, are: the Se, Mu, Dong, Tong, Dru and Ra. Other traditional ethnic groups with significant population or with the majority of the ethnic group residing in Tibet (excluding a disputed area with India) include Bai people, Blang, Bonan, Dongxiang, Han, Hui people, Lhoba, Lisu people, Miao, Mongols, Monguor (Tu people), Menba (Monpa), Mosuo, Nakhi, Qiang, Nu people, Pumi, Salar, and Yi people.", "title": "Tibet" } ]

[ { "docid": "50795#6", "text": "In addition to the standard TIE/ln fighter (also available as the TIE Light Duty training craft, as seen in the \"Jump to Lightspeed\" expansion pack to \"Star Wars Galaxies\"), a variety of other TIE craft appear throughout the films. Darth Vader flies a TIE Advanced x1; its prototype precursor, the TIE Advanced v1, was retroactively featured in \"Star Wars Rebels\" (the v1's variable-geometry wings, like Darth Maul's shuttle \"Scimitar\"'s, were inspired by Ralph McQuarrie's original sketches for the x1). \"The Empire Strikes Back\" introduces a TIE shuttle and TIE/sa bombers, which ferry Captain Needa (Michael Culver) to Darth Vader's Super Star Destroyer and bomb asteroids in the hunt for the \"Millennium Falcon\", respectively. Both TIE craft have a design that stems from an unused \"TIE boarding craft\" concept developed for \"A New Hope\". The TIE bomber's double-hull design led ILM's modelmakers to dub the ship a \"double chili dog\" fighter. The TIE/sa was also the inspiration for the triple-hulled TIE lander, featured in \"Star Wars\" #60 and in \"Star Wars: Complete Locations\". TIE/IN interceptors — faster TIE fighters with dagger-shaped wings and four laser cannons — appear at various points in \"Return of the Jedi\". Two scales of TIE interceptor models were used during filming. In the \"Legends\" continuity, red modified TIE interceptors are also used by the Emperor's Royal Guards, as featured in \"Rage of the Wookiees\", another expansion of \"Star Wars Galaxies\". \"The Force Awakens\" features First Order TIE/fo \"space superiority fighters\" (this definition was later adapted to the TIE/sf and TIE/ln, too) that have deflector shields and Special Forces TIE/sf fighters with heavier weapons, a hyperdrive, and shields. \"Flatter, fang-like\" TIE striker atmospheric fighters appear in \"Rogue One\" (2016). \"\" also features the TIE silencer, the Advanced-like personal starfighter of Kylo Ren.", "title": "TIE fighter" }, { "docid": "6521323#9", "text": "Tag and Bink are two soldiers aboard the Rebellion flagship \"Tantive IV\" when the Star Destroyer \"Devastator\" captures it. After almost being captured, they dress up as stormtroopers and are transported to the Death Star. They try to leave by stealing TIE fighters... twice. Darth Vader realizes his need for two TIE pilots as wingmen for his fight against the Rebel starfighters attacking the space station. As the comic illustrates, it is not the \"Millennium Falcon\"s fault that Vader is almost killed in the trenches of the Death Star, but due to Tag and Bink's lousy piloting.", "title": "Tag and Bink" }, { "docid": "50795#2", "text": "Initially given a blue color scheme, the TIE fighter models for the first film were grey to better film against a bluescreen; TIE fighters in \"The Empire Strikes Back\" (1980) and \"Return of the Jedi\" (1983) shifted back to being a muted blue. Sound designer Ben Burtt created the distinctive TIE fighter sound effect by combining an elephant call with a car driving on wet pavement. In the book \"The Sounds of Star Wars\", the engine roar is likened to German Junker Ju 87 \"Stuka\" bombers, who used sirens to frighten civilians on raids. This could have been a possible inspiration for the sound. Combat scenes between TIE fighters and the \"Millennium Falcon\" and Rebel Alliance X-wing fighters in \"Star Wars\" were meant to be reminiscent of World War II dogfight footage; editors used World War II air combat clips as placeholders while Industrial Light & Magic completed the movie's special effects. Darth Vader's distinct TIE Advanced x1 in \"Star Wars\" was designed to make it instantly recognizable, and the TIE Interceptors developed for \"Jedi\" were designed to look fast, deadly, and frightening.", "title": "TIE fighter" } ]

[ { "docid": "53862#25", "text": "Vader appears in the first anthology film \"Rogue One\", played by Spencer Wilding and Daniel Naprous, with James Earl Jones once again voicing the character. In this film, Vader meets with Imperial weapons engineer Orson Krennic, who asks him for an audience with the Emperor regarding the Death Star which Krennic lost command of to Tarkin. Vader refuses, however, and uses the Force to choke him as a way of putting him in his place and orders him to ensure the Death Star project has not been compromised. At the end of the film, Vader boards the disabled Rebel flagship \"Profundity\" with a cadre of Imperial stormtroopers and kills several Rebel soldiers as he attempts to recover the plans. However, the Alderaanian blockade runner \"Tantive IV\" (which was docked with the \"Profundity\") escapes with the plans, setting the stage for the events of \"A New Hope\".", "title": "Darth Vader" }, { "docid": "3276373#1", "text": "Darth Vader (the titular Sith Lord) hires bounty hunters (including Brazzo, Selle, 4-D, Mala Mala, B-6, and Ban Papeega) to find out who was responsible for the destruction of the Death Star. Thurlow Harris, a captured and tortured Rebel pilot who survived the Death Star battle, who returned to his homeworld of Centares, informs him of the pilot's identity—Vader's son, Luke Skywalker—and Vader sets up a plan for catching him, which eventually fails on Jazbina. This series depicts the first meeting between Luke and his father, and a Rebel pilot, Jal Te Gniev, is jealous and resentful of Luke destroying the Death Star, due to having measles during the Battle of Yavin.", "title": "Vader's Quest" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "5721368#1", "text": "Ward was born in Canada in 1943. Educated at Reading School, where he was School Captain, he joined Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth in 1962 as an officer cadet. After basic flying training he completed his training with the Fleet Air Arm on the Hawker Hunter and Sea Vixen. He then joined 892 Naval Air Squadron and flew the F-4K Phantom from , where he qualified as an Air Warfare Instructor. He then worked as a nuclear planning officer at NATO Allied Forces Northern Europe. In 1979, he took command of the Sea Harrier FRS.1 Intensive Flying Trials Unit at 700 Naval Air Squadron. Ward featured in an episode of \"Pebble Mill at One\" that year when he landed a Sea Harrier in a sports field next to the Pebble Mill Studios.", "title": "Sharkey Ward" }, { "docid": "3276363#2", "text": "Luceno devotes much of \"Dark Lord: The Rise of Darth Vader\" to the internal conflict that Darth Vader undergoes as he tries to shed his former identity of Anakin Skywalker and relearn to master the Force. Palpatine intends for these early missions that he sends Vader on to be as much about learning what it means to be a Sith as they are about consolidating the rule of the nascent Empire.", "title": "Dark Lord: The Rise of Darth Vader" }, { "docid": "20045001#3", "text": "Thayre first flew operationally with No. 16 Squadron RFC in France, in B.E.2 two-seater aircraft, gaining his first victory on 18 March 1916 when his observer, Lieutenant C. R. Davidson, shot down an attacking German Fokker E.III fighter aircraft. On 30 April he received a mention in despatches for his \"gallant and distinguished conduct in the field\" from General Douglas Haig, Commander-in-Chief of the British Forces in France. On 10 July, Thayre was appointed a flight commander with the temporary rank of captain, and on 1 September, he was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant.\nThayre was later posted to No. 20 Squadron, flying F.E.2d aircraft. He teamed up with Francis Cubbon, with whom he claimed two victories on 29 April 1917. On 1 May, the duo shot down an Albatros two-seater of \"FA 6\", killing its crew of two, while on 3 May 1917 Thayre and Cubbon engaged twenty-six Albatros D.III scouts, claiming two enemy aircraft shot down. At last, having exhausted their machine gun ammunition in that fight, Thayre and Cubbon used their automatic pistols as weapons of last resort.", "title": "Frederick Thayre" }, { "docid": "176530#35", "text": "Capt. Eric Brown, CBE, DSC, AFC, RN, Chief Naval Test Pilot and C.O. Captured Enemy Aircraft Flight, remembered how they were impressed when they tested the Veltro. “One of the finest aircraft I ever flew was the Macchi MC. 205. Oh, beautiful. And here you had the perfect combination of Italian styling and German engineering. I believe it was powered by a Daimler Benz DB 605. It was really a delight to fly, and up to anything on the Allied programme. But again, it came just before the Italians capitulated so it was never used extensively. And we did tests on it and were most impressed. The cockpit was smallish but not as bad as the Bf 109.”", "title": "Macchi C.205" }, { "docid": "3303318#2", "text": "In 1966, Dengler served aboard the USS Ranger (CV-61) with VA-145 (Attack Squadron 145). At the time, the squadron was equipped with the Douglas AD-6/A-1H Skyraider, a single-engine, propeller-driven attack plane. On the morning of 1 February, Lt. Dengler launched from the Ranger with three other aircraft on an interdiction mission near the Laotian border. Visibility was poor due to weather, and upon rolling in on the target, Lt. Dengler and the remainder of his flight lost sight of one another. Dengler was the last man in and was hit by anti-aircraft fire. He was forced to crash-land his Skyraider in Laos.", "title": "Little Dieter Needs to Fly" } ]

[ { "docid": "104883#0", "text": "Demopolis is the largest city in Marengo County, Alabama, United States. The population was 7,483 at the time of the 2010 United States Census.", "title": "Demopolis, Alabama" } ]

[ { "docid": "57886352#0", "text": "The Demopolis Times is a daily newspaper serving Demopolis, Alabama with a current circulation of about 1,700. The current editor is Robert Blankenship. In 2018, the paper won six awards from the Alabama Press Association including a second place finish for best business story or column in its class.", "title": "Demopolis Times" }, { "docid": "29071562#3", "text": "The congregation joined the Union of American Hebrew Congregations in 1907. By 1905, Demopolis had a population of around 124 Jews. In 1929 it had increased to 150. By the late 1930s, as was happening in other small Southern towns, the Jewish population had started an exodus to larger cities, with only 90 people remaining. A new, smaller masonry temple was built inside the shell of the 1893 building in 1958. The old temple was demolished after the new one was completed. The Jewish population continued to decline, with only a handful of people remaining by the late 1980s. The deed to Temple B’nai Jeshurun was signed over to Trinity Episcopal Church for $10 in 1989. The church continues to care for the property in 2010, having donated the sanctuary artifacts to the Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience in 2007. As of 2010, the last remaining former B’nai Jeshurun congregant was Bert Rosenbush, Jr, grandson of Julius Rosenbush.", "title": "Temple B'nai Jeshurun (Demopolis, Alabama)" }, { "docid": "104883#25", "text": "During the 2000 United States Census, there were 7,540 people, 3,014 households, and 2,070 families residing in the city. The population density was 616.4 people per square mile (238.0/km). There were 3,311 housing units at an average density of 270.7 per square mile (104.5/km). The racial makeup of the city was 50.90% Black or African American, 47.75% White, 0.09% Native American, 0.20% Asian, none Pacific Islander, 0.48% from other races, and 0.58% from two or more races. 0.98% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.", "title": "Demopolis, Alabama" }, { "docid": "104883#29", "text": "During the 2010 United States Census, there were 7,483 people, 3,049 households, and 1,998 families residing in the city. The population density was 613.4 people per square mile (236.1/km). There were 3,417 housing units at an average density of 280.1 per square mile (107.8/km). The racial makeup of the city was 50.1% Black or African American, 47.3% White, 0.1% Native American, 0.5% Asian, none Pacific Islander, 1.1% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. 2.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.", "title": "Demopolis, Alabama" }, { "docid": "104883#31", "text": "In the city, the population was spread out with 27.0% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 80.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.2 males.", "title": "Demopolis, Alabama" }, { "docid": "104883#27", "text": "In the city, the population was spread out with 29.1% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.0 males.", "title": "Demopolis, Alabama" }, { "docid": "104883#28", "text": "The median income for a household in the city was $26,481, and the median income for a family was $35,752. Males had a median income of $37,206 versus $20,265 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,687. About 26.0% of families and 30.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38.3% of those under age 18 and 21.1% of those age 65 or over.", "title": "Demopolis, Alabama" }, { "docid": "104883#32", "text": "The median income for a household in the city was $35,583, and the median income for a family was $49,973. Males had a median income of $50,734 versus $31,520 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,116. About 19.1% of families and 26.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.4% of those under age 18 and 27.5% of those age 65 or over.", "title": "Demopolis, Alabama" }, { "docid": "14679513#4", "text": "The colonists, comprising about 200 people, soon established the town of Demopolis, or \"City of the People\", on top of White Bluff, but following a survey in August 1818, they learned that their actual land grants began less than a mile to the east of their newly cleared land. After abandoning the settlement of Demopolis, they soon established two other towns, Aigleville and Arcola. Aigleville was named in honor of Napoleon's ensign, featuring an eagle. Arcola was named for the Battle of the Bridge of Arcole, site of a Napoleonic victory in 1796. Arcola became the largest town in the colony.", "title": "Vine and Olive Colony" } ]

[ { "docid": "8798949#71", "text": "Despite researcher's knowledge about the adverse health effects these pollutants can have on humans and the environment, it's challenging to fully understand the direct health impacts that are a result from fracking and assess the potential long term health and environmental effects. This is because the oil and gas industry is legally protected from disclosing what is in the chemical compounds they use for fracking. “Policies are also lacking in requiring full health impact assessments to be required before companies are given the go-ahead to drill”", "title": "Hydraulic fracturing in the United States" }, { "docid": "8798949#68", "text": "According to the National Resources Defense Council, cancer causing pollutants such as benzene, formaldehyde, and diesel have been found in the air near fracking sites. These pollutants generate wastewater, which is linked to groundwater contamination, threatening nearby drinking water and causing concern for anyone who is exposed. Studies done by The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, found that “Fracking also uses crystalline silica, which is a type of sand that’s used to keep the fractures open.” Exposure to this, along with dust and other air pollutants produced from fracking, can cause respiratory problems.", "title": "Hydraulic fracturing in the United States" }, { "docid": "5121584#7", "text": "In 2016, a Truthout investigation revealed commonplace fracking in the Gulf of Mexico, where offshore oil and gas drillers used fracking technology to maximize oil and gas production in aging undersea wells. A story broken by journalist Mike Ludwig revealed that the Obama administration had rubber-stamped 1,500 permit modifications to allow fracking in the Gulf of Mexico and had routinely excluded the practice from in-depth environmental reviews—even during the initial days of the Deepwater Horizon disaster. That investigation shined a critical light on industry's practice of mixing toxic fracking chemicals with drilling wastewater and dumping it directly into shallow waters of the Gulf. This practice was the subject of further legal challenges from environmental groups.", "title": "Truthout" }, { "docid": "22131#66", "text": "In hydraulic fracturing, well operators force water mixed with a variety of chemicals through the wellbore casing into the rock. The high pressure water breaks up or \"fracks\" the rock, which releases gas from the rock formation. Sand and other particles are added to the water as a proppant to keep the fractures in the rock open, thus enabling the gas to flow into the casing and then to the surface. Chemicals are added to the fluid to perform such functions as reducing friction and inhibiting corrosion. After the \"frack,\" oil or gas is extracted and 30–70% of the frack fluid, i.e. the mixture of water, chemicals, sand, etc., flows back to the surface. Many gas-bearing formations also contain water, which will flow up the wellbore to the surface along with the gas, in both hydraulically fractured and non-hydraulically fractured wells. This produced water often has a high content of salt and other dissolved minerals that occur in the formation.", "title": "Natural gas" }, { "docid": "8798949#80", "text": "Modern day fracking equipment is capable of pumping anywhere from 800-4200 gallons of water per minute, at pressures ranging from 500-20,000+ psi. Once the injection process is complete and gas has entered the well, anywhere between 10 and 30 percent of the fluid injected will flow back into the well as wastewater for disposal.  In addition to the chemical additives present in fracking fluid, flowback water contains dangerous volatile hydrocarbons, such as hydrogen sulfide pulled from the fractured rock. Workers must use handheld gauges to check fluid levels via hatches on top of wells and when doing so they may be exposed to dangerous plumes of gas and vapor containing the volatile hydrocarbons.  Exposure to these chemicals and hydrocarbons can affect the nervous system, heart rhythms, and may lead to asphyxiation or death.", "title": "Hydraulic fracturing in the United States" }, { "docid": "38175442#0", "text": "Fracking hoses are used in hydraulic fracturing (fracking). Hydraulic fracturing uses between 1.2 and 3.5 million US gallons (4.5 and 13 Ml) of water per well, with large projects using up to 5 million US gallons (19 Ml). Additional water is used when wells are refractured; this may be done several times.", "title": "Fracking hose" }, { "docid": "53883304#15", "text": "Fracking is a colloquial term for \"horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing.\" During the 19th century natural gas was easy to extract from moderate depths using vertical wells. Sometimes wells were not needed at all because the gas was so plentiful it would bubble up from the ground. As non-renewable energy resources become more scarce, advances in fracking technology have allowed access to natural gas reserves accumulated in shale formations. Reserves of natural gas in the Marcellus Shale rock formation are valued at around $500 billion in Pennsylvania alone. \nWhile coal production in Appalachia has been in decline, advances in fracking technology have contributed to the regional \"natural gas boom.\" The coal deposit of eastern Kentucky and southern West Virginia's coal fields have been mined longer than other reserves in the United States. The remaining deposits in these areas are deeper and the costs of extraction has increased.", "title": "Environmental issues in Appalachia" }, { "docid": "34494017#0", "text": "A proppant is a solid material, typically sand, treated sand or man-made ceramic materials, designed to keep an induced hydraulic fracture open, during or following a fracturing treatment. It is added to a \"fracking fluid\" which may vary in composition depending on the type of fracturing used, and can be gel, foam or slickwater–based. In addition, there may be unconventional fracking fluids. Fluids make tradeoffs in such material properties as viscosity, where more viscous fluids can carry more concentrated proppant; the energy or pressure demands to maintain a certain flux pump rate (flow velocity) that will conduct the proppant appropriately; pH, various rheological factors, among others. In addition, fluids may be used in low-volume well stimulation of high-permeability sandstone wells (20k to 80k gallons per well) to the high-volume operations such as shale gas and tight gas that use millions of gallons of water per well.", "title": "Hydraulic fracturing proppants" }, { "docid": "42205615#10", "text": "The main concern raised against fracking is of the environment. In order to extract the gas, water and chemicals must be blasted into the shale at high pressures. This process concerns opponents of fracking because of the potentially chemical leaks into sub-surface aquifers, which could affect thousands of hectares of land for many years. Radioactive particles could also pollute groundwater, which is already scarce in the Karoo. Proponents of the process argue that a well-maintained regulatory environment, with emergency event control protocols, would prevent environmental catastrophes from occurring. In the United States, leakage has been reported in less than 1% of wells. Proponents also argue that more casing can be used while drilling to prevent leakages and environmentally friendly chemicals have been developed to prevent leaks from being harmful to local water supplies. Finally, proponents contend that aquifers depended on for human use in the Karoo are generally shallow, while shale pockets that could be extracted from are deeper, so contamination is less likely.", "title": "Hydraulic fracturing in South Africa" }, { "docid": "32425726#5", "text": "In addition to protecting against mining contamination, Idaho Conservation League works to protect Idaho’s ground water from hydraulic fracturing, otherwise known as “fracking,” a process used in natural gas extraction. When a natural gas company began exploration in western Idaho in 2011, ICL asked the Idaho oil and Gas Conservation Commission to prohibit carcinogenic chemicals and require companies to provide a bond protecting Idaho communities in the case of a fracking emergency. ICL has one main goal in regards to fracking, that \"Idaho has rules protective of the people's groundwater\" that set limitations on the use of hazardous substances.", "title": "Idaho Conservation League" }, { "docid": "32544339#0", "text": "Hydraulic fracturing (also fracking, fraccing, frac'ing, hydrofracturing or hydrofracking) is a well stimulation technique in which rock is fractured by a pressurized liquid. The process involves the high-pressure injection of 'fracking fluid' (primarily water, containing sand or other proppants suspended with the aid of thickening agents) into a wellbore to create cracks in the deep-rock formations through which natural gas, petroleum, and brine will flow more freely. When the hydraulic pressure is removed from the well, small grains of hydraulic fracturing proppants (either sand or aluminium oxide) hold the fractures open.", "title": "Hydraulic fracturing" } ]

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[ { "docid": "12598742#20", "text": "British colonisation of Australia began with the arrival of the First Fleet in Botany Bay, New South Wales, in 1788. Settlements were subsequently established in Tasmania (1803), Victoria (1803), Queensland (1824), the Northern Territory (1824), Western Australia (1826), and South Australia (1836). Australia was the exception to British imperial colonization practices, in that no treaty was drawn up setting out terms of agreement between the settlers and native proprietors, as was the case in North America, and New Zealand. Many of the men on the First Fleet had had military experience among Indian tribes in North America, and tended to attribute to the aborigines alien and misleading systems or concepts like chieftainship and tribe with which they had become acquainted in the northern hemisphere.", "title": "Indigenous Australians" }, { "docid": "34575776#6", "text": "The arrival of the First Fleet in 1788 at Port Jackson marked the beginning of the colonization of Australia. At the time it was used as a penal colony to which criminals and political dissidents were sent as punishment, however, a small number of free settlers also took up land. The penal colony had been established at Port Jackson (present-day Sydney) which was the traditional land of the Cadigal people. The penal colony had a population of around one thousand and for the first few years struggled to adapt to the Australian climate.", "title": "Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars" }, { "docid": "158986#0", "text": "The culture of Australia is primarily a Western culture, to some extent derived from Britain but also influenced by the unique geography of Australia, the cultural input of Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and other Australian people. The British colonization of Australia began in 1788, and waves of multi-ethnic migration followed. Evidence of a significant Anglo-Celtic heritage includes the predominance of the English language, the existence of a democratic system of government drawing upon the British traditions of Westminster Government, Parliamentarianism and constitutional monarchy, American constitutionalist and federalist traditions, Christianity as the dominant religion, and the popularity of sports originating in (or influenced by) the British Isles. Australian culture has diverged significantly since British settlement.", "title": "Culture of Australia" }, { "docid": "2258135#0", "text": "The history of Australia from 1788–1850 covers the early colonial period of Australia's history, from the arrival in 1788 of the First Fleet of British ships at Sydney, New South Wales, who established the penal colony, the scientific exploration of the continent and later, establishment of other Australian colonies.", "title": "History of Australia (1788–1850)" } ]

[ { "docid": "53523554#1", "text": "The United States first began establishing its presence in the Equatorial Pacific during the mid-19th century through guano mining conducted by private American companies under the Guano Islands Act. After several decades, guano resources became depleted, leading to the diminishing presence of American companies on the islands; they were thus vulnerable to development and claim by other nations, especially the regional rival, Imperial Japan. The United States maintained a desire for military and commercial air routes between Australia and California, routes that would be facilitated by the use of the islands of Howland, Baker and Jarvis. In 1935, the Department of Commerce developed a clandestine colonization plan with the objective of placing U.S. citizens on the remote islands in order for the United States to lay claim to them. The colonization program called for non-active military personnel in order to avoid conflicting with international law regarding colonization by military.", "title": "American Equatorial Islands Colonization Project" }, { "docid": "39759997#7", "text": "The Dutch and English colonization efforts were begun as a marriage between settlement and commerce. Dutch exploration began when the Dutch East India Company hired Henry Hudson in 1609 to discover a shipping route to Asia. Though the Northwest Passage was not discovered, involvement in the fur trade soon commenced and the colony of New Netherland was established. As the colony was a business venture, the directors weighed the profitability of expanding settlement against possible returns to be gleaned from the commercial possibilities and sold provisional orders for colonization to families. The policy ensured that women were part of the colonizing effort from conception and that the company valued the complementary roles that men and women would provide to growth of the colony. The first English settlers were not farmers, or familiar with the woodlands, but rather primarily townsfolk and city dwellers. A year after the founding of Jamestown, the first two women arrived at the settlement in 1608 and were followed the next year with approximately 120 more women, who were either wives and fiancées of previous settlers or where hired by the Virginia Company to help establish the colony. With the establishment of settlements, the Atlantic slave trade was introduced and in fact, until 1800, the majority of women who arrived in the Americas were not free migrants, but rather arrived as slaves. Estimates are that four-fifths of all women who came to the Americas before 1800 were not European women.", "title": "Women in the Americas" }, { "docid": "52447#0", "text": "The European colonization of the Americas describes the history of the settlement and establishment of control of the continents of the Americas by most of the naval powers of Western Europe.\nSystematic European colonization began in 1492, when a Spanish expedition headed by the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus sailed west to find a new trade route to the Far East but inadvertently landed in what to be known to Europeans as the \"New World\". He ran aground on the northern part of Hispaniola on 5 December 1492, which the Taino people had inhabited since the 9th century; the site became the first permanent European settlement in the Americas. Western European conquest, large-scale exploration and colonization soon followed. Columbus's first two voyages (1492–93) reached the Bahamas and various Caribbean islands, including Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. In 1497, Italian explorer John Cabot, on behalf of England, landed on the North American coast, and a year later, Columbus's third voyage reached the South American coast. As the sponsor of Christopher Columbus's voyages, Spain was the first European power to settle and colonize the largest areas, from North America and the Caribbean to the southern tip of South America.", "title": "European colonization of the Americas" }, { "docid": "19337310#51", "text": "The first rodents arrived in Australia via Indonesia around 5 million years ago. Although marsupials are the most prominent mammals in Australia, many rodents, all belonging to the subfamily Murinae, are among the continent's mammal species. There are about fifty species of 'old endemics', the first wave of rodents to colonize the country in the Miocene and early Pliocene, and eight true rat (\"Rattus\") species of 'new endemics', arriving in a subsequent wave in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene. The earliest fossil rodents in Australia have a maximum age of 4.5 million years, and molecular data is consistent with the colonization of New Guinea from the west during the late Miocene or early Pliocene followed by rapid diversification. A further wave of adaptive radiation occurred after one or more colonizations of Australia some 2 to 3 million years later.", "title": "Rodent" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "52196065#6", "text": "The discoveries have shed new light on the human colonisation of Australia by the ancestors of today's Indigenous Australians. The first Australians are thought to have migrated by boat to northern Australia about 50,000 years ago. They then spread all the way around the coasts of the continent within possibly as little as 2,000 years. It had previously been thought that they took much longer to diffuse into Australia's arid interior, as the next earliest known evidence of interior settlement, at Puritjarra in western central Australia, is dated to 11,000 years after the oldest of the Warratyi finds. However, the discoveries at Warratyi suggest that the interior diffusion happened much earlier than that. It is possible that humans migrated into the interior at a very early date by following river systems and settled around inland springs such as the one at Warratyi. Alternatively, they may have cut directly through the centre of the country.", "title": "Warratyi" }, { "docid": "39582#5", "text": "There is considerable archaeological discussion as to the route taken by the first colonisers. People appear to have arrived by sea during a period of glaciation, when New Guinea and Tasmania were joined to the continent. The journey still required sea travel however, making them amongst the world's earlier mariners. Scott Cane wrote in 2013 that the first wave may have been prompted by the eruption of Mount Toba. If they arrived around 70,000 years ago, they could have crossed the water from Timor, when the sea level was low; but if they came later, around 50,000 years ago, a more likely route would be through the Moluccas to New Guinea. Given that the likely landfall regions have been under around 50 metres of water for the last 15,000 years, it is unlikely that the timing will ever be established with certainty.", "title": "History of Australia" } ]

[ { "docid": "1388207#0", "text": "Iftah Ya Simsim (; meaning \"Open Sesame\") is the first international co-production of the American children's television series \"Sesame Street\" created in the Arab world. It premiered in Kuwait on September 14, 1979 and was broadcast in 22 Arabic-speaking countries, running until April 6, 1990. The program continued to be well-known decades after it went off the air. In 1978, educators, mass media officers, and social planners agreed to adopt \"Sesame Street\" as a feasible and economical solution for the low attendance in preschools and illiteracy that plagued the region. They approached the Children's Television Workshop (CTW), the producers of the American show, and purchased the rights to create an Arab version for US$2.5 million.", "title": "Iftah Ya Simsim" }, { "docid": "1388207#15", "text": "The show focused on Arab heritage, like the wedding rituals of countries in the region, and included Arab poems and songs. \"Iftah Ya Simsim\" premiered in Kuwait in September 1979, and was broadcast in all Arabic-speaking countries excluding Egypt. The show's opening consisted of a catchy tune that became beloved of its young viewers. As the song played, the opening footage showed children across the Arab world running past familiar landmarks like the Pyramids and playing in playgrounds and ancient alleyways before running into a white fort that had its gates open wide. The show's set consisted of an intricately traditional Arabian neighborhood called \"Sharee Eshreen\" (20th Street).", "title": "Iftah Ya Simsim" } ]

[ { "docid": "1388207#17", "text": "According to researcher Ibrahim Al-Khulaifi, \"In a few months, \"Iftah Ya Simsim\" became one of the most popular and successful programs for children in many Arab states\". Critics called it \"one of the most successful pan-Arab collaborations of educators, creators, writers and artists from the Middle East\". The show continued to trigger nostalgia in its fans, some of whom watched its reruns well into the 1990s. Rym Ghazal of \"The National\" asserts that other co-productions made in the region could not compare to \"Iftah Ya Simsim\", which used actors and children from the region, known as Khaleeji, in their roles. Ghazal also stated, \"No Arabic children's television show was as popular and influential in the Middle East in the 1980s as \"Iftah Ya Sim Sim\" ... That's because it offered an alternative way of learning that hardly existed in the Arab world at the time, just as \"Sesame Street\" had previously done in the West\".", "title": "Iftah Ya Simsim" }, { "docid": "1388207#18", "text": "\"Iftah Ya Simsim \"inspired \"a flood of studies\", from scientific research to doctoral or masters theses submitted to Arab, European, and American universities. No studies were conducted during the show's first five years, largely due to lack of government cooperation and unsuccessful attempts marred by subjects dropping out of the studies. In 1981, however, the JPPI invited children from Arab countries to Kuwait to access how they assimilated the program. Their attitudes about the show were assessed by education, social, and media specialists, who found that most viewers had benefited from watching it. Parents reported that their children's language use and ability improved, and the JPPI received many letters of appreciation and was commended for their efforts in producing the show. In 1984, in one of the first studies conducted researching the show's effects on its young viewers, Ibrahim Al-Khulaifi compared the relationship between the viewing behavior by the Kuwaiti preschooler of \"Iftah Ya Simsim\" and certain developmental and environmental variables. He found that variables such as socioeconomic status, parental education (especially that of the mother), sex, age, year in school, birth order, and family attitudes about the show influenced the frequency of viewing.", "title": "Iftah Ya Simsim" }, { "docid": "1388207#1", "text": "A few months after its premiere, \"Iftah Ya Simsim\" became one of the most popular and successful programs for children in many Arab states. Critics called it \"one of the most successful pan-Arab collaborations of educators, creators, writers and artists from the Middle East\". The show inspired many studies, which demonstrated that children benefited from watching it. \nIn 2010, efforts began to revive the show for a new generation of young viewers in the Arab world. In late 2013, fifteen writers and producers from Bidaya Media attended training about its educational methodology and production techniques from the staff of the American show in New York. \"Iftah Ya Simsim\" was in pre-production in March 2014, and the first phase of auditions took place in April 2014. The new series debuted on September 1, 2015.", "title": "Iftah Ya Simsim" }, { "docid": "1388207#7", "text": "\"Iftah Ya Simsim\" was the first children's educational TV program of its kind in the Arab world and the first \"Sesame Street\" co-production in the region. It was the first co-production to use Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Its development was similar to that of the American version of \"Sesame Street\" in the late 1960s. The GCC considered creating a co-production for many years, so consultations were held among its member countries regarding how to do so. Many of the early co-productions were simple, dubbed versions with local language voice-overs and instructional cutaways, but the GCC wanted to create their own original version.", "title": "Iftah Ya Simsim" }, { "docid": "1388207#25", "text": "It was also announced that the much loved character No'man the camel and the bird muppet Melsoon were returning to the new run. They were to be joined by new muppets that would \"include Shams, a quick witted 6 year old girl who is full of energy and loves to express herself, as well as cute Gargour, a special resident on Iftah Ya Simsim who provides his trademark zaniness, comic chaos and a unique perspective on the world.\" It was announced that season one Muppet performers included six puppeteers: Abdullah Kassem, Asma Alshamsi, Natheer Khawaldeh, Maher Mozawak, Noura Sadaka, and Michel Jabali. Also announced were actors appearing on the show with the muppets; Abdulla Rafa (in the role of Rashid) and Fatma Al Taei (as Amal). The educational content of the show is directed by the Educational Advisory Committee and the representatives of the Arab Bureau of Education for the Gulf States (ABEGS).", "title": "Iftah Ya Simsim" }, { "docid": "1388207#20", "text": "In 2010, the Sesame Workshop and the Arab Bureau of Education for the Gulf States (ABEGS), which recognized \"the deep love for the program\" felt throughout the Arab world, started talks about relaunching \"Iftah Ya Simsim\". Pre-production research and preparation, like the process it took to bring the American version and the original Arab co-production, took two years. The ABEGS and the Sesame Workshop signed an agreement to bring it back to Arab television, with content suitable for a new generation of children. The show was the first educational initiative sponsored by the Mubadala Development Company, the investment vehicle of the Abu Dhabi government. The initiative sought to relaunch the old series \"with a new vision and content suitable for children of today\". Abdel-Mohsen Al Bannai, CEO of the joint production program for GCC-JPPI and who produced other co-productions in the region during the 1980s, considered \"Iftah Ya Simsim\" as more than a TV show, but as an educational initiative. The production company Bidaya Media was chosen to produce the show; in 2013, the company was housed at Twofour54, the United Arab Emirates version of public television. The show was supported by organizations all over the world; Feras Al-Maddah, \"Iftah Ya Simsim's\" representative at the GCC, stated, \"It is a public/private sector partnership and we will need the support of all to extend the communication channels and continue producing more educational products\".", "title": "Iftah Ya Simsim" }, { "docid": "1388207#10", "text": "\"Iftah Ya Simsim\" emphasized scientific thinking and the effects of technology on society. It sought to provide children with experiences that enriched their knowledge about their environment and improved their reasoning, through teaching them mathematical and geometric concepts. The show introduced its viewers to Arab history by citing important events, such as showing castles that were the center of historic battles. Geography was highlighted, especially the location of countries and their cities and capitals, which had the secondary effect of helping children increase their feelings of belonging and feeling proud of their Arab heritage. Children's social awareness, especially their comprehension of social roles and their functions, was also emphasized.", "title": "Iftah Ya Simsim" }, { "docid": "1388207#12", "text": "The producers wanted to present the characteristics of the Arabic language and its alphabet. Because pre-production research showed that, although many dialects are spoken in the region, 90% of Arab children were able to understand Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), it was chosen as the show's language. Linguist Kees Versteegh stated that the language used in \"Iftah Ya Simsim\" was \"based on an explicit didactic and linguistic concept\". The show's developers decided to use specific aspects of the language. Despite the absence of case endings in the dialects spoken by many of its users, the producers used them and other indispensable features of MSA. They also spelled out what features should be used sparingly, like passive verb forms, and what features they wanted to completely avoid, such as some prepositions. According to Versteegh, \"These principles have been followed rather closely\". Children who appeared on the show made few grammatical errors in MSA, and although colloquialisms were used rarely, there was an informal quality in their conversations and speech patterns. Versteegh postulated that it was due to the use of intonation patterns and interjections, instead of the use of grammatical and lexical items from the vernacular use of the language. He also said that \"Iftah Ya Simsim\" proved that it was \"possible to use an informal register of Modern Standard Arabic\". Versteegh reported that although the show was criticized in some Arab countries, Egypt in particular, for containing too many colloquialisms, he thought the criticism was biased and that \"the selection of lexical items in any pan-Arabic programme will probably never satisfy everybody\".", "title": "Iftah Ya Simsim" } ]

[ { "docid": "1074448#9", "text": "The Chinese Northern Mandarin dialect spoken in Beijing had a major impact on the phonology of the dialect of Manchu spoken in Beijing, and since Manchu phonology was transcribed into Chinese and European sources based on the sinified pronunciation of Manchus from Beijing, the original authentic Manchu pronunciation is unknown to scholars.", "title": "Beijing dialect" }, { "docid": "153021#40", "text": "\"Beijing dialect\" is one of the most commonly used. It was a mix of several dialects, since the Manchus who lived in Beijing were not only Jianzhou Jurchens, but also Haixi Jurchens and Yeren Jurchens. the mingling of their accents produced Beijing dialect . Beijing dialect is very close to Standard Manchu. Mukden dialect, is another popular dialect that was originally spoken by Manchus who lived in Liaoning and the western and southern areas of Jilin, having an accent very close to the Xibe language spoken by the Xibes living in Qapqal. Other dialects include Ningguta and Alcuka.", "title": "Manchu people" }, { "docid": "18603746#61", "text": "People native to urban Beijing speak the Beijing dialect, which belongs to the Mandarin subdivision of spoken Chinese. This speech is the basis for \"putonghua\", the standard spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan, and one of the four official languages of Singapore. Rural areas of Beijing Municipality have their own dialects akin to those of Hebei province, which surrounds Beijing Municipality.", "title": "Beijing" }, { "docid": "1074448#0", "text": "The Beijing dialect (), also known as Pekingese, is the prestige dialect of Mandarin spoken in the urban area of Beijing, China. It is the phonological basis of Standard Chinese, which is the official language in the People's Republic of China and Republic of China and one of the official languages in Singapore.", "title": "Beijing dialect" }, { "docid": "56521087#0", "text": "In Chinese dialectology, Beijing Mandarin () refers to a major branch of Mandarin Chinese, encompassing a number of dialects spoken in areas of Beijing, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning and Tianjin, the most important of which is the Beijing dialect, which provides the phonological basis for Standard Chinese.", "title": "Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)" }, { "docid": "19359#19", "text": "As the last two of these features indicate, this language was a koiné based on dialects spoken in the Nanjing area, though not identical to any single dialect. This form remained prestigious long after the capital moved to Beijing in 1421, though the speech of the new capital emerged as a rival standard. As late as 1815, Robert Morrison based the first English–Chinese dictionary on this koiné as the standard of the time, though he conceded that the Beijing dialect was gaining in influence. By the middle of the 19th century, the Beijing dialect had become dominant and was essential for any business with the imperial court.", "title": "Mandarin Chinese" }, { "docid": "1917000#5", "text": "Gabelentz criticized the Beijing dialect which dominated the linguistic scene in China. A more suitable Chinese dialect in Gabelentz's view for science was the Nanjing dialect rather than Beijing.\nOnly in recent times has the northern dialect, pek-kuān-hoá, in the form [spoken] in the capital, kīng-hoá, begun to strive for general acceptance, and the struggle seems to be decided in its favor. It is preferred by the officials and studied by the European diplomats. Scholarship must not follow this practise. The Peking dialect is phonetically the poorest of all dialects and therefore has the most homophones. This is why it is most unsuitable for scientific purposes.", "title": "Georg von der Gabelentz" }, { "docid": "1074448#10", "text": "The Manchus that lived in Peking (Beijing) were influenced by the Chinese dialect spoken in the area to the point where pronouncing Manchu sounds was hard for them, and they pronounced Manchu according to Chinese phonetics, while in contrast, the Manchus of Aigun (in Heilongjiang) could both pronounce Manchu sounds properly and mimick the sinified pronunciation of Manchus in Peking (Beijing), since they learned the Pekinese (Beijing) pronunciation from either studying in Peking or from officials sent to Aigun from Beijing, and they could tell them apart, using the Chinese influenced Pekinese pronunciation when demonstrating that they were better educated or their superior stature in society.", "title": "Beijing dialect" }, { "docid": "6934277#60", "text": "The Beijing dialect eventually became the official national language for the country. In the early Qing dynasty, Han officials serving in the imperial court were required to learn the Manchu language, but most Manchus eventually learned to speak Chinese. The Manchus adopted Beijing Mandarin as their spoken language and this was a feature of Manchu Banner garrisons in areas of southern China. In 1728, the Yongzheng Emperor, who could not understand officials from southern China, decreed that all takers of the civil service examination must be able to speak Beijing Mandarin. Though the decree was eventually lifted under the Jiaqing Emperor, the Beijing dialect spread first among officials and then among commoners under subsequent regimes. Shortly after the founding of the Republic of China, the Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation made the Beijing dialect the national standard for spoken Chinese in 1913. After the capital was moved to Nanjing, National Languages Committee reaffirmed the Beijing dialect as the standard in 1932. The People's Republic of China followed suit in 1955.\nThe Qing dynasty maintained a relatively stable supply of food for the population of the capital during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The government's grain tribute system brought food from the provinces and kept grain prices stable. Soup kitchens provided relief to the needy. The secure food supply helped the Qing court maintain a degree of political stability. Temple fairs such as the Huguo Fair, which are like monthly bazaars held around temples, added to the commercial vibrance of the city. At the height of the Qianlong Emperor's reign in 1781, the city had a population of 776,242 (and another 2.18 million in the surrounding region). Thereafter, Qing authorities began to restrict inward migration to the city. A century later, the census of 1881–82 showed similar figures of 776,111 and 2.45 million.", "title": "History of Beijing" }, { "docid": "18603746#62", "text": "Beijing or Peking opera is a traditional form of Chinese theater well known throughout the nation. Commonly lauded as one of the highest achievements of Chinese culture, Beijing opera is performed through a combination of song, spoken dialogue, and codified action sequences involving gestures, movement, fighting and acrobatics. Much of Beijing opera is carried out in an archaic stage dialect quite different from Modern Standard Chinese and from the modern Beijing dialect.", "title": "Beijing" } ]

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[ { "docid": "8983620#9", "text": "The aims of the conservators were as follows:In 1979 Colalucci undertook a series of experiments to discover the right approach for the restoration of the frescoes of the Sistine Chapel. The investigation began by testing small areas of the wall fresco, \"Conflict over the Body of Moses\" by Matteo de Lecce, which had similar physical and chemical attributes to the painting techniques employed on Michelangelo's frescoes. Trials to find the right solvents were continued on a small portion of the Eleazar and Matthan lunette.", "title": "Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes" }, { "docid": "8983620#3", "text": "The frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel had a number of interventions prior to the restoration process which was started in 1980. Initial problems with the ceiling appear to have been caused by water penetrating through the floor above. In about 1547 Paolo Giovio wrote that the ceiling was being damaged by saltpetre and cracks. The effect of saltpetre is to leave a white efflorescence. Gianluigi Colalucci, Head Restorer at the Laboratory for the Restoration of Paintings for Papal Monuments, Museums and Galleries, states in his essay \"Michelangelo's colours rediscovered\", that the early conservators treated this cosmetically by an application of linseed or walnut oil which had the effect of making the crystalline deposit more transparent.", "title": "Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes" }, { "docid": "8983620#1", "text": "The Sistine Chapel was built by Pope Sixtus IV within the Vatican immediately to the north of St. Peter's Basilica and completed in about 1481. Its walls were decorated by a number of Renaissance painters who were among the most highly regarded artists of late 15th century Italy, including Ghirlandaio, Perugino, and Botticelli. The Chapel was further enhanced under Pope Julius II by the painting of the ceiling by Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512 and by the painting of the \"Last Judgment\", commissioned by Pope Clement VII and completed in 1541, again by Michelangelo. The tapestries on the lowest tier, today best known from the Raphael Cartoons (painted designs) of 1515–16, completed the ensemble.", "title": "Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes" } ]

[ { "docid": "8983620#0", "text": "The conservation-restoration of the frescoes of the Sistine Chapel was one of the most significant conservation-restorations of the 20th century.", "title": "Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes" }, { "docid": "8983620#26", "text": "When the restoration of the Sistine Chapel was announced, it sparked a barrage of queries and objections from art historians around the world. One of the most vocal of these critics was James Beck, of ArtWatch International, who issued repeated warnings about the possibility of damage to Michelangelo's work from over-strenuous restoration. An argument that was used repeatedly was that all the previous interventions had caused damage of one sort or another. Any restoration, as opposed to conservation, puts an artwork at risk. Conservation, on the other hand, aids in the preservation of the work in its present state and in prevention of further deterioration. Beck has written about his concerns in \"Art Restoration, the Culture, the Business and the Scandal.\"", "title": "Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes" }, { "docid": "8983620#55", "text": "Carlo Pietrangeli, former Director General of the Vatican Museums, writes of the restoration: \"It is like opening a window in a dark room and seeing it flooded with light.\" His words resonate with those of Giorgio Vasari who, in the 16th century, said of the Sistine Chapel ceiling:", "title": "Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes" }, { "docid": "48563146#18", "text": "The Sistine Chapel was restored in the late 1970s and through the 1980s. This was one of the most significant, largest and longest art restoration projects in history. The entire project took twelve years to complete, not taking into account the inspections, planning and approval of the project. Among the many parts of the chapel that was restored, what drew the most attention were Michelangelo's frescoes. The restoration sparked controversy. A number of experts criticized the proposed techniques, claiming that the restoration procedure would scrape off the layers of various materials on the frescoes, which would lead to damage beyond repair, and that the removal of the materials would expose the pigments on the frescoes which were fragile and dated to artificial light, temperature variations, humidity and pollution. Such exposure, they feared, would cause massive damage to the original artwork.", "title": "Conservation and restoration of frescos" }, { "docid": "2444#7", "text": "Some consider the tradition of conservation of cultural heritage in Europe to have begun in 1565 with the restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes, but more ancient examples include the work of Cassiodorus.", "title": "Conservation-restoration of cultural heritage" }, { "docid": "8983620#56", "text": "Pietrangeli, in his foreword to \"The Sistine Chapel\", written after the restoration of the lunettes, but prior to the restoration of the ceiling, commends those who had the courage to commence the restoration process, and thanks not only those who visited the restoration while it was in progress and gave the benefit of their knowledge and experience, but also those who were critical of the enterprise. Pietrangeli made acknowledgement that these people spurred the team on to punctilious documentation so that a full report of criteria and methods should be available to those who are interested, both in the present and the future.", "title": "Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes" }, { "docid": "8983620#22", "text": "Once the many layers of candle wax, varnish, and animal glue were removed from the surface of the Sistine Chapel frescoes, they became subject to dangers that could not have been predicted by previous restorers.", "title": "Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes" }, { "docid": "8983620#10", "text": "Because of the height of the ceiling and the inaccessibility of the ceiling frescoes, the precise nature of the damage and the problems that would be encountered by the restoration team could not be entirely foreseen until after the decision to restore was taken, and the scaffolding was in place. According to Colalucci, the continued scientific analysis and the response of the restorers to the particular problems was an ongoing part of the process, rather than the conservation team deciding on a single treatment for every part of the building.", "title": "Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes" } ]

[ { "docid": "804581#0", "text": "Annelies Marie Frank (; ; 12 June 1929 – February or March 1945) was a German-born diarist. One of the most discussed Jewish victims of the Holocaust, she gained fame posthumously with the publication of \"The Diary of a Young Girl\" (originally \"Het Achterhuis\" in Dutch; ), in which she documents her life in hiding from 1942 to 1944, during the German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II. It is one of the world's most widely known books and has been the basis for several plays and films.", "title": "Anne Frank" } ]

[ { "docid": "19847287#1", "text": "In 1939, a ten-year-old girl named Juanita Wagner was the pen pal of Anne Frank and she only sent two letters. Juanita lived in Danville, Iowa. Juanita and her older sister, Betty (the pen pal of Margot), wondered what had happened to the Franks in the war. After the production of a 1955 show called \"The Diary of Anne Frank\" on Broadway, the sisters realized who their pen pals were. The book tells the story of Anne Frank's life and Juanita Wagner's life.", "title": "Searching for Anne Frank" }, { "docid": "804581#3", "text": "Frank was born Annelies or Anneliese Marie Frank on 12 June 1929 at the Maingau Red Cross Clinic in Frankfurt, Germany, to Edith () and Otto Heinrich Frank. She had an older sister, Margot. The Franks were liberal Jews, and did not observe all of the customs and traditions of Judaism. They lived in an assimilated community of Jewish and non-Jewish citizens of various religions. Edith was the more devout parent, while Otto was interested in scholarly pursuits and had an extensive library; both parents encouraged the children to read. At the time of Anne's birth the family lived in a house at Marbachweg 307, where they rented two floors. In 1931 the family moved to Ganghoferstrasse 24 in a fashionable liberal area called the Dichterviertel (Poets' Quarter). Both houses still exist.", "title": "Anne Frank" }, { "docid": "804581#13", "text": "On 13 July 1942, the Franks were joined by the van Pels, made up of Hermann, Auguste, and 16-year-old Peter, and then in November by Fritz Pfeffer, a dentist and friend of the family. Frank wrote of her pleasure at having new people to talk to, but tensions quickly developed within the group forced to live in such confined conditions. After sharing her room with Pfeffer, she found him to be insufferable and resented his intrusion, and she clashed with Auguste van Pels, whom she regarded as foolish. She regarded Hermann van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer as selfish, particularly in regard to the amount of food they consumed. Some time later, after first dismissing the shy and awkward Peter van Pels, she recognized a kinship with him and the two entered a romance. She received her first kiss from him, but her infatuation with him began to wane as she questioned whether her feelings for him were genuine, or resulted from their shared confinement. Anne Frank formed a close bond with each of the helpers, and Otto Frank later recalled that she had anticipated their daily visits with impatient enthusiasm. He observed that Anne's closest friendship was with Bep Voskuijl, \"the young typist ... the two of them often stood whispering in the corner.\"", "title": "Anne Frank" }, { "docid": "24255265#3", "text": "Lowry told the features reporter for the \"Manchester Guardian\" that Ann was 25 years old, lived in Leeds and was \"the daughter of some people who have been very good to me.\" The architect and Manchester academician Frank Bradly, a friend of Lowry's, stated that Lowry had told him she was a pupil of his mother's who had died when she was 25. The artists Harold Riley and Pat Cooke both claim that Lowry informed them Ann was a friend from Lytham St Annes who died when she was in her early twenties. When \"Portrait of Ann\" was included as part of Manchester City Art Gallery's Lowry retrospective in 1959, however, the exhibition catalogue listed the work as being \"lent by the sitter\" (named on the index of lenders as a 'Miss Ann Helder') although, unlike the other works included at the exhibition, no correspondence appears to exist between the curatorial team and the owner.", "title": "Portrait of Ann" }, { "docid": "804581#1", "text": "Born in Frankfurt, Germany, she lived most of her life in or near Amsterdam, Netherlands, having moved there with her family at the age of four and a half when the Nazis gained control over Germany. Born a German national, she lost her citizenship in 1941 and thus became stateless. By May 1940, the Franks were trapped in Amsterdam by the German occupation of the Netherlands. As persecutions of the Jewish population increased in July 1942, the Franks went into hiding in some concealed rooms behind a bookcase in the building where Anne's father, Otto Frank, worked. From then until the family's arrest by the Gestapo in August 1944, she kept a diary she had received as a birthday present, and wrote in it regularly. Following their arrest, the Franks were transported to concentration camps. In October or November 1944, Anne and her sister, Margot, were transferred from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where they died (probably of typhus) a few months later. They were originally estimated by the Red Cross to have died in March, with Dutch authorities setting 31 March as their official date of death, but research by the Anne Frank House in 2015 suggests they more likely died in February.", "title": "Anne Frank" }, { "docid": "31784084#1", "text": "The 13-year-old Anne Frank is hiding with her family in a house in Amsterdam from July 1942 until their arrest in August 1944. She describes the people she sees, her different moods, and her emotions in her diary, telling of her pleasure at a birthday gift, or the sight of blue sky from her window, or her awakening attraction for Peter, but also her fear and loneliness.", "title": "The Diary of Anne Frank (opera)" }, { "docid": "8010671#2", "text": "On 23 August 2010, the tree was blown down by high winds during a storm, breaking off approximately above ground. It fell across a garden wall and damaged garden sheds but did not damage anything else. The tree was estimated to be between 150 and 170 years old.", "title": "Anne Frank tree" }, { "docid": "13084787#2", "text": "The series begins in June 1942, in wartime and Nazi occupied Amsterdam. Annelies Marie Frank, a teenage Jewish girl, is celebrating her 13th birthday - amongst her birthday presents, she is given a red diary. Days later, call up papers arrive for her 16-year-old sister Margot and her parents, Otto and Edith, decide to hasten their plan to go into hiding to ensure that the family does not get separated.", "title": "The Diary of Anne Frank (2009 miniseries)" }, { "docid": "49357336#2", "text": "During the World War II, in the 1930s to 1940s, Anne Frank (Lea van Acken) gets a diary as a present for her 13th birthday. When the Nazis occupy the Netherlands, she goes into hiding with her family and other Jews in Amsterdam. During that time she writes down all her thoughts about the situation in her diary. Later the Jews are betrayed and brought to concentration camps.The filming began on January 26, 2015 in Cologne. Further work was done until March 2015 in Bavaria, Berlin and Brandenburg. Some scenes were shot on original locations in Amsterdam, for example the Merwedeplein, where the Frank family lived before they went into hiding. The exterior shots of the Prinsengracht 263 were produced in the nearby Leidsegracht. The original Anne Frank House could not be used for this purpose because its look has changed since the 1940s.", "title": "Das Tagebuch der Anne Frank" }, { "docid": "43577968#0", "text": "Farah Baker is a Palestinian woman living in the Gaza Strip, who became popular while live-Tweeting the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. As of July 2018, Baker is 20 years old. She describes herself as the Anne Frank of today. Her Tweets became a social network phenomenon, and Baker's following on Twitter jumped from 800 to 166,000 in a few days.", "title": "Farah Baker" } ]

[ { "docid": "2268889#45", "text": "Spain joined the European Economic Community, as the European Union was then known, in January 1986 at the same time as neighbor Portugal. Membership ushered the country into opening its economy, modernizing its industrial base and revising economic legislation to open its previously protected markets to foreign competition. With help of EU funds (Structural Funds and Cohesion Funds, European Regional Development Fund, etc.) Spain greatly improved infrastructures, increased GDP growth, reduced the public debt to GDP ratio.\nSpain has been a driving force in the European community ever since. The country was a leading proponent of the EU single currency, the euro, long before it had been put into circulation. Together with the other founding euro members, it adopted the new physical currency on January 1, 2002. On that date Spain terminated its historic peseta currency and replaced it with the euro, which has become its national currency shared the rest of the Eurozone. This culminated a fast process of economic modernization even though the strength of the euro since its adoption has raised concerns regarding the fact that Spanish exports outside the European Union are being priced out of the range of foreign buyers, with the country losing monetary sovereignty in favour of the European Central Bank, which must look after several different -often opposed- national interests.", "title": "Economic history of Spain" }, { "docid": "184391#4", "text": "In 1998, eleven member states of the European Union had met the euro convergence criteria, and the eurozone came into existence with the official launch of the euro (alongside national currencies) on 1 January 1999. Greece qualified in 2000, and was admitted on 1 January 2001 before physical notes and coins were introduced on 1 January 2002, replacing all national currencies. Between 2007 and 2015, seven new states acceded.", "title": "Eurozone" } ]

[ { "docid": "27393#54", "text": "Due to the lack of own resources, Spain has to import all of its fossil fuels. Besides, until the 2008 crisis, Spain's recent performance had shown an inflationary tendency and an inflationary gap compared to other EMU countries, affecting the country's overall productivity. Moreover, when Spain joined the euro zone, it lost the recourse of resorting to competitive devaluations, risking a permanent and cumulative loss of competitive due to inflation. In a scenario of record oil prices by the mid 2000s this meant much added pressure to the inflation rate. In June 2008 the inflation rate reached a 13-year high at 5.00%.", "title": "Economy of Spain" }, { "docid": "26152387#51", "text": "Nevertheless, in June 2012, Spain became a prime concern for the Euro-zone when interest on Spain's 10-year bonds reached the 7% level and it faced difficulty in accessing bond markets. This led the Eurogroup on 9 June 2012 to grant Spain a financial support package of up to €100 billion. The funds will not go directly to Spanish banks, but be transferred to a government-owned Spanish fund responsible to conduct the needed bank recapitalisations (FROB), and thus it will be counted for as additional sovereign debt in Spain's national account. An economic forecast in June 2012 highlighted the need for the arranged bank recapitalisation support package, as the outlook promised a negative growth rate of 1.7%, unemployment rising to 25%, and a continued declining trend for housing prices. In September 2012 the ECB removed some of the pressure from Spain on financial markets, when it announced its \"unlimited bond-buying plan\", to be initiated if Spain would sign a new sovereign bailout package with EFSF/ESM. Strictly speaking, Spain was not hit by a sovereign debt-crisis in 2012, as the financial support package that they received from the ESM was earmarked for a bank recapitalization fund and did not include financial support for the government itself.", "title": "European debt crisis" }, { "docid": "1046880#4", "text": "On 3 June 2008 European Union finance ministers gave Slovakia the green light to join the euro zone in 2009 while urging the country to be ready to fight inflation with tight fiscal policies. \"We are happy to see Slovakia join the euro zone on January 1, 2009,\" Jean-Claude Juncker, who chairs the Eurogroup of euro zone finance ministers, told reporters.", "title": "Slovak euro coins" }, { "docid": "13299#149", "text": "In the wake of its joining the EEC, Spain experienced an economic boom during two decades, cut painfully short by the financial crisis of 2008.\nDuring the boom years, Spain attracted a large number of immigrants, especially from the United Kingdom, but also including unknown but substantial illegal immigration, mostly from Latin America, eastern Europe and north Africa.\nSpain had the fourth largest economy in the Eurozone, but after 2008 the global economic recession hit Spain hard, with the bursting of the housing bubble and unemployment reaching over 25%, sharp budget cutbacks were needed to stay in the Euro zone. The GDP shrank 1.2% in 2012. Although interest rates were historically low, investments were not encouraged sufficiently by entrepreneurs. Losses were especially high in real estate, banking, and construction. Economists concluded in early 2013 that, \"Where once Spain's problems were acute, now they are chronic: entrenched unemployment, a large mass of small and medium-sized enterprises with low productivity, and, above all, a constriction in credit.\"\nWith the financial crisis and high unemployment, Spain is now suffering from a combination of continued illegal immigration paired with a massive emigration of workers, forced to seek employment elsewhere under the EU's \"Freedom of Movement\", with an estimated 700,000, or 1.5% of total population, leaving the country between 2008 and 2013.", "title": "History of Spain" }, { "docid": "1046880#6", "text": "On 17 June 2008, the European Parliament agreed to Slovakia's bid to join the euro zone from the start of 2009, urging the country to tighten fiscal policies to avoid inflationary risks. The assembly voted 589 to 17 with 86 abstentions to approve a report that said the European Union newcomer met all euro entry criteria. However, the parliament's role is consultative only. Slovakia's bid to become the euro zone's 16th member was approved by EU leaders. EU finance ministers set the final conversion rate of the Slovak koruna into the euro on 8 July 2008.", "title": "Slovak euro coins" }, { "docid": "27393#6", "text": "Strong GDP growth was registered also in 2016, with the country growing twice as fast as the Euro zone average. In this regard, the Spanish economy is forecast to remain the best-performing major economy in the Euro zone also in 2017. Spain's unemployment rate heavily decreased from 2013 to 2017, although the real unemployment rate is much lower, as there is an estimation of millions of people working in the \"grey market\", people who count as unemployed or inactive but still perform jobs. The real Spanish GDP is as well about 20% bigger, as the underground economy moves annually 190.000 million euros (224.200 million USD). From any high income European country, just Italy and Greece have more underground economy than Spain has, so Spain has as well a bigger purchasing power and a smaller GINI coefficient.", "title": "Economy of Spain" }, { "docid": "17563285#21", "text": "Spain was one of the first countries to join the eurozone. The Spanish starter kits or \"Monedero Euro\" had a face value of €12,02, equivalent to 1999.96 pesetas; however, they were sold for 2000 pesetas. These kits were released on 15 December 2001. On 1 September 2001, special starter kits for merchants were issued. The latter had a face value of €30,41 (5060 pesetas).", "title": "Euro starter kits" }, { "docid": "3200070#7", "text": "When the countries of the eurozone adopted the Euro Plus Pact on 25 March 2011, Hungary decided to go along with the United Kingdom, Sweden and the Czech Republic and chose not to join the pact. Matolcsy said that they could agree with the most of its contents, but did not want to give up the country's independence regarding corporate tax matters. As the Euro Plus Pact does not feature any legal obligations - but only commitments to use various sets of voluntary tools to improve employment, competitiveness, fiscal responsibility and financial stability - joining this pact would not lead to a requirement for Hungary to abandon their current corporate tax method.", "title": "Hungary and the euro" }, { "docid": "54210#1", "text": "Greece did not enter the Eurozone until 2001 and was not able to start minting coins as early as the other eleven member states, so a number of coins circulated in 2002 were not minted in Athens but in Finland (€1 and €2 – mint mark \"S\"), France (1c, 2c, 5c, 10c and 50c – mint mark \"F\") and Spain (20c – mint mark \"E\"). The coins minted in Athens for the euro introduction in 2002, as well as all the subsequent Greek euro coins, carry only the Greek mint mark.", "title": "Greek euro coins" } ]

[ { "docid": "50973819#0", "text": "\"Bedlam\" is the second episode of the seventh season of the mystery drama television series \"Pretty Little Liars\", which aired on June 28, 2016, on the cable network Freeform. The episode was written by Joseph Dougherty and directed by Tawnia McKiernan.", "title": "Bedlam (Pretty Little Liars)" }, { "docid": "49078681#16", "text": "On June 8, 2010, ABC Family premiered \"Pretty Little Liars\" – a teen drama based on the series of young-adult mystery novels by Sara Shepard. \"Pretty Little Liars\" quickly became ABC Family's flagship program, frequently breaking ratings records; by 2014, \"Pretty Little Liars\" had ranked among the five most-watched scripted series on basic cable among multiple female age demographics, and the second-highest rated cable series among females 12–34. Throughout the year, ABC Family as a whole experienced its highest year-to-year primetime viewership among viewers in the 12-34 and 18-34 demographics. With 4.9 million viewers across its first broadcast and an encore airing, the 2011 premiere of \"Switched at Birth\" surpassed \"Secret Life\" as the most-watched series premiere in network history.", "title": "Freeform (TV channel)" }, { "docid": "53845254#0", "text": "\"Playtime\" is the eleventh episode of \"Pretty Little Liars\" seventh season and the 151st episode overall. It first aired on the Freeform network in the United States on April 18, 2017. The installment was directed by Chad Lowe and written by Allyson Nelson and Joseph Dougherty. Upon its original airing in the United States, the episode was watched by 1.33 million people.", "title": "Playtime (Pretty Little Liars)" }, { "docid": "54072631#0", "text": "\"Power Play\" is the fourteenth episode of \"Pretty Little Liars\"' seventh season, which was originally aired on May 9, 2017, on the cable network Freeform. The installment was directed by Roger Kumble and written by Lijah J. Barasz. It received a Nielsen rating of 0.5 and was viewed by 0.91 million viewers, up from the previous episode. This episode is rated TV-14.", "title": "Power Play (Pretty Little Liars)" }, { "docid": "54391711#0", "text": "\"Till Death Do Us Part\" is the series finale of \"Pretty Little Liars\", which premiered on the Freeform network in the United States on June 27, 2017. The twentieth episode of the seventh season and the 160th overall, it was directed by showrunner I. Marlene King, who also co-wrote the episode alongside Kyle Bown and Maya Goldsmith. Shortly after the two-hour final episode, a special titled \"A-List Wrap Party\" was aired, in which the main cast and King talked about the show's end and behind-the-scenes exclusives.", "title": "Till Death Do Us Part (Pretty Little Liars)" }, { "docid": "51165125#0", "text": "\"Along Comes Mary\" is the fifth episode of the seventh season of the American mystery drama television series \"Pretty Little Liars\", which aired on July 16, 2016, on the cable network Freeform. The hundred and forty-fifth episode on the series, it was directed by Norman Buckley and written by Bryan M. Holdman. The episode received a Nielsen rating of 0.6 and was viewed by 1.17 million viewers. It received mixed to positive reviews from critics.", "title": "Along Comes Mary (Pretty Little Liars)" }, { "docid": "55364569#0", "text": "Pretty Little Liars: The Perfectionists is an upcoming American teen drama television series developed by I. Marlene King. The series is a sequel to \"Pretty Little Liars\" and based on the novel \"The Perfectionists\" by Sara Shepard. Freeform ordered the series to pilot on September 25, 2017, as the second spin-off series of \"Pretty Little Liars\" which will include some of the main characters. Freeform picked up the series for a 10-episode first season on May 14, 2018.Freeform ordered the show to pilot on September 25, 2017, as a sequel to \"Pretty Little Liars\" and the second spin-off series following \"Ravenswood\". I. Marlene King wrote and Elizabeth Allen Rosenbaum directed the first two episodes, which are titled \"Pilot\" and \"Sex, Lies and Alibies\".", "title": "Pretty Little Liars: The Perfectionists" }, { "docid": "25857222#8", "text": "\"Pretty Little Liars\" premiered on June 8, 2010 in the United States, becoming ABC Family's highest-rated series debut on record across the network's target demographics. It ranked number one in key 12–34 demos and teens, becoming the number-one scripted show in Women 18–34, and Women 18–49. The premiere was number two in the hour for total viewers, which generated 2.47 million unique viewers, and was ABC Family's best delivery in the time slot since the premiere of \"The Secret Life of the American Teenager\".", "title": "Pretty Little Liars" }, { "docid": "51318126#0", "text": "\"Wanted: Dead or Alive\" is the sixth episode of the seventh season of the mystery drama television series \"Pretty Little Liars\", which aired on August 2, 2016, on the cable network Freeform. The hundred and forty-sixth episode on the series, it was directed by Bethany Rooney and written by Lijah J. Barasz. The episode received a Nielsen rating of 0.5 and was viewed by 1.10 million viewers. It received mixed to positive reviews from critics.", "title": "Wanted: Dead or Alive (Pretty Little Liars)" } ]

[ { "docid": "25857222#12", "text": "\"Pretty Little Liars\" was called one of the most spectacular new shows of summer 2010 thanks to heavy promotion by ABC Family, including \"spicy promos and hot posters\". ABC Family encouraged fans to host a \"Pretty Little Premiere Party\" for the show by sending the first respondents a fan kit, and selected applicants to become part of an interactive \"Secret Keeper Game\" played with iPhones provided by the network. The show's official Facebook and Twitter accounts also promoted special fan features, including a \"Pretty Little Lie Detector\". Los Angeles department store Kitson showcased the show in their shop window.", "title": "Pretty Little Liars" } ]

[ { "docid": "54247#2", "text": "Louis XV was the great-grandson of Louis XIV and the third son of the Duke of Burgundy (1682–1712), and his wife Marie Adélaïde of Savoy, the eldest daughter of Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy. He was born in the Palace of Versailles on 15 February 1710. When he was born, he was named the Duke of Anjou. The possibility of his becoming King seemed very remote; the King's oldest son and heir, Louis \"Le Grand Dauphin\", Louis's father and his elder surviving brother were ahead of him in the succession. However, the Grand Dauphin died of smallpox on 14 April 1711. On 12 February 1712 the mother of Louis, Marie Adélaïde, was stricken with measles and died, followed on 18 February by Louis's father, the former Duke of Burgundy, who was next in line for the throne. On 7 March, it was found that both Louis and his older brother, the former Duke of Brittany, had the measles. The two brothers were treated in the traditional way, with bleeding. On the night of 8–9 March, the new Dauphin died from the combination of the disease and the treatment. The governess of Louis, Madame de Ventadour, would not allow the doctors to bleed Louis further; he was very ill but survived. When Louis XIV died on 1 September 1715, Louis, at the age of five, inherited the throne.", "title": "Louis XV of France" }, { "docid": "54247#0", "text": "Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774), known as Louis the Beloved (), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774. He succeeded his great-grandfather Louis XIV at the age of five. Until he reached maturity (then defined as his 13th birthday) on 15 February 1723, the kingdom was ruled by Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, as Regent of France.\nCardinal Fleury was his chief minister from 1726 until the Cardinal's death in 1743, at which time the young king took sole control of the kingdom.", "title": "Louis XV of France" } ]

[ { "docid": "56484510#2", "text": "Louis XV furniture was designed not for the vast palace state rooms of the Versailles of Louis XIV, but for the smaller, more intimate salons created by Louis XV and by his mistresses, Madame de Pompadour and Madame DuBarry. It included several new types of furniture, including the commode and the chiffonier, and many pieces, particularly chairs and tables, were designed to be moved easily rearranged or moved from room to room, depending upon the kind of function.\nWith the death of Louis XIV on 1 September 1715, his grandson, Louis XV, born in 1710, became King. Because of his young age, France was ruled by a Regent, Philippe of Orleans, until 1723. During this period, the style of furniture changed little from the Louis XIV period; it was massive, lavishly decorated and solemn, designed for the gigantic state halls of the new Palace of Versailles. In 1722 Louis XV moved from Paris, where he had lived with the Regent, to Versailles, began his own rule, and gradually imposed his own taste on the arts, architecture, and furniture.", "title": "Louis XV furniture" }, { "docid": "53316#12", "text": "Louis XIV died in 1715, and the young new King, Louis XV, just five years old, and his government were moved temporarily from Versailles to Paris under the regency of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans. In 1722, when the King came of age, he moved his residence and the government back to Versailles, where it remained until the French Revolution in 1789. Louis XV remained faithful to the original plan of his great-grandfather, and made few changes to the exteriors of Versailles. His main contributions were the construction of the Salon of Hercules, which connected the main building of the Palace with the north wing and the chapel (1724–36); and the royal opera theater, designed by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, and built between 1769 and 1770. The new theater was completed in time for the celebration of the wedding of the Dauphin, the future Louis XVI, and Archduchess Marie Antoinette of Austria. He also made numerous additions and changes to the royal apartments, where he, the Queen, his daughters, and his heir lived. In 1738, Louis XV remodeled the king's \"petit appartement\" on the north side of the Cour de Marbre, originally the entrance court of the old château. He discreetly provided accommodations in another part of the palace for his famous mistresses, Madame de Pompadour and later Madame du Barry.", "title": "Palace of Versailles" }, { "docid": "2707916#2", "text": "Marie Louise Thérèse Victoire de France was born at the Palace of Versailles. Unlike the older children of Louis XV, Madame Victoire was not raised at the Palace of Versailles. Rather, she was, in June 1738, sent to live at the Abbey of Fontevraud with her younger sisters, because the cost of raising them in Versailles with all the status they were entitled to was deemed too expensive by Cardinal Fleury, Louis XV's chief minister. She remained there till 1748 when she was 15.", "title": "Victoire of France (1733–1799)" }, { "docid": "3271841#20", "text": "After a miscarriage in mid-1753 which almost killed her (as a result this merely brought Louis XV closer to her because he loved the idea that she had almost died \"in service\" as a proof of her affection for him), Marie-Louise O'Murphy gave birth to Louis XV's illegitimate daughter, Agathe-Louise de Saint-Antoine de Saint-André, born in Paris on 20 June 1754 and baptized that same day at Saint-Paul as a child of \"Louis de Saint-André, Old official of infantry and Louise-Marie de Berhini, resident of Saint-Antoine street\", both non-existent persons; the King (who did not want to recognize the offspring born from \"petites maîtresses\" and brief affairs) ordered that the newborn must be immediately placed in care of a wet nurse. Subsequently, Agathe-Louise was sent to the \"Couvent de la Présentation\", where she was raised; Louis XV paid a pension for his daughter and appointed Louis Yon, Secretary of the Comptroller of Finances and Jean-Michel Delage, a notary, both trustworthy men, as her legal guardians.", "title": "Marie-Louise O'Murphy" }, { "docid": "404024#5", "text": "Upon the death of his maternal grandfather Louis XIV in 1715, his father (the old king's nephew) was selected to be the regent of the country for the five-year-old new king, Louis XV. The court was moved to Paris so his father could govern the country with the young king close by his side. Louis XV was installed in the Palais du Louvre opposite the Palais-Royal, the Paris home of the Orléans family. During the regency, Louis was seen as the \"third personage of the kingdom\" immediately after Louis XV and his own father, the Regent. He was formally admitted to the \"Conseil de Régence\" on 30 January 1718. Despite his father's wishes, though, Louis was never to play an overly public or political role in France. The following year, he was made the governor of the Dauphiné. He was not forced, however, to move there in order to fulfill his new duties. Later, he resigned. In 1720, he became \"Grand Master of the Order of Saint-Lazare and Jerusalem\". In 1721, under his father's influence, he was named \"Colonel général de l'Infanterie\" and held that post until 1730.", "title": "Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)" }, { "docid": "360410#38", "text": "Louis XIV died on 1 September 1715. His nephew, Philippe d’Orléans, the regent for the five-year-old King Louis XV, moved the royal residence and government back to Paris, where it remained for seven years. The king lived in the Tuileries Palace, while the regent lived in his family's luxurious Parisian residence, the Palais-Royal (the former Palais-Cardinal of Cardinal Richelieu). The regent devoted his attention to theater, opera, costume balls, and the courtesans of Paris. He made one important contribution to Paris intellectual life. In 1719, he moved the Royal library to the Hôtel de Nevers near the Palais-Royal, where it eventually became part of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (National Library of France). On 15 June 1722, distrustful of the turbulence in Paris, the regent moved the court back to Versailles; afterwards, Louis XV visited the city only on special occasions.\nOne of the major building projects in Paris of Louis XV and his successor, Louis XVI, was the new church of Sainte Geneviève on top of the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève on the Left Bank, the future Panthéon. The plans were approved by the king in 1757 and work continued until the French Revolution. Louis XV also built an elegant new military school, the École Militaire (1773), a new medical school, the École de Chirurgie (1775), and a new mint, the Hôtel des Monnaies (1768), all on the Left Bank.", "title": "History of Paris" }, { "docid": "54326238#32", "text": "Louis XV is best known for losing badly in the worldwide Seven Years' War. In 1763 Louis ceded New France in North America to Spain and Great Britain after France's defeat in the war. He incorporated the territories of Lorraine and Corsica into the kingdom of France. Most scholars argue that Louis XV's decisions damaged the power of France, weakened the treasury, discredited the absolute monarchy, and made it more vulnerable to distrust and destruction. Evidence for this view is provided by the French Revolution, which broke out 15 years after his death. Norman Davies characterized Louis XV's reign as \"one of debilitating stagnation,\" characterized by lost wars, endless clashes between the Court and Parlement, and religious feuds. A few scholars defend Louis, arguing that his highly negative reputation was based on later propaganda meant to justify the French Revolution. Jerome Blum described him as \"a perpetual adolescent called to do a man's job.\"", "title": "International relations, 1648–1814" }, { "docid": "54247#7", "text": "On 15 June 1722, as Louis approached his thirteenth birthday, the year of his majority, he left Paris and moved back to Versailles, where he had happy memories of his childhood, but where he was far from the reach of public opinion. On 25 October, Louis was crowned King at the Cathedral of Reims. \nOn 15 February 1723, the king's majority was declared by the Parlement of Paris, officially ending the regency. In the beginning of Louis's reign, the Duke of Orleans continued to manage the government, and took the title of Prime Minister in August 1723, but while visiting his mistress, far from the court and medical care, Orleans died in December of the same year. Following the advice of his preceptor Fleury, Louis XV appointed his cousin Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon, to replace the late Duke of Orléans as prime minister.", "title": "Louis XV of France" }, { "docid": "404024#6", "text": "Upon the death of his father on 2 December 1723, the twenty-year-old Louis assumed the hereditary title of Duke of Orléans and became the head of the House of Orléans. He also became the next in line to the throne of France until the birth of Louis XV's first-born son in 1729. This was because King Philip V of Spain, the second son of the Grand Dauphin and uncle of the young king, had renounced his rights to the French throne for himself, and his descendants, upon his accession to the throne of Spain in 1700. Although the Regent had hoped that his son would assume as prominent a role in government as he had, the post of prime minister went to Louis' older cousin, Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon, when the Regent died. Constantly trying to consolidate and maintain his power at court, the Duke of Bourbon was always suspicious of Louis' motivations and was frequently opposed to him.", "title": "Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)" } ]

[ { "docid": "455243#0", "text": "Ash Ketchum, known as in Japan, is a fictional character in the \"Pokémon\" franchise owned by Nintendo. He is the main protagonist of the \"Pokémon\" anime and certain manga series as well as on various merchandise related to the franchise. In Japanese, the character is voiced by Rica Matsumoto. In the English dub, he was voiced by Veronica Taylor from 1998 to 2006. Since the ninth season of the anime series, he is voiced by Sarah Natochenny for the remainder of the anime.", "title": "Ash Ketchum" }, { "docid": "455243#7", "text": "In Japan throughout the anime media, Rica Matsumoto has always provided the original Japanese voice of Ash. For the English dubbing, Veronica Taylor provided the voice of Ash in the first eight seasons of the English adaption of the \"Pokémon\" anime, which was dubbed by 4Kids Entertainment. At the time of her audition, Taylor stated that the character was temporarily named Casey, which was the name later given to a recurring character in Johto. After the script was translated from Japanese, the lines were adapted to fit the movements of the character's mouth (called \"lip flap\"). All the voices were recorded separately, so Taylor was the only one in the booth when she recorded her lines, which took approximately six to eight hours per episode. Taylor was often the first person to record, so she had to \"imagine how the previous line will be said\". \"Luckily, I work with a great director who helps with the interpretation of the line, matching of the lip flap, and consistency of the voice\". Taylor enjoyed playing Ash because of his \"low, husky voice\" and \"energy and excitement\".", "title": "Ash Ketchum" }, { "docid": "6048021#0", "text": "Sarah Natochenny is an American voice actress most known for providing the English dub voice of Ash Ketchum in the \"Pokémon\" anime series since 2006.", "title": "Sarah Natochenny" }, { "docid": "7202595#1", "text": "Set in the fictional Hoenn region, the season follows the adventures of the ten-year-old Pokémon trainer Ash Ketchum (voiced in English by Veronica Taylor and in Japanese by Rica Matsumoto) and his electric mouse partner Pikachu (voiced by Ikue Ōtani) as they collect Gym Badges so they can compete in the Hoenn League competition, as well as the Pokémon coordinator May (voiced in English by Taylor and in Japanese by Kaori), who competes in Pokémon Contests with the aim of earning Ribbons so she can enter the Hoenn Grand Festival.", "title": "List of Pokémon: Advanced episodes" }, { "docid": "7202646#1", "text": "Set in the fictional Hoenn region, the season follows the adventures of the ten-year-old Pokémon trainer Ash Ketchum (voiced in English by Veronica Taylor and in Japanese by Rica Matsumoto) and his electric mouse partner Pikachu (voiced by Ikue Ōtani) as they collect Gym Badges so they can compete in the Hoenn League competition, as well as the Pokémon coordinator May (voiced in English by Taylor and in Japanese by Kaori), who earns Ribbons from Pokémon Contests so she can enter the Hoenn Grand Festival.", "title": "List of Pokémon: Advanced Challenge episodes" }, { "docid": "7202681#1", "text": "The first 38 episodes of the season are set in the fictional Hoenn region, and follow the adventures of the ten-year-old Pokémon trainer Ash Ketchum (voiced in English by Veronica Taylor and in Japanese by Rica Matsumoto) and his electric mouse partner Pikachu (voiced by Ikue Ōtani) as they collect Gym Badges so they can compete in the Hoenn League competition, as well as the Pokémon coordinator May (voiced in English by Taylor and in Japanese by Kaori), who earns Ribbons from Pokémon Contests so she can enter the Hoenn Grand Festival. In episodes 39 to 52 of the season, set in the fictional Kanto region, Ash competes in the Battle Frontier by earning Frontier Symbols from Frontier Brains, while May competes to earn Contest Ribbons so she can enter the Kanto Grand Festival.", "title": "List of Pokémon: Advanced Battle episodes" } ]

[ { "docid": "579523#8", "text": "Authors Tracey West and Katherine Noll wrote that Ash Ketchum's Chikorita in the anime was \"one of his most loyal Pokemon ever\" and cited how it evolves into Bayleef in order to protect him. They added that \"any Trainer would be proud to have this Grass Pokemon on his team\".", "title": "Chikorita" }, { "docid": "31030773#1", "text": "He is well known for providing the voice of the protagonist Ash Ketchum in the Italian-language version of the anime series Pokémon. He also provided the voice of Syrus Truesdale in the Italian-language version of the anime series Yu-Gi-Oh! GX", "title": "Davide Garbolino" }, { "docid": "6814754#0", "text": "This is a list of episodes in Pokémon: Diamond and Pearl, aired in Japan as , the tenth season of the \"Pokémon\" animated series, covering the continuing adventures of series protagonist Ash Ketchum and his best friend Brock. May and Max have departed, and Ash and Brock meet a new coordinator named Dawn, who travels with them through Sinnoh and enters Pokemon Contests.", "title": "List of Pokémon: Diamond and Pearl episodes" }, { "docid": "35209417#1", "text": "He voiced the characters Buford van Stomm and Jeremy Johnson in the Hindi dubbed version of an animated show Phineas and Ferb and for being the Hindi voice of Kenji (Tracey Sketchit) in the first Hindi dub of the Pokémon anime, and Satoshi (Ash Ketchum) in the second Hindi dub.", "title": "Nachiket Dighe" } ]

[ { "docid": "16622#60", "text": "The ability to work from either end of one needle is convenient in several types of knitting, such as slip-stitch versions of double knitting. Circular needles may be used for flat or circular knitting.\nCable needles are a specific design, and are used to create the twisting motif of a knitted cable. They are made in different sizes, which produces cables of different widths. When in use, the cable needle is used at the same time as two regular needles. It functions by holding together the stitches creating the cable as the other needles create the rest of the stitches for the knitted piece. At specific points indicated by the knitting pattern, the cable needle is moved, the stitches on it are worked by the other needles, then the cable needle is turned around to a different position to create the cable twist.", "title": "Knitting" }, { "docid": "16622#57", "text": "There are three basic types of knitting needles (also called \"knitting pins\"). The first and most common type consists of two slender, straight sticks tapered to a point at one end, and with a knob at the other end to prevent stitches from slipping off. Such needles are usually long but, due to the compressibility of knitted fabrics, may be used to knit pieces significantly wider. The most important property of needles is their diameter, which ranges from below 2 to 25 mm (roughly 1 inch). The diameter affects the size of stitches, which affects the gauge/tension of the knitting and the elasticity of the fabric. Thus, a simple way to change gauge/tension is to use different needles, which is the basis of uneven knitting. Although the diameter of the knitting needle is often measured in millimeters, there are several measurement systems, particularly those specific to the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan; a conversion table is given at knitting needle. Such knitting needles may be made out of any materials, but the most common materials are metals, wood, bamboo, and plastic. Different materials have different frictions and grip the yarn differently; slick needles such as metallic needles are useful for swift knitting, whereas rougher needles such as bamboo offer more friction and are therefore less prone to dropping stitches. The knitting of new stitches occurs only at the tapered ends. Needles with lighted tips have been sold to allow knitters to knit in the dark.\nThe second type of knitting needles are straight, double-pointed knitting needles (also called \"DPNs\"). Double-pointed needles are tapered at both ends, which allows them to be knit from either end. DPNs are typically used for circular knitting, especially smaller tube-shaped pieces such as sleeves, collars, and socks; usually one needle is active while the others hold the remaining active stitches. DPNs are somewhat shorter (typically 7 inches) and are usually sold in sets of four or five.\nCable needles are a special case of DPNs, although they are usually not straight, but dimpled in the middle. Often, they have the form of a hook. When cabling a knitted piece, a hook is easier to grab and hold the yarn. Cable needles are typically very short (a few inches), and are used to hold stitches temporarily while others are being knitted. Cable patterns are made by permuting the order of stitches; although one or two stitches may be held by hand or knit out of order, cables of three or more generally require a cable needle.", "title": "Knitting" }, { "docid": "172056#1", "text": "The size of a needle is described first by its diameter and secondly by its length. The size of the new stitch is determined in large part by the diameter of the knitting needle used to form it, because that affects the length of the yarn-loop drawn through the previous stitch. Thus, large stitches can be made with large needles, whereas fine knitting requires fine needles. In most cases, the knitting needles being used in hand-knitting are of the same diameter; however, in uneven knitting, needles of different sizes may be used. Larger stitches may also be made by wrapping the yarn more than once around the needles with every stitch. The length of a needle determines how many stitches it can hold at once; for example, very large projects such as a shawl with hundreds of stitches might require a longer needle than a small project such as a scarf or bootie. Various sizing systems for needles are in common use.", "title": "Knitting needle" }, { "docid": "15236565#49", "text": "The third needle type consists of circular needles, which are long, flexible double-pointed needles. The two tapered ends (typically long) are rigid and straight, allowing for easy knitting; however, the two ends are connected by a flexible strand (usually nylon) that allows the two ends to be brought together. Circular needles are typically 24-60 inches long, and are usually used singly or in pairs; again, the width of the knitted piece may be significantly longer than the length of the circular needle. Special kits are available that allow circular needles of various lengths and diameters to be made as needed; rigid ends of various diameters may be screwed into strands of various lengths. The ability to work from either end of one needle is convenient in several types of knitting, such as slip-stitch versions of double knitting. Circular needles may be used for flat or circular knitting.", "title": "Hand knitting" }, { "docid": "15236565#48", "text": "The second type of knitting needles are straight, double-pointed knitting needles (also called \"dpns\"). Double-pointed needles are tapered at both ends, which allows them to be knit from either end. Dpns are typically used for circular knitting, especially smaller tube-shaped pieces such as sleeves, collars, and socks; usually one needle is active while the others hold the remaining active stitches. Dpns are somewhat shorter (typically 7 inches) and are usually sold in sets of four or five. \nCable needles are a special case of dpns, although they usually are not straight, but dimpled in the middle. Cable needles are typically very short (a few inches), and are used to hold stitches temporarily while others are being knitted. Cable patterns are made by permuting the order of stitches; although one or two stitches may be held by hand or knit out of order, cables of three or more generally require a cable needle.", "title": "Hand knitting" }, { "docid": "172056#0", "text": "A knitting needle or knitting pin is a tool in hand-knitting to produce knitted fabrics. They generally have a long shaft and taper at their end, but they are not nearly as sharp as sewing needles. Their purpose is two-fold. The long shaft \"holds\" the active (unsecured) stitches of the fabric, to prevent them from unravelling, whereas the tapered ends are used to \"form new stitches\". Most commonly, a new stitch is formed by inserting the tapered end through an active stitch, catching a loop (also called a bight) of fresh yarn and drawing it through the stitch; this secures the initial stitch and forms a new active stitch in its place. In specialized forms of knitting the needle may be passed between active stitches being held on another needle, or indeed between/through inactive stitches that have been knit previously.", "title": "Knitting needle" } ]

[ { "docid": "15236565#47", "text": "There are four basic types of knitting needles (also called \"knitting pins\"). The first and most common type consists of two slender, straight sticks tapered to a point at one end, and with a knob at the other end to prevent stitches from slipping off. Such needles are usually 10-16 inches long but, due to the compressibility of knitted fabrics, may be used to knit pieces significantly wider. The most important property of needles is their diameter, which ranges from below 2 mm to 25 mm (roughly 1 inch). The diameter affects the size of stitches, which affects the gauge of the knitting and the elasticity of the fabric. Thus, a simple way to change gauge is to use different needles, which is the basis of uneven knitting. Although knitting needle diameter is often measured in millimeters, there are several different size systems, particularly those specific to the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan; a conversion table is given in the knitting needle article. Such knitting needles may be made out of any materials, but the most common materials are metals, wood, bamboo, and plastic. Different materials have different frictions and grip the yarn differently; slick needles such as metallic needles are useful for swift knitting, whereas rougher needles such as bamboo are less prone to dropping stitches. The knitting of new stitches occurs only at the tapered ends, and needles with lighted tips have been sold to allow knitters to knit in the dark.", "title": "Hand knitting" }, { "docid": "15236565#4", "text": "Originally, circular knitting was done using a set of four or five double-pointed knitting needles. Circular needles were later invented making this type of knitting easier. A circular needle resembles two short knitting needles connected by a cable of varying length between them. A circular knitting needle with a long cable can be used in place of straight needles to create larger flat-knitted pieces of fabric. Both types of circular knitting are used in creating pieces that are circular or tube-shaped, such as hats, socks, mittens, sleeves, and entire sweaters.", "title": "Hand knitting" }, { "docid": "172056#3", "text": "The oldest type of needle is the straight double-pointed needle. Double-pointed needles are tapered at both ends, which allows them to be knit from either end. They are typically used (and sold) in sets of four and five, and are commonly used for circular knitting. Since the invention of the circular needle, they have been most commonly used to knit smaller tube-shaped pieces such as sleeves, collars, and socks. Usually two needles are active while the others hold the remaining stitches. Double-pointed needles are somewhat shorter than single-pointed or circular needles, and are usually used in the 13–20 cm length range, although they are also made longer.", "title": "Knitting needle" }, { "docid": "172056#2", "text": "The most widely recognized form of needle is the single-pointed needle. It is a slender, straight stick tapered to a point at one end, with a knob at the other end to prevent stitches from slipping off. Such needles are always used in pairs and are usually 10-16 inches (25.4–40.6 cm) long but, due to the compressibility of knitted fabrics, may be used to knit pieces significantly wider. The knitting of new stitches occurs only at the tapered ends. Fictional depictions of knitting in movies, television programs, animation, and comic strips almost always show knitting done on straight needles. Both Wallace and Gromit and Monty Python, for example, show this type of knitting.", "title": "Knitting needle" }, { "docid": "885814#0", "text": "Circular knitting or knitting in the round is a form of knitting that creates a seamless tube. When knitting circularly, the knitting is cast on and the circle of stitches is joined. Knitting is worked in rounds (the equivalent of rows in flat knitting) in a spiral. Originally, circular knitting was done using a set of four or five double-pointed needles. Later, circular needles were invented, which can also be used to knit in the round: the circular needle looks like two short knitting needles connected by a cable between them.", "title": "Circular knitting" } ]

[ { "docid": "652293#9", "text": "The House of Commons, but not the Senate, can be dissolved at any time by the Queen of Canada or by Governor General, conventionally on the advice of the Prime Minister. In the case of a constitutional crisis, the Crown may act on its own with no advice from another body of the Parliament. If the government is refused confidence or supply, the Prime Minister must either resign and permit another member of the House of Commons to form a government, or else advise the Governor General to dissolve Parliament. Also, the House of Commons automatically dissolves after five years, although no House of Commons has yet survived that long.", "title": "Dissolution of parliament" }, { "docid": "1854849#4", "text": "30 March 2015 was the first time Parliament had ever dissolved automatically, as opposed to being dissolved by Royal Proclamation (although provision was made by the Septennial Act 1715 for Parliament to dissolve automatically after seven, and later five years, in practice dissolution was always effected shortly before the end of the five-year period by means of a Royal Proclamation). Although Prime Minister David Cameron met the Queen on the day of the dissolution, the only business discussed was the calling of the new Parliament, and not a request for a dissolution, as had happened at every such meeting historically, and the subsequent Royal Proclamation made on 30 March simply called for the holding of the next Parliament (and therefore the holding of the general election).", "title": "Dissolution of the Parliament of the United Kingdom" }, { "docid": "13076#46", "text": "In April 2010, Brown asked the Queen to dissolve Parliament. The General Election campaign included the first televised leadership debates in Britain. The result of the election on 6 May was a hung parliament. Brown was re-elected as MP for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath with 29,559 votes.", "title": "Gordon Brown" }, { "docid": "36130300#0", "text": "A referendum on reducing the term length of Parliament from five to four years was held in the Cook Islands on 7 September 2004. It followed a referendum on the same subject in 1999 that was approved by a majority of voters, but not the two-thirds required to be passed. The proposal would amend article 37 of the constitution, which at the time read \"The Queen's Representative shall dissolve Parliament at the expiration of 5 years from the date of the last preceding general election, if it has not sooner been dissolved.\" The change was approved by 82.27% of voters, passing the two-thirds threshold.", "title": "2004 Cook Islands parliamentary term referendum" }, { "docid": "21396237#15", "text": "On February 17, the leading Tory MPPs held a public meeting to protest against the measure. George Moffatt was elected chairman and various public men such as Allan MacNab, Prince, Gugy, Macdonald, Molson, Rose and others gave speeches. The meeting prepared a petition to the governor asking him to dissolve the parliament and call new elections, or to reserve the assent of the bill for the Queen's pleasure, that is to say, to defer the question to the UK Parliament. The press reported that Lafontaine was burned in effigy that night.", "title": "Burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal" }, { "docid": "36130234#0", "text": "A referendum on reducing the term length of Parliament from five to four years was held in the Cook Islands on 29 June 1999. The proposal would amend article 37 of the constitution, which at the time read \"The Queen's Representative shall dissolve Parliament at the expiration of 5 years from the date of the last preceding general election, if it has not sooner been dissolved.\" The change was approved by 64.5% of voters, but this was below the two-third majority required to modify the constitution. A second referendum in 2004 was passed by the majority required.", "title": "1999 Cook Islands parliamentary term referendum" } ]

[ { "docid": "652293#4", "text": "Unlike the Commonwealth Parliament, the Premier and Governor of Victoria have very little discretion in dissolving the Parliament of Victoria. Both the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council are dissolved automatically twenty-five days before the last Saturday in November every four years. However, the Governor can dissolve the Legislative Assembly if a motion of no confidence in the Premier and the other Ministers of State is passed and no motion of confidence is passed within the next week. Finally, the Premier can advise the Governor to dissolve both houses in the case of a deadlocked bill.", "title": "Dissolution of parliament" }, { "docid": "192754#17", "text": "The Governor-General can also dissolve Parliament and call elections without Prime Ministerial advice. Dissolving Parliament and calling for elections is part of the Governor-General's normal duties; every parliamentary dissolution and subsequent general election in New Zealand's history has been called by the Governor or Governor-General. However, all elections since responsible government was introduced, including snap elections, have been requested by the incumbent Premier or Prime Minister, and are accordingly not examples of use of the reserve powers. A Prime Minister who has lost the confidence of the House will conventionally either advise a dissolution of Parliament and new elections, or tender his resignation. If a defeated Prime Minister refuses to do either of these two things, the Governor-General could use the reserve powers to either dismiss the Prime Minister (see above), or dissolve Parliament without the Prime Minister's advice. Likewise, if the Prime Minister tenders his resignation, the Governor-General could theoretically refuse to accept it, and dissolve Parliament against the Prime Minister's advice.", "title": "Reserve power" }, { "docid": "44606931#1", "text": "The President of Portugal has the power to dissolve the Assembly of the Republic by their own will. Unlike in other countries, the President can refuse to dissolve the parliament at the request of the Prime Minister or the Assembly of the Republic and all the parties represented in Parliament. If the Prime Minister resigns, the President must appoint a new Prime Minister after listening to all the parties represented in Parliament and then the government programme must be subject to discussion by the Assembly of the Republic, whose members of parliament may present a motion to reject the upcoming government.", "title": "2019 Portuguese legislative election" }, { "docid": "47063#9", "text": "In 1950 the King's Private Secretary Sir Alan \"Tommy\" Lascelles, writing pseudonymously to \"The Times\" newspaper asserted a constitutional convention: according to the Lascelles Principles, if a minority government asked to dissolve Parliament to call an early election to strengthen its position, the monarch could refuse, and would do so under three conditions. When Harold Wilson requested a dissolution late in 1974, the Queen granted his request as Heath had already failed to form a coalition. The resulting general election gave Wilson a small majority. The monarch could in theory unilaterally dismiss the prime minister, but in practice the prime minister's term nowadays comes to an end only by electoral defeat, death, or resignation. The last monarch to remove the prime minister was William IV, who dismissed Lord Melbourne in 1834. The Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 removed the monarch's authority to dissolve Parliament; however the Act specifically retained the monarch's power of \"prorogation\", which is a regular feature of the parliamentary calendar.", "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom" } ]

[ { "docid": "38071020#0", "text": "From 1611 to 1721, Sweden was a European great power, becoming a dominant faction in the quest for control of the Baltic Sea and a formidable military power. During this period, known as \"Stormaktstiden\" (), the Swedish Empire held a territory more than twice the size of its modern borders and one of the most successful military forces at the time, proving itself on numerous occasions on battlefields such as Wallhof, Narva and Düna. The military of the Swedish empire is commonly (and wrongfully) recognized only as the Caroleans, which were in fact not in service until the late 17th century under Karl XI and his successor. The Swedish Empire and its modern military force was founded by Gustavus Adolphus, who inherited the throne in 1611 at age 17. He immediately reformed the common European military based on mercenaries to a professional national army. However, before completing his vision of conquering the Holy Roman Empire, the warrior king was killed in action in 1632. His daughter and successor did little to improve Sweden's military position and abdicated early, providing the Swedish Empire with a more warlike ruler. Karl X Gustav was only king for 5 years, but conquered large amounts of territory that still belong to Sweden today (including Blekinge, Bohuslän, Skåne and Halland). His son Karl XI would further strengthen the army by introducing the Caroleans, which were also used by Karl XII in the Great Northern War.", "title": "Military of the Swedish Empire" }, { "docid": "21173183#1", "text": "After the death of Gustavus Adolphus in 1632, the empire was controlled for lengthy periods by part of the high nobility, most prominently the Oxenstierna family, acting as tutors for minor regents. The interests of the high nobility contrasted with the uniformity policy (i.e., upholding the traditional equality in status of the Swedish estates favoured by the kings and peasantry). In territories acquired during the periods of \"de facto\" noble rule, serfdom was not abolished, and there was also a trend to set up respective estates in Sweden proper. The Great Reduction of 1680 put an end to these efforts of the nobility and required them to return estates once gained from the crown to the king. Serfdom, however, remained in force in the dominions acquired in the Holy Roman Empire and in Swedish Estonia, where a consequent application of the uniformity policy was hindered by the treaties by which they were gained.", "title": "Swedish Empire" }, { "docid": "38071020#6", "text": "Denmark had always threatened Swedish naval dominance in the Baltic Sea, and even during the reign of a tactical genius such as Gustavus Adolphus, the Swedish navy remained somewhat inferior to their southern adversaries. The \"Vasa\" was built in a response to this, and was the most heavily armed warship of its time. But the \"Vasa\" did not pass its maiden voyage and sunk in 1628, leaving Sweden without its most powerful vessel and causing financial problems within the naval ministry. No expenses had been spared decorating the warship, and many tonnes of gold and bronze statues were now very difficult to salvage. Instead of relying on a naval power of his own, Gustavus sought to ally with the dominant Protestant naval powers in Europe (namely England and the Dutch Republic). But a strong navy was not considered important by the king – it was on land that the battles against Catholicism would be fought and not in the small Baltic Sea. The concept of \"Dominium Maris Baltici\" was not a primary goal for Sweden during the Thirty Years' War, as it was overshadowed by the struggle to protect Protestantism. Nevertheless, Sweden did possess a quite powerful naval force compared to most adversaries other than Denmark – the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Holy Roman Empire both had inadequate naval forces to stop a Swedish landing of troops in northern Germany, and only Denmark was granted immunity against this.", "title": "Military of the Swedish Empire" }, { "docid": "21173183#0", "text": "The Swedish Empire (, \"the Era of Great Power\") was a European great power that exercised territorial control over much of the Baltic region during the 17th and early 18th centuries. The beginning of the Empire is usually taken as the reign of Gustavus Adolphus, who ascended the throne in 1611, and the end as the loss of territories in 1721 following the Great Northern War.", "title": "Swedish Empire" } ]

[ { "docid": "54894318#1", "text": "Following the Treaty of Roskilde, which was one of the treaties that successfully ended the Second Northern War, all areas in the historical region of Skåneland were ceded by Denmark-Norway to the Swedish Empire in early 1658. One of the most important questions for the Swedish Empire was on how to make the Scanians feel like they were Swedish, rather than a part of Denmark. On 16 April 1658, representatives of Scania, Blekinge and Halland's nobility, citizens, clergy and peasants gathered for a day of fury in Malmö Town Hall. On a given sign, the ombuds fell to the knees and promised their new king's faithfulness. The oath was appointed by a secretary. Charles X Gustav was not present himself but was represented by an empty chair surrounded by Swedish soldiers.", "title": "Swedification" }, { "docid": "42680097#8", "text": "In early 1915, Arthur Zimmermann, the Under-Secretary of State at the German foreign ministry, approached Hammarskjöld, who was on a visit to Berlin, with an offer of potentially forming a \"Nordic Block\" under Swedish leadership in return for an alliance between Sweden and Germany. Whilst Hammarskjöld rebuffed this first offer, Zimmermann persisted and approached Ludvig Douglas with an offer for a renewed Swedish Empire covering Finland and the Baltic provinces of the Russian Empire. Douglas then conveyed this offer to King Gustaf on 8 June 1915, and also to Hammarskjöld and Wallenberg, however only King Gustaf received it positively.", "title": "Sweden during World War I" }, { "docid": "21173183#6", "text": "Sweden founded overseas colonies, principally in the New World. New Sweden was founded in the valley of the Delaware River in 1638, and Sweden later laid claim to a number of Caribbean islands. A string of Swedish forts and trading posts was constructed along the coast of West Africa as well, but these were not designed for Swedish settlers.", "title": "Swedish Empire" }, { "docid": "38071020#11", "text": "In the beginning of the Great Northern War in 1700, Karl XII proved himself a gifted military leader and won devastating victories over his enemies with relentless offensive tactics in battles such as Narva, Düna, Kliszów and Jakobstadt. In fact, the Swedish Army never lost a single major land battle until 1709. In the Dano-Swedish war of 1700 king Charles forced his adversaries to the southwest to abandon the conflict, and one year after that he launched a five-year campaign against Poland which saw the Commonwealth forced out of the conflict. Sweden saw no military failures in west or south, even though Russia had conducted some successful raids against Swedish outposts and villages on the eastern border. Charles XII's reputation as an invincible military commander would only end after he decided to launch a major campaign against Russia, known as the invasion of Russia. Once the army had reached as far as Poltava, Ukraine, Charles himself was wounded and his men were in a dreadful state, having not slept or eaten for days and lacking sufficient ammunition. Under the leadership of Field Marshal Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld the Caroleans desperately tried to overcome a heavily fortified line of defenses, but failed. The Russian army severely outnumbered the Swedish invaders, was in good condition, had a much larger artillery force and were heavily dug in behind lines of redoubts along with wooden stakes and trenches. The Battle of Poltava was a severe blow to the Carolean army. King Charles led his men to the southwest in the hopes of reaching his allies in the Ottoman Empire for support, but Swedish general Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt ordered the surviving troops to lay down their arms when the Russian forces approached. The outcome of the events surrounding the disaster at Poltava effectively meant that Sweden had no land army left on continental Europe to contest renewed Russian attempts at reconquering their lost territories.", "title": "Military of the Swedish Empire" }, { "docid": "21173183#18", "text": "Thus, Sweden emerged from the war not only a military power, but also one of the largest states of Europe, possessing more than twice as much territory as modern Sweden. The land area of Sweden was 1,100,000 km. While modern Sweden is bounded by the Baltic, during the 17th century the Baltic formed a bond between various widely dispersed dominions. All the islands in the Baltic, except the Danish group, belonged to Sweden. The estuaries of all the great German rivers lay within Swedish territory, which also included two-thirds of Lake Ladoga and one-half of Lake Peipus. Stockholm, the capital, lay in the very centre of the empire, whose second greatest city was Riga, on the other side of the sea. This empire contained less than a third of the population of modern Sweden — at only 2,500,000 people, or about 2.3 people per square kilometer. However, Sweden's expansion had been possible partly due to turmoil and weakness in countries in its vicinity, and when they became more stable, they began to look for chances to regain what was lost.", "title": "Swedish Empire" }, { "docid": "43398325#34", "text": "During the reign of Gustav Vasa, a continuous Swedish realm started to form. He managed to suppress the regional communities who had been driving their own politics. In turn, the reformation suppressed the church. The high nobility, already weakened by the bloodbath, was now attached to support royal politics. However, the governing was still done in the medieval tradition: the king had numerous noblemen and scribes to help him, but these were not really officials. Also the government did not have a clear distinction of jobs, but tasks under the king's service changed according to the situation. In the 1530s, Gustav Vasa started to bring in German government officials to the country, along with whom new visions of royal power arrived in Sweden. During the 1544 Västerås Diet, the royalty was changed to hereditary and Gustav Vasa's eldest son Erik was named heir to the throne.", "title": "Finland under Swedish rule" }, { "docid": "115907#1", "text": "Starting in 1870, a Swedish-immigrant colony was established by the State of Maine in Aroostook County. The State of Maine had appointed William W. Thomas, Jr., who had served as American Consul in Sweden during the administration of President Abraham Lincoln, to be State Immigration Commissioner. On March 23, 1870 the Legislature passed an Act authorizing a Board of Immigration and Thomas was named Commissioner of Immigration. Thomas went to Sweden, recruited the first 51 immigrants, and led them into the township that became New Sweden. Early hardships were overcome and the colony prospered and grew into the neighboring townships of Westmanland (1879), Stockholm (1881) and the surrounding areas.\nNew Sweden has maintained many Swedish traditions since its founding, including the celebrations of St. Lucia Day and \"Midsommar.\" Founders Day is also observed on July 23 every year. The Swedish language can sometimes still be heard in the older generation. The New Sweden Folk Dancers typically perform at many of the Swedish celebrations and Swedish foods are known to grace the tables.", "title": "New Sweden, Maine" } ]

[ { "docid": "848794#36", "text": "A version of \"Disgaea: Hour of Darkness\", including the added content in \"Afternoon of Darkness\", was released for Microsoft Windows via Steam on February 24, 2016, retitled as \"Disgaea PC\". The initial release was panned by critics on launch due to its many bugs, which included persistent crashes, save file loss, and poor performance, even on high-end PCs. A patch was released soon afterwards that fixed many of the bugs. Another patch was released for the game later that added the four characters previously exclusive to \"Disgaea DS\". Players who bought the game during the 2016 Steam Summer Sale would also earn free in-game cosmetic items for Valve Corporation’s first person shooter game Team Fortress 2.", "title": "Disgaea: Hour of Darkness" }, { "docid": "19160136#15", "text": "The first two \"Disgaea\" installments were released for the PlayStation 2. The series debuted in Japan with \"\" in 2003 on the PlayStation 2 and has since been re-released on the PlayStation Portable and Nintendo DS with new content. It was known for many uncommon elements previously unseen in the strategy RPG genre, such as complex gameplay, extremely high maximum stats and a maximum level of 9999, and humorous dialogue. \"\", released for the PlayStation 2 in 2006 in Japan, has been re-released on the PlayStation Portable under the title \"\" with new content. Both of these games were later ported to the PC as \"\" in 2016, and \"Disgaea 2 PC\" in 2017 respectively. Both are based on the PlayStation Portable versions, with additional content and redone graphics. The series then moved on to the PlayStation 3 for \"\", released in Japan in 2008, and was re-released on the PlayStation Vita as \"\" in 2012. \"\" was released in Japan in 2011 and re-released on the PlayStation Vita as \"\" in 2014. A direct sequel to the first game, \"\" was released for the PlayStation 3 in 2013. The latest entry in the series, \"\" was released in 2015, moving the series to the PlayStation 4, and was ported to the Nintendo Switch as \"Disgaea 5 Complete\" in 2017.", "title": "Disgaea" } ]

[ { "docid": "848794#0", "text": "Nippon Ichi has also licensed or produced a wide variety of \"Disgaea\" merchandise, including a manga. In 2006, Nippon Ichi released a sequel called \"\" for the PlayStation 2, as well as a 12-episode anime titled \"Makai Senki Disgaea\". A PlayStation Portable version of \"Disgaea: Hour of Darkness\" was released entitled Disgaea: Afternoon of Darkness. A second sequel, \"\", was released for the PlayStation 3.", "title": "Disgaea: Hour of Darkness" }, { "docid": "848794#33", "text": "On March 7, NIS America released a statement on the North American release of a new edition of \"Disgaea: Hour of Darkness\" for the Nintendo DS. The game will be a port of the PSP version, and will include multiplayer gameplay and Etna mode. In order to fully utilize the Nintendo DS' capabilities, several key improvements will be made to the user interface and game system. However, many features from the PSP edition were dropped, including the option to toggle between English and Japanese dialogue, and many additional voiceovers, probably due to the limited storage capacity of the DS game card. For several years, \"Disgaea DS\" was the only \"Disgaea\" game released for a Nintendo system (and until the release of \"Disgaea PC\", the only release on a non-Sony platform), until the release of \"Disgaea 5 Complete\" for the Nintendo Switch in 2017, 9 years after \"Disgaea DS\"' release.", "title": "Disgaea: Hour of Darkness" }, { "docid": "848794#29", "text": "A port for the PlayStation Portable named was released in Japan on November 30, 2006. It was later released in North America on October 30, 2007 under the name \"Disgaea: Afternoon of Darkness\".", "title": "Disgaea: Hour of Darkness" }, { "docid": "848794#35", "text": "\"Disgaea DS\" was released in North America on September 23, 2008, through distributor NIS America and in Europe on April 3, 2009.", "title": "Disgaea: Hour of Darkness" }, { "docid": "848794#26", "text": "In the PS2 category of IGN's \"The Best of 2003\" awards, \"Disgaea: Hour of Darkness\" won \"Best Game No One Played\", and won Reader's Choice and runner-up awards for \"Best Strategy Game\". \"Hyper\"'s Daniel Wilks commends \"Disgaea: Afternoon of Darkness\" for its \"brilliant strategy and being huge and funny\". The game received a score of 8.5/8/7.5 from \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\", and the magazine's Shane Bettenhausen said, \"Here's an instant cult classic—Disgaea is so creative, challenging, and funny that it totally deserves the attention of RPG gamers\". However, he noted that its \"rewarding gameplay and quirky humor beneath a coating of antiquated visual grime. There isn't much here that couldn't have been done on PS1\".", "title": "Disgaea: Hour of Darkness" }, { "docid": "848794#28", "text": "Being the first game set in the Disgaea universe, its success has launched a franchise that has seen four sequels, several spin-offs, and adaptations into other media. See Disgaea.", "title": "Disgaea: Hour of Darkness" }, { "docid": "848794#22", "text": "There is one \"Joke\" ending, which can be obtained very early in the game, In Episode 1, if the final boss of the chapter (\"Dark Adonis\") defeats all of the characters in battle, a cut scene will appear showing the \"Dark Adonis\" naming himself Overlord and the ending credits will then roll, after the ending credits, it will ask you to save previous data and it will return you to the main screen where you can reload the data and start a new game +.\"Disgaea's\" configuration allows the player to select the audio and soundtrack in the North American release from English or Japanese. The song \"The Invasion From Within\" by Tsunami Bomb was licensed for the English audio track by Atlus due to its organ opening and fast pace, and is only played when English is the selected language. The option to select the language is not present in the European release of the game, because the European release used a lower capacity storage medium (CD instead of DVD).", "title": "Disgaea: Hour of Darkness" }, { "docid": "848794#25", "text": "There were two different styles of boxart for the American release.", "title": "Disgaea: Hour of Darkness" }, { "docid": "848794#31", "text": "In addition, \"Afternoon of Darkness\" includes a complete dual language option and the option to turn off battle animations. Most of the silent Japanese cut scenes now include voice acting. However, when set to English, the scenes that were originally silent in the PS2 release are still silent. To reflect Etna's recent voice actor change, her lines have been re-recorded to match Michelle Ruff's portrayal of Etna in \"Disgaea 2\" and the anime. One notable omission is the theme song \"The Invasion from Within\" by Tsunami Bomb. As Atlus was the publisher of the original PS2 version and arranged for the licensing of the song, and NIS America (Nippon Ichi's American branch) published the PSP port themselves, they did not retain the rights to use the song and did not renegotiate for them. Also missing is the song \"One With the Stars\" which, like \"The Invasion from Within\", was added in the original PS2 release by Atlus.", "title": "Disgaea: Hour of Darkness" }, { "docid": "19160136#8", "text": "Most major characters from previous games make a cameo appearance, or lend their services to characters in later ones, due to the large number of different Netherworlds being magically connected. Characters from other Nippon Ichi games and series, such as \"\", \"Marl Kingdom\", \"\", \"Phantom Brave\" and \n\"Soul Nomad\" (as \"Disgaea 3\" EU DLC), have also appeared in \"Disgaea\" games.", "title": "Disgaea" }, { "docid": "19160136#14", "text": "\"Makai Senki Disgaea\" is an anime series based on the video game \"\". \"Makai Senki Disgaea\" follows the same general plot as the game, but with several alterations to character roles and the chronology of events.", "title": "Disgaea" } ]

[ { "docid": "24187128#1", "text": "The first dynasty of the Persian Empire was created by Achaemenids, established by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC with the conquest of Median, Lydian and Babylonian empires. It covered much of the Ancient world when it was conquered by Alexander the Great. Persepolis is the most famous historical site related to Persian Empire in the Achaemenid era and it has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979.", "title": "Persian Empire" }, { "docid": "64213#1", "text": "Iran is home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with historical and urban settlements dating back to 7000 BC. The southwestern and western part of the Iranian Plateau participated in the traditional Ancient Near East with Elam, from the Early Bronze Age, and later with various other peoples, such as the Kassites, Mannaeans, and Gutians. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel calls the Persians the \"first Historical People\". The Medes unified Iran as a nation and empire in 625 BC. The Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC), founded by Cyrus the Great, was the first Persian empire and it ruled from the Balkans to North Africa and also Central Asia, spanning three continents, from their seat of power in Persis (Persepolis). It was the largest empire yet seen and the first world empire. The First Persian Empire was the only civilization in all of history to connect over 40% of the global population, accounting for approximately 49.4 million of the world's 112.4 million people in around 480 BC. They were succeeded by the Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Empires, who successively governed Iran for almost 1,000 years and made Iran once again as a leading power in the world. Persia's arch-rival was the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire.", "title": "History of Iran" } ]

[ { "docid": "24761#19", "text": "Between 625 BC and 226 AD, the northern side was dominated by a succession of Persian empires including the Median, Achaemenid, Seleucid and Parthian empires. Under the leadership of the Achaemenid king Darius the Great (Darius I), Persian ships found their way to the Persian Gulf. Persian naval forces laid the foundation for a strong Persian maritime presence in Persian Gulf, that started with Darius I and existed until the arrival of the British East India Company, and the Royal Navy by mid-19th century AD. Persians were not only stationed on islands of the Persian Gulf, but also had ships often of 100 to 200 capacity patrolling empire's various rivers including Shatt-al-Arab, Tigris, and the Nile in the west, as well as Sind waterway, in India.", "title": "Persian Gulf" }, { "docid": "64213#28", "text": "The Parthian empire subsisted for five centuries, longer than most Eastern Empires. The end of this empire came at last in 224 AD, when the empire's organization had loosened and the last king was defeated by one of the empire's vassal peoples, the Persians under the Sasanians. However, the Arsacid dynasty continued to exist for centuries onwards in Armenia, the Iberia, and the Caucasian Albania, which were all eponymous branches of the dynasty.", "title": "History of Iran" }, { "docid": "8877314#2", "text": "Unlike the Ancient Greeks and the Roman Empire, the ancient Persian Achaemenid Empire was not concerned with spreading its culture to the many peoples that it conquered. Arguably, the first recorded episode of persianization dates back to Alexander the Great, who, after conquering the Persian Empire in the 4th century BCE, adopted Persian dress, customs and court mannerisms; married a Persian princess, Stateira II and made subjects cast themselves on their faces when approaching him, in Persian-style, known to Greeks as the custom of proskynesis, a symbolic kissing of the hand that Persians paid to their social superiors. Persian dress and practices were also observed by Peucestas, who was later made satrap of Persis, where he conciliated the favour of the Persians to his rule in exchange for those of the Macedonians.", "title": "Persianization" }, { "docid": "13890#37", "text": "The Persian and Greek invasions had repercussions in the north-western regions of the Indian subcontinent. The region of Gandhara, or present-day eastern Afghanistan and north-west Pakistan, became a melting pot of Indian, Persian, Central Asian, and Greek cultures and gave rise to a hybrid culture, Greco-Buddhism, which lasted until the 5th century CE and influenced the artistic development of Mahayana Buddhism.\nThe Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE) unified most of the Indian subcontinent into one state, and was the largest empire ever to exist on the Indian subcontinent. At its greatest extent, the Mauryan Empire stretched to the north up to the natural boundaries of the Himalayas and to the east into what is now Assam. To the west, it reached beyond modern Pakistan, to the Hindu Kush mountains in what is now Afghanistan. The empire was established by Chandragupta Maurya assisted by Chanakya (Kautilya) in Magadha (in modern Bihar) when he overthrew the Nanda dynasty.", "title": "History of India" }, { "docid": "30927438#67", "text": "Since its foundation by Cyrus, the Persian empire had been primarily a land empire with a strong army, but void of any actual naval forces. By the 5th century BC, this was to change, as the empire came across Greek, and Egyptian forces, each with their own maritime traditions and capabilities. Darius the Great (Darius I) was the first Achaemenid king to invest in a Persian fleet. Even by then no true \"imperial navy\" had existed either in Greece or Egypt. Persia would become the first empire, under Darius, to inaugurate and deploy the first regular imperial navy. Despite this achievement, the personnel for the imperial navy would not come from Iran, but were often Phoenicians (mostly from Sidon), Egyptians and Greeks chosen by Darius the Great to operate the empire's combat vessels.\nAt first the ships were built in Sidon by the Phoenicians; the first Achaemenid ships measured about 40 meters in length and 6 meters in width, able to transport up to 300 Persian troops at any one trip. Soon, other states of the empire were constructing their own ships, each incorporating slight local preferences. The ships eventually found their way to the Persian Gulf. Persian naval forces laid the foundation for a strong Persian maritime presence in the Persian Gulf. Persians were not only stationed on islands in the Persian Gulf, but also had ships often of 100 to 200 capacity patrolling the empire's various rivers including the Karun, Tigris and Nile in the west, as well as the Indus.\nThe Achaemenid navy established bases located along the Karun, and in Bahrain, Oman, and Yemen. The Persian fleet was not only used for peace-keeping purposes along the Karun but also opened the door to trade with India via the Persian Gulf. Darius's navy was in many ways a world power at the time, but it would be Artaxerxes II who in the summer of 397 BC would build a formidable navy, as part of a rearmament which would lead to his decisive victory at Knidos in 394 BC, re-establishing Achaemenid power in Ionia. Artaxerxes II would also utilize his navy to later on quell a rebellion in Egypt.", "title": "Achaemenid Empire" }, { "docid": "6857241#39", "text": "The first record of the Persians comes from an Assyrian inscription from c. 844 BC that calls them the Parsu (Parsuash (Persians), Parsumash) and mentions them in the region of Lake Urmia alongside another group, the Madai (Medes). For the next two centuries, the Persians and Medes were at times tributary to the Assyrians. The region of Parsuash was annexed by Sargon of Assyria around 719 BCE. Eventually the Medes came to rule an independent Median Empire, and the Persians were subject to them.", "title": "Middle Eastern empires" }, { "docid": "51320#79", "text": "The births of Mahavira and Buddha in the 6th century BC mark the beginning of well-recorded history in the region. Around the 5th century BC, the ancient region of Pakistan was invaded by the Achaemenid Empire under Darius in 522 BC forming the easternmost satraps of the Persian Empire. The provinces of Sindh and Panjab were said to be the richest \"satraps\" of the Persian Empire and contributed many soldiers to various Persian expeditions. It is known that an \"Indian\" contingent fought in Xerxes' army on his expedition to Greece. Herodotus mentions that the Indus satrapy supplied cavalry and chariots to the Persian army. He also mentions that the Indus people were clad in armaments made of cotton, carried bows and arrows of cane covered with iron. Herodotus states that in 517 BC Darius sent an expedition under Scylax to explore the Indus. Under Persian rule, much irrigation and commerce flourished within the vast territory of the empire. The Persian empire was followed by the invasion of the Greeks under Alexander's army. Since Alexander was determined to reach the eastern-most limits of the Persian Empire he could not resist the temptation to conquer India (i.e. the Punjab region), which at this time was parcelled out into small chieftain-ships, who were feudatories of the Persian Empire. Alexander amalgamated the region into the expanding Hellenic empire. The \"Rigveda\", in Sanskrit, goes back to about 1500 BC. The Indian literary tradition has an oral history reaching down into the Vedic period of the later 2nd millennium BC.", "title": "Ancient history" }, { "docid": "19983188#1", "text": "In 480 B.C, during the Greco-Persian Wars the Persian Empire led by Xerxes I of Persia fought the Greek city-states forces at the pass of Thermopylae in central Greece. This battle was to become known as the Battle of Thermopylae. The only thing stopping the Persians was an army led by King Leonidas I and his 300 Spartans, considered by many to be the greatest soldiers the world has ever known. Vastly outnumbered, the Greek Spartans held up the Persians advance for three days, until they were overrun by Persian forces. The film also focuses on the lead up to the Battle of Thermopylae revealing that the Greeks might have played a part in the Ionian Revolts in Asia Minor in 499 to 493 B.C. It brings its viewers into understanding ancient warfare when the documentary focuses on the naval battle around Thermopylae, strategic and tactical considerations, and the aftermath of the battle which led to the burning of Athens and Greek victories in battles such as Plataea. It also reveals to those unaware that the Spartans did not fight alone.", "title": "Last Stand of the 300" }, { "docid": "48220780#21", "text": "The art of the Parthians was a mix of Iranian and Hellenistic styles. The Parthian Empire existed from 247 BC to 224 AD in what is now Greater Iran and several territories outside it. Parthian places are often overlooked in excavations, and Parthian layers difficult to disguish from those around them. The research situation and the state of knowledge on Parthian art is therefore still very patchy; dating is difficult and the most important remains come from the fringes of the empire, as at Hatra in modern Iraq, which has produced the largest quantity of Parthian sculpture yet excavated. Even after the period of the Parthian dynasty, art in its style continued in surrounding areas for some time. Even in narrative representations, figures look frontally out to the viewer rather than at each other, a feature that anticipates the art of Late Antiquity, medieval Europe and Byzantium. Great attention is paid to the details of clothing, which in full-length figures is shown decorated with elaborate designs, probably embroidered, including large figures.", "title": "Persian art" } ]

[ { "docid": "14783569#1", "text": "The Royal Lao Government in Exile claims that it is an interim democratic government consisting of eighty representatives from Lao political organizations and associations elected by the Lao people inside Laos and abroad. The Royal Lao Government in Exile is chaired by Professor Khamphoui Sisavatdy, who claims to have previously served in the former Royal Lao Government under H.M. King Savang Vatthana of Laos as a Deputy in the National Assembly and was a Professor of Lao History at Sisavangvong University. In 1972, he traveled to the United States with a Lao delegation to speak to Secretary of State Henry Kissinger concerning a series of proposed Geneva Convention treaties.\nThe Supreme National Political Council in Exile is reportedly chaired by H.E. Phraya Sithidej (Sithat Sithibourn), former Lao Governor, former Lao Congressman and former President of Political and Law Commission of the Lao National Parliament.", "title": "Royal Lao Government in Exile" }, { "docid": "17756#0", "text": "The politics of the Lao People's Democratic Republic (commonly known as Laos) takes place in the framework of a one-party socialist republic. The only legal political party is the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP). The \"de jure\" head of state is President Bounnhang Vorachith, who also is LPRP general secretary making him the \"de facto\" leader of Laos.", "title": "Politics of Laos" } ]

[ { "docid": "21914142#1", "text": "Laos does not recognize same-sex marriages, nor any other form of same-sex union. There have been no known debates of such unions being legalized in the near future, though this does not imply that the government or Laotians are opposed to such unions—the topic has simply yet to come up for debate.", "title": "LGBT rights in Laos" }, { "docid": "3202725#6", "text": "However, according to Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, the Center for Public Policy Analysis, the United League for Democracy in Laos, the Lao Human Rights Council, the Lao Veterans of America Institute, and many human rights organizations, non-governmental organizations, and policy experts, the reality in Laos is quite different, and the Marxist government generally does not abide by its own Constitution. The Lao government in Vientiane has been frequently condemned by the US Congress, United Nations Committee on Racial Discrimination, European Parliament and human rights advocates, especially in light of the imprisonment of pro-democracy Lao student leaders in October 1999, the persecution of Hmong refugees and asylum seekers and the recent abduction and disappearance of civil society leader Sombath Somphone.", "title": "Human rights in Laos" }, { "docid": "15989170#5", "text": "The U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom has previously named the communist government of Laos a Country of Particular Concern (CPC) for religious freedom violations and has on numerous occasions placed the government of Laos on a special watch list for its serious persecution of minority Laotian and Hmong Christians as well as independent Animist and Buddhist believers. The Lao People's Army and its police and security forces have been involved in human rights violations and religious persecution in Laos.", "title": "Laos–United States relations" }, { "docid": "16144811#25", "text": "Lao authorities remained suspicious of major supporters, both foreign and domestic, of religious communities other than Buddhism, especially Protestant groups, in part because these faiths do not share the high degree of direction and incorporation into the government structure that Theravada Buddhism does. Some authorities criticized Christianity as an American or imperialist \"import\" into the country. In the past decade, the LEC suffered the brunt of local-level efforts to close churches, arrest church leaders, and force members to renounce their faith. The LEC's rapid growth during the last decade, its contacts with religious groups abroad, the active proselytizing by some of its members, and its relative independence of government control contributed to the Government's suspicion of the church's activities. Some authorities also interpreted Christian teachings of obedience to God as signifying disloyalty to the Government and ruling party. There was also strong evidence that the Communist Party leadership viewed Christianity as a tool of western countries to undermine the Communist political system. While LEC leadership was primarily Lao, the LEC membership was mostly ethnic Mon-Khmer tribes and the Hmong, two groups that historically have resisted central Government control, which contributed to the Government's distrust of the LEC.", "title": "Freedom of religion in Laos" }, { "docid": "58942653#5", "text": "The Mekong River plays an important role for Laos economy. The Mekong River basin covers nearly 90 percent of Laos country and drains toward Vietnam. In Laos, government encourages hydro-power investment which increase pressure on water and sea animal threats. The development of electricity in Laos and export to neighboring countries are essential for government revenues to reduce poverty. Although hydro-power does not pollute water or air directly, hydro-power reservoir and dam can impact the change in environment, land use and natural habitats. There are potential environmental consequences of damming water, creating gigantic reservoirs, flooding entire area, blocking natural course of river and constructing power lines. For example, the structure of dam and reservoir interfere fishing migration, and alter water temperature and river's flow; as a result. it may injure the live of sea animals and animals on land.", "title": "Water supply and sanitation in Laos" }, { "docid": "1907338#1", "text": ", Laos has an estimated population of 6.5 million. The Lao government recognizes 47 distinct ethnicities, which are further sub-divided into 149 subgroups. Lao society is traditionally categorized into three broad groups based on ethnicity and location. Approximately 50% of the total population is ethnic Lao (Lao Loum or Lao Tai); 10% are categorized as Lao Theung or “upland Lao” who are predominantly people of Mon or Khmer ancestry; another 34% are Lao Sung or “mountain Lao,” and are also commonly referred to as “hill tribes.” Hill tribe peoples in Laos include the Hmong, Yao (Mien), Akha, and Lahu. Laos is also home to sizeable communities of Vietnamese and Chinese who make up the 6% remaining.\nAnthropologists consider the Lao Loum as a subcategory of the wider “Tai” ethnic group who share common genetic, linguistic, and cultural heritage. The Tai family includes the Lao and Thai, as well as smaller groups which have generally been distinguished by their traditional dress and include the Tai Dam (Black Tai), Tai Daeng (Red Tai), and Tai Khao (White Tai). The Laos to define both the ethnicity and nationality. Further complication is added by the geopolitical history between Laos and Thailand, there are an estimated 19 million “Lao” speakers living in northeastern Thailand (Thai Isan or Lao Tai) and only 3 million in Laos. As a consequence identity politics has played a major role in the defining the Lao Loum. The Lao government makes no distinction between the bordering groups and views them as sharing a common identity, but the government of Thailand has through a process known as “Thaification” assimilated the Lao living in Isan. The Lao Loum define themselves based on location, agricultural practice, language and religion. The Lao Loum occupy the Mekong River valleys and cultivate wet rice crops, they are predominantly Theravada Buddhist but have strong syncretism with traditional animist beliefs.\nLao Theung are culturally distinct from both the Lao Loum and Lao Sung. The Lao Theung generally include Mon-Khmer peoples which are among the indigenous peoples from the Mekong River valleys. The largest single group (11% or 500,000 people) is Khmu (Khmou, Kmhmu, Khammu, Khamu, Kammu). Also included in the Lao Theung population are Katang, Bru, Kui, Laven, Mal, Phai, Katu, Lave, Ngae, Jeh, Khuen, Jeng, Alak, Ir, Kasseng, Khlor, Aheu, Bo, Halang, Doan, Hung, Xinh Mul, Khua, Arem, Bit, Chut, Maleng and Mlabri. The Lao Theung peoples are distinguished by dry rice cultivation, and animist beliefs.", "title": "Culture of Laos" }, { "docid": "21914142#3", "text": "Gay foreigners visiting Laos in the 1990s sometimes reported the existence of a taboo associated with foreigners, that made it hard to interact with Laos, except discreetly at night. Today, the government does block access to LGBT themed webpages and discussions about LGBT issues in the media are rare, beyond transsexuals who are quite visible in the culture as entertainment. However, the government generally tolerates, or simply ignores, LGBT people unless they campaign for LGBT rights or judged by the government to be too publicly immodest or indecent. Tolerance for LGBT people is, as is often the case, stronger in the urban cities than in the rural neighborhoods.", "title": "LGBT rights in Laos" }, { "docid": "459160#0", "text": "The flag of Laos consists of three horizontal stripes, with the middle stripe in blue being twice the height of the top and bottom red stripes. In the middle is a white disc, the diameter of the disc is the height of the blue stripe. The flag ratio is 2:3. The national flag of Laos was first adopted in 1945 under the short-lived Lao Issara government of 1945–46, then by the Pathet Lao. It is one of the two flags of a currently communist country (the other being Cuba) that does not use any communist symbolism and the only current communist country that does not use a five-pointed star in its flag as an emblem. The current flag was adopted on December 2, 1975 when it became a socialist state.", "title": "Flag of Laos" }, { "docid": "21672031#1", "text": "The Government of Laos does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however it is making significant efforts to do so. The government increased law enforcement efforts to investigate trafficking offenses and prosecute and punish trafficking offenders. It also increased collaboration with international organizations and civil society to provide training for government and law enforcement officials, to provide repatriation and reintegration services for victims, and to launch public awareness campaigns to combat trafficking. A severe lack of resources remains the biggest impediment to the government’s ability to combat trafficking in persons and it remains dependent on the international donor community to fund anti-trafficking activities.", "title": "Human trafficking in Laos" } ]

[ { "docid": "18617142#0", "text": "Mercury is a chemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum ( ). A heavy, silvery d-block element, mercury is the only metallic element that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure; the only other element that is liquid under these conditions is bromine, though metals such as caesium, gallium, and rubidium melt just above room temperature.", "title": "Mercury (element)" }, { "docid": "181556#41", "text": "Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is also known as quicksilver or hydrargyrum ( < Greek \"\" \"water\" and \"\" \"silver\"). A heavy, silvery d-block element, mercury is the only metal that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure; the only other element that is liquid under these conditions is bromine, though metals such as caesium, francium, gallium, and rubidium melt just above room temperature. With a freezing point of −38.83 °C and boiling point of 356.73 °C, mercury has one of the narrowest ranges of its liquid state of any metal.", "title": "Period 6 element" }, { "docid": "5264737#6", "text": "A somewhat more complicated scheme is shown here: the decay of the nuclide Au which can be produced by irradiating natural gold in a nuclear reactor. Au decays via beta decay to one of two excited states or to the ground state of the mercury isotope Hg. In the figure, mercury is to the right of gold, since the atomic number of gold is 79, that of mercury is 80. The excited states decay after very short times (2.5 and 23 ps, resp.; 1 picosecond is a millionth of a millionth of a second) to the ground state.", "title": "Decay scheme" } ]

[ { "docid": "29585006#2", "text": "Mercury(I) hydride is an unstable gas and is the heaviest group 12 monohydride. The composition of mercury(I) hydride is 0.50% hydrogen and 99.50% mercury. In mercury(I) hydride, the formal oxidation states of hydrogen and mercury are −1 and +1, respectively, because of the electronegativity of mercury is lower than that of hydrogen. The stability of metal hydrides with the formula MH (M = Zn-Hg) increases as the atomic number of M increases.", "title": "Mercury(I) hydride" }, { "docid": "1454085#20", "text": "The discharge tube contains a low pressure of a rare gas such as argon and mercury vapor. The mercury atoms are provided by a drop of liquid mercury, or by a semi-solid amalgam of mercury and other metals such as bismuth, lead, or tin. Some of the liquid mercury or the mercury in the amalgam vaporizes to provide the mercury vapor. The electric field ionizes some of the mercury atoms to produce free electrons, and then accelerates those free electrons. When the free electrons collide with mercury atoms, some of those atoms absorb energy from the electrons and are “excited” to higher energy levels. After a short delay, the excited mercury atoms spontaneously relax to their original lower energy state and emit a UV photon with the excess energy. As in a conventional fluorescent tube, the UV photon diffuses through the gas to the inside of the outer bulb, and is absorbed by the phosphor coating that surface, transferring its energy to the phosphor. When the phosphor then relaxes to its original, lower energy state, it emits visible light. In this way the UV photon is down-converted to visible light by the phosphor coating on the inside of the tube. The glass walls of the lamp prevent the emission of the UV photons because ordinary glass blocks UV radiation at the 253.7 nm and shorter wavelengths.", "title": "Electrodeless lamp" }, { "docid": "381805#7", "text": "When the speed of the electron exceeds about 1.3 million meters per second, collisions with a mercury atom become inelastic. This speed corresponds to a kinetic energy of 4.9 eV, which is deposited into the mercury atom. As shown in the figure, the electron's speed is reduced, and the mercury atom becomes \"excited\". A short time later, the 4.9 eV of energy that was deposited into the mercury atom is released as ultraviolet light that has a wavelength of precisely 254 nm. Following light emission, the mercury atom returns to its original, unexcited state.", "title": "Franck–Hertz experiment" }, { "docid": "11574844#1", "text": "The crystal structure of mercurous sulfate is made up of Hg dumbbells and SO anions as main building units. Hg dumbbell is surrounded by four Oxygen atoms with Hg₋O distance ranging from 2.23 to 2.93 Å, whereas Hg-Hg distance is approximately 2.500Å.\nStudies have shown mercury(I) sulfate to have the mercury atoms arranged in doublets with a bond distance of 2.500Å. The metal atom doublets are oriented parallel to the an axis in a unit cell. Mercury doublets form part of infinite chain SO - Hg - Hg - SO - Hg - Hg - … The Hg - Hg - O bond angle is 165°±1 . The chain crosses the unit cell diagonally. The mercury sulfate structure is held together by weak Hg-O interactions. The SO does not act as a single anion, but rather coordinated to the mercury metal.", "title": "Mercury(I) sulfate" }, { "docid": "1268216#8", "text": "The Hg–Hg bond length of 253 pm (Hg–Hg in the metal is 300 pm) and the Hg–Cl bond length in the linear HgCl unit is 243 pm. The overall coordination of each Hg atom is octahedral as, in addition to the two nearest neighbours, there are four other Cl atoms at 321 pm. Longer mercury polycations exist.", "title": "Mercury(I) chloride" }, { "docid": "46659847#6", "text": "Density criteria range from above 3.5 g/cm to above 7 g/cm. Atomic weight definitions can range from greater than sodium (atomic weight 22.98); greater than 40 (excluding s- and f-block metals, hence starting with scandium); or more than 200, i.e. from mercury onwards. Atomic numbers of heavy metals are generally given as greater than 20 (calcium); sometimes this is capped at 92 (uranium). Definitions based on atomic number have been criticised for including metals with low densities. For example, rubidium in group (column) 1 of the periodic table has an atomic number of 37 but a density of only 1.532 g/cm, which is below the threshold figure used by other authors. The same problem may occur with atomic weight based definitions.", "title": "Heavy metals" }, { "docid": "25017774#27", "text": "For example, mercury absorbs radiation at 1849 and 2537 angstroms, and the source is often high-intensity mercury lamps. It is a commonly used sensitizer. When mercury vapor is mixed with ethylene, and the compound is irradiated with a mercury lamp, this results in the photodecomposition of ethylene to acetylene. This occurs on absorption of light to yield excited state mercury atoms, which are able to transfer this energy to the ethylene molecules, and are in turn deactivated to their initial energy state.", "title": "Photoelectrochemical process" } ]

[ { "docid": "5806614#7", "text": "Following in the steps of its elder sister festival of 30 years prior, Woodstock 99 stood to modernize the musical entity that was Woodstock Festival (1969) with an implementation of new technology. Scarpa produced and directed the live stream of the festival on July 23–25, 1999 which featured musical performances by artists such as Metallica, Kid Rock, Red Hot Chili Peppers, James Brown, Sheryl Crow, Rage Against the Machine, and Limp Bizkit. Approximately 200,000 people attended the festival, but over 2.4 million people participated online over the duration of the 64-hour live broadcast, which cemented it as the largest participatory media event of the 20th century. It achieved this goal by syndicating live on hundreds of Websites, blogs and media partner sites throughout the world in addition to having a premium experience on Woodstock.com.", "title": "Marc Scarpa" }, { "docid": "47646#28", "text": "In August 1969, the Woodstock Music and Art Fair took place in Bethel, New York, which for many, exemplified the best of hippie counterculture. Over 500,000 people arrived to hear some of the most notable musicians and bands of the era, among them Canned Heat, Richie Havens, Joan Baez, Janis Joplin, The Grateful Dead, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, Carlos Santana, Sly & The Family Stone, The Who, Jefferson Airplane, and Jimi Hendrix. Wavy Gravy's Hog Farm provided security and attended to practical needs, and the hippie ideals of love and human fellowship seemed to have gained real-world expression. Similar rock festivals occurred in other parts of the country, which played a significant role in spreading hippie ideals throughout America.", "title": "Hippie" }, { "docid": "33884#0", "text": "Woodstock was a music festival held on a dairy farm in the Catskill Mountains, northwest of New York City, between August 15–18, 1969, which attracted an audience of more than 400,000.", "title": "Woodstock" } ]

[ { "docid": "8377069#4", "text": "On August 1, 2 and 3, 1969 an estimated 100,000 people attended the Atlantic City Pop Festival at the race course. The overwhelming turn out was an unexpected and controversial state of affairs, as local government agencies and police departments strained to respond to the harbinger of the Woodstock Festival in upstate New York just a few weeks later. Roads approaching the race course were clogged with young people who spontaneously arrived to attend, forming an ad-hoc hippy hollow in the surrounding forest areas in the vicinity.", "title": "Atlantic City Race Course" }, { "docid": "25146635#1", "text": "The first festival was sited at Pan Copeland's farm outside Woodstock—just south of Route 212 on Glasco Turnpike. The festival featured over twenty music acts including Richie Havens, Tim Hardin, Billy Batson, Kenny Rankin and Phil Ochs. Two thousand people attended the three-day event and the outdoor concert itself came together so quickly that the greater community was largely unaware that it had taken place. Moffitt co-promoted the event with Steve Bishop.", "title": "Woodstock Sound-Outs" }, { "docid": "8256734#5", "text": "Since 1996, Indradyumna Swami and the Polish Festival of India team have participated in the Przystanek Woodstock free music festival organized over the first weekend in August each year by Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity. Dubbed Europe's largest annual open-air event, Przystanek Woodstock is attended by over 600,000 people each year. Within the mayhem of this setting Indradyumna Swami and the Festival of India team of more than 500 volunteers set up a spiritual sanctuary called \"Krishna's Village of Peace\".", "title": "Indradyumna Swami" }, { "docid": "2046241#7", "text": "By the weekend the stage and sound system had grown to accommodate the large crowd. Members of the band Ice Nine (John Gaechter & Vince Lisanti) supplied their PA system and organized people to help build a larger stage. Performers included Melanie Safka and Savoy Brown, as well as many local artists including Will Hoppey, Ice Nine, Rich Pell, The Psychedelic Kitchen, Target, Billy Mitchell, and Jack Hardy. The concert was recorded by Barry Benson and was available as \"20th Anniversary Festival: A Musical Documentary of Woodstock '89\". \"An estimated 150,000 people passed by, or stopped to participate in the celebration of the 1969 concert,\" as reported by the \"Sullivan County Democrat\" on August 22, 1989.", "title": "Woodstock '89" }, { "docid": "22428435#0", "text": "Woodstock en Beauce was a yearly weekend-long music festival held in St-Ephrem-de-Beauce, Quebec, Canada. It was created in 1995 with the intention to re-create the atmosphere of the original Woodstock Festival in 1969, emphasizing on the atmosphere of peace and fun. The first edition of the festival attracted about 5,000 people, but it now attracts crowds of over 78,000 people. It has been nominated three times at the ADISQ awards in the category for the event of the year.", "title": "Woodstock en Beauce" }, { "docid": "55728313#4", "text": "In 1959, Collymore-Woodstock made history in Jamaica as the first woman Resident Magistrate to preside in the Civil Court. In 1962, three women were appointed to serve the Juvenile Court system. Collymore-Woodstock was appointed chair of the Eastern Circuit, Ena Allen was appointed over the Northwestern Circuit and Joyce Groves was assigned the Southern Circuit. The three women attended a four-month training course in the United States on juvenile justice. When the women finished their training, they toured the U.S. to observe how the juvenile court system there operated. From 1964 to 1967, Collymore-Woodstock served as Chair of the Juvenile Court and thereafter returned to the Criminal Court of the Kingston Resident Magistrate's Court. By 1975, Woodstock was the Senior Resident Magistrate for St. Andrew Parish and that same year was honored as an officer in the Order of Distinction for her contributions to the justice system of Jamaica. When a ministerial system was introduced to the Turks and Caicos in 1976, Collymore-Woodstock was contracted to serve as a magistrate for the British Overseas Territory. She retired from the Jamaican bench in 1977, but continued to serve post-retirement in the Turks and Caicos and in Anguilla.", "title": "Ena Collymore-Woodstock" }, { "docid": "5865521#1", "text": "Over 100,000 attended Stompin' 76; including many who were clogged on Carroll County, VA area roads. Others parked on the interstate and walked up to 11 miles to reach the epic event from Interstate 77. This one great music festival would come to be known as \"The Woodstock Of Bluegrass\".", "title": "Stompin 76" }, { "docid": "33884#39", "text": "Attempts were made to prevent people from visiting the site. Its owners spread chicken manure, and during one anniversary, tractors and state police cars formed roadblocks. Twenty thousand people gathered at the site in 1989 during an impromptu 20th anniversary celebration. In 1997 a community group put up a welcoming sign for visitors. Unlike Bethel, the town of Woodstock made several efforts to cash in on its notoriety. Bethel's stance changed in recent years, and the town now embraces the festival. Efforts have begun to forge a link between Bethel and Woodstock.", "title": "Woodstock" } ]

[ { "docid": "14780946#0", "text": "This is a list of the thirteen episodes of the British children's television series \"Tugs\" which first broadcast in 1988.", "title": "List of Tugs episodes" }, { "docid": "1982833#4", "text": "The series consists of thirteen fifteen-minute episodes (though four exist as twenty-minute episodes on the \"Tugs\" videos), each told by the show's narrator, Captain Star (voiced by Patrick Allen). Filming and production of the series took place throughout 1987 and 1988, in Shepperton Studios, Middlesex, where \"Thomas & Friends\" was also filmed at the time. The series was animated using live-action models, which were seen as the most realistic method of portraying real tugboats. The set featured the Clearwater Periscope lens system, a type of professional video camera used to film at the models' eye level.", "title": "Tugs (TV series)" }, { "docid": "5719209#3", "text": "The segments featuring the tugboats in the harbour used footage from the British television series \"TUGS\", a series produced in 1988 by Robert D. Cardona and David Mitton, who (along with Britt Allcroft) produced the popular series \"Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends\". Whilst Allcroft drove the Thomas series to popularity among American audiences (through the PBS series \"Shining Time Station\"), \"Tugs\" did not spread far beyond its country of origin, lasting one season of 13 episodes (although it was aired and merchandised in the Japanese and Australian markets).", "title": "Salty's Lighthouse" }, { "docid": "1982833#2", "text": "Due to the bankruptcy of Television South, the series did not continue production past 13 episodes. Following the initial airing of the series throughout 1989, television rights were sold to an unknown party, while all models and sets from the series sold to Britt Allcroft. Modified set props and tugboat models were used in \"Thomas & Friends\" from 1991 onwards, with footage from the original program being heavily dubbed and edited for use in the American children's series \"Salty's Lighthouse\".", "title": "Tugs (TV series)" } ]

[ { "docid": "1982833#14", "text": "A number of VHS versions of the series were released between 1989 and 1993 in the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan. Three of these videos contained three fifteen-minute episodes, while two contained two twenty-minute episodes (these episodes were edited to fifteen minutes for television broadcasts, most likely due to time slot issues). In addition, a number of original scenes were extended/deleted for the videos, including an alternate opening title sequence. Those released included:A four episode, 65 minute version was released in 1993:\"Tugs\" remains only on VHS. In 2005, however, footage from the show was included as part of an episode of \"Salty's Lighthouse\" on the DVD \"Toddler Time\".", "title": "Tugs (TV series)" }, { "docid": "89602#10", "text": "Although many popular shows of recent years began life on BBC Radio, there have been many successful and influential series which were designed purely for TV. In contrast to their US counterparts, which have seasons of up to 26 episodes a year, British sit-coms traditionally have series of just 6 episodes. The main reason for this is that British shows are generally written by one or two dedicated writers - often the people that created the show in the first place - as opposed to the US model of having a larger writing team. In part, this is a reflection of the difference between the size of the TV audience in the two countries, and the economics of television production; for decades sit-coms were the shows on US television that delivered the highest ratings; in Britain the highest ratings figures were normally for soap operas, which generally run several times a week, year-in year-out, and as a result generally required larger writing teams.", "title": "British comedy" }, { "docid": "1982833#3", "text": "Mitton returned to working with \"Thomas & Friends\" in 1991, while Cardona went on to direct \"Theodore Tugboat\", a similarly natured animated series set in Canada. All thirteen episodes of the show were released on VHS between 1989 and 1993.", "title": "Tugs (TV series)" }, { "docid": "14780946#2", "text": "A second series had already been planned well in advance of the shooting of the first. Already over 96 scripts had been written by Mitton himself and other writers with a regular 13 episodes to be produced. Most of the series would have been set more 'up river' instead of the Bigg City docks area due to difficulty shooting in that area. As well the regular main cast, some new tugs would have been introduced. However TVS, which was in charge of producing the series, went bankrupt which halted the series from being produced.", "title": "List of Tugs episodes" }, { "docid": "496022#6", "text": "Prior to the 1974–1975 series, the first generation of \"Captain Pugwash\" episodes were filmed in black and white and were first shown on British TV between 1957 and 1966. These early episodes numbered a total of 87 episodes, with the producers using the production codes CP001 to CP087; the later 30 episodes, from the second generation of the series, were produced in colour between 16 September 1974 and 11 July 1975. \"Captain Pugwash\" was also sold to various overseas TV stations, including Australia's ABC Television. There the show was screened during weekday afternoons in the 1970s and '80s.", "title": "Captain Pugwash" }, { "docid": "45677555#0", "text": "Shadow Squad is a British TV series that ran from 1957-59 starring Peter Williams and George Moon. 179 episodes were made, of which only four survive. Network released the surviving episodes on DVD in 2011, along with the sole surviving episode of the spin-off, \"Skyport\". Both series were produced by Granada Television.", "title": "Shadow Squad" }, { "docid": "53779038#1", "text": "Across two series, a total of twelve episodes were broadcast. Episodes were broadcast at 9:00pm on Fridays as part of LWT's new-look slate of British drama. For the second series, a number of new regular cast members were introduced, including Ian Fitzgibbon, Susan McArdle and Rupert Procter. In 1996, a docudrama series with the same name aired on Channel 4, following the lives of six people from different countries around the world infected by the HIV virus. Subsequently, there was some confusion as several TV listings magazines confused the two programmes in the listings guide. Notably, the series has never been released on VHS or DVD.", "title": "Staying Alive (TV series)" } ]

[ { "docid": "5663276#10", "text": "Subfossil remains of the King Island emu show that the tibia was about 330 mm (13 in) long, and the femur was 180 mm (7 in) long. The pelvis was 280 mm (11 in) long, 64 mm (2.5 in) wide at the front, and 86 mm (3 in) wide at the back. The tarsometatarsus averaged 232 mm (9 in) in length. In males, the tibiotarsus averaged 261 mm (10 in), whereas it averaged 301 mm (12 in) in females. In contrast, the same bones measured 269 mm (10.5 in) and 305 mm (12 in) in the Kangaroo Island emu. Apart from being smaller, the King Island emu differed osteologically from the Kangaroo Island emu in the intertrochlear foramen of the tarsometatarsus usually being fully or partially abridged. The outer trochlea was more incurved towards the middle trochlea in the Kangaroo Island bird, whereas they were parallel in the King Island emu.", "title": "King Island emu" }, { "docid": "158372#0", "text": "Kings Island is a amusement park located northeast of Cincinnati in Mason, Ohio. Owned and operated by Cedar Fair, the park first opened in 1972 by the Taft Broadcasting Company. It was part of a larger effort to move and expand Coney Island, a popular resort destination along the banks of the Ohio River that was prone to frequent flooding. After more than $300 million in capital investments, the park features over 100 attractions including fourteen roller coasters and a water park.", "title": "Kings Island" } ]

[ { "docid": "593721#0", "text": "Lord Howe Island Marine Park is the site of Australia's and the world's most southern coral reef ecosystem. The island is 10 km in length, 2 km wide and consists of a large lagoonal reef system along its leeward side, with 28 small islets along its coast. In 1999, the waters within three nautical miles of Lord Howe Island (465.45 km) were declared a marine park under the \"NSW Marine Park Act\" 1997 to protect its unique marine biodiversity, with the park currently being managed by the New South Wales Marine Parks Authority. Both Lord Howe Island and Balls Pyramid are incorporated within the three nautical miles protected by the state marine park. Both marine parks complement the island's status as a World Heritage Site.", "title": "Lord Howe Island Marine Park" }, { "docid": "1032059#8", "text": "The red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus, is a very large species, sometimes reaching a carapace width of 11 in (28 cm) and a leg span of 6 ft (1.8 m). Its natural range is the Bering Sea around the Kamchatka Peninsula area, between the Aleutian Islands and St. Lawrence Island. It can now also be found in the Barents Sea and the European Arctic, where it was intentionally introduced and is now becoming a pest.", "title": "King crab" }, { "docid": "375968#0", "text": "The Three Kings Islands, called Manawatāwhi by Māori, are a group of 13 uninhabited islands about northwest of Cape Reinga, New Zealand, where the South Pacific Ocean and Tasman Sea converge. They measure about 4.86 km² in area. The islands are situated on a submarine plateau, the Three Kings Bank, and are separated from the New Zealand mainland by an 8 km wide, 200 to 300 m deep submarine trough. Therefore, despite relative proximity to the mainland, the islands are listed with the New Zealand Outlying Islands. The islands are an immediate part of New Zealand, but not part of any region or district, but instead \"Area Outside Territorial Authority\", like all the other outlying islands except the Solander Islands.", "title": "Three Kings Islands" }, { "docid": "49691494#0", "text": "ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E.", "title": "ㅞ" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "26925085#0", "text": "Marattia howeana is a rare fern growing on Lord Howe Island. The local names are horse shoe fern or king fern. A large plant, though not particularly tall. The fronds grow to four metres long.", "title": "Marattia howeana" }, { "docid": "49691484#0", "text": "ㅝ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅝ is U+315D.", "title": "ㅝ" }, { "docid": "49690912#0", "text": "ㅜ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅜ is U+315C.", "title": "ㅜ" }, { "docid": "49691504#0", "text": "ㅟ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅟ is U+315F.", "title": "ㅟ" } ]

[ { "docid": "10469364#0", "text": "Lieutenant Colonel Sir Michael Frederick Bruxner (25 March 1882 – 28 March 1970) was an Australian politician and soldier, serving for many years as Leader of the Country Party and its predecessors. Born in Tabulum in Northern New South Wales, Bruxner was educated at The Armidale School and started studies at University of Sydney but later dropped out to take up employment as a grazier and station agent in Tenterfield. After serving in the Citizen Military Forces from 1911, Bruxner enlisted into the Australian Light Horse upon the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. Serving with distinction in Gallipoli, Egypt and Palestine, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and awarded the Distinguished Service Order.", "title": "Michael Bruxner" }, { "docid": "10469364#6", "text": "Bruxner started his military career when he was commissioned as a second lieutenant on 11 September 1911 in the 6th Australian (New England) Light Horse, Citizen Military Forces, which was redesignated the 5th the following year. When the First World War broke out in September 1914, Bruxner joined up soon after on 10 October 1914 with the 6th Light Horse Regiment in the Australian Imperial Force. Promoted to captain, Bruxner was sent with his unit to take part in the Gallipoli Campaign, being wounded several times. Later, in 1916, he commanded the 6th during part of the Battle of Romani and served with distinction in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, for which he was mentioned in despatches twice. On 30 May 1917 was appointed by the President of France, Raymond Poincaré, as a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur \"in recognition of distinguished services during the campaign\". Also in 1917, Bruxner was appointed to General Headquarters and rose to be assistant adjutant and quartermaster-general of the ANZAC Mounted Division. For his service he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and appointed as a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in 1919.", "title": "Michael Bruxner" } ]

[ { "docid": "27737541#2", "text": "James Caird Bruxner, better known as 'Tim' (which was an old family nickname), was born 18 May 1923 in Tenterfield, New South Wales, the youngest son of NSW Country Party politician Michael Frederick Bruxner and Winifred Hay \"Midge\" Caird. His brother, John Michael Bruxner, later became a Judge of the District Court of New South Wales. He spent his early years on the family property \"Roseneath\", until he left to attend Cranbrook School, Sydney, becoming School Captain in 1940.", "title": "Tim Bruxner" }, { "docid": "10469364#28", "text": "Upon retiring from politics, Bruxner was appointed as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1962 \"For political and public services\". On 2 November 1959, the Mains Roads Board named the highway spanning across Northern NSW as the \"Bruxner Highway\" in recognition of his services to transport and roads in NSW. Throughout his life, Bruxner had maintained his passion for horses, including as a member of the Australian Jockey Club and the Sydney Turf Club. From 1960 Bruxner was also Deputy President of the Royal Agricultural Society of New South Wales. His wife Winifred having died the year before in 1969, Bruxner died on 28 March 1970, survived by his daughter and both sons. His portrait by William Chandler is in the National Party offices in Sydney, and a sketch of him by George Washington Lambert is in the Australian War Memorial, Canberra.", "title": "Michael Bruxner" }, { "docid": "10469364#4", "text": "Bruxner was born in Tabulum, near the Clarence River in Northern New South Wales, the second son of English-born grazier Charles Augustus Bruxner (1851–1915) and his wife Sarah Elizabeth Barnes (1858–1941). Bruxner was initially educated in private tuition but was soon sent as a boarder first at St Mark's Crescent School in Darling Point, Sydney and then to The Armidale School, where he became School Captain in 1900. From 1901 to 1903, he studied arts and law at the University of Sydney while resident at St Paul's College, but was expelled for non-attendance of lectures.", "title": "Michael Bruxner" }, { "docid": "10469364#27", "text": "Upon his retirement, his youngest son, James Caird (Tim) Bruxner, who had served with distinction in the 2nd AIF and the Royal Australian Air Force during World War II, gained preselection for his father's vacated seat, allegedly against his parent's advice, and won it at the 1962 election. Tim Bruxner went on to become a member of the Askin, Lewis and Willis Cabinets from 1973–1976, including in his father's old portfolio as Minister for Transport and as Deputy Leader of the Country Party. His eldest son, John Michael Bruxner, having graduated from Sydney University with honours in law in 1935, was admitted to the Bar in 1936 and also served in the 2nd AIF as an officer. On 2 June 1954, he was appointed as a Judge of the District Court of New South Wales.", "title": "Michael Bruxner" }, { "docid": "10469364#3", "text": "Bruxner was central in ensuring Alexander Mair became Premier after Stevens was defeated in the house in August 1939. The Coalition lost government at the 10 May 1941 election and Bruxner would never again serve in government. The rest of Bruxner's parliamentary career was to be on the opposition benches, leading the Country Party through five more elections and through the instability of the larger opposition parties that eventually united as the Liberal Party. On 6 May 1958, Bruxner formally resigned as Leader of the Country Party, having served continuously in that role since 1932. He continued to serve in his capacity as Member for Tenterfield for one more term before retiring from politics before the 1962 election. Bruxner was Knighted as a KBE in 1962 and thereafter served in various capacities on boards and continued his passion for horses before his death aged 88 on 28 March 1970.", "title": "Michael Bruxner" }, { "docid": "53252759#6", "text": "In 1732, the Crown Prince Frederick became his colonel. On 25 July 1738, he was promoted to Major, and, when Frederick formed his own Life Guard Regiment, the Prince named Schultze as lieutenant colonel of the first battalion. With the Life Guards, he fought on 10 April 1741 at the Battle of Mollwitz, where he was wounded by cannon shot and his horse, killed. On 18 May 1743, he was promoted to colonel and received command of the first and second battalions of Frederick's Life Guard. In the Second Silesian war, part of the War of Austrian Succession, he was commander of the fortress at Meissen. On 30 May 1747, he was promoted to major general and made commandant of the Breslau fortress as well as overseer of the Royal Riding Academy in Liegnitz. In the same year he received his own regiment, Infantry Regiment Nr. 29.", "title": "Kaspar Ernst von Schultze" }, { "docid": "39588107#2", "text": "At age 18 he enlisted in the army and served in South Africa during the Boer War, obtaining the rank of Lieutenant in 1901. After demobilization he returned to Tasmania, where he lived until 1907. He then joined the railway company of the State of Victoria, and worked as a salesman at Moe. Married to Mary Cecilia Bennett in 1910, he became a widower in 1914, and in April of the same year he re-enlisted in the Army. Joining the Australian Imperial Force as an enlisted man, he was promoted to lieutenant a month later. During the First World War he served in Egypt, Gallipoli, Belgium, and France. He was promoted to captain in August 1915. After officers' training at the military school of Aldershot in England late in 1916 he was promoted to major. He was given command of the 27th Battalion in October 1917, became a lieutenant colonel in January 1918, was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in November, and was named Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1919.", "title": "Frederick Royden Chalmers" }, { "docid": "178312#7", "text": "Blücher settled down to farming. Within fifteen years, he had acquired independence and had become a Freemason. During Frederick the Great's lifetime, Blücher could not return to the army. However, the monarch died in 1786, and the following year Blücher was reinstated as a major in his old regiment, the Red Hussars. He took part in the expedition to the Netherlands in 1787, and the next year was promoted to lieutenant colonel. In 1789, he received Prussia's highest military order, the \"Pour le Mérite\", and in 1794 he became colonel of the Red Hussars. In 1793 and 1794, Blücher distinguished himself in cavalry actions against the French, and for his victory at Kirrweiler on 28 May 1794 he was promoted to major general. In 1801, he was made a lieutenant general.", "title": "Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher" } ]

[ { "docid": "515343#3", "text": "\"Dimetrodon\" was a quadrupedal, sail-backed synapsid. Most \"Dimetrodon\" species ranged in length from and are estimated to have weighed between . The largest known species of \"Dimetrodon\" is \"D. angelensis\" at and the smallest is \"D. teutonis\" at . The larger species of \"Dimetrodon\" were among the largest predators of the Early Permian, although the closely related \"Tappenosaurus\", known from skeletal fragments in slightly younger rocks, may have been even larger at an estimated in total body length. Although some \"Dimetrodon\" species could grow very large, many juvenile specimens are known.", "title": "Dimetrodon" } ]

[ { "docid": "515343#40", "text": "Besides its small size, \"D. milleri\" differs from other species of \"Dimetrodon\" in that its neural spines are circular rather than figure-eight shaped in cross-section. Its vertebrae are also shorter in height relative to the rest of the skeleton than those of other \"Dimetrodon\" species. The skull is tall and the snout is short relative to the temporal region. A short vertebrae and tall skull are also seen in the species \"D. booneorum\", \"D. limbatus\" and \"D. grandis\", suggesting that \"D. milleri\" may be the first of an evolutionary progression between these species.", "title": "Dimetrodon" }, { "docid": "515343#0", "text": "Dimetrodon ( or , meaning \"two measures of teeth\") is an extinct genus of synapsids that lived during the Cisuralian (Early Permian), around 295–272 million years ago (Ma). It is a member of the family Sphenacodontidae. The most prominent feature of \"Dimetrodon\" is the large neural spine sail on its back formed by elongated spines extending from the vertebrae. It walked on four legs and had a tall, curved skull with large teeth of different sizes set along the jaws. Most fossils have been found in the southwestern United States, the majority coming from a geological deposit called the Red Beds of Texas and Oklahoma. More recently, fossils have been found in Germany. Over a dozen species have been named since the genus was first described in 1878.", "title": "Dimetrodon" }, { "docid": "5047438#3", "text": "A number of partial fossil remains of \"Secodontosaurus\" have been identified from its characteristic long skull and jaws. The postcranial skeletal material from different individuals includes parts of the backbone with clear evidence of a tall sail very similar to that of \"Dimetrodon\". The limbs and tail are incomplete but probably resembled those of \"Dimetrodon\" as well. Like \"Dimetrodon\", \"Secodontosaurus\" would have had a short neck, robust body, short limbs, and a long tail. In light of such similarities, some skeletal remains with missing or fragmentary skulls that were previously identified as \"Dimetrodon\" may in fact belong to \"Secodontosaurus\". A key noncranial difference can be found in the axis neck vertebra, which has a tall and broad neural spine in \"Dimetrodon\" but has a lower neural spine in \"Secodontosaurus\".", "title": "Secodontosaurus" }, { "docid": "515343#5", "text": "The skull of \"Dimetrodon\" is tall and compressed laterally, or side-to-side. The eye sockets are positioned high and far back in the skull. Behind each eye socket is a single hole called an infratemporal fenestra. An additional hole in the skull, the supratemporal fenestra, can be seen when viewed from above. The back of the skull (the occiput) is oriented at a slight upward angle, a feature that it shares with all other early synapsids. The upper margin of the skull slopes downward in a convex arc to the tip of the snout. The tip of the upper jaw, formed by the premaxilla bone, is raised above the part of the jaw formed by the maxilla bone to form a maxillary \"step.\" Within this step is a diastema, or gap in the tooth row. Its skull was more heavily built than a dinosaur's.", "title": "Dimetrodon" }, { "docid": "515343#46", "text": "\"Dimetrodon\" is an early member of a group called synapsids, which include mammals and many of their extinct relatives, though it is not an ancestor of any mammal (which appeared millions of years later). It is often mistaken for a dinosaur in popular culture, despite having become extinct some 40 million years (Ma) before the first appearance of dinosaurs in the Triassic period. As a synapsid, \"Dimetrodon\" is more closely related to mammals than to dinosaurs or any living reptile. By the early 1900s most paleontologists called \"Dimetrodon\" a reptile in accordance with Linnean taxonomy, which ranked Reptilia as a class and \"Dimetrodon\" as a genus within that class. Mammals were assigned to a separate class, and \"Dimetrodon\" was described as a \"mammal-like reptile\". Paleontologists theorized that mammals evolved from this group in (what they called) a reptile-to-mammal transition.", "title": "Dimetrodon" }, { "docid": "515343#54", "text": "Most of these studies give two thermoregulatory roles for the sail of \"Dimetrodon\": one as a means of warming quickly in the morning, and another as a way to cool down when body temperature becomes high. \"Dimetrodon\" and all other Early Permian land vertebrates are assumed to have been cold-blooded or poikilothermic, relying on the sun to maintain a high body temperature. Because of its large size, \"Dimetrodon\" had high thermal inertia, meaning that changes in body temperature occurred more slowly in it than in smaller-bodied animals. As temperatures rose in the mornings, the small-bodied prey of \"Dimetrodon\" could warm their bodies much faster than could something the size of \"Dimetrodon\". Many paleontologists including Haack have proposed that the sail of \"Dimetrodon\" may have allowed it to warm quickly in the morning in order to keep pace with its prey. The sail's large surface area also meant heat could dissipate quickly into the surroundings, useful if the animal needed to release excess heat produced by metabolism or absorbed from the sun. \"Dimetrodon\" may have angled its sail away from the sun to cool off or restricted blood flow to the sail to maintain heat at night.", "title": "Dimetrodon" }, { "docid": "3681395#2", "text": "Several large (~3 meters) and advanced members of this group (\"Ctenospondylus\", \"Sphenacodon\", \"Secodontosaurus\" and \"Dimetrodon\") are distinguished by a tall sail along the back, made up of elongated vertebral neural spines, which in life must have been covered with skin and blood vessels, and presumably functioned as a thermoregulatory device. However, possession of a sail does not appear to have been essential for these animals. For example, there is the case in which one genus (\"Sphenacodon\" – fossils known from New Mexico) lacks a sail, while a very similar and closely related genus (\"Dimetrodon\" – fossils known from Texas) has one. During the Permian, these two regions were separated by a narrow sea-way, but it is not clear why one geographically isolated group should evolve a sail, but the other group not.", "title": "Sphenacodontidae" }, { "docid": "515343#11", "text": "The tail of \"Dimetrodon\" makes up a large portion of its total body length and includes around 50 caudal vertebrae. Tails were missing or incomplete in the first described skeletons of \"Dimetrodon\"; the only caudal vertebrae known were the eleven closest to the hip. Since these first few caudal vertebrae narrow rapidly as they progress farther from the hip, many paleontologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries thought that \"Dimetrodon\" had a very short tail. It was not until 1927 that a largely complete tail of \"Dimetrodon\" was described.", "title": "Dimetrodon" }, { "docid": "5047333#6", "text": "Both \"Sphenacodon\" and \"Dimetrodon\" have been depicted with their short limbs splayed outward at 90 degrees from the body in a wide pushup position and with the tail (and even belly) dragging on the ground, similar to modern lizards and crocodiles. A sprawling stance is also typical for \"Sphenacodon\" and \"Dimetrodon\" skeletons as currently mounted in museums. However, trackways called \"Dimetropus\" (“\"Dimetrodon\" foot”) that match the foot configuration of large sphenacodontids show animals walking with their limbs brought under the body for a narrow, semi-erect gait without tail or belly drag marks. Such clear evidence for a more efficient upright posture suggests that important details about the anatomy and locomotion of \"Sphenacodon\" and \"Dimetrodon\" may not be fully understood. Some well preserved narrow \"Dimetropus\" tracks found in parts of the Prehistoric Trackways National Monument in New Mexico match the smaller size of \"Sphenacodon\", a genus known from skeletal fossils in the state, but could also come from a small \"Dimetrodon\".", "title": "Sphenacodon" } ]

[ { "docid": "356371#0", "text": "Cherokee (, ) is an endangered Iroquoian language and the native language of the Cherokee people. There are approximately 12,000 Cherokee speakers out of more than 300,000 tribal members. It is the only Southern Iroquoian language and differs significantly from the other Iroquoian languages. Cherokee is a polysynthetic language and uses a unique syllabary writing system.", "title": "Cherokee language" }, { "docid": "356371#3", "text": "Cherokee is an Iroquoian language, and the only Southern Iroquoian language spoken today. Linguists believe that the Cherokee people migrated to the southeast from the Great Lakes region about three thousand years ago, bringing with them their language. Despite the three-thousand-year geographic separation, the Cherokee language today still shows some similarities to the languages spoken around the Great Lakes, such as Mohawk, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora.", "title": "Cherokee language" } ]

[ { "docid": "50490#1", "text": "The Cherokee language is part of the Iroquoian language group. In the 19th century, James Mooney, an American ethnographer, recorded one oral tradition that told of the tribe having migrated south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region, where other Iroquoian-speaking peoples lived; however, anthropologist Thomas R. Whyte writes that the origin of the proto-Iroquoian language was likely the Appalachian region and the split between Northern and Southern Iroquoian languages began 4,000 years ago.", "title": "Cherokee" }, { "docid": "44656253#1", "text": "The Cherokee call their language \"Tsalagi\" () or \"Tslagi\". They refer to themselves as \"Aniyunwiya\" (), which means \"Principal People\". The Iroquois based in New York have historically called the Cherokee \"Oyata’ge’ronoñ\", which means \"inhabitants of the cave country\".", "title": "History of the Cherokee language" }, { "docid": "2490895#47", "text": "However, Lounsbury (1961:17) classed Tuscarora, along with Laurentian, Huron-Wyandot, and Cherokee as the \"peripheral\" Iroquoian languages — in distinction to the five \"inner languages\" of the Iroquois proper. Blair Rudes, who did extensive scholarship on Tuscarora and wrote a Tuscarora Dictionary, concurred with Lounsbury, adding Nottoway and Susquehannock (which Lounsbury ignored in his comparisons) to the list of \"peripheral\" Iroquoian languages.", "title": "Tuscarora language" }, { "docid": "44656253#9", "text": "Unlike most other Indians in the American southeast at the start of the historic era, the Cherokee spoke an Iroquoian language. Since the Great Lakes region was the core of Iroquoian language speakers, scholars have theorized that the Cherokee migrated south from that region. However, some argue that the Iroquois migrated north from the southeast, with the Tuscarora breaking off from that group during the migration. Linguistic analysis shows a relatively large difference between Cherokee and the northern Iroquoian languages, suggesting a split in the distant past. Glottochronology studies suggest the split occurred between about 1,500 and 1,800 B.C. The ancient settlement of Kituwa on the Tuckasegee River, formerly next to and now part of Qualla Boundary (the reservation of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians), is often cited as the original Cherokee settlement in the Southeast.", "title": "History of the Cherokee language" }, { "docid": "30881#23", "text": "\"Skarure\", the Tuscarora language, is a member of the northern branch of the Iroquoian languages. Linguists and historians have both tried to determine when the Iroquoian-speaking Meherrin and Nottoway tribes separated from the Tuscarora. Before initial contact (1650), the English, based on reports from Algonquian natives, thought the three tribes were one people, as the Algonquian speakers referred to them by the exonym \"Mangoag.\" Following encounter by the English with the Tuscarora and other tribes, the colonists noted they used the same interpreters to translate with each of the peoples, which meant their languages were closely related.", "title": "Tuscarora people" }, { "docid": "24575472#11", "text": "Unlike most other Indians in the American southeast at the start of the historic era, the Cherokee spoke an Iroquoian language. Since the Great Lakes region was the core of Iroquoian language speakers, scholars have theorized that the Cherokee migrated south from that region. However, some argue that the Iroquois migrated north from the southeast, with the Tuscarora breaking off from that group during the migration. Linguistic analysis shows a relatively large difference between Cherokee and the northern Iroquoian languages, suggesting a split in the distant past. Glottochronology studies suggest the split occurred between about 1,500 and 1,800 B.C. The ancient settlement of Kituwa on the Tuckasegee River, formerly next to and now part of Qualla Boundary (the reservation of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians), is often cited as the original Cherokee settlement in the Southeast.", "title": "Cherokee history" }, { "docid": "50490#17", "text": "Unlike most other Native Americans in the American Southeast at the start of the historic era, the Cherokee spoke an Iroquoian language, an indication of their migration from another area. Since the Great Lakes region was the territory of most Iroquoian-language speakers, scholars have theorized that the Cherokee migrated south from that region. This view is supported by the Cherokee oral history tradition. According to the scholars' theory, the Tuscarora, another Iroquoian-speaking people who inhabited the Southeast in historic times, and the Cherokee broke off from the major group during its northern migration.", "title": "Cherokee" }, { "docid": "2717185#2", "text": "The Meherrin are among the Native American tribes that traditionally spoke an Iroquoian language and as such, are connected in the distant past to the nations of the Iroquois League in New York around the Great Lakes. Today the first language of the Meherrin is English. They are also related to the Tuscarora, who were a neighboring Iroquoian tribe in historic times in Carolina. After destructive warfare, the surviving Tuscarora migrated north to New York in the early 18th century. The nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, historically based in New York and Pennsylvania, are the best-known Iroquoian peoples and were the most powerful in the colonial era.", "title": "Meherrin" }, { "docid": "356371#42", "text": "Some Cherokee verbs require special classifiers which denote a physical property of the direct object. Only around 20 common verbs require one of these classifiers (such as the equivalents of \"pick up\", \"put down\", \"remove\", \"wash\", \"hide\", \"eat\", \"drag\", \"have\", \"hold\", \"put in water\", \"put in fire\", \"hang up\", \"be placed\", \"pull along\"). The classifiers can be grouped into five categories:Example:\nThere have been reports that the youngest speakers of Cherokee are using only the indefinite forms, suggesting a decline in usage or full acquisition of the system of shape classification. Cherokee is the only Iroquoian language with this type of classificatory verb system, leading linguists to reanalyze it as a potential remnant of a noun incorporation system in Proto-Iroquoian. However, given the non-productive nature of noun incorporation in Cherokee, other linguists have suggested that classificatory verbs are the product of historical contact between Cherokee and non-Iroquoian languages, and instead that the noun incorporation system in Northern Iroquoian languages developed later.", "title": "Cherokee language" }, { "docid": "356371#4", "text": "Some researchers (such as Thomas Whyte) have suggested the homeland of the proto-Iroquoian language resides in Appalachia. Whyte contends, based on linguistic and molecular studies, that proto-Iroquoian speakers participated in cultural and economic exchanges along the north-south axis of the Appalachian Mountains. The divergence of Southern Iroquoian (which Cherokee is the only known branch of) from the Northern Iroquoian languages occurred approximately 4,000-3,000 years ago as Late Archaic proto-Iroquoian speaking peoples became more sedentary with the advent of horticulture, advancement of lithic technologies and the emergence of social complexity in the Eastern Woodlands. In the subsequent millennia, the Northern Iroquoian and Southern Iroquoian would be separated by various Algonquin and Siouan speaking peoples as linguistic, religious, social and technological practices from the Algonquin to the north and east and the Siouans to the west from the Ohio Valley would come to be practiced by peoples in the Chesapeake region, as well as parts of the Carolinas.", "title": "Cherokee language" } ]

[ { "docid": "24534925#0", "text": "Canada's Worst Driver is a Canadian television series on Discovery Channel, based on \"Britain's Worst Driver\" and is part of the Worst Driver television franchise. The series is produced by Proper Television, whose president, Guy O'Sullivan, was the director of the original \"Britain's Worst Driver\" series until its cancellation in 2003. O'Sullivan served as executive producer of \"Canada's Worst Driver\" until his death in April 2017, doubling as executive producer of sister series \"Canada's Worst Handyman\" until its cancellation in 2011. As such, \"Canada's Worst Driver\" is considered to be the production company's flagship show and, with 14 seasons aired as of December 2018, the longest-running of any \"Worst\" series to date. Unlike other \"Worst\" series around the world, where being a graduate is rewarded with a new car while the Worst Driver has their car destroyed, \"Canada's Worst Driver\" emphasizes the learning process of the contestants and the science of driving and is often more serious than any other \"Worst Driver\" version around the world, awarding no prizes aside from a trophy at the end of each season for being named the worst (with the exception of season twelve, in which, despite ultimately being named the worst, Krystal McCann wasn't even worthy of being awarded the trophy, leading to Tyler Dupont becoming the first-ever nominee to be awarded the \"Final Graduate\" trophy), as the point of the show is to educate rather than entertain, as other versions are mainly comedic. The series is also aired dubbed in French in Canada as \"Les Pires Chauffards Canadiens\" on the Z channel. Until 2011, when \"Canada's Worst Handyman\" was cancelled and later replaced in 2015 with \"Blood, Sweat & Tools,\" \"Canada's Worst Driver\" and \"Canada's Worst Handyman\" were the two highest-rated programs on Discovery Channel Canada.", "title": "Canada's Worst Driver" } ]

[ { "docid": "52074074#8", "text": "In his final meeting with the experts, Tyler confidently declares that he is not Canada's Worst Driver, while Daniella admits that, despite having improved as a driver, she still feels far too nervous to drive on the highway. Krystal, meanwhile, remains defiant until the end. Ultimately, the experts agree that there is no need for a discussion over who is the worst of the final three; while Tyler made some major errors on his final drive and Daniella's poor track record, alongside her dangerous indecisiveness on the highway, may have caused her to be named the worst in many previous seasons, Krystal is agreed to be obviously the worst for her hostility and refusal to learn. Andrew, however, does express disappointment that they could not reach through to Krystal properly and feels that they failed as teachers this season. Cam, however, tells him not to feel that way, reminding him and the other experts that there have been others like Krystal (hinting at Colin Sheppard from \"Canada's Worst Driver 2\" and Scott Schurink from \"Canada's Worst Driver 6\") that were given an opportunity to make a change, but never took it seriously enough.", "title": "Canada's Worst Driver 12" }, { "docid": "24534925#1", "text": "In each season, typically eight drivers and their nominators (season eleven had nine drivers and season fourteen had seven) enroll at the Driver Rehabilitation Centre where they compete in challenges designed to improve their driving skills in an effort to not be named Canada's Worst Driver. In the first challenge, the contestants begin at a location about a 90-minute drive from the Driver Rehabilitation Centre. Following the directions that are given, each contestant must drive to the Driver Rehabilitation Centre where, upon arriving, the driver's license of each contestant is confiscated (for the first two seasons, their car keys were confiscated instead). The first episode typically concludes with an obstacle course or assessment challenge, meant to evaluate the skills of each driver. The series is well known for its obstacle course challenges. Contestants must routinely maneuver their cars through tight spaces with less than an inch of clearance on either side. To show that the challenge can be done without hitting obstacles by an average driver, host Andrew Younghusband, himself an average driver, performs each challenge before any contestant attempts said challenge. At the end of each episode, usually starting with the second episode of each season (with the exception of season fourteen, in which Ryan Whittier drove flawlessly through the assessment challenge), each contestant meets with Andrew and a panel of four experts for an evaluation of his or her performance. After all remaining contestants are interviewed, the experts and Andrew deliberate on which contestant and nominator pair have improved enough to graduate from the Driver Rehabilitation Centre. The driver who has graduated is eliminated from the competition and is sent home with his or her license returned to him or her. Typically, the contestants drive off with their nominators in the car that they used to arrive at the Driver Rehabilitation Centre. During the series, the experts also reserve the right to not graduate anyone during an episode or to graduate multiple contestants at the same time. To date, the latter has happened only twice, in \"Canada's Worst Driver 2\" with Jodi Slobodesky and Sean McConnell and \"Canada's Worst Driver 11\" with Alex Morrison and Tina Cook (Sean graduated after Jodi in the penultimate episode of \"Canada's Worst Driver 2\" on the condition he promised to stick to the speed limit). The experts may also choose to expel any contestant prematurely who does not show any incentive to learn, who they believe should not continue driving or who can not continue the rehabilitation program often for medical or legal reasons. In this particular instance, certain contestants are eliminated from the competition and their keys or licenses are returned and they are given a ride home by their nominators. To date, this has happened only four times, in \"Canada's Worst Driver 2\" with Colin Sheppard, \"Canada's Worst Driver 4\" with Donna Hicks, \"Canada's Worst Driver 6\" with Scott Schurink and \"Canada's Worst Driver Ever\" with Angelina Marcantognini (Colin was expelled for showing no desire to learn, while Donna was removed in part due to angina, Scott's nominator, Danny Bridgman, cancelled his shared insurance policy, rendering Scott unable to continue as he was unable to afford to pay for insurance and Angelina was removed in part due to a lack of medication). However, a prematurely expelled contestant or contestant who refuses to continue may still be considered for the title, as was the case in \"Canada's Worst Driver Ever,\" in which Dale Pitton was expelled in the second-to-last episode, only to be brought back for the trophy presentation. In extreme cases, the experts may contact the relevant Ministry of Transport and request that a driver's license be put up for review, if they believe that a contestant is medically unfit to continue driving. To date, this has happened only twice, in \"Canada's Worst Driver 4\" with Donna and \"Canada's Worst Driver Ever\" with Dale. The elimination process continues until only three contestants remain (the original intent was for two contestants to remain, but due to the first season containing an episode in which no one graduated due to an overall poor performance in the Trailer Reversing and Canada's Worst Parking Lot challenges, there were three; every subsequent season has had three finalists), in which they are then given the final challenge, which is typically a three-in-a-car forward-backward slalom within a certain time limit, followed by the Mega Challenge-- an obstacle course with elements of almost every previous challenge (the standard transmission balancing challenge, among others, is not part of the Mega Challenge, but every challenge that is practical to include \"does\" get included)-- as well as a driving examination through the busy streets of a major urban centre in Canada near the Driver Rehabilitation Centre (since season seven, the road test has been in Hamilton, Ontario). Based on these three challenges (in season one, there were only two challenges, the Mega Challenge and the road test through Montreal, Quebec, both of which eventual \"winner\" Chris Ferguson proved to easily be the worst in), the experts determine which among the three is Canada's Worst Driver. With the exception of season eight, in which Kevin Simmons and Flora Wang were named Canada's Worst Driver for different reasons, the contestant who fared the second-worst is deemed to not have graduated from the Driver Rehabilitation Centre, while the contestant who fared the third-worst is considered a graduate (with the exception of season eleven, in which, despite faring the third-worst, Sholom Hoffman failed to graduate due to his poor track record in rehab, finishing with a pass rate of 1/23, tying with Angelina for the lowest success rate ever).", "title": "Canada's Worst Driver" }, { "docid": "52074074#6", "text": "While the experts consider Daniella to be the overall best performer in this episode and praise her for researching how to properly reverse a trailer on her own time, she admits that she still finds highway driving an immensely stressful experience and is not yet ready to graduate. Mike also does not want to graduate despite having done reasonably well so far, but is confident that he is not Canada's Worst Driver. Krystal does not believe she is Canada's Worst Driver and claims that Tyler is the worst of the group, something that Tyler himself actually admits might be the case. For the second episode in a row, Mike is the only person to be shortlisted. Despite his wish to stay in rehab, the lack of any other feasible graduate and Tim's positive feedback about his performance in the highway drives between challenges sees Mike become the next graduate.", "title": "Canada's Worst Driver 12" }, { "docid": "24591009#5", "text": "Discovery Channel's web extras for this episode:In deliberation, Jakob and Mike express interest in leaving. Arun does not feel ready to graduate yet, but is confident that he is not the worst of the remaining drivers, while Angelina finally starts to believe she is Canada's Worst Driver. The experts, however, are unanimous in their decision without a second thought-- Jakob, shortlisted but passed over three times due to someone else having a breakout performance, is the season's penultimate graduate, sending Arun into the finale with Mike and Angelina.", "title": "Canada's Worst Driver 5" }, { "docid": "40644733#0", "text": "Canada's Worst Driver Ever was the ninth season of the Canadian reality TV show \"Canada's Worst Driver,\" which aired on the Discovery Channel. As with previous years, eight people, nominated by their family or friends, enter the Driver Rehabilitation Centre to improve their driving skills. This season brought back nine former contestants, who were either named Canada's Worst Driver or failed to graduate in the final episode of their respective seasons, giving them one more chance to improve their driving and avoid being named Canada's Worst Driver Ever. This year, the Driver Rehabilitation Centre is located at the now-defunct Dunnville Airport in Dunnville, Ontario for the fourth straight season. The initial drive started in Thorold, Ontario and the final road test occurred in Hamilton, Ontario.This season saw nine former contestants returning from previous seasons, and is the only season so far to have nine contestants. However, it also has the fewest graduates so far with only four. Six of them returned with their original nominators and two (Dale and, initially, Michael) joined with new nominators, while Chris returned without a nominator with him. The only season to see no contestants returning is \"Canada's Worst Driver 4\" (Ashley van Ham and Emily Wang were probably either too busy to return or not willing to embarrass themselves a second time).", "title": "Canada's Worst Driver Ever" }, { "docid": "55514712#3", "text": "Note: This episode did not display an opening title screen or broadcast the opening animation.Note: The credits that rolled after the conclusion of \"The Trailer Parking Boys\" credited Advanced Motoring Bureau instructor Peter Mellor as \"the South African Guy from Seasons 5, 6 and 7\" and \"Canada's Worst Driver 12\" \"winner\" Krystal McCann as \"potato.\"\nIn their final meeting with the experts, Ashley openly admits that, had Andrew not been with her, she would more than likely have hit the pedestrian during her drive. Despite this, not only does Ashley believe she is not Canada's Worst Driver, she actually claims that she deserves to be the final graduate. Adam also feels that he deserves to graduate, more justifiably in the eyes of the experts. Mélanie, however, admits that she might be Canada's Worst Driver and that, due to being a single mother, she can't realistically afford more driving tuition. In the ensuing discussions, the panel seems to quickly come to the agreement that Adam, who had been shortlisted four weeks in a row, only to narrowly miss graduating each episode on the grounds that Breanna successfully completed her highway drive with Tim, his lack of desire to graduate despite being the only feasible graduate, Travis performing better in every challenge and seeming more assured in his own public drive and Shayne performing as well as or better than him in every challenge, is the final graduate, while Mélanie is Canada's Worst Driver for never making a serious effort to improve throughout the season. However, Philippe then dissents and deems Ashley the worst for her dismal Mega-Challenge performance and nearly causing a serious accident in the road test and Cam sides with him, pointing out that, as poor and negative as Mélanie's attitude in the final drive was (and Lord knows her attitude was poor and negative), her mistakes were comparatively minor. To Andrew's shock, Shyamala then changes \"her\" own mind and agrees with Cam and Philippe in that Ashley is Canada's Worst Driver. Tim, however, sticks to his initial decision and judges Mélanie to be the worst, something Andrew agrees with, leaving Shyamala, who Andrew feels is still somewhat on the fence, with the final decision. At the trophy ceremony, Andrew names Adam as the final graduate for his solid road test and generally performing well throughout the season and Adam leaves, declaring that his next stop is the Ferris wheel in Niagara Falls. This, therefore, leaves Mélanie and Ashley as the final two (only the fifth time in the show's history that both of the final two are women, after Ashley van Ham and Emily Wang from \"Canada's Worst Driver 4,\" Chanie Richard and Siham Martell from \"Canada's Worst Driver 10,\" Jillian Matthews and Polly Sergeant from \"Canada's Worst Driver 11\" and Krystal McCann and Daniella Fiorica from the previous season). After Adam leaves, Andrew makes the announcement that, in the end, Mélanie is Canada's Worst Driver, judging her general lack of effort and bad attitude throughout the season to be a worse sin than Ashley's mistake in her final run, especially considering that Mélanie has four children who depend on her. While Ashley leaves without graduating, both Andrew and Jillian give her words of encouragement for avoiding Jillian's fate during her own appearance on the show, where she was named the worst after being unable to even attempt the road test and Ashley is at least able to drive herself away, something Jillian was not able to do during her own appearance, as Mitchell had to drive her away. Mélanie is then presented with the trophy, but \"does\" get one bit of good news in that, since the experts do not believe she is such a bad driver that she should give up driving completely (especially given the consequences this will have for her children), they have arranged for her to have driving lessons when she gets home. Despite this, Mélanie gives Andrew the finger as Christina drives her away as the 13th person to be named Canada's Worst Driver, with Andrew's closing voiceover revealing that, despite the show paying for extra lessons in advance, Mélanie never once bothered using them.", "title": "Canada's Worst Driver 13" }, { "docid": "55514712#0", "text": "Canada's Worst Driver 13 was the thirteenth season of the Canadian reality TV show \"Canada's Worst Driver,\" which aired on the Discovery Channel. As with previous years, eight people, nominated by their family or friends, enter the Driver Rehabilitation Centre to improve their driving skills. The focus of this season was on the Fears of Driving and the number 13. This year, the Driver Rehabilitation Centre is located at the Dunnville Airport in Dunnville, Ontario for the eighth straight season. The initial drive started in St. Catharines, Ontario and the final road test occurred in Hamilton, Ontario. \nIn their first meeting with the experts, Mélanie states that she wants to improve as a driver for the sake of her four children, while Shayne is told that, despite what Andrew has told past contestants, slower doesn't necessarily mean safer. Shayne is also willing to admit that he might be Canada's Worst Driver, as are Ashley and Breanna. The other drivers deny that they might be the worst. As is usual for the show, no one graduates in the first episode, as this was merely a skills evaluation.When meeting with the experts, Julie makes a strong case for being the season's first graduate, admitting that she's learned a lot and needs to grow up. Joe also expresses a desire to graduate, but damages his chances by admitting that he probably won't slow down if he's allowed to go home and then admits that even if his daughter was in the car in front, he wouldn't slow down. To Joe's shock, his daughter, Kristin, is then brought into the studio and she's able to persuade him to promise to be a safe driver, for his own sake as well as his family's. With it obvious that there's nothing the experts can really teach Joe in terms of technical skills, the discussion quickly turns into one of \"how\" he should leave rehab; Tim does not believe his promise to slow down and advocates expelling him rather than letting him graduate. However, the other experts are ultimately convinced enough by Joe's promise to Kristin to allow him to graduate. Before he leaves, Joe is given a rear-view mirror air freshener with Kristin's photograph on it to remind him never to speed again.", "title": "Canada's Worst Driver 13" }, { "docid": "24591009#0", "text": "Canada's Worst Driver 5 was the fifth season of the Canadian reality TV show \"Canada's Worst Driver,\" which aired on the Discovery Channel. As with previous years, eight people, nominated by their family or friends, enter the Driver Rehabilitation Centre to improve their driving skills. This year, the Driver Rehabilitation Centre is located at CFB Borden, the military base previously used as the rehab centre for \"Canada's Worst Driver 2\"; however, it is only referred to on-air as an \"undisclosed military location.\" The focus of this season was on Driver's Boot Camp. The series launch was set to coincide with the launch of a new law in Ontario prohibiting the use of handheld electronic devices while driving. Similar bans have been instituted in Atlantic Canada and Quebec, with Manitoba and Saskatchewan considering similar laws. The initial drive started in Barrie, Ontario and the final road test occurred in Toronto, Ontario for the second year in a row and third in the last four seasons. This season will also be the second to be featured on the iTunes Store and the first to have new episodes one day after first airing.", "title": "Canada's Worst Driver 5" }, { "docid": "4792156#1", "text": "Unlike \"Canada's Worst Driver,\" none of the contestants are eliminated; instead, at the end of each episode, one will be named the most improved, while another will be named the worst. Also, the time frame for \"Canada's Worst Handyman\" is much shorter, lasting only two weeks, as opposed to the eight weeks for \"Canada's Worst Driver,\" with each episode being chronicled one or two days, as opposed to a week for \"Canada's Worst Driver.\" On the sixth episode, the five contestants will work together to refurbish an apartment in ten hours, with the one with the worst individual performance being named Canada's worst handyman. Like \"Canada's Worst Driver,\" the contestants \"are\" accompanied by their nominators, who are allowed to assist them in their various tasks. Each episode (except the finale) also features a \"group challenge,\" which is done by the five contestants as a group. Except for the first group challenge, each of the group challenges has a contestant named as the project's foreman and the foreman designation is given to the most improved contestant for the previous week; this particular twist was added when the judges saw how badly they performed at the first group challenge without a designated leader. The contestant named the worst in each show is obligated to \"hang their head in shame\" and nail a picture of themselves along a \"wall of shame\" and be personally tutored by Younghusband on an aspect leading to their nomination.The five contestants for the first season are as follows:", "title": "Canada's Worst Handyman (season 1)" }, { "docid": "48098971#3", "text": "Note: This episode did not display an opening title screen or broadcast the opening animation.In their final meeting with the experts, the three remaining drivers are asked whether they are Canada's Worst Driver; Sholom admits that he probably is, Jillian attempts to evade the question before saying that she isn't, while Polly angrily says she's not the worst, but that she is a terrible driver. The experts find themselves in the biggest quandary of the season, if not ever-- Sholom, who everyone expected to be the worst after the Forward and Reverse Slalom, is actually the one person who all the experts agree \"isn't\" Canada's Worst Driver, as he had the best road test and is the most aware of his limitations as a driver. As for the remaining two, however, while Polly is generally agreed to be an overall worse driver than Jillian, the fact remains that Jillian wasn't even able to attempt the final road drive. Shyamala and Philippe feel that Polly's obliviousness makes her the worst driver, while Andrew and Cam are worried that Jillian's panic attacks are a bigger liability than Polly's obliviousness, once again leaving Tim with the deciding vote. The final three drivers assemble for the trophy presentation and Andrew announces that Sholom has avoided being named the worst, simply because he wasn't as bad as Polly in the challenges and completed his road test. However, his generally very poor track record means that he leaves without graduating, as he passed just one challenge during his time on the show, the Reverse Flick (besides Angelina, the only other driver have to passed only one challenge during their time on the show was Donna Hicks from \"Canada's Worst Driver 4\"; however, Donna's pass rate prior to being removed from the show on safety grounds was 1/8, with her only pass going 30 km/h on the Shoulder Check Challenge), making him the first third-place driver ever to not graduate, though Andrew tells him that, given more experience and education, he can probably someday become a competent driver. This, therefore, leaves Jillian and Polly as the final two (only the third time in the show's history that both of the final two are women, after Ashley van Ham and Emily Wang from \"Canada's Worst Driver 4\" and Chanie Richard and Siham Martell from the previous season). After Sholom leaves, Andrew regretfully makes the announcement that, in the end, Jillian was judged to be Canada's Worst Driver, something Jillian reacts angrily to, denying that she's worse than Polly (or even Sholom), but Andrew says that Polly completed the final road test, while Jillian didn't and that every other driver who failed to finish the road test was named the worst of their season (hinting at Henrietta Gallant from \"Canada's Worst Driver 2,\" Lance Morin from \"Canada's Worst Driver 6\" and Kevin Simmons from \"Canada's Worst Driver Ever\"). Andrew returns Polly's license to her and asks Jeff to drive her home, saying that she barely avoided the title and still recommends that she give up driving. Jillian is presented with the trophy, the only consolation being that she's felt to have more of a chance of eventually becoming a competent driver than Polly does and that, despite the outcome, her relationship with Mitchell has been improved by the experience, to the point they would get married several months later (Jillian would later return in \"Canada's Worst Driver 13\" as the nominator for contestant Ashley Dunne, claiming to have become a much better driver after her time in rehab).", "title": "Canada's Worst Driver 11" } ]

[ { "docid": "375445#11", "text": "Even before Holland's replacement, and especially after Labour's 1949 policy change, many people had come to the conclusion that the Labour Party had moved too far away from its socialist roots. Only two years after Labour's foundation, the New Zealand Marxian Association was established. It would later clash acrimoniously with Holland. The Marxian Association itself would fall prey to internal divisionin 1921, a number of members who supported the Russian Revolution departed to form the Communist Party of New Zealand. The remaining Marxians, who denied that the Russian Revolution represented genuine socialism, gradually declined in influence, and the Association collapsed in 1922.", "title": "Socialism in New Zealand" }, { "docid": "38502629#2", "text": "Displeased by the relatively few changes made by the Tsar after the Russian Revolution of 1905, Russia became a hotbed of anarchism, socialism and other radical political systems. The dominant socialist party, the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), subscribed to Marxist ideology. Starting in 1903 a series of splits in the party between two main leaders was escalating: the Bolsheviks (meaning \"majority\") led by Vladimir Lenin, and the Mensheviks (meaning minority) led by Julius Martov. Up until 1912, both groups continued to stay united under the name \"RSDLP,\" but significant differences between Lenin and Martov thought split the party for its final time. Not only did these groups fight with each other, but also had common enemies, notably, those trying to bring the Tsar back to power. Following the February Revolution, the Mensheviks gained control of Russia and established a provisional government, but this lasted only a few months until the Bolsheviks took power in the October Revolution, also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution.", "title": "History of the Soviet Union" }, { "docid": "44089766#3", "text": "It does not consider the former Soviet Union socialist, but rather a \"tragic degeneration\" of the Russian Revolution and the socialist tradition. While it views the Russian Revolution positively as a mass democratic revolution of the working class in Russia, it is in complete opposition to the bureaucratic dictatorship that came about after the death of Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin's subsequent reign of terror. It sees these not as an inevitable outcome of the Russian Revolution, but an expression of Russia's isolation and economic starvation and a result of the vacuum of workers' power from below. \"This was not a healthy ground upon which socialism could be built. The whole basis of socialism is having enough to go around, but Russia didn't have that. In this context, the democratic structures in the Soviets (workers' assemblies) ceased to function.", "title": "Socialist Alternative (Turkey)" }, { "docid": "42768428#2", "text": "Joseph Stalin, who had been in Soviet administration throughout the Russian Civil War and its aftermath, well remembered how the attempt to fight Bolshevik-style revolutions throughout Europe during and after World War I—the revolutions of 1917–23—had mostly failed. (Many Old Bolsheviks had thought at the time that these revolutions were the vanguard of the world revolution, but the latter never materialized.) It was this very reality that had driven the development of the idea of Socialism in One Country as the Soviet Union's own path. With such historical lessons in mind, at the end of World War II Stalin suggested to the leaders of Eastern European communist parties that they should present themselves as advocates of a \"people's democracy\". After the defeat of Nazi Germany and its allies in Eastern Europe, Marxist–Leninist theoreticians first began expanding on the idea of a possible peaceful transition to socialism, given the presence of the Soviet Red Army. In most areas of Eastern Europe, the Communist Parties did not immediately take power directly but instead worked in Popular Coalitions with progressive parties. Unlike the Soviet Union, which was officially a one-party state, a majority of people's democracies of Eastern Europe were theoretically multi-party states. Many of the ruling Leninist parties no longer called themselves Communist in their official title as they had in the 1930s. The Socialist Unity Party of Germany for instance was ostensibly a union of the Social Democratic Party of Germany and the Communist Party of Germany. Many of the other European states were ruled by Worker's or Socialist Parties. In the Eastern Bloc, \"People's democracy\" was a synonym for socialist state.", "title": "People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)" }, { "docid": "84329#2", "text": "Displeased by the relatively few changes made by the Tsar after the 1905 Russian Revolution, Russia became a hotbed of anarchism, socialism and other radical political systems. The dominant socialist party, the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), subscribed to Marxist ideology. Starting in 1903, a series of splits in the party between two main leaders was escalating: the Bolsheviks (meaning \"majority\") led by Vladimir Lenin, and the Mensheviks (meaning \"minority\") led by Julius Martov. Up until 1912, both groups continued to stay united under the name \"RSDLP,\" but significant and irreconcilable differences between Lenin and Martov led the party to eventually split. A struggle for political dominance subsequently began between the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks. Not only did these groups fight with each other, but they also had common enemies, notably, those trying to bring the Tsar back to power. Following the February Revolution in 1917, the Mensheviks gained control of Russia and established a provisional government, but this lasted only until the Bolsheviks took power in the October Revolution (also called the Bolshevik Revolution) later in the year. To distinguish themselves from other socialist parties, the Bolshevik party was renamed the Russian Communist Party (RCP).", "title": "History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–27)" }, { "docid": "47246185#69", "text": "After three years, the First World War, at first greeted with enthusiastic patriotism, produced an upsurge of radicalism in most of Europe and also as far afield as the United States (\"see Socialism in the United States\") and Australia. In the Russian revolution of February 1917, workers' councils (in Russian, \"soviets\") had been formed, and Lenin and the Bolsheviks called for \"All power to the Soviets\". After the October 1917 Russian revolution, led by Lenin and Trotsky, consolidated power in the Soviets, Lenin declared \"Long live the world socialist revolution!\". Briefly in Soviet Russia socialism was not just a vision of a future society, but a description of an existing one. The Soviet regime began to bring all the means of production (except agricultural production) under state control, and implemented a system of government through the workers' councils or soviets.", "title": "History of socialism" }, { "docid": "47246185#0", "text": "The history of socialism has its origins in the 1789 French Revolution and the changes which it wrought, although it has precedents in earlier movements and ideas. \"The Communist Manifesto\" was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848 just before the Revolutions of 1848 swept Europe, expressing what they termed \"scientific socialism\". In the last third of the 19th century, social democratic parties arose in Europe, drawing mainly from Marxism. The Australian Labor Party was the world's first elected socialist party when it formed government in the Colony of Queensland for a week in 1899.", "title": "History of socialism" } ]

[ { "docid": "47246185#42", "text": "In 1903, the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party began to split on ideological and organizational questions into Bolshevik ('Majority') and Menshevik ('Minority') factions, with Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin leading the more radical Bolsheviks. Both wings accepted that Russia was an economically backward country unripe for socialism. The Mensheviks awaited the capitalist revolution in Russia. But Lenin argued that a revolution of the workers and peasants would achieve this task. After the Russian revolution of 1905, Leon Trotsky argued that unlike the French revolution of 1789 and the European Revolutions of 1848 against absolutism, the capitalist class would never organise a revolution in Russia to overthrow absolutism, and that this task fell to the working class who, liberating the peasantry from their feudal yoke, would then immediately pass on to the socialist tasks and seek a \"permanent revolution\" to achieve international socialism. Assyrian nationalist Freydun Atturaya tried to create regional self-government for the Assyrian people with the socialism ideology. He even wrote the Urmia Manifesto of the United Free Assyria. However, his attempt was put to an end by Soviet Secret Police.", "title": "History of socialism" }, { "docid": "1494870#9", "text": "According to Nolte in “Between Myth and Revisionism”, during the Industrial Revolution in Britain, the shock of the replacement of the old craft economy by an industrialized, mechanized economy led to various radicals starting to advocate what Nolte calls “annihilation therapy” as the solution to social problems. In Nolte's views, the roots of Communism can be traced back to 18th and 19th century radicals like Thomas Spence, John Gray, William Benbow, Bronterre O’Brian, and François-Noël Babeuf. Nolte has argued that the French Revolution began the practice of “group annihilation” as state policy, but not until the Russian Revolution did the theory of “annihilation therapy” reach its logical conclusion and culmination. He asserts that much of the European Left saw social problems as being caused by “diseased” social groups, and sought “annihilation therapy” as the solution, thus leading naturally to the Red Terror and the \"Yezhovshchina\" in the Soviet Union. Nolte suggests that the Right mirrored the Left, with “annihilation therapy” advocated by such figures as John Robison, Augustin Barruel, and Joseph de Maistre; Malthusianism and the Prussian strategy of utter destruction of one's enemies during the Napoleonic Wars also suggest sources and influences for National Socialism. Ultimately, in Nolte's view, the Holocaust was just a “copy” of Communist “annihilation therapy”, albeit one that was more terrible and sickening than the “original”.", "title": "Historikerstreit" }, { "docid": "38443580#15", "text": "In February 1917, revolution exploded in Russia. Workers, soldiers and peasants established soviets (councils), the monarchy fell and a provisional government convoked pending the election of a constituent assembly. Alexander Kerensky was a Russian lawyer and revolutionary who was a key political figure in the Russian Revolution of 1917. After the February Revolution of 1917 he joined the newly formed Russian Provisional Government, first as Minister of Justice, then as Minister of War, and after July as the government's second Minister-Chairman. A leader of the moderate-socialist Trudoviks faction of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, he was also vice-chairman of the powerful Petrograd Soviet. On 7 November, his government was overthrown by the Lenin-led Bolsheviks in the October Revolution. The Constituent Assembly elected Socialist-Revolutionary leader Victor Chernov President of a Russian republic, but rejected the Bolshevik proposal that it endorse the Soviet decrees on land, peace and workers' control and acknowledge the power of the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies. The next day, the Bolsheviks declared that the assembly was elected on outdated party lists and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets dissolved it. Parties which did not want to be a part of the resurrected Second International (ISC) or Comintern formed the International Working Union of Socialist Parties (IWUSP, also known as Vienna International/Vienna Union/Two-and-a-Half International) on 27 February 1921 at a conference in Vienna. The ISC and the IWUSP joined to form the Labour and Socialist International (LSI) in May 1923 at a meeting in Hamburg Left-wing groups which did not agree to the centralisation and abandonment of the soviets by the Bolshevik Party led left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks—such groups included Socialist Revolutionaries, Left Socialist Revolutionaries, Mensheviks and anarchists. Within this left-wing discontent, the most large-scale events were the worker's Kronstadt rebellion and the anarchist led Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine uprising which controlled an area known as the Free Territory.\nIn 1922, the fourth congress of the Communist International took up the policy of the United Front, urging communists to work with rank and file Social Democrats while remaining critical of their leaders, whom they criticised for betraying the working class by supporting the war efforts of their respective capitalist classes. For their part, the social democrats pointed to the dislocation caused by revolution and later the growing authoritarianism of the communist parties. When the Communist Party of Great Britain applied to affiliate to the Labour Party in 1920, it was turned down. On seeing the Soviet State's growing coercive power in 1923, a dying Lenin said Russia had reverted to \"a bourgeois tsarist machine... barely varnished with socialism\". After Lenin's death in January 1924, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union—then increasingly under the control of Joseph Stalin—rejected the theory that socialism could not be built solely in the Soviet Union in favour of the concept of \"socialism in one country\".", "title": "Democratic socialism" }, { "docid": "910909#16", "text": "Mennonites stayed out of Russian politics and social movements that preceded the Russian revolution. After the Russian Revolution of 1905 they did exercise their right to vote. Most aligned themselves with the Octobrist Party because of its guarantee of religious freedoms and freedom of the press for minority groups. Hermann Bergmann was an Octobrist member of the Third and Fourth State Dumas; Peter Schröder, a Constitutional Democratic party member from Crimea, was a member of the fourth Duma.", "title": "Russian Mennonite" } ]

[ { "docid": "626713#0", "text": "Heinz Field is a stadium located in the North Shore neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It primarily serves as the home to the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL) and the Pittsburgh Panthers of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The stadium opened in 2001, after the controlled implosion of the teams' previous stadium, Three Rivers Stadium. The stadium is named for the locally based H. J. Heinz Company, which purchased the naming rights in 2001. It hosted the 2011 NHL Winter Classic between the Pittsburgh Penguins and Washington Capitals on January 1, 2011. On September 10, 2016, it hosted the Keystone Classic, which featured a renewal of the Penn State-Pitt football rivalry, setting a new attendance record at 69,983 people. In 2017 it hosted the Coors Light Stadium Series game featuring the Pittsburgh Penguins and Philadelphia Flyers.", "title": "Heinz Field" } ]

[ { "docid": "759473#5", "text": "The NFL's Steelers played home games at Forbes Field from their 1933 inception to 1957. They first played at Pitt Stadium in 1942, in an exhibition match for U.S.O. charity against the Fort Knox \"Armoraiders\" on November 15. From 1958 to 1963, the Steelers split home games between Forbes Field and Pitt Stadium. Fans were able to purchase season ticket packages for one site or the other. In 1964, the Steelers began to play home games exclusively at Pitt Stadium, which they continued until moving to the new Three Rivers Stadium in 1970. Of historic note, the iconic photo of New York Giants quarterback Y. A. Tittle, helmet-less, bloodied and kneeling, was taken at Pitt Stadium in 1964 following a Giants' loss to the Steelers on September 20. The photo, taken by \"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette\" photographer Morris Berman, now hangs in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.", "title": "Pitt Stadium" }, { "docid": "23338#2", "text": "The Steelers, whose history traces to a regional pro team that was established in the early 1920s, joined the NFL as the Pittsburgh Pirates on July 8, 1933, owned by Art Rooney and taking its original name from the baseball team of the same name, as was common practice for NFL teams at the time. To distinguish them from the baseball team, local media took to calling the football team the Rooneymen, an unofficial nickname which persisted for decades after the team adopted its current nickname. The ownership of the Steelers has remained within the Rooney family since its founding. Art's son, Dan Rooney owned the team from 1988 until his death in 2017. Much control of the franchise has been given to Dan's son Art Rooney II. The Steelers enjoy a large, widespread fanbase nicknamed Steeler Nation. The Steelers currently play their home games at Heinz Field on Pittsburgh's North Side in the North Shore neighborhood, which also hosts the University of Pittsburgh Panthers. Built in 2001, the stadium replaced Three Rivers Stadium which hosted the Steelers for 31 seasons. Prior to Three Rivers, the Steelers had played their games in Pitt Stadium and Forbes Field.", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "docid": "7958214#51", "text": "In 1909 the Panthers, along with the Pirates, moved to Forbes Field, located on campus, where they played until 1924. In 1925, Pitt Stadium was completed on the opposite end of the campus, giving the Panthers their only private stadium. Pitt Stadium was home for the Panthers although the Steelers also used it for home games in the mid-1960s. Following the demolition of Pitt Stadium in 1999, the Panthers moved to Three Rivers Stadium, again on the North Shore, where the Pirates and Steelers had played since 1970. A handful of nationally televised Pitt Panther football games from the late 1970s to 1999 were played as home games not at Pitt Stadium but at Three Rivers with its more modern facilities.", "title": "Pittsburgh Panthers football" }, { "docid": "626713#2", "text": "The Pittsburgh Steelers and the Pittsburgh Pirates shared Three Rivers Stadium from 1970 to 2000. After discussions over the Pirates building a full-time baseball park, a proposal was made to renovate Three Rivers Stadium into a full-time football facility. Though met with negative reaction from Steelers ownership, the proposal was used as a \"fallback position\" that would be used if discussions for a new stadium failed. Steelers ownership stated that failing to build a new stadium would hurt the franchise's chances of signing players who might opt to sign with other teams, such as the other three teams in the Steelers division who had all recently built new football-only stadiums. In June 2001, the H. J. Heinz Company purchased the naming rights to the stadium. As per the deal, Heinz will pay the Steelers a total of $57 million through 2021; the \"57\" being an intentional reference to Heinz 57. Despite Heinz later announcing its acquisition of Kraft Foods Group to form Kraft Heinz Company in 2015, the stadium's name will remain Heinz Field.", "title": "Heinz Field" }, { "docid": "626713#1", "text": "Funded in conjunction with PNC Park and the David L. Lawrence Convention Center, the $281 million (equivalent to $ million in ) stadium stands along the Ohio River, on the Northside of Pittsburgh in the North Shore neighborhood. The stadium was designed with the city of Pittsburgh's history of steel production in mind, which led to the inclusion of 12,000 tons of steel into construction. Ground for the stadium was broken in June 1999 and the first football game was hosted in September 2001. The stadium's natural grass surface has been criticized throughout its history, but Steelers ownership has kept the grass after lobbying from players and coaches. Attendance for the 68,400 seat stadium has sold out for every Steelers home game, a streak which dates back to 1972 (a year before local telecasts of sold out home games were permitted in the NFL). A collection of memorabilia from the Steelers and Panthers of the past can be found in the Great Hall.", "title": "Heinz Field" }, { "docid": "36515425#9", "text": "Due to the size of Vanderbilt Stadium in Nashville (only 41,000 seats), the now-Tennessee Oilers decided to play at the Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis as an interim home until what would become LP Field was ready to open in 1999. Ironically, most of the crowds in Memphis were more than small enough that Vanderbilt Stadium would've been able to accommodate them. Despite that, the Oilers were planning on playing there again for 1998. That changed after the final game of the season, when the Oilers faced the Steelers in front of 50,677 fans—the only crowd that could not have been reasonably accommodated at Vanderbilt. However, Steeler fans made up the great majority of the crowd (at least three-fourths, by one estimate ), despite the fact that it was a meaningless game for both teams (the Steelers already clinched the AFC Central and a first-round bye in the playoffs, Oilers were already eliminated from the playoffs) and the Steelers were resting several starters. The Oilers won 16–6 against mostly Steelers backup players. Adams was so embarrassed that he abandoned plans to play the 1998 season in Memphis and ended up moving to Vanderbilt after all. Adams would rename the team the Titans in 1999 when Adelphia Coliseum (now LP Field) opened.", "title": "Steelers–Titans rivalry" }, { "docid": "23338#45", "text": "In 2001, the Steelers moved into Heinz Field. The franchise dating back to 1933 has had several homes. For thirty-one seasons, the Steelers shared Forbes Field with the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1933 to 1963. In 1958, though they started splitting their home games at Pitt Stadium three blocks away at the University of Pittsburgh. From 1964 to 1969, the Steelers played exclusively at the on campus facility before moving with the Pirates to Three Rivers Stadium on the city's Northside. Three Rivers is remembered fondly by the Steeler Nation as where Chuck Noll and Dan Rooney turned the franchise into a powerhouse, winning four Super Bowls in just six seasons and making the playoffs 11 times in 13 seasons from 1972 to 1984, the AFC title game seven times. Since 2001 however a new generation of Steeler greats has made Heinz Field legendary with multiple AFC Championship Games being hosted and two Super Bowl championships.", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers" }, { "docid": "737740#30", "text": "The Pittsburgh Steelers played their first game in Three Rivers Stadium on September 20, 1970—a 19–7 loss to the Houston Oilers. Throughout their 31 seasons in Three Rivers Stadium, the Steelers posted a record of 182–72, including a 13-5 playoff record, and defeated every visiting franchise at least once from the stadium's opening to close, enjoying perfect records there against seven teams. The Steelers sold out every home game from 1972 through the closing of the stadium, a streak which continues through 2008. The largest attendance for a football game was on January 15, 1995, when 61,545 spectators witnessed the Steelers lose to the San Diego Chargers. On December 23, 1972, Three Rivers Stadium was site to the Immaculate Reception, which became regarded as one of the greatest plays in NFL history. Three Rivers Stadium hosted seven AFC Championship Games from 1972 to 1998; the Steelers won four. In the , the Steelers' Randy Fuller deflected a Hail Mary pass intended for Indianapolis Colts receiver Aaron Bailey as time expired, to send the franchise to their 5th Super Bowl. A Steelers symbol recognized worldwide, The Terrible Towel debuted on December 27, 1975, at Three Rivers Stadium. The Steelers would move to Heinz Field after it was closed.", "title": "Three Rivers Stadium" }, { "docid": "14205490#22", "text": "\"at Pitt Stadium, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania\"Scoring Drives:The Steelers bounced back with an impressive effort against the powerhouse Cowboys at home. Dallas was playing to clinch a playoff spot but they had to battle through a mud bog to earn the prize. What turned out to be the winning field goal was set up by a punt return from Mel Renfro. The Steelers didn't cross midfield until the 4th quarter as snow began to fall. They kept the game close until Dick Shiner came off the bench and led them to a touchdown drive. A drive sputtered out with less than 2 minutes left but the Steelers got yet another chance. Shiner hit Roy Jefferson on a long pass to the Dallas 20 yard line but the game ended.", "title": "1969 Pittsburgh Steelers season" }, { "docid": "14224408#9", "text": "The opening of Three Rivers ended their relatively brief stay at Pitt Stadium, where they had only been playing on a full-time basis for six years. Before that, the Steelers played most of their home games at Forbes Field, with occasional games being played at Pitt Stadium to take advantage of the larger capacity. The Steelers later returned the favor to the University of Pittsburgh in 2000 when the Pitt Panthers football team moved into Three Rivers for one season as an interim home before Heinz Field was ready in 2001. Pitt would also play their Backyard Brawl games against West Virginia in years Pitt hosted the game during the existence of Three Rivers.", "title": "1970 Pittsburgh Steelers season" } ]

[ { "docid": "35349626#0", "text": "Herpes simplex research includes all medical research that attempts to prevent, treat, or cure herpes, as well as fundamental research about the nature of herpes. Examples of particular herpes research include drug development, vaccines and genome editing. HSV-1 and HSV-2 are commonly thought of as oral and genital herpes respectively, but other members in the herpes family include chickenpox (varicella/zoster), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr (EBV).", "title": "Herpes simplex research" }, { "docid": "35349626#34", "text": "Since the introduction of the nucleoside analogs decades ago, treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections has not seen much innovation, except for the development of their respective prodrugs (Aciclovir, Famciclovir, Valacilovir..). Drawbacks such as poor bioavailability or limited effectiveness of these drugs require further research effort of new pharmaceutical drugs against the herpes simplex disease. The inhibitors of the Helicase-primase complex of HSV represent a very innovative approach to the treatment of herpesvirus disease.", "title": "Herpes simplex research" }, { "docid": "21323216#0", "text": "Herpes simplex is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. Infections are categorized based on the part of the body infected. Oral herpes involves the face or mouth. It may result in small blisters in groups often called cold sores or fever blisters or may just cause a sore throat. Genital herpes, often simply known as herpes, may have minimal symptoms or form blisters that break open and result in small ulcers. These typically heal over two to four weeks. Tingling or shooting pains may occur before the blisters appear. Herpes cycles between periods of active disease followed by periods without symptoms. The first episode is often more severe and may be associated with fever, muscle pains, swollen lymph nodes and headaches. Over time, episodes of active disease decrease in frequency and severity. Other disorders caused by herpes simplex include: herpetic whitlow when it involves the fingers, herpes of the eye, herpes infection of the brain, and neonatal herpes when it affects a newborn, among others.\nThere are two types of herpes simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 more commonly causes infections around the mouth while HSV-2 more commonly causes genital infections. They are transmitted by direct contact with body fluids or lesions of an infected individual. Transmission may still occur when symptoms are not present. Genital herpes is classified as a sexually transmitted infection. It may be spread to an infant during childbirth. After infection, the viruses are transported along sensory nerves to the nerve cell bodies, where they reside lifelong. Causes of recurrence may include: decreased immune function, stress, and sunlight exposure. Oral and genital herpes is usually diagnosed based on the presenting symptoms. The diagnosis may be confirmed by viral culture or detecting herpes DNA in fluid from blisters. Testing the blood for antibodies against the virus can confirm a previous infection but will be negative in new infections.\nThe most effective method of avoiding genital infections is by avoiding vaginal, oral, and anal sex. Condom use decreases the risk. Daily antiviral medication taken by someone who has the infection can also reduce spread. There is no available vaccine and once infected, there is no cure. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) and topical lidocaine may be used to help with the symptoms. Treatments with antiviral medication such as aciclovir or valaciclovir can lessen the severity of symptomatic episodes.\nWorldwide rates of either HSV-1 or HSV-2 are between 60% and 95% in adults. HSV-1 is usually acquired during childhood. Rates of both increase as people age. Rates of HSV-1 are between 70% and 80% in populations of low socioeconomic status and 40% to 60% in populations of improved socioeconomic status. An estimated 536 million people worldwide (16% of the population) were infected with HSV-2 as of 2003 with greater rates among women and those in the developing world. Most people with HSV-2 do not realize that they are infected. The name is from \"herpēs\" which means \"to creep\", referring to spreading blisters. The name does not refer to latency.", "title": "Herpes simplex" }, { "docid": "21323216#18", "text": "As with almost all sexually transmitted infections, women are more susceptible to acquiring genital HSV-2 than men. On an annual basis, without the use of antivirals or condoms, the transmission risk of HSV-2 from infected male to female is about 8–11%.\nThis is believed to be due to the increased exposure of mucosal tissue to potential infection sites. Transmission risk from infected female to male is around 4–5% annually. Suppressive antiviral therapy reduces these risks by 50%. Antivirals also help prevent the development of symptomatic HSV in infection scenarios, meaning the infected partner will be seropositive but symptom-free by about 50%. Condom use also reduces the transmission risk significantly. Condom use is much more effective at preventing male-to-female transmission than \"vice versa\". Previous HSV-1 infection may reduce the risk for acquisition of HSV-2 infection among women by a factor of three, although the one study that states this has a small sample size of 14 transmissions out of 214 couples.", "title": "Herpes simplex" } ]

[ { "docid": "35349626#28", "text": "Another area of research for HSV treatment or a potential cure is the use of genome editing. It is thought that by cleaving the DNA of HSV that infects neurons, thereby causing destruction or mutational inactivation of the HSV DNA, the virus can be greatly treated or even cured.", "title": "Herpes simplex research" }, { "docid": "21323216#21", "text": "Condoms offer moderate protection against HSV-2 in both men and women, with consistent condom users having a 30%-lower risk of HSV-2 acquisition compared with those who never use condoms. A female condom can provide greater protection than the male condom, as it covers the labia. The virus cannot pass through a synthetic condom, but a male condom's effectiveness is limited because herpes ulcers may appear on areas not covered by it. Neither type of condom prevents contact with the scrotum, anus, buttocks, or upper thighs, areas that may come in contact with ulcers or genital secretions during sexual activity. Protection against herpes simplex depends on the site of the ulcer; therefore, if ulcers appear on areas not covered by condoms, abstaining from sexual activity until the ulcers are fully healed is one way to limit risk of transmission. The risk is not eliminated, however, as viral shedding capable of transmitting infection may still occur while the infected partner is asymptomatic. The use of condoms or dental dams also limits the transmission of herpes from the genitals of one partner to the mouth of the other (or \"vice versa\") during oral sex. When one partner has a herpes simplex infection and the other does not, the use of antiviral medication, such as valaciclovir, in conjunction with a condom, further decreases the chances of transmission to the uninfected partner. Topical microbicides that contain chemicals that directly inactivate the virus and block viral entry are being investigated.", "title": "Herpes simplex" }, { "docid": "35349626#38", "text": "Herpes has been used in research with HeLa cells to determine its ability to assist in the treatment of malignant tumors. A study conducted using suicide gene transfer by a cytotoxic approach examined a way to eradicate malignant tumors. Gene therapy is based on the cytotoxic genes that directly or indirectly kill tumor cells regardless of its gene expression. In this case the study uses the transfer of the Herpes simplex virus type I thymidine kinase (HSVtk) as the cytotoxic gene. Hela cells were used in these studies because they have very little ability to communicate through gap junctions. The Hela cells involved were grown in a monolayer culture and then infected with the HSV virus. The HSV mRNA was chosen because it is known to share characteristics with normal eukaryotic mRNA.", "title": "Herpes simplex research" }, { "docid": "21754264#7", "text": "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, recommends that pregnant women with active genital herpes lesions at the time of labor be delivered by caesarean section. Women whose herpes is not active can be managed with acyclovir. The current practice is to deliver women with primary or first episode non primary infection via caesarean section, and those with recurrent infection vaginally, even in the presence of lesions because of the low risk (1-3%) of vertical transmission associated with recurrent herpes.", "title": "Neonatal herpes simplex" }, { "docid": "21323216#26", "text": "Several antiviral drugs are effective for treating herpes, including aciclovir (acyclovir), valaciclovir, famciclovir, and penciclovir. Aciclovir was the first discovered and is now available in generic. Valaciclovir is also available as a generic and is slightly more effective than aciclovir for reducing lesion healing time.", "title": "Herpes simplex" }, { "docid": "21323216#9", "text": "Herpes is contracted through direct contact with an active lesion or body fluid of an infected person. Herpes transmission occurs between discordant partners; a person with a history of infection (HSV seropositive) can pass the virus to an HSV seronegative person. Herpes simplex virus 2 is typically contracted through direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected individual, but can also be contracted by exposure to infected saliva, semen, vaginal fluid, or the fluid from herpetic blisters. To infect a new individual, HSV travels through tiny breaks in the skin or mucous membranes in the mouth or genital areas. Even microscopic abrasions on mucous membranes are sufficient to allow viral entry.", "title": "Herpes simplex" }, { "docid": "21323216#42", "text": "Herpes antiviral therapy began in the early 1960s with the experimental use of medications that interfered with viral replication called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) inhibitors. The original use was against normally fatal or debilitating illnesses such as adult encephalitis, keratitis, in immunocompromised (transplant) patients, or disseminated herpes zoster. The original compounds used were 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, AKA idoxuridine, IUdR, or(IDU) and 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine or ara-C, later marketed under the name cytosar or cytarabine. The usage expanded to include topical treatment of herpes simplex, zoster, and varicella. Some trials combined different antivirals with differing results. The introduction of 9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine, (ara-A or vidarabine), considerably less toxic than ara-C, in the mid-1970s, heralded the way for the beginning of regular neonatal antiviral treatment. Vidarabine was the first systemically administered antiviral medication with activity against HSV for which therapeutic efficacy outweighed toxicity for the management of life-threatening HSV disease. Intravenous vidarabine was licensed for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1977. Other experimental antivirals of that period included: heparin, trifluorothymidine (TFT), Ribivarin, interferon, Virazole, and 5-methoxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (MMUdR). The introduction of 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine, AKA aciclovir, in the late 1970s raised antiviral treatment another notch and led to vidarabine vs. aciclovir trials in the late 1980s. The lower toxicity and ease of administration over vidarabine has led to aciclovir becoming the drug of choice for herpes treatment after it was licensed by the FDA in 1998. Another advantage in the treatment of neonatal herpes included greater reductions in mortality and morbidity with increased dosages, which did not occur when compared with increased dosages of vidarabine. However, aciclovir seems to inhibit antibody response, and newborns on aciclovir antiviral treatment experienced a slower rise in antibody titer than those on vidarabine.", "title": "Herpes simplex" }, { "docid": "21323216#25", "text": "No method eradicates herpes virus from the body, but antiviral medications can reduce the frequency, duration, and severity of outbreaks. Analgesics such as ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen) can reduce pain and fever. Topical anesthetic treatments such as prilocaine, lidocaine, benzocaine, or tetracaine can also relieve itching and pain.", "title": "Herpes simplex" }, { "docid": "21323216#23", "text": "The risk of transmission from mother to baby is highest if the mother becomes infected around the time of delivery (30% to 60%), since insufficient time will have occurred for the generation and transfer of protective maternal antibodies before the birth of the child. In contrast, the risk falls to 3% if the infection is recurrent, and is 1–3% if the woman is seropositive for both HSV-1 and HSV-2, and is less than 1% if no lesions are visible. Women seropositive for only one type of HSV are only half as likely to transmit HSV as infected seronegative mothers. To prevent neonatal infections, seronegative women are recommended to avoid unprotected oral-genital contact with an HSV-1-seropositive partner and conventional sex with a partner having a genital infection during the last trimester of pregnancy. Mothers infected with HSV are advised to avoid procedures that would cause trauma to the infant during birth (e.g. fetal scalp electrodes, forceps, and vacuum extractors) and, should lesions be present, to elect caesarean section to reduce exposure of the child to infected secretions in the birth canal. The use of antiviral treatments, such as aciclovir, given from the 36th week of pregnancy, limits HSV recurrence and shedding during childbirth, thereby reducing the need for caesarean section.", "title": "Herpes simplex" } ]

[ { "docid": "1951096#13", "text": "Ruth Laredo died on May 25, 2005 in her sleep in her Manhattan apartment. The cause of death was ovarian cancer, a diagnosis which was made four years before her death but which did not stop her from giving concerts. She is buried in Kensico Cemetery, Valhalla, New York, only a few meters away from the grave of Sergei Rachmaninoff, who was so important to her life. At the funeral on May 31, 2005, two of her closest colleagues performed: Wei Gang Li from the Shanghai Quartet, and Courtenay Budd, with whom – along with the St. Petersburg String Quartet – she had given her last “Concert with Commentary” on May 6, 2005.", "title": "Ruth Laredo" }, { "docid": "1951096#0", "text": "Ruth Laredo (November 20, 1937May 25, 2005) was an American classical pianist.", "title": "Ruth Laredo" } ]

[ { "docid": "1951096#14", "text": "On May 18, 2006, her daughter Jennifer organised a memorial concert in the Grace Rainey Rogers Auditorium of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. The participants were the Guarneri Quartet (with Paul Watkins, Jennifer's husband), Courtenay Budd, Nicolas Kendall, Pei Yao Wang, Edmund Battersby, James Tocco as well as Susan Wadsworth, director of the \"Young Concert Artists\", and the flutist Paula Robison. Courtenay Budd sang Ruth Laredo's favourite song, Franz Schubert's \"An die Musik\", the title of which Jennifer Laredo Watkins chose for the inscription of her mother's gravestone.", "title": "Ruth Laredo" }, { "docid": "3564760#0", "text": "Jaime Laredo (born June 7, 1941 in Cochabamba, Bolivia) is a violinist and conductor. Currently the conductor and Music Director of the Vermont Symphony Orchestra, he began his musical career when he was five years old. In 1948 he came to North America and took lessons from Antonio de Grassi. He also studied with Frank Houser before moving to Cleveland, Ohio, to study under Josef Gingold in 1953. He studied with Ivan Galamian at the Curtis Institute of Music until his graduation. From 1960 to 1974 he was married to the pianist Ruth Laredo. Laredo is currently a professor at the renowned Indiana University Jacobs School of Music. He served as artistic advisor for the Fort Wayne Philharmonic Orchestra and guest conducted the orchestra on April 18, 2009, in a program featuring his wife, the cellist Sharon Robinson. He was scheduled to again conduct the orchestra for two programs during the 2009–10 season. Laredo and Robinson were also featured soloists in a special concert conducted by Andrew Constantine, who became the Philharmonic's music director in July 2009.", "title": "Jaime Laredo" }, { "docid": "1951096#34", "text": "On September 13, 2001, only two days after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City, Ruth Laredo celebrated the 25th anniversary of her debut in the Alice Tully Hall with a recital as the opening concert of Lincoln Center's 2001 season. Before the concert, she explained to the audience why she had not cancelled the event: “It was important for me to play. Great music gives us spiritual sustenance and gives us hope. It is in that spirit that I play tonight.” The program was similar to that of her debut in 1976 and included works by Robert Schumann, Beethoven, Scriabin, Rachmaninoff and Ravel, with Chopin's Waltz Op. 69, No. 1 as the encore.", "title": "Ruth Laredo" }, { "docid": "1951096#7", "text": "When her daughter was older, Laredo was ready to resume touring with her husband, but was now confronted with his wish to divorce. The divorce, executed in 1974, pushed Laredo into a personal crisis. She took a teaching job at Yale University and accepted the invitation of Thomas Z. Shepard from CBS Masterworks, who was impressed by the Scriabin recordings, to record the complete solo piano works of Rachmaninoff. This, said Laredo, saved her life and with the Rachmaninoff recordings, made from 1974 to 1979 (the latest album released in 1981), her solo career was definitely gathering momentum.", "title": "Ruth Laredo" }, { "docid": "1951096#24", "text": "Laredo served as a jury member for several competitions, among them the \"Young Concert Artists International Auditions\", the \"Naumburg Foundation Competition\", the \"Seventeen Magazine Competition\", the \"New York City Competition\", all New York City, and the \"William Kapell International Piano Competition\", Maryland. As late as 2004 she was a jury member of the \"International Piano-e-Competition\" in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota. “We had no idea she was ill,” competition director and pianist Alexander Braginsky told the Minneapolis Star Tribune after Laredo's death. “She was so feisty and opinionated, a powerful personality.”", "title": "Ruth Laredo" }, { "docid": "1951096#37", "text": "Ruth Laredo also played contemporary music, mainly in the beginning of her career in Marlboro. This was something Pablo Casals – who did not like music beyond the era of Brahms – disapproved of. He would stay home when Leon Kirchner would come to Marlboro for a performance. In the 1983/1984 season she played the world premiere of Peter Martins's work called \"Waltzes\" with the New York City Ballet. In 1989 she played Wallingford Riegger's twelve-tone \"Variations for Piano and Orchestra\" at Carnegie Hall with the American Composers Orchestra under Paul Lustig Dunkel. Her repertoire included also works by Franz Liszt, Arnold Schoenberg, Béla Bartók, Anton Webern and Alban Berg.", "title": "Ruth Laredo" }, { "docid": "1951096#20", "text": "Ruth Laredo spent many summers at the Marlboro Music School and Festival near Brattleboro, Vermont, which had been founded in 1950 by Rudolf Serkin and Adolf Busch (then called \"School of Music\"). There she continued her studies with Serkin and was coached in chamber music by the cellist Pablo Casals. Fellow students included Murray Perahia, Richard Goode (currently artistic director of the festival, together with Mitsuko Uchida), Emanuel Ax and Yo-Yo Ma. At the end of each festival season, the traditional closing work was Beethoven's Choral Fantasy, Op. 80, with Rudolf Serkin as soloist and the entire Marlboro community in the chorus.", "title": "Ruth Laredo" }, { "docid": "1951096#4", "text": "In 1960 she moved to New York City and married the Bolivian-born violinist Jaime Laredo, who was three and a half years younger than she. She knew him at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, and they performed together regularly until their divorce in 1974 (in some publications erroneously given as 1976). Their union produced a daughter in 1969, Jennifer, who is married to Paul Watkins, chief conductor and music director of the English Chamber Orchestra. Jennifer Laredo Watkins lives in London.", "title": "Ruth Laredo" }, { "docid": "1951096#21", "text": "Ruth Laredo graduated in 1960 with a diploma from the Curtis Institute of Music and a Bachelor of Music degree from the University of Pennsylvania. Her graduation took place on a celebration of the fiftieth birthday of the American composer Samuel Barber. By coincidence she had prepared his Sonata in E-flat minor, Op. 26 for her graduation recital, and so became part of the celebration. Barber was in the audience and came back to her after the concert, very warmly congratulated her, and wrote on her copy of the Sonata: “Brava, bravissima.”", "title": "Ruth Laredo" } ]

[ { "docid": "4620#21", "text": "The Mitanni was a loosely organized state in northern Syria and south-east Anatolia from –1300 BC. Founded by an Indo-Aryan ruling class that governed a predominantly Hurrian population, Mitanni came to be a regional power after the Hittite destruction of Kassite Babylon created a power vacuum in Mesopotamia. At its beginning, Mitanni's major rival was Egypt under the Thutmosids. However, with the ascent of the Hittite empire, Mitanni and Egypt made an alliance to protect their mutual interests from the threat of Hittite domination. At the height of its power, during the 14th century BC, it had outposts centered on its capital, Washukanni, which archaeologists have located on the headwaters of the Khabur River. Eventually, Mitanni succumbed to Hittite, and later Assyrian attacks, and was reduced to a province of the Middle Assyrian Empire.", "title": "Bronze Age" }, { "docid": "1816154#4", "text": "The Mitanni, a people known in eastern Anatolia from about 1500 BC, were of mixed origins: a Hurrian-speaking majority was dominated by a non-Anatolian, Indo-Aryan elite. There is linguistic evidence for such a superstrate, in the form of:\nIn particular, Kikkuli's text includes words such as \"aika\" \"one\" (i.e. a cognate of the Indo-Aryan \"eka\"), \"tera\" \"three\" (\"tri\"), \"panza\" \"five\" (\"pancha\"), \"satta\" \"seven\", (\"sapta\"), \"na\" \"nine\" (\"nava\"), and \"vartana\" \"turn around\", in the context of a horse race (Indo-Aryan \"vartana\"). In a treaty between the Hittites and the Mitanni, the Ashvin deities Mitra, Varuna, Indra, and Nasatya are invoked. These loanwords tend to connect the Mitanni superstrate to Indo-Aryan rather than Iranian languages – i.e. the early Iranian word for \"one\" was \"aiva\".", "title": "Indo-Iranians" }, { "docid": "13139552#86", "text": "The emergence of the Mitanni c. 1500 BC eventually led to a short period of sporadic Mitanni domination c. 1450 BC. The Indo-European-language-family-speaking Mitanni are thought to have conquered and formed the ruling class over the indigenous Hurrians in eastern Anatolia. The Hurrians had spoken a language isolate, one neither of the Afroasiatic language family nor the Indo-European language family.) There are dozens of Mesopotamian cuneiform texts from this period, with precise observations of solar and lunar eclipses, that have been used as \"anchors\" in the various attempts to define the chronology of Babylonia and Assyria between c. 2000 BC – c. 1300 BC.)", "title": "Old Assyrian Empire" }, { "docid": "51320#54", "text": "Mitanni was an Indo-Iranian empire in northern Mesopotamia from c. 1500 BC. At the height of Mitanni power, during the 14th century BC, it encompassed what is today southeastern Turkey, northern Syria and northern Iraq, centered around its capital, Washukanni, whose precise location has not been determined by archaeologists.", "title": "Ancient history" }, { "docid": "23537091#14", "text": "Mitanni was a Hurrian kingdom in northern Mesopotamia from c. 1500 BC, at the height of its power, during the 14th century BC, encompassing what is today southeastern Turkey, northern Syria and northern Iraq (roughly corresponding to Kurdistan), centred on the capital Washukanni whose precise location has not yet been determined by archaeologists. The Mitanni kingdom is thought to have been a feudal state led by a warrior nobility of Indo-Aryan descent, who invaded the Levant region at some point during the 17th century BC, their influence apparent in a linguistic superstratum in Mitanni records. The spread to Syria of a distinct pottery type associated with the Kura-Araxes culture has been connected with this movement, although its date is somewhat too early.\nYamhad was an ancient Amorite kingdom. A substantial Hurrian population also settled in the kingdom, and the Hurrian culture influenced the area. The kingdom was powerful during the Middle Bronze Age, c. 1800-1600 BC. Its biggest rival was Qatna further south. Yamhad was finally destroyed by the Hittites in the 16th century BC.", "title": "Ancient Near East" }, { "docid": "140389#53", "text": "Under the Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta I (c. 1243–1207 BC) there were again numerous deportations from Hanigalbat (east Mitanni) to Ashur, probably in connection with the construction of a new palace. As the royal inscriptions mention an invasion of Hanigalbat by a Hittite king, there may have been a new rebellion, or at least native support of a Hittite invasion. The Mitanni towns may have been sacked at this time, as destruction levels have been found in some excavations that cannot be dated with precision, however. Tell Sabi Abyad, seat of the Assyrian government in Mitanni in the times of Shalmaneser, was deserted between 1200 and 1150 BC.", "title": "Mitanni" } ]

[ { "docid": "140389#1", "text": "At the beginning of its history, Mitanni's major rival was Egypt under the Thutmosids. However, with the ascent of the Hittite Empire, Mitanni and Egypt struck an alliance to protect their mutual interests from the threat of Hittite domination. At the height of its power, during the 14th century BC, Mitanni had outposts centred on its capital, Washukanni, whose location has been determined by archaeologists to be on the headwaters of the Khabur River. The Mitanni dynasty ruled over the northern Euphrates-Tigris region between c. 1475 and c. 1275 BC. Eventually, Mitanni succumbed to Hittite and later Assyrian attacks and was reduced to the status of a province of the Middle Assyrian Empire.", "title": "Mitanni" }, { "docid": "2085#28", "text": "The emergence of the Mitanni Empire in the 16th century BC did eventually lead to a short period of sporadic Mitannian-Hurrian domination in the latter half of the 15th century. The Indo-European-speaking Mitannians are thought to have conquered and formed the ruling class over the indigenous Hurrians of eastern Anatolia. The Hurrians spoke a language isolate, i.e. neither Semitic nor Indo-European.\nAshur-nadin-ahhe I (1450–1431 BC) was courted by the Egyptians, who were rivals of Mitanni, and attempting to gain a foothold in the Near East. Amenhotep II sent the Assyrian king a tribute of gold to seal an alliance against the Hurri-Mitannian empire. It is likely that this alliance prompted Saushtatar, the emperor of Mitanni, to invade Assyria, and sack the city of Ashur, after which Assyria became a sometime vassal state, with Ashur-nadin-ahhe I being deposed by Shaustatar and replaced by his own brother Enlil-nasir II (1430–1425 BC) in 1430 BC, who was then made to pay tribute to the Mitanni. Ashur-nirari II (1424–1418 BC) had an uneventful reign, and appears to have also paid tribute to the Mitanni Empire.\nThe Assyrian monarchy survived, and the Mitannian influence appears to have been short lived.", "title": "Assyria" }, { "docid": "140389#21", "text": "Thutmose III again waged war in Mitanni in the 33rd year of his rule. The Egyptian army crossed the Euphrates at Carchemish and reached a town called Iryn (maybe present day Erin, 20 km northwest of Aleppo.) They sailed down the Euphrates to Emar (Meskene) and then returned home via Mitanni. A hunt for elephants at Lake Nija was important enough to be included in the annals. This was impressive PR, but did not lead to any permanent rule. Only the area at the middle Orontes and Phoenicia became part of Egyptian territory.", "title": "Mitanni" }, { "docid": "42589952#148", "text": "At the beginning of its history, Mitanni's major rival was Egypt under the Thutmosids. However, with the ascent of the Hittite empire, Mitanni and Egypt made an alliance to protect their mutual interests from the threat of Hittite domination. At the height of its power, during the 14th century BCE, Mitanni had outposts centered around its capital, Washukanni, whose location has been determined by archaeologists to be on the headwaters of the Khabur River. Eventually, Mitanni succumbed to Hittite and later Assyrian attacks, and was reduced to the status of a province of the Middle Assyrian Empire.", "title": "Indo-European migrations" }, { "docid": "2510506#82", "text": "Founded by an Indo-Aryan ruling class governing a predominately Hurrian population, Mitanni came to be a regional power after the Hittite destruction of Amorite Babylon and a series of ineffectual Assyrian kings created a power vacuum in Mesopotamia. At the beginning of its history, Mitanni's major rival was Egypt under the Thutmosids. However, with the ascent of the Hittite empire, Mitanni and Egypt made an alliance to protect their mutual interests from the threat of Hittite domination.", "title": "Indo-Aryan migration" }, { "docid": "140389#4", "text": "The Mitanni kingdom was referred to as the Maryannu, Nahrin or Mitanni by the Egyptians, the Hurri by the Hittites, and the Hanigalbat by the Assyrians. The different names seem to have referred to the same kingdom and were used interchangeably, according to Michael C. Astour. Hittite annals mention a people called \"Hurri\" (\"\"), located in northeastern Syria. A Hittite fragment, probably from the time of Mursili I, mentions a \"King of the Hurri\". The Assyro-Akkadian version of the text renders \"Hurri\" as \"Hanigalbat\". Tushratta, who styles himself \"king of Mitanni\" in his Akkadian Amarna letters, refers to his kingdom as Hanigalbat.", "title": "Mitanni" }, { "docid": "140389#18", "text": "It is believed that the warring Hurrian tribes and city states became united under one dynasty after the collapse of Babylon due to the Hittite sack by Mursili I and the Kassite invasion. The Hittite conquest of Aleppo (Yamkhad), the weak middle Assyrian kings, and the internal strifes of the Hittites had created a power vacuum in upper Mesopotamia. This led to the formation of the kingdom of Mitanni. The legendary founder of the Mitannian dynasty was a king called Kirta, who was followed by a king Shuttarna. Nothing is known about these early kings.", "title": "Mitanni" }, { "docid": "140389#10", "text": "It is believed that the warring Hurrian tribes and city states became united under one dynasty after the collapse of Babylon due to its sacking by Hittite king Mursili I, and the Kassite invasion. The Hittite conquest of Aleppo (Yamhad), the weak middle Assyrian kings who succeeded Puzur-Ashur III, and the internal strife of the Hittites had created a power vacuum in upper Mesopotamia. This led to the formation of the kingdom of Mitanni.", "title": "Mitanni" } ]

[ { "docid": "38453247#1", "text": "The modern-day Champagne-Ardenne, bordering Belgium in northeast France, covers four departments: Aube, Ardennes, Haute-Marne, and Marne. This region saw much fighting in World War I (1914–1918) and many battles, of which arguably the most important were the First Battle of the Marne and the Second Battle of the Marne. The First Battle of the Marne, also known as the \"Miracle of the Marne\", was fought between 5 and 12 September 1914. The battle effectively ended the month-long German offensive that had opened the war and the counterattack of six French field armies and the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) along the Marne River forced the German Imperial Army to abandon its push on Paris and retreat northeast to the Aisne river, setting the stage for four years of trench warfare on the Western Front", "title": "List of World War I memorials and cemeteries in Champagne-Ardennes" }, { "docid": "171325#1", "text": "The battle of the Marne was a major turning point of World War I. By the end of August 1914, the whole Allied army on the Western Front had been forced into a general retreat back towards Paris. Meanwhile, the two main German armies continued through France. It seemed that Paris would be taken as both the French and the British fell back towards the Marne River. The war became a stalemate when the Allied Powers won the Battle of the Marne. It was the first major clash on the Western Front and one of the most important events in the war. The German retreat left the Schlieffen Plan in ruins and Germany had no hope of a quick victory in France. Its army was left to fight a long war on two fronts.", "title": "First Battle of the Marne" }, { "docid": "45621399#7", "text": "Assisted by the French XXXII Corps, I Corps was organized and activated on 15–20 January 1918. I Corps saw its first major action at the Battle of Chateau-Thierry, while seeing its first offensive action several days later at the Second Battle of the Marne. After serving briefly in the defensive sectors of Lorraine and Champagne, I Corps later served in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and the Meuse–Argonne Offensive. It was finally demobilized on 25 March 1919.", "title": "American Expeditionary Forces on the Western Front (World War I) order of battle" }, { "docid": "2278228#2", "text": "1914The Battle of Liège was the first battle of the war, and could be considered a moral victory for the allies, as the heavily outnumbered Belgians held out against the German Army for 12 days. From 5–16 August 1914, the Belgians successfully resisted the numerically superior Germans, and inflicted surprisingly heavy losses on their aggressors. The German Second Army, comprising 320,000 men, crossed into neutral Belgium in keeping to the Schlieffen Plan, with the ultimate goal of attacking France from the north. Liège was key strategically as it held a position at the head of a pass through the Ardennes, which made it the best possible route into the heart of Belgium itself.", "title": "List of military engagements of World War I" } ]

[ { "docid": "9123144#3", "text": "The Drina River is an important symbol of Serbian national identity, serving as the boundary between Bosnia and Serbia. By the outbreak of World War I, Bosnia had been under the control of Austria-Hungary since 1878. The Serbian defeat of Austro-Hungarian forces at the Battle of Cer in August 1914 was the first Allied victory over the Central Powers during World War I. Stanislav Binički composed what became known as \"March on the Drina\" shortly after the battle to commemorate the Serbian victory. He dedicated it to his favourite commander in the army, Pukovnik or Colonel Milivoje Stojanović Brka, who fought at the Battle of Cer but who was killed in a subsequent battle in December. His composition was initially titled \"March to Victory\". Some scholars have hypothesized that Binički based his work on an Ottoman Turkish military march. \"March on the Drina\" symbolized the desire of Serbs in the Kingdom of Serbia to unite with those living in Bosnia. The song experienced widespread popularity during and after World War I. It was seen as a symbol of Serbian resistance to the Great Powers and became one of the most famous Serbian nationalist songs, as described by author Eric D. Gordy.", "title": "March on the Drina" }, { "docid": "57974#3", "text": "Historian Stephen Bungay cited Germany's failure to destroy Britain's air defences to force an armistice (or even outright surrender) as the first major German defeat in World War II and a crucial turning point in the conflict. The Battle of Britain takes its name from a speech given by Prime Minister Winston Churchill to the House of Commons on 18 June: \"What General Weygand called the 'Battle of France' is over. I expect that the battle of Britain is about to begin.\"", "title": "Battle of Britain" }, { "docid": "2574020#0", "text": "The First Battle of Artois (17 December 1914 – 13 January 1915) was a battle fought during World War I by the French and German armies on the Western Front. The battle was the first offensive move on the Western Front by either side after the end of the First Battle of Ypres in November 1914. The French assault failed to break the stalemate.", "title": "First Battle of Artois" }, { "docid": "2278228#0", "text": "List of military engagements of World War I encompasses land, naval, and air engagements as well as campaigns, operations, defensive lines and sieges. Campaigns generally refer to broader strategic operations conducted over a large bit of territory and over a long period of time. Battles generally refer to short periods of intense combat localised to a specific area and over a specific period of time. However, use of the terms in naming such events is not consistent. For example, the First Battle of the Atlantic was more or less an entire theatre of war, and the so-called battle lasted for the duration of the entire war.", "title": "List of military engagements of World War I" }, { "docid": "24008426#0", "text": "The Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I (sometimes called the \"First Battle of the Atlantic\", in reference to the World War II campaign of that name) was the prolonged naval conflict between German submarines and the Allied navies in Atlantic waters—the seas around the British Isles, the North Sea and the coast of France.", "title": "Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I" }, { "docid": "91515#50", "text": "At the start of World War I strategy was dominated by the offensive thinking that had been in vogue since 1870, despite the more recent experiences of the Second Boer War (1899–1902) and Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), where the machine gun demonstrated its defensive capabilities. By the end of 1914, the Western Front was a stalemate and all ability to maneuver strategically was lost. The combatants resorted to a \"strategy of attrition\". The German battle at Verdun, the British on the Somme and at Passchendaele were among the first wide-scale battles intended to wear down the enemy. Attrition was time-consuming so the duration of World War I battles often stretched to weeks and months. The problem with attrition was that the use of fortified defenses in depth generally required a ratio of ten attackers to one defender, or a level of artillery support which was simply not feasible until late 1917, for any reasonable chance of victory. The ability of the defender to move troops using interior lines prevented the possibility of fully exploiting any breakthrough with the level of technology then attainable.", "title": "Military strategy" }, { "docid": "560821#0", "text": "During World War I, the Battle of Ypres 1915 (2nd Battle of Ypres) was fought from for control of the strategic Flemish town of Ypres in western Belgium. The First Battle of Ypres had been fought the previous autumn. It was the first mass use by Germany of poison gas on the Western Front. It also marked the first time a former colonial force (the 1st Canadian Division) defeated a European power (the German Empire) in Europe (at the battles of St. Julien and Kitcheners' Wood).", "title": "Second Battle of Ypres" } ]

[ { "docid": "10716868#16", "text": "The current Jewish population in Mexico mostly consists of those who have descended from immigrants from the 19th and early 20th centuries with nationwide totals estimated between 40,000 and 50,000, about 75% of whom are in Mexico City. The exact numbers are not known. One main source for figures is the Comité Central Israelita in Mexico City but its contact is limited to Orthodox and Conservative congregations with no contact with Jews that may be affiliated with the Reform movement or those who consider themselves secular. The Mexican government census lists religion but its categories are confusing, confusing those of some Protestant sects which practice Judaic rituals with Jewish groups. There is also controversy as to whether to count those Crypto-Jews who have converted (back) to Judaism. Sixty two percent of the population over fifteen is married, three percent divorced and four percent widowed. However, younger Jewish women are more likely to be employed outside the home (only 18% of women are housewives) and fertility rates are dropping from 3.5 children of women over 65 to 2.7 for the overall population now. There is a low level of intermarriage with the general Mexican population, with only 3.1% of marriages being mixed. Although the Jewish community is less than one percent of Mexico’s total population, Mexico is one of the few countries whose Jewish population is expected to grow.\nThe Mexican Jewish community has strong roots in Mexico and has few problems in its host country. Openly Jewish people serve prominently in government positions and are found in most spheres of Mexico’s business, intellectual and artistic communities. One U.S. born Jew by the name of Sidney Franklin became a popular bullfighter in the early 1920s. There are occasional clashes between the Jewish community and others in Mexico but these are generally solved peacefully. There is an Interfaith Council to help with these issues. While the Catholic Church is dominant both religiously and culturally, it does not suppress the worship or other activities of other religious groups. The only challenges the community faces are intermarriage and migration out of the country. However, Latin American popular culture can resent apparent Jewish economic success, with the community associated with international capital and international influence.", "title": "History of the Jews in Mexico" }, { "docid": "34343155#18", "text": "According to the \"Kupersmit Research\", in 2015 there were about 24,000 Jews in New Mexico, 1,700 of which were born in the state. Some researchers and historians believe that number would rise considerably if Anusim (or Crypto-Jews) were included in those estimates.", "title": "Hispanos of New Mexico" } ]

[ { "docid": "10716868#10", "text": "In 1900, the Mexican census counted 134 Jews in the country. From then until 1950, an estimated 7,300 Jewish people immigrated to Mexico from Eastern Europe, 2,640 from Spain or the former Ottoman Empire, and 1,620 from Cuba and the United States. These various Jewish groups formed their own religious congregations and social institutions. Turkish Jews began holding open religious services in 1901 and founded the first Talmud Torah in 1905, as an educational institution for boys. Ashkenazi Jews began holding open services as early as 1904. The first formal Jewish organization in Mexico, the Monte Sinaí community was founded in 1912.\nDuring the Mexican Revolution many foreigners, including Jews, left the country but immediately after Jews began to arrive again in substantial numbers again. Between 1917 and 1920 they began to come from Russia, Poland, Lithuania, the Balkans and the Middle East. The rate increased in 1921 when the United States imposed quotas on its immigration. Ten thousand arrived from Eastern Europe to the port of Veracruz at the invitation of President Plutarco Elías Calles. Jewish organizations such as the Comité de Damas and North American B'nai B'rith were formed to help the new arrivals adapt. In the 1920s, the Jewish community grew and prospered in Mexico. The immigration rate slowed after 1929 because of the Great Depression and new immigration policies which favored those with a more similar ethnic and religious background to that of Mexico.", "title": "History of the Jews in Mexico" }, { "docid": "2849781#0", "text": "Mexico has had a Jewish population since the early Colonial Era. However, these early individuals could not openly worship as they were persecuted by the Spanish Inquisition for practicing Judaism. Independent Mexico eventually adopted freedom of religion and began receiving Jewish immigrants, many of them refugees. The book \"Estudio histórico de la migración judía a México 1900-1950\" has records of almost 18,300 who emigrated to Mexico between 1900 and 1950. Most (7,023) were Ashkenazi Jews whose ancestors had settled in Eastern Europe, mainly Poland. A further 2,640 Jews arrived from either Spain or the Ottoman Empire and 1,619 came from Cuba and the United States.", "title": "List of Mexican Jews" }, { "docid": "3966054#145", "text": "The presence of Jews in Mexico dates back to 1521, when Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs, accompanied by several Conversos. According to the 2010 census, there are 67,476 Jews in Mexico. Islam in Mexico is practiced mostly by Arab Mexicans. In the 2010 census 18,185 Mexicans reported belonging to an Eastern religion, a category which includes a tiny Buddhist population.", "title": "Mexico" }, { "docid": "30249820#5", "text": "Mexico is one of the global centers of the child prostitution trade and a source and transit country for large numbers of migrants moving northward from Central America. There are an estimated 16,000 to 20,000 Mexican and Central American children who are trafficked for sex in Mexico. However, data on the number of victims of labor trafficking are not available. Additionally, the number of people trafficking into the United States from Mexico is known to vary widely, as do estimates of how many trafficking victims make such crossings.", "title": "Human trafficking in Mexico" }, { "docid": "10716868#24", "text": "The Mexican Inquisition succeeded in eliminating all vestiges of open Judaism in Mexico but there are an estimated 20,000 Mexicans with Jewish ancestry. While the Crypto-Jews were assimilated into the general populace, there are families in Mexico and the southwest United States that practice what appear to be Jewish rituals and customs, knowing or not knowing where these come from. For those claiming Crypto-Jewish heritage one or more of three lines of evidence are usually presented: the existence of Jewish rituals in the family, the existence of Inquisition records with Jewish family names and the oral history of the family. It also generally includes strong secrecy about family history and rituals. For some descendants, the discovery of Crypto-Jewish heritage leads them to reclaiming all or some of the Sephardic Jewish faith, often by adopting a number of rituals and customs.", "title": "History of the Jews in Mexico" }, { "docid": "1040159#106", "text": "A genetic study of men in the early 2000s showed that many Hispanos of the American Southwest are descended from Anusim (Sephardic Jews who were forcibly converted to Roman Catholicism). Only Catholic Spanish were allowed to go to the New World with the exploration and colonial expeditions. Families first kept their secrets for protection and then out of habit. Michael Hammer, a research professor at the University of Arizona and an expert on Jewish genetics, said that fewer than 1% of non-Semites possessed the male-specific \"Cohanim marker\" or Cohen Modal Haplotype, which is prevalent among Jews claiming descent from hereditary priests. 30 of 78 Latinos tested in New Mexico (38.5%), were found to have Y-DNA with the Cohanim marker. Wider DNA testing of Hispanic populations has revealed between 10% and 15% of men living in New Mexico, south Texas and northern Mexico have a Y chromosome associated with the Middle East. Their history makes it most likely that they are Jewish rather than Arabic Muslim.", "title": "Who is a Jew?" }, { "docid": "38380347#8", "text": "The most famous passion play in Mexico is held in Iztapalapa in the east of Mexico City. This production involves over 4000 local residents (all of which are born in Iztapalapa) which perform scenes related to the last week of Jesus’s life from Palm Sunday to Good Friday. The production has been done each year since 1843 and today the spectacle attracts over 2 million spectators, mostly Mexican. The play is not a strictly Biblical production as there are a number of characters such as a spy, a dog, a “wandering Jew” and others that are unique to this event. When Christ is captured, Aztec drums and flutes are played. Pontius Pilate sentences Jesus on the town of Iztapalapa’s main square then whipped. He then carries a cross from this square to the Cerro de la Estrella on a route over mile long through eight of the borough’s oldest neighborhoods. The most important event is the procession with the cross and the crucifixion scene portrayed on Cerro de la Estrella. Many others called “Nazarenes” follow, carrying their own crosses and wearing real crowns of thorns like Jesus. The play ends with Judas hanging himself after the crucifixion.", "title": "Holy Week in Mexico" }, { "docid": "10716868#12", "text": "The Jewish population in Mexico was estimated at 21,000 in 1930. From then until the 1940s, the Jews that arrived were those fleeing the Nazis but this immigration was not as large as in previous decades as most of those who arrived where those who already had family and friends in the country.", "title": "History of the Jews in Mexico" } ]

[ { "docid": "12940960#19", "text": "Lewis Terman, developer of the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales, based his English-language Stanford–Binet IQ test on the French-language Binet–Simon test developed by Alfred Binet. Terman believed his test measured the \"general intelligence\" construct advocated by Charles Spearman (1904). Terman differed from Binet in reporting scores on his test in the form of intelligence quotient (\"mental age\" divided by chronological age) scores after the 1912 suggestion of German psychologist William Stern. Terman chose the category names for score levels on the Stanford–Binet test. When he first chose classification for score levels, he relied partly on the usage of earlier authors who wrote, before the existence of IQ tests, on topics such as individuals unable to care for themselves in independent adult life. Terman's first version of the Stanford–Binet was based on norming samples that included only white, American-born subjects, mostly from California, Nevada, and Oregon.", "title": "IQ classification" }, { "docid": "18567040#9", "text": "The first English-language IQ test, the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales, was adapted from a test battery designed for school placement by Alfred Binet in France. Lewis Terman adapted Binet's test and promoted it as a test measuring \"general intelligence.\" Terman's test was the first widely used mental test to report scores in \"intelligence quotient\" form (\"mental age\" divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100). Current tests are scored in \"deviation IQ\" form, with a performance level by a test-taker two standard deviations below the median score for the test-taker's age group defined as IQ 70. Until the most recent revision of diagnostic standards, an IQ of 70 or below was a primary factor for intellectual disability diagnosis, and IQ scores were used to categorize degrees of intellectual disability.", "title": "Intellectual disability" }, { "docid": "26494#4", "text": "The first practical intelligence test was developed between 1905 and 1908 by Alfred Binet in France for school placement of children. Binet warned that results from his test should not be assumed to measure innate intelligence or used to label individuals permanently. Binet's test was translated into English and revised in 1916 by Lewis Terman (who introduced IQ scoring for the test results) and published under the name the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales. As Terman's test was published, there was great concern in the United States about the abilities and skills of recent immigrants. Different immigrant nationalities were sometimes thought to belong to different races, such as Slavs. A different set of tests developed by Robert Yerkes were used to evaluate draftees for World War I, and researchers found that people from southern and eastern Europe scored lower than native-born Americans, that Americans from northern states had higher scores than Americans from southern states, and that black Americans scored lower than white Americans. The results were widely publicized by a lobby of anti-immigration activists, including the New York patrician and conservationist Madison Grant, who considered the Nordic race to be superior, but under threat of immigration by inferior breeds. In his influential work \"A Study of American Intelligence\" psychologist Carl Brigham used the results of the Army tests to argue for a stricter immigration policy, limiting immigration to countries considered to belong to the \"nordic race\".", "title": "Race and intelligence" }, { "docid": "225971#15", "text": "Originally the standardized test was made of essays and was not intended for widespread testing. French psychologist Alfred Binet begins developing a standardized test of intelligence, work that would eventually be incorporated into a version of the modern IQ test, dubbed the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test. The College Board then designed the SAT(Scholar Aptitude Test) in 1926 for a broader IQ test. Notably, the Army IQ tests were what the first SAT test was based on in order to determine a student’s intelligence, problem solving skills, and critical thinking. In 1959, Everett Lindquist offered the ACT (American College Testing) for the first time. The ACT currently includes 4 main sections with multiple choice questions to test English, mathematics, reading, and science, plus an optional writing section.", "title": "Standardized test" }, { "docid": "70655#0", "text": "Alfred Binet (; July 8, 1857 – October 18, 1911) was a French psychologist who invented the first practical IQ test, the Binet–Simon test. In 1904, the French Ministry of Education asked psychologist Alfred Binet to devise a method that would determine which students did not learn effectively from regular classroom instruction so they could be given remedial work. Along with his collaborator Théodore Simon, Binet published revisions of his test in 1908 and 1911, the last of which appeared just before his death.", "title": "Alfred Binet" } ]

[ { "docid": "12940960#24", "text": "David Wechsler, developer of the Wechsler–Bellevue Scale of 1939 (which was later developed into the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) popularized the use of \"deviation IQs\" as standard scores of IQ tests rather than the \"quotient IQs\" (\"mental age\" divided by \"chronological age\") then used for the Stanford–Binet test. He devoted a whole chapter in his book \"The Measurement of Adult Intelligence\" to the topic of IQ classification and proposed different category names from those used by Lewis Terman. Wechsler also criticized the practice of earlier authors who published IQ classification tables without specifying which IQ test was used to obtain the scores reported in the tables.", "title": "IQ classification" }, { "docid": "12940960#10", "text": "The Wechsler intelligence scales were originally developed from earlier intelligence scales by David Wechsler. The first Wechsler test published was the Wechsler–Bellevue Scale in 1939. The Wechsler IQ tests for children and for adults are the most frequently used individual IQ tests in the English-speaking world and in their translated versions are perhaps the most widely used IQ tests worldwide. The Wechsler tests have long been regarded as the \"gold standard\" in IQ testing. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Fourth Edition (WAIS–IV) was published in 2008 by The Psychological Corporation. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fifth Edition (WISC–V) was published in 2014 by The Psychological Corporation, and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence—Fourth Edition (WPPSI–IV) was published in 2012 by The Psychological Corporation. Like all current IQ tests, the Wechsler tests report a \"deviation IQ\" as the standard score for the full-scale IQ, with the norming sample median raw score defined as IQ 100 and a score one standard deviation higher defined as IQ 115 (and one deviation lower defined as IQ 85).", "title": "IQ classification" }, { "docid": "14892#93", "text": "An alternative to standard IQ tests originated in the writings of psychologist Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934) from his last two years of work. The notion of the zone of proximal development that he introduced in 1933, roughly a year before his death, served as the banner for his proposal to diagnose development as the level of actual development that can be measured by the child's independent problem solving and, at the same time, the level of proximal, or potential development that is measured in the situation of moderately assisted problem solving by the child. The maximum level of complexity and difficulty of the problem that the child is capable to solve under some guidance indicates the level of potential development. Then, the difference between the higher level of potential and the lower level of actual development indicates the zone of proximal development. Combination of the two indexesthe level of actual and the zone of the proximal developmentaccording to Vygotsky, provides a significantly more informative indicator of psychological development than the assessment of the level of actual development alone.", "title": "Intelligence quotient" }, { "docid": "12940960#35", "text": "Francis Galton (1822–1911) was a pioneer in investigating both eminent human achievement and mental testing. In his book \"Hereditary Genius\", writing before the development of IQ testing, he proposed that hereditary influences on eminent achievement are strong, and that eminence is rare in the general population. Lewis Terman chose near' genius or genius\" as the classification label for the highest classification on his 1916 version of the Stanford–Binet test. By 1926, Terman began publishing about a longitudinal study of California schoolchildren who were referred for IQ testing by their schoolteachers, called Genetic Studies of Genius, which he conducted for the rest of his life. Catherine M. Cox, a colleague of Terman's, wrote a whole book, \"The Early Mental Traits of 300 Geniuses\", published as volume 2 of \"The Genetic Studies of Genius\" book series, in which she analyzed biographical data about historic geniuses. Although her estimates of childhood IQ scores of historical figures who never took IQ tests have been criticized on methodological grounds, Cox's study was thorough in finding out what else matters besides IQ in becoming a genius. By the 1937 second revision of the Stanford–Binet test, Terman no longer used the term \"genius\" as an IQ classification, nor has any subsequent IQ test. In 1939, Wechsler wrote \"we are rather hesitant about calling a person a genius on the basis of a single intelligence test score.\"", "title": "IQ classification" }, { "docid": "29331449#4", "text": "In the 2002 book \"IQ and the Wealth of Nations\", and \"IQ and Global Inequality\" in 2006, Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen created estimates of average IQs for 113 nations. They estimated IQs of 79 other nations based on neighboring nations or by other methods. They also created an estimate of \"quality of human conditions\" for each nation based on gross national product per capita, adult literacy rate, fraction of the population to enroll in secondary education, life expectancy, and rate of democratization. Lynn and Vanhanen found a substantial correlation between the national IQ scores they created and these various socioeconomic factors. They conclude that national IQ influences these measures of well-being, and that national differences in IQ are heavily influenced by genetics, although they also allow for some environmental contributions to it. They regard nutrition as the most important environmental factor, and education a secondary factor.", "title": "Nations and intelligence" }, { "docid": "17874491#4", "text": "Frances Galton established the first tests in London for measuring IQ. He tested thousands of people, examining their physical characteristics as a basis for his results and many of the records remain today. James Cattell studied with him, and eventually worked on his own with brass instruments for evaluation. His studies led to his paper \"Mental Tests and Measurements\" ,one of the most famous writings on psychological evaluation. He also coined the term \"\"mental test\"\" in this paper.", "title": "Psychological evaluation" } ]

[ { "docid": "7816896#0", "text": "Tamil-Brahmi, or Tamili aka Tamizhi is a variant of the Brahmi script used to write the Tamil language. These are the earliest documents of a Dravidian language, and the script was well established in the Chera and Pandyan states, in what is now Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Sri Lanka. Inscriptions have been found on cave beds, pot sherds, Jar burials, coins, seals, and rings. The language is Archaic Tamil, and led to classical Sangam literature.", "title": "Tamil-Brahmi" }, { "docid": "293133#38", "text": "Tamil, one of India's major classical language, descends from Proto-Dravidian languages spoken around the third millennium BCE in peninsular India. The earliest inscriptions of Tamil have been found on pottery dating back to 500 BC. Tamil literature has existed for over two thousand years and the earliest epigraphic records found date from around the 3rd century BCE.\nThe evolution of language within India may be distinguished over three periods: old, middle and modern Indo-Aryan. The classical form of old Indo-Aryan was \"sanskrit\" meaning polished, cultivated and correct, in distinction to \"Prakrit\" – the practical language of the migrating masses evolving without concern to proper pronunciation or grammar, the structure of language changing as those masses mingled, settled new lands and adopted words from people of other native languages. \"Prakrita\" became middle Indo-Aryan leading to \"Pali\" (the language of early Buddhists and Ashoka era in 200–300 BCE), \"Prakrit\" (the language of Jain philosophers) and \"Apabhramsa\" (the language blend at the final stage of middle Indo-Aryan). It is \"Apabhramsa\", scholars claim, that flowered into Hindi, Gujarati, Bengali, Marathi, Punjabi and many other languages now in use in India's north, east and west. All of these Indian languages have roots and structure similar to Sanskrit, to each other and to other Indo-European languages. Thus we have in India three thousand years of continuous linguistic history recorded and preserved in literary documents. This enables scholars to follow language evolution and observe how, by changes hardly noticeable from generation to generation, an original language alters into descendant languages that are now barely recognisable as the same.\nSanskrit has had a profound impact on the languages and literature of India. Hindi, India's most spoken language, is a \"Sanskritised register\" of the Khariboli dialect. In addition, all modern Indo-Aryan languages, Munda languages and Dravidian languages, have borrowed many words either directly from Sanskrit (\"tatsama\" words), or indirectly via middle Indo-Aryan languages (\"tadbhava\" words). Words originating in Sanskrit are estimated to constitute roughly fifty percent of the vocabulary of modern Indo-Aryan languages, and the literary forms of (Dravidian) Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada. Tamil, although to a slightly smaller extent, has also been significantly influenced by Sanskrit. Part of the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, the Bengali language arose from the eastern Middle Indic languages and its roots are traced to the 5th-century BCE Ardhamagadhi language.", "title": "Culture of India" }, { "docid": "300548#34", "text": "Tamils have strong attachment to the Tamil language, which is often venerated in literature as \"\"Tamil̲an̲n̲ai\"\", \"the Tamil mother\". It has historically been, and to large extent still is, central to the Tamil identity. Like the other languages of South India, it is a Dravidian language, unrelated to the Indo-European languages of northern India. The language has been far less influenced by Sanskrit than the other Dravidian languages, and preserves many features of Proto-Dravidian, though modern-day spoken Tamil in Tamil Nadu freely uses loanwords from Sanskrit and English. Tamil literature is of considerable antiquity, and is recognised as a classical language by the government of India. Classical Tamil literature, which ranges from lyric poetry to works on poetics and ethical philosophy, is remarkably different from contemporary and later literature in other Indian languages, and represents the oldest body of secular literature in South Asia.", "title": "Tamils" }, { "docid": "29919#0", "text": "Tamil (; \"\" , ) is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken by the Tamil people of India and Sri Lanka, and by the Tamil diaspora, Sri Lankan Moors, Douglas, and Chindians. Tamil is an official language of two countries: Sri Lanka and Singapore and official language of the Indian state Tamil Nadu. It has official status in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the Indian Union Territory of Puducherry. It is used as one of the languages of education in Malaysia, along with English, Malay and Mandarin. Tamil is spoken by significant minorities in the four other South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India.", "title": "Tamil language" }, { "docid": "22216145#1", "text": "Tamils have strong attachment to the Tamil language, which is often venerated in literature as \"\"Tamil̲an̲n̲ai\"\", \"the Tamil mother\". It has historically been, and to large extent still is, central to the Tamil identity. Like the other languages of South India, it is a Dravidian language, unrelated to the Indo-European languages of northern India. The Tamil language preserves many features of Proto-Dravidian, though modern-day spoken Tamil in Tamil Nadu freely uses loanwords from Sanskrit and English and vice versa. Tamil literature is of considerable antiquity, and is recognised as a classical language by the government of India. Classical Tamil literature, which ranges from lyric poetry to works on poetics and ethical philosophy, is remarkably different from contemporary and later literature in other Indian languages, and represents the oldest body of secular literature in South-east Asia.", "title": "Tamil culture" } ]

[ { "docid": "1740732#18", "text": "In Tamil, a single letter standing alone or multiple letters combined together form a word. Tamil is an agglutinative language. Tamil words consist of a lexical root to which one or more affixes are attached.", "title": "Tamil grammar" }, { "docid": "29919#35", "text": "Tamil words consist of a lexical root to which one or more affixes are attached. Most Tamil affixes are suffixes. Tamil suffixes can be derivational suffixes, which either change the part of speech of the word or its meaning, or inflectional suffixes, which mark categories such as person, number, mood, tense, etc. There is no absolute limit on the length and extent of agglutination, which can lead to long words with a large number of suffixes, which would require several words or a sentence in English. To give an example, the word \"pōkamuṭiyātavarkaḷukkāka\" (போகமுடியாதவர்களுக்காக) means \"for the sake of those who cannot go\" and consists of the following morphemes:", "title": "Tamil language" }, { "docid": "29919#17", "text": "Tamil is the official language of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and one of the 22 languages under schedule 8 of the constitution of India. It is one of the official languages of the union territory of Puducherry and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Tamil is also one of the official languages of Singapore. Tamil is one of the official and national languages of Sri Lanka, along with Sinhala. It was once given nominal official status in the Indian state of Haryana, purportedly as a rebuff to Punjab, though there was no attested Tamil-speaking population in the state, and was later replaced by Punjabi, in 2010. In Malaysia, 543 primary education government schools are available fully in Tamil medium. The establishments of Tamil medium schools have been currently in process in Myanmar to provide education completely in Tamil language by the Tamils who settled there 200 years ago. Tamil is taught in Canada for the local Tamil minority populations and the month of January has been declared \"Tamil Heritage Month\" by the Parliament of Canada. Tamil enjoys a special status of protection under Article 6(b), Chapter 1 of the Constitution of South Africa and is taught as a subject in schools in KwaZulu-Natal province. Recently, it has been rolled out as a subject of study in schools in the French overseas department of Réunion.", "title": "Tamil language" }, { "docid": "22216145#0", "text": "Tamil culture is the culture of the Tamil people. Tamil culture is rooted in the arts and ways of life of Tamils in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore and across the globe. Tamil culture is expressed in language, literature, music, dance, theatre, folk arts, martial arts, painting, sculpture, architecture, sports, media, comedy, cuisine, costumes, celebrations, philosophy, religions, traditions, rituals, organizations, science, and technology.", "title": "Tamil culture" }, { "docid": "300548#32", "text": "Many Tamils still live in these countries, and the Tamil communities in Singapore, Reunion Island, Malaysia and South Africa have retained much of their original culture and language. Many Malaysian children attend Tamil schools, and a significant portion of Tamil children are brought up with Tamil as their first language. In Singapore, Mauritius and Reunion, Tamil students learn Tamil as their second language in school, with English as the first. In Singapore, to preserve the Tamil language, the government has made it an official language despite Tamils comprising only about 5% of the population, and has also introduced compulsory instruction of the language for Tamils. Other Tamil communities, such as those in South Africa, Fiji, Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Jamaica, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and the Caribbean no longer speak Tamil language as a first language, but still retain a strong Tamil identity, and are able to understand the language, while most elders speak it as a first language. There is a very small Tamil community in Pakistan, notably settled since the partition in 1947.", "title": "Tamils" } ]

[ { "docid": "1122596#1", "text": "The 80-lap race was won by Peter Revson, driving a McLaren M23, after starting from second on the grid. This turned out to be Revson's last victory and podium finish in Formula One. As of the conclusion of the 2018 Formula One World Championship, this is the last Grand Prix to be won by an American-born driver. Emerson Fittipaldi took second position for Team Lotus, while Jackie Oliver took third in a Shadow, his first podium in five years and his last of all.", "title": "1973 Canadian Grand Prix" }, { "docid": "52639993#1", "text": "Lewis Hamilton won the World Drivers' Championship title, while his team, Mercedes, secured the World Constructors' Championship title. Hamilton clinched his fifth title at the 2018 Mexican Grand Prix, with the team securing its fifth consecutive title at the following race. Ferrari driver Sebastian Vettel finished runner-up, 88 points behind Hamilton, with his teammate Kimi Räikkönen finishing third. In the Constructors' Championship, Mercedes finished 84 points ahead of Ferrari, with Red Bull Racing third.", "title": "2018 Formula One World Championship" } ]

[ { "docid": "4459641#0", "text": "The Race of Champions was a non-championship Formula One motor race held at the Brands Hatch circuit in Kent, United Kingdom between 1965 and 1979, and again in 1983. It often attracted high quality entries from the Formula One World Championship. The first race was won by Mike Spence. The last running of the event was the last non-championship Formula One race and was won by reigning World Champion Keke Rosberg in a Williams-Cosworth after a tight battle with F1 rookie, American driver Danny Sullivan in a Tyrrell-Cosworth.", "title": "Race of Champions (Brands Hatch)" }, { "docid": "1122377#0", "text": "The 1968 South African Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Kyalami Circuit on Monday 1 January 1968. It was race 1 of 12 in both the 1968 World Championship of Drivers and the 1968 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers. The 80-lap race was won by two time World Drivers' Champion and 1965 Indianapolis 500 winner Jim Clark for Lotus-Ford after starting from pole position. The race is significant as not only the last Formula One race to be won by Clark, but also the last in which he ever competed, due to his fatal crash at the Hockenheimring in Germany three months later. At this race Team Gunston became the first Formula One team to paint their cars in the livery of their sponsors when they entered a private Brabham for John Love.", "title": "1968 South African Grand Prix" }, { "docid": "1140070#10", "text": "The Dutch Grand Prix was the last Grand Prix for German driver Stefan Bellof, who later died in the World Endurance Championship race at Spa at the high speed Eau Rouge corner. Bellof had won the 1984 World Endurance Championship driving for the factory Rothmans-Porsche team, but decided against driving for the factory in 1985 to concentrate on Formula One. He did however still drive in various WEC races for the private Brun team in a Porsche 956. Until his death, Bellof was considered one of the rising stars in racing and was rumored to have an offer to drive for Ferrari in 1986. The summer of 1985 was remembered as the saddest weeks for German motor sport, as both German Formula One drivers, Bellof and Manfred Winkelhock died within three weeks in WEC races. Winkelhock, who drove for the Skoal Bandit Formula 1 Team, died at Mosport Park in Canada when his Kremer Racing Porsche 962C crashed head on into the turn 2 wall at high speed. His co-driver for that race had been Brabham's Marc Surer.", "title": "1985 Formula One World Championship" }, { "docid": "2598841#2", "text": "The Detroit street circuit's place in Formula One history was assured when Italian Michele Alboreto won the 1983 race driving a Tyrrell 011. It was the last ever of 155 grand prix wins for the 3.0L Cosworth DFV V8 engine which had made its debut back in 1967 when legendary Team Lotus boss Colin Chapman matched his Lotus 49 with the engine. The DFV had won on debut at the 1967 Dutch Grand Prix in the hands of dual World Champion Jim Clark. It was also the last of 23 Formula One race wins for Tyrrell, who had won their first grand prix as a constructor at the 1971 Spanish Grand Prix with that year's World Champion Jackie Stewart driving the Tyrrell 003.", "title": "Detroit street circuit" }, { "docid": "1122176#1", "text": "The race was won by Mike Hawthorn driving a Ferrari; it was his first Formula One victory since the 1954 Spanish Grand Prix and would prove to be his last. It was also the last Formula One race for five-time World Champion Juan Manuel Fangio. On the final lap, Hawthorn eased up to let Fangio, running fifth at the time, finish on the lead lap of his last race. This turned out to be a blessing, as Peter Collins crashed on the final lap, allowing Fangio to secure fourth.", "title": "1958 French Grand Prix" }, { "docid": "1122939#1", "text": "The race was marked with some teams boycotting the event due to apartheid – the segregation of blacks and whites – and was the last South African Formula One race until apartheid ended in 1992. The race was won by Nigel Mansell in a Williams-Honda, who also took pole position.", "title": "1985 South African Grand Prix" }, { "docid": "37581879#10", "text": "Bill Vukovich competed in five Indy 500 races when they were part of the Formula One World Championship. In 1951 he was forced to retire after just 29 laps and could only finish 17th the following year. He came back for the 1953 event, took pole position and then won the race. He won again in 1954 and was leading in 1955 when he crashed into a back marker. The collision pitched the car into and over a concrete wall, fracturing Vukovich's skull and killing him at the scene. Statistically Vukovich won 40% of the Formula One races in which he competed, but drivers who competed only at the Indy 500 events are often omitted from the history of the sport.", "title": "Formula One drivers from the United States" }, { "docid": "29420859#1", "text": "Josef Kaufmann Racing's Robin Frijns who is also last Formula BMW Europe champion won five races on his way to the championship by a 45 point margin over another former Formula BMW driver Carlos Sainz Jr., who won opening race on Ciudad del Motor de Aragón and Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps. Frijns finished in the top five in every race. The same point margin was between Sainz and his third placed teammate Daniil Kvyat, who also won two races on Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps and Nürburgring. Other wins were scored by Will Stevens, Alex Riberas, Javier Tarancón and FIA Institute Young Driver Excellence Academy drivers Timmy Hansen and Paul-Loup Chatin.\nThe calendar for the 2011 season was announced on 11 October 2010, the day after the end of the 2010 season. All seven rounds will form meetings of the 2011 World Series by Renault season.", "title": "2011 Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0" }, { "docid": "952521#5", "text": "Due to safety concerns with the 4.9 mile circuit, including the bumpy track surface and the inadequate barriers, deep ditches, and embankments, the last Formula One race held on the original Interlagos was in 1980, the race was nearly cancelled after protests by many Formula One drivers including defending world champion Jody Scheckter. The safety concerns were somewhat directed towards the track surface, which BBC commentator Murray Walker described as \"appallingly bumpy\". Most of the ground-effect cars of 1980 were designed in such a way that bumpy surfaces were barely tolerable for the drivers. These factors meant that Formula One would move back to the Jacarepaguá circuit in Rio de Janeiro, hometown of established star Nelson Piquet and where the Brazilian Grand Prix was held in 1978. After Formula One moved away, the only major race being held at Interlagos was the Mil Milhas Brasil, and the last major race on the original circuit was the 1989 Mil Milhas Brasil, and Formula One returned to the circuit the following year after it had been shortened and modified at a cost of $15 million. The track layout, aside from the pit exit being extended along the Curva do Sol over the years has remained the same since 1990. After the ascendancy of another São Paulo local, Ayrton Senna, negotiations were made to return to Interlagos that year, and it has stayed there ever since. The facilities include a kart circuit named after Ayrton Senna. The circuit now also hosts the Brazilian Formula Three Championship.\nThe circuit is often witness to dramatic results when it hosts the Formula One Brazilian Grand Prix, especially since its move to an end of season slot in 2004. Fernando Alonso won both the 2005 and 2006 world titles in Brazil, with Renault also clinching the constructors' title in 2006. Kimi Räikkönen won the 2007 World Championship here after being seven points down and in third place in the championship entering the final race of the season. Felipe Massa almost won the 2008 Driver's World Championship when he finished the 2008 Brazilian Grand Prix as winner, but after he finished, Lewis Hamilton overtook Timo Glock and was crowned World Champion. Despite Rubens Barrichello's pole position in 2009, Mark Webber won the race and Jenson Button won the championship for Brawn after starting 14th. Williams got their first pole since 2005 here at the 2010 Brazilian Grand Prix with Nico Hülkenberg. The race was won by Sebastian Vettel, and with Mark Webber coming second, Red Bull secured the constructors title; however the driver's title was not confirmed until the last race.\nThe circuit is one of a minority of non-oval racing circuits to go in an anti-clockwise direction (Circuit of the Americas, Imola, Istanbul Park, Yas Marina Circuit, Laguna Seca, Singapore, Korea International Circuit, Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit, and Circuit Ricardo Tormo in Valencia, being notable others). In 1979 upgrading work was done and the pit lane was extended past the first left-hand turn (Curva 1), making the corner more narrow, and the pit lane ended right in the middle of Curva 1 and 2. The present design of the track dates back to 1990, when the original circuit was shortened from 7.87385 km to 4.325 km. As a consequence of the reduction, the track lost three long straight sections and nine fast curves (5 were lost forever, 4 were made slower and are still there). The original track was full of fast corners and it allowed cars to keep maximum speed for up to twenty seconds and was considered very dangerous (although no one ever died there whilst racing Formula One) and in 1990 the old layout was majorly revised. The new track still had a very long top-speed section that contained bumps, high-speed turns and little run-off area (though the track was very wide at this point).", "title": "Autódromo José Carlos Pace" } ]

[ { "docid": "20956585#7", "text": "During the 2014 Gaza war, Shuja'iyya was the location of the Battle of Shuja'iyya, the fiercest battle of the war, and was heavily shelled by Israeli forces. Between 65 and 120 Palestinians were killed in the fighting, including at least 17 children, 14 women and four elderly persons, as well as 13 Israeli soldiers. Israel stated the district was targeted because 8% of the rocket attacks by Palestinian forces against Israel originated in Shuja'iyya because the area was allegedly a source of tunnels crossing into Israel. After the 2014 war, an Israeli brigade gave soldiers who fought in Shuja'iyya before and after photos, showing the damage. IDF sources said the incident was under investigation. Reconstruction of the quarter is complicated by UN priorities. Funding is allocated according to a ladder of importance, from small to large-scale damage, and many of the cement vouchers for families are sold on the black market.", "title": "Shuja'iyya" }, { "docid": "43349719#18", "text": "At least 65 Palestinians, including at least 17 children, 14 women and 4 elderly were killed and 288 Palestinians were wounded according to Shifa hospital's director, Naser Tattar. The United Nations' Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People put the estimate at over 70 Palestinian dead. Other reports at the time claimed 120 Palestinians had been killed, a third women and children. According to the spokesman for the Palestinian Ministry of Health, Ashraf al-Qidra, rescue teams retrieved more than 80 dead bodies from houses destroyed in Shuja'iyya, 17 of which were children, 14 women and 4 elderly people.", "title": "Battle of Shuja'iyya" } ]

[ { "docid": "43349719#0", "text": "The Battle of Shuja'iyya occurred between the Israel Defense Forces and the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades on 20 July 2014 during 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict in the Shuja'iyya neighborhood of Gaza City, in the Gaza Strip. Shuja'iyya, with 92,000 people in 6 sq-kilometres, is one of the most densely populated areas of the Gaza Strip. According to the IDF, it had become a \"terrorist fortress\", that between 8 and 20 of July had fired over 140 rockets into Israel after the outbreak of hostilities. The casualty figures are not known with precision, also because bodies were recovered much later, and people died of injuries afterwards. The UN Protection Cluster states that between the 19-20th, 55 civilians, including 19 children and 14 women, were killed as a result of the IDF's actions.", "title": "Battle of Shuja'iyya" }, { "docid": "43349719#7", "text": "Shuja'iyya is a densely populated area of the city with 92,000 residents according to Amnesty International. The UNRWA shelter facilities were overflowing and many of the residents had nowhere to go. According to Israeli sources the area had been designed by Hamas, houses had underground tunnels to hide weapons and combatants and that 10% of rocket attacks had been done from within Shuja'iyya. The assault on Shuja'iyya, involving a combination of F-16, tank and mortar fire, began at 11 pm on 19 July. According to the IDF, 15 Hamas fighters were killed in the preemptive bombardment. After midnight, on Sunday, 20 July, Israeli forces entered the neighbourhood, stating that over 140 rockets had been fired at Israel from the neighborhood since 8 July. Flyers had been dropped over the neighbourhood, urging residents to flee.", "title": "Battle of Shuja'iyya" }, { "docid": "43349719#21", "text": "Shortly after the battle, Hamas is reported to have shot twenty civilians from Shuja'iyya for protesting against Hamas for the massive destruction inflicted on their neighborhood by the IDF. Hamas said it had executed spies in the area.", "title": "Battle of Shuja'iyya" }, { "docid": "43349719#22", "text": "Unexploded Israeli ordnance left over from the bombing exploded in late September killing a further two young men, Ayman Ziad Abu Jibba (23) and Abdullah Jibril Abu Aser (23) and wounding three in Shuja'iyya.", "title": "Battle of Shuja'iyya" }, { "docid": "43376375#90", "text": "In the evening, the Battle of Shuja'iyya began. The IDF launched a preemptive bombardment of the Shuja'iyya neighborhood of Gaza City, prior to a ground incursion. According to the IDF, at least 15 Palestinian militants were killed in the preemptive bombardment. An IDF force spearheaded by the Golani Brigade then entered Shuja'iyya. Late on 19 July, forward elements of the Golani Brigade met Hamas units and fierce combat broke out, with Hamas fighters emerging from tunnels and bunkers to engage the Israelis, employing sniper fire, automatic weapons, and anti-tank missiles, pinning down some Israeli formations.", "title": "Timeline of the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict" }, { "docid": "43349719#13", "text": "Witnesses interviewed by Max Blumenthal testified observing people jumping from fourth-floor stories as flames engulfed their houses and of men stripping off clothes to cover near-naked women fleeing the scene. Several residential blocks were extensively shelled destroying dozens of houses. Palestinians attempting to flee the area described the scene as a \"massacre\", as did the Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas, Richard Falk, Norwegian doctor Mads Gilbert and journalist Sharif Abdel Kouddous in \"The Nation\". Hundreds of civilians were injured during the unpredictable combination of artillery shelling and airstrikes overnight and only began to leave the area at dawn, many to seek refuge at the Al-Shifa Hospital. Two paramedics were killed during attempts to enter the area and assist the wounded, and Médecins Sans Frontières complained that its post-operative clinic in Gaza City was running at 10 to 30 percent of capacity due to the intensity of the bombing, which hindered patients from reaching the center.", "title": "Battle of Shuja'iyya" }, { "docid": "43349719#20", "text": "The IDF confirmed that 13 soldiers were killed and 56 wounded in the battle. Two of the soldiers who were killed were American-born and one who was French-born. Seven of the IDF soldiers were killed when their armored vehicle was hit by an anti-tank rocket, three were killed in clashes with militants, and three were killed by an anti-tank missile fired at a building where IDF soldiers were setting up a makeshift command center. In the following 24 hours, three additional IDF soldiers were killed in Shuja'iyya. Among the wounded was Colonel Ghassan Alian, the commander of the Golani Brigade.", "title": "Battle of Shuja'iyya" }, { "docid": "20956585#6", "text": "Shuja'iyya had been a frequent target in Israel's 2008-09 airstrikes of the Gaza Strip, which killed several members of Hamas' security forces and destroyed the local police station. A coalition of Hamas and Islamic Jihad forces battled intensely with the IDF days after the airstrikes. Hamas claimed to have lost three fighters, including a local commander after an Israeli airstrike and the Fatah-affiliated al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades lost a fighter after ambushing undercover Israeli forces in the district. A women and children's clinic was destroyed by an Israeli airstrike during the hostilities with no casualties reported.", "title": "Shuja'iyya" } ]

[ { "docid": "1573230#2", "text": "Psychology was a branch of the domain of philosophy until the 1870s, when it developed as an independent scientific discipline in Germany and the United States. Psychology as a self-conscious field of experimental study began in 1879, in Leipzig Germany, when Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research in Germany. Wundt was also the first person to refer to himself as \"a psychologist\". Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in the study of memory), William James (the American father of pragmatism), and Ivan Pavlov (who developed the procedures associated with classical conditioning).", "title": "History of psychology" } ]

[ { "docid": "492271#6", "text": "The field began to organize under the name \"clinical psychology\" in 1917 with the founding of the American Association of Clinical Psychology. This only lasted until 1919, after which the American Psychological Association (founded by G. Stanley Hall in 1892) developed a section on Clinical Psychology, which offered certification until 1927. Growth in the field was slow for the next few years when various unconnected psychological organizations came together as the American Association of Applied Psychology in 1930, which would act as the primary forum for psychologists until after World War II when the APA reorganized. In 1945, the APA created what is now called Division 12, its division of clinical psychology, which remains a leading organization in the field. Psychological societies and associations in other English-speaking countries developed similar divisions, including in Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.", "title": "Clinical psychology" }, { "docid": "18346213#3", "text": "In 1893, fourteen years after Wilhelm Wundt founded the first psychology laboratory in the world, a Psychology Laboratory was built in Nassau Hall, the oldest building in the university, under the leadership of J. Mark Baldwin. In 1915, psychology received recognition in the title when the department was renamed Department of Philosophy and Psychology. It was not until 1920, however, that the Department of Psychology was established with Howard Warren as its first chairman. In 1924, Eno Hall was constructed to house the department. The building was named in honor of Henry Eno, the principal donor and research associate in psychology. Warren was also a donor, but he chose to keep his donation anonymous at the time. He commented that it was \"the first laboratory in this country, if not in the world, dedicated solely to the teaching and investigation of scientific psychology.\" According to university president John Hibben, the laboratory was the realization of a dream that Warren had cherished for a long time.", "title": "Princeton University Department of Psychology" }, { "docid": "492271#4", "text": "By the second half of the 1800s, the scientific study of psychology was becoming well established in university laboratories. Although there were a few scattered voices calling for an applied psychology, the general field looked down upon this idea and insisted on \"pure\" science as the only respectable practice. This changed when Lightner Witmer (1867–1956), a past student of Wundt and head of the psychology department at the University of Pennsylvania, agreed to treat a young boy who had trouble with spelling. His successful treatment was soon to lead to Witmer's opening of the first psychological clinic at Penn in 1896, dedicated to helping children with learning disabilities. Ten years later in 1907, Witmer was to found the first journal of this new field, \"The Psychological Clinic\", where he coined the term \"clinical psychology\", defined as \"the study of individuals, by observation or experimentation, with the intention of promoting change\". The field was slow to follow Witmer's example, but by 1914, there were 26 similar clinics in the U.S.", "title": "Clinical psychology" }, { "docid": "51416401#1", "text": "Psychology & Social Critique was founded in 1977 as »Psychology & Society« (German: Psychologie und Gesellschaft) by Siegfied Grubitzsch and Günter Rexilius. Peter Mattes is the only founding member who belongs to the editorial team to this day. The journal was renamed »Psychology & Social Critique« in 1979 to mark its contrast from the book series called »Psychology & Society«. P&G was founded as a critical psychological journal but its authors pursued different paths than the Holzkamp school by consciously refraining from developing an overarching theoretical tradition. As a consequence, P&G refused to be pinned down to a unifying consensus. In contrast to Holzkamp’s Critical Psychology, Marxist social theory has become somewhat less significant in this process. P&G is characterized by key topics rather than a theoretical framework. These topics build the central nodes of critical psychological discussion at P&G. Selected topics (in chronological order) include: psychiatry, psychotherapy, psychosocial practice (1978–80); psychology and politics, psychology during National Socialism (1979/80); aesthetic practices, mass communication and the media (1981); measurements, the industrialized psyche (1982); therapeutic practice, institutional practice, social control (1983/84); women and social (from 1983); identity]], subjectivity]], subject and politics (1987/89); National Socialism, euthanasia, and modernization (1991); postmodern challenges, construction, being oneself (1992/93), subject construction and subjectification (1996ff.), gender, childhood, and adolescence (since 2002), critical-psychoanalytic topics and articles (since 2003), and, again and again, critical-deconstructivist reflections on diverse aspects of life, culture, and institutions. Since the 1990s, the journal has witnessed an increasing influence of poststructuralist and discourse analytic concepts and of French and North-American postmodernist philosophy as well as social constructionism. Psychology & Social Critique has considerably diversified social psychologies in the German speaking countries. The critique of psychology, as exemplified by Psychology & Social Critique, deconstructs power and seeks out possibilities, in and around psychology, to think differently, to entertain discourses of ‘desubjugation’ (Foucault), and to defy the dictates of normal scientific discourse. \nSince the mid 1990s, the journal is being edited by an editorial collective with alternating members. Editorial members came mostly from the German Federal Republic and the West Berlin scene initially and from German and Austrian universities, where they engaged in research and teaching that offered alternatives to the psychological mainstream, since the 1990s. A heavy focus lay on the universities Bielefeld, Oldenburg, GH Wuppertal, Bremen, FU Berlin, and later Munich, Erlangen-Nurnberg, and Vienna. Over the years, Psychology & Social Critique has reconstructed, accompanied, and actively influenced critical intellectual discourse in and around psychology with its core topics. \nPsychology & Social Critique is published as a German speaking journal quarterly (two of the four annual issues usually constitute a double issue). P&G is currently (as of 2014) in its 38th year and will publish its 150th thematic issue in 2014. P&G participates in the Social Science Open Access Repository (SSOAR) and provides of all articles for download. Papers published within the previous two years are not available for open access.", "title": "Psychology and Social Critique" }, { "docid": "26147831#1", "text": "\"Social Psychology\" was established in 1970 as the \"Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie\" by Hubert Feger, Carl Friedrich Graumann, Klaus Holzkamp, and Martin Irle. Its publishing language was German, and the journal was published by Verlag Hans Huber (Bern, Switzerland). In the second half of the 1980s, the founding editors were successively replaced and terms have since been limited to about four years. In the year 2000, the journal adopted English as a second publishing language, which became the sole publishing language in 2008 when the journal moved to Hogrefe Publishing and its title was changed to \"Social Psychology\". Previous editors-in-chief include Gerd Bohner (Bielefeld University), Hans-Peter Erb (Helmut Schmidt University), and Christian Unkelbach (University of Cologne). Since spring 2016, Kai Epstude (University of Groningen) is the editor-in chief.", "title": "Social Psychology (journal)" }, { "docid": "4408697#2", "text": "The journal was founded at Columbia University in 1904 as \"The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods\", under the editorship of Professor J. E. Woodbridge and Professor James McKeen Cattell. Wendell T. Bush became co-editor of the journal in 1906 and provided it with its endowment. The inaugural issue announced that the journal was founded with the intent of \"covering the whole field of scientific philosophy, psychology, ethics and logic\" so that \"the relations between philosophy and psychology should remain intimate\". In 1921 the name of the journal was shortened to \"The Journal of Philosophy.\"", "title": "The Journal of Philosophy" }, { "docid": "50646966#1", "text": "The STP was founded as Division 2 of APA in 1945. Past presidents include notable key figures in the field of psychology, such as Wilbert J. McKeachie, John Dashiell, Charles Brewer, Ludy T. Benjamin, and Diane Halpern. In its early years, the STP struggled to increase membership and clarify its professional identity and purpose. In 1947, Division 2 had only 184 registered members, lagging behind other divisions. In 1950, the STP created the Teaching of Psychology Newsletter. In 1951, the STP's 6th president Claude E. Buxton surveyed the membership to find out more about the current composition and possible future direction of the STP. Buxton found that the STP membership mainly consisted of educators interested in undergraduate liberal arts education, and lacked graduate-level instructors. Finding that most survey respondents saw a need to continue and improve the STP, Buxton worked on increasing membership, and a proposal requiring membership in another APA division before joining Division 2 was not adopted, as it seemed to subordinate the STP to other APA divisions. By the end of the 1950s, Division 2 had gained greater prestige, and included members of various disciplines in psychology (especially social, experimental, and clinical psychology) from both small and large institutions of higher education. In the early 1960s, Wilbert J. McKeachie gave the Teaching of Psychology newsletter a more polished image. Between 1960 and 1974, the STP saw a marked increase in membership, and the organization increased services to help teachers of psychology, and formulated more rigorous standards in the scholarship of teaching psychology.", "title": "Society for the Teaching of Psychology" }, { "docid": "1573230#57", "text": "The question, \"Who Is to Develop Psychology and How?\", was of such importance that Ivan Sechenov, a physiologist and doctor by training and a teacher in institutions of higher education, chose it as the title for an essay in 1873. His question was rhetorical, for he was already convinced that physiology was the scientific basis on which to build psychology. The response to Sechenov’s popular essay included one, in 1872–1873, from a liberal professor of law, Konstantin Kavelin. He supported a psychology drawing on ethnographic materials about national character, a program that had existed since 1847, when the ethnographic division of the recently founded Russian Geographical Society circulated a request for information on the people’s way of life, including “intellectual and moral abilities.” This was part of a larger debate about national character, national resources, and national development, in the context of which a prominent linguist, Alexander Potebnja, began, in 1862, to publish studies of the relation between mentality and language.", "title": "History of psychology" }, { "docid": "1573230#59", "text": "in January 1884, the philosophers Matvei Troitskii and Iakov Grot founded the Moscow Psychological Society. They wished to discuss philosophical issues, but because anything called “philosophical” could attract official disapproval, they used “psychological” as a euphemism. In 1907, Georgy Chelpanov announced a 3-year course in psychology based on laboratory work and a well-structured teaching seminar. In the following years, Chelpanov traveled in Europe and the United States to see existing institutes; the result was a luxurious four-story building for the Psychological Institute of Moscow with well-equipped laboratories, opening formally on March 23, 1914", "title": "History of psychology" } ]

[ { "docid": "39209#0", "text": "Philip Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerdt; 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and an influential designer of educational systems. He stands next to Luther and John Calvin as a reformer, theologian, and molder of Protestantism. After Luther himself, he is the primary founder of Lutheranism.", "title": "Philip Melanchthon" } ]

[ { "docid": "39209#32", "text": "On the other hand, Luther wrote of Melanchthon, in the preface to Melanchthon's \"Commentary on the Galatians\" (1529), \"I had to fight with rabble and devils, for which reason my books are very warlike. I am the rough pioneer who must break the road; but Master Philip comes along softly and gently, sows and waters heartily, since God has richly endowed him with gifts.\" Luther also did justice to Melanchthon's teachings, praising one year before his death in the preface to his own writings Melanchthon's revised \"Loci\" above them and calling Melanchthon \"a divine instrument which has achieved the very best in the department of theology to the great rage of the devil and his scabby tribe.\" It is remarkable that Luther, who vehemently attacked men like Erasmus and Bucer, when he thought that truth was at stake, never spoke directly against Melanchthon, and even during his melancholy last years conquered his temper.", "title": "Philip Melanchthon" }, { "docid": "39209#31", "text": "Both were aware of their mutual position and they thought of it as a divine necessity of their common calling. Melanchthon wrote in 1520, \"I would rather die than be separated from Luther\", whom he afterward compared to Elijah, and called \"the man full of the Holy Ghost\". In spite of the strained relations between them in the last years of Luther's life, Melanchthon exclaimed at Luther's death, \"Dead is the horseman and chariot of Israel who ruled the church in this last age of the world!\"", "title": "Philip Melanchthon" }, { "docid": "39209#14", "text": "The composition now known as the \"Augsburg Confession\" was laid before the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, and would come to be considered perhaps the most significant document of the Protestant Reformation. While the confession was based on Luther's Marburg and Schwabach articles, it was mainly the work of Melanchthon; although it was commonly thought of as a unified statement of doctrine by the two reformers, Luther did not conceal his dissatisfaction with its irenic tone. Indeed, some would criticize Melanchthon's conduct at the Diet as unbecoming of the principle he promoted, implying that faith in the truth of his cause should logically have inspired Melanchthon to a firmer and more dignified posture. Others point out that he had not sought the part of a political leader, suggesting that he seemed to lack the requisite energy and decision for such a role and may simply have been a lackluster judge of human nature.", "title": "Philip Melanchthon" }, { "docid": "39209#23", "text": "But all his caution and reservation did not hinder his opponents from continually working against him, accusing him of synergism and Zwinglianism. At the Colloquy of Worms in 1557 which he attended only reluctantly, the adherents of Flacius and the Saxon theologians tried to avenge themselves by thoroughly humiliating Melanchthon, in agreement with the malicious desire of the Roman Catholics to condemn all heretics, especially those who had departed from the Augsburg Confession, before the beginning of the conference. As this was directed against Melanchthon himself, he protested, so that his opponents left, greatly to the satisfaction of the Roman Catholics who now broke off the colloquy, throwing all blame upon the Protestants. The Reformation in the sixteenth century did not experience a greater insult, as Friedrich Nietzsche says. Nevertheless, Melanchthon persevered in his efforts for the peace of the church, suggesting a synod of the Evangelical party and drawing up for the same purpose the Frankfurt Recess, which he defended later against the attacks of his enemies.", "title": "Philip Melanchthon" }, { "docid": "39209#28", "text": "The only care that occupied him until his last moment was the desolate condition of the church. He strengthened himself in almost uninterrupted prayer, and in listening to passages of Scripture. Especially significant did the words seem to him, \"His own received him not; but as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God.\" When Caspar Peucer, his son-in-law, asked him if he wanted anything, he replied, \"Nothing but heaven.\" His body was buried beside Luther's in the Schloßkirche in Wittenberg.", "title": "Philip Melanchthon" }, { "docid": "39209#4", "text": "Philipp was only eleven when in 1508 both his grandfather (17 October) and father (27 October) died within eleven days. He and a brother were brought to Pforzheim to live with his maternal grandmother, Elizabeth Reuter, sister of Reuchlin.", "title": "Philip Melanchthon" }, { "docid": "39209#19", "text": "Melanchthon himself perceived his faults in the course of time and repented of them, perhaps having to suffer more than was just in the displeasure of his friends and the hatred of his enemies. From now on until his death he was full of trouble and suffering. After Luther's death he became the \"theological leader of the German Reformation\", not indisputably, however; for the Gnesio-Lutherans with Matthias Flacius at their head accused him and his followers of heresy and apostasy. Melanchthon bore all accusations with patience, dignity, and self-control.", "title": "Philip Melanchthon" }, { "docid": "39209#18", "text": "The last eventful and sorrowful period of his life began with controversies over the Interims and the Adiaphora (1547). It is true, Melanchthon rejected the Augsburg Interim, which the emperor tried to force upon the defeated Protestants; but in the high pressure negotiations concerning the so-called Leipzig Interim he made controversial concessions that would long be debated. In agreeing to various Roman usages, Melanchthon started from the opinion that they are adiaphora if nothing is changed in the pure doctrine and the sacraments which Jesus instituted, but he disregarded the position that concessions made under such circumstances have to be regarded as a denial of Evangelical convictions.", "title": "Philip Melanchthon" }, { "docid": "39209#15", "text": "Melanchthon then settled into the comparative quiet of his academic and literary labours. His most important theological work of this period was the \"Commentarii in Epistolam Pauli ad Romanos\" (Wittenberg, 1532), noteworthy for introducing the idea that \"to be justified\" means \"to be accounted just\", whereas the Apology had placed side by side the meanings of \"to be made just\" and \"to be accounted just\". Melanchthon's increasing fame gave occasion for several honourable calls to Tübingen (September 1534), to France, and to England, but consideration of the elector caused him to refuse them.", "title": "Philip Melanchthon" } ]

[ { "docid": "5857487#1", "text": "Omar, or as he later chose, Umar Rolf Ehrenfels was born 28 April 1901 in Prague, Austria. He was baptised Rolf Werner Leopold von Ehrenfels. His father was Roman Catholic Baron Christian von Ehrenfels (1859–1932) professor of philosophy at the German part of Prague University. He is known as the founder of the Gestalt theory. His mother was Emma von Ehrenfels (1862–1946) born André, in Bratislava (Pressburg). In her parental home both German and Hungarian was spoken. During World War I she worked for the Red Cross caring for Hungarian wounded soldiers. Widowed of her first marriage she brought her daughter Elfriede (Elfi) Hartmann into their home. The second daughter, known as the author Imma von Bodmershof (1895–1983), was born in Graz. Rolf as the only son of Christian Freiherr von Ehrenfels inherited the title but he had to discard it according to new Austrian laws in 1920. As a convert to Islam he took on the name Omar or Umar, kept Rolf and omitted the others. 1932–37 he was a student of social anthropology (Völkerkunde) at Vienna University and got a doctorate there. At the Nazi occupation of Austria, Anschluss, 13 March 1938, he emigrated to India. There he lived until 1961, since 1949 as lecturer, later professor of social anthropology at the University of Madras. Umar Rolf Ehrenfels died 7 February 1980 in Neckargemuend, Germany having been guest professor at Heidelberg University and co- founder of its South Asia Institute 1961-71. Elfriede von Bodmershof (1894–1982) was his wife 1925–1948. The couple was separated due to the Nazi occupation of 1938. Later Ehrenfels married the French social scientist Mireille Abeille (1924–2007).", "title": "Baron Omar Rolf von Ehrenfels" }, { "docid": "875526#0", "text": "Christian von Ehrenfels (also \"Maria Christian Julius Leopold Freiherr von Ehrenfels\"; 20 June 1859 – 8 September 1932) was an Austrian philosopher, and is known as one of the founders and precursors of Gestalt psychology.", "title": "Christian von Ehrenfels" } ]

[ { "docid": "3165157#1", "text": "Von Delius died at the age of 25 years at the Nürburgring Circuit during the 1937 German Grand Prix, having suffered a fatal collision with Richard Seaman.\nErnst was the brother of Carl Christian Alexander von Delius and Freidrich von Delius. His two surviving nephews are Carl Christian von Delius (Kalispell, Montana) and Curt Freidrich von Delius (Phoenix, AZ).", "title": "Ernst von Delius" }, { "docid": "261243#5", "text": "On 5 July 2003, he died from multiple-drug-resistant tuberculosis while he was out on an excursion for hunting guinea fowl. According to official estimates he was about 58 or 59 years old at the time. He was buried on 12 July in a semi-traditional ceremony at Tsumkwe, next to the grave of his second wife. He had six surviving children.", "title": "Nǃxau ǂToma" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "1799856#10", "text": "Ádám died in 1827 in Boulogne-sur-Mer at the age of 50 when Franz was just 15 years old. The two were staying at a retreat centre for Franz to rest after a physician's order; however, the father became fatally ill with typhoid fever, died and was buried there. Franz composed a funeral piece for his father's funeral service.", "title": "Adam Liszt" }, { "docid": "37574942#3", "text": "Spence died of heart failure September 19, 1892, in the home of a friend, John A. Fairchild, on Burlington Avenue near Ninth Street, in today's Westlake district, Los Angeles. He was 59 years old. The September 22 obsequies, which began in the family home on Burlington Avenue, were said to be \"in point of attendance one of the largest ever held in this city\" and the funeral procession to Evergreen Cemetery \"one of the largest ever witnessed.\"", "title": "Edward Falles Spence" }, { "docid": "3975806#16", "text": "Rebecca Freundlich Protten died in 1780, aged 62 years, in Christiansborg, Accra on the Gold Coast. Commenting on her legacy, her biographer, Jon F. Sensbach, author of \"\"Rebecca's Revival- Creating Black Christianity in the Atlantic World,\"\" noted Rebecca Freundlich Protten was \"\"a prophet, [with a] distinctively international persona—obedient to a calling, yet adept at negotiating life's possibilities, resourceful in any setting or language, [and] determined to take what she regarded as the Bible's liberating grace to people of African descent ... Much that we associate with the black church in subsequent centuries—the anchor of community life, advocate for social justice, midwife to spirituals and gospel music—in some measure derives ... from those early origins ... Though hardly anyone knows her name today, Rebecca helped ignite fires of a new kind of religion that in subsequent centuries has given spiritual sustenance to millions.\"\" Like the abolitionist and freed slave, Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745–1797), Rebecca Freundlich Protten became an exemplar of using Christian mission as a tool for emancipation of African peoples.", "title": "Rebecca Protten" }, { "docid": "40548#92", "text": "By January 1932, at age 84, Hindenburg was vacillating about running for a second term. Some authors have pointed out that uncertainty is suggestive of early senile dementia, which includes: restricted memory, especially of recent events and people, decrease in willed actions which may become apathy, and reduced problem solving ability. Brüning recalled that once the president came to meet him at the railway station, but failed to recognize him. On the other hand, Franz von Papen, a later chancellor, found that despite minor lapses the president remained competent until his last days. Hindenburg was persuaded to run by the \"Kamarilla\", and supported by the Centre Party, the DVP and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), which regarded him as the only hope of defeating Hitler. His fighting spirit was evoked by Nazi taunts when he appeared in public and in a few weeks three million Germans signed a petition urging him to carry on. His intentions were not to \"abandon my efforts for a healthy move to the Right\". Brüning proposed to the Reichstag that in light of the still escalating economic disaster now some of the largest banks had failed the election should be postponed for two years, which would have required a two-thirds assent, to which the Nazis would never agree. Hitler was to be one of his opponents in the election. Hindenburg left most campaigning to others, in his single radio address he stressed the need for unity, \"I recall the spirit of 1914, and the mood at the front, which asked about the man, and not about his class or party\". Hitler campaigned vigorously throughout Germany.", "title": "Paul von Hindenburg" }, { "docid": "91440#64", "text": "On Sunday, July 13, 1890, Frémont (age 77) died of peritonitis at his residence at 49 West Twenty-fifth Street in New York. His death was unexpected and his brief illness was not generally known. On Tuesday, July 8, Frémont had been affected by the heat of a particularly hot summer day. On Wednesday he came down with a chill and was confined to his bedroom. His symptoms progressed to peritonitis (an abdominal infection) which caused his death. At the time he died, Frémont was popularly known as the \"\"Pathfinder of the Rocky Mountains\"\". Initially interred at Trinity Church Cemetery, he was reinterred in Rockland Cemetery in Sparkill, New York on March 17, 1891.", "title": "John C. Frémont" }, { "docid": "10150#6", "text": "On 10 May 1932, Dollfuss, age 39 and with only one year's experience in the Federal Government, was offered the office of Chancellor by President Wilhelm Miklas, also a member of the Christian-Social Party. Dollfuss refused to reply, instead spending the night in his favourite church praying, returning in the morning for a bath and a spartan meal before replying to the President he would accept the offer. Dollfuss was sworn in on 20 May 1932 as head of a coalition government between the Christian-Social Party, the Landbund — a right-wing agrarian party — and Heimatblock, the parliamentary wing of the \"Heimwehr\", a paramilitary ultra-nationalist group. The coalition assumed the pressing task of tackling the problems of the Great Depression. Much of the Austro-Hungarian Empire's industry had been situated in the areas that became part of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia after World War I as a result of the Treaty of Saint-Germain. Postwar Austria was therefore economically disadvantaged.", "title": "Engelbert Dollfuss" } ]

[ { "docid": "653522#22", "text": "According to The NPD Group, \"Rome: Total War\" was the 20th-best-selling computer game of 2004. It maintained this position on NPD's annual computer game sales chart for the following year. In the United States alone, the game sold 390,000 copies and earned $16.8 million by August 2006. At the time, this led \"Edge\" to declare it the country's 40th-best-selling computer game, and best-selling \"Total War\" title, released since January 2000. The series as a whole, including \"Rome\", sold 1.3 million units in the United States by August 2006. By 2013, \"Rome: Total War\" alone had totaled 876,000 sales in the region. It also received a \"Platinum\" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom.", "title": "Rome: Total War" }, { "docid": "53985422#33", "text": "Several staff members were highly sceptical the game would be a commercial success, but Hiroi promised Sega that the game would sell at least 200,000 units. \"Sakura Wars\" sold out in many stores within hours of its release. According to \"Famitsu\" sales data, \"Sakura Wars\" sold an estimated 205,270 units in its first week, reaching the top of the sales charts and selling through just over 57% of its stocks. It was recorded as having the most sales of a Sega original title to that point. As of 2007, \"Sakura Wars\" for the Saturn has sold 359,485 units, becoming the 13th best-selling console title in Japan. The Dreamcast port debuted with 71,123 units, selling through nearly 65% of its shipment. It eventually reached total sales of 109,686 units, becoming the 33rd best-selling game for the platform. \"Sakura Wars: In Hot Blood\" debuted with sales of 142,351 units, reaching third place on Japanese gaming charts. Despite high anticipation, the remake was outsold by \"\" from Enix (second) and \"Dynasty Warriors 4\" from Koei (first). During 2003, the remake sold 235,622 units, becoming the 54th best-selling title of the year. The Chinese PC version was apparently an unexpected success, with the first print selling out quickly.", "title": "Sakura Wars (video game)" }, { "docid": "27582142#17", "text": "As of 31 March 2011, the game has sold 600,000 units in Europe and North America.", "title": "Total War: Shogun 2" }, { "docid": "12887061#18", "text": "\"Empire: Total War\" was released on 3 March 2009 to the North American market, on 4 March in Europe, on 5 March in Australia, and on Christmas Day in Japan. The game has become the fastest selling \"Total War\" title to date; \"Empire\" topped British video game sales charts for all platforms in the week of release, the first PC exclusive title to do so in a year and a half. The game was reported to have sold nearly double the number of \"\" and \"\". In the United States, \"Empire: Total War\" and its \"Special Forces\" edition were ranked as first and second respectively in the PC sales charts for the week of release. The game's Australian version debuted as the top PC game; across all platforms \"Empire: Total War\" was ranked fourth, behind \"Halo Wars\", \"Wii Fit\" and \"Killzone 2\". Sega reported the game sold 810,000 units worldwide during their last fiscal year period of 2008. However, consumer response was hampered by technical problems arising from incompatibility with certain Nvidia drivers released after the game's development was completed and reports of installation problems with the Steam content delivery system. In an interview with IGN, Studio Communications Manager Kieran Brigden discussed the problems inherent in developing such a huge and ambitious game, saying: \"Are there some issues with \"Empire\"? Yes there are.\" As part of its post-release support, he said that Creative Assembly is planning on addressing issues with stability and performance, as well as adding improvements for gameplay and artificial intelligence.", "title": "Empire: Total War" }, { "docid": "13773328#1", "text": "\"Street Fighter IV\" has sold 3.4 million units. \"Super Street Fighter IV\" has sold 1.9 million units, in addition to 1.1 million of the \"Arcade Edition\" (full game only). \"\" sold an additional 1.3 million copies. \"Ultra Street Fighter IV\" has sold 1.3 million copies (full game only, without counting PS4 version) by March 31, 2018. This adds up to sales of 9 million copies in total. Upon its release, the game received universal critical acclaim; receiving universally high scores from many gaming websites and magazines. It has also been listed among the greatest video games of all time.", "title": "Street Fighter IV" }, { "docid": "11743517#29", "text": "\"Gears of War 2\" has achieved significant success after its release. In its opening weekend, the game sold over two million units, and set a new record for the number of simultaneous players on Xbox Live, with over 1 million people logging on to play the game. The game went on to sell over three million copies worldwide within the first month of its release, and pushed past four million in sales within the first two months. It was the sixth best-selling game of December 2008 in the United States, selling in excess of 745,000 copies. It was also the tenth top-selling game in the United States in 2008, with over 1.3  million copies sold. It received a \"Double Platinum\" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 600,000 copies in the United Kingdom. As of May 7, 2009, \"Gears of War 2\" had sold over 5 million units worldwide, bringing the franchise total to 11 million units sold.", "title": "Gears of War 2" }, { "docid": "521360#0", "text": "Total War is a series of strategy games developed by The Creative Assembly for personal computers. They combine turn-based strategy and resource management with real-time tactical control of battles. The first of the series, \"\" was released in June 2000. The most recent major game released was \"\" on 3 May 2018. The series has sold over 20 million copies.", "title": "Total War (series)" } ]

[ { "docid": "653522#23", "text": "\"Rome\" sold at least 100,000 units in the German market by December 2004.", "title": "Rome: Total War" }, { "docid": "12887061#17", "text": "\"Empire: Total War\" ships with nine different versions of box art, eight of which represent the major faction for the market the game is sold in, and one general international version. For instance, German customers are presented artwork displaying colours with the Prussian eagle and Prussian army uniforms, whilst the American artwork shows the American revolutionaries and the Betsy Ross flag. A special edition version of \"Empire: Total War\" entitled \"Special Forces\" incorporates six elite faction-specific units: HMS \"Victory\", the French Irish Brigade, Spanish guerillas, Gurkha infantry, Rogers' Rangers and the Ottoman Ribauldequin. Additionally, three retailers were provided with a special unit for customers to receive; Amazon.com customers were given the Dahomey Amazons, buyers from Best Buy were able to receive the USS \"Constitution\" and customers buying from Game received the Death's Head Hussars. A further 14 units were added with the objective of increasing graphical and unit variety among the factions. These 14 units were released as part of the game's 1.3 patch in June 2009; accompanying the update was a second set of 14 units, released as downloadable content for purchase.", "title": "Empire: Total War" }, { "docid": "653520#16", "text": "\"Medieval: Total War\" received \"favorable\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In the United Kingdom, the game went straight to the top of the video game chart after its release, staying at the top for two weeks. It ultimately received a \"Silver\" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom. The United States charts saw \"Medieval: Total War\" reach fourth in its second week after release, behind \"\", \"The Sims\" and its expansion \"\". It sold over 100,000 copies in the region by August 2006, but was beaten by its successor \"\"s 390,000 sales there.", "title": "Medieval: Total War" }, { "docid": "2041331#16", "text": "The American version was successful and won 'Space-Sim of the year' awards from many magazines and websites. Encouraged by this, an expanded edition was designed. \"I-War\" / \"Independence War\" sold around 250,000 copies worldwide. Including the special editions the total sales were about 300,000. Despite the relative success, \"I-War\" stayed merely a cult classic and was an underdog in comparison to such space simulation games as \"\" or \"Wing Commander\" series.", "title": "I-War (1997 video game)" } ]

[ { "docid": "10947294#4", "text": "Two other types of magistrates are listed during the period of the Republic. In the year 451 BC, a board of ten men, known as \"decemviri\", or decemvirs, was appointed in place of the consuls in order to draw up the tables of Roman law, in a sense establishing the Roman constitution. According to tradition, a second college of decemvirs was appointed for the next year, and these continued in office illegally into 449, until they were overthrown in a popular revolt, and the consulship was reinstated.", "title": "List of Roman consuls" }, { "docid": "50861117#1", "text": "In 451 BC, Rome's traditional consular government was replaced by a committee of ten senior statesmen, known as the decemvirs, who were tasked with drawing up the complete body of Roman law, based on existing law and tradition, as well as on Greek models reported by a group of Roman envoys who had been sent to study Greek law. Their efforts resulted in the first ten tables of Roman law, but the work was incomplete, and so a second college of decemvirs was appointed for the following year. Appius Claudius Crassus, who had been consul-elect before the decemvirate, was the only member of the first college to participate in the second, and he ensured that his colleagues for the second year were like-minded and easily dominated by himself. The final two tables of Roman law that they drew up imposed harsh restrictions on the plebeians, and forbade the intermarriage of patricians and plebeians.", "title": "Lex Trebonia (448 BC)" }, { "docid": "3453880#7", "text": "An ominous sign that the second decemvirate was not as noble-minded as the first came when the insignia of office were changed. In 451, the ten decemvirs had shared a consul's escort of twelve lictors, each receiving the honour in rotation. But the following year, each of the decemvirs was accorded an escort of twelve lictors; and unlike a consul's, these lictors kept the axes attached to their \"fasces\", symbolizing the decemvirs' power over life and death, even within the \"pomerium\", the sacred boundary of Rome. Since the beginning of the Republic, all lictors had removed the axes upon entering the city, in deference to the sovereignty of the people; only the lictors of a dictator retained the axes within the city. Now the city was crowded with lictors.", "title": "Appius Claudius Crassus" }, { "docid": "50950882#10", "text": "In 451 BC, a council of ten distinguished Romans of consular rank was appointed in place of the consuls, for the purpose of drawing up tables of Roman law, based on a combination of ancient traditions and Greek models. One of the decemvirs was Gaius' nephew, Appius Claudius Crassus. In their first year, the decemvirs published ten tables of laws, to the general approval of the people. Since the task for which the decemvirate had been created remained incomplete, it was decided to elect a new college of decemvirs for the following year. Although Appius had affected a mild and agreeable demeanor, and won the trust of the plebeians, his colleagues suspected that he might wish to remain in power, and accordingly they appointed him to name the new college, and resigned their office to set an example.", "title": "Gaius Claudius Sabinus Regillensis" }, { "docid": "180572#8", "text": "The decemviri took office in 451 BC. Both consuls elect, Appius Claudius Crassinus Inregillensis Sabinus and Titus Genucius Augurinus, resigned. So did the other magistrates and the plebeian tribunes. In compensation for their loss of office, Appius Claudius and Titus Genucius were appointed to the decemviri. So was one of the consuls of the previous year (452 BC), Publius Sestius Capitolinus Vaticanus, because he had put the proposal to the senate despite the opposition of his colleague. The three envoys were also part of the decemviri. The most influential member was Appius Claudius who, according to Livy, \"was the guiding hand in the whole magistracy ... thanks to the favour of the plebs.\" Each day a different decemvir presided over the magistracy and this man had the twelve lictors (the bodyguards of the consuls) with fasces (bound bundles of rods which were the symbol of supreme authority and sometimes had axes). Their rule was fair and their administration of justice was exemplary. Despite not being subject to appeal, they yielded to one another when an appeal was taken. They drafted their laws on ten bronze tables and presented them to the people, asked for feedback and amended them accordingly. They were approved by the higher popular assembly, the Assembly of the Soldiers. There was a general feeling that two more tables were needed to have a corpus of all Roman law. It was decided to elect a new decemvirate.", "title": "Decemviri" } ]

[ { "docid": "180572#0", "text": "The decemviri or decemvirs (Latin for \"ten men\") were any of several 10-man commissions established by the Roman Republic.", "title": "Decemviri" }, { "docid": "52471496#2", "text": "Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis was one of the ten members of the Second Decemvirate, presided over by Appius Claudius Crassus and elected for the purpose of drafting the Law of the Twelve Tables, first written law of the Roman Republic. At the instigation of Appius Claudius, the decemvirs illegally held onto power the following year, refusing to proceed with the election of consuls. That year, a war escalated with the Sabines who were based in Eretum and the Aequi camped under Mount Algidus. The Roman troops were divided into two armies so that they could fight on two fronts. Marcus Cornelius received the command of the army that fought the Aequi, with three other decemvirs; Lucius Minucius, Titus Antonius, and Lucius Sergius. Meanwhile, Appius Claudius and Spurius Oppius Cornicen remained in Rome to ensure the defence of the city, and the four other decemvirs fought against the Sabines.", "title": "Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis" }, { "docid": "52495658#2", "text": "Quintus Poetelius Libo Visolus was one of the ten members of the Second \"Decemvirate\", presided over by Appius Claudius Crassus and elected in order to draft the Law of the Twelve Tables, first body of written law in the Roman Republic. The Second \"Decemvirate\" was made up of just as many plebeians, like Quintus Poetelius, as it was by patricians. At the instigation of Appius Claudius, the decemvirs held on to power the following year and refused to allow the annual election of consuls in 449 BC.", "title": "Quintus Poetelius Libo Visolus" }, { "docid": "3453880#5", "text": "The decemvirs were given the same authority as the consuls for their year of office, but as the consuls elected for 451, Claudius and Genucius were appointed decemvirs after resigning the consulship. Their colleagues included the three envoys, as well as Spurius Veturius Crassus Cicurinus, Gaius Julius Iulus, Publius Sestius Capitolinus, Publius Curiatius Fistus Trigeminus, and Titus Romilius Rocus Vaticanus. The decemvirs were seen to coöperate for the good of the state, and drew up the first ten tables of Roman law, winning the general approval of the people. As their task remained unfinished at the end of their year, it was decided to appoint a second college of decemvirs for the following year.", "title": "Appius Claudius Crassus" }, { "docid": "51745104#1", "text": "Originally these decemvirs were a jury of ten men, serving under the presidency of a magistrate, but later this court became the magistratus minores, or lower judiciary of the Roman Republic, and was included among the vigintisexviri, or twenty-six magistrates elected by the \"comitia tributa\". According to Suetonius and Cassius Dio, Augustus assigned the presidency of the court of the centumviri to the decemviri stlitibus judicandis. In imperial times, the decemvirs also had jurisdiction in capital crimes.", "title": "Decemviri stlitibus judicandis" }, { "docid": "3453880#9", "text": "The time for elections came and passed, and the decemvirs remained in power. They published two more tables of Roman law, bringing the total to twelve; among the most onerous were those restricting the rights of the plebeians, and in particular one forbidding the intermarriage of patricians and plebeians. When news arrived of incursions by the Sabines and Aequi, the decemvirs attempted to convene the Senate, which assembled only with difficulty, as many of the senators had left the city rather than suffer the decemvirs, or refused to obey their summons, on the grounds that the decemvirs now held no legal office.", "title": "Appius Claudius Crassus" } ]

[ { "docid": "15839892#33", "text": "Islam and Christianity are the most widely practiced religions among the people of Pristina. In the 2011 census, 97.3% of the population of the city was counted as Muslim and 0.8% as Christian including 0.59% as Roman Catholic and 0.24% as Eastern Orthodox. The remaining 1.9% of the population reported having no religion, or another religion, or did not provided an adequate answer.\nPristina has centres of worship for a multitude of faiths for its population. The Cathedral of Pristina is perhaps the largest cathedral in Kosovo and is named in honour of the Albanian Roman Catholic nun and missionary, Mother Teresa. Some of the mosques of Pristina, among others the Imperial Mosque and Çarshi Mosque, are centuries old and were built during the Middle Ages by the Ottomans.", "title": "Pristina" }, { "docid": "42089625#18", "text": "Christianity has been around in Pristina since its time under the Roman Empire. Before the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, Roman and Byzantine Empires Christianized the whole of the Balkan region. After this during 1389 until 1912 the growth of the population of Muslims got higher due to the fact that Pristina was governed by the Muslim Ottoman Empire. Therefore, Islamisation occurred. After World War II, Pristina was ruled by secular socialist authorities in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). In today’s time, most of the population of Pristina follows Islam. They have Muslim backgrounds and ancestry. but also including Slavic speakers (who mostly identify themselves as Gorani or Bosniaks) and Turks.", "title": "Religion in Pristina" }, { "docid": "16264154#1", "text": "According to the U.S. Department of State's 2007 International Religious Freedom Report, 'the last credible census was taken in the 1980s', and the religious demographics had to be estimated. The Report found that Islam was the predominant faith in Kosovo, 'professed by most of the majority ethnic Albanian population, the Bosniak, Gorani, and Turkish communities, and some of the Roma/Ashkali/Egyptian community'. About 100,000–120,000 people were Serbs, and these were largely Serbian Orthodox. Approximately 3.4% of ethnic Albanians were Catholics, whereas Protestants comprised a minority of less than 1%, there were only two known families of Jewish origin and no reliable data for atheists. It is also likely that there are some Orthodox Albanians in Kosovo. However, with current tension between Kosovars and Serbs, they may feel as if they do not want to identify as Orthodox, as they may be thought of as ‘Serbs’ because of their Orthodox status. Therefore, they are not represented in the census. Furthermore, the Report claimed that religion was 'not a significant factor in public life. Religious rhetoric was largely absent from public discourse in Muslim communities, mosque attendance was low, and public displays of conservative Islamic dress and culture were minimal.'", "title": "Religion in Kosovo" } ]

[ { "docid": "42089625#2", "text": "Religious communities have educational institutions for their needs, organized in accordance with applicable law. All inhabitants of Pristina have the right to freedom of belief, conscience and religion. These basic rights are guaranteed to all persons in Pristina and Kosovo. The right includes freedom to hold, not to have, keep or change religion or belief. Also, it includes the right to manifest religion or belief (in worship, teaching, practice and observance), either alone or in community with others, in public or privately. The State is not expressly prohibited from interfering with the right to freedom of religion, but it is obliged to protect the practice of religious rites, traditional forms of religious life, including monastic life and religious education, as well as church property. Individuals and communities have the right to establish religious institutions and organizations.", "title": "Religion in Pristina" }, { "docid": "15839892#32", "text": "Kosovo is a secular state with no state religion. The freedom of belief, conscience and religion is explicitly guaranteed in the Constitution of Kosovo. Pristina has always been considered as a city where tolerance and coexistence in terms of religion and culture has been part of the society in the last centuries.", "title": "Pristina" }, { "docid": "42089625#1", "text": "The small minority of Pristina’s religious population that is not Muslim practice Christianity in the form of Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. When Pristina was in the Serbian Empire in the Middle Ages, Eastern Orthodoxy was the predominant faith other than Roman Catholicism.", "title": "Religion in Pristina" }, { "docid": "42089625#25", "text": "The Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church () (KPEC) is a Protestant church based in Pristina, Kosovo. It is one of the four protected major religions in the Kosovo Law of Religious Freedoms. There are 6,000 Kosovar Albanians living in Pristina that follow this church. There are 42 churches in all of Kosovo. Its chairman Pastor is Artur Krasniqi. The oldest Protestant church found in Kosovo was in 1818, by Gjerasim Qiriazi. The first Albanians to convert to Protestantism were Nikolla and Dhimitër of Manastir, who did so in 1876. One year later, Gjerasim Qiriazi also converted.", "title": "Religion in Pristina" }, { "docid": "15839892#1", "text": "During the Paleolithic Age, what is now the area of Pristina was envolved by the Vinča culture. It was home to several Illyrian and Roman people at the classical times. King Bardyllis brought various tribes together in the area of Pristina in the 4th century BC, establishing the Dardanian Kingdom. The heritage of the classical era is still evident in the city, represented by ancient city of Ulpiana, that was considered one of the most important Roman cities in the Balkan peninsula. In the Middle Ages, Pristina was an important town in Medieval Serbia and also the royal estate of Stefan Milutin, Stefan Uroš III, Stefan Dušan, Stefan Uroš V and Vuk Branković. Following the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans, Pristina became an important mining and trading center due to its strategic position near the rich mining town of Novo Brdo. The city was known for its trade fairs and items, such as goatskin and goat hair as well as gunpowder.\nThe first mosque in Pristina was built in the late 14th century while under Serbian rule. Tolerance and coexistence of religion and culture has been part of the society for centuries.", "title": "Pristina" }, { "docid": "42089625#3", "text": "The history behind the religion in Pristina today shows a lot of suffering within the religious communities. Taking into consideration the fact that Milosevic practiced brutality towards the Kosovar nationality during the last war, that brutality affected the population emotionally causing harassment and persecution by the Kosovar population against the Serb community and their monasteries in Pristina.", "title": "Religion in Pristina" }, { "docid": "42089625#0", "text": "Kosovo does not have an official religion. Like the rest of the country, the majority of Pristina's population consider themselves to be Muslim. However, most do not actively practice Islam, nor do they attend mosques or the religious services required by their religion. Many, however, do fast for Ramadan. and praying is widely practiced.", "title": "Religion in Pristina" }, { "docid": "42089625#23", "text": "The Cathedral of Blessed Mother Teresa () is a Cathedral located in Pristina. In 2007, the government approved plans for it to be built, and it is currently being constructed. The cathedral is dedicated to Blessed Mother Teresa. Himself a Muslim, the former president of Kosovo Ibrahim Rugova ceremonially laid the church’s foundation.", "title": "Religion in Pristina" } ]

[ { "docid": "16234875#28", "text": "Following the Korean War, South Korea remained one of the poorest countries in the world for over a decade. Marred by poverty, malnutrition, and illiteracy, political chaos, and cultural discourse, South Korea's gross domestic product per capita in 1960 was $79, lower than that of some sub-Saharan African countries. Over the span of one generation, South Korea rapidly transformed itself from a war-torn nation into a G20 economic powerhouse. Since the 1960s, South Korea became one of East Asia's fastest growing economies achieving a rapid increase in its GDP per capita more quickly than any of its neighbors. With a strong emphasis on the importance of innovation, raw intelligence and brainpower, benchmarking, economic competitiveness, and industriousness, propelled a war torn and impoverished South Korea into a country of efficient resource allocation and increasing value creation. Transforming itself from a resource-poor peninsula to an advanced high technology powerhouse with a cutting-edge electronic, automobiles, shipbuilding, steel, and petrochemicals industry contributed to the country's robust and sustained economic growth for over 50 years. Capital investments in research and development are among the highest in the world relative to its national income. Investments in alternative energy, green technologies, and biotechnology are key in securing the nation's economic prosperity. In addition, South Korea's rigorous education system and the establishment of a highly motivated and educated populace is largely responsible for spurring the country's high technology boom and rapid economic development. South Korea's industrial manufacturing capability has doubled and its export sector has grown rapidly. Its industrial strengths include large numbers of world class brand names of automobiles, electronics, LCD lighting technology, semi-conductors, and shipbuilding. Having almost no natural resources and always suffering from overpopulation in its small territory, which deterred continued population growth and the formation of a large internal consumer market, South Korea adapted an export-oriented economic strategy to fuel its economy, and in 2014, South Korea was the seventh largest exporter and seventh largest importer in the world. Bank of Korea and Korea Development Institute periodically release major economic indicators and economic trends of the economy of South Korea.", "title": "Economy of East Asia" }, { "docid": "27024#2", "text": "In the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the South Korean economy suffered a liquidity crisis and relied on the bailout by the IMF that restructured and modernized the South Korean economy with successive DJnomics policy by President Kim Dae Jung, including the resultant of the national development of the ICT industry. Historically, subsidies were used as means of speeding up adoption of new technology in Korea and has ultimately helped the adoption and development of faster mobile standards for the economy of South Korea. The growth of ICT industry has been far concentrated on the hardware sector, which focuses on expanding wired and wireless telecommunication network penetration rather than the software sector, which creates innovative applications and value-added services. The economy of South Korea is the global leader of consumer electronics, mobile broadband and smartphones. South Korea's LCD TV global market share also jumped to 37 percent in 2009, from 27 percent at the end of 2007, and it will soon replace Japan as the world’s number-one LCD TV supplier. The economy of South Korea ranks No.1 in the world in ICT Development Index 2015 and 2015 Bloomberg Innovation Index.", "title": "Economy of South Korea" } ]

[ { "docid": "5748222#23", "text": "South Korea and the United States are important economic partners to each other. Nearly 60 billion dollars of trade volume between the two countries display the significant economic interdependence between the two states. However, according to the CRS report, South Korea is much more economically reliant on the United States than the United States is on South Korea. This is supported with the fact that the United States ranks first as a trading partner for South Korea. However, a recent policy brief introduces the fact that the ratio of exports to the United States has declined significantly from around 40 percent to less than 20 percent in 2002 while the share of exports to China has increased drastically which led China to become the number one export destination for South Korea. Although the economy of South Korea and the United States is becoming more integrated with the recent ratification of the KORUS Free Trade Agreement, there remains some major trade disputes between the two nations in the areas including telecommunications, automotive industry, intellectual property rights issues, pharmaceutical industry, and agricultural industry especially in terms of rice and beef.", "title": "South Korea–United States relations" }, { "docid": "26975662#0", "text": "U.S. beef imports in South Korea made up a $504 million industry for the American beef industry in 2010.\nThe import of U.S. beef was banned in 2003 in South Korea and in other nations after a case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy was discovered in the United States. At the time, South Korea was the third-largest purchaser of U.S. beef exports, with an estimated market value of $815 million. After a number of failed attempts at reopening the Korean market, imports finally resumed in July 2008 leading to the massive 2008 US beef protest in South Korea. In 2010, South Korea again became the world's third largest U.S. beef importer.", "title": "United States beef imports in South Korea" }, { "docid": "42425417#7", "text": "South Korea is the EU's 8th largest trading partner and EU has become South Korea's second largest trading partner and export destination. In 2011 – 2012, South Korea was one of EU's main trading partners registering 16.2% exports' growth rate.\nThe EU – Republic of Korea Free Trade Agreement (FTA), which is applied since 1 July 2011, has marked an unprecedented step forward in trade relations between the EU and the Republic of Korea. The agreement eliminated tariffs for industrial and agricultural goods in a progressive, step-by-step approach, and on 1 July 2016, import duties will be eliminated on all products except for a limited number of agricultural products. The FTA also contains a number of specific commitments to eliminate and to prevent the emergence of non-tariff barriers to trade, notably in the automotive, pharmaceutical and electronic sectors.With the FTA, the bilateral trade in goods between the EU and the Republic of Korea has been constantly growing and reached the record level of more than 90 billion euros in 2015, with an increment of the EU export of 10.9% over 2014.The EU is also the largest investor in the country, ahead of the United States and Japan. The EU FDI stock in the Republic of Korea increased 35% from 2013 to 2014 (last data available) to reach 43.7 billion euros, accounting for over 20% of the FDI stock in the Republic of Korea.", "title": "EU Gateway Programme" }, { "docid": "27024#27", "text": "The automobile industry was one of South Korea's major growth and export industries in the 1980s. By the late 1980s, the capacity of the South Korean motor industry had increased more than fivefold since 1984; it exceeded 1 million units in 1988. Total investment in car and car-component manufacturing was over US$3 billion in 1989. Total production (including buses and trucks) for 1988 totaled 1.1 million units, a 10.6 percent increase over 1987, and grew to an estimated 1.3 million vehicles (predominantly passenger cars) in 1989. Almost 263,000 passenger cars were produced in 1985—a figure that grew to approximately 846,000 units in 1989. In 1988 automobile exports totaled 576,134 units, of which 480,119 units (83.3 percent) were sent to the United States. Throughout most of the late 1980s, much of the growth of South Korea's automobile industry was the result of a surge in exports; 1989 exports, however, declined 28.5 percent from 1988. This decline reflected sluggish car sales to the United States, especially at the less expensive end of the market, and labor strife at home. South Korea today has developed into one of the world's largest automobile producers. The Hyundai Kia Automotive Group is South Korea's largest automaker in terms of revenue, production units and worldwide presence.", "title": "Economy of South Korea" }, { "docid": "21260#144", "text": "Some South Korean companies launched joint ventures in areas like animation and computer software, and Chinese traders have done a booming business back and forth across the China–North Korea border. In a 2007 survey of 250 Chinese operations in North Korea, a majority reported paying bribes. Robert Suter, who headed the Seoul office of Swedish-Swiss power generation company ABB, says ABB was staking out a position in North Korea, \"It is the same as it was in China years ago. You had to be there and you had to build trust.\" A number of South Korean enterprises were mainly active in a specially developed industrial zone in Kaesong Industrial Region and Chinese enterprises were known to be involved in a variety of activities in trade and manufacturing in North Korea. European enterprises founded in 2005 the European Business Association (EBA), Pyongyang, a \"de facto\" chamber of commerce representing a number of European-invested joint ventures and other businesses. Ch'ongryŏn, the pro-North Korean General Association of Korean Residents in Japan, broadcast on their TV channel in 2008 a TV film in three parts featuring foreign investment and business in North Korea. This film was put on a YouTube channel called \"BusinessNK\" and could be watched together with a number of other videos on foreign joint ventures as well as other investment and business activities in North Korea.", "title": "Economy of North Korea" }, { "docid": "9177773#0", "text": "Samsung Heavy Industries (Korean: 삼성중공업) is one of the largest shipbuilders in the world and one of the \"Big Three\" shipbuilders of South Korea (including Hyundai and Daewoo). Goeje (in Gyeongsangnam-do) is one of the largest shipyards in the world, having 3 dry docks, and 5 floating docks. A core subsidiary of the Samsung Group, South Korea's largest conglomerate, SHI's main focus is on the engineering, procurement, construction, commissioning and the delivery of: transportation ships for the commercial industry, topsides modules, drilling and floating production units for the oil and gas sector, gantry cranes for fabrication yards, digital instrumentaton and control devices for ships, and other construction and engineering services.", "title": "Samsung Heavy Industries" }, { "docid": "1152215#1", "text": "The Southeastern Maritime Industrial Region, as mentioned above, is one of South Korea's chief industrial centers. Only the Capital Metropolitan Area, located around Seoul, is more advanced. This region began to grow as an international center for commerce and industrial power in the late 1970s, during which the South Korean government began to introduce national development plans to spur the South Korean industry. The results were shocking: within a decade, small fishing wharfs like Busan and Ulsan grew into densely populated cities with over two million people each. Meanwhile, industries like car manufacturing and shipbuilding, never heard of before in South Korea, progressed ahead with ferocious speed.", "title": "Southeastern Maritime Industrial Region" }, { "docid": "27022#24", "text": "Like other newly industrializing economies, South Korea experienced rapid growth of urban areas caused by the migration of large numbers of people from the countryside. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Seoul, by far the largest urban settlement, had a population of about 190,000 people. There was a striking contrast with Japan, where Edo (Tokyo) had as many as 1 million inhabitants and the urban population comprised as much as 10% to 15% of the total during the Tokugawa Period (1600–1868). During the closing years of the Choson Dynasty and the first years of Japanese colonial rule, the urban population of Korea was no more than 3% of the total. After 1930, when the Japanese began industrial development on the Korean Peninsula, particularly in the northern provinces adjacent to Manchuria, the urban portion of the population began to grow, reaching 11.6% for all of Korea in 1940.", "title": "Demographics of South Korea" }, { "docid": "30860914#1", "text": "While its initial operations were merely the assembling of parts imported from foreign companies, South Korea is today among the most advanced automobile-producing countries in the world. Annual domestic output first exceeded one million units in 1988. In the 1990s, the industry manufactured numerous in-house models, demonstrating not only its capabilities in terms of design, performance, and technology, but also signalling its coming of age.", "title": "Automotive industry in South Korea" } ]

[ { "docid": "38423055#2", "text": "In 2007, Bay directed, and produced the first film in the live action \"Transformers\" film series based on the toy line of the same name. It was a commercial success grossing over $709 million at the box office. He followed this by directing its sequel \"\" (2009). The film drew negative reception from critics but grossed over $836 million at the box office. The third instalment in the series \"\" (2011) became the first of his films to gross over $1 billion at the box office. Two years later Bay directed and produced crime comedy \"Pain & Gain\" (2013). In 2014, he directed, and produced a fourth Transformer film, \"\", which grossed over $1 billion at the box office, and was the highest-grossing film at the worldwide box office that year. Three years later, he directed the fifth entry in the \"Transformers\" film series, \"\" which received generally negative reviews from critics and was the lowest-grossing worldwide in the franchise's history.", "title": "Michael Bay filmography" }, { "docid": "807040#60", "text": "In the early-21st century live-action film trilogy directed by Michael Bay, Cybertron is depicted much in the same way as in the source material: the homeplanet of the Transformer race. As described in the first film, the AllSpark is the origin of life in Cybertron, and over millennia, its population grew and developed a global state, peaceful and just, remaining so for eons until the war for possession of the AllSpark broke out. The war was so devastating that it ravaged the planet until it was consumed by death, and the only way to restore Cybertron to its former glory was through the retrieval of the AllSpark, which is the premise from which the film series start and progress to its climax.", "title": "Cybertron" }, { "docid": "12143456#0", "text": "Transmorphers is a science fiction alien invasion film released direct-to-DVD on June 26, 2007. It was written and directed by Leigh Scott and produced by David Michael Latt and The Asylum, \"a studio whose work gets slightly more respect than the Girls Gone Wild series, and slightly less than backyard-wrestling DVDs\", according to Keith Phipps of AVClub. \"Transmorphers\" was developed as a mockbuster, intending to capitalize on Michael Bay's \"Transformers\". The film was followed by a 2009 prequel titled \"\".", "title": "Transmorphers" }, { "docid": "22783445#0", "text": "Transformers is a series of American science fiction action films based on the franchise of the same name which began in the 1980s. Michael Bay has directed the first five films: \"Transformers\" (2007), \"\" (2009), \"\" (2011), \"\" (2014) and \"\" (2017). A spin-off, \"Bumblebee\", directed by Travis Knight and produced by Bay, was released on December 21, 2018. The series has been distributed by Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks.", "title": "Transformers (film series)" } ]

[ { "docid": "76515#0", "text": "The Transformers: The Movie is a 1986 animated science fiction action adventure film based on the animated television series by the same name, which in turn is based on the toyline of the same name created by Hasbro. It was released in North America on August 8, 1986, and in the United Kingdom on December 12, 1986. The film was co-produced and directed by Nelson Shin, who also produced the original \"Transformers\" television series, and features the voices of Eric Idle, Judd Nelson, Leonard Nimoy, Casey Kasem, Robert Stack, Lionel Stander, John Moschitta, Jr., Peter Cullen and Frank Welker. It also marked the final roles for both Orson Welles, who died the year before its release, and Scatman Crothers, who died months after its release. The film's story takes place in 2005, 20 years after the events of the TV series' second season, and serves to bridge into the third season.", "title": "The Transformers: The Movie" }, { "docid": "2236472#10", "text": "Steven Spielberg, a fan of the comics and toys, signed on as executive producer in 2004. John Rogers wrote the first draft, which pitted four Autobots against four Decepticons, and featured the Ark spaceship. Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman, fans of the cartoon, were hired to rewrite the script in February 2005. Spielberg suggested that \"a boy and his car\" should be the focus. This appealed to Orci and Kurtzman because it conveyed themes of adulthood and responsibility, \"the things that a car represents in the United States\". The characters of Sam and Mikaela were the sole point of view given in Orci and Kurtzman's first draft. The Transformers had no dialogue, as the producers feared talking robots would look ridiculous. The writers felt that even if it would look silly, not having the robots speak would betray the fanbase. The first draft also had a battle scene in the Grand Canyon. Spielberg read each of Orci and Kurtzman's drafts and gave notes for improvement. The writers remained involved throughout production, adding additional dialogue for the robots during the sound mixing (although none of this was kept in the final film, which ran fifteen minutes shorter than the initial edit). Furman's \"The Ultimate Guide\", published by Dorling Kindersley, remained as a resource to the writers throughout production. \"Prime Directive\" was used as a fake working title. This was also the name of Dreamwave Productions' first .", "title": "Transformers (film)" }, { "docid": "27931166#7", "text": "• Executive Produced “BIG BLUE RIVER” a made-for- television documentary film. This was the first ever paddleboard film made which was directed by his wife Leslie (“Leslie Rules”) Windram O’Shaughnessy. A classic tale of the first Cuba to USA adventure, capturing the sport as it was transforming from the underground to the mainstream. \n• In 2001, an O’Shaughnessy-lead team went back to conquer the BIG BLUE RIVER, paddling 112 miles in relay, escorted by Hawaiian Tropic's 80-foot sailing yacht “The Princess Sterling.” That team consisted of all-Florida paddlers; Rob Delaune and Craig Snell of Key West and Jim McCrady of Fort Lauderdale. At that time, this was considered the longest relay of its kind in the sport of paddle boarding. Time on this paddle was 20 hours and 2 minutes.", "title": "Thomas Michael O'Shaughnessy Jr." }, { "docid": "8425973#0", "text": "Slipstream is a 1989 science fiction film directed by Steven Lisberger, who had previously directed the cult classic 1982 science fiction film \"Tron\". It was produced by Gary Kurtz, best known for his collaboration with George Lucas on the first two \"Star Wars\" films and \"American Graffiti\". \"Slipstream\" reunited Kurtz with his \"Star Wars\" lead Mark Hamill, who features alongside Bill Paxton, Bob Peck and Kitty Aldridge, with cameo appearances from Robbie Coltrane, Ben Kingsley and F. Murray Abraham.", "title": "Slipstream (1989 film)" }, { "docid": "19477084#6", "text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai", "title": "Tensta Konsthall" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "49417954#0", "text": "Bumblebee is a 2018 American science fiction action film centered on the \"Transformers\" character of the same name. It is the sixth installment of the live-action \"Transformers\" film series and a prequel to 2007's \"Transformers\". Directed by Travis Knight and written by Christina Hodson, the film stars Hailee Steinfeld, John Cena, Jorge Lendeborg Jr., John Ortiz, Jason Drucker, and Pamela Adlon, with Dylan O'Brien, Angela Bassett, Justin Theroux, and Peter Cullen in voice roles. It is the first live-action \"Transformers\" film not to be directed by Michael Bay, though he still produced, and Travis Knight's first live-action film. Principal photography on the film began on July 31, 2017, in Los Angeles and San Francisco, California.", "title": "Bumblebee (film)" }, { "docid": "22783445#19", "text": "\"Bumblebee\" is a 2018 American science fiction film centered on the \"Transformers\" character of the same name. It is a spin-off of the live-action \"Transformers\" film series, and a prequel to 2007's \"Transformers\". The film is directed by Travis Knight and written by Christina Hodson, and stars Hailee Steinfeld, John Cena, Jorge Lendeborg Jr., John Ortiz, Jason Drucker, and Pamela Adlon, with Dylan O'Brien as the voice of Bumblebee.", "title": "Transformers (film series)" } ]

[ { "docid": "253129#21", "text": "An important tenet of the modern state of Republic of Korea is that the Korean Empire's incorporation into the Empire of Japan from 1910 to 1945 constituted an illegal occupation. In 1919 when the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was formed it claimed continuity directly from their pre-1910 status. In 1948 when the modern Republic of Korea was formed it claimed that it was identical with Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea and that the Provisional Government succeeded the Korean Empire.", "title": "Succession of states" }, { "docid": "2198844#78", "text": "The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was established on April 13, 1919. During the time when the Provisional Government was created, Korea was under Japanese rule. The Provisional Government had governmental tasks and created important organizations for their independence movement, such as the Korean Liberation Army (KLA) on September 17, 1940. The Provisional Government also declared war against the Empire of Japan on December 10, 1941. The Provisional Government is also the first democratic government of Korea.", "title": "Allies of World War II" }, { "docid": "199078#7", "text": "The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (대한민국 임시정부) was established in Shanghai on 11 April 1919 as a result of the first meeting of the Provisional Assembly from the previous night (10 April 1919). Syngman Rhee was elected as the Chancellor (국무총리). The Government was amalgamated with the Governments proclaimed in Seoul and Vladivostok on 11 September 1919 to form the unified Provisional Government.", "title": "List of Presidents of South Korea" }, { "docid": "44505774#2", "text": "He ran for a representative of the national assembly and was elected in 1950. In the same year when the Korean war broke out, he was abducted and taken to North Korea.\nJo So-ang served roles in the national government, the political structure of the Provisional Government, and in public relations. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was established on April 13, 1919, following the March 1st movement. The interim government resisted Japan’s colonial rule of Korea and supported the Korean independence movement. In the midst of dividing political alliances, Jo So-ang remained loyal to the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea and was elected as their secretary and diplomatic correspondent. Making him in charge of the interim government’s remittances, propaganda, and public relations work. In May 1919, Jo traveled to Europe in order to attend the International Socialist Conference to appeal international support and recognition for South Korea's independence movement. In March 1921, after attending the Communist Party Congress in Moscow, Russia, he returned to Beijing with critical views on communism. Jo would incorporate his views and experience with communism when writing his political theories and teachings.", "title": "Jo So-ang" }, { "docid": "44505774#1", "text": "He participated in drawing up a draft of the proclamation of the independence of Korea in 1918 while he was studying in Japan, and after 1919, worked for the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea as the secretary of the provisional government and head of the Korean Independence Party. He also organized the society of policies on current affairs with Kim Gu and Yeo Unhyeong, contributing to establish the theories on diplomacy of the provisional government. In the political scene of liberated Korea, he was one of the right politicians, who stuck to the legitimacy of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. In 1948, he visited Pyongyang to attend the joint conference of leaders of parties and social groups in the entire nation with Kim Gu and Kim Gyusik, which was turned out to be a failure. He abandoned his direction for North-South Korea's cooperation, leading to one-sided establishment of Republic of Korea in favor.", "title": "Jo So-ang" }, { "docid": "48605#92", "text": "The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was established in Shanghai, China, in the aftermath of the March 1 Movement, which coordinated the Liberation effort and resistance against Japanese control. Some of the achievements of the Provisional Government include the Battle of Chingshanli of 1920 and the ambush of Japanese Military Leadership in China in 1932. The Provisional Government is considered to be the \"de jure\" government of the Korean people between 1919 and 1948. Its legitimacy is enshrined in the preamble to the constitution of the Republic of Korea.", "title": "History of Korea" }, { "docid": "199078#9", "text": "Three of the Governments proclaimed in 1919 continued to be active in the months after the March 1st Movement; the Governments proclaimed in Seoul, Shanghai and Vladivostok. After a period of negotiations, members of these three governments agreed to form the unified Provisional Government in Shanghai, with succession of the legitimacy of the Seoul Government and bringing the members of the Vladivostok legislature into the Shanghai legislature. The unified Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was established on 11 September 1919 with a new constitution.", "title": "List of Presidents of South Korea" }, { "docid": "199078#1", "text": "Prior to the establishment of the First Republic in 1948, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea established in Shanghai in September 1919 as the continuation of several governments proclaimed in the aftermath of March 1st Movement earlier that year coordinated Korean people's resistance against Japan during the Japanese occupation of Korea. The legitimacy of the Provisional Government has been recognised and succeeded by South Korea in the latter's original Constitution of 1948 and the current Constitution of 1988. Nine people have served twenty-four terms as Heads of State (with varying titles) of the Provisional Government between September 1919 and August 1948.", "title": "List of Presidents of South Korea" }, { "docid": "341418#57", "text": "Objection to Japanese rule over Korea continued, and the 1 March Movement was a catalyst for the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea by Korean émigrés in Shanghai on 13 April 1919. The modern South Korean government considers this Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea the \"de jure\" representation of the Korean people throughout the period of Japanese rule.", "title": "Korea under Japanese rule" }, { "docid": "2033707#1", "text": "On April 11, 1919, the provisional constitution was enacted, and the national sovereignty was called \"Republic of Korea\" and the political system was called \"Democratic Republic\". Introduced the presidential system and established three separate systems of legislative, administrative and judicial separation, the KPG inherited the territory of the former Korean Empire and stated that he favored the former imperial court. It actively supported and supported the independence movement under the provisional government, and received economic and military support from the Kuomintang of China, the Soviet Union and France.", "title": "Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea" } ]

[ { "docid": "2033707#2", "text": "After the Surrender of Japan on August 15, 1945, figures such as Kim Gu returned. On August 15, 1948, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was dissolved. Rhee, who was the first president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, became the first President of the Republic of Korea in 1948. The Constitution of South Korea, which was amended in 1987, stated that the Korean people inherited the rule of the KPG.", "title": "Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea" } ]

[ { "docid": "20455#31", "text": "In the 1996–97 season, the Bulls started out 69–11, but missed out on a second consecutive 70-win season by losing their final two games to finish 69–13. However, this year Jordan was beaten for the NBA MVP Award by Karl Malone. The Bulls again advanced to the Finals, where they faced Malone and the Utah Jazz. The series against the Jazz featured two of the more memorable clutch moments of Jordan's career. He won Game 1 for the Bulls with a buzzer-beating jump shot. In Game 5, with the series tied at 2, Jordan played despite being feverish and dehydrated from a stomach virus. In what is known as the \"Flu Game\", Jordan scored 38 points, including the game-deciding 3-pointer with 25 seconds remaining. The Bulls won 90–88 and went on to win the series in six games. For the fifth time in as many Finals appearances, Jordan received the Finals MVP award. During the 1997 NBA All-Star Game, Jordan posted the first triple double in All-Star Game history in a victorious effort; however, he did not receive the MVP award.", "title": "Michael Jordan" }, { "docid": "20455#33", "text": "The Bulls returned to the Delta Center for Game 6 on June 14, 1998, leading the series 3–2. Jordan executed a series of plays, considered to be one of the greatest clutch performances in NBA Finals history. With the Bulls trailing 86–83 with 41.9 seconds remaining in the fourth quarter, Phil Jackson called a timeout. When play resumed, Jordan received the inbound pass, drove to the basket, and hit a shot over several Jazz defenders, cutting the Utah lead to 86–85. The Jazz brought the ball upcourt and passed the ball to forward Karl Malone, who was set up in the low post and was being guarded by Rodman. Malone jostled with Rodman and caught the pass, but Jordan cut behind him and took the ball out of his hands for a steal. Jordan then dribbled down the court and paused, eyeing his defender, Jazz guard Bryon Russell. With 10 seconds remaining, Jordan started to dribble right, then crossed over to his left, possibly pushing off Russell, although the officials did not call a foul. With 5.2 seconds left, Jordan gave Chicago an 87–86 lead with a game-winning jumper, the climactic shot of his Bulls career. Afterwards, John Stockton missed a game-winning three-pointer. Jordan and the Bulls won their sixth NBA championship and second three-peat. Once again, Jordan was voted the Finals MVP, having led all scorers averaging 33.5 points per game, including 45 in the deciding Game 6. Jordan's six Finals MVPs is a record; Shaquille O'Neal, Magic Johnson, LeBron James and Tim Duncan are tied for second place with three apiece. The 1998 Finals holds the highest television rating of any Finals series in history. Game 6 also holds the highest television rating of any game in NBA history.", "title": "Michael Jordan" }, { "docid": "22262152#0", "text": "Game 6 of the 1998 NBA Finals was a professional basketball game that was played on June 14, 1998 between the visiting Chicago Bulls and the Utah Jazz at the Delta Center, now known as Vivint Smart Home Arena, in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Bulls won 87–86, winning their sixth NBA championship in eight years. Game 6 was the final game with the Bulls for Michael Jordan and coach Phil Jackson (both would retire from the National Basketball Association (NBA), then eventually return). This game earned, and still holds, the highest TV ratings of an NBA game of all time. Michael Jordan hit a jump shot with 5.2 seconds left in the game to give the Bulls an 87–86 lead. Chicago then held on to win after John Stockton missed a 3-point field goal.", "title": "Game 6 of the 1998 NBA Finals" } ]

[ { "docid": "13523623#7", "text": "The early Jazz series-lead seemed like a distant memory, a false indication of a tough series as they hit the floor for Game 5 behind 3-1. Chicago fans prepared for the last game they would host with the Jordan-led Bulls of the 1990s. But any notions of a championship at the United Center would be snuffed out when Michael Jordan airballed an off-balance 3 to the right of the basket giving the Jazz a narrow 83-81 win. The play might have been for Toni Kukoč to shoot a three. With the series shifting back to Utah with a far more generous 3-2 Bulls advantage, the promise of another Chicago championship was not so certain.", "title": "1997–98 Chicago Bulls season" }, { "docid": "22262152#10", "text": "Michael Jordan's game-winner to put the Bulls up 87–86 with 5.2 seconds left is remembered as one of the greatest plays in NBA history. In 2010, John Hollinger of ESPN ranked Jordan's last shot as a Bulls player fourth among 50 best single-game performances. The shot was recreated for the 2006 television ad \"Second Generation\".", "title": "Game 6 of the 1998 NBA Finals" }, { "docid": "23353937#1", "text": "The opening titles of the film shows footage of Jordan preparing for a game with the Chicago Bulls. The film is mostly based on the life of Michael Jordan from his childhood until when he grew up to be an NBA player. It also highlights the moments of when Michael played baseball as both a child and his short-lived minor league baseball career as well as his knack of golfing. The film ends with Michael in an empty arena after a game and he shoots a basket while flashbacks of his childhood when his father taught him how to shoot appear. The closing titles mentions that Jordan retired from basketball for good on January 13, 1999. However, in real life, he made a short-lived comeback in 2001 when he played for the Washington Wizards until 2003 when he retired again.", "title": "Michael Jordan: An American Hero" }, { "docid": "3177080#21", "text": "The Bulls got off to a good start in Game 6 but struggled in the fourth quarter, squandering a double-digit lead to trail 98–94. Michael Jordan made a layup to cut the lead to 2 points, and Dan Majerle's 30-foot three-pointer fell short on the Suns' next possession. Trailing 98–96 and facing a Game 7 on the road if they lost that day, Chicago ran a play that Phil Jackson called \"Blind Pig\" that had them increasing the play's \"thrust\" by bringing the ball from 3/4 back of the basket. Although Westphal's sole instruction on the play was for none of the players to double-team any of the Bulls (even Michael Jordan), Danny Ainge left John Paxson to try and either steal the ball or foul Horace Grant, who had missed all five of his shot attempts in the game and wasn't a good crunch-time free throw shooter. Grant saw Paxson alone 25 feet from the basket and fired a perfect pass, and Paxson then made a three pointer with 3.9 seconds left, giving the Bulls a 99–98 lead. Paxson's three-point field goal was the only score by any Bulls player other than Michael Jordan in the entire fourth quarter. The victory was secured by a last-second block from Grant on Kevin Johnson.", "title": "1993 NBA Finals" }, { "docid": "13523154#11", "text": "Game 5, often referred to as \"The Flu Game\", was one of Michael Jordan's most memorable. Just 24 hours earlier, on June 10, 1997, Michael Jordan woke up nauseated and sweating profusely. He hardly had the strength to sit up in bed and was diagnosed with a stomach virus or food poisoning. The Bulls trainers told Jordan that there was no way he could play in the game. The Jazz had just won two in a row to tie the series, and Chicago needed their leader in this critical swing game. Against all odds, Jordan rose from bed at 3:00 p.m., just in time for the 6:00 tip-off at the Delta Center.", "title": "1996–97 Chicago Bulls season" }, { "docid": "13523154#16", "text": "Michael Jordan was not fully recovered from the flu, but was feeling much better and led the Bulls with 39 points. In the third quarter Michael Jordan dunked after a steal, bringing the crowd to its feet. The Bulls trailed by 9 points early in the fourth quarter but went on a 10-0 run to take their first lead since the opening minutes when Steve Kerr hit a 3-pointer, but the Jazz would regain the lead. In the final minutes, Jordan's fadeaway on the baseline put the Bulls up by 3, before Bryon Russell hit a three-pointer to tie the game at 86-86. The two teams would fail to score on their next possessions. With 28 seconds left after Shandon Anderson missed a reverse layup, the Jazz expected Jordan to take the final shot. Instead, Jordan passed off to Steve Kerr, who hit a shot with 5 seconds left to send the United Center crowd into a frenzy. The Jazz looked for one final shot to stay alive, but Scottie Pippen made a massive defensive play as he knocked away Bryon Russell's inbound pass intended for Shandon Anderson and was able to pass the ball over to Toni Kukoč, who dunked the final 2 points of the game to bring the Finals to an end. Afterwards, Jordan was named the NBA Finals MVP.", "title": "1996–97 Chicago Bulls season" }, { "docid": "20455#27", "text": "Although he had not played an NBA game in a year and a half, Jordan played well upon his return, making a game-winning jump shot against Atlanta in his fourth game back. He then scored 55 points in the next game against the Knicks at Madison Square Garden on March 28, 1995. Boosted by Jordan's comeback, the Bulls went 13–4 to make the playoffs and advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals against the Orlando Magic. At the end of Game 1, Orlando's Nick Anderson stripped Jordan from behind, leading to the game-winning basket for the Magic; he would later comment that Jordan \"didn't look like the old Michael Jordan\" and that \"No. 45 doesn't explode like No. 23 used to.\"", "title": "Michael Jordan" }, { "docid": "18206835#5", "text": "(1) Utah Jazz vs. (3) Los Angeles Lakers\nLast Playoff Meeting: 1997 Western Conference Semifinals (Utah won 4-1)\nWith home-court advantage, the Jazz were favored by many to end the Bulls' dynasty, as they took Game 1 at the Delta Center. However, the Bulls rallied to take Game 2 and jumped out to a 3–1 lead by taking the first two games in Chicago. Facing elimination, the Jazz edged the Bulls by two points to send the series back to Utah. In Game 6, the Jazz had a late lead, but Michael Jordan, playing in his final game with the Bulls, led the Bulls to an 87–86 win, hitting the game-winning shot with 5.2 seconds left.\n\"Legend: OT denotes a game decided in overtime\"", "title": "1997–98 Utah Jazz season" } ]

[ { "docid": "239050#0", "text": "A project manager is a professional in the field of project management. Project managers have the responsibility of the planning, procurement and execution of a project, in any undertaking that has a defined scope, defined start and a defined finish; regardless of industry. Project managers are first point of contact for any issues or discrepancies arising from within the heads of various departments in an organization before the problem escalates to higher authorities. Project management is the responsibility of a project manager. This individual seldom participates directly in the activities that produce the end result, but rather strives to maintain the progress, mutual interaction and tasks of various parties in such a way that reduces the risk of overall failure, maximizes benefits, and minimizes costs.", "title": "Project manager" } ]

[ { "docid": "282626#7", "text": "According to the view that programs deliver outcomes but projects deliver outputs, program management is concerned with doing the right projects. The program manager has been described as 'playing chess' and keeping the overview in mind, with the pieces to be used or sacrificed being the projects. In contrast, project management is about doing projects right. And also according to this view, successful projects deliver on time, to budget and to specification, whereas successful programs deliver long term improvements to an organization. Improvements are usually identified through benefits. An organization should select the group of programs that most take it towards its strategic aims while remaining within its capacity to deliver the changes. On the other hand, the view that programs are simply large projects or a set of projects allows that a program may need to deliver tangible benefits quickly.", "title": "Program management" }, { "docid": "1077741#2", "text": "The project architect can also assume the role of the project manager (PM) in a small studio, but typically, the project architect is only responsible for the design management of a building project, assisted by interns and other staff. A project architect is required to be registered as an architect in the state in which they are performing the role. Intern architects may perform the role under the supervision of a registered architect but may not sign or seal legal documents. The project architect may, but does not often, sign contracts, or seal construction documents or payment applications, which are most often legally signed and sealed by a state registered owner or partner of the architectural office. This liability is covered by the firm, and the legal responsibility for any architectural design errors and omissions ultimately falls on the registered architect, the owner or partner in an architectural firm who signs the documents.", "title": "Project architect" }, { "docid": "11978909#0", "text": "A program designer is the person responsible for the overall design of an internet or interactive project. Relying on a broad base of visual, media and computing skills, the program designer shapes the project's look and functionality from initial stages to completed project. Unlike the project manager, who has broad budget and scheduling responsibility, the program designer oversees the artistic and functional direction, and therefore relays plans and specifications to the visual designers, interface designers, developers and project manager in order to construct the program. Similar to an information architect, the program designer does not necessarily dwell in the domain of information per se, but also may venture into instructional design, application design, and the overall design direction of those types of projects.", "title": "Program designer" }, { "docid": "11247268#8", "text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"", "title": "Brickell World Plaza" }, { "docid": "52251534#0", "text": "Old Appleton Bridge is a historic Pratt Truss Iron Bridge located at Old Appleton, Cape Girardeau County and Perry County, Missouri. It was built in 1879, and consists of a wrought iron, pin-connected, Pratt through truss main span, with two pin-connected, three panel Pratt pony-truss approach spans. It rests on limestone block masonry piers. The total length of the bridge is .", "title": "Old Appleton Bridge" }, { "docid": "27317123#11", "text": "Ferguson wrote that it is not enough to note development's failures; even the project managers initially recognized it as a failure. If that was all Ferguson had done, his book would not have had the influence it did. Asking if development is a failure is asking the wrong question; it ignores the \"instrument effects\" of what the projects DO do. In other words, we should ask what NON-economic functions does development serve? His answer:", "title": "The Anti-Politics Machine" }, { "docid": "33148906#18", "text": "Ferguson writes that it is not enough to note development's failures; even the project managers initially recognized it as a failure. If that was all Ferguson had done, his book would not have had the influence it did. Asking if development is a failure is asking the wrong question; it ignores the “instrument effects” of what the projects DO do. In other words, we should ask what NON-economic functions does development serve? His answer:", "title": "Anthropology of development" }, { "docid": "19477084#6", "text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai", "title": "Tensta Konsthall" }, { "docid": "31427966#0", "text": "In the construction industry, site managers, often referred to as construction managers, site agents or building managers, are responsible for the day-to-day on site running of a construction project. Site managers are required to keep within the timescale and budget of a project, and manage any delays or problems encountered on-site during a construction project. Also involved in the role is the managing of quality control, health and safety checks and the inspection of work carried out. Many site managers will be involved before site activity takes place, and are responsible for managing communications between all parties involved in the on-site development of the project. Site managers are often required to deal with inquiries and communication with the public. Typically a site manager is employed by a construction company, contractor or civil engineering firm but they are often employed by local authorities to oversee the refurbishment of council owned properties.", "title": "Site manager" }, { "docid": "43571244#13", "text": "– Expert Council on project management\n– Expert Council on communications systems\n– Expert Council on price formation in the construction\n– Expert Council on investments\n– Expert Council on the development of relations with China and other countries of the East\n– Expert Council on innovations\n– Expert Council on PPP projects’ management\n– Expert Council on payment systems", "title": "Corporate and Project Management Research Institute" } ]

[ { "docid": "9244158#11", "text": "The red-eared firetail is a seed eating estrildid, discreet and unusually solitary for an Australian grass finch species. This species often remains unobserved in dense vegetation while foraging in the lower storey. Their presence is revealed by distinctive calls and the bird is most frequently seen when perched high on the limb of a tree such as marri. The individuals form mated pairs rather than grouping. Their individual range is an area around one to two hundred metres across and they may join others while feeding where their territories overlap. Earnest defence of sites only occurs close to the nest, so boundaries between pairs may intersect without incident. Fledglings are eventually fought and driven from the nest site.", "title": "Red-eared firetail" } ]

[ { "docid": "9244158#0", "text": "The red-eared firetail (\"Stagonopleura oculata\"), also known as the boorin, is a small finch-like species of bird. It occurs in dense wetland vegetation of coastal to sub-coastal regions in Southwest Australia. Its appearance is considered appealing, with white spots, black barring and vivid crimson marks at the ear and upper tail. Red-eared firetails are usually only glimpsed briefly, if at all, as they move rapidly and discreetly through their habitat. Most observations occur when their soft voice is heard, or in flight when flushed from the dense scrub. Males and females are similar in colouring and bond as lifelong pairs that occupy a territory centred on their roosting and brooding nest site. The species occupy a similar ecological niche to the beautiful firetail \"Stagonopleura bella\" found in the east of Australia, although unlike other species of the genus they only occasionally group together and are almost never seen in large flocks.", "title": "Red-eared firetail" }, { "docid": "16434762#6", "text": "This subspecies eats geckos, house mice, birds, and marsupials, including the Tammar wallaby.\nThe young of brooding red-eared firetails, \"Stagonopleura oculata\", were taken from a nest being observed.", "title": "Morelia spilota imbricata" }, { "docid": "9244158#28", "text": "Specimens in captivity will eat green leaf matter, supported by an observation of probable feeding on clover leaves in a maintained lawn at Mundaring Reservoir. Captives have also been found to favour seed of \"Lepidosperma gladiatum\", ripened or not, twisting open the tough casing with a motion of their head. The species is attracted to the seed available in aviaries of parrots, bird feeders in suburban gardens, and managed parkland. It will visit these areas usually singularly or in pairs and sometimes with other bird species.", "title": "Red-eared firetail" }, { "docid": "9244158#1", "text": "The red-eared firetail is rare in captivity, being neither recommended nor generally permitted, as they require expertise and a large specialised environment to maintain their secretive habits; however, the observations in avicultural literature have supported and contributed to knowledge of its behaviour. Despite their shyness toward other birds and people, they are known to be less so when venturing out to bird feeders. The species is not easily confused with other birds in its native habitat, excepting perhaps the red-browed finch (\"Neochmia temporalis\") that has escaped captivity and bred in the region.", "title": "Red-eared firetail" }, { "docid": "9244158#39", "text": "The red-eared firetail is regarded as an attractive but difficult bird in aviculture: they are rare and expensive, require permits that are restricted to specific research purposes, and remain mostly hidden in large and elaborate aviaries that simulate their habitat. There is no record of the species being held in an aviary before 1938, Cayley noted that absence from the literature in 1932. The first record of captives was published in the British \"Avicultural Magazine\". The author, H. V. Highman of Perth, contracted a collector, who travelled two hundred kilometres, to trap and supply him with around twenty five birds. Highman maintained his personal collection of three pairs in a large aviary, measuring six by twenty four by twenty one metres, with living plants and several other bird species, including the beautiful firetail. A single specimen was sent to noted aviculturalist Simon Harvey in South Australia, though it did not survive long after. Highman reports that eight pairs were sent to Germany in 1933.", "title": "Red-eared firetail" }, { "docid": "9244158#26", "text": "Observations of the species are usually made when it is disturbed and the individual will fly to a high perch and call briefly before relocating to another part of its territory. The behaviour of the red-eared firetail in captivity is also reported by aviculturalists as mostly secretive and the birds will become anxious in response to strangers. Birds in captivity will tolerate and watch a familiar person and they will eventually resume their movement about the cage. The individuals exhibit a tapping habit when closely observed, using their bill to strike twice or wipe across each branch it lands upon. The species is most active in the early morning, in movement and vocalisation, and curious about any novelty in their aviary. Adults and young use their aviary's roosting nest at night. They are seen bathing themselves in water for extended periods, becoming completely immersed at times.", "title": "Red-eared firetail" }, { "docid": "9244158#24", "text": "The first study of the species in the field was by John Gilbert, whose notes were printed verbatim in Gould's handbook (1865) and cited by North (1914) and others; the accuracy of his reports has been verified in subsequent research.\nAn important source of information on the species resulted from a 1960 study undertaken by Klaus Immelmann at Wungong Gorge, a broad depression around permanent water with dense scrub interspersed with marri, where he observed the red-eared firetail's feeding and breeding habits. Knowledge of their behaviour in the field is also supported by the published observations of specialist breeders.", "title": "Red-eared firetail" }, { "docid": "9244158#13", "text": "The red-eared firetail is an endemic species of the south-western corner of Australia. The species is uncommon to scarce within its range, although it may be locally common in undisturbed locations, which is typically heavy forests and dense heaths around gullies, rivers, and swamps. The population density increases toward coastal areas of its range, especially at the south. The distribution range along the southern coast extends past Esperance to the east. From the southern coast the species occurs as far north as Cape Naturaliste, Bridgetown, Lake Muir, the Stirling Range, Gairdner River (Calyerup) and the Ravensthorpe Range, and is present off the coast at Bald and Coffin Islands near the city of Albany., The eastern extent of the population at the Esperance Plains region occurs at Cape Arid National Park, and at offshore outcrops of the Recherche Archipelago, such as Middle and Woody islands. Records are more scarce north of Wungong Brook in the Darling and Stirling ranges, and there is decreasing population density toward inland regions of Fitzgerald River National Park and Ravensthorpe Range. The firetail is rare in the wheat belt and almost non-existent in the Swan Coastal Plain.", "title": "Red-eared firetail" }, { "docid": "9244158#25", "text": "Immelmann remarked that the species' ability to negotiate the dense vegetation of its habitat was more adept than that of other Australian grassfinches. They move along branches by pivoting from \"side to side in small hops in an arc-like pattern.\" Downward, the red-eared firetail moves quickly and acrobatically through the thick foliage.", "title": "Red-eared firetail" } ]

[ { "docid": "29831#1", "text": "Television became available in crude experimental forms in the late 1920s, but it would still be several years before the new technology would be marketed to consumers. After World War II, an improved form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses, and institutions. During the 1950s, television was the primary medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US and most other developed countries. The availability of multiple types of archival storage media such as Betamax, VHS tape, local disks, DVDs, flash drives, high-definition Blu-ray Discs, and cloud digital video recorders has enabled viewers to watch pre-recorded material—such as movies—at home on their own time schedule. For many reasons, especially the convenience of remote retrieval, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity. Another development was the move from standard-definition television (SDTV) (576i, with 576 interlaced lines of resolution and 480i) to high-definition television (HDTV), which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats: 1080p, 1080i and 720p. Since 2010, with the invention of smart television, Internet television has increased the availability of television programs and movies via the Internet through streaming video services such as Netflix, Amazon Video, iPlayer, Hulu, Roku and Chromecast.", "title": "Television" } ]

[ { "docid": "15894372#1", "text": "The first broadcasts in Brazil were for the 1950 World Cup, which the country hosted. Television was formally introduced on September 18 in that same year, with the launch of the now-defunct TV Tupi in São Paulo by media mogul Assis Chateaubriand. It was the first Lusophone or Portuguese-speaking country to introduce television, even before the home country of Portugal with RTP (1955). It was also the fifth nation in the world to have a television station with daily broadcasts, behind the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and Mexico. The first image to appear in TV Tupi was that of five-year-old Sônia Maria Dorce, who, dressed up as a Native Brazilian, said: \"Good evening. You are in the open TV channel of Brazil\". The symbol of Tupi was that of a Native Brazilian kid.", "title": "Television in Brazil" }, { "docid": "10379156#3", "text": "The home shopping/electronic retailing industry was created in 1977, when small market talk radio show host Bob Circosta was asked to sell avocado-green-colored can openers live on the air by station owner Bud Paxson, when an advertiser traded 112 units of product instead of paying his advertising bill. Hesitant at first, Circosta reluctantly obliged – and to both men's great surprise, all 112 can openers sold out within the hour. Paxson sensed the vast sales potential of home-based commerce, and founded the world's first shopping channel on cable television, later launching nationwide with the Home Shopping Network (rebranded as HSN). Bob Circosta was America's first ever TV home shopping host,becoming one of the most instantly recognizable salesmen in the United States. Over the next three decades, Circosta sold over 75,000 different products on HSN, netted over 20,000 hours of live, on-air TV selling, and achieved personal product sales in excess of one billion dollars. (The story is disputed; there is some record of Paxson having unsuccessfully tried a similar format in 1969 on one of his earlier TV stations, WNYP in Jamestown, New York.)", "title": "Home shopping" }, { "docid": "162469#4", "text": "In March 1979, the government set up the Ethnic Television Review Panel, which recommended that SBS expand into television. SBS TV began test transmissions in April 1979 when it showed various foreign language programs on ABV-2 Melbourne and ABN-2 Sydney on Sunday mornings. Full-time transmission began at 6:30 pm on 24 October 1980 (United Nations Day), as Channel 0/28. The first program shown was a documentary entitled \"Who Are We?\", which was hosted by veteran news presenter Peter Luck. At the time, SBS was broadcasting on UHF Channel 28 and VHF Channel 0 (pronounced as \"oh\" and not \"zero\"), with a planned discontinuation of the latter at some time in the future. Bruce Gyngell, who introduced television to Australia in 1956, was given the task of introducing the first batch of programs on the new station.", "title": "Special Broadcasting Service" }, { "docid": "6983820#0", "text": "Hometime was a PBS home improvement television show produced by Hometime Video Publishing of Chaska, Minnesota, in association with WHYY-TV/Wilmington-Philadelphia, and broadcast on public television and in syndication. It first aired on PBS on November 1, 1986. In 1992, \"Hometime\" began airing on TLC (The Learning Channel). When \"Hometime\" aired on TLC, Dean Johnson would say \"\"Hometime\" will be right back\", this was used when the show goes into commercial breaks. When the show comes out of commercial breaks, Dean Johnson would say \"And now, back to \"Hometime\"\". The show came to an end on January 30, 2016, and is no longer airing, although episodes of \"Hometime\" continued to air in syndication, but the syndicated version ended after 16 seasons.", "title": "Hometime (U.S. TV series)" }, { "docid": "11247268#8", "text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"", "title": "Brickell World Plaza" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "4642635#36", "text": "When television broadcasts in the UK were resumed after a break due to the Second World War, it was decided to introduce a television licence fee in order to fund the service. When first introduced on 1 June 1946, the licence covering the monochrome-only single-channel BBC television service cost £2 (equivalent to £ as of ). The licence was originally issued by the General Post Office (GPO), which was then the regulator of public communications within the UK. The GPO also issued licences for home radio receivers powered by mains electricity and was mandated by laws beginning with the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1904, to administer the licensing system. Households which bought a TV licence did not need to hold a separate radio licence as the TV licence covered both TV and radio reception.", "title": "Television licensing in the United Kingdom" }, { "docid": "2091113#8", "text": "On April 8, 1954, channel 4 became one of the first American television stations not owned by a network to produce and transmit local programs in color, beginning with a five-minute telecast hosted that evening by E.K. Gaylord; it also carried select NBC network programs in the format, with children's program \"The Paul Winchell Show\" was the station's first network color telecast. (Before the FCC had approved a color transmission standard, Gaylord had ordered color broadcasting equipment being developed by RCA – which included two RCA TK40 color cameras – in September 1949.) The cooking show \"Cook's Book\" became the first regular program to broadcast in color from the WKY studios and first in the state to do so, while dance program \"Sooner Shindig\" became the first live color program in the country to originate from the studios of a network-affiliated station. When NBC became the first network to commence color telecasts on May 1, WKY-TV provided color feeds of the Anadarko Indian Festival to the network for broadcast on \"Today\" and \"Home\". Local variety series \"The Hank Thompson Show\" also became the first color broadcast of a variety program. In 1955, WKY-TV became the first network affiliate to feed a full-length color program to a television network, transmitting coverage of a square dance convention in downtown Oklahoma City to NBC; it also transmitted closed-circuit images of a surgical procedure in color (WKY-TV had become the first Oklahoma television station to air a surgical procedure via closed circuit telecast four years earlier in February 1950).", "title": "KFOR-TV" }, { "docid": "258695#3", "text": "Ŭ represents a semivowel in the orthography of Esperanto, which is an international auxiliary language publicly presented in 1887. As in Belarusian, Esperanto Ŭ is pronounced as a non-syllabic , primarily in the diphthongs \"aŭ\", \"eŭ\" and rarely \"oŭ\".", "title": "Ŭ" }, { "docid": "26165493#16", "text": "• 1983 – First meetings, first intervention letter. CIFC is founded in Toronto.\n• 1985 – First newsletter is sent - by fax. It eventually becomes POV Magazine.\n• 1988 – Montreal chapter (later to be known as Quebec chapter) is formed.\n• 1991 – A National Executive is formed - John Walker, President.\n• 1991 – First edition of POV Magazine, edited by Wyndham Wise – Geoff Bowie, first Publisher.\n• 1994 – The first edition of Hot Docs is held- Paul Jay was Chair of CIFC and Founding Chair of Hot Docs!\n• 1995 – Atlantic chapter is formed.\n• 1996 – BC chapter is formed.\n• 1997 – Hot Docs incorporates as a separate charitable organization.\n• 1998 – First coast-to-coast National Executive elected - Gary Marcuse, Chair.\n• 2003 – The CIFC changes its name to DOC.\n• 2006 – Ottawa chapter is formed.\n• 2006 – Newfoundland chapter is formed.\n• 2007 – Winnipeg chapter is formed.\n• 2008 – Alberta chapter is formed.\n• 2009 – Newfoundland chapter folds.", "title": "Documentary Organization of Canada" } ]

[ { "docid": "3571236#40", "text": "In the summer of 1974, the CUTD selected a Core Plan, the initial portion of the Chicago Central Area Transit Project to be built. It consisted essentially of the Monroe Line, the Franklin Line, and a portion of the Randolph Line. The Core Plan, which would take about six years to complete and cost $1 billion based on an August 1973 cost estimate, was submitted to the Federal government on August 21, 1974. The Core Plan was received well, however, it was recommended that the project be reduced to $700 million. Modifications to the original Core Plan were made and the revised Plan was presented to UMTA in September 1974.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" } ]

[ { "docid": "3571236#33", "text": "In the early 1970s, while final planning was underway for a start on the new downtown subways, controversy began swirling in the District over the validity of the project and its cost. The 1968 Transit Plan was thought to be \"mode restricted\" and did not consider alternatives to the steel wheel-on-steel rail mode of rail rapid transit. Rail supporters argued that the \"L\" system was too extensive to replace with completely new equipment and vehicles, and that passenger volume on the core rail routes exceeded those which could be most efficiently carried by buses.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" }, { "docid": "3571236#0", "text": "The Chicago Central Area Transit Plan, or generally referred to as the Chicago Central Area Transit Project (CCATP) in the 1970s, was an extensive study of the rapid transit system in downtown Chicago; the study had begun in 1965.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" }, { "docid": "3571236#1", "text": "In April 1968, the completed study resulted in a three-volume report that proposed a series of recommendations for redeveloping and expanding Central Area communities, and for the replacement of The Loop elevated rapid transit system with a new Loop Subway under Randolph, Franklin, Van Buren, and Wabash, and a new Distributor Subway system in downtown Chicago (see Chicago \"L\").", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" }, { "docid": "3571236#53", "text": "A few years after the demise of the Chicago Central Area Transit Project (CCATP), the city was working on plans for new and less expensive transit alternatives for downtown Chicago. The Central Area had grown well beyond the expectations of the 1968 Transit Planning Study in terms of building development and employment growth. There were still concerns among Chicago's civic leaders that this growth would seriously outpace Chicago's mass transportation systems which had become insubstantial. By the 1980s and 1990s, replacement subways were deemed too expensive and extensions to the existing CTA heavy rail transit system were considered too limited in their benefits. Additional or expanded bus service on overcrowded and badly congested streets was considered impractical.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" }, { "docid": "3571236#31", "text": "The Chicago Central Area Transit Project was formally adopted by the City of Chicago as part of the Comprehensive Plan of Chicago. In April 1970, the Chicago City Council passed a resolution authorizing the creation and implementation of the Chicago Urban Transportation District (CUTD). It also defined the boundaries of the District, a area encompassing downtown Chicago — bounded on the north by North Avenue, on the west by Ashland Avenue, on the south by the Stevenson Expressway, and on the east by Lake Michigan. In June, the CUTD was approved by public referendum with the power to levy taxes to provide the local share of funds for the Chicago Central Area Transit Project, which might have been the seed money for massive Federal assistance, at last, to bury the venerable Union Loop. In July, it was established by Illinois Statute as a separate municipal corporation with taxing powers.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" }, { "docid": "3571236#54", "text": "The Central Area Circulator Project, coordinated by the Metropolitan Planning Council, opted for a light rail plan to enhance connectivity to a larger area of downtown by commuter railroad and rapid transit systems. The proposed system was dubbed the \"Central Area Circulator\", an eight-mile (13 km) light-rail transit network linking the North Western, Union and Randolph Metra suburban railroad stations to North Michigan Avenue, Streeterville, Navy Pier, the museums, and McCormick Place. The system was to include east-west routes north and south of the Chicago River as well as north-south links on portions of Michigan Avenue and Columbus Drive.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" }, { "docid": "3571236#30", "text": "The Chicago Central Area Transit Plan called for subway construction to start in 1969, with the system opening in stages between 1973 and 1978. According to the 1968 report, the new Loop and Distributor Subways should have carried more than 390,000 passengers on an average weekday, including 152,000 daily passengers using the Distributor system. The total daily Distributor Subway travel by passengers who transferred to or from the commuter railroads (today's Metra and Amtrak) or other CTA rapid transit lines would have been twice these volumes. The Chicago Central Area Transit Plan's financial recommendations were, in retrospect, overly optimistic even for those days before the runaway inflation of the late 1960s and 1970s. The projected cost of building the Loop and Distributor Subway systems was $478 million in 1969 dollars. In this and other financial projections, the CCATPS assumed an \"escalation\" of 5% per year, an unfortunate estimate of the unforeseeable 8–11% inflation rates of the next few years.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" }, { "docid": "3571236#23", "text": "Earlier proposals for transit facilities in the Chicago Central Area were reviewed, new plans were prepared and analyzed, and a recommended Central Area Transit Plan was developed. Loop area development potential was evaluated. Traffic projections were made. Consideration was given to architectural and environmental factors, operational requirements, and potential methods of financing the system. In April 1968 the study had culminated into an exhaustive three volume report recommending the construction of a fifteen-mile (24 km) subway system to replace the old elevated lines in downtown Chicago, naming it the Chicago Central Area Transit Project or CCATP.\nThe system proposed as a result of the 1968 Transit Planning Study consisted of two major transit facilities:The 'L' structures in downtown Chicago were to be replaced by subways under Franklin Street, Van Buren Street, Wabash Avenue, and Randolph Street. The proposed Loop Subway was to be linked to the Dan Ryan branch (then under construction at the time; now part of the Red Line) using the median strip of the proposed (but never built) Franklin Street Extension Expressway from the southwest corner of the Loop (Van Buren/Franklin) to Cermak-Chinatown. The Lake Street 'L' (Green Line) was to be replaced from Damen Avenue to the northwest corner of the Loop (Franklin/Randolph) by a new subway under Randolph Street. The Northside 'L' which carries Ravenswood (Brown Line) and Evanston Express (Purple Line) trains from Willow Street to the northwest corner of the Loop (Franklin/Randolph) would have been replaced by a new subway under Orleans Street to Division Street, and then northwest along Clybourn Avenue (adjacent to the State Street tubes) to the connection with the existing lines just south of Armitage.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" }, { "docid": "3571236#18", "text": "The plan of expanded transit facilities would have undoubtedly benefited the whole Chicago metropolitan area. Many of the projects were basically completed, namely the extension of the West Side Subway (Congress Line) in the median of the Eisenhower Expressway (in operation June 22, 1958), Lake Street Elevation (in operation October 28, 1962), a part of the Englewood rapid transit extension (to Ashland/63rd, in operation May 6, 1969), the Dan Ryan rapid transit line (in operation September 28, 1969), the Kennedy and O'Hare rapid transit extensions (in operation February 1, 1970, completed September 3, 1984), massive signal and train control system improvements between 1967 and 1976, and the Southwest rapid transit extension, built in the form of the Midway Line (in operation October 31, 1993). Rolling stock and equipment improvements were made between 1964 and 1992 with the delivery of the High Performance Generation cars (the 2000-Series, 2200-Series, 2400-Series, 2600-Series, and 3200-Series). Modernization of many traction power substations, and remodeling of several outlying terminal stations were also completed. Some curve straightening projects were also completed such as the 2002-built Harrison Street Curve on the Green and Orange Lines, although most were not.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" } ]

[ { "docid": "44083318#0", "text": "The Orwell Lady (originally New Mary Louise.) is a purpose built river cruiser (built 1979) currently operating 13 miles of the river Orwell and sails from Ipswich, England. The Orwell lady is 57 ft (17.13m) long and 14 ft (4.26m) in the beam, weighs 42 tonnes, and carries 118 passengers plus crew. The Orwell Lady sails from Ipswich dock and sails to the end of the Orwell at the Port of Felixstowe allowing for views of Shotley harbour and the historic town of Harwich. The boat has a fully functioning bar and panoramic views which has helped secure the boat as a popular tourist attraction in Ipswich. In recent years the boat has become one of the most popular river cruises in East Anglia.", "title": "Orwell Lady" }, { "docid": "150362#0", "text": "The River Orwell flows through the county of Suffolk in England. Its source river, above the tidal limit at Stoke Bridge, is known as the River Gipping. It broadens into an estuary at Ipswich where the Ipswich dock has operated since the 7th century and then flows into the North Sea at Felixstowe the UK's largest container port after joining with the River Stour at Shotley forming Harwich harbour.", "title": "River Orwell" } ]

[ { "docid": "150362#2", "text": "In the name \"Orwell\", \"Or-\" comes from an ancient river-name — probably pre-Celtic; but \"-well\" probably indicates an Anglo-Saxon naming. In \"A tour through England and Wales\" written in 1722, Daniel Defoe calls the river \"Orwel\" (though does this inconsistently). He also mentions that \"a traveller will hardly understand me, especially a seaman, when I speak of the River Stour and the River Orwell at Harwich, for they know them by no other names than those of Maningtre-Water, and Ipswich-Water\". The writer Eric Blair chose the pen name under which he would later become famous, \"George Orwell\", because of his love for the river.\nA few miles north of the Orwell is another Suffolk river the Ore and Orfordness, the village port of Orford with its historic castle.", "title": "River Orwell" }, { "docid": "150370#0", "text": "The River Gipping is the source river for the River Orwell in the county of Suffolk in East Anglia, England, which is named from the village of Gipping, and which gave its name to the former Gipping Rural District. The name is unrelated to the name of Ipswich. It rises near Mendlesham Green and flows in a south-westerly direction to reach Stowmarket. From there it flows towards the south or south east, passing through Needham Market and a number of villages to reach Ipswich, where it becomes the Orwell. The river has supplied power to a number of watermills, several of which are still standing. None are operational, although the mill at Baylham retains most of its machinery, and is the only complete mill on the river.", "title": "River Gipping" }, { "docid": "2690650#0", "text": "The Orwell Bridge is a concrete box girder bridge located just south of Ipswich in Suffolk, England. Opened to road traffic in 1982, the bridge carries the A14 road (formerly the A45 road) over the River Orwell.", "title": "Orwell Bridge" }, { "docid": "54240422#0", "text": "Orwell Estuary is a 1,335.7 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest which stretches along the River Orwell and its banks between Felixstowe and Ipswich in Suffolk. It is part of the Stour and Orwell Estuaries Ramsar site internationally important wetland site and Special Protection Area under the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds. It is also in the Suffolk Coast and Heaths Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.", "title": "Orwell Estuary" }, { "docid": "21951401#0", "text": "Cor Visser (26 August 1903, Spaarndam, North Holland – 27 September 1982, Ipswich) was a Dutch artist who spent much of his life living in and around Suffolk in the United Kingdom. He first sailed to England in 1937 where he became particularly associated with the River Orwell, living for a while in his boat. He painted numerous watercolours of the river and surrounding area. He became involved in teaching and helping local artists. During the Second World War he was appointed official war artist to the Dutch Royal Family, then living in exile in London, where he painted many culturally important portraits of members of the royal family as well as key exiled government officials and military officers. A selection of his work is exhibited in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, the Victoria and Albert Museum and the National Portrait Gallery in London. The Ipswich Borough Council's Museums and Galleries Collection also contains a large selection of his paintings. He and his wife are buried in St Mary's Churchyard Wherstead Ipswich overlooking the River Orwell.", "title": "Cor Visser" }, { "docid": "137230#1", "text": "Orwell is located in the southwest corner of Addison County. Its western border is the New York–Vermont state line, following the middle of Lake Champlain, near the lake's southern end. Orwell is bordered by the town of Shoreham to the north, Whiting to the northeast, Sudbury to the east and southeast, and Benson to the south. Sudbury and Benson are within Rutland County. To the west, across Lake Champlain, are the town of Putnam, New York, in Washington County, and Ticonderoga, New York, in Essex County. Mount Independence, elevation , is located in northwest Orwell, overlooking Lake Champlain and the town of Ticonderoga.", "title": "Orwell, Vermont" }, { "docid": "150362#3", "text": "The Orwell provides a popular venue for sailing. Interest originally centred on the hamlet of Pin Mill (featured in two children's novels by Arthur Ransome: \"We Didn't Mean To Go To Sea\" and \"Secret Water\"), which is home to the Pin Mill Sailing Club and its Hard. Ransome had kept his yacht \"Selina King\" at the Pin Mill anchorage in 1937–39.", "title": "River Orwell" }, { "docid": "2690650#2", "text": "The bridge is constructed of a pair of continuous concrete box girders with expansion joints that allow for expansion and contraction. The girders are hollow, allowing for easier inspection, as well as providing access for services, including telecom, power and a 711mm water main from the nearby Alton Water reservoir. The necessary inspections still cause major disruption to traffic every six years; during the inspection in the summer of 2005 the delays caused by lane closures and speed restrictions added between 30 and 60 minutes to journey times during the peak commuting periods.\nThe bridge design took into consideration the impact on the Orwell Estuary, as well as the needs of the port of Ipswich. The location close to the southern edge of Ipswich was chosen to be convenient for the industrial areas of the West Bank Terminal and Ransomes Industrial Estate on the eastern end. The bridge was set at an angle to the river to get the best relationship to the surrounding terrain.", "title": "Orwell Bridge" } ]

[ { "docid": "11049#0", "text": "The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA ; French for 'International Federation of Association Football') is an organization which describes itself as an international governing body of association football, fútsal, beach soccer, and eFootball. FIFA is responsible for the organization of football's major international tournaments, notably the World Cup which commenced in 1930 and the Women's World Cup which commenced in 1991.", "title": "FIFA" } ]

[ { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "2335714#15", "text": "Sweden beat Finland 8–1 on 2 October 1949 in Malmö. However, FIFA's website does not include this match in the list of matches or in the group standings. RSSSF's website lists the match with the note \"Sweden played B-team\", and does not provide group standings.", "title": "1950 FIFA World Cup qualification" }, { "docid": "49691504#0", "text": "ㅟ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅟ is U+315F.", "title": "ㅟ" }, { "docid": "3217319#0", "text": "Ơ is one of the 12 Vietnamese language vowels. It is pronounced (an unrounded [o]).", "title": "Ơ" }, { "docid": "42712106#0", "text": "X̂ is the Latin letter \"X\" with a circumflex. The letter is used in the Haida language and Aleut languages of Alaska.", "title": "X̂" }, { "docid": "37366706#0", "text": "ڼ is the twenty-ninth letter of Pashto alphabet. It represents the retroflex nasal (IPA: ) which is ण in Devanagari and is transliterated . In Saraiki it is written as ݨ.", "title": "ڼ" }, { "docid": "55853074#0", "text": "s͎ is a symbol used in the Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a whistled s. The sound occurs in the Shona language represented by sv, as in the name of Morgan Tsvangirai.", "title": "S͎" }, { "docid": "258695#3", "text": "Ŭ represents a semivowel in the orthography of Esperanto, which is an international auxiliary language publicly presented in 1887. As in Belarusian, Esperanto Ŭ is pronounced as a non-syllabic , primarily in the diphthongs \"aŭ\", \"eŭ\" and rarely \"oŭ\".", "title": "Ŭ" }, { "docid": "2153382#5", "text": "Ġ is the 7th letter of the Maltese alphabet, preceded by F and followed by G. It represents the sound .", "title": "Ġ" }, { "docid": "258680#0", "text": "Ĥ or ĥ is a consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a voiceless velar fricative or voiceless uvular fricative . Its name in Esperanto is \"ĥo\" (pronounced ).", "title": "Ĥ" } ]

[ { "docid": "28454372#1", "text": "Under the terms of the 1862 Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act, the West Virginia Legislature created the\nAgricultural College of West Virginia on February 7, 1867, and the school officially opened on September 2 of the same year.\nOn December 4, 1868, lawmakers renamed the college West Virginia\nUniversity to represent a broader range of higher education. The University was built on the grounds of three former academies, namely the\nMonongalia Academy of 1814, the Morgantown Female Academy of 1831,\nand Woodburn Female Seminary of 1858. Upon its founding, the local newspaper claimed\nthat \"a place more eligible for the quiet and successful pursuit of science and literature\nis nowhere to be found.\"", "title": "History of West Virginia University" }, { "docid": "185979#3", "text": "Under the terms of the 1862 Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act, the West Virginia Legislature created the Agricultural College of West Virginia on February 7, 1867, and the school officially opened on September 2 of the same year. On December 4, 1868, lawmakers renamed the college West Virginia University to represent a broader range of higher education. It built on the grounds of three former academies, the Monongalia Academy of 1814, the Morgantown Female Academy of 1831, and Woodburn Female Seminary of 1858. Upon its founding, the local newspaper claimed that \"a place more eligible for the quiet and successful pursuit of science and literature is nowhere to be found\".", "title": "West Virginia University" }, { "docid": "2076621#1", "text": "West Virginia's oldest surviving post-secondary institution is Bethany College, founded on March 2, 1840 by Alexander Campbell. Marshall University and West Liberty University were both established in 1837, but as private subscription schools. Founded in 1867, West Virginia University is the state's largest public institution of higher learning in terms of enrollment, as it had 29,707 students as of spring 2013. Eastern West Virginia Community and Technical College is the state's smallest, with an enrollment of 822. With an enrollment of 1,549 students, Wheeling Jesuit University is West Virginia's largest traditional private post-secondary institution, while Valley College–Princeton is the state's smallest, with an enrollment of 72. The American Public University System, a private for-profit, distance education institution based in Charles Town, has the largest enrollment of any post-secondary institution in West Virginia, with 31,331 students.", "title": "List of colleges and universities in West Virginia" } ]

[ { "docid": "185979#4", "text": "The first campus building was constructed in 1870 as University Hall, and was renamed Martin Hall in 1889 in honor of West Virginia University's first president, the Rev. Alexander Martin of Scotland. After a fire destroyed the Woodburn Seminary building in 1873, the centerpiece of what is now Woodburn Hall was completed in 1876, under the name New Hall. The name was changed to University Building in 1878, when the College of Law was founded as the first professional school in the state of West Virginia. The precursor to Woodburn Circle was finished in 1893 when Chitwood Hall (then Science Hall) was constructed on the bluff's north side. In 1909 a north wing was added to University Building, and the facility was renamed Woodburn Hall. Throughout the next decade, Woodburn Hall underwent several renovations and additions, including the construction of the south wing and east tower (in 1930) housing the Seth Thomas clock. The three Woodburn Circle buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. In 1899, the Vance Farm was acquired for the West Virginia University Experiment Station.", "title": "West Virginia University" }, { "docid": "1240460#2", "text": "The college was founded in 1961 as the Parkersburg Branch of West Virginia University. The school's name was changed to West Virginia University-Parkersburg Center in 1966. It became Parkersburg Community College (PCC) in 1971 and was originally governed by the West Virginia Board of Regents. In a reorganization of the state's higher education governance structure in 1989, the West Virginia Legislature enacted S.B. 420 which, among other initiatives, renamed PCC as West Virginia University at Parkersburg, designating it a regional campus of WVU, and transferred its governance to the newly formed University System of West Virginia.", "title": "West Virginia University at Parkersburg" }, { "docid": "28454372#2", "text": "The first campus building was constructed in 1870 as University Hall, and was renamed Martin Hall in 1889\nin honor of West Virginia University's first president, the Rev. Alexander Martin of Scotland. After the Woodburn Seminary building was destroyed by fire in 1873, the centerpiece of what is\nnow Woodburn Hall was completed in 1876, under the name New Hall. The name was changed to University Building in 1878, when\nthe College of Law was founded as the first professional school in the state of West Virginia.\nThe precursor to Woodburn Circle was finished in 1893 when Chitwood Hall (then Science Hall) was constructed on the bluff's\nnorth side. Around the start of the 20th century, a north wing was added to University Building, and the facility was renamed\nWoodburn Hall. Throughout the next decade, Woodburn Hall underwent several renovations and additions, including\nthe construction of the south wing and east tower housing the iconic Seth Thomas clock.", "title": "History of West Virginia University" }, { "docid": "359733#17", "text": "Virginia State University was founded in 1882, as the Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute. In 1902, the legislature revised the school's charter and renamed it the \"Virginia Normal and Industrial Institute\". In 1923, this college was renamed \"Virginia State College for Negroes\". It was designated one of Virginia's land grant colleges in response to the Amendments to the Morrill Act in 1890, which required that the states either open their land-grant colleges to all races, or else establish separate land-grant schools for African-Americans.\nAfter the desegregation of West Virginia schools in the 1950s, the state board of education voted to terminate West Virginia State University's land-grant funding structure. West Virginia State University was restored to land-grant status in 2001.", "title": "List of land-grant universities" }, { "docid": "1245250#0", "text": "West Virginia State University (WVSU) is an historically black public university founded in 1891 in Institute, West Virginia. In the Charleston-metro area, the school is usually referred to simply as \"State\" or \"West Virginia State\". It is one of the original group of African American land-grant colleges established by the second Morrill Act of 1890. African-American students currently are a minority of attending students. The University is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund.", "title": "West Virginia State University" }, { "docid": "1083713#0", "text": "Concord University is a public university in Athens, West Virginia. It was founded on February 28, 1872, when the West Virginia Legislature passed \"an Act to locate a Branch State Normal School, in Concord Church, in the County of Mercer\". Founded by veterans of both the Union and the Confederacy, Concord is named for the ideal of \"harmony and sweet fellowship\".", "title": "Concord University" }, { "docid": "1240251#1", "text": "The college was founded in 1895 in Montgomery, West Virginia as the sub-collegiate Montgomery Preparatory School for West Virginia University. In 1917, it was separated from WVU and renamed the West Virginia Trade School. Next, in 1921, it reached the junior college level as the New River State School. It became a four-year college as New River State College in 1931 and was renamed the West Virginia Institute of Technology in 1941. It began to grant engineering degrees in 1952.", "title": "West Virginia University Institute of Technology" } ]

[ { "docid": "9560699#0", "text": "Atticus Finch is a fictional character in Harper Lee's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of 1960, \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". A preliminary version of the character also appears in the novel \"Go Set a Watchman\", written in the mid 1950s but not published until 2015. Atticus is a lawyer and resident of the fictional Maycomb County, Alabama, and the father of Jeremy \"Jem\" Finch and Jean Louise \"Scout\" Finch. Lee based the character on her own father, Amasa Coleman Lee, an Alabama lawyer, who, like Atticus, represented black defendants in a highly publicized criminal trial. \"Book Magazine\"s list of \"The 100 Best Characters in Fiction Since 1900\" names Finch as the seventh best fictional character of 20th-century literature. In 2003 the American Film Institute voted Atticus Finch, as portrayed in an Academy Award-winning performance by Gregory Peck in the 1962 film adaptation, as the greatest hero of all American cinema. In the 2018 Broadway stage play adapted by Aaron Sorkin, Finch is portrayed by Jeff Daniels.", "title": "Atticus Finch" }, { "docid": "4607980#18", "text": "Harper Lee, in liner notes written for the film's DVD re-release by Universal, wrote:\nUpon Peck's death in 2003, Brock Peters, who played Tom Robinson in the film version, quoted Harper Lee at Peck's eulogy, saying, \"Atticus Finch gave him an opportunity to play himself\". Peters concluded his eulogy stating, \"To my friend Gregory Peck, to my friend Atticus Finch, \"vaya con Dios\"\". Peters remembered the role of Tom Robinson when he recalled, \"It certainly is one of my proudest achievements in life, one of the happiest participations in film or theater I have experienced\". Peters remained friends not only with Peck but with Mary Badham throughout his life.", "title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)" }, { "docid": "2054178#1", "text": "Mary Badham had no film acting experience before being cast in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". The Oscar in her category went to another child actress, Patty Duke for \"The Miracle Worker\". During filming, Badham became particularly close to actor Gregory Peck, who played Scout's father, Atticus Finch; she kept in touch with him, always calling him 'Atticus', until his death in 2003.", "title": "Mary Badham" }, { "docid": "4607980#0", "text": "To Kill a Mockingbird is a 1962 American drama film directed by Robert Mulligan. The screenplay by Horton Foote is based on Harper Lee's 1960 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name. It stars Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch and Mary Badham as Scout. \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" marked the film debuts of Robert Duvall, William Windom, and Alice Ghostley.", "title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)" } ]

[ { "docid": "58418910#1", "text": "When Lisa's part is cut from the school play Homer takes her clothes shopping to cheer her up. He expresses disgust at the sexualised branding on show, leading Lisa to view him as Atticus Finch from the book \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", her required reading. Homer responds to Lisa's appreciation and the two spend time together including watching the \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" movie.", "title": "Daddicus Finch" }, { "docid": "73408#46", "text": "One of the most significant impacts \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" has had is Atticus Finch's model of integrity for the legal profession. As scholar Alice Petry explains, \"Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person.\" Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the reason he became a lawyer, and Richard Matsch, the federal judge who presided over the Timothy McVeigh trial, counts Atticus as a major judicial influence. One law professor at the University of Notre Dame stated that the most influential textbook he taught from was \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", and an article in the \"Michigan Law Review\" claims, \"No real-life lawyer has done more for the self-image or public perception of the legal profession,\" before questioning whether \"Atticus Finch is a paragon of honor or an especially slick hired gun\".", "title": "To Kill a Mockingbird" }, { "docid": "9560699#4", "text": "In 2016, the lawyer Joseph Madison Beck published the memoir \"My Father & Atticus Finch\", in which he noted the numerous parallels between his father Foster Beck's defense of a black man accused of raping a white woman in the 1938 trial \"State of Alabama vs. Charles White, Alias,\" and Atticus Finch's defense of Tom Robinson in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". In a letter to the author, Harper Lee herself noted the \"obvious parallels\" between the cases (Lee was 12 at the time of the Charles White trial) and between Atticus Finch and Foster Beck, though she also stated that she could not recall the trial, and that \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was a work of fiction.", "title": "Atticus Finch" }, { "docid": "57858983#2", "text": "On February 15, 2018, it was announced that Jeff Daniels would star in the production as Atticus Finch. Celia Keenan-Bolger and Will Pullen were also announced to play Scout and Jem Finch, respectively. In March 2018, the Harper Lee estate filed a lawsuit against the play's production company based on allegations that the play deviates too much from the novel;\nSorkin had previously admitted that \"As far as Atticus and his virtue goes, this is a different take on \"Mockingbird\" than Harper Lee's or Horton Foote's.\" The following month, producer Scott Rudin countersued for breach of contract. The legal dispute was settled by May 2018.", "title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (2018 play)" }, { "docid": "73408#60", "text": "An earlier draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", titled \"Go Set a Watchman\", was controversially released on July 14, 2015. This draft, which was completed in 1957, is set 20 years after the time period depicted in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" but is not a continuation of the narrative. This earlier version of the story follows an adult Scout Finch who travels from New York City to visit her father, Atticus Finch, in Maycomb, Alabama, where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community. The \"Watchman\" manuscript was believed to have been lost until Lee's lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it, but this claim has been widely disputed. \"Watchman\" contains early versions of many of the characters from \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". According to Lee's agent Andrew Nurnberg, \"Mockingbird\" was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy: \"They discussed publishing \"Mockingbird\" first, \"Watchman\" last, and a shorter connecting novel between the two.\" This assertion has been discredited, however, by rare-books expert James S. Jaffe, who reviewed the pages at the request of Lee's attorney and found them to be only another draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". Nurnberg's statement was also contrary to Jonathan Mahler's description of how \"Watchman\" was seen as just the first draft of \"Mockingbird\".\nInstances where many passages overlap between the two books, in some case word for word, also refutes this assertion.", "title": "To Kill a Mockingbird" }, { "docid": "73408#65", "text": "Sergel's play toured in the UK starting at West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds in 2006, and again in 2011 starting at the York Theatre Royal, both productions featuring Duncan Preston as Atticus Finch. The play also opened the 2013 season at Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in London where it played to full houses and starred Robert Sean Leonard as Atticus Finch, his first London appearance in 22 years. The production returned to the venue to close the 2014 season, prior to a UK tour.", "title": "To Kill a Mockingbird" }, { "docid": "73408#0", "text": "To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The story is told by the six-year-old Jean Louise Finch.\nThe novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality. The narrator's father, Atticus Finch, has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers. Historian, J Crespino explains, \"In the twentieth century, \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America, and its protagonist, Atticus Finch, the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism.\"", "title": "To Kill a Mockingbird" } ]

[ { "docid": "229373#0", "text": "The Gulf of Tonkin (, ; also ) is a body of water located off the coast of northern Vietnam and southern China. It is a northern arm of the South China Sea. The Gulf is defined in the west by the northern coastline of Vietnam, in the north by China's Guangxi province, and to the east by China's Leizhou Peninsula and Hainan Island.", "title": "Gulf of Tonkin" } ]

[ { "docid": "9012448#6", "text": "On the morning of 2 August 1964, the morning after OPLAN commandos raided a North Vietnamese radio transmitter located on an offshore island, one of these destroyers, the USS \"Maddox\", was reported to have come under attack by DRV naval patrol boats in the Gulf of Tonkin. There was a second alleged attack on August 4, which was later shown to be a falsehood. These attacks, and the ensuing naval actions, known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, were seized upon by President Lyndon Johnson to secure passage by the U.S. Congress of the Southeast Asia Resolution (better known as the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution) on 7 August 1964, leading to a dramatic escalation of the Vietnam War. It has since been alleged that the Gulf of Tonkin Incident was partly a fabrication, including testimony by participants, such as squadron commander James Stockdale, in the events themselves. Even the attacks that did happen were not unprovoked, but a result of the OPLAN 34A raids, which was in essence an American operation.", "title": "Operation 34A" }, { "docid": "19383152#1", "text": "US Naval forces had been introduced intermittently off the coast of Vietnam since March 1950 as \"show the flag\" tours to reinforce the Republic of Vietnam. In May 1964 three carrier task groups took up position at Yankee Station in the Gulf of Tonkin. Reconnaissance flights were conducted by these carriers, although no combat missions had started. The Soviets had assisted the Vietnamese in the construction of more sophisticated anti-aircraft installations. The Navy sought to bring electronic warfare \"DeSoto missions\" to identify these installations and sent the , leading to the Tonkin Gulf Incident.", "title": "Tonkin Gulf Yacht Club" }, { "docid": "62982#1", "text": "It was originally claimed by the National Security Agency that a Second Gulf of Tonkin incident occurred on August 4, 1964, as another sea battle, but instead evidence was found of \"Tonkin ghosts\" (false radar images) and not actual North Vietnamese torpedo boats. In the 2003 documentary \"The Fog of War\", the former United States Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara admitted that the August 2 USS \"Maddox\" attack happened with no Defense Department response, but the August 4 Gulf of Tonkin attack never happened. In 1995, McNamara met with former Vietnam People's Army General Võ Nguyên Giáp to ask what happened on August 4, 1964 in the second Gulf of Tonkin Incident. \"Absolutely nothing\", Giáp replied. Giáp claimed that the attack had been imaginary.", "title": "Gulf of Tonkin incident" }, { "docid": "229373#2", "text": "On 2 August 1964, United States President Lyndon B. Johnson claimed that North Vietnamese forces had twice attacked American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin. Known today as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, this event spawned the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution of 7 August 1964, ultimately leading to open war between North Vietnam and the United States. It furthermore foreshadowed the major escalation of the Vietnam War in South Vietnam, which began with the landing of US regular combat troops at Da Nang in 1965.", "title": "Gulf of Tonkin" }, { "docid": "4664976#12", "text": "In the convention on Gulf of Tonkin signed between the Vietnamese government and the Chinese government, China respects the Vietnamese sovereignty over the island and there is no dispute over the island\nThe core issue to be settled in the Gulf of Tonkin is which principle should be used in order to divide the Gulf. In this context, the impact of islands is of crucial importance and, in particular, the Vietnamese controlled Bach Long Vi Island. The first question is whether or not it qualifies as an island according to the provisions of the 1982 United Nations Law of the Sea Convention (1982 UNCLOS). If it does impact on the tracing of a line of equidistance if this principle is applied in the Gulf of Tonkin. Logically, Vietnam would take the position that Bach Long Vi Island should have its full impact in any agreement on how to divide the Gulf. On the other hand, China has an interest in minimising the impact that the Island would have on any agreed delimitation. This could be done by, either arguing that Bach Long Vi is not an island in accordance with the provisions of 1982 UNCLOS or, by arguing that its impact should be minimised and possibly even be disregarded. For China to argue that it is not an island would be counterproductive as China has earlier controlled the island and has claimed that the island was inhabited before it was handed-over to Vietnam in the late 1950s.", "title": "Bạch Long Vĩ Island" }, { "docid": "21819052#0", "text": "The Beibu Gulf Economic Rim or Beibu Economic Belt () also known as Gulf of Tonkin Economic Belt in (Vietnamese: Vành đai kinh tế vịnh Bắc Bộ) defines the economic region or rim surrounding around China's southwestern coastal region and cities around the Gulf of Tonkin. The region is part of Chinese government's \"Go West\" strategy, to boost its less developed western regions. The implementation of the campaign, has resulted in many construction projects in cities on the Beibu Gulf Rim, especially in Guangxi. The Beibu Gulf economic rim has emerged as a new highlight of China-ASEAN cooperation, especially between Vietnam, who is also cooperating in this economic zone. It covers Guangdong, Hainan and Guangxi, and northern and central Vietnam.\nThe cooperation scope includes trade, investment, exploitation of marine, tourism and oceanic environmental protection.", "title": "Beibu Gulf Economic Rim" }, { "docid": "229373#1", "text": "The bay's Vietnamese and Chinese names – and , respectively – both mean \"Northern Bay\". The name \"Tonkin\", written \"\" in Hán-Nôm characters and in the Vietnamese alphabet, means \"eastern capital\", and is the former toponym for Hanoi, the present capital of Vietnam. It should not to be confused with Tokyo, which is also written \"\" and also means \"eastern capital\". During Vietnam's French colonial era, the northern region was called \"Tonkin\".", "title": "Gulf of Tonkin" }, { "docid": "62982#30", "text": "Various news sources, including \"Time\", \"Life\" and \"Newsweek\", ran articles throughout August on the Tonkin Gulf incident. \"Time\" reported: \"Through the darkness, from the West and south ... intruders boldly sped ... at least six of them ... they opened fire on the destroyers with automatic weapons, this time from as close as 2,000 yards.\" \"Time\" stated that there was \"no doubt in Sharp's mind that the US would now have to answer this attack\", and that there was no debate or confusion within the administration regarding the incident.", "title": "Gulf of Tonkin incident" }, { "docid": "62982#0", "text": "The Gulf of Tonkin incident (), also known as the USS \"Maddox\" incident, was an international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War. It involved either one or two separate confrontations involving North Vietnam and the United States in the waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. The original American report blamed North Vietnam for both incidents, but eventually became very controversial with widespread belief that at least one, and possibly both incidents were false, and possibly deliberately so. On August 2, 1964, the destroyer , while performing a signals intelligence patrol as part of DESOTO operations, was pursued by three North Vietnamese Navy torpedo boats of the 135th Torpedo Squadron. \"Maddox\" fired three warning shots and the North Vietnamese boats then attacked with torpedoes and machine gun fire. \"Maddox\" expended over 280 3-inch (76.2 mm) and 5-inch (127 mm) shells in a sea battle. One U.S. aircraft was damaged, three North Vietnamese torpedo boats were damaged, and four North Vietnamese sailors were killed, with six more wounded. There were no U.S. casualties. \"Maddox\" \"was unscathed except for a single bullet hole from a Vietnamese machine gun round.\"", "title": "Gulf of Tonkin incident" } ]

[ { "docid": "2168708#4", "text": "The ADA was founded in 1940 by six leading physicians − including Dr. Herman O. Mosenthal, Dr. Joseph T. Beardwood Jr., Dr. Joseph H. Barack, and Dr. E. S. Dillion − at their 1939 meeting of The American College of Physicians. In September 1946, they hosted a meeting in Toronto, Canada to celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the discovery of insulin. The meeting served as a successful forum for hundreds of physicians and leading figures interested in the studies of diabetes and carbohydrate metabolism. The organization is now a national nonprofit with 40 affiliate organizations, more than 800 individual chapters, over a million volunteers, and almost 1,000 staff members − including officer and a board of directors.", "title": "American Diabetes Association" } ]

[ { "docid": "38034720#1", "text": "The Diabetic Association of Australia was formed in 1938. In 1956 the Diabetes Federation of Australia was formed and New South Wales changed its name to the Diabetic Association of NSW. In 2010, the name was changed to the Australian Diabetes Council, but in April 2014, after a change in the leadership, the organisation became known as Diabetes NSW. In 2016 following the merger with Diabetes ACT the organisation became known as Diabetes NSW & ACT - the peak consumer body for diabetes in New South Wales and the ACT.", "title": "Diabetes NSW &amp; ACT" }, { "docid": "31428206#7", "text": "In 1934, he conceived the idea of an association which would foster research and encourage education and welfare of patients. To this end a group of doctors and diabetics met in the London home of Lawrence's patient, H. G. Wells, the scientist and writer, and the Diabetic Association was formed. When other countries followed suit it became the British Diabetic Association (the BDA). Lawrence was Chairman of the Executive Council from 1934–1961 and Hon. Life President from 1962. His enthusiasm and drive ensured the life and steady growth of this association which soon became the voice of the diabetic population and constantly sought to promote the welfare of diabetics. There are now active branches through the country. He was also a prime mover in production of \"The Diabetic Journal\" (forerunner of Balance), the first issue of which appeared in January 1935. Many articles thereafter were contributed by himself anonymously. He and colleague Joseph Hoet were the main proponents in founding the International Diabetes Federation and he served as their first president from 1950–1958. At their triennial conferences, Lawrence's appearance was always greeted with acclaim.", "title": "Robert Daniel Lawrence" }, { "docid": "24483381#2", "text": "He has carried out pioneering work in the medical field with a particular interest in diabetes. In 1982, he pioneered the formation of the Diabetes Association of the Caribbean, which now has 26 member countries, and was its President from 1985 to 1987 and its Vice President from 1989 to 1991. In 1991, he launched the University Diabetes Outreach Project (UDOP) with the help of a Wolfson Foundation grant. He played a key role in partnerships between the International Diabetes Federation and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), in responding to the emerging pandemic of type 2 diabetes, by applying the St. Vincent Declaration intervention model to the Americas, in the form of the Declaration of the Americas on Diabetes or DOTA (1996).", "title": "Errol Morrison" }, { "docid": "2675547#1", "text": "Dr. Charles Best, a co-inventor of medical insulin founded the Diabetic Association of Ontario in the late 1940s. As other provinces and territories started to form their own associations, it became clear that if the provincial branches combined their resources they could more effectively serve their membership. This culminated in the formation of the Canadian Diabetes Association in 1953.", "title": "Diabetes Canada" }, { "docid": "4578913#1", "text": "The late national professor Muhammad Ibrahim is the founder of BIRDEM in 1980. Under his leadership, Bangladesh Diabetic Association (then named Diabetic Association for Pakistan) was formed in February 1956. Bangladesh Diabetic Association are nine separate organizations. These are the BIRDEM (Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders), Rehabilitation and Vocational Training Center, National Healthcare Network, Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital and Research Center, Ibrahim Medical College, Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences, BIRDEM Nursing College, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences and Healthcare Development Project. Professor Muhammad Ibrahim proposed a chamber of the lower house of his home in Segunbagicha, Dhaka to use the Association. In the home, he started the outdoor department for diabetes. First of all, there was a free medical treatment. During the Pakistan period, the Samity was given some land for the hospital in Segunbagicha. The hospital was inaugurated in 1980 at Shahbagh. In 2013 BIRDEM-2 hospital was started in Segunbagicha.", "title": "BIRDEM" }, { "docid": "21614504#1", "text": "Founded in 1973, AADE works to define the practice of diabetes education, increase patients' access to the services of diabetes educators, and provide members with the support and tools to become leaders in the field of diabetes care.", "title": "American Association of Diabetes Educators" }, { "docid": "11462785#6", "text": "Mayes became a volunteer working to improve the lives of people with diabetes when his son Wendell Mayes III was diagnosed with diabetes at age nine. He has served as Chairman of the American Diabetes Association (1974–77) and President of the International Diabetes Federation (1991–94), the first layperson to hold the position. The American Diabetes Association named its highest non-scientific award for Mayes and presented him with the first medal in 1986. The ADA also presented Mayes with the Charles H. Best Medal (1978), the Addison B. Scoville Award (1977), the Josiah Kirby Lilly Sr. Award (1991) and the Harold Rifkin Award (1994). In 1994 in Kobe, Japan, the Colloquium on Medical Science presented Mayes with the Masaji Takeda Medal. Mayes was honored by the American Diabetes Association Texas Affiliate in 1994 with a dinner in Dallas. When the State of Texas formed the Texas Diabetes Council in 1983, he served as its first chairman. For nine months in 1999 he returned to the Texas Diabetes Council to serve as its Interim Executive Director. He was the first inductee into the Texas Diabetes Hall of Fame.", "title": "Wendell Wise Mayes Jr." }, { "docid": "34073759#0", "text": "William Christopher Stadie (June 15, 1886 – September 12, 1959) was a researcher, a Diabetes specialist. He was John Herr Musser Emeritus Professor of Research Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. He also served as an editor of the \"Diabetes\", the journal of the American Diabetes Association. Other distinctions included: honorary degree of the University of Pennsylvania, the Phillips Medal of the American College of Physicians (1941), the Kober Medal for 1955 from the Association of American Physicians and the Banting Medal of the American Diabetes Association. During the 1918 influenza epidemic Stadie invented oxygen therapy for treatment of cyanosis, a condition resulting from pneumonia.", "title": "William C. Stadie" }, { "docid": "18490611#0", "text": "Diabetes is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published since 1952 by the American Diabetes Association. It covers research about the physiology and pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus including any aspect of laboratory, animal or human research. Emphasis is on investigative reports focusing on areas such as the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications, normal and pathologic pancreatic islet function and intermediary metabolism, pharmacological mechanisms of drug and hormone action, and biochemical and molecular aspects of normal and abnormal biological processes. Diabetes also publishes abstracts presented at the ADA's annual meeting, Scientific Sessions, in as a supplement.", "title": "Diabetes (journal)" }, { "docid": "43850244#22", "text": "Created following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005 by the American College of Endocrinology (ACE) with support provided from Lilly Diabetes, the My Diabetes Emergency Plan is a comprehensive resource for diabetes patients in crises. The plan has three components: A pocket-sized checklist, an instructional “how-to” video and an educational website. Available in English and Spanish, the checklist details for diabetes patients the essential items and the practical steps to take in advance of an emergency situation - before they are faced with a difficult situation. The video provides patients with real-life examples of the elements they should include in their kits and can be viewed by visiting: www.mydiabetesemergencyplan.com.", "title": "American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists" } ]

[ { "docid": "923368#0", "text": "The Kodiak Archipelago is an archipelago, or group of islands, south of the main land mass of the state of Alaska (United States), about by air south of Anchorage in the Gulf of Alaska. The largest island in the archipelago is Kodiak Island, the second largest island in the United States. The archipelago is about long and across, from the Barren Islands on the north to Chirikof Island and the Semidi Islands group on the south. The Archipelago contains of land. The Kodiak Archipelago contains about 40 small glaciers, numerous streams and many species of land and marine animals. Much of its land is forested.", "title": "Kodiak Archipelago" }, { "docid": "615988#0", "text": "Kodiak Island (Alutiiq: \"Qikertaq\", ) is a large island on the south coast of the U.S. state of Alaska, separated from the Alaska mainland by the Shelikof Strait. The largest island in the Kodiak Archipelago, Kodiak Island is the second largest island in the United States and the 80th largest island in the world, with an area of , slightly larger than Cyprus. It is long and in width ranges from . Kodiak Island is the namesake for Kodiak Seamount, which lies off the coast at the Aleutian Trench. The largest community on the island is the city of Kodiak, Alaska.", "title": "Kodiak Island" }, { "docid": "615988#2", "text": "Kodiak Island is part of the Kodiak Island Borough and Kodiak Archipelago of Alaska. The town of Kodiak is one of seven communities on Kodiak Island and is the island's main city. All commercial transportation between the island and the outside world goes through this city either via ferryboat or airline. Other settlements include the villages of Akhiok, Old Harbor, Karluk, Larsen Bay, Port Lions, and an unorganized community near Cape Chiniak. The village of Ouzinkie on nearby Spruce Island is also part of the island community. Kodiak is also home to the largest U.S. Coast Guard base, which includes Coast Guard Base Kodiak, Coast Guard Air Station Kodiak, Communications Station Kodiak, and Aids to Navigation Station Kodiak. The island is also home to the Pacific Spaceport Complex.", "title": "Kodiak Island" }, { "docid": "1021213#14", "text": "The islands of the Kodiak Archipelago have a subpolar oceanic climate with cool temperatures, overcast skies, fog, windy conditions and moderate to heavy precipitation throughout most of the year. Although the archipelago only covers about , a rich variety of topography and vegetation ranges from dense forests of Sitka spruce on the northern islands, to steep, glaciated mountains rising to Koniag Peak's along the central spine of Kodiak Island, to rolling hills and flat tundra on the south end of the archipelago. About 14,000 people live on the archipelago, primarily in and around the city of Kodiak and six outlying villages. Roads and other human alterations are generally limited to Afognak Island and the northeastern part of Kodiak Island. About half of the archipelago is included in the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge.", "title": "Kodiak bear" }, { "docid": "5634222#9", "text": "Koniag, Incorporated has a region which covers the Kodiak Archipelago and part of the Alaska Peninsula. Kodiak (6,334) on Kodiak Island is the largest town and the commercial hub of the area. The Corporation region is very similar to, but not exactly the same area as the Kodiak Island Borough, which has a population of about 14,000 people in 11 communities.", "title": "Southwest Alaska" }, { "docid": "7167400#0", "text": "Tugidak Island is an island of the Kodiak Archipelago in Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska, United States. It lies southwest of the southern tip of Kodiak Island in the western part of the Gulf of Alaska. Sitkinak Island lies to its east. The two islands are the largest components of the Trinity Islands of Alaska. The Trinity Islands, and thus Tugidak, are part of the Gulf of Alaska unit of Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. Tugidak Island has a land area of 173.142 km² (66.85 sq mi) and no resident population. The most prominent feature of the island is the large shallow lagoon near its northeastern end. This part of the island was established as the Tugidak Island Critical Habitat Area by the state of Alaska in 1998 as a wildlife conservation area, and is managed by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. The island has historically been known as a nesting spot for harbor seals as well as many species of marine birds.", "title": "Tugidak Island" } ]

[ { "docid": "1021213#0", "text": "The Kodiak bear (\"Ursus arctos middendorffi\"), also known as the Kodiak brown bear, sometimes the Alaskan brown bear, inhabits the islands of the Kodiak Archipelago in southwest Alaska. It is the largest recognized subspecies of brown bear, and one of the two largest bears alive today, the other being the polar bear.", "title": "Kodiak bear" }, { "docid": "615988#1", "text": "Kodiak Island is mountainous and heavily forested in the north and east, but fairly treeless in the south. The island has many deep, ice-free bays that provide sheltered anchorages for boats. The southwestern two-thirds of the island, like much of the Kodiak Archipelago, is part of Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge.", "title": "Kodiak Island" }, { "docid": "923368#1", "text": "The Kodiak Island Borough contains all of the Kodiak Archipelago and some lands on the mainland. The Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge encompasses a large percentage of the land in the archipelago.\"The archaeological record contains several seemingly abrupt changes suggesting population replacements to some, but the current view, followed here, is that there has been long-term cultural continuity.\" (Ames et al., p. 61)", "title": "Kodiak Archipelago" }, { "docid": "45379531#0", "text": "Cape Alitak is a finger of land on the south side of Kodiak Island, the major island of the Kodiak Archipelago of southern Alaska. The cape is an extension of Tanner Head, from which it is separated (except for a barrier beach on the west) by Rodman Reach, a saltwater lagoon. The cape is bounded on the east by Alitak Bay, on the west by the southern end of Shelikof Strait, and on the south by Sitkinak Strait, which separates Kodiak Island from the Trinity Islands. The cape has long been known its remarkable collection of prehistoric petroglyphs, which include a wide variety of shapes, some of animals and humans, and others of apparently abstract geometric figures. The cape was surveyed in detail in 2011 by archaeologists from the Alutiiq Museum in Kodiak, at which time thirteen different petroglyph locations were identified, along with evidence of prehistoric habitation of the area. The petroglyph site were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.", "title": "Cape Alitak" } ]

[ { "docid": "4040841#14", "text": "The original medieval Order of Knights Templar was established after the First Crusade, and existed from approximately 1118 to 1312. There is no known historical evidence to link the medieval Knights Templar and Masonic Templarism, nor do the Masonic Knights Templar organizations claim any such direct link to the original medieval Templar organization. Though it has been said that its affiliation with Masonry is based on texts that indicate persecuted Templars found refuge within the safety of Freemasonry, the order itself states that \"there is no proof of direct connection between the ancient order and the modern order known today as the Knights Templar.\" The official motto of the Knights Templar is In Hoc Signo Vinces, the rendition in Latin of the Greek phrase \"εν τούτῳ νίκα\", en toutōi nika, meaning \"in this [sign] you will conquer\".", "title": "Knights Templar (Freemasonry)" }, { "docid": "16869#0", "text": "The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (), also known as the Order of Solomon's Temple, the Knights Templar or simply the Templars, were a Catholic military order recognised in 1139 by the papal bull \"Omne datum optimum\". The order was founded in 1119 and was active until about 1312.", "title": "Knights Templar" } ]

[ { "docid": "4040841#4", "text": "In 1779 the High Knights Templar of Ireland Lodge, Kilwinning, obtained a charter from Lodge Mother Kilwinning in Scotland. This lodge now began to grant dispensations to other lodges to confer the Knights Templar Degree. Some time around 1790 the Early Grand Encampment of Ireland was formed, which began to warrant Templar Lodges, and evolved into the Supreme Grand Encampment in 1836. The Early Grand Encampment chartered several Scottish \"encampments\" one of which, having been chartered in 1805 as the \"Edinburgh Encampment No. 31\", then became the\"Grand Assembly of Knights Templar in Edinburgh\". who then sought a charter from the Duke of Kent, Grand Master of the Order in England. It seems that the Templar degree had filtered into the lodges of the Antients from Ireland about 1780, and was recorded at York about the same time. In the five degree system developed by the York Masons, the Knights Templar degree sat between the Master Mason and the Sublime Degree of Royal Arch.\nTemplar masonry in England entered a new era in 1791, with the formation of its first Grand Conclave, with Thomas Dunckerley as Grand Master. At that time, there were eight known Templar encampments in England, the most senior being the Encampment of Redemption at York, and the Baldwyn encampment at Bristol, at whose request Dunckerley began his mission. Under his leadership, the number of encampments steadily grew until his death in 1795. Stasis then followed, until in 1805 their Royal Patron, Duke of Kent, became Grand Master himself, re-energising the society and launching it into an era of growth and development. Dunckerley laid the foundation for this not only by promoting the order, but by standardising the ritual and insisting on proper record keeping. The Grand Conclave went into a period of decline between 1872 and 1895, when it was re-founded as the present day Great Priory of England and Wales.", "title": "Knights Templar (Freemasonry)" }, { "docid": "17416992#50", "text": "Some military orders may have fought on foot as dismounted knights. This would have been favorable in circumstances were the ground was difficult or else too narrow for large numbers of cavalry. However, in the open desert plains of the Middle East, it would have been foolish to travel on foot.The Templar Knights were created in 1119 when King Baldwin II gave permission for eight knights to start a new military order to protect pilgrims on their way to the Holy land. They never retreated from battle and as a result, only a tenth of the Templars survived battle. The Order had to constantly spend large sums of money recruiting new knights. Over time, The Templars grew to an impressive order of thousands of members, though not all would have been heavy cavalry – most would have been squires or servants accompanying the Knights. The Templars participated in almost every major battle of the Second Crusade onwards. They were later betrayed and disbanded by a combination of the French crown and the papacy.", "title": "Military history of the Crusader states" }, { "docid": "26589451#3", "text": "“When the Knights Templar order was founded in France in the early 1100s, its members were French Cistercian monks who vowed to fight for Christianity in the Holy Land. Within fifty years, however, men from other European countries such as Germany and England joined the ranks, and many of these were far from being monks. Most were either professional soldiers or simply adventurers whose motives were a combination of glory and greed. (Rich pickings were to be had from plundering the Moslem population of the Middle East.) Although the Knights Templar order still considered itself to be an army of holy warriors, by the 1180s it was more like an early version of the Foreign Legion: an international militia under French control that made up its numbers with mercenaries and adventurers. One such adventurer was Ralph de Sudeley, the leader of the Templars who apparently found the treasure at Jebel Madhbah in the 1180s. He was a wealthy English knight who joined the Templars in the Holy Land in 1182, and in 1189 he returned to his home at Herdewyke (now called Temple Herdewyke) in the county of Warwickshire in central England, only ten miles from what would later be Shakespeare’s birthplace of Stratford-upon-Avon.", "title": "Ralph de Sudeley" }, { "docid": "189692#5", "text": "When the medieval order of the Knights Templar was suppressed by King Philip IV of France, on Friday 13 October 1307, Philip had many French Templars simultaneously arrested, and then tortured into confessions. Over 100 different charges had been leveled against the Templars. Most of them were dubious, as they were the same charges that were leveled against the Cathars and many of King Philip's enemies; he had earlier kidnapped Pope Boniface VIII and charged him with near identical offenses of heresy, spitting and urinating on the cross, and sodomy. Yet Malcolm Barber observes that historians \"find it difficult to accept that an affair of such enormity rests upon total fabrication\". The \"Chinon Parchment suggests that the Templars did indeed spit on the cross,\" says Sean Martin, and that these acts were intended to simulate the kind of humiliation and torture that a Crusader might be subjected to if captured by the Saracens, where they were taught how to commit apostasy \"with the mind only and not with the heart\". Similarly, Michael Haag suggests that the simulated worship of Baphomet did indeed form part of a Templar initiation ritual.", "title": "Baphomet" }, { "docid": "20648590#17", "text": "On September 13, 1309, two Inquisitors were brought to England and allowed to question the Templars but in the presence of English prelates and as of November 1309, none of the Templars would confess to the charges. At that time torture was rarely used in England, while the legal system was well-formed and used regular jurors as opposed to the \"professional witness, accusers and jurors\" frequently used by Philip as tools to enforce his will. In December, the Pope put pressure on England and other countries to allow the Inquisitors to use \"their\" methods, namely \"torture\", and reluctant approval was given by the King of England. The conditions that the Templars were living in were radically changed and, as with continued pressure by the Pope and Inquisition on the King and local prelates, the inevitable result was obtained. The English Templars were sent to the Count of Ponthieu which did not adhere to English Law. Various confessions, different in many ways, were nonetheless obtained and the Templars were either executed or sent to prison for life.", "title": "Trials of the Knights Templar" }, { "docid": "16869#9", "text": "In the mid-12th century, the tide began to turn in the Crusades. The Muslim world had become more united under effective leaders such as Saladin. Dissension arose among Christian factions in and concerning the Holy Land. The Knights Templar were occasionally at odds with the two other Christian military orders, the Knights Hospitaller and the Teutonic Knights, and decades of internecine feuds weakened Christian positions, both politically and militarily. After the Templars were involved in several unsuccessful campaigns, including the pivotal Battle of Hattin, Jerusalem was recaptured by Muslim forces under Saladin in 1187. The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II reclaimed the city for Christians in the Sixth Crusade of 1229, without Templar aid, but only held it briefly for a little more than a decade. In 1244, the Ayyubid dynasty together with Khwarezmi mercenaries recaptured Jerusalem, and the city did not return to Western control until 1917 when, during World War I, the British captured it from the Ottoman Empire.", "title": "Knights Templar" }, { "docid": "16869#27", "text": "The knights wore a white surcoat with a red cross, and a white mantle also with a red cross; the sergeants wore a black tunic with a red cross on the front and a black or brown mantle. The white mantle was assigned to the Templars at the Council of Troyes in 1129, and the cross was most probably added to their robes at the launch of the Second Crusade in 1147, when Pope Eugenius III, King Louis VII of France, and many other notables attended a meeting of the French Templars at their headquarters near Paris. Under the Rule, the knights were to wear the white mantle at all times: they were even forbidden to eat or drink unless wearing it.", "title": "Knights Templar" }, { "docid": "16869#5", "text": "The impoverished status of the Templars did not last long. They had a powerful advocate in Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, a leading Church figure, the French abbot primarily responsible for the founding of the Cistercian Order of monks and a nephew of André de Montbard, one of the founding knights. Bernard put his weight behind them and wrote persuasively on their behalf in the letter 'In Praise of the New Knighthood', and in 1129, at the Council of Troyes, he led a group of leading churchmen to officially approve and endorse the order on behalf of the church. With this formal blessing, the Templars became a favoured charity throughout Christendom, receiving money, land, businesses, and noble-born sons from families who were eager to help with the fight in the Holy Land. Another major benefit came in 1139, when Pope Innocent II's papal bull \"Omne Datum Optimum\" exempted the order from obedience to local laws. This ruling meant that the Templars could pass freely through all borders, were not required to pay any taxes, and were exempt from all authority except that of the pope.", "title": "Knights Templar" }, { "docid": "16869#7", "text": "Although the primary mission of the order was militaristic, relatively few members were combatants. The others acted in support positions to assist the knights and to manage the financial infrastructure. The Templar Order, though its members were sworn to individual poverty, was given control of wealth beyond direct donations. A nobleman who was interested in participating in the Crusades might place all his assets under Templar management while he was away. Accumulating wealth in this manner throughout Christendom and the Outremer, the order in 1150 began generating letters of credit for pilgrims journeying to the Holy Land: pilgrims deposited their valuables with a local Templar preceptory before embarking, received a document indicating the value of their deposit, then used that document upon arrival in the Holy Land to retrieve their funds in an amount of treasure of equal value. This innovative arrangement was an early form of banking and may have been the first formal system to support the use of cheques; it improved the safety of pilgrims by making them less attractive targets for thieves, and also contributed to the Templar coffers.", "title": "Knights Templar" } ]

[ { "docid": "162335#0", "text": "The Norfolk Naval Shipyard, often called the Norfolk Navy Yard and abbreviated as NNSY, is a U.S. Navy facility in Portsmouth, Virginia, for building, remodeling, and repairing the Navy's ships. It is the oldest and largest industrial facility that belongs to the U.S. Navy as well as the most multifaceted. Located on the Elizabeth River, the yard is just a short distance upriver from its mouth at Hampton Roads.", "title": "Norfolk Naval Shipyard" } ]

[ { "docid": "945143#2", "text": "Naval Base Kitsap is the third-largest Navy base in the U.S. It features one of the U.S. Navy's four nuclear shipyards, one of two strategic nuclear weapons facilities, the only West Coast dry dock capable of handling a Nimitz-class aircraft carrier and the Navy's largest fuel depot.", "title": "Naval Base Kitsap" }, { "docid": "61024#100", "text": "Charleston, North Charleston, Goose Creek, and Hanahan are home to branches of the United States military. During the Cold War, the Naval Base (1902–1996) became the third largest U.S. homeport, with 23,500 Navy and Marine personnel, and 13,200 civilians serving over 80 ships and submarines. In addition, the combined facilities of the Naval Base and Weapons Station created the largest U.S. submarine port. The Charleston Naval Shipyard repaired frigates, destroyers, cruisers, submarine tenders, and submarines. Also during this period, the shipyard conducted refueling of nuclear submarines.", "title": "Charleston, South Carolina" }, { "docid": "35759702#0", "text": "The Bellingham Shipyards was founded in 1941 by Arch Talbot before the Second World War in Bellingham, Washington from the merger of the Bellingham Marine Railway and the Bellingham Iron Works. During the war the shipyard produced wooden minesweepers for the United States Navy. At the time they were the largest privately owned shipyard in the United States. The yard continued operations after the war under the name Bellingham Marine. They built Minesweepers for the U.S. and Belgium Navy, and were noted for their production of the Bell Boy Boats line. The company closed in 1963.", "title": "Bellingham Shipyards" }, { "docid": "22546777#32", "text": "For the first dozen years of its operations, the Roach shipyard was by far the U.S Navy's biggest contractor. Between 1873 and 1885, the yard received almost $4 million in contracts from just one Navy department, four times as much as the next largest contractor. Unfortunately, Naval contracts in this era often turned out to be liabilities for shipyards, and this would also prove to be the case for John Roach & Sons.", "title": "Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works" }, { "docid": "132410#15", "text": "In 1871, the Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works was opened by John Roach through the purchase of the Reaney, Son & Archbold shipyard. The first steel ships of the U.S. Navy were built at the Roach shipyard. For the first 15 years of operation, it was the largest and most productive shipyard in the United States. More tonnage of ships were built at the Roach shipyard than its next two competitors combined.", "title": "Chester, Pennsylvania" }, { "docid": "10057043#11", "text": "There are currently three shipyards on San Diego Bay, National Steel and Shipbuilding Company (NASSCO), Continental Maritime of San Diego (Huntington Ingalls), and Southwest Marine (BAE Systems). NASSCO is the largest new-construction shipyard on the west coast of the United States; \"specializing in auxiliary and support ships for the U.S. Navy and oil tankers and dry cargo carriers for commercial markets.\"", "title": "Port of San Diego" }, { "docid": "22546777#2", "text": "Over the course of its 37-year history, the Roach shipyard had many notable achievements to its credit. In 1874 it built \"City of Peking\" and \"City of Tokio\", the two largest gross-tonnage ships ever built in the United States to that date and the second largest in the world after the experimental British behemoth . In 1883 it constructed America's first steamer with a steel-plated hull. The yard played a key role in the so-called \"Birth of the New Navy\" when it built the four \"ABCD ships\"—the U.S. Navy's first steel ships. It also established a reputation for itself as a builder of lavishly outfitted \"night boats\" for the Long Island Sound trade, and in its last years, built the first three American ships to be powered by steam turbines. In total, the Delaware River Works built 179 ships between 1871 and 1908, including 10 warships for the U.S. Navy.", "title": "Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works" }, { "docid": "10824141#0", "text": "The Portsmouth Naval Shipyard Museum and the associated Lightship Museum are located on the downtown Portsmouth, Virginia, United States waterfront. The museum covers the 250+ year relationship with the shipyard - America's oldest and largest naval shipyard located on the Portsmouth Waterfront. The city and the shipyard have been intertwined since the founding of the Gosport Shipyard in 1767, which was later renamed Norfolk Navy Yard and finally Norfolk Naval Shipyard. This rich history is told through exhibits, hands-on programs and special events.", "title": "Portsmouth Naval Shipyard Museum" }, { "docid": "587885#0", "text": "The San Francisco Bay Naval Shipyard was a short-lived shipyard formed in 1965 as the combination of the San Francisco Naval Shipyard (aka Hunters Point) and the Mare Island Naval Shipyard. The combined yards were the largest naval shipyard in the world, but the desired cost savings did not materialize, and the two yards reverted to separate existences in February 1970. The shipyard was used for radioactive testing when the United States was testing the atomic bomb. The site has since been contaminated. Now the Hunters Point Naval Shipyard is a Superfund site, as designated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It is the Navy's job to clean up the site to \"reasonable\" levels to those who live adjacent to the shipyard.", "title": "San Francisco Bay Naval Shipyard" } ]

[ { "docid": "118372#0", "text": "The Battle of Austerlitz (2 December 1805/11 Frimaire An XIV FRC), also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of the most important and decisive engagements of the Napoleonic Wars. In what is widely regarded as the greatest victory achieved by Napoleon, the \"Grande Armée\" of France defeated a larger Russian and Austrian army led by Emperor Alexander I and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. The battle occurred near the town of Austerlitz in the Austrian Empire (modern-day Slavkov u Brna in the Czech Republic). Austerlitz brought the War of the Third Coalition to a rapid end, with the Treaty of Pressburg signed by the Austrians later in the month. The battle is often cited as a tactical masterpiece, in the same league as other historic engagements like Cannae or Gaugamela.", "title": "Battle of Austerlitz" } ]

[ { "docid": "7630#33", "text": "Summer campaigns saw him not only retake, sometimes with brutal reprisals, what he had lost in the \"close\" season, but also seek to widen his sphere of operation—and we see him in action in the Aveyron at St. Antonin and on the banks of the Rhone at Beaucaire. Simon's greatest triumph was the victory against superior numbers at the Battle of Muret—a battle which saw not only the defeat of Raymond of Toulouse and his Occitan allies—but also the death of Peter of Aragon—and the effective end of the ambitions of the house of Aragon/Barcelona in the Languedoc. This was in the medium and longer term of much greater significance to the royal house of France than it was to de Montfort—and with the battle of Bouvines was to secure the position of Philip Augustus vis a vis England and the Empire. The Battle of Muret was a massive step in the creation of the unified French kingdom and the country we know today—although Edward III, the Black Prince and Henry V would threaten later to shake these foundations.", "title": "Catharism" }, { "docid": "9098894#22", "text": "Austria allied with its traditional rival, France, in the Diplomatic Revolution (1756); Austria, France, and Russia were all aligned against Prussia. Frederick preemptively attacked his enemies with an army of 150,000, beginning the Seven Years' War. The Austrian Army had been reformed by Kaunitz, and the improvements showed in their success over Prussia at Kolin. Frederick achieved one of his greatest victories, however, at Rossbach, where the Prussian cavalry of Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz smashed a larger Franco-Imperial army with minimal casualties, despite being outnumbered two to one. Frederick then rushed eastward to Silesia, where Austria had defeated the Prussian army under the Duke of Bevern. After a series of complicated formations and deployments hidden from the Austrians, the Prussians successfully struck their enemy's flank at Leuthen, with Friedrich once again directing the battle; the Austrian position in the province collapsed, resulting in a Prussian victory even more impressive than the one at Rossbach.", "title": "Prussian Army" }, { "docid": "45420#1", "text": "Napoleon, upon ascending to First Consul of France in 1799, had inherited a chaotic republic; he subsequently created a state with stable finances, a strong bureaucracy, and a well-trained army. In 1805, Austria and Russia waged war against France. In response, Napoleon defeated the allied Russo-Austrian army at Austerlitz in December 1805, which is considered his greatest victory. At sea, the British severely defeated the joint Franco-Spanish navy in the Battle of Trafalgar on October 1805. \nThis victory secured British control of the seas and prevented the invasion of Britain itself. Prussian concerns about increasing French power led to a resumption of war in October 1806. Napoleon quickly defeated the Prussians, and defeated Russia in June 1807, bringing an uneasy peace to the continent. The peace failed, though, as war broke out in 1809, and a new coalition was soon defeated.", "title": "Napoleonic Wars" }, { "docid": "2281029#31", "text": "LeMond's unexpected Tour victory resulted in significant media attention, with sports writer Nige Tassell describing it in 2017 as \"now the biggest sports story of them all\". Not only had LeMond overcome a significant time deficit, he had also won the Tour after coming back from a near-fatal hunting accident. Due to its small margin of victory and exciting racing, the 1989 Tour has repeatedly been named as one of the best editions in the race's history. In 2009, journalist Keith Bingham called it \"the greatest Tour of them all\", while Cyclingnews.com in 2013 described it as \"arguably the best [Tour] there’s ever been\". American media, traditionally not overly interested in cycling, made his victory headline news and TV broadcasters interrupted their regular programming to break the news. \"Sports Illustrated\", who named LeMond their Sportsperson of the Year, called it a \"heroic comeback\". A month after the Tour, LeMond also won the Road World Championship race in Chambéry, with Fignon coming in sixth. Due to LeMond's overall victory, ADR received the largest share of the prize money, at £185,700, followed by £129,000 for PDM and £112,700 for Super U.", "title": "1989 Tour de France" }, { "docid": "28792584#17", "text": "In France, the victory was the cause of celebration, \"Le Moniteur Universel\" declaring that \"the combat covers the French arms with glory and shows what they are capable of\". Linois was proclaimed a national hero and presented with a \"Sabre d'honneur\" by Napoleon. The French victory over a significantly stronger British force was an unusual event in the war during which the Royal Navy had dominated at sea. Saumarez publicly represented the battle as a victory, declaring that he had \"compleately succeeded in disabling the Enemy's ships\", although in private he acknowledged the defeat. Historian Richard Gardiner commented that \"The well trained and led French had fought hard and skillfully and a combination of weather, luck and shore support had given them the victory against a superior force of which they had captured one. It is, however, also significant that this rare British setback occurred close inshore with all the difficulties and chanciness that implied.\"", "title": "First Battle of Algeciras" }, { "docid": "20219879#1", "text": "The 22–8 victory on 29 June was the biggest win by France over New Zealand up to then. In the second test, on 3 July, New Zealand led 20–16 with three minutes of the match remaining. As they tried to run down the clock, Philippe Saint-André started a move in his own 22 which, 65 seconds later, ended with Jean-Luc Sadourny crossing the French line to score what became known as (the try from the end of the world), giving them a 23–20 victory. It was the first time a side from the northern hemisphere had won a test series against the All Blacks.", "title": "1994 France rugby union tour of Canada and New Zealand" }, { "docid": "25208616#18", "text": "Rick Broadbent, writing in \"The Times\", said that due to his victory, Franchitti should have become \"a household name\" and felt that his future career prospects would be unhindered. Mike Nicks in \"The Observer\" called Franchitti's win \"the greatest of his career\", while Jim McGill of \"Scotland on Sunday\" noted that while Formula One was promoted as the fastest and most glamorous motorsport, he wrote of his feeling that Franchitti's victory allowed CART to showcase its more \"dramatic\" action. Grace remarked on the possible implications of Franchitti's success on the promotion of CART in the United Kingdom, \"If that doesn't sell this sport to Britain then I don't know what will.\" The \"Stamford Mercury & Citizen\" said the sound of the cars at the circuit was \"one of those sporting moments which stand up the hairs on the back of your head.\"", "title": "2002 Sure for Men Rockingham 500" }, { "docid": "118372#45", "text": "Napoleon did not succeed in defeating the Allied army as thoroughly as he wanted, but historians and enthusiasts alike recognize that the original plan provided a significant victory, comparable to other great tactical battles such as Cannae. Some historians suggest that Napoleon was so successful at Austerlitz that he lost touch with reality, and what used to be French foreign policy became a \"personal Napoleonic one\" after the battle. In French history, Austerlitz is acknowledged as an impressive military victory, and in the 19th century, when fascination with the First Empire was at its height, the battle was revered by the likes of Victor Hugo, who \"in the depth of [his] thoughts\" was hearing the \"noise of the heavy cannon rolling towards Austerlitz.\" In the 2005 bicentennial, however, controversy erupted when neither French President Jacques Chirac nor Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin attended any functions commemorating the battle. On the other hand, some residents of France's overseas departments protested against what they viewed as the \"official commemoration of Napoleon,\" arguing that Austerlitz should not be celebrated since they believed that Napoleon committed genocide against colonial people.", "title": "Battle of Austerlitz" }, { "docid": "1368649#5", "text": "France is one of the most successful countries in the Eurovision, winning the contest five times, coming second four times and coming third seven times. France was ranked first in number of victories (either alone or tied with other countries) without interruptions from 1960 to 1993. Moreover, Amina was close to victory with the song \"Le Dernier qui a parlé...\" in 1991, when she finished in joint first place (with the same number of points as Sweden). Therefore, the 'countback' rule applied, but both countries had an equal number of twelve points (four lots), but the victory went to Sweden, when France had fewer 10-point scores. Today, with the new rules, France would have won the competition, because they received points from more countries than Sweden. One year before, France was also close to winning with Joëlle Ursull performing Serge Gainsbourg's song \"White and Black Blues\". The song finished in equal second place with Ireland's entry.", "title": "France in the Eurovision Song Contest" } ]

[ { "docid": "1926755#0", "text": "\"Memory\" is a show tune from the 1981 musical \"Cats\". It is sung by the character Grizabella, a one-time glamour cat who is now only a shell of her former self. The song is a nostalgic remembrance of her glorious past and a declaration of her wish to start a new life. Sung briefly in the first act and in full near the end of the show, \"Memory\" is the climax of the musical, and by far its most popular and best-known song. Elaine Paige originated the role of Grizabella in the West End production of \"Cats\", the first to perform the song publicly on stage and bringing attention to its writers Andrew Lloyd Webber and Trevor Nunn, who received the 1981 Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically.", "title": "Memory (song)" }, { "docid": "54764#15", "text": "Lloyd Webber embarked on his next project without a lyricist, turning instead to the poetry of T. S. Eliot. \"Cats\" (1981) was to become the longest running musical in London, where it ran for 21 years before closing. On Broadway, \"Cats\" ran for 18 years, a record which would ultimately be broken by another Lloyd Webber musical, \"The Phantom of the Opera\".", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber" } ]

[ { "docid": "54764#21", "text": "Lloyd Webber was asked to write a song for the 1992 Barcelona Olympics and composed \"Amigos Para Siempre — Friends for Life\" with Don Black providing the lyrics. This song was performed by Sarah Brightman and José Carreras.\nLloyd Webber had toyed with the idea of writing a musical based on Billy Wilder's critically acclaimed movie, \"Sunset Boulevard\", since the early 1970s when he saw the film, but the project didn't come to fruition until after the completion of \"Aspects of Love\" when the composer finally managed to secure the rights from Paramount Pictures, The composer worked with two collaborators, as he had done on \"Aspects of Love\"; this time Christopher Hampton and Don Black shared equal credit for the book and lyrics. The show opened at the Adelphi Theatre in London on 12 July 1993, and ran for 1,529 performances. In spite of the show's popularity and extensive run in London's West End, it lost money due to the sheer expense of the production.", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber" }, { "docid": "1926755#1", "text": "The lyric, written by \"Cats\" director Trevor Nunn, was loosely based on T. S. Eliot's poems \"Preludes\" and \n\"Rhapsody on a Windy Night\".\" Andrew Lloyd Webber's former writing partner Tim Rice and contemporary collaborator Don Black submitted a lyric to the show's producers for consideration, although Nunn's version was favoured. Elaine Paige has said that she sang a different lyric to the tune of \"Memory\" for the first ten previews of \"Cats\".", "title": "Memory (song)" }, { "docid": "54764#0", "text": "Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber (born 22 March 1948) is an English composer and impresario of musical theatre. Several of his musicals have run for more than a decade both in the West End and on Broadway. He has composed 13 musicals, a song cycle, a set of variations, two film scores, and a Latin Requiem Mass. Several of his songs have been widely recorded and were hits outside of their parent musicals, notably \"The Music of the Night\" and \"All I Ask of You\" from \"The Phantom of the Opera\", \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" from \"Jesus Christ Superstar\", \"Don't Cry for Me, Argentina\" from \"Evita\", \"Any Dream Will Do\" from \"Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat\" and \"Memory\" from \"Cats\". In 2001 \"The New York Times\" referred to him as \"the most commercially successful composer in history\". Ranked the \"fifth most powerful person in British culture\" by \"The Daily Telegraph\" in 2008, the lyricist Don Black stated \"Andrew more or less single-handedly reinvented the musical.\"", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber" }, { "docid": "663036#4", "text": "When Lloyd Webber saw the film in the early 1970s, he was inspired to write what he pictured as the title song for a theatrical adaptation, fragments of which he instead incorporated into \"Gumshoe\". In 1976, after a conversation with Hal Prince, who had the theatrical rights to \"Sunset\", Lloyd Webber wrote \"an idea for the moment when Norma Desmond returns to Paramount Studios\"; Lloyd Webber did no further work on the play until after 1989's \"Aspects of Love\". At that point, Lloyd Webber \"felt it was the subject [he] had to compose next\", though by February 1990 he had announced plans to turn Really Useful Group private so he could \"make movies rather than musicals.\" Tim Rice was, at one stage, rumored to have been collaborating on the piece. An early version of \"With One Look\", then titled \"Just One Glance\", was performed by Elaine Paige at Lloyd Webber's 1991 wedding.", "title": "Sunset Boulevard (musical)" }, { "docid": "3577351#0", "text": "Andrew Lloyd Webber's Requiem is a requiem mass, which premiered in 1985. It was written in memory of the composer's father, William Lloyd Webber, who died in 1982.", "title": "Requiem (Lloyd Webber)" }, { "docid": "54764#11", "text": "Lloyd Webber collaborated with Rice once again to write \"Evita\" (1978 in London/1979 in U.S.), a musical based on the life of Eva Perón. As with \"Jesus Christ Superstar\", Evita was released first as a concept album (1976) and featured Julie Covington singing the part of Eva Perón. The song \"Don't Cry for Me Argentina\" became a hit single and the musical was staged at the Prince Edward Theatre in a production directed by Harold Prince and starring Elaine Paige in the title role.", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber" }, { "docid": "54764#9", "text": "In 1969 Rice and Lloyd Webber wrote a song for the Eurovision Song Contest called \"Try It and See\", which was not selected. With rewritten lyrics it became \"King Herod's Song\" in their third musical, \"Jesus Christ Superstar\" (1970).", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber" }, { "docid": "54764#6", "text": "In 1965, when Lloyd Webber was a 17-year-old budding musical-theatre composer, he was introduced to the 20-year-old aspiring pop-song writer Tim Rice. Their first collaboration was \"The Likes of Us\", a musical based on the true story of Thomas John Barnardo. They produced a demo tape of that work in 1966, but the project failed to gain a backer.", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber" }, { "docid": "24583541#2", "text": "Four songs had previously been recorded by Shirley Bassey, \"I Don't Know How To Love Him\" in 1972 for the album And I Love You So, \"Don't Cry for Me Argentina\" in 1978 for the album \"The Magic Is You\", \"Memory\" in 1984 for the B-side of the European single \"That's Right\" and \"All I Ask of You\" in 1991 for the album Keep the Music Playing. Several TV performances and interviews were made by Bassey to promote this album. The album entered the UK Albums Chart on December 4, 1993 and peaked at No. 34.", "title": "Sings the Songs of Andrew Lloyd Webber" } ]

[ { "docid": "1672804#0", "text": "The provinces of Peru () are the second-level administrative subdivisions of the country. They are divided into districts (). There are 196 provinces in Peru, grouped into 25 regions except for the Lima Province which does not belong to any region. This makes an average of seven provinces per region. The region with the fewest provinces is Callao (one) and the region with the most is Ancash (twenty).", "title": "Provinces of Peru" }, { "docid": "690419#8", "text": "Peru's territory, according to the Regionalization Law which was passed on November 18, 2002, is divided into 26 units: 25 regions \"(regiones\"; singular: \"región)\" and the Lima Province. The regions are subdivided into provinces (\"provincias\"), which are composed of districts (\"distritos\"). There are 196 provinces and 1 869 districts in Peru.", "title": "Administrative divisions of Peru" } ]

[ { "docid": "690419#1", "text": "Peru was divided into 24 departments (\"departamentos\"; singular: \"departamento\") until the creation of the regions in 2002. These regions are governed by Regional Governments. Many people still use the old \"departamentos\" term when referring to the current regions of Peru, although it is now obsolete. The departments were identical to today's regions, with the exception of two new regions (Callao and Lima). Before the 2002 changeover, the province of Lima (which is basically the city of Lima) was part of the Lima department, and the city of Callao had the special status of \"Provincia Constitucional\" (constitutional province). When the regionalization law was passed, the Callao region was created from the former constitutional province, and the province of Lima separated from the rest of the Lima department, which in turn came to form the new Lima Region. A failed attempt to divide the country into twelve autonomous regions had previously been made during the 1980s under the government of Alan García.", "title": "Administrative divisions of Peru" }, { "docid": "5042945#0", "text": "The Morropón Province is one of eight provinces of the Piura Region in Peru. The province was created in 1936. Its administrative center is in the town of Chulucanas.The province is divided into ten districts, which are:The territory of the province is divided into two by the Piura River. It has many medicinal lagoons that are located on the Cerro Negro, from the Chalaco District, also close to the village of Inapampa, which contains a natural viewpoint.", "title": "Morropón Province" }, { "docid": "23434#9", "text": "Peru's territory, according to the Regionalization Law which was passed on 18 November 2002, is divided into 25 regions (regiones). These regions are subdivided into provinces, which are composed of districts. There are a total of 180 provinces and 1747 districts in Peru.", "title": "Politics of Peru" }, { "docid": "1672804#1", "text": "While provinces in the sparsely populated Amazon rain forest of eastern Peru tend to be larger, there is a large concentration of them in the north-central area of the country. The province with the fewest districts is Purús Province, with just one district. The province with the most districts is Lima Province, with 43 districts. The most common number of districts per province is eight, a total of 29 provinces share this number of districts.", "title": "Provinces of Peru" }, { "docid": "5906530#0", "text": "The Loreto Province is one of the seven provinces in the Loreto Region of Peru. The capital of the province is the historic town of Nauta. This biologically and culturally diverse region includes the Pacaya–Samiria National Reservation, and is also home to many indigenous peoples, (such as the Cocama, Omagua, Iquito people and Urarina), as well as peasants (\"ribereños\") who live off the land and aquatically rich rivers.", "title": "Loreto Province" }, { "docid": "17616582#0", "text": "The Catholic Church in Peru comprises seven ecclesiastical provinces each headed by an archbishop. The provinces are in turn subdivided into 19 dioceses and seven archdioceses each headed by a bishop or an archbishop. There are also 10 territorial prelatures, 8 apostolic vicariates and one Military Ordinariate in Peru.", "title": "List of Catholic dioceses in Peru" }, { "docid": "10759217#0", "text": "The Angaraes Province is one of seven provinces located in the Huancavelica Region of Peru. The capital of this province is the city of Lircay.The province is divided into twelve districts, which are:The people in the province are mainly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (78.63%) learnt to speak in childhood, 21.12% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census).", "title": "Angaraes Province" }, { "docid": "5591958#0", "text": "Asunción Province is one of the 20 provinces of the Ancash Region in Peru, one of the smallest provinces of the region. It is located in the heart of the central highlands of the region, on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Blanca, in the eastern area of the Ancash Region at a distance of 121 km from the city of Huaraz, the capital of the region, and 521 km from the city of Lima, the capital of Peru. Chacas, the capital of the province, is located about 3,350 m high in the midst of extremely rugged terrain.", "title": "Asunción Province" } ]

[ { "docid": "31874#38", "text": "The Declaration was transposed on paper, adopted by the Continental Congress, and signed by John Hancock, President of the Congress, on July 4, 1776, according to the 1911 record of events by the U.S. State Department under Secretary Philander C. Knox. On August 2, 1776, a parchment paper copy of the Declaration was signed by 56 persons. Many of these signers were not present when the original Declaration was adopted on July 4. Signer Matthew Thornton from New Hampshire was seated in the Continental Congress in November; he asked for and received the privilege of adding his signature at that time, and signed on November 4, 1776.", "title": "United States Declaration of Independence" }, { "docid": "32226668#0", "text": "The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence occurred primarily on August 2, 1776 at the Pennsylvania State House, Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The 56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress represented the 13 former colonies which had declared themselves the \"United States of America,\" and they endorsed the Declaration of Independence which the Congress had approved on July 4, 1776. The Declaration proclaimed that the former Thirteen Colonies then at war with Great Britain were now a sovereign, independent nation and thus no longer a part of the British Empire. The signers’ names are grouped by state, with the exception of President of the Continental Congress John Hancock; the states are arranged geographically from north to south.", "title": "Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence" } ]

[ { "docid": "27959766#10", "text": "The Dunlap broadsides were the first published copies of the Declaration of Independence, printed on the night of July 4, 1776. It is unknown exactly how many broadsides were originally printed, but the number is estimated at about 200. John Hancock's eventually famous signature was not on this document, but his name appeared in large type under \"Signed by Order and in Behalf of the Congress\", with secretary Charles Thomson listed as a witness (\"Attest\").", "title": "Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence" }, { "docid": "25018673#6", "text": "The following is the list of the people who signed the Declaration of Independence, the names are written like in the acts. Juan O'Donoju did not sign but his name was written in the acts. Of the 38 members of the Provisional Governmental Board only 34 signed the document (including the aforementioned firm O'Donoju). The signatures of Francisco Severo Maldonado, José Domingo Rus, José Mariano de Almanza and Miguel Sánchez Enciso did not appear to have suffered a possible impairment due to illness.Three originals of the document were created and signed.", "title": "Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire" }, { "docid": "66578#23", "text": "Meir was one of 24 signatories (including two women) of the Israeli Declaration of Independence on May 14, 1948. She later recalled, \"After I signed, I cried. When I studied American history as a schoolgirl and I read about those who signed the U.S. Declaration of Independence, I couldn't imagine these were real people doing something real. And there I was sitting down and signing a declaration of establishment.\" Israel was attacked the next day by the joint armies of neighboring countries in what became the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. During the war, Israel stopped the combined Arab assault, and then it launched a series of military offensives to defeat the invading Arab armies and to end the war.", "title": "Golda Meir" }, { "docid": "31874#13", "text": "In the campaign to revise Congressional instructions, many Americans formally expressed their support for separation from Great Britain in what were effectively state and local declarations of independence. Historian Pauline Maier identifies more than ninety such declarations that were issued throughout the Thirteen Colonies from April to July 1776. These \"declarations\" took a variety of forms. Some were formal written instructions for Congressional delegations, such as the Halifax Resolves of April 12, with which North Carolina became the first colony to explicitly authorize its delegates to vote for independence. Others were legislative acts that officially ended British rule in individual colonies, such as the Rhode Island legislature declaring its independence from Great Britain on May 4, the first colony to do so. Many \"declarations\" were resolutions adopted at town or county meetings that offered support for independence. A few came in the form of jury instructions, such as the statement issued on April 23, 1776, by Chief Justice William Henry Drayton of South Carolina: \"the law of the land authorizes me to declare ... that \"George\" the Third, King of \"Great Britain\" ... has no authority over us, and we owe no obedience to him.\" Most of these declarations are now obscure, having been overshadowed by the declaration approved by Congress on July 2, and signed July 4.", "title": "United States Declaration of Independence" }, { "docid": "32226668#9", "text": "Eight delegates never signed the Declaration, out of about 50 who are thought to have been present in Congress during the voting on independence in early July 1776: John Alsop, George Clinton, John Dickinson, Charles Humphreys, Robert R. Livingston, John Rogers, Thomas Willing, and Henry Wisner. Clinton, Livingston, and Wisner were attending to duties away from Congress when the signing took place. Willing and Humphreys voted against the resolution of independence and were replaced in the Pennsylvania delegation before the August 2 signing. Rogers had voted for the resolution of independence but was no longer a delegate on August 2. Alsop favored reconciliation with Great Britain and so resigned rather than add his name to the document. Dickinson refused to sign, believing the Declaration premature, but he remained in Congress. George Read had voted against the resolution of independence, and Robert Morris had abstained—yet they both signed the Declaration.", "title": "Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence" }, { "docid": "32226668#5", "text": "The entry for August 2 states:\nIn 1884, historian Mellen Chamberlain argued that these entries indicated that the famous signed version of the Declaration had been created following the July 19 resolution, and had not been signed by Congress until August 2. Subsequent research has confirmed that many of the signers had not been present in Congress on July 4, and that some delegates may have added their signatures even after August 2. Neither Jefferson nor Adams ever wavered from their belief that the signing ceremony took place on July 4, yet most historians have accepted the argument which David McCullough articulates in his biography of John Adams: \"No such scene, with all the delegates present, ever occurred at Philadelphia.\"\nLegal historian Wilfred Ritz concluded in 1986 that about 34 delegates signed the Declaration on July 4, and that the others signed on or after August 2. Ritz argues that the engrossed copy of the Declaration was signed by Congress on July 4, as Jefferson, Adams, and Franklin had stated, and that it was implausible that all three men had been mistaken. He believes that McKean's testimony was questionable, and that historians had misinterpreted the July 19 resolution. According to Ritz, this resolution did not call for a new document to be created, but rather for the existing one to be given a new title, which was necessary after New York had joined the other 12 states in declaring independence. He reasons that the phrase \"signed by every member of Congress\" in the July 19 resolution meant that delegates who had not signed the Declaration on the 4th were now required to do so.", "title": "Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence" }, { "docid": "1583733#3", "text": "The Act of the Declaration of Independence was prepared, written, and read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in Spanish. The Declaration was signed by 98 people, among them a United States Army officer who witnessed the proclamation. The final paragraph states that there was a \"stranger\" (\"stranger\" in English translation—\"extranjero\" in the original Spanish, meaning \"foreigner\") who attended the proceedings, Mr. L. M. Johnson, described as \"a citizen of the U.S.A, a Colonel of Artillery\". Despite his prior military experience, Johnson had no official role in the Philippines.", "title": "Philippine Declaration of Independence" }, { "docid": "29937#7", "text": "Among others, the declaration mentions the following reasons for the separation:Based upon the United States Declaration of Independence, the Texas Declaration also contains many memorable expressions of American political principles:Sixty men signed the Texas Declaration of Independence. Three of them were born in Mexico. Fifty-seven of the sixty moved to Texas from the United States. Ten of them had lived in Texas for more than six years, while one-quarter of them had been in the province for less than a year. This is significant, because it indicates that the majority of signatories had moved to Texas after the Law of April 6, 1830, banning immigration, had taken effect, meaning that the majority were legally citizens of the United States, occupying Texas illegally. Fifty-nine of these men were delegates to the Convention, and one was the Convention Secretary, Herbert S. Kimble, who was not a delegate.", "title": "Texas Declaration of Independence" } ]

[ { "docid": "14094#4", "text": "With the cloning of a sheep known as Dolly in 1996 by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the idea of human cloning became a hot debate topic. Many nations outlawed it, while a few scientists promised to make a clone within the next few years. The first hybrid human clone was created in November 1998, by Advanced Cell Technology. It was created using SCNT - a nucleus was taken from a man's leg cell and inserted into a cow's egg from which the nucleus had been removed, and the hybrid cell was cultured, and developed into an embryo. The embryo was destroyed after 12 days.", "title": "Human cloning" } ]

[ { "docid": "20579517#7", "text": "Since Gateway cloning uses patented recombination sequences, and proprietary enzyme mixes available only from Invitrogen, the technology does not allow researchers to switch vendors and contributes to the lock-in effect of all such patented procedures.", "title": "Gateway Technology" }, { "docid": "43029552#39", "text": "Cloning in \"Star Wars\" does not seem to use this process, and instead depicts advanced machinery that directly processes the human subject's DNA, and produces the clone or clones, by the thousands, if desired. The clones in \"Star Wars\" can also be genetically altered during their pre-birth phase to have their growth hormones and learning abilities accelerated, as well as their independence and self-consciousness restricted.", "title": "Technology in Star Wars" }, { "docid": "1751707#11", "text": "Certain Christians also hold that, in the act of creating a human being, his or her dignity is also upheld by the presence of a loving union between the two partners, so that \"only when love exists should the creation of other persons be envisaged.\" Because of this, \"divine creation and co-creation are similar.\" In the act of scientific cloning, however, the embryo is a result of the artificial union of the sperm and the egg, so that \"the presence of love between the co-creators does not exist.\" Thus, according to this view, the dignity of the person is not upheld. Rev. Demetri Demopulos, Greek Orthodox pastor and geneticist, states, \"As an Orthodox Christian, I speak out in opposition to any attempt to clone a human being because humans are supposed to be created by acts of love between two people, not through the manipulation of cells in acts that are ultimately about self-love.\"", "title": "Christian views on cloning" }, { "docid": "6910#3", "text": "Molecular cloning refers to the process of making multiple molecules. Cloning is commonly used to amplify DNA fragments containing whole genes, but it can also be used to amplify any DNA sequence such as promoters, non-coding sequences and randomly fragmented DNA. It is used in a wide array of biological experiments and practical applications ranging from genetic fingerprinting to large scale protein production. Occasionally, the term cloning is misleadingly used to refer to the identification of the chromosomal location of a gene associated with a particular phenotype of interest, such as in positional cloning. In practice, localization of the gene to a chromosome or genomic region does not necessarily enable one to isolate or amplify the relevant genomic sequence. To amplify any DNA sequence in a living organism, that sequence must be linked to an origin of replication, which is a sequence of DNA capable of directing the propagation of itself and any linked sequence. However, a number of other features are needed, and a variety of specialised cloning vectors (small piece of DNA into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted) exist that allow protein production, affinity tagging, single stranded RNA or DNA production and a host of other molecular biology tools.", "title": "Cloning" }, { "docid": "20579517#1", "text": "Large archives of Gateway Entry clones, containing the vast majority of human, mouse and rat ORFs (open reading frames) have been cloned from human cDNA libraries or chemically synthesized to support the research community using NIH (National Institutes of Health) funding (e.g., Mammalian Gene Collection, http://mgc.nci.nih.gov/). The availability of these gene cassettes in a standard Gateway cloning plasmid helps researchers quickly transfer these cassettes into plasmids that facilitate the analysis of gene function. Gateway cloning does take more time for initial set-up, and is more expensive than traditional restriction enzyme and ligase-based cloning methods, but it saves time, and offers simpler and highly efficient cloning for down-stream applications.", "title": "Gateway Technology" }, { "docid": "162373#12", "text": "Panos Zavos, a former professor of the University of Kentucky, at the time had plans to create human clone embryos, but he stated to the effect that Clonaid's claims were without merit and that Eve did not exist. Severino Antinori, who had worked with Zavos on the development of human clone embryos, was critical of Klondyke's announcement, and said of it that, \"An announcement of this type has no scientific corroboration and risks creating confusion.\" Robert Lanza of Advanced Cell Technologies said that Clonaid has no record of accomplishment for cloning anything, but he said that if Clonaid actually succeeded, there would be public unrest that may lead to the banning of therapeutic cloning, which has the capacity to cure millions of patients. The Vatican said that the claims expressed a mentality that was brutal and lacked ethical consideration. The Christian Coalition of America urged a human cloning ban and saw the alleged clone baby as an \"aberration\".", "title": "Clonaid" }, { "docid": "19309200#18", "text": "cDNA cloning is a major technology for analysis of the expression of genomes. The full-length first-strand can be synthesized through the commercially available reverse transcriptases. Synthesis of the second-strand was once a major limitation to cDNA cloning. Two groups of methods differing by the mechanism of initiation were developed to synthesize the second-strand. In a first group of methods, initiation of second-strand synthesis takes place within the sequence of the first strand. However, the digestion of the 3' end of the first strand is required and therefore results in the loss of the sequences corresponding to the 5'end of the mRNA. In a second group of methods, initiation of second-strand synthesis takes place outside the sequence of the first strand. This group of methods does not require digestion of the 3' end of the first strand. However, the limitation of this group of method lies upon the elongation. Cloning with T7 DNA polymerase helps overcome this limitation by allowing digestion of the poly(dT) tract during the second-strand synthesis reaction. Therefore, the size of the tract synthesized with terminal transferase is not required to be within a given size range and the resulting clones contain a tract of a limited size. Moreover, due to high 3’ exonuclease activity of T7 DNA polymerase, high yield of the full-length second-strand can be obtained.", "title": "T7 DNA polymerase" }, { "docid": "6910#15", "text": "Organism cloning (also called reproductive cloning) refers to the procedure of creating a new multicellular organism, genetically identical to another. In essence this form of cloning is an asexual method of reproduction, where fertilization or inter-gamete contact does not take place. Asexual reproduction is a naturally occurring phenomenon in many species, including most plants and some insects. Scientists have made some major achievements with cloning, including the asexual reproduction of sheep and cows. There is a lot of ethical debate over whether or not cloning should be used. However, cloning, or asexual propagation, has been common practice in the horticultural world for hundreds of years.", "title": "Cloning" }, { "docid": "1145887#12", "text": "The nature of cellular technology renders many phones vulnerable to 'cloning': anytime a cell phone moves out of coverage (for example, in a road tunnel), when the signal is re-established, the phone sends out a 're-connect' signal to the nearest cell-tower, identifying itself and signalling that it is again ready to transmit. With the proper equipment, it's possible to intercept the re-connect signal and encode the data it contains into a 'blank' phone—in all respects, the 'blank' is then an exact duplicate of the real phone and any calls made on the 'clone' will be charged to the original account. This problem was widespread with the first generation analogue technology, however the modern digital standards such as GSM greatly improve security and make cloning hard to achieve.", "title": "Mobile telephony" }, { "docid": "9598955#2", "text": "The case has been widely credited for exposing Clonaid, the so-called \"human cloning company\" as a sham. Clonaid presented itself as the scientific research laboratory of a Canadian-based religious group called the Räelian Movement. The Räelians believe that cloning technology is a gift that will provide human immortality, brought to earth by extraterrestrials. They have collected large sums of money from at least one couple, allegedly to provide them with a child cloned from one of the parents’ DNA. The legal hearings brought about by Siegel exposed the cult’s lack of credibility when they failed to produce an allegedly cloned child for the purpose of DNA testing, which would have proven whether or not the child was a clone.", "title": "Bernard Siegel (attorney)" } ]

[ { "docid": "3997#7", "text": "Blood accounts for 7% of the human body weight, with an average density around 1060 kg/m, very close to pure water's density of 1000 kg/m. The average adult has a blood volume of roughly , which is composed of plasma and several kinds of cells. These blood cells (which are also called corpuscles or \"formed elements\") consist of erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). By volume, the red blood cells constitute about 45% of whole blood, the plasma about 54.3%, and white cells about 0.7%.", "title": "Blood" } ]

[ { "docid": "2919491#0", "text": "When referring to human feces, blood in stool looks different depending on how early it enters the digestive tract—and thus how much digestive action it has been exposed to—and how much there is. The term can refer either to melena, with a black appearance, typically originating from upper gastrointestinal bleeding; or to hematochezia, with a red color, typically originating from lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Evaluation of the blood found in stool depends on its characteristics, in terms of color, quantity and other features, which can point to its source, however, more serious conditions can present with a mixed picture, or with the form of bleeding that is found in another section of the tract. The term \"blood in stool\" is usually only used to describe visible blood, and not fecal occult blood, which is found only after physical examination and chemical laboratory testing.", "title": "Blood in stool" }, { "docid": "490620#53", "text": "The brain consumes up to 20% of the energy used by the human body, more than any other organ. In humans, blood glucose is the primary source of energy for most cells and is critical for normal function in a number of tissues, including the brain. The human brain consumes approximately 60% of blood glucose in fasted, sedentary individuals. Brain metabolism normally relies upon blood glucose as an energy source, but during times of low glucose (such as fasting, endurance exercise, or limited carbohydrate intake), the brain uses ketone bodies for fuel with a smaller need for glucose. The brain can also utilize lactate during exercise. The brain stores glucose in the form of glycogen, albeit in significantly smaller amounts than that found in the liver or skeletal muscle. Long-chain fatty acids cannot cross the blood–brain barrier, but the liver can break these down to produce ketone bodies. However, short-chain fatty acids (e.g., butyric acid, propionic acid, and acetic acid) and the medium-chain fatty acids, octanoic acid and heptanoic acid, can cross the blood–brain barrier and be metabolized by brain cells.", "title": "Human brain" }, { "docid": "54176#23", "text": "Blood vessels carry blood throughout the body, which moves because of the beating of the heart. Venules and veins collect blood low in oxygen from tissues throughout the body. These collect in progressively larger veins until they reach the body's two largest veins, the superior and inferior vena cava, which drain blood into the right side of the heart. From here, the blood is pumped into the lungs where it receives oxygen and drains back into the left side of the heart. From here, it is pumped into the body's largest artery, the aorta, and then progressively smaller arteries and arterioles until it reaches tissue. Here blood passes from small arteries into capillaries, then small veins and the process begins again. Blood carries oxygen, waste products, and hormones from one place in the body to another. Blood is filtered at the kidneys and liver.", "title": "Human body" }, { "docid": "52242569#15", "text": "The fluids associated with the human body include air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, solvents, solutions, suspensions, serum, lymph, and blood. The major body fluid which acts as the lifeline of the living organisms is \"Blood\". Blood is an extremely complex biological fluid. It consists of blood cells suspended in plasma and other different types of cells which include white blood cells, platelets etc. The blood flow in arteries and veins are closely linked to the blood vessel properties.\nCarrying the oxygen and nutrients to various tissues and organs of our body, delivering carbon dioxide to the lungs and accepting oxygen, bringing the metabolic by products to the kidneys, regulating the body's defence mechanism, that is, the immune system and facilitating an effective heat and mass transfer across the body are some of the major functions which blood performs in the human body.\nBlood consists of the red blood cells or erythrocytes, white blood cells or leukocytes, and platelets or thrombocytes. The cells which are involved primarily in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide are known as Erythrocytes. The cells which are involved primarily in phagocytosis (the process of destruction of unknown particulate matter) and immune responses are known as Leukocytes; thrombocytes are the components of blood which are involved in blood clotting. In addition to these 55 to 60 percent of blood by volume consists of plasma. Plasma is the transparent, amber-colored liquid in which the cellular components of blood are suspended. Plasma contains constituents such as proteins, electrolytes, hormones, and nutrients. The serum is blood plasma from which clotting factors have been removed.Blood accounts for 6 to 8 percent of body weight in normal, healthy humans. The density of blood is slightly greater than the density of water at approximately 1060  kg/m3. The increased density comes from the increased density of a red blood cell compared with the density of water or plasma. \nRheology is the study of the deformation and flow of matter. Blood Rheology is the study of blood, especially the properties associated with the deformation and flow of blood. Blood is a non-Newtonian fluid. However, often the non-Newtonian effect is very small due to various reasons. Thus, it is important to know about the blood rheology.\nOne of the characteristics of blood that affects the work required to cause the blood to flow through the arteries is the viscosity of blood. The viscosity of blood is in the range of 3 to 6 cP, or 0.003 to 0.006 Ns/m2. Blood is a non-Newtonian fluid, which means that the viscosity of blood is not a constant with respect to the rate of shearing strain. In addition to the rate of shearing strain, the viscosity of blood is also dependent on temperature and on the volume percentage of blood that consists of red blood cells. If blood is made stationary for several seconds then clotting begins in the blood, as a result of which the viscosity of the blood increases. When the stationary state is disturbed with increasing shear rate, the clot formation is destroyed and the viscosity decreases. Moreover, the orientation of red blood cells present in the blood also affects the viscosity of blood. Thus, we can say that blood is a shear thinning fluid, i.e., viscosity decreases with increase in shear rate. Beyond a shear rate of about 100s^-1, the viscosity is nearly constant and the blood behaves like a Newtonian fluid. Blood is a viscoelastic material, i.e., viscous and elastic because the effective viscosity of blood not only depends on the shear rate but also on the history of shear rate.It is also important to note that the normal blood flows much more easily compared to rigid particles, for the same particle volume fraction. This is due to the fact that red blood cells can accommodate by deforming in order to pass by one another.", "title": "Biofluid dynamics" }, { "docid": "3997#15", "text": "Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart. In humans, blood is pumped from the strong left ventricle of the heart through arteries to peripheral tissues and returns to the right atrium of the heart through veins. It then enters the right ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. Blood then enters the left ventricle to be circulated again. Arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to all of the cells of the body, and venous blood carries carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism by cells, to the lungs to be exhaled. However, one exception includes pulmonary arteries, which contain the most deoxygenated blood in the body, while the pulmonary veins contain oxygenated blood.", "title": "Blood" }, { "docid": "289406#0", "text": "The blood sugar level, blood sugar concentration, or blood glucose level is the amount of glucose present in the blood of humans and other animals. Glucose is a simple sugar and approximately 4 grams of glucose are present in the blood of a human at all times. The body tightly regulates blood glucose levels as a part of metabolic homeostasis. Glucose is stored in skeletal muscle and liver cells in the form of glycogen; in fasted individuals, blood glucose is maintained at a constant level at the expense of glycogen stores in the liver and skeletal muscle.", "title": "Blood sugar level" }, { "docid": "20580#21", "text": "The human heart is constantly contracting to move blood throughout the body. Through larger veins and arteries in the body, blood has been found to travel at approximately 0.33 m/s. Though considerable variation exists, and peak flows in the venae cavae have been found between . additionally, the smooth muscles of hollow internal organs are moving. The most familiar would be the occurrence of peristalsis which is where digested food is forced throughout the digestive tract. Though different foods travel through the body at different rates, an average speed through the human small intestine is . The human lymphatic system is also constantly causing movements of excess fluids, lipids, and immune system related products around the body. The lymph fluid has been found to move through a lymph capillary of the skin at approximately 0.0000097 m/s.", "title": "Motion (physics)" }, { "docid": "305679#1", "text": "By weight, the average human adult male is approximately 60% water and the average adult female is approximately 55%. There can be considerable variation in body water percentage based on a number of factors like age, health, water intake, weight, and sex. In a large study of adults of all ages and both sexes, the adult human body averaged ~65% water. However, this varied substantially by age, sex, and adiposity (amount of fat in body composition). The figure for water fraction by weight in this sample was found to be 58 ±8% water for males and 48 ±6% for females. The body water constitutes as much as 93% of the body weight of a newborn infant, whereas some obese people are as little as 15% water by weight. This is due to how fat tissue does not retain water as well as lean tissue. These statistical averages will vary with factors such as type of population, age of people sampled, number of people sampled, and methodology. So there is not, and cannot be, a figure that is exactly the same for all people, for this or any other physiological measure.", "title": "Body water" }, { "docid": "48530#0", "text": "The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system, and microcirculation, that transports blood throughout the human body. These vessels are designed to transport nutrients and oxygen to the tissues of the body. They also take waste and carbon dioxide and carry them away from the tissues and back to the heart. Blood vessels are needed to sustain life as all of the body’s tissues rely on their functionality.There are three major types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the capillaries, which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart. The word \"vascular\", meaning relating to the blood vessels, is derived from the Latin \"vas\", meaning vessel. A few structures (such as cartilage and the lens of the eye) do not contain blood vessels and are labeled.", "title": "Blood vessel" }, { "docid": "3997#1", "text": "In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma. Plasma, which constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water (92% by volume), and contains proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide (plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation), and blood cells themselves. Albumin is the main protein in plasma, and it functions to regulate the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood. The blood cells are mainly red blood cells (also called RBCs or erythrocytes), white blood cells (also called WBCs or leukocytes) and platelets (also called thrombocytes). The most abundant cells in vertebrate blood are red blood cells. These contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein, which facilitates oxygen transport by reversibly binding to this respiratory gas and greatly increasing its solubility in blood. In contrast, carbon dioxide is mostly transported extracellularly as bicarbonate ion transported in plasma.", "title": "Blood" } ]

[ { "docid": "660333#23", "text": "There are four animated feature films based on the \"Bleach\" series, all of which are directed by Noriyuki Abe, director of the \"Bleach\" anime series. The films were released annually each December starting in 2006, though none were released in 2009. Each movie features an original plotline along with original characters designed by Tite Kubo, which is contrary to the normal practice for anime-based films, as the original author usually has little creative involvement.", "title": "Bleach (manga)" }, { "docid": "1397721#14", "text": "Five volumes of Bleach Soundtracks have been released. \"Bleach Original Soundtrack 1\" was released on May 18, 2005, and features 25 songs credited to Shirō Sagisu. \"Bleach Original Soundtrack 2\" was released on August 8, 2006 and features 46 songs covering up to episode 64 of the Bount Arc. \"Bleach Original Soundtrack 3\" was released on November 5, 2008, and includes 54 songs from the anime. \"Bleach Original Soundtrack 4\" was the last OST and it was released on December 16, 2009 and included 30 songs. The fifth anniversary box set released July 29, 2009, includes a CD that includes 21 previously unreleased songs.", "title": "Bleach (TV series)" } ]

[ { "docid": "660333#0", "text": "\"Bleach\" was serialized in the Japanese manga magazine \"Weekly Shōnen Jump\" from August 2001 to August 2016, with its chapters collected into 74 \"tankōbon\" volumes. The series has spawned a media franchise that includes an anime television series that was produced by Studio Pierrot from 2004 to 2012, two original video animation episodes, four animated feature films, ten stage musicals, and numerous video games, as well as many types of \"Bleach\"-related merchandise. A live-action film adaptation was released in 2018. English-language releases of \"Bleach\" are coordinated by Viz Media, which has released several volumes of the manga each year since 2004, and published chapters of \"Bleach\" in its \"Shonen Jump\" magazine since November 2007. Viz Media secured foreign television and home video distribution rights to the \"Bleach\" anime in 2006. Cartoon Network's Adult Swim began airing dubbed episodes of \"Bleach\" in the United States that Fall, and Hulu later began to stream subtitled versions of the anime a week after each episode aired in Japan. Viz Media has also released each of the \"Bleach\" feature films in English.", "title": "Bleach (manga)" }, { "docid": "51365981#10", "text": "The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 80% approval rating based on 5 reviews, and an average rating of 6.1/10. Justine Smith for \"SciFiNow\" gave it a positive review with a consensus that \"While clearly made for a dedicated fanbase, unlike some more recent anime live-action adaptations, one of the greatest assets of Bleach is how cohesively it outlines its mythology for the uninitiated.\" Additionally, Mark Schilling reviewed the film for \"The Japan Times\" and gave it a 3 star rating. He concluded that the film faithfully follows the mythology of the source material for the dedicated fans, but also simplifies it for casual viewers to understand.", "title": "Bleach (2018 film)" }, { "docid": "660333#20", "text": "Composed and produced by Shirō Sagisu, numerous CD soundtracks have been released for the \"Bleach\" anime series and movies by Sony Music Entertainment Japan. \"Bleach Original Soundtrack 1\" was released on May 18, 2005, which contains 25 tracks, including the first opening and ending themes in their original television lengths. \"Bleach Original Soundtrack 2\" followed on August 2, 2006, with an additional 23 instrumental tracks. \"Bleach Original Soundtrack 3\" later followed on November 5, 2008, with 27 instrumental tracks. \"Bleach Original Soundtrack 4\" was released on December 16, 2009, with 30 instrumental tracks. For the 5th anniversary of the series, Aniplex released \"Bleach 5th Anniversary Box\" set which contains CD with rare and unreleased tracks. \"Bleach: Memories of Nobody Original Soundtrack\" was released with 25 tracks from the \"\" film. \"Bleach: The DiamondDust Rebellion Original Soundtrack\" was also released for the \"\" film, with 29 tracks from the movie, followed by \"Bleach: Fade to Black Original Soundtrack\" for the \"\" film, with 29 tracks, followed by \"Bleach: Hell Verse Original Soundtrack\" for the \"\" film, with 21 tracks. Aniplex released \"Bleach The Best\" box set, which contains CD and DVD with 12 of the opening and ending themes from the series in their full length versions and few extras, later followed by \"Bleach The Best Instrumental/Jam-set Groove\", which contains eight instrumental tracks. The separated CD under the label, \"Bleach The Best\" which contains 12 tracks, was released in December 2008. The next release, \"Bleach Best Tunes\", contains 14 more opening and ending themes. \"Bleach The Berry Best\" box set, which contains CD with 13 tracks, bonus DVD and few extras, was released for the 10th anniversary of the series. On April 25, 2012, Aniplex released \"Bleach Best Trax\" box set, which include musical CD, bonus DVD with the complete opening and ending theme videos and few extras.", "title": "Bleach (manga)" }, { "docid": "1397721#29", "text": "All four feature films based on the \"Bleach\" series were directed by Noriyuki Abe, director of the \"Bleach\" anime series. Each movie features an original plotline along with original characters designed by Tite Kubo, which is contrary to the normal practice for anime-based films, as the original author usually has little creative involvement. \"\", was released in Japan on December 16, 2006 and had a limited release in American theaters in June 2008. The second film, \"\", was released to Japanese theaters on December 22, 2007. The third film, \"\", was released in Japan on December 13, 2008. The fourth movie, \"\", was released in Japan on December 4, 2010.", "title": "Bleach (TV series)" }, { "docid": "5297549#0", "text": "Bleach: Memories of Nobody is the first animated film adaptation of the anime and manga series \"Bleach\". Directed by Noriyuki Abe and written by Masashi Sogo, the film was first released in Japanese theaters on December 16, 2006. The DVD was released in Japan on September 5, 2007. To promote the film, the opening and closing credits for episodes 106 through 109 of the \"Bleach\" anime use footage from the film. The film's theme music is by Aqua Timez. The film had a limited theatrical release in the United States from June 11 to June 12, 2008, and in Canada on October 20, 2008 and was followed by the DVD release on October 14, 2008. The film aired on September 5, 2009 on Adult Swim. Animax Asia became the first to air the movie in Asia, as they confirmed the premiere to be on May 2. The Blu-ray was released on May 7, 2012 in the United Kingdom.", "title": "Bleach: Memories of Nobody" }, { "docid": "51365981#9", "text": ", \"Bleach\" has grossed ¥448,895,200 () in Japan. The filmed opened at #4 on its opening weekend and grossed ¥135 million from Friday to Sunday. On the second weekend, it fell into #5 and grossed an additional ¥64,199,600. In the third weekend, \"Bleach\" dropped off the top 10 and earned ¥23,459,400.", "title": "Bleach (2018 film)" }, { "docid": "29321817#0", "text": "The film was released in Japanese theatres on December 4, 2010 and in the United States dubbed in November. A prologue for the film, titled \"Theatre Opening Commemoration! Hell Chapter: Prologue\", was included in season 14 of the animation series and included in the regular TV Tokyo schedule, which aired on November 30, 2010. A promotional manga chapter, titled \"Imaginary Number 01: The Unforgivens\", was published showing Shuren confronting Szayel Aporro Granz and Aaroniero Arruruerie in Hell. Additionally, a promotional information book called \"Bleach: Official Invitation Book The Hell Verse\" was also released to commemorate the release of \"Bleach: Hell Verse\". The DVD was released on August 25, 2011 in Japan. The English dub was released on DVD and Blu-ray on December 4, 2012 in the United States and on February 24, 2013 in the United Kingdom.", "title": "Bleach: Hell Verse" }, { "docid": "3117427#1", "text": "The manga was first published in Shueisha's \"Weekly Shōnen Jump\" from August 20, 2001, to August 22, 2016. The 686 individual chapters were collected by Shueisha in a series of 74 \"tankōbon\" volumes between January 5, 2002, and November 4, 2016. Most chapter names are written in English and have \"katakana\" above them to indicate how they are read in Japanese, similar to the usage of \"furigana\" ruby characters with advanced \"kanji\" characters. The total count of published \"Bleach\" chapters and the number on the highest-numbered chapter do not match. This is because, in addition to the positive numbered chapters, some chapters are published with a negative or fractional chapter number. These \"negative\" chapters are side stories that involve events that precede the main plot of the series.", "title": "List of Bleach volumes" } ]

[ { "docid": "46296318#9", "text": "Although RCA had made a significant financial investment in establishing WDY, and its debut and ongoing operations were made with great fanfare, changes in the radio industry soon made the station redundant. RCA, formed in 1919, was originally a wholly owned GE subsidiary. However, on July 1, 1921 GE made an agreement with Westinghouse to cross-license radio patents, which gave Westinghouse 40% ownership of RCA, and also made RCA the sales agent for Westinghouse radio receivers. Because these companies were now working together, there was no longer a need for both WDY and WJZ, moreover, WJZ was located closer to New York City and had been providing a greater variety of programs.", "title": "WDY" }, { "docid": "25970#0", "text": "The RCA Corporation was a major American electronics company, which was founded as the Radio Corporation of America in 1919. It was initially a wholly owned subsidiary of General Electric (GE); however, in 1932, RCA became an independent company after GE was required to divest its ownership as part of the settlement of a government antitrust suit.", "title": "RCA" } ]

[ { "docid": "25970#27", "text": "Following years of industry complaints that the cross-licensing agreements between RCA, GE and Westinghouse had in effect created spheres-of-influence for the participating companies, resulting in illegal monopolies, in May 1930 the U.S. Department of Justice brought antitrust charges against the three companies. After a long period of negotiation, in 1932 the Justice Department accepted a consent agreement which removed the restrictions established by the cross-licensing agreements, and also provided that RCA would become a fully independent company. As a result, GE and Westinghouse gave up their ownership interests in RCA, while RCA was allowed to keep its factories. In order to give RCA a chance to establish itself, GE and Westinghouse were required to refrain from competing in the radio business for the next two and one-half years.", "title": "RCA" }, { "docid": "25970#17", "text": "RCA and its partners soon faced an economic crisis, as the costs of providing programming threatened to exceed the funds available from equipment profits. The problem was resolved in 1926 when AT&T unexpectedly decided to exit the radio broadcasting field. RCA purchased, for $1,000,000, AT&Ts two radio stations, WEAF and WCAP in Washington, D.C., as well as its network operations. These assets formed the basis for the creation of the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), with ownership divided between RCA (50%), General Electric (30%), and Westinghouse (20%) until 1930, when RCA assumed 100% ownership. This purchase also included the right to begin commercial operations. NBC formed two radio networks that eventually expanded nationwide: the NBC-Red Network, with flagship station WEAF, and NBC-Blue, centered on WJZ. Although NBC was originally promoted as expecting to just break even economically, it soon became extremely profitable, which would be an important factor in helping RCA survive the economic pressures of the Great Depression that began in late 1929.", "title": "RCA" }, { "docid": "177256#8", "text": "From 1942 to 1944, RCA Victor was seriously impacted by the American Federation of Musicians recording ban. Virtually all union musicians in the US and Canada were forbidden from making recordings during the period. One of the few exceptions was the eventual release of recorded radio broadcast performances by the NBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Arturo Toscanini. However, RCA Victor lost the Philadelphia Orchestra during this period; the orchestra's contract with RCA Victor expired during the strike and when Columbia Records settled with the union before RCA, Eugene Ormandy and the Philadelphians signed a new contract with Columbia and began recording in 1944. Ormandy and the Philadelphia Orchestra would not return to RCA until 1968.", "title": "RCA Records" }, { "docid": "11001696#11", "text": "A separate organisation, the United Railway Companies' Committee, was formed in 1858, but folded in 1861. It was re-established in June 1867 and became the Railway Companies' Association (RCA) in 1869. There was a certain degree of overlap between the RCA and the RCH, and it was later agreed that the RCA should represent the railways in Parliament, whilst the RCH concentrated on organising the business of railway traffic.", "title": "Railway Clearing House" }, { "docid": "25970#43", "text": "RCA maintained its high standards of engineering excellence in broadcast engineering and satellite communications equipment, but ventures such as the NBC radio and television networks declined.\nBeginning in 1976, the RCA Corporation revived the Nipper/His Master's Voice trademark. RCA Records reinstated Nipper to most record labels in countries where RCA held the rights to the trademark. Nipper was also once again widely used in RCA newspaper and magazine advertisements as well as store displays and promotional items such as T-shirts, watches, coffee mugs and stuffed toys. The trademark was also painted on RCA delivery and service trucks. \nAround 1980, RCA corporate strategy reported on moving manufacture of its television sets to Mexico. RCA was still profitable in 1983, when it switched manufacturing of its VHS VCRs from Panasonic to Hitachi.", "title": "RCA" }, { "docid": "25970#20", "text": "RCA acted as the sales agent for a small line of Westinghouse and GE branded receivers and parts used by home constructors, originally for a limited market of amateur radio enthusiasts. By 1922, the rise of broadcasting had dramatically increased the demand for radio equipment by the general public, and this development was reflected in the title of RCA's June 1, 1922 catalog, \"Radio Enters the Home\". RCA began selling receivers under the \"Radiola\" name, marketing equipment produced by GE and Westinghouse under the production agreement that allocated a 60%–40% ratio in output between the two companies. Although the patent cross-licensing agreements had been intended to give the participants domination of equipment sales, the tremendous growth of the market led to fierce competition, and in 1925 RCA fell behind Atwater Kent as the leader in receiver sales. RCA was particularly hamstrung by the need to coordinate its sales within the limits of the GE/Westinghouse production quotas, and often had difficulty keeping up with industry trends. However, it made a key advance in early 1924 when it began to sell the first superheterodyne receivers, whose high level of performance increased the brand's reputation and popularity. RCA was the exclusive manufacturer of superheterodyne radio sets until 1930. Until late 1927, all RCA receivers ran on batteries, but at that point plug-in AC sets were introduced, which provided another boost in sales.", "title": "RCA" }, { "docid": "42890#18", "text": "In 1938, Farnsworth established the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation in Fort Wayne, Indiana, with E. A. Nicholas as president and himself as director of research. In September 1939, after a more than decade-long legal battle, RCA finally conceded to a multi-year licensing agreement concerning Farnsworth's 1927 patent for television totaling $1 million. RCA was then free, after showcasing electronic television at New York World's Fair on April 20, 1939, to sell electronic television cameras to the public.", "title": "Philo Farnsworth" }, { "docid": "4999803#0", "text": "Vik Records was a subsidiary of RCA Victor Records established in April 1953. In the \"Billboard\" issue of the 11th of that month, it was announced that RCA was launching, namelessly, a new label that was the company's first to be distributed independently. \"Billboard\" opted to use the name Label \"X\" for the new company. The name was kept, as the label began to hire a series of staffers and decide on a direction. Label X was officially formed April 20, 1953. Though wholly owned and operated by RCA, it had its own independent distribution. Joe Carlton was the head of the new company. RCA spent the rest of the year trying to establish an identity for \"X\", eventually settling on cover records of R&B hits and quasi-R&B sides by artists such as The Three Chuckles, Eddie Fontaine, and Louis Jordan.", "title": "ViK. Recordings" }, { "docid": "25970#13", "text": "The introduction of organized radio broadcasting in the early 1920s resulted in a dramatic reorientation and expansion of RCA's business activities. The development of vacuum tube radio transmitters made audio transmissions practical, in contrast with the earlier transmitters which were limited to sending the dits-and-dahs of Morse code. Since at least 1916, when he was still at American Marconi, David Sarnoff had proposed establishing broadcasting stations, but his memos to management promoting the idea for sales of a \"Radio Music Box\" had not been followed up at the time.", "title": "RCA" } ]

[ { "docid": "298874#8", "text": "The region has a total land area of , representing 6.3% of the country's total land area and 18.5% of the island of Mindanao. 47.6% of the total land area of the region belongs to the province of Agusan del Sur. Of the total land area, 71.22% is forestland and 28.78% is alienable and disposable land. Major land uses include forestland comprising 31.36% and 23.98% of agricultural and open spaces.", "title": "Caraga" } ]

[ { "docid": "298874#0", "text": "Caraga, officially known as the Caraga Administrative Region or simply Caraga Region and designated as Region XIII, is an administrative region in the Philippines occupying the northeastern section of the island of Mindanao. The Caraga Region was created through \"Republic Act No. 7901\" on February 23, 1995. The region comprises five provinces: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur and Dinagat Islands; six cities: Bayugan, Bislig, Butuan, Cabadbaran, Surigao and Tandag; 67 municipalities and 1,311 barangays. Butuan is the regional administrative center.", "title": "Caraga" }, { "docid": "298874#21", "text": "From 2001 to 2003, Caraga Region consistently maintained its performance vis-à-vis other regions in Mindanao. Caraga posted a 0.9% growth rate compared to the 9.5% growth rate of Region 12 and the 2.6% growth rate of the Autonomous Region for Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). Caraga's growth rate in 2001-2002 and the 2002-2003 period was the same (0.9%). This was much less than the growth of the population. This performance was better however than the region's performance in the 2000-2001 period, where the region's economy declined by 1.4%.", "title": "Caraga" }, { "docid": "298874#26", "text": "The agriculture, fishery and forestry (AFF) sector is Caraga's banner economic sector, exhibiting an increasing growth trend of 3.8% and 6.8% growth rates in 2001 and 2003 respectively. Despite the decreasing growth trend of the agriculture and fishery subsectors, the sizeable growth rate of the forestry subsector more than compensated for the decrease. The forestry subsector grew by 36.3% in 2003, the highest growth rate for any subsector in the region. It is also important to note that Caraga Region has the highest GVA in the forestry subsector among all regions in the Philippines.", "title": "Caraga" }, { "docid": "298874#7", "text": "Caraga Region, situated in the northeast section of Mindanao, is between 8 00' to 10 30' N. latitude and 125 15' to 126 30' E. longitude. It is bounded on the north by the Bohol Sea; on the south by the provinces of Davao del Norte, Compostela Valley and Davao Oriental of Region XI; on the west by Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental of Region X; and on the east by the Philippine Sea of the Pacific Ocean.", "title": "Caraga" }, { "docid": "298874#1", "text": "\"Caraga\" is said to have originated from the native word \"Kalaga\" which means \"spirit of soul\". Hence, the whole \"Provincia de Caraga\" of AD 1622 was called \"region de gente animosa\", that is \"region of spirited men\". Another fictional etymology of the name flows from a local legend as coming from the word \"Cagang\", a numerous small crabs matting the beach of Caraga, which is also known as \"katang\" to the native inhabitants. Legend goes that the town was named as such because the first Spanish missionaries who came in the early years of 1600 found numerous small crabs matting the beach.", "title": "Caraga" }, { "docid": "29355605#0", "text": "Caraga Region is located at northeastern part of Mindanao. It has five (5) provinces, namely: Dinagat Province, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Agusan del Norte and Agusan del Sur. Caraga Region is now hosting several mining projects producing various mineral commodities particularly but not limited to gold, copper, chrome, nickel, iron and limestone for concrete cement production. This makes the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Mines and Geosciences Bureau, Regional Office No. 13 with Office located in Surigao City plays important role in the region's economy, job generation, social and environmental enhancement and protection and ensuring government shares through royalties and taxes.", "title": "Mines and Geosciences Bureau Region 13 (Philippines)" }, { "docid": "267469#13", "text": "The land area of the province is representing 27.75 percent of the total land area of Caraga Administrative Region and about 5.14 percent and 1.74 percent of the total land area of Mindanao and Philippines, respectively. The province is elongated in shape, extending from the northeastern portion at Carrascal to the southernmost municipality of Lingig. It is approximately in length and at its widest point which runs from Cagwait to San Miguel.", "title": "Surigao del Sur" }, { "docid": "29355605#7", "text": "Caraga Region is situated in the Samar – Surigao segment of the Eastern Bicol – Eastern Mindanao ophiolite belt, one of the nine (9) major ophiolite. Ophiolites, particularly the ultramafic member of the assemblage, are of economic significance as they play host to two strategic ferro-alloy metallic commodities namely nickel and chromium. Large tracts of ultramafic terrains are exposed in the province of Surigao del Norte and northern Surigao del Sur, a majority of which are within the Surigao Mineral Reservation (SMR). Minor occurrences can also be found in the western range of Agusan del Norte.", "title": "Mines and Geosciences Bureau Region 13 (Philippines)" }, { "docid": "30351170#2", "text": "The hospital was expanded and the number of beds increased in 1958 to fifty beds. The hospital continued to grow to seventy-five beds and in 1970 it grew to 100 beds. The current number of beds, 150, was authorized in 1975. In 1993 the hospital was devolved by the Philippine government to the province of Surigao del Norte. On February 11, 1997, the hospital was renamed Caraga Regional Hospital.", "title": "Caraga Regional Hospital" }, { "docid": "298874#23", "text": "The region performed fairly well in terms of regional output contributing 8.01% in 1998, 8.25% in 1999 and 8.29% in 2000 to the Mindanao GRDP. The region contributed 1.44% in 1998, 1.48% in 1999 and 1.50% in 2000, to the Philippine economy. In terms of growth rate, the region accelerated faster and outpaced the other regions in Mindanao from 1998 to 2000, except for the Southern Mindanao Region which posted a 6.06% increase in 1999-2000. Caraga Region recorded a 5.42% increase during the same period.", "title": "Caraga" } ]

[ { "docid": "763679#0", "text": "U.S. Route 17 or U.S. Highway 17 (abbreviation U.S. 17, US 17, also known as the Coastal Highway) is a north–south United States highway. The highway spans the southeastern United States and is close to the Atlantic Coast for much of its length. The highway's southern terminus is at Punta Gorda, Florida, at an intersection with US 41. Traveling north, US 17 joins up with US 50 in Paris, Virginia, and the northern terminus of US 17 is in downtown Winchester, Virginia. This is also the point at which the portion of US 50 called the Northwestern Turnpike begins.", "title": "U.S. Route 17" } ]

[ { "docid": "13606824#22", "text": "An old alignment of US Route 17 along the Dismal Swamp Canal carries the US Route 17 Business designation north from the Dominion Boulevard intersection to Deep Creek, where US 17 Business crosses the canal on a small drawbridge, before proceeding north to rejoin US Route 17 at Interstate 64 (Exit 296).\nUS Route 17 Business through Gloucester Courthouse consists of a loop, Main Street, that travels through the historic courthouse district, intersecting State Routes 3 and 14. VA 14 multiplexes with US 17 Business on the northern leg back to US 17. Main Street is likely a former alignment of US Route 17, due to several US 17 shields on it that lack a Business banner.\nU.S. Route 17 Business in Saluda branches off of mainline US 17 (Tidewater Trail) to the northeast at Gloucester Road along with a concurrency with Virginia State Route 33. One block after the wye Virginia Secondary Route 618 joins the two routes from the intersection of Lovers Retreat Lane. At the intersection of General Puller Highway VA 33 turns right SSR 618 continues north onto Oakes Landing Road and BUS US 17 turns left. This segment also contains the name \"School Street,\" and runs west until reaching mainline US 17 once again.\nU.S. Business Route 17 through the vicinity of Fredericksburg, begins at the intersection of US 17 and Virginia State Route 2 southeast of Fredericksburg, where they both become Tidewater Trail. From there the road passes by Fredericksburg Country Club, Shannon Airport and the Fredericksburg Agricultural Fairgrounds. Within the city limits, Tidewater Trail becomes Dixon Street and crosses under the Blue and Gray Parkway interchange, then curves right before splitting onto southbound Princess Anne Street and northbound Caroline Street. Both streets cross under the Fredericksburg (VRE station), where US BUS 1 joins US BUS 17 along the same parallel one-way streets, until they reach Herndon Street and become a two-way street again at Princess Anne Street. US Bus 1 & 17 continues to run northwest until they reach US 1 where US BUS 1 terminates, but US BUS 17 joins and cross the Rappahannock River, and enters Falmouth. US BUS 17 leaves US 1 at the west end of Virginia State Route 218 where it runs northwest onto Warrenton Road before finally terminating at the north end of the I-95/US 17 multiplex at Exit 133-B.\nU.S. Business Route 17 in Warrenton, Virginia is also multiplexed with U.S. Business Route 15 and U.S. Business Route 29, at least at the southern end. After James Madison Highway becomes Shirley Avenue, US Bus 15 leaves this concurrency at Falmouth Street. U.S. Route 211 joins the two Business routes as US BUS Route 211 runs east along Waterloo Street and US 211-BUS 17/29 become Broadview Avenue. As the triplex curves right, and intersects Roebling Street, it becomes Lee Highway, and US Bus 17 makes a left turn onto Broadview Avenue, a name it will keep until the intersection of Foxcroft Road and becomes James Madison Highway before terminating at the interchange with mainline US Route 17.\nU.S. Business Route 17 through the vicinity of Marshall, Virginia runs northeast from Exit 27 on Interstate 66, partially along Virginia State Route 55 (Free State Road, West Main Street), then turns southeast onto Winchester Road as it reunites with US 17 at Exit 28 on I-66.", "title": "Special routes of U.S. Route 17" }, { "docid": "3335302#1", "text": "Route 17 officially begins about west of its interchange with Interstate 91 (at Exit 8). Route 80 begins at the interchange and continues eastward while Route 17 turns northward. Route 17 is a 4-lane principal arterial road, becoming 2 lanes as it passes through North Haven, Northford (where it briefly overlaps with Route 22), and Durham. In Middletown it becomes a 4-lane freeway for leading to an interchange with the Route 9 freeway. Route 17 duplexes with Route 9 for about on a surface road from Exit 13 to Exit 16, where Route 17 exits and shortly thereafter begins a concurrency with Route 66 as it crosses the Connecticut River from Middletown into Portland. on the Arrigoni Bridge. Just after the bridge, it spawns a alternate, Route 17A, which leads to the center of town. Routes 17 and 66 become a 4 lane principal arterial for the rest of the concurrency, where Route 17 turns north and becomes a secondary 2-lane arterial. After meeting the northern end of Route 17A, it enters Glastonbury, passing through the South Glastonbury Historic District and gradually becoming more suburban. The last of Route 17 is a freeway, which ultimately merges into Route 2 West at Exit 7.", "title": "Connecticut Route 17" }, { "docid": "4106478#0", "text": "Maryland Route 17 (MD 17) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The state highway begins at the Virginia state line at the Potomac River in Brunswick, where the highway continues south as Virginia State Route 287 (SR 287). MD 17 runs north from the Brunswick Bridge to the Frederick–Washington county line near Wolfsville. The state highway serves as the main north–south highway of the Middletown Valley of western Frederick County. MD 17 connects Brunswick and Wolfsville with Rosemont, Burkittsville, Middletown, and Myersville. The state highway also connects those communities with the valley's main east–west highways, which include U.S. Route 340, US 40 Alternate, Interstate 70 (I-70), and US 40.", "title": "Maryland Route 17" }, { "docid": "4501785#0", "text": "State Route 17 (SR 17) is a state highway serving the Columbia Plateau in the central region of the U.S. state of Washington. The highway travels through mostly rural areas of Franklin. Adams, Grant, Douglas, and Okanogan counties and is designated as part of the National Highway System between Mesa and Moses Lake and as the Coulee Corridor Scenic Byway between Othello and Coulee City for passing through the Grand Coulee. SR 17 begins in Mesa at an interchange with U.S. Route 395 (US 395) and travels north and intersects SR 26 near Othello before entering Moses Lake, where the highway intersects Interstate 90 (I-90) and travels as a partial expressway. SR 17 continues north, intersecting SR 28 in Soap Lake, through the Grand Coulee to a short concurrency with US 2 west of Coulee City. The highway turns northwest and crosses the Columbia River on the Columbia River Bridge at Bridgeport before ending at US 97 in Brewster at the southwestern edge of the Colville Indian Reservation.", "title": "Washington State Route 17" }, { "docid": "16622519#1", "text": "SH 17 is officially split into two parts by a stretch of concurrence with U.S. Highway 285. The first part of the route begins in the south at the New Mexico state line where the road becomes New Mexico State Road 17. From the state line the road proceeds in a winding, generally easterly path over the San Juan Mountains via Cumbres Pass and La Manga Pass, both over in elevation. Along this section, the road offers access to Rio Grande National Forest and the many recreational activities it offers. After leaving the national forest, the road continues east for approximately 13 more miles before merging with US 285 at Antonito. From Antonito, SH 17 runs northward concurrent with US 285 for just over thirty miles to the city of Alamosa. At Alamosa, the second part of SH 17 begins after the road splits from US 285. From there, the road proceeds northward up the middle of the San Luis Valley between the Sangre de Christo Mountains in the east and the San Juan Mountains to the west. The route passes through the towns of Mosca, Hooper (where the road meets the eastern end of State Highway 112) and Moffat before reaching its northern terminus where it again meets US 285 roughly five miles south of Villa Grove.", "title": "Colorado State Highway 17" }, { "docid": "6837420#7", "text": "US 17 continues north through Gloucester Point, which is home to the Virginia Institute of Marine Science. At the north end of the suburban community, the U.S. Highway meets the western end of SR 216 (Guinea Road). US 17 continues through a suburban area to Gloucester Courthouse, which is directly served by US 17 Business (Main Street). At US 17's northern intersection with the business route, the U.S. Highway becomes concurrent with SR 14 north to Adner, where the state highway heads west as Adner Road. At Glenns, the highway has an intersection with SR 198 (Glenns Road) and SR 33 (Lewis Puller Memorial Highway). US 17 and SR 33 head north together and cross the Dragon Swamp, which becomes the Piankatank River, into Middlesex County and assume the name Tidewater Trail. The two highways diverge at Saluda, into which SR 33 and US 17 Business head north as Gloucester Road. US 17 collects the other end of the business route (School Street) on the west side of Saluda.", "title": "U.S. Route 17 in Virginia" }, { "docid": "13606824#15", "text": "U.S. Route 17 Bypass (US 17 By-Pass) was established in 2009 and is long. Beginning at the US 13/US 17 split, located southeast of Windsor, US 17 Bypass follows the preexisting expressway grade of US 13. At exit 215, US 13 splits and continues north, while US 17 Bypass continues on freeway grade highway till it re-merges with US 17, near mile marker 221.", "title": "Special routes of U.S. Route 17" }, { "docid": "1863453#1", "text": "From its southern terminus with SR 1 in Santa Cruz, Route 17 begins as a five-lane freeway (narrows to four lanes after Pasatiempo Drive). From there, it proceeds through Scotts Valley. At the north end of Scotts Valley, it becomes a four-lane divided highway, with access at various points without interchanges, and begins a winding ascent of the Santa Cruz Mountains. The road crosses the Santa Clara/Santa Cruz county line through the Patchen Pass, commonly referred to as \"The Summit\", at an elevation of 1,800 feet (549 m), where there is an interchange with SR 35. Just north of the summit, a winding descent of the mountains begins, again with access at various points, mostly without grade separations, as far as Los Gatos. At Los Gatos, Route 17 becomes a freeway again. It expands to six lanes after an interchange with SR 85. This interchange has three levels; it is unusual in that the top level (CA 17) is at-grade, with the other levels below-grade. The number of lanes later expands to eight shortly before reaching its northern terminus at Interstate 280, where it continues as Interstate 880.", "title": "California State Route 17" }, { "docid": "26418755#1", "text": "The route begins at an intersection with US 64 and U.S. Route 84 in New Mexico south of Chama. The road then heads north into central Chama along Terrace Avenue. NM 17 then exits Chama and heads northeastward, passing through a wooded area in northern Rio Arriba County. The road then reaches the Colorado state line, where it becomes Colorado State Highway 17, heading north.", "title": "New Mexico State Road 17" } ]

[ { "docid": "587487#19", "text": "Up until the 1990s, the majority of visual novels utilized pixel art. This was particularly common on the NEC PC-9801 format, which showcased what is considered to be some of the best pixel art in the history of video games, with a popular example being \"Policenauts\" in 1994. There have also been visual novels that use live-action stills or video footage, such as several \"Sound Novel\" games by Chunsoft. The most successful example is \"Machi\", one of the most celebrated games in Japan, where it was voted No. 5 in a 2006 \"Famitsu\" reader poll of top 100 games of all time. The game resembled a live-action television drama, but allowing players to explore multiple character perspectives and affect the outcomes. Another successful example is \"\", which received a perfect score of 40 out of 40 from \"Famitsu\" magazine.", "title": "Visual novel" }, { "docid": "587487#3", "text": "Visual novels are distinguished from other game types by their generally minimal gameplay. Typically the majority of player interaction is limited to clicking to keep the text, graphics and sound moving (many recent games offer \"play\" or \"fast-forward\" toggles that make this unnecessary), while making narrative choices along the way. Another main characteristic of visual novels are its strong emphasis on the prose, as the narration in visual novels are delivered through text. This characteristic makes playing visual novels similar to reading a book.", "title": "Visual novel" }, { "docid": "587487#20", "text": "Many visual novels are centered on drama, particularly themes involving romance or family, but visual novels centered on science fiction, fantasy fiction, and horror fiction are not uncommon.", "title": "Visual novel" }, { "docid": "587487#0", "text": "A is an interactive game genre, which originated in Japan, featuring text-based story with narrative style of literature and interactivity aided by static or sprite-based visuals, most often using anime-style art or occasionally live-action stills (and sometimes video footage). As the name might suggest, they resemble mixed-media novels.", "title": "Visual novel" } ]

[ { "docid": "2538794#33", "text": "A is a game featuring mostly static graphics, usually with anime-style art. As the name might suggest, they resemble mixed-media novels or tableau vivant stage plays. Many visual novels track statistics that the player must build in order to advance the plot, and permit a variety of endings, allowing more dynamic reactions to the player's actions than a typical linear adventure plot. Many visual novels are dating sims, including bishōjo games. Visual novels are especially prevalent in Japan, where they make up nearly 70% of PC games released. They are rarely produced for video game consoles, but the more popular games are sometimes ported to systems such as the Dreamcast or the PlayStation 2. The market for visual novels outside Japan, however, was nearly non-existent prior to the success of the Nintendo DS, for which several Japanese visual novels were released in the West, such as the \"Ace Attorney\" series.", "title": "List of video game genres" }, { "docid": "587487#2", "text": "Visual novels are often produced for video game consoles, and the more popular games have occasionally been ported to such systems. The more famous visual novels are also often adapted into the light novel, manga or anime formats. The market for visual novels outside of East Asia is small, though a number of anime based on visual novels are popular among anime fans in the Western world.", "title": "Visual novel" }, { "docid": "587487#1", "text": "In Japanese terminology, a distinction is often made between visual novels (abbreviated NVL, derived from \"novel\"), which consist predominantly of narration and have very few interactive elements, and adventure games (abbreviated AVG, or ADV derived from \"adventure\"), a form of adventure game which may incorporate problem-solving and other types of gameplay. This distinction is normally lost outside Japan, where both NVLs and ADVs are commonly referred to as \"visual novels\" by international fans. Visual novels and ADVs are especially prevalent in Japan, where they made up nearly 70% of the PC game titles released in 2006.", "title": "Visual novel" }, { "docid": "36803227#1", "text": "Christine Love began creating visual novels while in school at Trent University. By January 2010, she had made a few small video games; written a novel and a few short stories, which she largely unsuccessfully tried to sell; and had made a visual novel each March for three consecutive years for NaNoRenO (National Ren'ai Game Writing Month), a month-long contest in the vein of National Novel Writing Month (NaNoWriMo) where developers attempt to create a visual novel in one month. In February 2010, she started a fourth visual novel, which resulted in \"\", her first game to receive widespread attention and acclaim. Set \"five minutes into the future of 1988\", \"Digital\" tells the story of the silent protagonist's online relationship with a girl named *Emilia, and a mystery surrounding the \"murders\" of several AI programs. The game is presented entirely through the interface of a 1980s computer with online bulletin board system posts and messages from other characters; the protagonist's own messages are implied but never shown. Love expected the game to reach as many people as her prior work, \"a dozen or so people\"; instead, the free game was noticed by video game publications and websites such as \"PC Gamer\" and Gamasutra and received much more attention, becoming what Love believes was \"a defining point in [her] writing career\". Widely praised by critics, \"Digital\" earned an honorable mention in Gamasutra's \"Best Indie Games of 2010\" list. Love felt that \"Digital\"s success turned her from a writer into an indie game developer.", "title": "Christine Love (writer)" }, { "docid": "587487#9", "text": "The branching path stories found in visual novels represent an evolution of the \"Choose Your Own Adventure\" concept. The digital medium allows for significant improvements, such as being able to fully explore multiple aspects and perspectives of a story. Another improvement is having hidden decision points that are automatically determined based on the player's past decisions. In \"Fate/stay night\", for example, the way the player character behaved towards non-player characters during the course of the game affects the way they react to the player character in later scenes, such as whether or not they choose to help in life-or-death situations. This would be far more difficult to track with physical books. More importantly, visual novels do not face the same length restrictions as a physical book. For example, the total word count of the English fan translation of \"Fate/stay night\", taking all the branching paths into account, exceeds that of \"The Lord of the Rings\". This significant increase in length allows visual novels to tell stories as long and complex as those often found in traditional novels, while still maintaining a branching path structure, and allowing them to focus on complex stories with mature themes and consistent plots in a way which \"Choose Your Own Adventure\" books were unable to do due to their physical limitations. Visual novels with non-branching plots, such as \"Higurashi When They Cry\", \"\", \"Muv-Luv Alternative\", and \"\" are rare exceptions within the genre.", "title": "Visual novel" }, { "docid": "587487#4", "text": "Most visual novels have multiple storylines and more than one ending; the mechanic in these cases typically consists of intermittent multiple-choice decision points, where the player selects a direction in which to take the game. This style of gameplay is similar to story-driven interactive fiction, or the shorter and less detailed real-life gamebook books. Many fans of visual novels hold them up as exceptions to the relatively weak storytelling in video games overall.", "title": "Visual novel" }, { "docid": "2494476#7", "text": "Branching storylines are a common trend in visual novels, a subgenre of interactive narrative and adventure games. Visual novels frequently use multiple branching storylines to achieve multiple different endings, allowing non-linear freedom of choice along the way. Decision points within a visual novel often present players with the option of altering the course of events during the game, leading to many different possible outcomes. Visual novels are popular in East Asia, especially in Japan where they account for nearly 70% of personal computer games released there. A recent acclaimed example is \"\", where nearly every action and dialogue choice can lead to entirely new branching paths and endings. Each path only reveals certain aspects of the overall storyline and it is only after uncovering all the possible different paths and outcomes through multiple playthroughs that everything comes together to form a coherent well-written story.", "title": "Nonlinear gameplay" } ]

[ { "docid": "669724#11", "text": "The first transatlantic flight by rigid airship, and the first return transatlantic flight, was made just a couple of weeks after the transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown, on 2 July 1919. Major George Herbert Scott of the Royal Air Force flew the airship R34 with his crew and passengers from RAF East Fortune, Scotland to Mineola, New York (on Long Island), covering a distance of about in about four and a half days.", "title": "Transatlantic flight" }, { "docid": "307869#13", "text": "Transatlantic flight surpassed ocean liners as the predominant mode of crossing the Atlantic in the mid 20th century. In 1919, the American NC-4 became the first airplane to cross the Atlantic (but in multiple stages). Later that year, a British Vickers Vimy piloted by Alcock and Brown made the first non-stop transatlantic flight from Newfoundland to Ireland. Also in 1919, the British were the first to cross the Atlantic in an airship when the R34 captained by Major George Herbert Scott of the Royal Air Force with his crew and passengers flew from East Fortune, Scotland to Mineola, Long Island, covering a distance of about in about four and a half days; he then made a return trip to England, thus also completing the first double crossing of the Atlantic (east–west–east). In 1927, Charles Lindbergh made the first solo non-stop transatlantic flight in an airplane (between New York City and Paris). The second solo piloting, and the first to carry a passenger, was Clarence Duncan Chamberlin on June 6, 1927. Edward R. Armstrong proposed a string of anchored \"seadromes\" to refuel planes in a crossing.", "title": "Transatlantic crossing" }, { "docid": "383152#0", "text": "British aviators John Alcock and Arthur Brown made the first non-stop transatlantic flight in June 1919. They flew a modified First World War Vickers Vimy bomber from St. John's, Newfoundland, to Clifden, Connemara, County Galway, Ireland. The Secretary of State for Air, Winston Churchill, presented them with the \"Daily Mail\" prize for the first crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by aeroplane in \"less than 72 consecutive hours\". A small amount of mail was carried on the flight, making it the first transatlantic airmail flight. The two aviators were awarded the honour of Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE) a week later by King George V at Windsor Castle.", "title": "Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown" }, { "docid": "669724#30", "text": "The first successful in-flight separation of the \"Composite\" was carried out on 6 February 1938, and the first transatlantic flight was made on 21 July 1938 from Foynes to Boucherville. \"Mercury\", piloted by Captain Don Bennett, separated from her carrier at 8 pm to continue what was to become the first commercial non-stop east-to-west transatlantic flight by a heavier-than-air machine. This initial journey took 20 hrs, 21 min at an average ground speed of .", "title": "Transatlantic flight" }, { "docid": "393143#18", "text": "The feat of making the first transatlantic flight was somewhat eclipsed shortly afterward by the first \"nonstop\" transatlantic flight of some kind by John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown in a Vickers Vimy biplane, when they flew from Newfoundland to Ireland nonstop on 14–15 June 1919, in 16 hours and 27 minutes. Consequently, Alcock and Brown won a prize of £10,000 offered by the newspaper, \"Daily Mail\", which had been first announced in 1913, and then renewed in 1918, to \"the aviator who shall first cross the Atlantic in an aeroplane in flight from any point in the United States, Canada, or Newfoundland to any point in Great Britain or Ireland, in 72 consecutive hours.\" The conditions also stipulated that \"only one aircraft may be used for each attempt.\" Hence, there was no possibility of changing to a fresh aircraft in Iceland, Greenland, the Azores, and beyond.", "title": "Curtiss NC-4" }, { "docid": "82981#1", "text": "Lindburgh's flight was not the first transatlantic flight; [[Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown|John (Jack) Alcock and Arthur Brown achieved that]] goal in 1919, traveling from [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]], [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]], to [[Clifden]], [[County Galway]], Ireland, in response one of the [[Daily Mail aviation prizes|\"Daily Mail\" aviation prizes]]. Lindbergh's flight, almost twice the distance, was, however, the first solo, non-stop [[transatlantic flight]], and one made between two major cities, and by a man barely 25 years of age. Lindbergh was an officer in the [[United States Army Reserve|U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve]], and he received the United States' highest military decoration, the [[Medal of Honor]], for the feat, and many other awards and other forms of recognition from many countries. Lindbergh's achievement spurred interest in both commercial aviation and air mail, and he devoted much time and effort to promoting such activity.", "title": "Charles Lindbergh" }, { "docid": "996471#6", "text": "On 15 June 1919 the first non-stop transatlantic flight by Alcock and Brown crashlanded in Derrygimlagh bog, close to Marconi's transatlantic wireless station. When Captain Alcock spotted the green bog he thought it was a meadow where he could safely land his Vickers Vimy biplane. The plane's landing gear sank into the soft bog and was destroyed. Alcock and Brown had to walk into town with minor injuries. When they returned using the Marconi Railway, the locals had helped themselves to parts of the plane as souvenirs.", "title": "Clifden" }, { "docid": "393143#2", "text": "In May 1919, a crew of United States Navy aviators flew the NC-4 from New York State to Lisbon, Portugal, over the course of 19 days. This included time for stops of numerous repairs and for crewmen's rest, with stops along the way in Massachusetts, Nova Scotia (on the mainland), Newfoundland, and twice in the Azores Islands. Then its flight from the Azores to Lisbon completed the first transatlantic flight between North America and Europe, and two more flights from Lisbon to northwestern Spain to Plymouth, England, completed the first flight between North America and Great Britain. This accomplishment was somewhat eclipsed in the minds of the public by the first \"nonstop\" transatlantic flight, made by the Royal Air Force pilots John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown two weeks later.", "title": "Curtiss NC-4" }, { "docid": "669724#7", "text": "Hawker and Mackenzie-Grieve made the first attempt on 18 May, but engine failure brought them down in the ocean where they were rescued. Raynham and Morgan also made an attempt on 18 May but crashed on take off due to the high fuel load. The Handley Page team was in the final stages of testing its aircraft for the flight in June, but the Vickers group was ready earlier.\nDuring 14–15 June 1919, the British aviators Alcock and Brown made the first non-stop transatlantic flight. During the War, Alcock resolved to fly the Atlantic, and after the war he approached the Vickers engineering and aviation firm at Weybridge, which had considered entering its Vickers Vimy IV twin-engined bomber in the competition but had not yet found a pilot. Alcock's enthusiasm impressed Vickers's team, and he was appointed as its pilot. Work began on converting the Vimy for the long flight, replacing its bomb racks with extra petrol tanks. Shortly afterwards Brown, who was unemployed, approached Vickers seeking a post and his knowledge of long distance navigation convinced them to take him on as Alcock's navigator.\nVickers's team quickly assembled its plane and at around 1:45 p.m. on 14 June, while the Handley Page team was conducting yet another test, the Vickers plane took off from Lester's Field, in St. John's, Newfoundland.", "title": "Transatlantic flight" } ]

[ { "docid": "239680#13", "text": "British Airways commenced the first scheduled transatlantic flights from the airport in September 2009, with a twice a day service to New York City's John F. Kennedy International Airport using a specially configured Airbus A318 aircraft. The A318 is the smallest airliner to operate transatlantic since BA's corporate predecessor, BOAC, began transatlantic jet flights on 4 October 1958, with the De Havilland Comet 4. \nThe first day of the service, one week after Willie Walsh of British Airways pledged to the UN that aviation would deliver deep cuts in carbon emissions, was disrupted by activists from Plane Stupid and Fight the Flights dressed up in business suits.", "title": "London City Airport" }, { "docid": "33121113#11", "text": "In early 1913, Benoist and Jannus initiated the development of a large new flying boat capable of transatlantic flight. When in early 1914 the \"Daily Mail\" of London offered a $50,000 prize for the first transatlantic flight of under 72 hours, the two men developed the Type XV flying boat, capable of remaining aloft for 40 hours with six passengers on board. It was ready to fly in 1915, but by then the outbreak of World War I in late July 1914 had made a transatlantic attempt impossible. Benoist Aircraft and the St. Louis Car Company jointly proposed the construction of 5,000 Type XVs for the United Kingdom for use on antisubmarine patrols, but the British preferred Curtiss flying boats and nothing came of the idea.", "title": "Thomas W. Benoist" } ]

[ { "docid": "294473#5", "text": "Danielle is a young ballet dancer who was born in New Orleans. After moving to New York to pursue her career, she experienced a mysterious dream in which she saw herself inheriting great power by means of a mystical gauntlet. Dani found herself taking a walk and wandering to an antique shop the next day. It was there that she encountered Sara Pezzini, the current host of the Witchblade. Having become pregnant, Sara realized that the time had come for her to relinquish the artifact. Sara relinquished the Witchblade to Dani when she realized that she was meant to become its next host. While exploring her powers, Dani faced and overcame a number of mystical opponents. Eventually, Dani returned half of the Witchblade to Sara in order to save Sara's life following the birth of her child. She currently does not have any portion of the Witchblade as she is the present host to the Angelus.", "title": "Witchblade" }, { "docid": "18487561#3", "text": "In an alternate future timeline, Danielle Cage, nicknamed Dani, inherits both of her parents' abilities and becomes Captain America. It is mentioned that she was mentored by an aged version of Black Widow, who goes by the name Madame Natasha. She is plucked from her timeline to battle Ultron and then a Doombot, and subsequently teams up with the modern day Avengers to battle Moridun, who had possessed Wiccan. She returns to the present again to aid the U.S.Avengers in capturing her nemesis, the Golden Skull.", "title": "List of Marvel Comics characters: C" }, { "docid": "574120#0", "text": "Iron Fist (Daniel \"Danny\" Rand) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Roy Thomas and Gil Kane, Iron Fist first appeared in \"Marvel Premiere\" #15 (May 1974). The character is a practitioner of martial arts and the wielder of a mystical force known as the Iron Fist, which allows him to summon and focus his \"chi\". He starred in his own solo series in the 1970s, and shared the title \"Power Man and Iron Fist\" for several years with Luke Cage, partnering with Cage to form the superhero team Heroes for Hire. The character has starred in numerous solo titles since, including \"The Immortal Iron Fist\", which expanded on his origin story and the history of the Iron Fist.", "title": "Iron Fist (comics)" } ]

[ { "docid": "18487561#0", "text": "Danielle \"Dani\" Cage is a fictional character in Marvel Comics. Danielle is the young daughter of Jessica Jones and Luke Cage, created by Brian Michael Bendis and Michael Gaydos, first appeared in \"The Pulse\" #13 (March 2006).", "title": "List of Marvel Comics characters: C" }, { "docid": "719805#17", "text": "Following the events of the superhuman Civil War, Dani is recruited by the Initiative program to serve as an instructor to the next generation of superheroes, alongside her former colleague, Beast. She is the person brought in to train Trauma in the use of powers, which like hers, are fear based. He does transform into the shape of the 'Demon Bear' but Dani is not fazed and talks Trauma into a calmer state. However, due to her belief that Trauma could and should use his powers in a therapeutic nature, Henry Peter Gyrich, who intends to use Trauma as a weapon for the Initiative, is quick to dismiss her from Camp Hammond once she provides Trauma with enough training in his powers.", "title": "Danielle Moonstar" }, { "docid": "719805#4", "text": "Danielle Moonstar is a teenage Native American (specifically, Cheyenne), and was born in Boulder, Colorado. As with most mutants, Dani's mutant powers manifested during puberty. One of her first manifestations is a vision of her parents' death, killed by a demonic bear. Shortly afterwards, her parents disappear and Dani is taken in by her grandfather, Black Eagle. The Hellfire Club attempt to capture her, and in the melee, her grandfather is killed. He had already contacted Professor X to take care of Dani. Xavier, who had been a close friend of Moonstar's father, offers to teach Dani control over her powers. She joins his group of students called the New Mutants, and shortly afterwards becomes the co-leader of the group, together with Cannonball. There, she develops a deep friendship with Wolfsbane.", "title": "Danielle Moonstar" }, { "docid": "719805#5", "text": "While with the New Mutants, Moonstar starts to have nightmares again about the Demon Bear, who until then had been kept from her due to Black Eagle's protective spells. Her fear over the entity causes her to contemplate suicide. One night, she attacks the entity and is taken to the hospital. The other New Mutants wait for her in the hospital and are tracked down by the Bear. Its magics affect the team, drawing them into another dimension. The New Mutant Magik pierces the Demon Bear with her magical sword, and it reverts to its original form: William and Peg Lonestar. Dani is reunited with her parents, but decides to stay at Xavier's school. They develop an intense rivalry with the Hellions, a super-powered team of young mutants led by the White Queen. This rivalry is later somewhat cooled when Danielle bonds with the Hellions's leader, Thunderbird, over similar Native American heritage.", "title": "Danielle Moonstar" }, { "docid": "719805#23", "text": "Following the revelation that the Terrigen Cloud that is covering Earth is poisonous to mutants, Storm's team began using Dani's death-tracking abilities that she possesses thanks to her role as an Asgardian Valkyrie to track down those who are afflicted with the M-Pox and gets them to Storm's X-Haven located in the Limbo dimension. Magik teleports Dani to a nightclub in Los Angeles where the specter of death looms large. It looms so large, Dani learns, because a lot of people are about to die — way more than just the mutant suffering from the Terrigen mist-induced M-Pox. It turns out the densely populated club is actually in the thrall of the sick mutant, a powerful psychic that is forcing all of the club-goers to party as if nothing is wrong. And then Dani Moonstar meets her target: The daughter of the long dead villain Mastermind, Regan Wyngarde, aka Lady Mastermind. Dani and Regan engage in a psychic battle as they both realize they have similar issues with fear and anxiety. Dani gets through to Lady Mastermind, who finally relents and lets her guard down, thus breaking her control over the club-goers and letting her own facade down, she even asks Dani to put her out of her misery. But that is not what Dani is there to do. Instead, Magik and Dani teleport Lady Mastermind back to X-Haven, away from the dangerous atmosphere of Earth, where Regan gets treatment for her M-Pox fever and her symptoms start to go away.", "title": "Danielle Moonstar" }, { "docid": "13420742#13", "text": "Dani is a professional ballet dancer; as such, she is very agile and dexterous. Dani was the former host of the Witchblade, during which time she possessed all the powers associated with it.", "title": "Danielle Baptiste" }, { "docid": "13420742#0", "text": "Daniella \"Dani\" Anastasia Baptiste is a fictional, comic book superheroine in the series \"Witchblade\", published by Top Cow. The character was introduced in the one-hundredth issue, becoming the series' co-lead. An athletic young dancer, Dani becomes the new host of the Witchblade, a mystical gauntlet that grants its host an assortment of powers. The series' story arc then shows the character losing the gauntlet to its original host, but later taking hold of the Angelus, one of the two primal forces of the universe.", "title": "Danielle Baptiste" }, { "docid": "3620975#2", "text": "His earlier works include the music in the video games \"Super Dany\" (1994, credited as David De Gruttola), \"Cheese Cat-Astrophe Starring Speedy Gonzales\" (1995, credited as David De Gruttola), \"Timecop\" (1995), and \"Hardline\" (1996). David Cage founded \"Quantic Dream\" in 1997. He has written and directed all five games released by the studio: \"\" (1999), \"Fahrenheit / Indigo Prophecy\" (2005), \"Heavy Rain\" (2010), \"\" (2013) and \"\" (2018).", "title": "David Cage" } ]

[ { "docid": "10763443#19", "text": "Unlike \"Crash Tag Team Racing\", Radical did not hire the composer of the music in the previous \"Crash\" games, the a cappella band Spiralmouth whose members Rebecca Kneubuhl and Gabriel Mann left to compose musical pieces to \"\" and \"\" from Crash's companion franchise \"Spyro the Dragon\", to write the music for \"Crash of the Titans\". Instead, they assigned the job to their in-house composer Marc Baril, who took Spiralmouth's work on the previous games as references for \"Crash of the Titans\". Radical Entertainment has expressed its pride with some of the music featured in the game, such as Doctor N. Gin's polka theme. A 32-track soundtrack was made available on the iTunes Music Store on December 18, 2007. The music in the Nintendo DS version of the game was created by Nathaniel Papadakis.", "title": "Crash of the Titans" }, { "docid": "10763443#0", "text": "Crash of the Titans is a platform game developed by Radical Entertainment and published by Vivendi Games for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable (ported by SuperVillain Studios), Wii and Xbox 360. The Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS versions of the game were developed by Amaze Entertainment. The game was first released in North America on October 3, 2007, in Europe on October 12, 2007 and in Australia on October 25, 2007. It is the first game in the \"Crash Bandicoot\" series not to have a Japanese release.", "title": "Crash of the Titans" } ]

[ { "docid": "55835584#9", "text": "\"Titanic\" made her way out of the port of Southampton on April 10, 1912. As she was being guided into the harbor, the giant ship caused a large displacement of water which made the moored \"SS City of New York\" swiftly rise and fall. The motion snapped the mooring cables tethering the \"New York\" and the ship began moving toward \"Titanic\". A collision was narrowly averted when one of the tugboats assisting \"Titanic\" was able to get a line on the \"New York\"; the tugboat then towed the wayward ship out of the path of the \"Titanic\". The two ships were between three and four feet apart before the \"New York\" was able to be halted. Harris was at the rail of \"Titanic\" watching the efforts to stop the \"New York\" when a stranger came up to her and asked, \"Do you love life?\" Harris replied that she did; the stranger went on, \"That was a bad omen. Get off this ship at Cherbourg, if we get that far. That's what I'm going to do.\"", "title": "Renee Harris (producer)" }, { "docid": "1120168#2", "text": "\"Crash\" was launched in 1983 in Ludlow, Shropshire by Roger Kean, Oliver Frey and Franco Frey. The trio had met the previous year when they were working for newspaper publisher Alan Purnell, learning how to write and produce a magazine from scratch. Franco Frey had worked for an electronics company, and had been asked by one of his business contacts if could get hold of video games. Kean remembers that \"The High Street was ignorant of computer games\" and they wanted to source titles and sell them. They set up a mail order catalogue called \"Crash Micro Games Action\" and advertised in contemporary computer magazines such as \"Computer and Video Games\". It was immediately successful, so by late 1983, they decided to launch a dedicated magazine, forming the company Newsfield to do so. Kean and Oliver Frey wanted a catchy title for the magazine, chosing \"Crash\" after J. G. Ballard's novel of the same name.", "title": "Crash (magazine)" }, { "docid": "10763443#8", "text": "While small minions require only a single combo attack for Crash to defeat, larger enemies, known as \"Titans\", require more effort to subdue. Each of the fifteen unique Titans in the game possess a star meter that indicates how close they are to being stunned. The meter rises when Crash starts attacking a Titan, and depletes when he stops. When it is full, the Titan is stunned and susceptible to \"jacking\", meaning Crash can mount the creature and control it. While controlled by the player, the Titan possesses a similar moveset to Crash, although some jacked Titans can shoot projectiles. Besides a greater health, the Titans controlled by Crash have a purple Titan Meter. When this meter is full, players can make the Titan unleash a special attack, which fully drains the meter in the process.", "title": "Crash of the Titans" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "31773051#20", "text": "A light novel series titled , written by Ryō Suzukaze and illustrated by Thores Shibamoto, began on April 1, 2011. Its story is set before the events of the manga and it was published by Kodansha in three volumes. While the first tells the story of Angel, the blacksmith who develops the first prototypes of the Vertical Maneuvering Equipment, the following two follow a young man who was found as a baby in the stomach of a Titan. A second light novel series called , written by Ryō Kawakami and illustrated by Range Murata, was published between August 1, 2014 and May 1, 2015. Vertical released the novels in North America in 2014 and 2015. A novel titled , written by Hiroshi Seko, was published on December 9, 2014. It comprises three short stories featuring Mikasa and Annie Leonhart, titled \"Lost in the cruel world\", \"Wall Sina, Goodbye\", and \"Lost Girls\". It was also released in English by Vertical, in 2016. \"Garrison Girl: An Attack on Titan Novel\", a novel created by American writer Rachel Aaron was published by Quirk Books on August 7, 2018. It is centered on Rosalie Dumarque, who defies her family to join military garrison.", "title": "Attack on Titan" }, { "docid": "4521048#1", "text": "Originally constructed by the Dinn Corporation, Mean Streak opened to the public on May 11, 1991, as the tallest wooden coaster in the world with the longest drop height. After more than 25 years of operation, Cedar Point closed Mean Streak on September 16, 2016, casting doubt and uncertainty regarding the ride's future. Over time, the park dropped subtle hints about a possible track conversion, which was officially confirmed in August 2017. It was marketed as the world's first hybrid hypercoaster – a wooden and steel roller coaster at least in height – and reemerged as Steel Vengeance. On opening day, a minor collision led to a temporary closure and eventually modifications made by the manufacturer.", "title": "Steel Vengeance" }, { "docid": "19591979#0", "text": "Clash of the Titans was a concert tour co-headlined by American thrash metal bands Megadeth and Slayer, which took place in September and October 1990 and again from May to July 1991. Launched in support of their respective albums \"Rust in Peace\" and \"Seasons in the Abyss\", the tour had two legs, first in Europe (supported by Testament and Suicidal Tendencies) and second in the United States (tri-headlined by Megadeth, Slayer and Anthrax and supported by Alice in Chains). Clash of the Titans is considered one of the most successful tours in heavy metal history, and bridged the gap between the popularity of thrash metal and rise of the alternative rock and grunge scene.", "title": "Clash of the Titans (tour)" }, { "docid": "48634167#0", "text": "Night of the Twisters is a young adult realistic fiction novel by Ivy Ruckman that was released in 1984 by publisher Harper & Row (now HarperCollins). The book is a semi-fictionalized account of the 1980 Grand Island tornado outbreak, which produced seven tornadoes (including two that rotated anti-cyclonically) in and around Grand Island, Nebraska, on the evening of June 3, 1980, killing five people and injuring 134. It is told from the point of view of its 12-year-old protagonist Danny Hatch, who – after his home and neighborhood are destroyed by one of the tornadoes – begins a search for his parents as the event takes place.", "title": "Night of the Twisters" }, { "docid": "4606476#5", "text": "Development of \"Cortex Strikes Back\" began in October 1996. For the game, Andy Gavin created a new engine and scripting language named \"Game Oriented Object LISP 2\" (GOOL 2) that was three times faster than the previous game's engine, could handle ten times the animation frames and twice the polygon count. The jungle levels were originally to have featured ground fog, but this was abandoned when magazines and the public began to heavily criticize other developers for using fog to hide polygon count. Sunlight and depth accentuation was experimented with for these levels. Wanting to have some \"dirty\" locations in the game, Naughty Dog worked in the sewer levels and added color contrast to the levels to show depth and break up the repetitive monotony of the endless sewer pipes. A flat plane z-buffer was created for the game; because the water surfaces and mud in the jungle had to be a flat plane and be exactly flat on the Y-axis, there could be no waves and the subdividing plane could not be at an odd angle. The effect only worked on objects in the foreground and was only used on Crash, some enemies and a few boxes at the same time. The soundtrack of \"Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Back\" was provided by Mutato Muzika (consisting of Mark Mothersbaugh and Josh Mancell), while the sound effects were created by Universal Sound Studios (consisting of Mike Gollom, Ron Horwitz and Kevin Spears). The characters were designed by Charles Zembillas of American Exitus, Incorporated. Clancy Brown provided the voice of Doctor Neo Cortex, while Brendan O'Brien voiced the dual role of Doctor N. Gin and Doctor Nitrus Brio and Vicki Winters voiced Coco Bandicoot. The game was unveiled at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in Atlanta, Georgia in June 1997 to a positive response from the game industry. The game went into the alpha stage in August 1997. Around that time, Dan Arey, the lead designer of \"\", joined Naughty Dog and streamlined the level design.", "title": "Crash Bandicoot" } ]

[ { "docid": "1758220#3", "text": "The first book presents some of the earliest concept sketches of a number of now-familiar characters of the \"Star Wars\" universe, including early impressions of the helmet of Darth Vader, the droids C-3PO and R2-D2, Imperial stormtroopers, and the alien clientele of the Mos Eisley Cantina on the planet Tatooine. The concept sketches and matte paintings of Ralph McQuarrie feature heavily, alongside sketches by Joe Johnston, set design drawings by John Barry, costume design sketches by John Mollo, storyboards by Alex Tavoularis and photographs by Bob Seidemann and John Jay. McQuarrie's work was considered highly influential in the production of the first three Star Wars movies; Journalist Jonathan Jones wrote of McQuarrie: \"\"Looking at his \"[McQuarrie's]\" paintings, you can recognise that the appeal of this art is similar to that of 19th century Orientalist paintings of harems and sandy vistas.\"\" The illustrations are accompanied by the text of the Revised Fourth Draft of George Lucas's script, \"Star Wars Episode IV — A New Hope, from the Journal of the Whills\", dated January 15 1976. Later chapters feature the artwork of film posters by Tom Jung, Dan Goozee, Drew Struzan, John Berkey, Tom Chantrell, the Hildebrandt Brothers, Howard Chaykin, Wojtek Siudmak and Ralph McQuarrie; and the art of spin-off products such as the Marvel Comics series, \"Star Wars\"-themed cartoons such as \"Berry's World\" and \"Stan Mack's Real Life Funnies\"; and fan art.", "title": "The Art of Star Wars" }, { "docid": "15218018#6", "text": "Mollo subsequently moved into costume design. In 1975, for his first film, Mollo unexpectedly found himself working not on a historical military drama but in a genre he had no knowledge of: science fiction. He was commissioned by a young filmmaker named George Lucas to devise uniforms and outfits for a fantasy space war film, \"Star Wars\". When asked at the time by a friend about the project, Mollo said that he thought it was a \"sort of a space western and one of the heroes is a dustbin\". Lucas's project envisioned a cast of heroes battling an evil Galactic Empire, and he briefed Mollo to design costumes that would not resemble the stereotpyical \"spacey\" look of earlier science fiction productions such as \"Flash Gordon\" — \" I don't want the audience to notice any of the costumes. I just want to see light versus dark.\" The aim was to make Lucas's fantasy universe appear authentic — Mollo considered that his total ignorance of science fiction was advantageous in achieving this. Lucas provided Mollo with sketches and concept art by Ralph McQuarrie to work from, working McQuarrie's designs for Imperial stormtroopers and the malevolent character of Darth Vader into functional costumes for actors to wear. McQuarrie's image of Darth Vader had developed from Samurai armour, and Mollo built up a costume using a combination of clerical robes, a motorcycle suit, a German military helmet and a gas mask from Bermans and Nathans costumiers in Camden Town. Mollo intentionally designed the uniforms of Imperial officers to resemble German Nazi officers' uniforms; by contrast, the heroes of the film were dressed in costumes resembling Wild West outfits. One of Mollo's biggest challenges on \"Star Wars\" was to create a plethora of exotic aliens to feature in the Mos Eisley Cantina scene. Mollo worked with George Lucas to compile a chart of visual designs for a range of character types. He collaborated with make-up artist Stuart Freeborn, who designed the masks and prosthetics to match each of the costumes, along with Doug Beswick, Rick Baker and Phil Tippett.", "title": "John Mollo" }, { "docid": "15218018#7", "text": "Mollo was surprised by the success of \"Star Wars\", and in 1978 he won an Academy Award for Costume Design. In his acceptance speech at the Oscars ceremony, he said that the \"Star Wars\" costumes were \"really not so much costumes as a bit of plumbing and general automobile engineering.\"", "title": "John Mollo" }, { "docid": "15218018#0", "text": "John Mollo (18 March 1931 – 25 October 2017) was a British costume designer and book author, most known for his Oscar-winning costume design for the \"Star Wars\" film series. He is the older brother of Boris and Andrew Mollo.", "title": "John Mollo" } ]

[ { "docid": "2627876#4", "text": "In 1953, Galanos embarked on another venture altogether – he began designing for movies. His first job was to create costumes for Rosalind Russell, the star of the forthcoming film \"Never Wave at a WAC.\" Russell, who at that time was considered the best-dressed of all American actresses, loved Galanos' designs, and she became his friend and a loyal client. Galanos went on to design costumes for other Russell's movies, most notably the film version of \"Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mamma's Hung You in the Closet and I'm Feelin' So Sad\" in 1967. After her death, Miss Russell's wardrobe – nearly all of it Galanos – was divided among a number of costume collections across the country as gifts in her memory from her husband, Frederick Brisson. Other Galanos' contributions to film and performing arts included costume designs for Judy Garland for \"General Electric Theater\" and \"Judy Garland Musical Special\", both in 1956, as well as the 1974 film \"Ginger in the Morning\", starring Sissy Spacek.", "title": "James Galanos" }, { "docid": "53852716#9", "text": "Daniel Orlandi returned as costume designer for the film after doing so on \"Logan\", and worked with Kinberg to design costumes for the X-Men that were closer to the original comic designs that Kinberg had wanted to see in the films since he first joined the franchise but had never been in a position to control before. The final costumes for the film feature the yellow-and-blue design of the original comics, but combine features of designs from many different incarnations of the group. Kinberg also looked to \"Logan\" for general design inspiration, wanting to replicate the \"naturalistic\" and \"handmade\" quality of that film for the costumes, sets, props, and title design. He felt that this would give more impact to the large-scale elements of the film, and help it be more emotional, comparing this idea to the original \"Star Wars\" films.", "title": "Dark Phoenix (film)" }, { "docid": "6120183#17", "text": "Chris Chris is a Star Wars fan who first met Norm in line to see a star wars movie; and eventually filled in Norm's best friend role after Ford's departure. Chris was wearing a wookie costume at the time and unfortunately for Chris the zipper on the outfit got stuck so he was trapped wearing it for a long time afterwards. Norm got used to seeing his friend in the costume that he did not recognize Chris when he finally got out of it. Later Chris became one of Norm's co-workers when he was hired as an accountant.", "title": "The Norm (comic strip)" }, { "docid": "2050495#12", "text": "Costume designer Isis Mussenden designed the character's costumes for the first two \"Shrek\" films, for which she helped develop new technology to animate clothing in the then-new computer animation medium. The filmmakers wanted a more realistic approach to costumes than previous computer animated films, in which clothing was typically depicted as a tight layer over the figure, adorned with a few wrinkles. The filmmakers had envisioned Fiona's velvet gown as one that moves independently from her body, therefore one of the film's producers recruited Mussenden, with whom they had worked prior, to assist them with the process. Mussenden began by creating a one-quarter scale replica of the skirt. To determine the gown's volume, fullness and where certain areas would rest on the character's form, the costume designer worked with both a pattern maker and designer. The patterns and seams were then labeled and forwarded to the animators, who would replicate the images on the computer. Mussenden decided to give Fiona's dresses tight sleeves as opposed to the long, flowing sleeves associated with traditional medieval clothing due to the difficulty the latter would have been for the animators. Unlike \"Shrek\", Fiona has several costume changes in \"Shrek 2\". In the sequel, both Fiona's ogress and human forms are shown wearing the same green dress. To ensure that both forms looked equally flattering in the same outfit, Mussenden lowered the dress' waistline to make it more medieval in appearance than the costume she wears in the first film. Fiona's first costume is a lilac dress, which Mussenden designed to appear \" organic and textured, because she's been living in the swamp\". Towards the end of the film, she changes into a white ballgown with rhinestones inspired by an image of a 1958 dress the costume designer had found. Actor Antonia Banderas, who voices Puss in Boots, originally found it challenging to accept some of the film's unconventional approaches to fairy tales, namely regarding Fiona's appearance. Banderas explained, \"I’m thinking how wonderful Fiona was, how beautiful she was. She looked like a beautiful girl you would find on the street and make you fall in love with her ... Then I had a certain resistance as a spectator for her to be an ogre. Even if she’s a nice ogre. I was thinking in the back of my brain, they’re going to end up being humans at the end of the movie. That’s what I had to break in myself ... I said, ‘No, I have to accept this end. This is the right ending for a movie like this.’\" The actor believes that several audience members \"went through this process when they were observing this movie\" because \"We are used to rejecting ugliness without reason.”", "title": "Princess Fiona" }, { "docid": "21747546#2", "text": "Fletcher had a long association with the science fiction franchise \"Star Trek\". He served as costume designer for the first four \"Star Trek\" feature films—\"\", \"\", \"\", and \"\".", "title": "Robert Fletcher (costume designer)" }, { "docid": "27097#21", "text": "The Starfleet uniforms were redesigned for the film by longtime \"Star Trek\" costumer Bob Blackman to give a more militaristic feel, with grey padded shoulders and colored undershirts. Since Blackman was also handling the costumes for the television series, non-Starfleet design clothes were delegated to Deborah Everton, a newcomer to \"Star Trek\" who was responsible for more than 800 costumes during production. Everton was tasked with updating the Borg's costumes to something new, but reminiscent of the television series. The bulky suits were made sleeker and outfitted with fiber optic lights. The time-travel aspect of the story also required period costumes for the mid 21st century and the 1940s \"Dixon Hill\" nightclub holodeck recreation. Everton enjoyed designing Woodard's costumes because the character went through many changes during the course of the film, switching from a utilitarian vest and pants in many shots to a glamorous dress during the holodeck scene.\nEverton and makeup designers Michael Westmore, Scott Wheeler, and Jake Garber wanted to upgrade the pasty white look the Borg had retained since \"The Next Generation\"s second season, born out of a need for budget-conscious television design. \"I wanted it to look like they were [assimilated or \"Borgified\"] from the inside out rather than the outside in,\" Everton said. Each Borg had a slightly different design, and Westmore designed a new one each day to make it appear that there was an army of Borg; in reality, between eight and twelve actors filled all the roles as the costumes and makeup were so expensive to produce. Background Borg were simulated by half-finished mannequins. Westmore reasoned that since the Borg had traveled the galaxy, they would have assimilated other races besides humans. In the television series, much of the Borg's faces had been covered by helmets, but for \"First Contact\" the makeup artist removed the head coverings and designed assimilated versions of familiar \"Star Trek\" aliens such as Klingons, Bolians, Romulans, Bajorans, and Cardassians. Each drone received an electronic eyepiece. The blinking lights in each eye were programmed by Westmore's son to repeat a production member's name in Morse code.", "title": "Star Trek: First Contact" }, { "docid": "8132416#3", "text": "Kaplan reunited with Abrams for the first film in the \"Star Wars\" sequel trilogy, \"\", and returned to the franchise as costume designer for both \"\" and \"\".", "title": "Michael Kaplan (costume designer)" } ]