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26826161#0 | Chua Soon Bui | Datuk Chua Soon Bui (; born 1 February 1955) was the Member of the Parliament of Malaysia for the Tawau constituency in Sabah from 2008 to 2013. She sat in Parliament as a member of the Sabah Progressive Party (SAPP), which commenced the 2008–13 Parliament in the Barisan Nasional coalition but joined the crossbenches in 2008. Recontesting her seat in the 2013 election, she finished in third place with 633 votes. |
26826208#0 | Athletics at the 1932 Summer Olympics – Men's pole vault | The men's pole vault event at the 1932 Olympic Games took place August 3. |
26826208#1 | Athletics at the 1932 Summer Olympics – Men's pole vault | Key: NH = No height, OR = Olympic record, =OR = Equalled Olympic record |
26826215#0 | Tuctu Golf Club | The Tuctu Golf Club was a golf course located in Morococha, Peru. During operation, it was the highest golf course in the world. The course was located at an elevation of at its lowest point. As late as 1993, it held the world record for the highest golf club. The course was abandoned in the mid-1990s and is said to be unrecognizable today, as it is overgrown with weeds and grasses. Today, the land is owned by a mining company. At 14,000 feet, it was also known for inducing nosebleeds among the golfers. |
26826220#0 | Global intellectual history | Global intellectual history is the history of thought in the world across the span of human history, from the invention of writing to the present. For information about the methodology of intellectual history, please see the relevant article. |
26826220#1 | Global intellectual history | In recent years, historians such as C. A. Bayly have been calling for a "global intellectual history" to be written. They stress that to understand the history of ideas across time and space, it is necessary to study from a cosmopolitan or global point of view the connections and the parallels in intellectual development across the world. Yet these separate histories and their convergence in the modern period have yet to be brought together into a single historical narrative. Nonetheless, some global histories, like Bayly's own "Birth of the Modern World" or David Armitage's "The Declaration of Independence: A Global History" offer contributions to the huge and necessarily collaborative project of writing the history of thought in a comparative and especially connective way. Other examples of transnational intellectual histories include Albert Hourani's "Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age". |
26826220#2 | Global intellectual history | The origins of human intellectual history arguably began before the invention of writing, but historians are by definition only concerned with the eras in which writing was present. In the spirit of a historiographic project that is relevant to all human beings and that has yet to be completed, the sections that follow briefly review currents of thought in pre-modern and modern history of the world, and are organized by geographic area (and within each section, chronologically). |
26826220#3 | Global intellectual history | The modern intellectual history of Europe cannot be separated from various bodies of ancient thought, from the works of classical Greek and Latin authors to the writings of the fathers of the Christian Church. Such a broad survey of topics is not attempted here, however. A debatable but defensible starting point for modern European thought might instead be identified with the birth of scholasticism and humanism in the 13th and 14th centuries. Both of these intellectual currents were associated with classical revivals (in the case of scholasticism, the rediscovery of Aristotle; in the case of humanism, of Latin antiquity, especially Cicero) and with prominent founders, Aquinas and Petrarch respectively. But they were both significantly original intellectual experiences, as well as self-consciously modern, so that they make an appropriate starting point for this survey. |
26826220#4 | Global intellectual history | What follows below is a selective and far from complete listing of significant trends and individuals in the history of European thought. While movements such as the Enlightenment or Romanticism are relatively imprecise approximations, rarely taken too seriously by scholars, they are good starting points for approaching the enormous complexity of the history of Europe's intellectual heritage. It is hoped that interested readers will pursue the listed topics in greater depth by consulting the respective articles and the suggestions for further reading. |
26826220#5 | Global intellectual history | The intellectual history of western Europe and the Americas includes: |
26826220#6 | Global intellectual history | "Pre-Modern East Asia" |
26826220#7 | Global intellectual history | The intellectual history of China is connected to the birth of scholarship in ancient China, the creation of Confucianism with its extensive exegesis of the texts of Confucius, and the active part of scholars in governments. In Korea, the yangban scholar movement drove the development of Korean intellectual history from the late Goryeo to the golden age of intellectual achievement in the Joseon Dynasty. |
26826220#8 | Global intellectual history | In China, "literati" referred to the government officials who formed the ruling class in China for over two thousand years. These "scholar-bureaucrats" were a status group of educated laymen, not ordained priests. They were not a hereditary group as their position depended on their knowledge of writing and literature. After 200 B.C. the system of selection of candidates was influenced by Confucianism and established its ethic among the literati. |
26826220#9 | Global intellectual history | Confucianism (儒家, literally "scholarly tradition") is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the early Chinese sage Confucius. Confucius is seen as the founder of the teachings of Confucianism, although he claimed to follow the ways of people before him. Confucianism is a complex system of moral, social, political, philosophical, and religious thought which has had tremendous influence on the culture and history of East Asia. Some people in Europe have considered it to have been the "state religion" in East Asian countries because of governmental promotion of Confucianist values and needs. |
26826220#10 | Global intellectual history | Other ancient intellectual currents in East Asia include Buddhism and Daoism. |
26826220#11 | Global intellectual history | "Modern East Asia" |
26826220#12 | Global intellectual history | The modern intellectual history of China is considered to begin with the arrival of the Jesuits in the sixteenth century. The Jesuits brought with them new astronomical and cartographic knowledge, and were responsible for new developments in Chinese science. Science in modern China has been the subject of the work of the historian Benjamin Elman. |
26826220#13 | Global intellectual history | "Pre-Modern South Asia" |
26826220#14 | Global intellectual history | Indian thought is a broad topic that includes the ancient epics of South Asia, the development of what is now called Hinduism and Hindu philosophy and the rise of Buddhism, as well as many other topics relating to the political and artistic lives of pre-modern South Asia. |
26826220#15 | Global intellectual history | Ram Sharan Sharma's work "Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in India" (Motilal Banarsidass is the most authoritative account of ancient Indian political ideas and institutions. It deals with the intellectual standards in ancient India in terms of political institutions. |
26826220#16 | Global intellectual history | "Pre-Modern History" |
26826220#17 | Global intellectual history | The culture of the ancient Near East and eventually of much of Africa as well was modified significantly by the arrival of Islam beginning in the seventh century CE. The history of Islam has been the work of many scholars, both Muslim and non-Muslim, and including such luminaries as Ignác Goldziher, Marshall Hodgson and in more recent times Patricia Crone. Islamic culture is not a simple and unified entity. The history of Islam, like that of other religions, is a history of different interpretations and approaches to Islam. There is no a-historical Islam outside the process of historical development. |
26826220#18 | Global intellectual history | Islamic thought includes a variety of different intellectual disciplines, including theology, the study of the Qur'an, the study of Hadith, history, grammar, rhetoric and philosophy. For more information see the Islamic Golden Age. |
26826220#19 | Global intellectual history | Classical Islamic scholars and authors include: |
26826220#20 | Global intellectual history | Persian philosophy can be traced back as far as to Old Iranian philosophical traditions and thoughts which originated in ancient Indo-Iranian roots and were considerably influenced by Zarathustra's teachings. Throughout Iranian history and due to remarkable political and social changes such as the Macedonian, Arab and Mongol invasions of Persia a wide spectrum of schools of thoughts showed a variety of views on philosophical questions extending from Old Iranian and mainly Zoroastrianism-related traditions to schools appearing in the late pre-Islamic era such as Manicheism and Mazdakism as well as various post-Islamic schools. Iranian philosophy after Arab invasion of Persia, is characterized by different interactions with the Old Iranian philosophy, the Greek philosophy and with the development of Islamic philosophy. The Illumination School and the Transcendent Philosophy are regarded as two of the main philosophical traditions of that era in Persia. |
26826220#21 | Global intellectual history | "Modern Near and Middle East" |
26826220#22 | Global intellectual history | Islam and modernity encompass the relation and compatibility between the phenomenon of modernity, its related concepts and ideas, and the religion of Islam. In order to understand the relation between Islam and modernity, one point should be made in the beginning. Similarly, modernity is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon rather than a unified and coherent phenomenon. It has historically had different schools of thoughts moving in many directions. |
26826220#23 | Global intellectual history | Intellectual movements in Iran involve the Iranian experience of modernism, through which Iranian modernity and its associated art, science, literature, poetry, and political structures have been evolving since the 19th century. Religious intellectualism in Iran develops gradually and subtly. It reached its apogee during the Persian Constitutional Revolution (1906–11). The process involved numerous philosophers, sociologists, political scientists and cultural theorists. However the associated art, cinema and poetry remained to be developed. |
26826220#24 | Global intellectual history | "Modern Africa" |
26826220#25 | Global intellectual history | Recent concepts about African culture include the African Renaissance and Afrocentrism. The African Renaissance is a concept popularized by South African President Thabo Mbeki who called upon the African people and nations to solve the many problems troubling the African continent. It reached its height in the late 1990s but continues to be a key part of the post-apartheid intellectual agenda in South Africa. The concept however extends well beyond intellectual life to politics and economic development. |
26826220#26 | Global intellectual history | With the rise of Afrocentrism, the push away from Eurocentrism has led to the focus on the contributions of African people and their model of world civilization and history. Afrocentrism aims to shift the focus from a perceived European-centered history to an African-centered history. More broadly, Afrocentrism is concerned with distinguishing the influence of European and Oriental peoples from African achievements. |
26826220#27 | Global intellectual history | Notable modern African intellectual include: |
26826254#0 | Carolyn Rodgers | Carolyn Marie Rodgers (December 14, 1940 – April 2, 2010) was a Chicago-based writer. The youngest of four, Rodgers had two sisters and a brother, born to Clarence and Bazella Rodgers. Rodgers was also a founder of one of America's oldest and largest black presses, Third World Press. She got her start in the literary circuit as a young woman studying under Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Gwendolyn Brooks in the South Side of Chicago. |
26826254#1 | Carolyn Rodgers | Later, Rodgers began writing her own works, which grappled with black identity and culture in the late 1960s. Rodgers was a leading voice of the Black Arts Movement (BAM) and the author of nine books, including "How I got Ovah" (1975). She was also an essayist and critic, and her work has been described as delivered in a language rooted in a black female perspective that wove strands of feminism, black power, spirituality, and self-consciousness into a sometimes raging, sometimes ruminative search for identity. She also wrote deeply on the subject of mother/daughter relationships, particularly focusing on feminist, matriarchal issues. |
26826254#2 | Carolyn Rodgers | Born in the Bronzeville neighborhood in the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, Rodgers was encouraged from a young age to pursue music, and learned to play guitar and composed music for much of her life. She kept a journal throughout adolescence in which she explored poetry, but did not take writing seriously until she began college. Rodgers first attended college at the University of Illinois in 1960, but transferred in 1961 to Chicago's Roosevelt University, where she earned her BA degree in 1965. She later earned a MA in English from the University of Chicago in 1980. Rodgers is most well known for her writing contributions to the Black Arts Movement (BAM). Rodgers first became involved in writing during that period while attending Writers Workshops by the Organization of Black American Culture (OBAC), of which she was an active member from 1967 to 1971. The organization sought to promote city involvement and inclusion of the arts in the city of Chicago, which Rodgers was eager to participate in. |
26826254#3 | Carolyn Rodgers | She became distinctive as a new black woman poet in the 1960s with the publication of her first two books, "Paper Soul" and "Songs of a Blackbird" (Chicago: Third World Press, 1969). Following the national success of "Paper Soul", Rodgers was awarded the first Conrad Kent Rivers Memorial Fund Award. Rodgers also won the Poet Laureate Award from the Society of Midland Authors in 1970. She then went on to receive an award from the National Endowment of the Arts, following the publication of "Songs of a Blackbird". In 1980, Rodgers won the Carnegie Writer's Grant. She won the Television Gospel Tribute in 1982 and the PEN Grant in 1987. |
26826254#4 | Carolyn Rodgers | In 2009, Rodgers was inducted into the International Literary Hall of Fame for Writers of African Descent at the Gwendolyn Brooks Center for Black Literature and Creative Writing. In 2012, Rodgers was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. |
26826254#5 | Carolyn Rodgers | Rodgers's poetry is recognizable for its themes, which included identity, religion, and revolution, and her own use of free verse street slang and concern with feminine issues. In her early days, black revolutionary themes and "cuss words" wove through some poems. |
26826254#6 | Carolyn Rodgers | She used slang and heartfelt language to write about love, lust, body image, family, religion, and the grace of human kindness. In her earliest writings such as "Paper Soul" (1968) and "Songs of a Blackbird" (1969), her revolutionary ideas about women's roles conflicted with the more traditional ideas of the African-American culture. She was criticized for her use of profanity, which male leaders of BAM found inappropriate for a woman. |
26826254#7 | Carolyn Rodgers | Haki R. Madhubuti, chair, publisher and fellow founder of Third World Press, told the "Chicago Sun-Times" that: "She would take no quarter from insults, or downgrading her writing as a woman ... Her writing could stand by itself." |
26826254#8 | Carolyn Rodgers | So while Rodgers's "Songs of a Blackbird" includes themes about survival, mother-daughter conflicts, and street life, it also criticizes those who dishonor her use of profanity. In her poem "The Last M.F." she fights back:
they say,
that I should not use the word
mothafucka anymo
in my poetry or in any speech I give.
they say,
that I must and can only say it to myself
as the new Black Womanhood suggests
a softer self
In "The Last M.F." Rodgers says she will stop using profanity but continues using the "menacing word" at least 11 times throughout the poem, blatantly making jabs at men and their ideas of how a woman should speak and behave. Here too, Rodgers mocks the new Black Womanhood which she believes, paradoxically, promotes women to be silent.Rodgers was a revolutionary influence during the Civil Rights Movement for the black community and oppressed women. She was not afraid to stand up and fight for herself and her people, and she welcomed controversy:
let uh revolution come
state of peace is not known to me
anyway
Her poetry centered on declaring what black people needed to do to overcome their low status in society. She also elocuted that women not stand for the poor treatment they received from men, black or white. |
26826254#9 | Carolyn Rodgers | Other volumes of work such as "The Heart as Ever Green" (1978) and "How I Got Ovah" (1975) also reflect on feminine issues such as female identity, women's roles in society, and the relationships between mothers and daughters. However, "How I Got Ovah" exhibits a more crafted tendency than previous books, along with being more autobiographical and transformative. Personal voice pervades the poems of "How I Got Ovah". Rodgers develops the individual tone so well that the reader experiences a kinship with the poet and her subject matter (McElroy). The poem "how i got ovah" (from which the book receives its title) serves as an example of this deep personal voice. Rodgers begins an intimate revealing of personal survival with the opening lines:
i can tell you
about them
i have shaken rivers
out of my eyes.
Rodgers carries the reader through experiences of crossing rivers while "eyelash deep," picturing the engulfing of ideas and socially accepted expectations of her as a black woman. She encounters ancestors through nature with their "rich dark root fingers," showing appreciation for her heritage. At the end of the poem, she has found secret strength through staying afloat:
though i shivered
was wet with cold
and wanted to sink down
and float as water, yea--
i can tell you.
i have shaken rivers
out of my eyes.
Estella M. Sales concludes that, in this poem, Rodgers "comes to recognize ... her own inner voice, her ancestral rootedness, her Christian faith, and her parental support". She finds a way to "bridg[e] the separating waters" and "reconcile ... contradictions" in the "seemingly dichotomous entities of black life." |
26826254#10 | Carolyn Rodgers | By the 1970s, Rodgers was distilling her language and militant persona into poetry that was deeply concerned with religion, God, and the quest for inner beauty. The change from militant views to more religious views can be seen in her 1975 poem "and when the revolution came." The repetition in the first four verses show a constancy in the black church communities:
and they just kept on going to church
gittin on they knees and praying
and tithing and building and buying
The implied criticism here is that while the militants were busy telling other black people how they should live to improve their lives, the black church communities were busy making black communities better. In stanzas 1 -5, Rodgers notes that the militants try to change the hair styles, the dress, any association with whites, the food eaten by blacks, and what the militants termed "white man's religion." According to Friedrike Kaufel, these changes "are petty ones". These changes were quietly and passively resisted by the church members, who continued "going to church" and "tithing and building and praying" Stanzas 6–8 show the militants wanting to build new institutions for black children, and realizing that while the militants were only using words, in the form of orders, to make changes, the churches were actually making needed changes in black neighborhoods. Rodgers shows further implicates the oppressive actions of the militants, and celebrates the communal sanctity of the black church in Stanza 8:
and the church folks said, yeah.
we been waiting fo you militants
to realize that the church is an eternal rock
now why don't you militants jest come on in
we been waitin for you
we can show you how to build
anything that needs building
and while we're on our knees, at that.
In these actions, the church members have long before reached the state of solidarity among themselves that the militants finally call for in Stanza 6. |
26826254#11 | Carolyn Rodgers | Another example of Rodgers's turn to more personal and religious matters is her poem "mama's God":
her My Jesus, Sweet Jesus never was neither.
her aches and trials, the tribulations of her heart
Here Rodgers points once again to the underlying foundation to which African Americans had been clinging even before the Black Arts Movement. By using her mother as the major reference point, the poet establishes these ideas as coming before the militants. Just as the church-goers had already been calling each other brother and sister according to a higher authority, Rodgers perceives an authority to which she can appeal who "ain't got no color". She renders powerless the restrictions placed on her by the color of her skin. |
26826254#12 | Carolyn Rodgers | If this cannot be characterized as transformative, nonetheless her work seems to have shifted from a collective black perspective in her early work to an individual one in her later writings. Consequently, by the time she publishes "The Heart as Ever Green" in 1978, Rodgers is incorporating earlier themes of feminism and human dignity in her poems, along with newer or more pronounced themes of love and Christianity. Some readers and cultural observers do not recognize a break or rupture from Rodgers's past in her later work. For them, Rodgers's spiritual progress in her poetry still brings a radical infusion. Even in her later poetry, we can still break open into a vision uniquely situated in a poetics that remains strident, militant and experimental. |
26826254#13 | Carolyn Rodgers | Rodgers earned an appreciative and crucial audience through her fiction and literary criticism. Her short stories, which are often overlooked, ultimately suggest themes of survival and adaptability, and are directed to a predominately black audience. Rodgers was successful in providing contemporary black readers with solace and encouragement to persist through her use of well-crafted language. Marsha C. Vick points out some of the reasons why Rodger's fiction was so influential at the time of publication, particularly focusing on her aesthetic appeal:
The same insight and searching analysis that distinguish her poetry are integral to Rodgers's short fiction and her literary criticism. She portrays in her short fiction the ordinary and overlooked people in everyday African American life and emphasizes the theme of survival. Many consider her critical essay "Black Poetry—Where It's At" (1969) to be the best essay on the work of the "new black poets". In it, she aesthetically evaluates contemporary African American poetry and sets up preliminary criteria of appraisal. |
26826254#14 | Carolyn Rodgers | According to poet Lorenzo Thomas, Carolyn Rodgers proposed new prosodic categories specific to black poetry. Thomas points out that this kind of essay (or manifesto) outlining a vision statement to spur militant and creative inquiry (but most particularly "Black Poetry—Where It's At") was widely disseminated and discussed among poets of that time. Thomas then goes on to point out that: "Her [Rodgers's] ideas were based on what Jerry W. Ward, Jr., has called "culturally anchored SPEECH ACTS and Reader/Hearer Response." Her position on not only African-Americans' rights, but women's rights, was clear in the content and language in her poems. "She's demonstrably feminine because she's sexy," and her lines in "The Last M.F." show this:
i say,
that i am soft, and you can subpoena my man, put him
on trial, and he will testify that i am
soft in the right places at the right times
and often we are so reserved, i have nothing to say.
Despite recognition for her efforts in the Black Arts Movement, Rodgers' unconventional use of language, especially for a woman, was frowned upon by some of her readers, most notably men. Her consistent use of profanity wasn't seen as "ladylike". Also, she urged her fellow black women to be strong and state clearly what they wanted. She prompted them not to acquiesce to the demands and expectations of white people, but just as important, she made it clear that black women should not be submissive to men in general; "she registers her scorn for black men who censor women." |
26826268#0 | Willibald Utz | Willibald Utz (20 January 1893 – 20 April 1954) was a German general during World War II who commanded several divisions. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany. |
26826268#1 | Willibald Utz | In April 1943, Utz was appointed commander of the newly reconstituted 100th Jäger Division, which had been destroyed at the end of the Battle of Stalingrad. Promoted to major general ("generalmajor") on 1 July 1943, he led his command in fighting on the Eastern Front from March to December 1944. |
26826268#2 | Willibald Utz | Now a lieutenant general ("generalleutnant"), he took over command of the 2nd Mountain Division on 9 February 1945 when its previous commander was wounded. After fighting on the Western Front in the Saar-Moselle Triangle, his new command, earlier in the war considered an elite unit, was well below strength and combat effectiveness. The division finished the war in Württemberg where Utz surrendered it to the Western Allies. |
26826302#0 | Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr | Rizal, subtitled Philippine Nationalist and Martyr, is the biographical book about Philippine national hero José Rizal written by British author Austin Coates. The book was published by the Oxford University Press in Hong Kong in 1968. |
26826302#1 | Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr | Coates's "Rizal Philippine Nationalist and Martyr" is the second biographical account of the life and career of Rizal authored by a non-Filipino (the first was "Vida y Escritos del Dr. José Rizal" or "Life and Writings of Dr. José Rizal" written by W.E. Retana that was published in 1907, thus Coates's book on Rizal was the first European biography of Rizal since that year). The first-edition copies of the hardcover version of the book were bound in green color, only three of which has José Rizal's monogram stamped on the book cover. One is the file copy at the Oxford University Press. Another copy is owned by Coates himself. The third copy was given as a present to former Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos. Softcover reprints were also available. |
26826302#2 | Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr | Regarded as one of the "better biographers" of Rizal, Coates's book on Rizal is considered as one of the "very best biographies" on the Filipino national hero. In the biographical literature, Coates emphatically explained that Rizal was the "very first exponent" of nationalism in Asia. |
26826302#3 | Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr | In the book, Coates has a translation of Rizal's poem written in the Spanish-language retroactively titled ""Mi Último Adiós"", translated by scholars into the English as "My Last Farewell". Although not explored enough, it sheds light on Rizal's "final statement," "state of mind," and "intimate view" of the Philippine Revolution before his death by firing squad. Floro Quibuyen discussed and compared Coates's translation of the poem's second stanza to the translation into English made by Nick Joaquín and into the first Tagalog version made by Andrés Bonifacio, with emphasis on the phrase in the second line that says ""sin dudas sin pesar"". According to Quibuyen, the second stanza of the poem captured Rizal's connection between personal martyrdom and the Philippine Revolution. |
26826302#4 | Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr | The original Spanish is written by Rizal as: |
26826302#5 | Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr | Coates translated the stanza as: |
26826302#6 | Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr | Quibuyen Coates's translation of ""sin dudas sin pesar"" which says "without hesitation or thought for the consequence." Compared to Joaquin's translation that says "without doubts, without gloom", Quibuyen revealed and described that Coates's interpretation is not only misleading and less closer to Rizal's Spanish original but is a "twist in translation" and not a "innocent stylistic transcription" that enabled Coates to insert his personal estimation about Rizal's ambivalent position towards Philippine Revolution. According to Coates, the second stanza (based on a 1977 lecture by Coates about the poem during a celebration of Rizal Day) that "a war (...) is going on. [Rizal] is [involved] or [connected] to it. [Rizal] admires those who are fighting, but [Rizal] does not entirely agree with what" was being done. Compared to Bonifacio's Tagalog version, ""sin dudas,sin pesar"" became ""walang agam-agam, maluwag sa dibdib"" with the addition of the phrase ""matamis sa puso at di-ikahapis"" that is not available in the versions of Coates, Joaquin, and Rizal's original. In effect, Bonifacio's version of Rizal's poem became "more joyously affirmative". ""Walang agam-agam"" is equal to Joaquin's "without doubts". However, the phrase ""maluwag sa dibdib"" is beyond Joaquin's "without gloom" because it encompasses "whole-hearted acceptance" without qualms or worries. |
26826302#7 | Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr | Quibuyen also compared Coates's translation of the third, fourth, and fifth lines of the second stanza of Rizal's final poem to Joaquin's English version and Bonifacio's Tagalog version. Coates's translated "El sitio nada importa, cipres, laurel o lirio, / Cadalso o campo abierto, combate o cruel martirio, / Lo mismo es si lo piden la Patria y el hogar" as "How it takes place is not important. / Cypress, laurel or lily, / Scaffold or battlefield, in combat or cruel martyrdom, / It is the same when what is asked of you is for your country and your home /". |
26826304#0 | Bones (season 5) | The fifth season of the American television series "Bones" premiered on September 17, 2009, and concluded on May 20, 2010, on Fox. The show maintained its previous time slot, airing on Thursdays at 8:00 pm ET for the entire season. The season consisted of 22 episodes and averaged 10 million viewers. |
26826304#1 | Bones (season 5) | Key plotlines in the fifth season include the 100th episode (directed by David Boreanaz), which flashes back to Booth and Brennan's first assignment that showcases their original relationship, which leads Booth to confess his true feelings to Brennan. The 100th episode also features the return of Eric Millegan as Zack Addy. Angela and Hodgins rekindle their love after spending some quality time together in a jail cell, and decide to get married. Heather Taffet aka the Gravedigger is put on trial for her crimes, and the team's strong case against her leads to a conviction where she is finally put away, but warns Brennan "that it's not over". In the season finale, many of the characters begin to embark on trips that will take them out of the country for one year, intending to return and pick things up where they left off one year from that day. Temperance, along with Daisy Wick, go to the Maluku Islands to study a full set of interspecies hominid remains that could be a crucial link in the evolutionary chain. Booth returns to the Army as a Sergeant Major to train soldiers in apprehending insurgents. Meanwhile, newlywed Angela and Hodgins decide to travel. |
26826304#2 | Bones (season 5) | The season was originally supposed to include a black-and-white noir-inspired episode, but the idea was dropped after another Fox series, "Fringe", did a similar episode. The episode "The Gamer in the Grease" features promotion of the film "Avatar". The cross promotion was suggested by "Avatar" producer Jon Landau and the episode features recurring actor Joel David Moore, who also appears in "Avatar" as one of the secondary protagonists.
The fifth season of "Bones" was released on DVD and Blu-ray (subtitled "Beyond the Grave Edition") in region 1 on October 5, 2010, in region 2 on October 18, 2010 and in region 4 on October 27, 2010. The set includes all 22 episodes of season five on a 6-disc DVD set and 4-disc Blu-ray set presented in anamorphic widescreen. Special features include two audio commentaries—"The Proof in the Pudding" by actors Tamara Taylor, John Francis Daley and Michaela Conlin and "The Beginning in the End" by executive producers Hart Hanson, Stephen Nathan and Ian Toynton. Featurettes include "The 100th Episode with Director David Boreanaz", "The Bodies of "Bones"" and "The Nunchuck Way". Also included are extended versions of "The Tough Man in the Tender Chicken" and "The X in the File", as well as deleted scenes and a gag reel. |
26826304#3 | Bones (season 5) | General references |
26826305#0 | Dombrowski | Dombrowski (feminine: Dombrowska, plural: Dombrowscy) is a Polish surname, a variant of Dąbrowski, pronounced Dombrofski. It is derived from dąbrowa, meaning "oak grove," as well as Polish place names such as 'Dąbrowa' or 'Dąbrówka'. According to another version it is derived from dobro, meaning "good", "right" or "well-being", as well as Polish place name 'Dobrów'. There are 6,873 people with the surname Dombrowski in the United States. Another variant is Dombrosky. |
26826305#1 | Dombrowski | People with the name include:
Louise Dombrowski Character in American serial drama Twin Peaks) |
26826310#0 | Ford Fairlane Thunderbolt | The Ford Fairlane Thunderbolt is a limited production, factory experimental, drag racing version of the Ford Fairlane produced during the 1964 model year only. A total of 100 units were produced; forty-nine 4-speeds and fifty-one automatics, enough to secure the 1964 NHRA Super Stock championship for Ford. |
26826310#1 | Ford Fairlane Thunderbolt | Based on the standard two door hard top Fairlane and named for a factory experimental Fairlane of 1963, the Thunderbolt combined the light weight of Ford's intermediate-sized body introduced in 1962 with a "high rise" V8 engine with dual 4-barrel Holley carburetors intended for use in the much larger Galaxie. That engine as used in the Galaxie for NASCAR racing did well, but the Galaxie was simply too heavy an automobile in stock trim to be drag raced successfully; so-called "lightweight" 427-powered Galaxies were built both for stock car racing as well as drag racing during the 1964 model year, although these cars were not modified to the extent of the Thunderbolt. As installed in the Thunderbolt, the engine was rated conservatively (like all US car motors, due to insurance regulations) at at 6,000 rpm and at 3,700 rpm of torque; estimates placed the actual output was close to . |
26826310#2 | Ford Fairlane Thunderbolt | In standard form, the Fairlane is shorter than a Galaxie, rides on a shorter wheelbase and weighs approximately less. Installing the Ford FE V8 in a vehicle intended for an engine no larger than a Ford Windsor/Challenger engine required major reworking and relocation of the car's front suspension components and the modification and strengthening of the suspension mounting areas. Fiberglass doors, hood, front fenders and even the front bumper on the earliest cars along with Plexiglas side and rear windows aided in weight reduction; the hood with its distinctive raised "teardrop" ram air scoop designed to draw hot air from the engine compartment was pinned in position, eliminating the need for a hood hinges and a latch. Later cars have aluminum front bumpers in place of the fiberglass units due to racing regulations. |
26826310#3 | Ford Fairlane Thunderbolt | Racing equipment includes tubular exhaust headers, an electric fuel pump, altered rear suspension with heavy-duty traction control bars and asymmetrical leaf springs, trunk-mounted heavy duty battery, locking differential, auxiliary gauges, special drag race wheels and tires supplied both by Goodyear and Mickey Thompson (himself a recipient of one of the first ten cars) and an aluminum scatter shield designed to contain the clutch in case of disintegration under load. The claimed compression ratio was 13.5:1. |
26826310#4 | Ford Fairlane Thunderbolt | Other weight-saving measures include the elimination of such street items as the sunvisors, radio, heater, wheel covers, passenger-side windshield wiper, arm rests, rear window cranks, mirrors, sound deadening material, carpeting, trunk mat, lug wrench, jack and spare tire. The front seats are either lightweight units from Ford's police package vehicles or rudimentary bucket seats from the Econoline van; the carpeting was replaced with a black rubber mat. The rear seat is a standard Fairlane unit. The high-beam headlights were eliminated as well and in their place are mesh-covered air intakes which run directly to a special air cleaner atop the 427. Like the street version, the Thunderbolt's outer high-low headlights of the type normally used with a four-lamp system are selectable with a standard foot-operated switch. Though it was technically a street-legal vehicle, these modifications and deletions along with a final drive ratio of 4:57.1 for the four-speed cars and 4:44.1 for the automatics make the Thunderbolt impractical for street use. |
26826310#5 | Ford Fairlane Thunderbolt | The Thunderbolt was not built on a regular Ford assembly line, but rather in conjunction with Andy Hotton of Dearborn Steel Tubing. It was there that partially built Fairlane bodies in top-of-the-line "500" exterior trim were combined with the 427 and either a heavy-duty Lincoln automatic transmission or a Borg-Warner four-speed manual transmission. The first eleven cars were painted in Ford's "vintage burgundy" while the remaining eighty-nine cars were painted "Wimbledon white." The engine code reflected not the 427 on most cars but rather the so-called solid lifter "K-code" 289 hi- performance engine. |
26826310#6 | Ford Fairlane Thunderbolt | Given the special nature of the car, Ford riveted a metal plate to the inside of the glovebox door of the Thunderbolt and other race-only models with a disclaimer relating to fit and finish. The plate reads: |
26826310#7 | Ford Fairlane Thunderbolt | The Thunderbolt, as tested with a four-speed transmission at Lions Drag Strip in November 1963, ran a of 11.61 seconds at . |
26826310#8 | Ford Fairlane Thunderbolt | Thunderbolts faced off in the final of the 1964 NHRA Winternationals, driven by Butch Leal and Gas Ronda; Ronda took the win, with a pass of 11.78 seconds at . Ronda's Thunderbolt would go on to claim NHRA's national Top Stock crown that year. |
26826310#9 | Ford Fairlane Thunderbolt | At the 1967 NHRA Winternationals, a factory Thunderbolt ran a of 10.365 seconds at , making it among the fastest–accelerating production cars over the quarter mile. |
26826310#10 | Ford Fairlane Thunderbolt | Miniatures of the Thunderbolt are currently manufactured by Hot Wheels and the Ertl Company. |
26826310#11 | Ford Fairlane Thunderbolt | The Ford Thunderbolt appears in the Xbox 360 game "Forza Motorsport 4", mobile game "CSR Classics" and "Forza Motorsport 7" for the Xbox One. |
26826325#0 | Ruby (mango) | The 'Ruby' mango is a named mango cultivar that originated in south Florida and is known for its bright red color. |
26826325#1 | Ruby (mango) | The original 'Ruby' tree was grown from a seed on the property of Ed P. Davis in Miami, Florida. It was named in 1948, when it was first evaluated by the variety committee of the Florida Mango Forum, and first propagated by Davis the same year. In the decades following, the parentage of the Ruby was unknown but recent pedigree analysis estimates that the it likely had Haden in its parentage. |
26826325#2 | Ruby (mango) | Ruby would never be heavily propagated in the state, but two grafted trees were planted at the University of Florida's Tropical Research and Education Center, as well as the USDA's National Clonal Repository in Miami. From these locations bud wood for the Ruby was sent to different countries for commercial evaluation. It is now grown on some commercial scale in Africa. |
26826325#3 | Ruby (mango) | The fruit are oblong in shape and small at maturity, averaging under a pound in weight. They develop a brilliant crimson blush covering most of the fruit. The yellow flesh has minimal fiber and rich and spicy sweet flavor with a strong aroma. Ruby contains a monoembryonic seed and the fruit are often born in clusters. The fruit typically mature from July to August in Florida. |
26826325#4 | Ruby (mango) | The trees are moderately vigorous growers, developing large, upright, and open canopies. |
26826325#5 | Ruby (mango) | List of mango cultivars |
26826347#0 | Wu Gaojun | Wu Gaojun (; born 6 March 1985) is a professional Chinese football player who currently plays as a defender for Liaoning FC. |
26826347#1 | Wu Gaojun | Wu Gaojun broke into the senior side of Liaoning FC on 15 May 2005 in a league game against Shenzhen Jianlibao in a 3-1 victory. After making his debut he would become a fringe player within the team until the 2008 league season when he was given his chance to establish himself within the team, however at the end of the season the team could not avoid relegation to the second tier. Despite this he remained with the team to become a vital member within the team's defence and aided the team to an immediate return into the top tier when he saw the club win the division title. |
26826347#2 | Wu Gaojun | "Statistics accurate as of match played 3 November 2018."
Liaoning FC |
26826361#0 | British Horse Industry Confederation | The British Horse Industry Confederation is a representative umbrella organisation for both professional and amateur involvement in equestrian activities in Great Britain. The organisation is formed of the British Equestrian Federation, the Thoroughbred Breeders Association and the British Horseracing Authority. It also has representation from the British Horse Society and British Equestrian Trade Association (both members of the BEF) and from the British Equine Veterinary Association. |
26826361#1 | British Horse Industry Confederation | The organisation represents the interests of the equestrian industry in dealings and reports with government. |
26826361#2 | British Horse Industry Confederation | In 2005, the BHIC published the first national strategy for the horse industry in England and Wales, in partnership with the government departments from Defra and the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. |
26826368#0 | Armin Falk | Armin Falk (born 18 January 1968) is a German economist. He holds a chair at the University of Bonn since 2003. |
26826368#1 | Armin Falk | Falk studied economics as well as philosophy and history at the University of Cologne. In 1998 he obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Zurich under the supervision of Ernst Fehr. |
26826368#2 | Armin Falk | Falk is Professor of Economics and Director of the Behavior and Inequality Research Institute (briq), as well as the Laboratory of Experimental Economics at the University of Bonn. He is "external scientific member" of the Max Planck Society (and as such a member of the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods), program director at the Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), fellow of the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), fellow of the Center for Economic Studies (CESifo), Research Professor at the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), and member of the scientific council of the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology. Furthermore, he is affiliated with the Institute for New Economic Thinking. |
26826368#3 | Armin Falk | Falk's research interests include microeconomics, behavioral economics, and neuroeconomics. He has published in renowned journals like the "American Economic Review", "Quarterly Journal of Economics", "Econometrica", and "Science ". In the German Handelsblatt ranking of 2010, which analyzes current research output of economists in Germany, Austria, and German speaking Switzerland in terms of quality of publications since 2005, Falk reached the 8th place. |
26826368#4 | Armin Falk | In a broad sense, Falk's research is about obtaining a better empirical foundation of economic behavior. While the traditional economic model of individual behavior postulates perfect rationality and egoism (homo oeconomicus), the work of Falk demonstrates that human behavior is better described by bounded rationality. In addition, Falk shows that social preferences such as fairness and trust are important determinants of behavior. |
26826368#5 | Armin Falk | His research is highly interdisciplinary and builds on insights from experimental research, social psychology, genetics, and neuroscience. In terms of methods, Falk mainly uses experiments, both in the lab and in the field, complemented by neuroscientific methods, e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging. An additional focus is the analysis of representative survey data. |
26826368#6 | Armin Falk | The research of Falk can broadly be divided into two main areas, the analysis of economic preferences and psychological aspects of the labor market. A better understanding of preferences and personality is of great importance for economic and social science, as virtually every model in that area needs to make assumptions on individual behavior. A key focus has been the analysis of social preferences, as well risk and time preferences, but also personality. Supported by an ERC Starting Grant, Falk studies the distribution of preferences in the population as well as socioeconomic determinants of preferences. |
26826368#7 | Armin Falk | A second important focus of Falk's research has been the analysis of psychological aspects in labor markets (Behavioral Labor Economics). This line of research demonstrates that in particular in labor market contexts, motives such as social preferences, social comparison, trust, social approval, and intrinsic motivation play an important role. This has implications for work relations, as well as the functioning of organizations and labor markets. |
26826369#0 | Adelino Fontoura | Adelino Fontoura Chaves (March 30, 1859 – May 2, 1884) was a Brazilian poet, actor and journalist. He is the patron of the 1st chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. |
26826369#1 | Adelino Fontoura | Adelino Fontoura was born in the city of Axixá, in Maranhão, to Antônio Fontoura Chaves and Francisca Dias Fontoura. |
26826369#2 | Adelino Fontoura | Since as a child, he would have a very strong friendship with future author Artur Azevedo. |
26826369#3 | Adelino Fontoura | Moving to Recife, he would work at the satirical journal "Os Xênios". Returning to Maranhão, he initiated his artistical career, performing in a play that would make him arrested. After this incident, he moved to Rio de Janeiro. |
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