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26824931#11 | George Williams (lawyer) | Williams was a visiting scholar at Columbia Law School in the Spring semester of 1999. |
26824931#12 | George Williams (lawyer) | In 2000, Williams took up a position at the Faculty of Law at the University of New South Wales as Anthony Mason Professor of Law. In 2001, Williams helped found the Gilbert + Tobin Centre of Public Law at UNSW, and was its Foundation Director until 2008. |
26824931#13 | George Williams (lawyer) | In 2008, Williams was a delegate in the governance stream at the Australia 2020 Summit. In 2005, he chaired the Victorian Human Rights Consultation Committee that led to the enactment of the Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities. |
26824931#14 | George Williams (lawyer) | On 13 June 2011, Williams was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia for distinguished service to the law in the fields of anti-terrorism, human rights and constitutional law as an academic, author, adviser and public commentator. |
26824931#15 | George Williams (lawyer) | In 2012, Williams said he would be "very interested" in being appointed as a judge of the High Court of Australia. News magazine "Crikey" reported that Williams had published a favourable opinion piece commending then Attorney-General Nicola Roxon, who would later that year need to recommend appointment of a new High Court judge. In 2013 he was elected a fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia. |
26824931#16 | George Williams (lawyer) | From October to December 2015, Williams was a fellow at the Institute of Advanced Study at Durham University. He has also held visiting positions at Osgoode Hall Law School and University College London. |
26824931#17 | George Williams (lawyer) | Williams was appointed Dean of the UNSW Faculty of Law in 2016. |
26824931#18 | George Williams (lawyer) | In 2006, Williams was elected head of the Australia Labor Party's legal and constitutional committee. In 2007, Williams unsuccessfully sought pre-selection as the Labor candidate for the Sydney electorate of Blaxland. In 2009, while on sabbatical from UNSW, Williams unsuccessfully sought pre-selection as the Labor candidate for the Canberra electorate of Fraser. |
26824931#19 | George Williams (lawyer) | Williams has been a vocal critic of aspects of anti-terrorism legislation passed following the September 11 attacks, such as control order regimes. |
26824931#20 | George Williams (lawyer) | Williams has been a proponent of a national statutory bill of rights. |
26824931#21 | George Williams (lawyer) | Williams is married to Emma, a UNSW academic working in the field of corporate law, with whom he has two children: Edward and Ellie. |
26824931#22 | George Williams (lawyer) | Williams has published extensively and his notable works include: |
26824932#0 | 2007 Vale of White Horse District Council election | Elections to Vale of White Horse District Council were held on 3 May 2007. The whole council was up for election and the council stayed under Liberal Democrat control with an increased majority. Turnout was significantly higher in many wards than it was in 2003. |
26824932#1 | 2007 Vale of White Horse District Council election | Composition of the council following the 2007 election: |
26824936#0 | Aleksandra Zagórska | Lt. Col. Aleksandra Zagórska, firstly, Bitschan, secondly, Zagórska, aka Aleksandra Bednarz (born 24 April 1884 in Lublin, died 14 April 1965 in Warsaw) – was a Lieutenant Colonel in the Polish Armed Forces, a soldier in the Legions, organizer and commandant of the Ochotnicza Legia Kobiet and an independence activist. |
26824936#1 | Aleksandra Zagórska | She was born the daughter of Antoni Lubicz-Radzimiński and Flora, née Dzięciołowska. She spent her childhood in Sandomierz. From 1894 she attended the preparatory course at Zamość, followed by secondary school in Radom where she became an associate of the Polish Socialist Party, PPS. |
26824936#2 | Aleksandra Zagórska | In 1904 she enrolled at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. The same year she joined the Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party. In 1906, together with , a leading activist and close associate of Jozef Pilsudski, she established a clandestine manufacture of explosives for the Combat Organization. In November 1906 she fell victim to Mercury poisoning, in connection with explosives production and had to undergo a period of treatment in Zakopane. After convalescence she went on to Warsaw where she continued her activism. In July 1907 she took part in a failed attempt to blow up a military train at Łapy. In March 1908 she was arrested and taken to Pawiak prison. Owing to a financial inducement charges against her were dropped during her trial and she was temporarily released in October of that year. She continued to be at risk of arrest and escaped to Galicia. She settled in Lwow and at the bidding of Tomasz Arciszewski she became involved in the procurement of weapons and PPS publications for dispersal in the Polish Kingdom.
In 1911 she joined the Union of Armed Struggle and the Riflemen's Association. She organized women's squads within the Polish Military Organisation. |
26824936#3 | Aleksandra Zagórska | During World War I she organized and commanded the women's intelligence service within the Brigade I of the Polish Legions. With the rank of major she took part in the Battle of Lwów. During the Polish - Ukrainian War she organised the women's courier network. On 4 November 1918 she formed the women's paramilitary organization, "Ochotnicza Legia Kobiet", OLK of which she was the commander in the city of Lwów. The organization took an active role in the Polish–Soviet War. On 1 April 1920 she was named commander of the Voluntary Women's Legion within the First Mobilisation Unit of the Ministry of War in Warsaw, simultaneously she was promoted to the Military rank of major. Her Adjutant was lieutenant Stanisława Paleolog.. On account of her role she became commander of all Women's OLK units throughout all territories controlled by the Polish Ministry of War.. On 1 October 1921, at her own request, she stood down from military service.. She had advanced to the rank of Lieutenant colonel. |
26824936#4 | Aleksandra Zagórska | In the Interwar period from 1922–1924 she lived in Kobierzyn, Lesser Poland Voivodeship near Kraków, and from 1927 in Lwow, where her husband was the superintendent of several psychiatric hospitals. After the death of her husband, she moved to Radość near Warsaw and became an organiser of children's summer camps for the Warsaw Educational Service.
In 1928 she became organizer of the Polish Union of Women Legionnaires and was its president until 1939. |
26824936#5 | Aleksandra Zagórska | During the Nazi occupation of Poland she joined the Resistance as part of the left-leaning Coalition of Independence Organisations -"Konwent Organizacji Niepodległościowych". |
26824936#6 | Aleksandra Zagórska | From her first marriage, she had a son, Jerzy Bitschan, who at 14 years of age, as a Lwow Eaglet, took an active part in the Defence of Lwow and fell on 21 November 1918.. Her second husband was a Lwów doctor, Roman Zagórski, with whom she lived in the Kulparków district of the city. After World War II she lived in Zakopane using the pseudonym, "Aleksandra Bednarz", to avoid state persecution on account of her history of activism.
She died on 14 April 1965 aged 79. She was buried at Bródno Cemetery in Warsaw. |
26824951#0 | Florence Rivault | Florence Rivault (or David Rivault de Flurence) (1571–1616) was a French mathematician and royal servant. He was born probably at La Cropte, near Laval, Mayenne, France. |
26824951#1 | Florence Rivault | He was a "Gentleman of the Bedchamber" to Henry IV, and a teacher of Louis XIII. He discovered that water, if confined in a bombshell and heated, would explode the shell. He published that fact in his treatise on artillery in 1605, where he wrote: "The water is converted into air, and its vaporization is followed by violent explosion." His discovery is seen as one of the steps leading to the invention of the steam engine. He died in Tours, France in January 1616. |
26824963#0 | GT4 (Bremen) | The Bremish GT4 is a GT4 type tramcar that was built in two main versions from 1959 to the 1980s. |
26824963#1 | GT4 (Bremen) | In the 1950s and 1960s, the Bremish tram company Bremer Straßenbahn, like many other German tram companies, changed old two-axle tramcars for modern ones on bogies. The cars could be longer, if they were articulated. In Bremen, like at the same time in Stuttgart, articulated cars on only two bogies were constructed by the local manufacturer Hansa Waggonbau. The articulation was controlled by transmission shafts. All the Bremish cars were designed for unidirectional traffic (doors only on the right side), so that they required loops on the ends of their courses. |
26824963#2 | GT4 (Bremen) | With few changes (types GT4 to GT4c), this tramcar was produced till 1968. For Bremen and Bremerhaven, 79 such trams were built. In daily service they ran partly single, partly in trains of two such cars. Later, part of the motorcars were transformed to trailers. In Bremen, these trams were in service till 1990. Afterwards, several of them were sold to Timișoara in Romania, where they are still in use. |
26824963#3 | GT4 (Bremen) | Under licence, a similar car was also produced for the Munich tramways. |
26824963#4 | GT4 (Bremen) | After the decay of Hansa Wagonbau, since 1973 the Wegmann & Co. railcar company in Kassel continued the production of trams for Bremen. The principal structure of Bremish GT4 was kept, but the articulation was now controlled hydraulically. These types were called GT4d to GT4f, in all 61 items. The Bremish Wegmann articulated tram was also produced as a trailer (types GB4d to GB4f, in all 47 items). In that period, most trams in Bremen ran as trains of an articulated motorcar and an articulated trailer. |
26824963#5 | GT4 (Bremen) | In 1986, two of these Wegmann cars were enlarged by interposition of a third segment, also with two doors and three windows on the right side. These cars were called GT6, but they were very different from Duewag GT6. |
26824963#6 | GT4 (Bremen) | The experiences acquired with these cars were used by AEG manufacturing company, when they developed low-floor trams for Bremen, which they also sold to several other systems, such as the Berlin tramway and the Munich tramway. |
26824977#0 | Big Mama stela | The Big Mama stela is one of a group of steles from the Arco area of northwestern Italy. The stele may be associated with the culture to which Otzi the Iceman is archaeologically linked. |
26824977#1 | Big Mama stela | The stele is one of a group of six from the region. The Big Mama stele is tall and made from sandstone. |
26824977#2 | Big Mama stela | The iconography of the Big Mama stela is as follows:The seven "archaic daggers" have semi-circular, buttressed perpendicular handle terminations. The central vertical dagger handle termination is doubly ornamented. The corded belt may symbolize a ""broad collar"", that represents the 'agricultural field', and mothering and sustenance. |
26824990#0 | Wayne Westlake | Wayne Kaumualii Westlake (1947–1984) was a Hawaiian poet, journalist, activist and translator of Chinese and Japanese works. |
26824990#1 | Wayne Westlake | Westlake was born in Lahaina, Maui, and grew up in Aina Haina, Oahu. He was of German and Hawaiian ancestry. He graduated from Punahou School in 1966 and went on to study at the University of Oregon. He was strongly interested in Chinese literature, poetry, and philosophy, especially Taoism, and soon began translating ancient texts. An enthusiastic autodidact, he dropped out of college in 1969 and continued to learn on his own. |
26824990#2 | Wayne Westlake | Drafted for the Vietnam War in the 60's, Westlake flew home and locked himself in his room with his typewriter and no food or water for three days as a means of protest. He managed to evade the war and resumed his studies at the University of Hawaii at Manoa in 1972, working part-time as a janitor and eventually earning his B.A. in Chinese studies. |
26824990#3 | Wayne Westlake | As a journalist, Westlake battled United States attempts to control Hawaii, and eventually became involved with the anti-bombing protests for Kahoolawe led by George Helm, publishing poems and editorials in the protesters' defense. In 1979, he discovered about 30 Hawaiian petroglyphs on Kahoolawe, which strengthened the case against the experimental bombings. |
26824990#4 | Wayne Westlake | He continued to publish editorials, translations, and poetry until his car was hit by an allegedly drunk driver in 1984. He died soon after in Hilo Hospital. Westlake is best known for his free verse poetry, which reflects both his lighthearted Taoist-style views on life and his struggles with such issues as U.S.-Hawaiian conflicts and poverty. Mei-Li M. Siy and Richard Hamasaki gathered his published and unpublished materials and published over two hundred of his poems with the University of Hawaii Press in 2009 under the title "Westlake: Poems by Wayne Kaumualii Westlake.""Westlake: Poems by Wayne Kaumalii Westlake" edited by Mei-Li M. Siy and Richard Hamasaki 2009 |
26824994#0 | Rafael García | Rafael García may refer to: |
26824998#0 | Houston Main Building | The Houston Main Building (HMB) formerly the Prudential Building, was a skyscraper in the Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas. It originally housed offices of the Prudential Insurance Company, before becoming a part of the MD Anderson Cancer Center. The building was demolished on January 8, 2012. It was designed by Kenneth Franzheim. |
26824998#1 | Houston Main Building | The building was built in 1952. Originally it housed the offices of the Prudential Insurance Company. The building was the first corporate high rise building established outside of Downtown Houston. 18 story, building was designed by Kenneth Franzheim. It was among a group of regional headquarters buildings built for Prudential in the late 1940s and early 1950s. During its history the building had landscaped grounds, a swimming pool, and tennis courts. The building was made of limestone and steel. The offices in the building served the states of Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas. |
26824998#2 | Houston Main Building | The MD Anderson Cancer Center bought the building in 1974. MD Anderson paid $18.5 million for the Prudential Building, which is located on a site. |
26824998#3 | Houston Main Building | In 2002 MD Anderson announced that it planned to demolish the building and replace it with a four story medical campus. Area preservationists opposed the plan. William Daigneau, the vice president of operations and facilities, said that renovating the buildings would be too costly. In 2008 Daigneau said that the building was slowly disintegrating. MD Anderson planned to have the building demolished around 2010. Local and state preservationists protested the proposed demolition. David Bush of the Greater Houston Preservation Alliance said that the building would be eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. Bush also said that the organization had been told unofficially that demolishing the structure would damage equipment in adjoining structures, so he said the organization believed that the building would not be demolished. A 2007 "BusinessWeek" article said that demolishing the Houston Main Building would cost $6 million. Daigneau said that a pair of clinic buildings would replace the Houston Main Building. |
26824998#4 | Houston Main Building | Stephen Fox, an architectural historian from Rice University, said that the building was "finely built, finely finished office building that, because of its beautiful materials, generous public spaces and carefully integrated installation of art works, feels more like a public building than an office building." He also described the Houston Main Building as "a model of urbane construction in a suburban setting." |
26824998#5 | Houston Main Building | The M. D. Anderson Alumni and Faculty Association was located in the tower. Departments of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston housed in the Houston Main Building included several academic support departments and the University of Texas School of Nursing at Houston. |
26824998#6 | Houston Main Building | The nursing school moved into the School of Nursing and Student Community Center building. The Faculty Center tower, which opened in Spring 2008, now houses several academic support departments of the University of Texas Health Science Center. |
26824998#7 | Houston Main Building | The Houston Main Building (HMB) Exercise Room was located in HMB.B240 in the basement. A lighted jogging track was located on the west side of the building. |
26824998#8 | Houston Main Building | A fresco, titled "The Future Belongs To Those Who Prepare For It," was located in the Prudential Building. The fresco, by , depicts life on a farm in West Texas. The Prudential Life Insurance Company commissioned the mural from the artist Peter Hurd. The company wanted to evoke its motto, which was used as the painting's title. To create the mural, Hurd used construction workers as his models. Hurd himself appears as a soil conservation agent in the work. |
26824998#9 | Houston Main Building | Ann Hale, the director of the Hurd La Rinconada Gallery in San Patricio, unincorporated Lincoln County, New Mexico, estimated the value of the painting at over $3 million. Hale said that the museum had been working with several private individuals and universities to try to get the mural moved, but she said that there were "no real solid prospects." Hale said that there were people wanted the mural, but they would have to take the responsibility for moving it. The vice president of MD Anderson, Bill Daigneau, said in 2008 the structural problems in the building are cracking the mural. Daigneau also said that the fresco "does not reflect the values of M.D. Anderson. ... There's the issue of who's running the farm, and who's working on it." The fresco portrays African-Americans carrying hay. According to Daigneau, polled MD Anderson employees and faculty opposed installing the mural in a new area. |
26824998#10 | Houston Main Building | By 2008 no deal to remove the fresco from the building had been finalized due to the cost of removing the mural. M.D. Anderson stated that it would give away the mural, located in the building's lobby, for no charge. Allan Turner of the "Houston Chronicle" said that removing the mural, restoring it, and installing it in a new location would cost over $500,000. Peter Marzio, the director of the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, said that the museum was approached about possibly accepting the mural. Marzio said that the museum rejected the fresco because it was too "site specific." In 2010 a benefactor from Artesia, New Mexico agreed to have the mural removed. The mural will become a part of the public library of Artesia. |
26825012#0 | George C. Lorimer | George Claude Lorimer (June 4, 1838 – September 8, 1904) was a noted reverend, and was pastor of several churches around the United States, most notably the Tremont Temple in Boston, Massachusetts. |
26825012#1 | George C. Lorimer | Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Lorimer came to the United States in 1856 in the hopes of becoming an actor. Coming eventually to Louisville, Kentucky, he came under the influence of Reverend W.W. Everts, who turned Lorimer to Christianity. Lorimer graduated from Georgetown College, Kentucky, in 1859. He was ordained in the Baptist Ministry, first holding brief pastorates in Harrodsburg, Kentucky and Paducah, Kentucky, and then for eight years at the Walnut Street Baptist Church in Louisville, Kentucky. After another brief term in Albany, New York, he next took up an office at the Tremont Temple in Boston, where he would serve as pastor for twenty-one years, with some interruptions. Noted educator Sophia B. Packard served for some time as his assistant. |
26825012#2 | George C. Lorimer | Early in February 1879 the financially distressed First Baptist Church of Chicago extended a call to Lorimer to go there from the Tremont Temple, and on May 4, 1879, he preached his first sermon as pastor of the Chicago congregation. Lorimer's pastorate was "successful in the highest degree", and by January, 1881, the church raised sufficient means to pay a substantial portion of its debt. On September 25, 1881. Lorimer delivered his farewell sermon in Chicago, returning to the Tremont Temple and leaving a gift of $1,600 to the reorganized Chicago congregation. In 1901 he took up a new pastorate for the last time, at the Madison Avenue Baptist Church in New York City. He died of pneumonia at Aix-les-Bains, and was interred in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In addition to his preaching duties, Lorimer was the author of "many widely-read books on religious and social topics". |
26825012#3 | George C. Lorimer | Lorimer was married to Belle Burford, with whom he had three daughters and a son, publisher George Horace Lorimer. |
26825013#0 | Flint Creek Range | The Flint Creek Range, el. , is a mountain range northeast of Philipsburg, Montana in Granite County, Montana. The highest point in the range is Mount Powell, at 10,168 ft. in elevation. |
26825013#1 | Flint Creek Range | About 60,000 acres of the Flints are roadless. From Deer Lodge, Montana, there appears to be a level, barren ridge connecting Mount Powell and Deer Lodge Mountain, el. 9765 ft. However, if one is traveling eastbound on Interstate 90, in the stretch between Drummond and Garrison, Montana, looking up one can see that this ridge is actually a sheer cliff called "The Crater." The Crater is characterized as "[g]iant granite ribs resembling the backbone of a dinosaur" by Cunningham. The Flints have the typical Rocky Mountain fauna, including a few mountain goats. The area is popular for hunting of deer, elk, and blue grouse, but otherwise appears to receive little recreational use. A six-person capacity cabin on Doney Lake is available for rental from the Deer Lodge Ranger District year-round. Dozens of alpine lakes in the range provide good fishing. |
26825013#2 | Flint Creek Range | The Discovery Ski Area is located in the southwestern part of the Flints, near Georgetown Lake. |
26825025#0 | Luke Fildes (fencer) | Luke Fildes (13 June 1879 – 22 April 1970) was a British fencer, solicitor and company secretary. He competed in the individual épée event at the 1908 Summer Olympics. |
26825025#1 | Luke Fildes (fencer) | Frederick Luke Val Fildes was born on 13 June 1879 in London, the son of Sir Luke Fildes, and the great grandson of Mary Fildes. He was educated at Marlborough College and Trinity College, Cambridge. He practised as chartered accountant and solicitor until the start of World War I. He served with the Coldstream Guards but after being wounded on the Somme he became superintendent of physical and bayonet training at the Aldershot Command. |
26825025#2 | Luke Fildes (fencer) | After the war he went into business rather than return to the Bar and became secretary of Lever Brothers Limited; he retired in 1946. Between 1934 and 1967 he was a trustee of the Lady Lever Art Gallery and Collections at Port Sunlight. |
26825079#0 | List of Oscar Niemeyer works | List of buildings and structures by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer. From the approximately 600 projects designed by Niemeyer, only the most notable are listed below.
At Brasília, Niemeyer designed: |
26825080#0 | Playing with Fire (Fleury book) | Playing with Fire is the best selling autobiography of former National Hockey League (NHL) player Theoren Fleury. Co-written with author Kirstie McLellan Day, Fleury documented how he became a star player, Stanley Cup champion and Olympic gold medalist despite battling drug and alcohol addictions that ultimately ended his NHL career and led him to contemplate suicide. In the book, he made allegations that he was sexually abused by his junior coach, Graham James, and subsequently filed a complaint with Winnipeg Police Service. Graham James was prosecuted and was sentenced to jail time. "Playing with Fire" was a 2010 Libris Award nominee for top non-fiction book of 2010 by the Canadian Booksellers Association. |
26825080#1 | Playing with Fire (Fleury book) | In the weeks prior to the book's October 16, 2009 release, Fleury attempted to return to the NHL with the team he first played for, the Calgary Flames, six years after his last NHL game. Some observers praised him as a role model for his attempt, while others criticized it as being a publicity stunt to help generate interest in the book. He appeared in several exhibition games with the Flames, but was released and subsequently chose to retire from hockey. Riding a wave of popularity from his comeback attempt, "Playing with Fire" became the top-selling non-fiction book on Amazon.ca within two weeks of its release. Supported by an extensive promotional tour across Canada, "Playing with Fire" sold over 80,000 copies within six weeks of its release. |
26825086#0 | Richard Badman | Richard Badman was a British fencer. He competed in the individual sabre event at the 1908 Summer Olympics. |
26825087#0 | Leopoldo Benites | Leopoldo Benites (17 October 1905 – 1 January 1996) was the 28th President of the United Nations General Assembly in 1973. He had been the permanent representative of Ecuador since October 1960. |
26825087#1 | Leopoldo Benites | Leopoldo Benites Vinueza was born in Guayaquil in Ecuador on 17 October 1905. His father was a physician. He attended university in his home town where he obtained a degree in social and political science. Benites married aged 20 to Margot Sierra. He was a diplomat who served as the Ecuadorean ambassador to a number of countries. Benites served as a Professor and earned an honorary doctorate from the University of Montevideo in Uruguay. He worked as a journalist, a role in which he later said he was against dictatorship. In the 1930s he spent eight months in jail. Whilst in jail—an experience he described as "interesting"—he wrote a biography of Francisco de Orellana. |
26825087#2 | Leopoldo Benites | Benites was Ecuador's ambassador to Uruguay from 1947 to 1952. In 1954 he took on a similar role in Bolivia until 1956 when he spent a brief period as ambassador to Argentina. At the end of 1956 he took up the role of ambassador to Uruguay to August 1960. He then became the Permanent representative at the United Nations. |
26825087#3 | Leopoldo Benites | Benites published short stories and poems as well as longer studies of the Ecuadoran hero Eugenio Espejo and Francisco de Orellana, the Spanish conquistador who travelled the length of the River Amazon and founded Benites' home city. |
26825087#4 | Leopoldo Benites | In 1965, Benites led the Ecuadorian delegation to a meeting for the Denuclearization of Latin America which was held in Mexico City. He continued to work for denuclearization and in 1971 he became the first official Secretary-General of OPANAL an international organization which promotes nuclear disarmament. He only resigned this post when he was told that he was a strong candidate to be the United Nations' next Secretary General. |
26825087#5 | Leopoldo Benites | An anecdote of Benites reports that an Asian UN delegate said to Benites that he liked his speech but did not like the vote that he cast. Benites said "The arguments are my own, but the vote was my government's instruction". |
26825087#6 | Leopoldo Benites | He became the 28th President of the United Nations General Assembly in 1973. By this time he was a veteran at the UN, having been to eighteen general assemblies, at twelve of these he had been Ecuador's main delegate. In his maiden speech as President, following his appointment, he had the honour of admitting the Bahamas and both East and West Germany into the United Nations. The admission of the two halves of Germany was an important moment as the UN had been formed as a reaction to World War II which had been initiated by Nazi Germany. This brought the total number of nations in the U.N. to 135 and at the time the prospective candidates were North and South Korea. |
26825087#7 | Leopoldo Benites | Benites was one of 11 General Assembly Presidents who were summoned back to the United Nations in 1985 to advise on how the UN could increase its impact. Benites died in 1996. He and Margot had two sons, Leopoldo and Robert. |
26825098#0 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | The Assault on Mount Kent was an engagement during the Falklands War between British and Argentine forces. |
26825098#1 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | In late May, forward Special Air Service patrols from G Squadron had established that a number of high peaks overlooking the Argentine defences around Port Stanley, were largely undefended, especially after the Argentine heliborne reserve, Combat Team Solari (B Company, 12th Infantry Regiment) was helicoptered to Goose Green and the 4th Infantry Regiment had received orders to abandon Mount Challenger and take up new positions on Mounts Two Sisters and Harriet. |
26825098#2 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | An initial reconnaissance element from Major Cedric Delves' D Squadron inserted into the area of Mount Kent by helicopter on 25 May, allowed for the rest of the squadron to arrive safely on 27 May in time to counter a strong Argentine Special Forces insertion, under the command of Captain Eduardo Villarruel, second-in-command of 602 Commando Company. The commander of 602 Commando Company, Major Aldo Rico, had instructed the four Argentine patrol commanders involved to seize Mounts Kent and the surrounding peaks in order to allow further reinforcement to be flown in, namely Major Jose Ricardo Spadaro's 601st National Gendarmerie Special Forces Squadron and Major Oscar Ramon Jaimet's heliborne-trained. B Company, 6th Infantry Regiment that had also undergone night-combat training the previous year. The SAS patrols in the form of Air Troop, Boat Troop and Major Delves' tactical headquarters found themselves hard-pressed and fought a number of fierce patrol actions with around 40 Argentine Army Special Forces before the Argentines eventually withdrew. Air Troop were initially driven back in the fighting but managed to hold onto the summit of Mount Kent until reinforcements in the form of Royal Marines arrived. |
26825098#3 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | The first engagement during the Battle of Mount Kent occurred during the night of the 29th to the 30th May 1982 when Captain Andrés Ferrero's 3rd Assault Section from 602 Commando Company ran into Air Troop from D Squadron, 22nd Special Air Service on the slopes of Mount Kent, suffering one badly wounded (First-Sergeant Raimundo Viltes) and admittedly abandoning much equipment much to the fury of Major Aldo Rico, commander of 602 Commando Company. The British took control of the situation, but at the cost of two badly wounded SAS troopers. |
26825098#4 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | That night, HMS Glamorgan (D19) shelled the 40-man Argentine Air Force Special Operations Group (GOE) at Stanley Airfield guarding the Skyguard fire-control radars, killing Lieutenant Luis Castagnari and wounding four other commandos from GOE preparing to take part in the occupation of Smoko Mount in support of the Argentine Army commandos.The shocked Argentine survivors would later claim the missile that killed Castagnari to be a Shrike anti-radar missile fired by a Sea King, when in fact it was a Seaslug missile launched in the ship-to-shore role. |
26825098#5 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | The next day, Captain Tomás Fernández's 2nd Assault Section attempted to seize Bluff Cove Peak. The radio operator in Captain Fernández's 12-man patrol, First Sergeant Vicente Alfredo Flores, sent out the following radio message from the slopes of Bluff Cove Peak at about 5 PM on 30 May: ""We are in trouble"" and then forty minutes later: ""There are English all around us... you had better hurry up"." |
26825098#6 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | First Lieutenant Rubén Eduardo Márquez and Sergeant Oscar Humberto Blas from the 2nd Assault Section, had around 11 am local time on 30 May, shown great personal courage and leadership in the patrol battle that took place on Bluff Cove Peak and were posthumously awarded the Argentine Nation to the Valour in Combat Medal. The Argentine Commandos under Captain Fernandez had literally stumbled on a camp occupied by 15 SAS troopers, with the SAS reporting two more wounded in repelling Fernandez's patrol. |
26825098#7 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | On Mount Simon, Captain Jose Arnobio Verseci's 1st Assault Section, listening to Captain Fernandez's patrol attempts to escape the British encirclement, decided to abandon the feature and attempt to link up with the 601st Combat Engineer Battalion forces guarding Fitzroy. |
26825098#8 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | That following day, another SAS ambush takes place when Lieutenant-Commander Dante Camiletti's Marine Special Forces patrol (minus Camilletti and corporal Juan Carrasco who had been captured at Verde Mountain and Teal Inlet respectively) after returning from reconnoitering San Carlos, are ambushed by Captain Gavin Hamilton's Mountain Troop on the lower slopes of Estancia Mountain and sergeants Jesús Pereyra and Ramón López are seriously wounded and captured along with corporals Pablo Alvarado and Pedro Verón who are captured unwounded. |
26825098#9 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | That night, Captain Peter Babbington's K Company of 42 Commando, Royal Marines arrived nearby via helicopters. At about the same time, the 2nd Assault Section, having hidden all day, emerged from their hides intending to withdraw from the area but came under prompt and heavy fire from Boat Troop. The sight of a night firefight in progress confronted K Company. The Marines quickly took cover and after the fire fight had died down Major Cedric Delves of D Squadron, 22 SAS appeared and assured them that all was well and that the SAS had destroyed an Argentine patrol. In reality there were no further casualties in Captain Fernandez's 2nd Assault Section, although one member, Sergeant Alfredo Flores with the Thompson Manpack Radio, was captured in this action.One British Intelligence Corps NCO on loan to the SAS is reported wounded in this action. |
26825098#10 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | One American historian's account states the following: |
26825098#11 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | The SAS finally managed to surround the main commando group, consolidating into a position near the peak, and ambushed them with one of those devastating, explosive onslaughts of automatic fire and GPMG fire for which the regiment is famous.
Flight-Lieutenant Andy Lawless, co-pilot of the sole surviving RAF Chinook ("Bravo November"), took part in the mission to deliver artillery guns and ammunition to the SAS and describes the crash of the helicopter (possibly as a result of small-arms fire) soon after: |
26825098#12 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | We knew the SAS were outgunned. Our job was to land 105-mm howitzers of 29 Regiment Royal Artillery. Rose told me the landing site was flat and secure. The mission was to be flown all at night with night-vision goggles. We had three 105-mm guns inside and ammunition pallets under-slung. Then the fog of war intervened. The ground was not flat and covered in boulders. We could not find anywhere to land and we spent time manoeuvring to drop off the under-slung loads. We had to put them exactly where the gunners wanted because they could not roll the guns very far across the terrible terrain. I can distinctly remember troops moving under the rotor disking firing their guns - this was not part of the plan. There were incoming artillery rounds. Once we dropped off the guns we went straight back to San Carlos to bring in more guns and ammo. Then we hit water. We were lucky because if we had hit solid ground we would have been dead. We hit at 100 knots. The bow wave came over the cockpit window as we settled and the engines partially flamed out. I knew we had ditched but I was not sure if we had been hit. Dick said he thought we had been hit by ground fire. As the helicopter settled the bow wave reduced. We had the collective still up and the engine wound up as we came out of the water like a cork out of a bottle. We were climbing." |
26825098#13 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | The action in the Mount Kent area continued, and around 10 am on 31 May, the recently arrived Royal Marines spotted a column of Major Mario Castagneto's 601 Commando Company advancing on jeeps and motorbikes to rescue the stranded patrols of 602 Commando Company, but Castagneto's men were dispersed and forced to withdraw after coming under heavy mortar fire that injured both Castagneto and Drill Sergeant Juan Salazar. |
26825098#14 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | There were losses on both sides involving aircraft as a direct result of the operations being carried by both British and Argentine Special Forces in the Mount Kent area. Throughout 30 May, Royal Air Force Harriers were active over Mount Kent. One of them, Harrier XZ963, flown by Squadron Leader Jerry Pook—in responding to a call for help from D Squadron—attacked Mount Kent's eastern lower slopes, and that led to its loss through small-arms fire. At about 11.00 am on the same day, an Aerospatiale SA-330 Puma helicopter was brought down by a shoulder-launched Stinger surface-to-air missile (SAM) fired by the SAS in the vicinity of Mount Kent. Six National Gendarmerie Special Forces were killed and eight more wounded in the crash. |
26825098#15 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | The only British death in the SAS operations to counter Argentine commando patrols in the high ground overlooking Stanley Common occurred when an SAS patrol accidentally fired upon an SBS patrol in the early hours of 2 June and SBS Sergeant Ian ‘Kiwi’ Nicholas Hunt was killed. |
26825098#16 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | Brigadier Julian Thompson would later defend his decision to send SAS patrols to reconoitre Mount Kent ahead of 42 Commando: |
26825098#17 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | It was fortunate that I had ignored the views expressed by Northwood [British Military Headquarters in England] that reconnaissance of Mount Kent before insertion of 42 Commando was superfluous. Had D Squadron not been there, the Argentine Special Forces would have caught the Commando before de-planing and, in the darkness and confusion on a strange landing zone, inflicted heavy casualties on men and helicopters. |
26825098#18 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | The Special Air Service won praise for successfully defending Mount Kent and the surrounding peaks. From the citation for the Distinguished Service Order won by Major Delves: |
26825098#19 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | Following the successful establishment of the beachhead in San Carlos Water, Major Delves took his squadron 40 miles behind enemy lines and established a position overlooking the main enemy stronghold in Port Stanley where at least 7000 troops were known to be based. By a series of swift operations, skillful concealment and lightning attacks against patrols sent out to find him, he was able to secure a firm hold on the area after ten days for the conventional forces to be brought in. |
26825098#20 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | A Scorpion tank from the Blues & Royals helped clear Mount Kent from the remaining Argentine special forces and engaged 4th Regiment troops digging in on the lower slopes, opposite Murrell River. According to the gunner aboard, Mark Flynn: |
26825098#21 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | Paul Stretton and I were scanning hard for targets. He was using his binoculars, I had the gun sight. I spotted a couple of Argies digging in on a shoulder of ground about 4 kilometres away. The Scorpion's 76mm gun had an effective range of 6 kilometres, which put them well within range ... At 10x magnification, even in the overcast conditions I was startled by how clearly I could see them. Grey-clad and grey-helmeted, they looked to me a bit like Second World War German soldiers. Studying the area more carefully, I saw that there were dozens of Argies spread across the face of the slope. Most were already dug in, but a few were still busy hacking new slit trenches in the bony ground ... I pressed the fire button. 'Firing now.' The first shell winged off to the target, hit the ground about 200 metres in front of the Argies and exploded in a shower of earth and rock... I followed the orange tracer as it floated towards the enemy, then focused in on the two Argies, who seemed oblivious to the fact that we were ranging in on them. They were standing together near the trench. To me, it looked as if they thought their own artillery was firing. The 76mm high-explosive round hit the right-hand Argie square in the chest. He turned into a red fog of blood ...We put harassing fire down on the enemy in earnest, round after round smack in among them ...In a little while we began to hear return artillery fire whistling overhead, but it was overshooting our own position by a long way: if anything, it looked as if the Argies were firing at the Paras coming up on foot about six clicks to our west .. I was inexperienced in tank warfare then, so when Paul Stretton told Frankie to move out I was so surprised I protested: 'But this is a brilliant position!' I'm getting pot shots and they can't see us! Why don't we stay here? We were ruining the enemy's day while the Paras and Marines came forward. Why would we want to move? Stretton ignored me. It was just as well: less than thirty seconds after we moved, an enemy shell whistled in and exploded on the exact spot we'd just quit. |
26825098#22 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | 3 PARA reached Estancia House on 1 June, and shortly thereafter D Company patrols came across blood stains and field dressings indicating that the wounded First-Sergeant Raimundo Viltes under the care of First Lieutenant Horacio Lauría had received first aid there along with the Argentine Marine special forces wounded and National Gendarmerie commandos injured, before they were evacuated. According to Sergeant Jerry Phillips: |
26825098#23 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | It must have been some fight because all our rifle company patrols were reporting blood, bits of meat and bandages scattered all over the area. From the way things were scattered the SAS must have been up against at least seventy enemy. |
26825098#24 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | On the night of 3-4 June, the 3rd Assault Section, 602nd Commando Company returned to the British forward lines, reaching the summit of Mount Challenger after a difficult approach. Upon returning to Port Stanley Major Aldo Rico along with First Lieutenant Jorge Manuel Vizoso Posse, (second-in-command of Ferrero's patrol) tried to convince Brigadier-General Oscar Jofre to helicopter forward a rifle company in order to attack the recently arrived British artillery batteries the commandos claimed to have located using their night binoculars, but an irritated Jofre told them to go and leave the decision making process up to 10th Brigade Headquarters. |
26825098#25 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | The 4th Regiment also carried out patrolling, and on the night of 6-7 June, Corporal Nicolás Albornoz along with eight conscripts crossed Murrell River and reached the area of Estancia Mountain where they spotted a number of British vehicles, but the patrol soon came under mortar fire and had to withdraw. |
26825098#26 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | With the loss of this high ground, Argentine Air Force Canberra bombers carry out several bombing runs against British troops congregating in the area. Their first attack, by six Canberras against British troop positions in the Mount Kent area, took place on the predawn darkness of 1 June after Captains Ferrero and Villarruel were given a map of the area and told to pinpoint the British positions there. Lance-Corporal Vincent Bramley later recalled a near-deadly attack carried out on the 3 PARA positions on the night of 9 June: |
26825098#27 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | Next morning Intelligence told us that Argie Canberra-bombers had dropped their load not three hundred metres from us. If they had hit us the battalion would not be around today. We spent the day digging full-scale trenches. Better late than never. |
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