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The first part is the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of the country; |
The second part is a string of up to three alphanumeric characters, which is usually obtained from national sources and stems from coding systems already in use in the country concerned, but may also be developed by the ISO itself.Each complete ISO 3166-2 code can then be used to uniquely identify a country subdivision in a global context. |
As of 29 November 2022 there are 5,043 codes defined in ISO 3166-2. For some countries, codes are defined for more than one level of subdivisions. |
Current codes |
The following table can be used to access the current ISO 3166-2 codes of each country, and comprises three columns: |
Entry: ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code, click to view the ISO 3166-2 codes of the country |
Country name: English short name officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) |
Subdivisions assigned codes: Number and category of subdivisions assigned codes in ISO 3166-2; if there are more than one level of subdivisions, the first-level subdivisions are shown in italics |
Subdivisions included in ISO 3166-1 |
For the following countries, a number of their subdivisions in ISO 3166-2, most of them dependent territories, are also officially assigned their own country codes in ISO 3166-1: |
Notes |
Format |
The format of the ISO 3166-2 codes is different for each country. The codes may be alphabetic, numeric, or alphanumeric, and they may also be of constant or variable length. The following is a table of the ISO 3166-2 codes of each country (those with codes defined), grouped by their format: |
Changes |
The ISO 3166/MA updates ISO 3166-2 when necessary. Changes in ISO 3166-2 consist mostly of spelling corrections, addition and deletion of subdivisions, and modification of the administrative structure. |
ISO used to announce changes in newsletters which updated the currently valid standard, and releasing new editions which comprise a consolidation of newsletter changes. As of July 2013, changes are published in the online catalogue of ISO only and no newsletters are published anymore. Past newsletters remain available on the ISO website. |
The International Skyrunning Federation (ISF) is the world governing body for skyrunning. The ISF today counts 41 Member nations. The Federation of Sports at Altitude (FSA) used to be the organization which governed and managed the sports of skyrunning. It has been replaced by the International Skyrunning Federation. |
History |
Running on a multitude of varying terrains has been popular among athletes in the past, but until the creation of The Federation of Sports at Altitude, this style of running, skyrunning, had not been a uniquely identified form of running. [1]The Federation of Sports at Altitude was founded by Marino Giancometti who with other fellow climbers conducted high-altitude races across the world's most famous mountain ranges the Himalayas, Rockies, Mount Kenya, and the Mexican Volcanoes.[2]Marino Giancometti conducted skyrunning races as part of the training for high altitude expeditions in 1992.[3] Marino Giancometti formed the Federation of Sports at Altitude (FSA) in 1995.[4] The Federation of Sports at Altitude (FSA) was replaced by the International Sky Running Federation in 2008.[5]Today, this organization holds more than 200 races across the world, with about 50,000 athletes from 65 countries.[6] Marino Giacometti serves as the President of the International Skyrunning Federation Board and the Managing Committee.[7]The federation is also attributed to be the founding organization of the Vertical World Circuit which was formed in 2009. The Vertical World Circuit also is known as Vertical Kilometre World Circuit organizes the vertical kilometre which is a subset of the skyrunning discipline |
It has the tag line of ‘Less cloud. More sky’ to inspire its members. It regulates the skyrunning disciplines, which include seven segment that are: SKY, ULTRA and VERTICAL, SKY SPEED, VERTICAL RUNNING, SKYBIKE and SKYRAID. It allows for the training courses that could occur in different environments, like in paths, trail, rocks, or snows. Furthermore, the courses should involve at least 12% of the uphill regions and 6% inclines, but the total altitude should not over 2.000 m. Furthermore, IFS regulates that the total distance should involve no more than 15% of the asphalt. |
Aims and Objectives of the Organisation |
The Federation is responsible for the following objectives:[9] |
To frame rules and ensure that it is followed in competitions in accordance with the principles laid down in the statutes and regulations. |
To frame and ensure that the rules are followed in the international competitions and the participation in such competitions is in accordance to the regulations. |
To be responsible for determining which international competitions can be officially approved and recognized. |
To be responsible for promotion and control of good sporting practices. |
To prevent doping and any other practices which go against the IOC Medical code and regulations on doping. |
To develop the sports to attain Olympic recognition status. |
To ensure that skyrunning values are maintained. |
To ensure that the rules of the local skyrunning races are in congruence with the ISFs rules. |
To coordinate the calendar of events. |
Skyrunning |
Skyrunning is a subset of mountain running. Skyrunning is defined as running in mountains which are above 2,000 meters in altitude with an incline over 30% and the difficulty of climbing is not more than II° grade.[10] Skyrunning is a relatively new sport. Despite its newness, this sport has been gaining interest in more than 65 countries.[11]In the early years of the sports, the sport was simple which included running up and down the mountain as fast as possible but, since it gained attention, the sport has become more extreme with events like the Tromso Skyrace which was held for the first time in 2014 as a result of which it is being called extreme sports.[12]The seven disciplines of skyrunning are sky, ultra, vertical, skyspeed, skyscraper racing/vertical running, skybike, and skyraid; each of these disciplines vary in distance and altitude.[13] Skyrunning is also of a shorter duration compared to ultrarunning, sometimes shorter than a half marathon.[14] The major factor which differentiates skyrunning from other kinds of running is the altitude. The mountain terrain, elevation and distance are the other defining features of skyrunning.[15] Skyrunning is also held indoors using stairs with an incline of over 45% and the International Skyrunning Federation is working on an IOC recognition to the indoor skyscraper racing. Vertical races serve as a special type of skyrunning that include indoor activities. It requires on the over 45% inclines. It provide good environment for specialists to measure the impacts of skyrunning and conduct easy observation.Skyrunning is quite popular in the global domain. Races for skyrunning have been accept by 36 countries worldwide, and the number of skyrunners reaches 600,000 in the global domain. In particular, there are 75,000 entrants in the 2015. Currently, this sports activity is still male dominant in the global domain, with 80% of the skyrunners being males. However, the ages are quite diverse, ranging from 18 to 83 years old. However, most of the runners are between the age of 25 and 44. The top three countries with the highest number of skyrunners are Europe, the United States, and Japan.IFS initiates 2019 Skyrunning North American Championship with its SKY discipline, which is a strong milestone for this institution. It will work with two local residents, Matt Carpenter and Nancy Hobbs. The former is the skyrunning legend in the United States, while the latter is the direct of American Trail Running Association. The two local residents have started the local championship since 2011, attracting over 300 participants each year from Europe and North America. Thus, working with them is a good way for IFS to build its international reputation and develop impact in the United States. |
Skyrunning for New Learners |
Skyrunning could be undertaken by anyone who can run and show interests. Although it requires the skills and nerves, one could start with some places that could allow for trainings. For those who expect to have mountain adventures, the choice for starting an intensive course might be a starting point. The places selected should consider the heights and also weather matters since it will affect the duration, the time, and risks for skyrunning. Besides, develop the skills of map checking is essential, as those training courses cannot support for this kill. Usually, runners should try for local navigation camp and orienteering club that would allow them to learn from experts. To prepare for skyrunning, one should at least involve a pair of outsole which can resist wet soils and hard rocks and have the right size to make the food comfort during the long journey. Furthermore, a backpack might be useful to prepare some simple food, water, and other relevant stuff like windproof jacket with taped seams and trousers, a rescue blanket, a phone, a hat, as well as gloves.Skyrunning also calls for some techniques. Although those experienced runners usually have faster speed and stronger duration, they are quite wise in controlling the speed and be careful in developing the strategy for their speeds. For instance, experience runners intend to be slower in uphill trails, but faster in downhill trails. They usually develop specific gestures to make the move more flexible and cost less energy. The upper bodies are usually relaxed to maintain balance, and repeated practices are required for one to develop strong skills for skyrunning. |
World Championships |
The world championships of the skyrunning are biannually skyrunning competitions (only the 2nd edition was held after 4 years), organised for the first time in 2010 by ISF. The Federation conducts Skyrunner World Series every year. The 2018 World Series was held in Kinlochleven, Scotland from 13–15 September 2018. The races were judged on vertical, ultra and sky criterion. The International Skyrunning Federation has recently introduced National Series and Continental Championships. In 2016, the Youth Skyrunning World Championships were introduced.[17]In 2018, 18 countries participated in the Youth Skyrunning World Championship and eleven countries won medals.[18] The 2019 Youth Skyrunning World Championships will be held on 2 and 4 August 2019 in Italy.[19]In 2004, the Migu Run Skyrunner was introduced. The 2019 Migu Run Skyrunner World Series will be held across countries like Japan, China, Spain, France, Greece, Italy, Norway, Bulgaria and Andorra from April to October 2019.[20]Apart from these championships, the Federation also conducts the European Championships and the World Series. The federation has taken the sports to new territories and introduced new challenges in the last few years. The federation has recently announced the Skyrunning Continental Championships called as The Skyrunning Oceans Championships which was held at The Buffalo Stampede, Australia in April 2019.[21]Each year, the Federation puts up these events on the calendar of its website attracting people from all over the world.[22] |
Scientific Research |
The federation has coordinated with Milan University to conduct scientific studies from 2007 to 2010 on Vertical Sprint races in Milan. The findings of the studies have indicated that skyrunning is ideal for weight loss as 80% of the energy consumed diverts the mass upwards and it has ruled out health risks associated with stair climbing.Studies reveal that such enduring and extreme running on mountains also bring the health benefits such as low energy costs for those runners. Although there are individual differences, those frequent mountain running could develop much slower energy cost system that could be 14% lower than average individuals. As a type of mountain race, sky running could allow for the strong development in the physical competence, like the prolonged running time, faster speed, and other competitive aspects that will allow an individual to improve their ability in cope with dangers and get survival in some extreme situations. The most important changes in the physical status for different types of mountain runners, including sky runners, is the heart rates. Runners intend to develop stronger physical system with the heart rate stable enough to cope with the extreme situations. that could extend runners’ adaptation to the competition intensity of the races. Heart can be strengthened with improvement in cardiac biomarkers, electro- and echocardiography. Another discovery is that skyrunning will challenge people's physical status for long duration and distance and professional skyrunners usually develop low body mass index and low body fat. Although there are gender differences in the improvement in physical status with women is less strong than male in those indexes, the gender differences are narrowing for those men and women who have participated in those long-distance or long-duration activity.Despite the healthy benefits, sky running actually face with potential health risks due to its nature of extreme sports. It usually incurs some problems like overuse injuries, which is due to the repetitive activities that lead to the macro-trauma. According to Balendran, Sørlie, and Engebretsen (2019), those sky runners usually report high prevalence of overuse injuries. The questionnaire survey indicates 19% of the overuse injuries among the participants, and 8% of substantial overuse injuries. Sometimes without proper protection, runners might face with broken limbs, abrasions, and some contusions. Actually, ISF has listed seven fatalities during the events of skyrunning, which include one head injury, one hypothermia, and five heart failures. Accordingly, it is essential for those runners to conduct some pre-test to ensure that their body could adapt to the extreme sports. Besides, those who have tried the long-duration running usually face with digest problems and they might also suffer more respiratory infections. |
Ernst Julius Berg (9 Feb. 1871 - 1941) was a Swedish-born, American electrical engineer. |
Biography |
Ernst Julius Berg was born in Östersund, Jämtland County in Sweden. After graduating from the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm in 1892, he immigrated to the United States. He began working as an assistant to Charles Proteus Steinmetz at General Electric. He then joined the faculty of electrical engineering at Union College. |
In 1909, he became head of electrical engineering department at the University of Illinois. Berg remained as department head until June 1913, when he resigned and returned to his former positions with General Electric Company and with Union College. He was associated with Union College until his death in 1941. A pioneer of radio, he produced the first two-way radio voice program in the United States. In the field of theoretical analysis of electrical circuits, he popularized Oliver Heaviside's technique of operational calculus. |
In 1906 he married Gwendoline O'Brien. He is buried in Vale Cemetery in Schenectady, New York. |
Works |
1900: (with Charles Proteus Steinmetz) Theory and calculations of Alternating Current Phenomena, Electrical World and Engineer |
1908: Electrical energy, its generation, transmission, and utilization, McGraw Hill |
1916: Electrical Engineering, first course, McGraw Hill |
1916: Electrical Engineering, advanced course, McGraw Hill |
1929: Heaviside's Operational Calculus as Applied to Engineering and Physics, McGraw Hill via Internet Archive |
Archive |
Special Collections, Schaffer Library, Union College, Schenectady, New York. |
University of Illinois Picture of EJ Berg |
Deepak Singh is an Indian film producer and writer who predominantly works in Hindi films. |
Career |
Deepak singh started his career as a Brand consultant and Films Marketing and Promotions agent. He has done Promotion of more than 800 films in Hindi and English in his career. He worked as a production controller for the films Apaharan and then Mumbai Cutting. In 2018, he produced the Bollywood film Soorma starring Diljit Dosanjh and Taapsee Pannu, based on the life of hockey player Sandeep Singh. In the same year he produced Tiger, an American sports drama film based on the subject of human rights, starring Mickey Rourke and Janel Parrish. In 2021, Deepak Singh co-produced Bad President based on the life of Donald Trump, associating with Young & Free Films LA.In 2022, he has written, directed and produced a content-based short film 'Rakshaday Everyday'. Deepak Singh also wrote a book "Bravo Yadav" on the life of Honorary Captain Subedar Yogendra Singh Yadav, India’s youngest Param Vir Chakra recipient. He is also about to produce and release this film in 2023.The American University presented Deepak Singh with a doctorate degree in mass media communications in recognition of his contributions to the sector. |
Filmography |
Bibliography |
"BRAVO YADAV(Journey of Honorary Captain Subedar Yogendra Singh Yadav India's Youngest Param Vir Chakra Recipient", 2022, p:178, ISBN 9391504035 |
Andreas Barckow is the chairman of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). He became chairman of the IASB on 1 July 2021. He was previously the President of the Accounting Standards Committee of Germany. He previously worked for Deloitte. Upon becoming IASB chairman he stated that his top priorities are accounting for intangible assets and addressing sustainability and ESG issues. |
A programmable load is a type of test equipment or instrument which emulates DC or AC resistance loads normally required to perform functional tests of batteries, power supplies or solar cells. By virtue of being programmable, tests like load regulation, battery discharge curve measurement and transient tests can be fully automated and load changes for these tests can be made without introducing switching transient that might change the measurement or operation of the power source under test. |
Implementation |
Kuwait Television is Kuwait's official state-run television station, and part of the Kuwaiti Ministry of information. |
Kuwait Television has 9 channels and a satellite channel: KTV1, KTV2, KTV Sport, KTV Sport Plus, KTV Kids, alQurain channel, Al Araby Channel, Ethraa Channel and almajles channel. |
History |
Early history |
Kuwait Television began broadcasting on 15 November 1961, from the eastern district of Kuwait City. It was the second TV station on the Arabian peninsula (after Iraq TV), initially broadcasting in black and white for four hours a day. started color television using the PAL system in March 1974, for the first ever round of the Gulf Cup of Nations, from Bahrain. |
Early broadcasters included Salem Al-Fahd, Reza Faili and Jassim Al-Shehab. |
KTV1 |
KTV1 launched on April 7, 1992, with 24-hour broadcasting. By 1997, the channel was broadcasting Kuwaiti-produced programmes around the world. KTV1 is a state run channel. Its programming cycle changes approximately every three months, and shows special content during the month of Ramadan. Daily programs on the channel include Good Morning Kuwait, Baitak, and Good Evening. Also included in the broadcasts are a variety of cultural and religious programs, and coverage of state events. |
KTV2 |
KTV2 is the only one of the state run channels to broadcast in English. It shows English programs and Arabic programs that have been dubbed in English, showing family centered local programming. The channel's stated mission is to promote Kuwait's media abroad, to show foreign viewers something of Kuwaiti culture and news, and to foster relationships between the State, the Kuwaiti public, and English speakers in Kuwait. |
KTV Sport |
KTV Sport began broadcasting on November 1, 1993. Initially chaired by Mohammed Al Zamel, this channel was considered at the time to be the leading sports channel in the Arabic Gulf region. It was originally a local sports channel, but in 2002, KTV Sport replaced their ground transmission with satellite transmission, enabling them to broadcast international sporting events as well. |
Subsets and Splits