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Very fun WBF! :) So what can we do if we are hit with malicious backlinks? I think it's respectful to keep your users informed about what's going on. Just knowing, makes the rest of us feel better. And the honesty maintains integrity. Thanks! I think I got the "wrong" book: Cialdini's "Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion." However, the table of contents shows every single one of these points: Reciprocation, Commitment/Consistency, etc. Nice! I almost got that Theadless T-shirt (How to Breakdance). Now I'll HAVE to get it. ;) And super awesome names for the rooms. Who usually gets the Batcave meeting room? Nice! I almost got that Theadless T-shirt (How to Breakdance). Now I&#39;ll HAVE to get it. ;) And super awesome names for the rooms. Who usually gets the Batcave meeting room? Very insightful testimonial, Rishi. With the boldness and advanced insight from your articles/tweets/comments, it's encouraging for us newbies/intermediates. SEO is something that you hear about. It's something you see as a desired skill when you're job hunting. But no one really tells you what it IS when you're first starting out. There are scams out there and they're easy to find. There are numerous articles that touch the surface. What/who do you believe? And where do you start as a newbie in Square One? What kinds of computer skills do you really need to know? Someone recommended SEOMoz to me. And their beginner's guides were excellent. I was initially intimidated by the blog posts, but the SEO community that frequents the site made them approachable. What got me sold was the staff and the local events that were hosted by SEOMoz: the networking meetup, the webinars, the casual approachability of their staff (even their lawyer), and the humility/brilliance of Rand. A team is only as good as their leader and SEOMoz is a powerful company. I bought the pro membership on my own even though I was unemployed. I knew it was an investment and would pay for itself. With the knowledge and skills I got from SEOMoz, I landed the last two jobs in my resume. Now the company pays for my pro membership. As for improvement, it'd be cool if the search feature on the site was more streamlined to more relevant results. I eventually find what I'm looking for, though. This is my testimony that I'd like to share with everyone: <br /> <br />SEO is something that you hear about. It's something you see as a desired skill when you're job hunting. But no one really tells you what it IS when you're first starting out. There are scams out there and they're easy to find. There are numerous articles that touch the surface. What/who do you believe? And where do you start as a newbie in Square One? What kinds of computer skills do you really need to know? <br /> <br />Someone recommended SEOMoz to me. And their beginner's guides were excellent. I was initially intimidated by the blog posts, but the SEO community that frequents the site made them approachable. What got me sold was the staff and the local events that were hosted by SEOMoz: the networking meetup, the webinars, the casual approachability of their staff (even their lawyer), and the humility/brilliance of Rand. A team is only as good as their leader and SEOMoz is a powerful company. <br /> <br />I bought the pro membership on my own even though I was unemployed. I knew it was an investment and would pay for itself. With the knowledge and skills I got from SEOMoz, I landed the last two jobs in my resume. Now the company pays for my pro membership. <br /> <br />-------------- <br />As for improvement, it'd be cool if the search feature on the site was more streamlined to more relevant results. I eventually find what I'm looking for, though. Thanks for the post. Yeah, one can get into a panic when actual falls very short of the SEO projections. And your methodical approach takes the panic sting go away fast. Knowing what's the current situation of your target market is a good idea. I'm all over that one! Thanks for the post. Yeah, one can get into a panic when actual falls very short of the SEO projections. And your methodical approach takes the panic sting go away fast. Knowing what&#39;s the current situation of your target market is a good idea. I&#39;m all over that one! My favorite panel is for point #5. So a low quality page has: few links and sharing functions. So sharing functions is another indicator to Google that that "real users like this page"? But can't the tweets and diggs and others be manipulated? And what about if you have a lot of blog posts that aren't tweeted, etc? Does that bring down the overall SEO quality of your site? My favorite panel is for point #5. So a low quality page has: few links and sharing functions. So sharing functions is another indicator to Google that that &quot;real users like this page&quot;? But can&#39;t the tweets and diggs and others be manipulated? And what about if you have a lot of blog posts that aren&#39;t tweeted, etc? Does that bring down the overall SEO quality of your site? Yay for Jen and Danny! I find the SEO pyramid to be very useful. Isn't it interesting how we should be spending more time with content but then linkbuilding takes so much time as it is? Or end it with a little jig! Signed up and ready for tomorrow! Wholely Flippin Toledo! These are A LOT of bookmarklets. Thanks so much! And there's something to say about reading a page rather than a screen. You can write in the book, make notes, highlight, etc. I like to devour a book and own it with my various pencil marks. And there&#39;s something to say about reading a page rather than a screen. You can write in the book, make notes, highlight, etc. I like to devour a book and own it with my various pencil marks. I admit, that sometimes when I'm engrossed in an SEO book, my "cup" is so full that I can't even read SEO articles/blogs online for a few days. I get info overload. I admit, that sometimes when I&#39;m engrossed in an SEO book, my &quot;cup&quot; is so full that I can&#39;t even read SEO articles/blogs online for a few days. I get info overload. I have the "Good to Great" audio version. "Don't Make Me Think" is an awesome book! You could even scan the book in an evening and end up with some great take-aways. I haven't looked at a website the same way again. "Web Analytics in an Hour a Day" is an eye opener. Look for his 2nd book recently released: "Web Analytics 2.0." "Good to Great" and "Crossing the Chasm" were two books recommended in the UW Business School Entrepreneur Program. Very-very insightful. Ok, knowing 3 out of 13 books here, I'm convinced about the caliber of the rest. I'm sold. Coming back from vacation and catching up on WBF, I come across this! haha - He looks more like Moses in a red hat than Santa, imho. Awesome. Thanks, <a href="../users/view/150132" rel="nofollow">mgalecki</a>. Just with the first tip, I already see my analytics info in a new perspective. It then opened up to other rich info. Super cool. Completed the survey, too! :) Thanks for putting this out and I'm really curious what the results are. I'm wondering what the income of an SEOer is today considering how new it is, and how vital it is with this kind of technology as costs for overhead get lower and lower. Completed the survey, too! :) Thanks for putting this out and I&#39;m really curious what the results are. I&#39;m wondering what the income of an SEOer is today considering how new it is, and how vital it is with this kind of technology as costs for overhead get lower and lower. Ah, so many to choose from! Two of my favorites is Rand's "4 Essential SEO Infographics" because it sums up an SEO professional's work in really clear graphs. A picture paints a thousand words. The other one is MikeTek's Examining the Top 150 In-Linked Posts at SEOmoz because it really helps those that are just starting with SEOMoz's blog posts, and those that might have missed these Must-Read articles. Thanks for all the great work, guys. I'm excited! Another first for SEOMoz. :) Just observing how you guys are trying out new things gives the rest of us some good ideas and it always makes it interesting for us. We're always guessing what you're going to do next. I&#39;m excited! Another first for SEOMoz. :) Just observing how you guys are trying out new things gives the rest of us some good ideas and it always makes it interesting for us. We&#39;re always guessing what you&#39;re going to do next. When it comes to one's profession, I usually ask myself when the expense will pay for itself and more. Starting off, my pro subscription was out of pocket. It was an investment. And now it has definitely paid for itself, help me get a good SEO job, and the company is now paying for it for me. I once saw this bumpersticker that said: You think education is expensive. Try ignorance. It stuck with me ever since. When it comes to one&#39;s profession, I usually ask myself when the expense will pay for itself and more. Starting off, my pro subscription was out of pocket. It was an investment. And now it has definitely paid for itself, help me get a good SEO job, and the company is now paying for it for me. I once saw this bumpersticker that said: You think education is expensive. Try ignorance. It stuck with me ever since. Nice: short enough post to not be ironic, list form, and very Delicious-worthy. I admit, I can get sucked into the many valuable articles out there but it can backfire. Thank goodness for bookmarks, huh? Totally bookmarking THIS one. Great job, everett! I have an overall confusion about simple homepages. Sure, it&#39;s pretty straight-forward but does it provide <em>enough</em> information for unique visitors to decide if they want to go further into this site? And doesn&#39;t Google first look at the homepage first to see if it&#39;s relevant to certain keywords. Sure, keyword density isn&#39;t the whole point here, but with a limited amount of text, it does make it a bit more difficult to provide relevant content.Looking at other successful sites with more &quot;white space&quot; on their homepage, I don&#39;t doubt their effectiveness. In fact, the Google Website Optimizer even encourages it. And we can&#39;t deny the results SEOMoz yielded with <a href="http://www.conversion-rate-experts.com" rel="nofollow">www.conversion-rate-experts.com</a>&#39;s help in revamping their homepage. I just still haven&#39;t figured out the rhyme/reason how both sides work together though they seem opposed to each other. Thanks for sharing that, Dr. Pete. Networking can be rather tricky, but I guess a good mixture of online and offline presence does the trick! Pre-online presence makes the in-person meeting easier, and the in-person meeting enriches the online communication. Yeah, this is totally Main Blog worthy. Great job Mike! It's like the Grammy's list for all of the SEOmoz posts. For newbies, this gives us a good place to start, knowing which ones are the most popular (via in-links). Thank you. You mentioned a username and password we give to Excellent Analytics. Is it our GA username/password? If so, how safe has it been? Looking forward to the results of your experiement. Will keep my eyes open. My little opinion is that it won't rank so easily. You're up against both snake oil peddlers and people who know what they're doing. There are SEO professionals who already have a head start in optimizing their SERP rankings. Btw, fellow SEOmozzers, why is it that we look at "Global Search Volume" rather than "Local Search Volume?" And it's local in relation to what? Couldn't agree with you more, Scottgallagher. And that's the beauty of SEO - you're dealing with both human and machine. And congrats, RefurbUPS, on getting your first YouMoz post bumped to the SEOmoz blog. Yay for the newbies! A supporting, patient, and risk-taking boss is essential. Without one, your hands are practically tied! Maybe someday there'll be a SEO-Washington group where we can all hang out on a more regular basis to help and support one another. Maybe someday there&#39;ll be a SEO-Washington group where we can all hang out on a more regular basis to help and support one another. When it comes to SEO introverts, I think it has something to do with working in the Internet world and geeking out on numbers. Most of the SEOers I've met have started out as web developers, web designers, math majors, stats majors, and the like. There's not much of a need to have face time with people, I'm guessing. But fortunately enough, the industry is full of outgoing people. I think with such a dynamic profession as SEO, we need each other and - in the end - the outgoing-ness is almost necessary in order to thrive and grow. Thank you limedaring. And congrats to you for signing up. i am honored that your first comment posted is here. I promise you that the helpful environment of the event is also reflected on this website. :) Let me know when your first YouMoz post comes up, k. Thank you SachinB (aka Conrad)! And thank you for being a helpful teacher in SEO, and a good example of enthusiasm, hard work, and humility. Thank you, sly-grrr, I'll remember that. I read your latest YouMoz post - http://www.seomoz.org/ugc/ringo-seo - and I'll start "taking the plunge" there. It's a thriving and helpful community like this which makes the profession of SEO edifying. It provides the non-monetary drive motiviating you to work hard and want to continue working hard. Soon, it won't feel so hard anymore. Haha - you and Fabio are so inseperable, even when posting comments! Great meeting you, too. It was great meetin you and your SEO brazillian brother, Cassiano (aka brivincorp), too! These two SEOers from Brazil are very friendly and approachable, folks. Look out for them when you come to another SEOMoz seminar, and say "hi." I think this is the first time I&#39;ve seen an SEO really give his/her SEO skills for charity. And it&#39;s the &quot;teach a man to fish&quot; kind of gift where everyone can use it to help their own charity, too! I have a friend who could greatly benefit from your tool. He&#39;ll be thrilled! This is a super awesome tool! Thanks you guys. There are so many links out there, where to start first, right? Which ones are worth your time to get? Which ones are your competitors getting and which one of these can you get, too? This tool definitely helps answer these questions. It'd be cool to see the links listed with their mozTrust rank, too. And I totally dig the mozBot and the cute - but sad - little site that wishes he was part of the link fun. If only I could give you an extra thumb-up just for that! You could try going through all the links, copy/paste all of them onto a spreadsheet, then sort according to mR to figure out what to go for first. OMGsh - I can't stop laughing! OMGsh - I can&#39;t stop laughing! I really liked Take-Away #3. Wordtracker does a good job too, but this helps for those that are on a budget. We're already putting this one into practice the day after the seminar. Totally signed up! This is my first one. :) I have Skype but I see that the location is in London. So I can assume this is an international call, right? I'm not sure how Skype handles those. Hmmmm. Anyone got any thoughts to this? Totally signed up! This is my first one. :) I have Skype but I see that the location is in London. So I can assume this is an international call, right? I&#39;m not sure how Skype handles those. Hmmmm. Anyone got any thoughts to this? I think the purpose of the tool is to be used as a tool. I don't think it's supposed to be an all-encompassing answer. It's just another way to analyze a page more efficiently so that you can spend that extra time working off of that data to improve/strengthen your online marking efforts. I think the purpose of the tool is to be used as a tool. I don&#39;t think it&#39;s supposed to be an all-encompassing answer. It&#39;s just another way to analyze a page more efficiently so that you can spend that extra time <em>working off</em> of that data to improve/strengthen your online marking efforts. Ack! I tried it for the first time today and it didn't work. I got to the site I wanted to analyze and pressed the "Analyze Page" but nothing happened. I logged out and logged in again, tried it again and still nothing happened. Did I do something wrong? Ack! I tried it for the first time today and it didn&#39;t work. I got to the site I wanted to analyze and pressed the &quot;Analyze Page&quot; but nothing happened. I logged out and logged in again, tried it again and still nothing happened. Did I do something wrong? Great point, LexG. I strongly believe marketing is essential. An SEO-er is dealing with both human and machine. .....Google is both human and machine, too, you know. I find this article and discussion a little . . . funny. I always thought that SEO was equivalent to the term "online marketing." If people mainly get to your site via a search engine, then this search engine is going to be your best friend. But perhaps online marketing is knowing how your online customers behave whereas SEO is knowing how search engines work. It's up for discussion. But I don't see how people can belittle SEO or online marketing. Every time I briefly explain it to "the person on the street," they understand that a website is useless unless people know it's there and people return to it. What's the point of setting up shop if no one comes to it? And then I explain to them that it's not easy to get people to the site just as it's not easy to get customers to the store at the get-go. Most people use Google to look for anything and Google is a pretty tricky AI to work with. Companies spend thousands of dollars just to be the first site you see when you look anything up in Google. And what's more, this is a skill that no college or vocational school or university can ultimately teach you. The rules keep on changing and Google keeps on changing. By the time even a book is published or a corriculum is established, some of it's content is already obsolete. Revisions are in order. Online marketers/SEO-ers are high in demand, low in supply. And online marketing IS marketing. And just like "regular" marketing, there is no magic all-purpose solution that's going to get customers to your door, let alone traffic to your site. Anything that guarantees quick results is just about as reliable as those exerciise commercials that promise the same thing. And the very fact that the rules keep changing, forces online marketers/SEO-ers to keep on their toes, always questioning, always testing, always researching, and sharing discoveries. If not, how else will we learn? Is Google going to tell us everything (haha)? I think the very fact that the rules keep on changing gives it somewhat a level playing field. The novice with fresh ideas can bring something valuable to the table that the long-time veteran didn't see before. We can always learn something new. And who has the TIME to devote to this except the online marketer - a specialist? What makes a SEO? Perhaps we need a ranking system, like white belt to black belt. We're all SEO-ers. We're all online marketers, just like those that do marketing are marketers. It's where we fit in the ranks that deem an adjective or two to our title. Great study, chenry! I've never heard of invisble CAPTCHA before, but it looks like a wise alternative. I use my HTC phone to read some blogs, but many times my phone doesn't pick up the CAPTCHA picture. One lost comment for the post. Great study, chenry! I&#39;ve never heard of invisble CAPTCHA before, but it looks like a wise alternative. I use my HTC phone to read some blogs, but many times my phone doesn&#39;t pick up the CAPTCHA picture. One lost comment for the post. Just to give everyone a heads up on the LinkDirectory. Jayde was listed there and seems to be benign, but be careful about their follow-up: they try to get you to be a part of iSubmit (one of those previously mentioned by the commending SEO-ers here) which promises 300 links but has been known to keep on charging after you discover they're not a good company to work with. This is probably a big "duh!" to the experienced SEO-ers out there, but just want to get this out and known (esp for the sake of the newbies).Obviously, if it's too good to be true, chances are, it is. Just to give everyone a heads up on the LinkDirectory.&nbsp; Jayde was listed there and seems to be benign, but be careful about their follow-up: they try to get you to be a part of iSubmit (one of those previously mentioned by the commending SEO-ers here) which promises 300 links but has been known to keep on charging after you discover they&#39;re not a good company to work with. This is probably a big &quot;duh!&quot; to the experienced SEO-ers out there, but just want to get this out and known (esp for the sake of the newbies).Obviously, if it&#39;s too good to be true, chances are, it is. This is DEFINITELY how to look outside of the box. It takes creativity to think it up, but definitely guts to pull it off. I'm certain this post will be referenced more than once by the time the year's over. This is DEFINITELY how to look outside of the box. It takes creativity to think it up, but definitely guts to pull it off. I&#39;m certain this post will be referenced more than once by the time the year&#39;s over. Has anyone done a Bing vs. Google on this? FB is a stickler to make sure the profiles are made by real people? I never knew FB did that! I think this is one of reasons why FB keeps itself separated from MySpace. The end users of FB appreciate it and want to keep it that way. FB is a stickler to make sure the profiles are made by real people? I never knew FB did that!&nbsp; I think this is one of reasons why FB keeps itself separated from MySpace.&nbsp; The end users of FB appreciate it and want to keep it that way. Thanks Tom for the explanation! I'm a total newbie so you being very systematic about it helped a lot. And don't let the repetative comments get you down - The good thing about talking fast is the fact that we can always rewind and hear it again. And, the more we hear it, the easier it will be to remember it!I didn't quite get "Before You Go Live" point #6: Thematically (sp?) grouping. Why would it be more beneficial to put keyphrase "B" in it's own group, separate from keyphrase "D"?I was also a little lost with "PPC Maintenance" point #9: Review analytics. If anything, I got how a high bounce rate is bad, but what/how do I make sure it's in line with the rest of my site? Being a noobie with PPC, this video has helped me not be so overwhelmed by the entire thing. Your additional advice for us noobies also helps a lot (A LOT). How about finding someone that just optimizes content? Sure, it splits the work, but it might be more do-able. And maybe find some English majors for interns for a start. You couldn't have posted this at a better time, Wiep! I'm working on link building and every piece of wisdom is welcome. And - wow - you actually did cover every single letter. Nice. You couldn&#39;t have posted this at a better time, Wiep! I&#39;m working on link building and every piece of wisdom is welcome.&nbsp; And - wow - you actually did cover every single letter. Nice. Hey, I think I figured out some way to do both. Hear me out and let me know what you think. I used some keywords that were not the typical keywords of my client's industry but were still related . Then, to eliminate the directories that required a fee, I added to the query (not including the quotation marks): "-salesperson" and "-sales associate." To see what my competition might have missed, I took out the name of the occupation of my client by using "-occupation." Of course this is totally not going to work if your client is a sales person. Wow, Matt! Great job. I'm just starting this crazy-SEO-business and it's pretty exciting. I can totally relate to your endless SEOmoz reading. One great article links to another very useful one and it just keeps on going. Happy you got see results so quickly. Wow, Matt!&nbsp; Great job.&nbsp; I&#39;m just starting this crazy-SEO-business and it&#39;s pretty exciting.&nbsp; I can totally relate to your endless SEOmoz reading.&nbsp; One great article links to another very useful one and it just keeps on going.&nbsp; Happy you got see results so quickly. Real estate has been a long-term, time-honored investment. I think we're dealing with apples and oranges, here. Real estate has been a long-term, time-honored investment.&nbsp; I think we&#39;re dealing with apples and oranges, here. Wordpress and Blogspot are good with NoFollowing. However, I'm pretty sure ExpressionEngine & Drupal don't do this automatically. Wordpress and Blogspot are good with NoFollowing.&nbsp; However, I&#39;m pretty sure ExpressionEngine &amp; Drupal don&#39;t do this automatically. So what about if you already have a blog with the anchor texts and URLs in the comments? Is there a way you can make them all nofollows? If you can do an automatic function to make them all nofollows, what if there are some that you DO want to keep? So what about if you already have a blog with the anchor texts and URLs in the comments?&nbsp; Is there a way you can make them all nofollows? If you can do an automatic function to make them all nofollows, what if there are some that you DO want to keep?
2019-04-22T16:13:48Z
https://moz.com/community/users/106770
Orders of the Day — Northern Ireland (Location of Victims' Remains) Bill – in the House of Commons at 7:15 pm on 12th May 1999. '.—Families of persons whose remains are located through the work of the Commission shall be eligible for compensation under existing schemes operated by the Secretary of State.'. The debate is slightly different from the earlier one, which seemed to be about technical details. The new clauses arise primarily from discussions with my noble Friend Lord Redesdale, who has taken time to approach families of "The Disappeared", to assess their current circumstances and how the Bill might impact on them. Under existing legislation, it is clear that victims and families of victims can claim compensation for up to three years after what we may call "the incident"; that is, not the date of death, but the date of the incident. It is an important distinction. The families of these victims have been unable to claim compensation because they do not have even the remains of their relatives. Essentially, their deaths are still technically unconfirmed as no bodies have been recovered. It is fair to argue that the families of those victims have suffered rather more than many families in the troubles, and that is saying something. As well as suffering the loss of their relatives, they have been unable to bury them and to grieve for them properly. As I said during Second Reading, they have literally been robbed of the opportunity to grieve, to put the issue behind them and to move forward. In that context, payments towards the cost of funerals will not bring back the victims of those terrible atrocities, or alleviate any of the pain and anguish that the families have suffered in the past 20 years, but they will go a long way towards giving the families some peace of mind that their relatives will be given a decent and proper burial, without the worry of the financial implications, which can be substantial. I tabled new clause 2 to enable families of "The Disappeared" to access the money that they will be denied due to the three-year rule. I have some indication that, from a legal perspective, there may be significant difficulties in providing that compensation. If that is the case, I will be grateful for clarification from the Minister. Will he describe as best he can the restrictions and obstacles to enabling the compensation to be available? Even if that is the case, I will ask the Government to explore the options. It seems that the families of the victims are effectively being punished twice: on account of what happened to their family member; and on account of the limitations that are technically built into the compensation programme, which deny them the opportunity of compensation because more than three years have passed since the disappearance. I look forward to hearing the Minister's comments about new clause 2. I hope that he can give some good news and at the very least explain, or give some reassurance, that the Government take the question of compensation seriously. Has the hon. Gentleman considered the conflict with other legislation? Those who have disposed of and murdered these people have often claimed that it was because they had breached terrorist regulations. As I understand it, there is legislation in place that says that no compensation is payable to those who have been party to terrorism. Has the hon. Gentleman considered that? Is that one reason why he has tabled the new clause? The hon. Gentleman is right to bring up that matter, because I suspect that it is one of the complications involved in setting up a compensation programme. That is why I am asking the Minister to comment. I do not have a legal background, and I have not been able to determine the specific issues of compensation. I hope that the Minister will be able to offer us some clarification. I hope that the Government will go along with the context of new clause l, as it would be tremendously helpful to the families of "The Disappeared" not to have to worry about the big financial burden that a funeral entails. The families have suffered far too much already, and an act of good will, whereby the Government agree to bear the cost of the funerals, would show both compassion and empathy. I support the new clauses in principle. To his credit, the hon. Gentleman has raised some important issues. Despite what the hon. Member for Belfast, South (Rev. Martin Smyth) said about the alleged terrorist involvement of some of the victims, I would have thought that most of them were entirely innocent. I am thinking about two of the families that I met. I would like confirmation from my right hon. Friend the Minister that some help would be given to families on low incomes. I think that the Northern Ireland Department of Health and Social Services would be amenable to applications for assistance, but would that be confined to those on the state pension or income support? The plea of the hon. Member for Montgomeryshire (Mr. Öpik) should be given a sympathetic hearing. I think that access to compensation should be as straightforward as possible and there should not be the usual lengthy legal delays. The hon. Gentleman may have misunderstood my point. I do not think that every victim was involved in terrorism, but I am aware that claims have been made by the perpetrators that some of them were. I have been involved over the years in fighting on behalf of victims and I know what the law says and how some people have been victimised again by the law. The hon. Gentleman is to be complimented on his assiduous campaigning on behalf of the families. The last people whose claims I would believe about some of the victims' involvement in terrorism are members of the IRA. I know that one 20-year-old victim who was alleged to be involved had a mental age of about eight or 10, according to his doctors, so I would treat such claims with scepticism. Compensation should not be delayed and we should certainly consider helping victims' families, and especially those on low incomes, with funeral expenses. The new clauses are interesting and I hope that the Government will take them on board and try to be helpful. Whether we like it or not, the Compensation Agency is bound by the law and has no discretion whatever. The hon. Member for Montgomeryshire (Mr. Öpik) drew attention to the existing schemes. I am not sure when the first of the victims disappeared. We have no way of knowing the date of the death caused by the earliest murder—I do not like the term killing, because these were cold-blooded murders, and we should say so bluntly. Ministers will be aware that the compensation legislation was updated and greatly improved in 1978. I remember clearly that the relevant order was one of the few to be withdrawn and rewritten, not least because Mr. Enoch Powell was a prominent member of the party at the time and was deeply involved in the arguments on the subject. A scheme was developed that, despite the demerits that it is said to have, has many merits and has been very useful to many people over the years. My only significant reservation about the compensation scheme is that people get a lump sum. Sometimes it is a large sum that they are unable to handle and they dissipate it and are left with nothing. Members of the armed forces and the police get most of their compensation in the form of a pension scheme, which is index-linked and gives them a continuing income over a long period. That is a much better system and perhaps it should have been considered for others. Perhaps we should consider that principle right across the law on compensation for injuries. I am concerned about the time scale. If the individuals were killed at an early stage, it would be possible to argue that their fate became known only at a late stage, within the time frame that would allow a claim for compensation for murder to be made, but even in those favourable circumstances, that claim might have to be made under the pre-1978 legislation, which was not very good. A long time has elapsed, but some of those individuals might well have been the breadwinners for relatives who are now elderly. There is a real problem. We will still be left with a difficulty in regard to those whose bodies are not recovered. I do not know what on earth the Government can do about it if we start paying compensation in respect of those whose bodies are recovered, but have to refuse it in respect of those whose bodies are not. The remains may be completely irretrievable, as we have discussed. It appears that most—perhaps all—of the folk who were murdered by the IRA did not have any involvement in terrorism, but some of them may have had, and if that emerges, the relatives will be refused compensation. The same would apply if people had been involved in working for the security forces. Will any cognisance be taken of that? The security forces' records should surely contain that information, if nothing else. The hon. Member for Montgomeryshire has raised an interesting point, and I look forward to the Minister's response. I have much sympathy with the idea of helping with funeral costs. Let me explain how we have handled the matter. I explained earlier about the inter-agency approach and the need to consider all the ways in which we can deal with the sensitivities and ensure maximum protection and support for the families. We have been actively considering how to provide support after the bodies are returned to the families for burial. I am in a difficulty, because I have an understanding that the matter will be resolved, but I am not in a position to say exactly how. We may be in a better position to say precisely how the issue has been resolved, to the satisfaction of everyone in the House and of the families, when the Bill is in another place. That deals specifically with the funeral and burial costs, and I am hopeful that the issue will be resolved shortly. The hon. Member for East Londonderry (Mr. Ross) showed a good knowledge of the compensation system, as did the hon. Member for Belfast, South (Rev. Martin Smyth). They know the complexities of the legislation, although it has been refined and improved over the years, in 1988 and 1991, to give more flexibility to the payment of compensation in lump sums. Because it was likely that hon. Members would raise the issue, I sought authoritative legal advice, which was that the families of persons whose remains were recovered would not fall within the compensation scheme because of the three-year limit. I could go into further detail, but that would be turgid and I ask hon. Members to accept my assurances on the issue. Having said that, the legal advice is just one opinion and others could reach a different conclusion. However, I believe that the advice is robust. We must consider whether to put specific provision for compensation into the Bill, as new clause 2 seeks to do. However, that would affect the underlying principles of the compensation scheme, and we must remember that many people, going back some years, still feel dissatisfied with the compensation that they received. For that reason, we asked Sir Kenneth Bloomfield to undertake a detailed examination of the compensation scheme and its fitness for its purpose. The review should be ready soon. I had hoped that it would be available even sooner, but Sir Kenneth and those advising him have been given an extension of time because of the complexities of the scheme. However, I do not wish to raise false hopes that the review will produce answers to all the problems with the compensation scheme. At least we have shown a willingness to get to grips with the issue and examine ways to deal with it. I concluded that to introduce a one-off approach in the Bill could pre-empt Sir Kenneth's report and might not be the best way to deal with the issue. It could also be unfair to the large community of victims who already feel aggrieved. We have to be careful with such sensitivities. We are considering the issue of compensation, but new clause 2 would not be helpful. The families of "The Disappeared" victims have experienced unique circumstances, but the prime motive behind the Bill is the recovery of the remains so that the families can give their loved ones proper burials. On that basis, I ask the hon. Member for Montgomeryshire to withdraw his new clause. I am satisfied with that reply. The Minister has responded positively to the important question of funeral expenses and I accept his response in good faith. After hearing the Minister's comments and the contributions from other hon. Members, I am even more convinced that the compensation scheme is very complicated. I still hope that the Government will take serious steps—I believe that the Minister said that they would—to explore how to ensure that the particular nature of the suffering of the families of the disappeared victims does not mean that they are excluded from the compensation scheme. The Minister is right not to wish to make a complicated system more so with piecemeal solutions, and I hope that a strategic solution to the whole issue can be found, notwithstanding the hope that the situation will be resolved by new peace in Northern Ireland. If the Minister can devise a solution for the funeral expenses problem, he will make a big statement about the Government's genuine commitment to try to ease the suffering of the families. The Minister has given me the assurances that I was seeking and I beg to ask leave to withdraw the motion. Bill reported, with an amendment. We have had a detailed examination of the Bill today. Only a few amendments were tabled, but we had a wide-ranging debate from which we have all learned something. We also had a useful debate on Second Reading. The Government's position is clear: we want to end the suffering of the families of "The Disappeared". We fully recognise that some right hon. and hon. Members, who are equally concerned about the families, have worries about the protections in the Bill. Some hon. Members are also concerned about the Bill in case no information comes forward and we are duped by those who have promised to provide information. However, we examined that point in considerable detail and discussed at whose door the blame would lie. Those hon. Members who are critical of the Bill see it as a risk not worth taking. In answering the points raised by the amendments that were tabled, my hon. Friend the Under-Secretary and I have had to strike a delicate balance in reaching judgments on the totality of the Bill. We have tried to supply the facilities and the mechanisms to ensure that if any information is provided, we can act on it. The issue is complex and sets new precedents. On Second Reading, we accepted that—as with the Northern Ireland Arms Decommissioning Act 1997—the Bill does not sit comfortably alongside other aspects of the upholding of the normal rule of law. However, the circumstances are unique and we are taking a risk to try to alleviate the suffering of the families that has gone on for far too long. I also want to point out the Bill's limitations. In many ways it is wide ranging, but it has its limiting aspects. It does not provide an amnesty, or immunity from prosecution. Others may use those words, but that is not what the Bill is about. The protections in the Bill are specific and are triggered only when relevant information is given to the commission. The protections do not set a precedent, but the Bill provides the families with perhaps their only chance of burying their loved ones with dignity. The Government believe that the opportunity for the families to enjoy that basic human right is of immeasurable value when compared with accepting the measures set out in the Bill. There is a risk, of course, that those with the information will decide not to come forward. I cannot guarantee that they will come forward, as has been said repeatedly. However, once the mechanism for providing information is in place, the responsibility for choosing to ignore it will be theirs, and theirs alone. That would be a heavy responsibility. If they ignore the mechanism that the Bill puts in place, they will show that they have no humanity and no concern for the families or for the society that they purport to be helping to move to a peaceful environment. By passing the Bill this evening, the House has provided an opportunity to bring this painful episode to a close. I hope that the House of Lords will give it a passage as speedy and sympathetic—and a scrutiny as close—as it received in the Chamber today. That will help people to understand the measure, and its importance. Conservative Members have never hidden the fact that we find it obnoxious and outrageous that there should ever be a need for a Bill such as this. It is a permanent blot on Irish history that grieving relatives have not been able to bury their dead properly because of the actions of terrorists. The fact that the IRA and other terrorist groups did not have the common humanity to tell the authorities—even anonymously—where the bodies were gives us an insight into their mindset. That information would have put to rest the minds of those grieving relatives. The balance is a difficult one to strike, but I agree with the Minister that the views and sensitivities of the victims' relatives are paramount, and more important than legislation which, in other circumstance, no hon. Member would want to be passed in this House. In addition, I echo and understand what the Minister said about his inability to guarantee that the terrorist organisations that committed these vile murders will come forward with the appropriate information to the commission. I deeply agree with him that they should: it will be yet another disgrace if they do not. I hope, for the sake of the victims' relatives—whose agonies none of us can begin to imagine—that at last their grief can come to an end. In conclusion, I hope that the paramilitaries and their political associates will not use the Bill as a bargaining ploy to be turned to their political advantage in talks, now or in the future. I do not think that the House or the people of Northern Ireland would ever forgive them if they did. I hope that the evidence and information are brought forward in a proper and correct way. First, I apologise to the House for my absence during most of the debate, but my party's Whips saw fit to put me on several Committees considering statutory instruments today, so I have been like a yo-yo, in and out of the Chamber in the fulfilment of my other functions. As the House will know, for a long time I was Opposition spokesman on Northern Ireland. I spent much time there, and still do. While I was the Opposition spokesman on these matters, both terrorist organisations were involved in a full-scale war, with each other and with the people of Northern Ireland. I do not claim any monopoly on feeling deeply about the pain and suffering of families who had lost loved ones. My feelings were shared by many other Labour Members, and especially by my hon. Friend the Member for Hull, North (Mr. McNamara). All hon. Members who have spoken in this debate have expressed their genuine and specific points of view and concerns. From time to time, I recall two appalling atrocities in Northern Ireland. The first took place in a fish shop in the Shankill road, and the second at the Rising Sun bar at Graysteel. I visited both scenes—unsung, and without the presence of television cameras—to talk to the victims and their relatives. At Graysteel, my arrival was a moment of special poignancy. It was a cold November day, with the wind blowing over the Foyle. The bar was boarded up, and I wanted to pay my personal respects to the families who had lost loved ones in that appalling Hallowe'en night atrocity. A gentleman came around the corner, and asked if I was all right. When I said that I was fine, and that I had come to pay my respects, he invited me into the bar for a cup of tea. That gentleman owned the bar, and was present when the terrorists came in and shot their victims in cold blood. They murdered that man's 80-year-old father in front of him. There is a finality about the fate of the victims of atrocities such as that, in that their loved ones and families can give them a decent, Christian burial. The families will never forget, and their love for their relatives will continue for their rest of their lives, but there is a finality when burials are done properly. However, the people who are the subject of the Bill do not know where their loved ones lie. They have not known that for perhaps a quarter of a century. If the Bill gives us an opportunity to try to find the remains of people who suffered at the hands of terrorism, and to restore those remains to their families so that they can be given a decent, Christian burial, I have no problems in supporting it tonight. I hesitate to follow the hon. Member for Wigan (Mr. Stott), as in one sense he looked back to the past, in which he had some involvement. I began by being very conscious of what the inability to bury the dead means to people. I was a young lad during the war and we got word after Calais that that was the last place that my uncle was seen. My aunt, who had five children, lived through the war hoping that he would return, but my uncle's name is on the Dunkirk memorial. So I have no difficulty in understanding the concerns of the bereaved, nor their desire to bury their loved ones. From my experience in Northern Ireland, I also know what it means to bury a lovely young woman, who could be identified only by her wedding ring. She was one of the victims of the atrocity at the Le Mon hotel. I could continue, but tonight we are seeking to achieve something. The Government have been pushed into doing something that the terrorists, if they had been treading the path of peace, would have done long since. We should make it abundantly plain that the culprits at the bar of justice are the perpetrators of crimes. It is time that the whole community put more pressure on them to reveal the places where bodies have been buried. As an Ulster Scot—what our American cousins call Scotch-Irish—I was interested to hear the Minister dismiss the amount of money being spent on vain searches, because I thought that he looked after the bawbees and that the House was responsible for financial expenditure. We have had both terrorist war and economic war, and I am convinced that further attempts will be made to isolate and disturb the economy by giving false information. I hope that I am wrong, but, if false information is given, we must indict those who offer it. I have every sympathy with those who believe that they are entitled to compensation. In my experience, genuine victims—innocent people not involved in any way—have suffered most. I think of a family in my congregation who were put out of their home. The Housing Executive rehoused them, but the compensation that they received for the home that they had owned was just £10. I can think of other cases, and I hope that the Minister will bear in mind not only compensation to help to bury people, as requested by the hon. Member for Montgomeryshire (Mr. Öpik), but compensation to people who live in houses that were built over where some bodies lie, if the information that we have received is correct. They should receive compensation for the new houses that they will need. We dare not add to the burdens of people who have genuinely sought to make some sort of life through these tragic years. I feel distaste that the High Court of Parliament has—again—been called on to set aside the normal rules of law and justice to satisfy those who claim that they want justice. That is my difficulty in supporting the Bill. However, because I know that the Whips will see the Bill through, I urge the House to double its efforts to help the victims of atrocities who have continued to grieve for their lost ones. We cannot allow the terrorists and their spokespeople to continue to run rings around us or to play ducks and drakes with us. There will be no understanding and peace if we do not win the battle for the bereaved. I compliment the Minister on bringing the Bill before the House. The hon. Member for Belfast, South (Rev. Martin Smyth) talked of the High Court of Parliament putting aside the rule of law. However, as the right hon. Member for Bracknell (Mr. MacKay) said, our paramount concern is with the families of the victims. The legitimacy of laws passed in this place relies on our having a paramount concern for ordinary individuals over the rules and reservations to which the hon. Member for Belfast, South has referred. I appreciate that the hon. Gentleman and his colleagues have sincere reservations, but I hope that they do not transform into outright opposition to the Bill's passage. The hon. Gentleman has been in the House throughout the debate and will therefore have heard at least one criticism by a Minister of people who did not vote against the Bill on an earlier occasion. We must be held accountable by the people whom we represent. I know that the hon. Gentleman's reservations are sincere and profound. However, I hope, equally sincerely, that he and his hon. Friends will not vote against the Bill. I understand his reservations, and I have voiced some of my own. I have indeed been in the Chamber for almost every minute of the Bill's proceedings, but, following my meeting with two families in the House, all my reservations and doubts were dispelled by their pleas and their profound need to put to rest their loved ones with a Christian funeral service and burial. Finding the remains and performing the ritual of burying loved ones will not stop the grieving. Grief continues throughout life, as the hon. Member for Belfast, South and all of us know. However, as I know from the cases of people who have been lost at sea and whose bodies have been recovered months after they were drowned, the return of the loved one's body for Christian burial and internment in sanctified ground brings some peace of mind. The two ladies whom I met made that plea to me and to the hon. Member for North-East Cambridgeshire (Mr. Moss), who was also at the meeting. In responding positively to that plea, we will bring a touch of comfort and consolation to the families of victims. I have absolutely no trust in the terrorists or their spokespersons. I have always said that it is obscene that they call themselves freedom fighters. There cannot be freedom fighters in the mature parliamentary democracy in which we have the luck to live. I trust them not one iota, but if only two or three families are given the supreme consolation of being able to have a funeral service or requiem mass for their loved ones, the Bill will have achieved all that the Government set out to achieve. That is why I stand four-square with the Ministers on the passing of the Bill and am only too pleased to compliment the ministerial team on bringing forward a Bill that the Opposition have described as obnoxious, obscene, distasteful and disgusting. I do not see it in that way. I have reservations, but the object is to bring peace of mind to a small number of ordinary people. We cannot aim any higher than bringing such peace of mind to the people whom I have met. Again, I hope that the sincerely held reservations of other hon. Members do not transform themselves into opposition to the Bill. We have had a forensic and legalistic Committee stage debate. Now, as I step back for the Third Reading debate, I can appreciate the human approach that we have taken tonight. If the House were a person, it is a person whom I would like to meet because we have had the same debate that people have when they have been terribly wronged by someone else and we have decided to take the compassionate route forward. We have heard about bitterness and doubts about whether the other side will respond in kind, just as we feel those things when we argue with another person. However, at the end of the day, we have said that we are going to have faith in seeing the best in people and take a risk. We might get ripped off, but it is worth the risk. The human compassionate benefit of taking it is so great that it is worth being disappointed if we are wrong. We might be wrong. It may be naive to think that the Bill will work. I feel optimistic. I surprise myself by saying this, but I assume that, if we go this far in extending the gesture of good faith, it may evoke some spark of humanity or decency in people whom we have conventionally written off as barbarians. It is a living experiment. Either they will respond in kind and we will find the remains of the people who were killed and taken from their families—in which case we were right to take the risk—or we will not—in which case we must learn from it and behave differently next time. I came to the House very much in the spirit that I feel now. We have been human in being willing to do something for relatively few people, but it is a big statement that the House is willing to spend much time to right the grievous wrongs of acts of terrorism. I am proud of our debate and of the fact that we could discuss the matter rationally. Time will tell whether the outcome will justify this as the right thing to do. As a politician who ended up here partly because of what I experienced growing up in Northern Ireland, I am sure that we are right to show that we can make empathic decisions that affect other humans. I hope that people who read this debate, or hear bits on the radio or television, will consider that there may be something in the way in which our democracy operates that gives us some hope in respect of our politicians. I and my Unionist colleagues will, of course, oppose the Bill. I understand the feelings of those who have lost loved ones and whose relatives were brutally murdered by the IRA and buried in unknown graves. Over the years, there has been pressure on the organisations concerned to say where those people were buried. As a result of that pressure, the IRA claims to have set up an investigation team that has identified the whereabouts of nine bodies. It seems to me that public pressure has forced the IRA to go that far. We must remember that many of the victims belonged to the nationalist community and that the pressure comes from that community. If that pressure continues, the IRA will eventually have to say where the bodies are. This Bill again lets the IRA off the hook. The IRA will not announce where the bodies are because it wants to be told that, if any evidence is got from the bodies, its members will not be charged or have that evidence used against them in a court of law. They should not be allowed to get away with that because it is not right in a democratic country to amend the criminal law to let such people off the hook. The IRA has only to issue a statement giving the location of the bodies. The security forces and other authorities could then deal with the situation as they normally would. There is no necessity for a Bill. The Bill is ill-considered and not fully thought out. The relatives of those who have been murdered will be given less information in the event of the bodies being discovered than they would have got if the normal course of events took place. The Bill is therefore unnecessary. I also oppose the Bill because it sets up another all-Ireland implementation body. One member of the commission will be appointed by the United Kingdom and the second by the Republic of Ireland. Why is that necessary? It seems that there is a possibility that a body will be found in the Republic of Ireland. There is sufficient law in the Republic of Ireland, and sufficient communication between it and the United Kingdom, adequately to deal with that without setting up another cross-border implementation body. For those of us who are Unionists, this is another clear example of how the Government are not committed, as they should be, to the Union. In Northern Ireland, we have de facto joint authority. Almost any decision of importance must be agreed by Dublin, which has to have its nose in almost everything in Northern Ireland. For all those reasons, I believe that the Bill should not pass. My party will oppose Third Reading. Mr. Deputy Speaker, you will recall that I used clear, sharp language on Monday night when I spoke on this Bill. I have heard nothing from that moment to this to cause me to alter my opinion. We are told about family grief. We have all had that as a result of deaths, some tragic, some natural. Those of us who represent Northern Ireland—none more than the last speaker, who represents the town of Omagh—have seen the consequences of the butchery of bombs, thugs and murderers at close quarters. I will not rehearse the tragedies that I have attended, but there were many. Many good men, decent women and children were killed, and no one ever brought to book for it. Because of the area in which I live and my close relations with the Roman Catholic community, I well understand the importance that they attach to the last rites and the necessity to bury the deceased in sanctified ground. I am also aware that the Bill is a consequence of a deal done with the IRA, which played on the grief of the victims' families. The right hon. Member for North-West Cambridgeshire (Sir B. Mawhinney) said earlier that, when members of the IRA behaved in such and such a way, they had no humanity. People could not get inside their minds. However, the truth is that members of terrorist organisations do not exist in the normal democratic world; they exist in a world and in a mental state that they create and that is a consequence of the actions that they undertake. They believe themselves to be a legitimate army and that they are acting for a righteous cause. They believe that the end justifies the means. They do not adhere to those normal thought processes that most people in this House and in this country would apply to political situations. As far as members of those organisations are concerned, the majority has no right to be wrong and has no right to disagree with them. The hon. Member for Greenock and Inverclyde (Dr. Godman) takes a keen interest in these matters. He knows Northern Ireland well. I point out to him and to the hon. Member for Wigan (Mr. Stott) that the Bill may be built on good intentions, but we know what they say about the road to hell—it is paved with them. The Bill falls firmly and squarely into that category, because the Government have allowed emotion to overrule logic. Hard cases make bad law, and that is so in this case. We are undermining the rule of law. We are giving in to the demands of murderous thugs who have used the common decency of citizens as a weapon, and who have used the normal democratic procedures of this House as a weapon against the House itself. This type of legislation is abhorrent to me, because we are allowing the IRA to call the tune, so that its members can exact for themselves the maximum benefit from this whole affair. We are allowing the IRA to call the tune with no danger to its members past or present. Avoiding injury or damage to, or capture of, its members is, of course, always the first priority for a terrorist organisation. The measure will also allow members of the IRA to believe that they can use ruthlessness on every occasion to obtain their way. If the IRA really wanted to tell people where those graves were, all that it need do is to go out at night and put a little stake on the graves, if they are in a field. It knows where the graves are. It would be easy to do that if the bodies were recoverable. My hon. Friend the Member for Belfast, South (Rev. Martin Smyth) drew attention to the fact that bodies could be under a house, or in the foundations of a house. How could one recover a body if that were the case? What would happen if the Government knocked the house down and there was no body? The whole matter is open to endless ramifications and to endless exhibitions of evil. Do not worry—those guys will dream it up and they will use it. If we pass this Bill, we shall do no good to justice. Indeed, we shall do great damage to the whole concept of justice and punishment for evils committed. We shall do no good to the democratic principles that we claim to uphold. Responsibility in this matter rests solely with the terrorist organisations; it rests solely with the IRA—not with us and not with the House. As my hon. Friend the Member for West Tyrone (Mr. Thompson) said, pressure would have worked in this instance. This case is not the same as the weapons issue. The IRA cannot give up its weapons; it is committed to holding them. Without weapons, the IRA is only another political party. Its members have no desire to be members of only another political party; they see themselves as part of something far greater, something that is beyond the concept of a political party. They see themselves as an army, controlling a political front organisation. They are part of a terrorist organisation controlling what is supposed to be a political organisation, but which is, in practice, only an arm of the terrorism that they have carried out and inflicted on us for three decades. To apply the thinking about the IRA giving up its weapons and to say that it will do so on exactly the same footing as the bodies is wrong. Its members cannot give up the weapons because they need them to impose their will; they do not need the bodies. The fact that the bodies are out there and the fact that the IRA is under pressure from its own community is damaging to the IRA. My hon. Friend the Member for West Tyrone lives in an area that is similar to my own in some ways. He is aware that there are many folk around us with that turn of mind. We can speak with greater authority on their thinking processes than most Members of the House. I agree with my hon. Friend that, eventually, pressure from their own community, their own relations, church members and their nationalist political establishment will force members of the IRA to reveal, at some time, where the available bodies are buried. We have not put pressure on them; we have let them off the hook and we shall allow them, through the Bill, to claim that they are reacting to public pressure and that they are acting out of the goodness of their heart. However, they will have forced the British to let them off the hook and they will be believed within their own community. It is for that reason, among the other more gut reactions that I articulated during Second Reading, that I must vote against the Bill. The House divided: Ayes 324, Noes 5. Southworth, Ms Helen Mr. David Hanson. Taylor, Rt Hon John D(Strangford) Rev. Martin Smyth.
2019-04-18T16:49:08Z
https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1999-05-12a.372.4&amp;s=speaker%3A10572
Ann Arbor planning commission meeting (Oct. 4, 2011): At a meeting that started later than usual to accommodate the dedication of city hall’s new Dreiseitl water sculpture, planning commissioners approved two projects that had previously been postponed. Stephen Ranzini looks up at the water sculpture by Herbert Dreiseitl, during a public reception and dedication for the piece at city hall on Tuesday evening. Ranzini, president of University Bank, later attended a planning commission meeting inside city hall, where he told commissioners that No Parking signs are ugly. It's not clear what he thought about the sculpture. Changes to a University Bank site plan for property at 2015 Washtenaw Ave., known as the Hoover Mansion, were approved unanimously, despite some concerns voiced by neighbors during a public hearing on the proposal. The changes – which primarily relate to creation of a new parking lot – required amending the supplemental regulations of the site’s planned unit development (PUD) zoning district originally approved in 1978. Also back for review was The Varsity, a proposed “planned project” consisting of a 13-story apartment building with 181 units at 425 E. Washington, between 411 Lofts and the First Baptist Church. Intended for students, it’s the first project to go through the city’s new design review process. Only minor changes had been made since the proposal was first considered at the planning commission’s Sept. 20 meeting. Fourteen people spoke during a public hearing on The Varsity, including several residents of the nearby Sloan Plaza who raised concerns about traffic at the Huron Street entrance, as well as aesthetic issues with the building’s facade facing Huron. The project was supported by a paster pastor at the First Baptist Church and the head of the State Street merchant association. In addition to public hearings held on these two projects, one person spoke during public commentary at the start of the meeting. Rick Stepanovic told commissioners that he’s a University of Michigan student, and that Wendy Rampson – head of the city’s planning staff – had spoken to one of his classes last year. Among other things, she’d mentioned the city’s need for more student input, he said. Since then he’s been elected to the Michigan Student Assembly, and was offering to provide that input, either as a resident – he lives in the neighborhood near Packard and Hill – or by taking an issue back to MSA for broader student feedback. Stepanovic indicated his intent to attend future planning commission meetings, but noted that MSA meetings are held at the same time – on Tuesday evenings. The planning commission first reviewed University Bank’s proposal at its Oct. 19, 2010 meeting. Bank officials had requested approval to revise a planned unit development (PUD), allowing an increase in the total number of employees and parking spaces permitted at the bank’s headquarters at 2015 Washtenaw Ave. – the site known as the Hoover Mansion. The proposal included a request to build 14 new parking spaces on the east side – behind the main building – for a total of 53 spaces on the site. At the time, planning staff recommended denial, stating that the project impacts natural features and doesn’t offer an overall benefit to the city, as required by a PUD. Rather than denying the proposal, planning commissioners voted to postpone it and asked staff to work with the bank in finding an alternative parking option. Nearly a year later, a revised proposal was on the agenda for the commission’s Sept. 8 meeting, reflecting a consensus that had been reached among planning staff, neighbors and bank officials. However, commissioners ended up postponing a recommendation again, because the final site plan had not yet been submitted by the bank. By the Oct. 4 meeting, all pieces were in place. The proposal would increase the number of allowable employees from 50 to 59 at the bank’s headquarters and add a new parking lot on the site, with a setback of 24 feet from the eastern property line. That’s an additional nine feet away from the property line than originally proposed. A continuous six-foot-high wall is proposed along the eastern and southeastern property lines, to screen the parking lot from 2021 Washtenaw Ave. and 2107-2109 Tuomy. Two landmark trees and 19 woodland trees totaling 186 caliper inches will be removed as part of the project, but the bank has proposed planting trees throughout the site totaling 223 caliper inches – more than is required. The changes require amending the supplemental regulations of the site’s planned unit development (PUD) zoning district, which was originally approved in 1978. Five people spoke during a public hearing on the proposal, including two representatives from the bank. Ken Sprinkles of University Bank said he’s been working on this project for three years. The reason that cars are parked along the driveway is that there’s insufficient parking, he said. If the city approves additional parking, the bank would enforce a no-parking requirement along the driveway. The bank also plans to start issuing parking permit stickers for employee vehicles – that’s something they don’t currently do, Sprinkles said. Gerald Serwer, who owns the home with a driveway that’s accessed via the bank’s driveway, told commissioners that changes to the bank’s site plan would affect the financial value of his home, as well as his ability to enjoy living there. If the bank has no intention of parking along the main driveway, he said, then it didn’t seem like bank officials should object to adding more No Parking signs. He also wanted to ensure that there’d be no parking along that driveway during construction of the new parking lot. Serwer also noted that he’s asked the bank to use stone veneer on the side of the 6-foot-high wall that faces their house, to match the house’s exterior. But the main issue is parking, he concluded. Stephen Ranzini, president of University Bank, began by noting that the bank began this process 36 months ago. Since September, the bank has hired 30 people, he said, but only one of those is working in Ann Arbor. University Bank is the 11th largest employer of any bank in Michigan, he said, but job growth is happening at the bank’s offices in Farmington Hills and Clinton Township, instead of Ann Arbor, in part because of delays with this project. Regarding No Parking signs, Ranzini said his preference is for one sign, because signs are ugly and affect the viewshed. In reference to the removal of trees, he noted that 100 years ago, the site was a sheep farm – every tree on the property is less than 100 years old. Regarding parking on the driveway, the bank started its “experiment” in having employees park along the driveway after the city requested alternatives to a new parking lot, he said. He wanted everyone to see what that would look like. And because the process to get approval has been so slow, he said, the experiment has lasted a year. Ranzini urged the commission to approve the project, so that it can be considered by the city council. He hoped commissioners would do their part to help preserve an historic building, which he said is expensive to maintain. One of the biggest problems since the building was converted to offices in 1978 has been inadequate parking, he concluded. Sheryl Serwer noted that it’s also been three years that she and her husband have been dealing with this issue – she first heard about it on her birthday three years ago. “Now I’m three years older and still worrying about it.” She said she’s come to accept the loss of trees on the site. But she’s still concerned about the parking – she’d like to get out of her driveway safely. In the winter, if it’s icy and there are cars parked on both sides of the entrance to her driveway, she said she’s afraid her car might slide into the parked vehicles. No Parking signs should be posted, she said, and parking shouldn’t be allowed there. She concluded by congratulating Ranzini for the growth of his business, and the recent birth of his child. Tony Derezinski began by asking planning staff to respond to the questions raised during public commentary, related to parking. How would the supplemental regulations be enforced? He said he thought the parties had reached an agreement – was this a new item? Alexis DiLeo noted that this isn’t a public street – it’s not even a private street. It’s a driveway. The number of signs is discretional, she said, and the bank’s preference is for one sign. If it meant that the project wouldn’t otherwise be approved, would the bank be willing to add another sign? Derezinski wondered. Ranzini said he wanted to make clear that bank employees didn’t start parking along the driveway until the planning staff suggested there might be a more viable alternative to the new parking lot. Parking in the driveway is ugly, he said. The experiment is done, so there won’t be parking there any longer. The bank might reluctantly put up another sign, he added, but signs are ugly. Derezinski asked whether it would be possible to add the requirement of an additional sign in the supplemental regulations. “A beautiful one,” he quipped. DiLeo suggested a possible place within the supplemental regulations to insert a sign requirement, and Derezinski made a motion to do that. Kirk Westphal clarified with DiLeo that previously, there was no mention of a sign at all. When asked about enforcement, DiLeo said a violation would be handled just like any other zoning violation – for example, if the bank removed a tree that had been stipulated to be preserved by the PUD’s supplemental regulations. Wendy Rampson, head of the city’s planning staff, said the city wouldn’t ticket or tow cars parked on private property. If someone complained about a violation, the city could fine the property owner. She indicated that adding something like the sign requirement was highly unusual. Derezinski then expressed frustration, saying ”it’s too bad we’re getting formal.” This shouldn’t be a problem, he said, but there’s been a lot of history regarding this project. He thought the parties had moved past that, but now they’re quibbling over a small thing. Derezinski said he’d made a motion to amend the supplemental regulations so that everyone could reach resolution. But now he felt there’s a clear understanding of expectations, so he was withdrawing the motion to amend. Evan Pratt hoped that people felt all of the issues were being addressed. When changes to a PUD are requested, it requires give and take, he observed. He applauded the bank’s parking experiment. The original thinking was that it would be good to avoid adding more pavement, he said, and the experiment tested whether other parking options were viable. It’s taken a year, but it sounds like they now have a good outcome, he said. Outcome: Commissioners voted unanimously to recommend approval of changes to the bank’s site plan and supplemental regulations. The project will now be forwarded to the city council. At their Sept. 20, 2011 meeting, the planning commission had made an initial review of The Varsity, a 13-story building at 425 E. Washington, stretching from East Washington to East Huron in the block between South State and South Division. The proposed development is located east of the 411 Lofts building and west of the First Baptist Church, and is currently the site of a two-story office building that formerly housed the Prescription Shop. Alexis DiLeo of the city’s planning staff told commissioners that the design hasn’t altered significantly since that meeting. Minor modifications include narrowing the walkway on the building’s east side, mounting lights on the building instead of poles along the east side of the path, and removing decorative pillars at both ends of the walkway, previously proposed on the east side of the path and on the First Baptist Church property. Because the church is located in an historic district, any changes on its property would have required approval by the city’s historic district commission. The main features of the project are unchanged. The 177,180-square-foot apartment building is to include 181 apartments with a total of 415 bedrooms, to be marketed to university students. The plan also calls for 70 parking spaces, both underground and on the street level, with entrances off of East Huron and East Washington. In addition, two spaces would be provided on adjacent property (owned by the same developer) to use for a car-sharing service like Zipcar. A total of 121 bike spaces are also proposed for the project. Fourteen people spoke during a public hearing on The Varsity. Hugh Sonk spoke on behalf of the Sloan Plaza Condominium Association, and restated many of the concerns that he raised at the commission’s Sept. 20 meeting. Sloan Plaza is located at 505 E. Huron, just east and across the street from The Varsity site, and residents are concerned about the development’s impact on their quality of life. Specifically, they are concerned about increased traffic congestion as vehicles turn into the building’s Huron Street entrance. People who currently have monthly parking permits at the existing site will be displaced, Sonk said, potentially causing parking problems in the area. Sonk’s final concern related to the Huron Street facade, which he described as bland. It doesn’t reflect the character of the adjacent historical buildings, he said, and it needs to be treated as an important front to one of the city’s major thoroughfares. The current design doesn’t do that, he said. Ethel Potts, a former planning commissioner, described the public hearing as an important one, since it’s a new major building downtown and the first one that’s gone through the city’s new design review process. She noted that city officials have said the recent downtown zoning changes and design review process will be reviewed next spring, to see if it’s delivering what residents want. This building and its review show some flaws in the process and in the city’s ordinances, she said. For one thing, the design review doesn’t deal with height and mass, Potts noted – and The Varsity isn’t compatible with the scale and character of surrounding buildings. How will the small, elegant, historic church live with a tall, broad wall along its lot line? Potts also pointed to a lack of green space in the design. “Weren’t we seeking downtown livability?” she asked. Christine Crockett introduced herself as president of the Old Fourth Ward Association, and a member of the committee that helped write the city’s design guidelines. The design review board, neighbors and people who’ve spoken during public commentary have all been emphatic that design of The Varsity’s north facade is unacceptable, Crockett said. It’s been tweaked a little, but is essentially 13 stories of yellow brick that’s unrelieved by pattern, texture or sympathy with the surrounding character district, she said. Another issue is the walkway on the building’s east side, Crockett said. The design review board had indicated this summer that the walkway is too narrow, but now the developer has narrowed it even more, she said. It’s going to be like a tunnel – unattractive and dangerous, she said. Stephan Trendov, an urban planner, said he’s in favor of the project. This summer he had attended a 2.5-hour meeting about The Varsity at the Michigan Union, and the group there had spent time talking about the building facade and pedestrian walkway. The vision is to move pedestrians from Huron all the way to East Liberty, he said, but this walkway doesn’t do that. There are opportunities for improvements, like adding a pergola or landscaping. The community is watching, he said, and so far, the reaction to what’s been discussed hasn’t been impressive. There haven’t been enough changes. Donnie Gross, the project’s developer, told commissioners that he’s proud of the project. He could have designed a box-like by-right project, he said, but they’ve done more than that. Despite what people during the public hearing have indicated, Gross said, he and the design team have listened to input and changed the design 20-30 times. Turning to some of the previous speakers, Gross told them that just because they didn’t get everything they want doesn’t mean he hasn’t listened and made changes. One of the first things his team did was to meet with the neighboring church, Gross said. It’s important to get the church’s approval, because they’ll be neighbors for the next 100 years. They’ll also be asking the church for an easement, so that the walkway on the east side of The Varsity can be widened, he said. Gross said he’s not opposed to retail in the building, but he’s seen the difficulty that the neighboring 411 Lofts has had in finding tenants. “I’m opposed to retail that’s empty.” Instead, The Varsity is designed so that residents of the building will be like a “3-D billboard,” using a fitness area and lounge in the lower levels. The building would look naked and drab if the first floor were dark, but as long as there is light and activity, it doesn’t matter if the activity is someone getting a pizza or using a computer. The Varsity will add life to East Washington, he said. He noted that the plaza area on East Washington will include a green roof. Noting that he owns the historic house next to The Varsity site, Gross told commissioners that even the soil beneath the house is declared historic, so he’s unable to excavate it. If he could excavate, he could add more underground parking and have only one entrance – but that’s not possible. He concluded by noting that citizens can say anything to make developers look bad, but there are reasons behind these decisions. Maurice Binkow, another Sloan Plaza resident, said he joined others in objecting to the unsightly design of The Varsity’s Huron facade, along a road with so many distinguished buildings. He also expressed concern about the Huron entrance into the parking garage, noting that cars would likely be backed up onto Huron as they wait to enter. It would also be a problem for cars coming out onto Huron, if they were making a lefthand turn. He asked that the developer put a lease restriction in place that would prevent left turns onto Huron. Noting that she is Maurice Binkow’s wife, Linda Binkow said that some of the city’s greatest assets are the properties along Huron Street– they are an exceptionally attractive and valuable part of the city. The city collects tax revenues from those properties, she added. Putting a building like The Varsity on Huron will cause traffic problems and greatly decrease the value of property in that area, she said. It’s not in the city’s interest to do that. She suggested that the building could be designed with a setback, and additional stories. Tom Heywood, executive director of the State Street Area Association, observed that The Varsity could be built by-right, and that although the design review is mandatory, compliance is voluntary. He said he respected the views of neighbors in the area and residents of Sloan Plaza, but noted that the association’s board has reviewed the building plans and had voted unanimously in support of it. The association has been told that parking spaces will be freed up in Tally Hall [Liberty Square] as soon as the underground parking structure on South Fifth Avenue is completed. That should help the parking situation. The plaza on the East Washington side is an essential buffer for the church, Heywood said. And while the association would prefer retail on the first floor, that can’t be mandated – and the association doesn’t want to see empty space there, like it’s been for 411 Lofts. He noted that the space could be easily convertible into retail or commercial use, if a good proposal comes forward in the future. The association board respectfully requests approval of The Varsity, he concluded. Stacey Simpson Duke, co-pastor of the First Baptist Church, handed out a letter she’d written in support of the project. [.pdf of Simpson Duke's letter] She said she never wanted a high-rise building next to the church – she liked seeing the sun set from the church – and she had spoken against the A2D2 zoning changes for downtown that were ultimately approved. However, the people involved with The Varsity have been the best neighbors they could possibly be, Duke said. The design team has met with church representatives monthly, have listened to input and have explicitly incorporated design elements to address the church’s concerns. Simpson Duke said she’s especially excited about the walkway and the plaza next to the church. She’s also excited about the 400 students who’ll be living there, and the increased foot traffic in that area. She thanked the developer and his team for being good neighbors. Brad Moore, an architect on The Varsity project, brought up a panel with samples of the materials that would be used on the building. The renderings of the building that were projected on-screen during the meeting showed a color of brick that was more yellow than it actually would be, he said. The brick evokes the exterior of UM’s original chemistry building, and is intended to be distinctive from the bright red brick of 411 Lofts. There will be architectural detail, Moore said. Regarding the walkway, there’s no objection to widening it, Moore said, but The Varsity developer can’t do a site plan on the church’s property. Moore said he was certain that in the future the walk would be widened – that action might be handled administratively by city staff, or with the help of the church working through the historic district commission process. Moore also reported that there will be a lease condition that specifies “right in, right out” only turns for the entrance off of Huron Street. There will be video surveillance cameras to monitor compliance, and if there are complaints, the building’s owner can impose sanctions against tenants who violate that condition, Moore said. The final speaker was Rita Gelman, a resident of Sloan Plaza. (Her husband, Chuck Gelman, attended the meeting but did not speak during the public hearing.) She handed out a letter to commissioners, and said her main concerns are parking, green space and traffic. It’s important to keep the quality of the Huron Street corridor, but the proposed building looks humongous and commercial, she said. In contrast, Sloan Plaza is a building that looks residential, she said. Kirk Westphal noted that the city had received a letter from Laura Houk, chairperson of the Ann Arbor Cooperative Preschool, a tenant at the First Baptist Church. [.pdf of Houk's letter] Houk had expressed concern about possible hazardous materials, noise and traffic during the demolition and construction phases of the project, and the impact on the preschool, which uses an outdoor playground year-round. She wanted the city to ensure that the developer mitigate the effects of the demolition and construction. Westphal asked how those concerns would be addressed. Alexis DiLeo said she planned to meet with the preschool director, and go over the basic process for projects like this. The developer has had at least one meeting with the preschool too, she said. Regarding hazardous materials, if there are any on that site, there are state and federal regulations that govern the handling of those materials. She said she trusted that the developer would take steps to minimize the impact. Erica Briggs noted that the developer’s ultimate intent is eventually to widen the walkway – that’s great, she said. In response to a query from Briggs about lighting, Brad Moore said there’s not currently room for pedestal lighting along the walkway – lights will be mounted on the building. But the intent is to include pedestal lighting in the future, and the developer would pay for it. Briggs expressed concern that the sidewalk in front of the East Washington entrance isn’t clearly defined – that might be a safety issue, she said. She encouraged the design team to give more thought about how to make the pedestrian experience as safe as possible, especially in the driveway area leading to the parking garage. Briggs also asked whether the developer planned to add any amenities for bicyclists – she had broached this subject at the Sept. 20 meeting, suggesting that things like a free air pump would be a public amenity. Donnie Gross, the developer, said he couldn’t make a commitment about that, but said they would explore that possibility. Giannola said that the way The Varsity selects its tenants will determine whether the development is a good neighbor. She asked that the owner find ways to discourage people from bringing cars. Eric Mahler, chair of the planning commission, quickly added that the city doesn’t advocate for discrimination based on anything. Mahler wondered whether the city can seek an injunction against the developer, if the plazas aren’t built as envisioned. DiLeo said the city won’t issue a certificate of occupancy unless the project passes a site inspection and meets all the requirements outlined in the development agreement. Westphal weighed in again with several observations. He said he can see how the plazas benefit the church, but it gets tricky when zoning is bent to fit one neighbor. Planned Projects. 5:68. The intent of this section is to provide an added degree of flexibility in the placement and interrelationship of the buildings within the planned project and to provide for permanent open space preservation within planned projects. Modifications of the area, height, placement requirements, and lot sizes, where used for permanent open space preservation, of this Chapter may be permitted if the planned project would result in the preservation of natural features, additional open space, greater building or parking setback, energy conserving design, preservation of historic or architectural features, expansion of the supply of affordable housing for lower income households or a beneficial arrangement of buildings. A planned project shall maintain the permitted uses and requirements for maximum density, maximum floor area and minimum usable open space specified in this Chapter for the zoning district(s) in which the proposed planned project is located. Westphal praised the plans to eventually widen the walkway, and said he appreciated the bike parking. Regarding vehicle parking, he said things won’t change until the message gets out that the city doesn’t want to see large portions of land used for car storage. He doesn’t have a problem with limited parking on that site. He also commended the design review board, saying that they didn’t suggest changes that are too burdensome. He hoped that people would stay tuned for a review of the design process next year. Noting that he hadn’t attended the Sept. 20 meeting, Evan Pratt asked whether the design of the Huron facade had changed since then. No, DiLeo replied, but the design had changed since the developer’s team met with the design review board in the summer. Tony Derezinski said the planned project approach is a creative way to work with The Varsity’s neighbor and create an attractive plaza, even though it’s larger than what would otherwise be allowed by code. He indicated that some people wouldn’t be satisfied with any design, and at some point it’s the commission’s responsibility to say enough is enough. The developer has shown willingness to make some changes, he said, and if retail eventually becomes viable, the developer will include that. Derezinski concluded by saying The Varsity will add to the area and improve the city’s tax base. Giannola asked whether it would be possible to require a No Left Turn sign – could that be added to the development agreement? Gross said he’d welcome that. Wendy Rampson, head of the city’s planning staff, said the city can’t require that a sign be added to the public right-of-way – that’s the purview of the Michigan Dept. of Transportation, since Huron is a trunkline. Rampson said the developer could certainly put a sign on his property, but she didn’t recommend altering the development agreement to address traffic engineering issues like this. No amendment was made. Outcome: Commissioners voted unanimously to approve the site plan for The Varsity at Ann Arbor. It will be considered next by city council. Present: Eleanore Adenekan, Erica Briggs, Tony Derezinski, Diane Giannola, Eric Mahler, Evan Pratt, Kirk Westphal. The Chronicle relies in part on regular voluntary subscriptions to support our coverage of public bodies like the city planning commission. If you’re already supporting The Chronicle, please encourage your friends, neighbors and coworkers to do the same. Click this link for details: Subscribe to The Chronicle. The comments about parking for the Varsity project are significant because they play into a number of conflicting messages about the downtown parking system. When the underground structure for 5th Avenue was proposed, we were told that it was because of a parking shortage for downtown customers, especially in the State Street area. (I reviewed this in a blog post [link].) Meanwhile, the DDA has increased parking fees and is moving to implement a demand-management scheme for downtown (hourly)parking. The message is that parking is at a premium. But this same taxpayer-subsidized parking system is also being called on to support development downtown. Although the proposed hotel/conference center on the Library Lot has been derailed, it is likely that some development there, or possibly on the Y lot, will be expected to use some of these spaces. Recently it has been suggested that the Heritage Row/City Place developer might be given access to some of those spaces, and now we are hearing that The Varsity would expect to fill some of its tenants’ needs using the city’s parking system (parking spaces being a fungible resource, if they are removed from Liberty Square, the need will flow elsewhere, and the new structure was suggested here to be the answer). The new spaces are costing, by some estimates, around $50,000, and the parking system has financial strains, in part because the Council has turned to using parking as a revenue stream for the General Fund. I have not done recent calculations, but I’m pretty sure that monthly permits do not pay their way in making up the cost of construction. So if the Planning Commission is not the body to calculate what is the appropriate cost to the downtown parking system for this new development, who should take that responsibility? 1. “The Hurinal”, a combination of the Huron River and Urinal, for the trench the water trickles down. 2. “The Finger”, a metaphor based on the shape of the vertical plinth, for how the city’s leaders view the citizens by paying $750,000 for the sculpture, but best exemplified by both the “Rog Mahal” and the “Big Dig” where another $100 million was wasted, at a time when the city’s leaders have cut fire and police safety below acceptable levels, and propose to cut even more. 3. “The Shaft”, an apt metaphor, similar to #2. 4. “Temple of Wretched Excess with the World’s Largest Urinal”, David Cahill’s suggestion. Having seen “it” close up in person now, I vote for #3. Perhaps others have some additional ideas? As I noted in a Stopped Watched, my husband and I made a side trip last night specifically to see the sculpture. Not only was it not turned on for viewing, but tarps were left strewn about the base. Apparently when the formalities were concluded, this art was no longer available for “the public”. I’m grateful for the gift that University Bank has given us in Ann Arbor in preserving the historic Hoover Mansion and its wonderful setting. How sad it would have been to see that broken up for student housing developments. I think the spaces at the new Fifth Ave structure are closer to $70,000 each, based on the $50 million construction cost and the 640 to 717 spaces being built (sources vary on the exact number). Monthly permits run $140 per month. So I think it’s pretty clear that these spaces are being subsidized, at least for monthly permit holders. Paster? Is that the past-tense of Pastor? Ed Vielmetti posted a picture of the fountain on his flickr, and he mentioned it looks like the remains of an ash tree that was attacked by the emerald ash borer. It does to me too, having lost a beautiful ash to the bug. Perhaps we could have a name that commemorates that? Ed’s picture is rather beautiful and I agree about its looking like ash borer galleries. I wonder that the artist doesn’t have a name for it. Does he see its most important features being the water(I understand that he does a lot of water features) or are the other aspects important to him? The lights are starlike and the galleries could be seen as active, not merely ornamentation. I think when you hire a landscape architect you get landscaping not “named” art. Even when it costs a million dollars. Mr Derezinski is wrong, The Varsity is in the DDA zone, and any any increase in taxes goes to the DDA, not the city. As a member of 1st Baptist, I cannot share my pastor’s enthusiasm for this project. To me, it is a form of church desecration.
2019-04-21T22:45:03Z
http://annarborchronicle.com/2011/10/08/despite-concerns-the-varsity-moves-ahead/index.html
The final day marked the end of the 2 week events project. We were able to practice our presentations in the morning and also ensure the model was all ready to go. We presented to our collaborators from the Science and Industry Museum, Dominic Sager as well as Kevin from the St Anthonys centre in Trafford; a small heritage centre in trafford park! The presentations were a success and all collaborators were thoroughly impressed with the level of detail shown in the models, as well as the information provided to them. We aim to donate the exhibition piece to the St Anthonys Centre in June, where Kevin hopes to display it and invite local historians too view it too! Katie was impressed with the quality of work and has gone away with ideas for the museum! To conclude the project, we have worked towards our original brief of 'how can we tell a story through model making' with particular attention to Henry ford, his journey to Manchester and the much loved Model T! We were finally able to put all of our hard work together into a coherent exhibition piece. To the right we have the 1:50 model of the Piquette plant in detroit from 1905. In the middle we have displayed the timeline, documenting the history of Henry Ford and his journey to Manchester and ultimately this journey ends on the left with the Ford factory in Manchester (modelled from 1926!) (Manc Left, Troit Right!) The post cards correlate to key dates from the timeline and give the audience a more thorough insight into that particular date or event! With the introduction of the Model T in 1907, Henry Ford envisioned “motor cars for the great multitude” (HISTORY, 2009). In order to create an affordable vehicle that could cater to the masses, the Model T would need to be built more efficiently and therefore need to be produced at a cheaper cost. Ford’s incorporation of an assembly line methodology was inspired by the continuous flow production that existed in food packing factories. By reducing the construction of the Model T to 84 simple steps and training workers to do one task, the assembly line was introduced. By 1914 production time per vehicle was cut down from 12 hours to a mere 93 minutes (Goss, 2018). Model T. The design process of the model T was run by Ford’s hand-picked team (Ford Piquette Avenue Plant, n.d.). The first complete Model T for testing was produced in 1907. The model could seat five people and performed well. It was very well received by people as a lot of orders were made months before the car went into production. Henry Ford was born in Michigan in 1863. He was raised on a farm and from an early age he showed great interest in mechanical objects. He married Clara Bryant in 1888 and a few years later the couple had their one child, a son, Edsel. He worked as an engineer for an illuminating company for a few years. Before founding the Ford Motor Company in 1903, Henry Ford had set up two other companies that had failed. The Ford Motor Company was very successful as after a few years of opening it was the leading automobile company. The company is mostly known for using the moving assembly-line and for designing and manufacturing the Model T. Having completed the final output, in the afternoon MANC|TROIT team practiced the final presentation to our collaborator, The Science + Industry Museum. We have defined the key themes for the presentation and assigned responsibilities to insure that all students are involved in the presentation. The presentation includes the topics: research question response, socio-historical content of Henry Ford and exhibition display explanation. We have practiced the presentation and discussed the content as a group. Here an example of how we decided to address our collaborator's request of how a model can tell a story. In fact, by integrating different types of information in the model we produced a display to combine all our materials together. To provide an added value to our output, we designed the possibility of being interactive by using postcards deepening the content of both sides of the timeline. Today we met to organise the last steps to finalise our output. We first printed out the materials prepared during this workshop to show our idea of integrating information within a physical model. Once we got the prints, we brought the timeline and the 10 postcards to B.15 to finally combine them with the architectural maquettes. As established, our final output is going to be a combination of different type of information in order to deepen the stories that our models are telling about the Ford Factories as the main industrial connection between Manchester and Detroit. This morning the MANC|TROIT group finished the timeline of Ford Factory in both cities. Using InDesign we combined all the significant dates to represent Henry Ford and his company journey by comparing the events in our cities. Moreover, we integrated in the layout the concept of the assembly line production, that Ford introduced in his factories in 1914. In fact, the background of the timeline is showing different steps of the Model T production through some sketches made by all participants. In the afternoon, the workshop team was able to finish both models. This model depicts the 1:50 replica of the Piquette plant in detroit from the 1920's, which we were able to model with a series of archival images and documents. The model is also sectional at the back, with the model T engraved, so observers can glimpse into the workings of this famous factory! Tomorrow both teams will work together to finalise the timeline, which will be displayed with the models and postcards! We were asked by our collaborator Katie Belshaw, curator of the Science + Industry Museum in Manchester, to research how a model can tell a story. Following the brief of our collaborator, today we worked on the layout of the display to integrate models with the research. The models demonstrate the formal and spatial configurations of the Ford Factory in the two cities: Manchester and Detroit. However our background research outlines the socio historical background. Of our final output is a display that integrates those elements through models, sketch analysis, postcards combined into a timeline. We started the week with InDesign workshop. Caterina has demonstrated key features of the software as all the students followed the instructions. We have learnt how to organise our document and how to use the software efficiently. We are using our new Indesign skills to design postcards that complete our model by providing the socio-political context. Collectively we have designed a template for our postcards to ensure that all postcards are consistent in layout and graphics. The postcards will be placed on the timeline that forms the base of the model. How and where did the production of Model T start? Why did Henry Ford bring the production of Model T to Manchester? How did the Ford factory impact the local community in Trafford Park? When did Henry Ford visit the Trafford Park factory? What is the industrial background of Detroit? Some of the details of Ford Factory massing model in Trafford Park. The choice of using black for our models is related to the history of the production of the Model T. In fact, when the Model T first came on the market, customers could get different colour, except for black. The first black Model T became part of the assembly line five years later, and this started a decade of monochromatic Model T’s all over the world. According to some, Henry Ford switched to black paint because it dried faster, and this suggests a consequence on the efficiency of the production: drying faster allowed to sell more car in less time. Also, black paint was cheap and durable. While carrying on with the research about Ford Factory to understand why Henry Ford came to Manchester, part of the EVENTS19 Group N were in B.15 workshop for developing the model. The model of Ford Factory in Trafford Park, Manchester, will be a massing model 1:500 to show the relationship between the mass of the factory and the small volumes of the residential buildings around. Also, within this model we are going to show the importance of the infrastructure in the site: ship canal, railway and streets. We think that these significant elements of urbanisation are part of the reasons why Henry Ford chose this area for the production of his Model T car. The hard work continues. Our outputs begin to come together! Students working in the B.15 workshop in the morning started gluing the laser cut model of Ford Piquette. The work definitely required patience and precision. At the same time another 5 of us continued working on the mass model of Trafford Park. Both for the assembling and the laser cutting we are using the CAD file prepared before based on the photos and archival materials we gathered. Another productive morning! With 5 students working in the B.15 workshop, the rest of us concentrated on creating the timeline documenting the journey of Ford from Detroit to Manchester. For that we had to go back all the way to 1836 when the railway in Trafford Park was constructed as it was one of the reasons why Henry Ford came to Manchester. This is mirrored with constructing the railway in Detroit in 1858. The most crucial year seems to be 1903 when not only the Ford Motor Company was opened in Detroit but also first 3 models of Ford car were sold in the UK! However, the Ford Factory in Trafford Park wasn`t opened till 1911 when it sold 3,000 cars in the first year of production. We will be studying those points in depth within the forthcoming days. Today we spent the morning doing further research on the industries of Manchester and Detroit. All the students were split into two groups with a different research focus. The research undertaken was based on the books and online resources including Henry Ford museum and Science+Industry museum database. At the end of the day we have made a group brainstorm to share all information. Having all the information In the forthcoming days we will be focusing on defining the content of the postcards and graphical representation of these ideas, as well as producing the models. Yesterday afternoon, whilst walking through Trafford park, we were able to visit the St Anthonys Centre where we met Kevin! The centre provides information on the history of Trafford park and used to be a school. Kevin showed us alot of useful information about the histroy of Henry Ford, enriching our research into the journey of the factory to Manchester! This will help us greatly when it comes to producing our graphical research! He is also very keen to join us for the presentations on the 5th and has the potential to become a future collaborator! Today we went to visit Trafford Park to understand the industrial heritage of Manchester and the relationship of these buildings with urban form. Moreover, Trafford Park visit help us understanding the background of the Ford Factory in Manchester. Our research starts with finding the reason why Henry Ford came to Manchester from Detroit, and why he decided to participate to the first purpose-built industrial heritage in the world. Today we are at Science + Industry Museum to understand our collaborator's expectation of quality of the exhibition model we are going to produce. We are studying the existing exhibition models through analytical sketches, looking into materials and information representation. This visit gives us understanding of the industrial background of Manchester and how industry influenced the city and the world. Based on the findings we will develop our research strategy. The aim of the visit of the Science and Industry museum is to learn about the importance of Manchester in the development of technology and industry. Whereas the visit of Trafford Park will help us to understand the industrial heritage of Manchester. We should pay attention to the models used in the existing exhibitions and analyse through sketches to help us define our strategy for the model making. It would be useful to take photographs of both these experiences in order to start the research of MANC|TROIT events. Bring sketch books and cameras. Insight into MANC|TROIT introduction presentation MArch students gave to BA students. We have learnt about the background of two industrial cities: Manchester and Detroit. Detroit rapid industrial development in early 20th century was boosted by automobiles production, as Manchester focused on production of Cotton which originated in 18th century as a result of steam engine mills invention. We are particularly interested in connection of the two cities in 20th century, when in 1910 Henry Ford brought production of T-Model from Detroit to Manchester. T-model was revolutionary, as it was first assembly line production which speeded up the manufacturing process! For next two weeks we will be modelling where this production took place, the factories and their context. Events started this morning with an introduction to the brief and the timetable. MArch students presented the connections between Manchester and Detroit, as both industrial cities, and their relationships with the Ford Factory. Group N discussed the contents of the workshop and defined the outputs of this Events: 2 models representing the Ford Factory both in Manchester and in Detroit, and the best way to represent their formal and spatial features. According to this, the Ford Factory in Trafford park will be represented with a massing model to understand its volumetric relationship with the residential context, as a first purpose-built industrial estate in the world. Whereas for the Ford Piquette Plant in Detroit the model will be in a bigger scale, to show the architectural details of this building. After hours of digging, we finally managed to find a historic photograph showing the the whole Ford Assembly Line in Trafford Park; the first Ford Factory outside of the USA. This will aid us greatly in modelling the historic site! Recently we confirmed our route for the Trafford Park site visit. The day will start with the visit to the Science and Industry Museum. From there we will take two buses to Village Circle to then walk around the industrial neighborhood. We will concentrate on exploring Firs and Second Avenue and Westinghouse Roads which were the grounds on where the Ford factories used to stand. We hope for it to be a very insightful and informative day for all of us. After looking through archives, we were able to source a 3D sketch up model of the Piquette Plant in Detroit! This will help us create accurate plans and elevations of the building so that we can create a detailed and accurate model! After liaising with the Henry Ford Museum in Detroit, we were sent some great resources of the Ford factory here in Manchester in 1923! (Pictured above) We aim to create a set of drawings to accompany the images which will help us model both factories in March! We are going to focus on the connections between Manchester and Detroit, and their industrial backgrounds. In the first week, after two field trips, the workshop will research and define how to represent these links throughout model making. During the second week, students and coordinators will work alongside to actively use the maquette to create a storytelling able to communicate the MANC|TROIT industrial connections. + At the end of the workshop, we will present the final output to our collaborators: Katherine Belshaw, curator of the Science + Industry Museum, and Dominic Sagar, MSA lecturer. Throwback to our meeting with our collaborator Dom and the 'City of Ideas' events group last week! Working together, we will present toKatie Belshaw at the end of the two week events project. This meeting set out to organise our time together; we agreed on a joint introductory lecture with Dom and final presentation date with Katie on the 5th! TRAFFORD PARK is located in the southern side of Manchester, opposite Salford Quays. It was the first planned industrial estate in the world and still remains the biggest one in Europe. Our team will be visiting Trafford Park on the 2nd day of Events and then model it in the following days! FORD PIQUETTE AVENUE PLANT in the northern centre of Detroit. It is the birthplace of the Ford Model T car and was the Ford Motor Company`s first purpose-built factory. Today it operates as a historic museum. We will be modelling the Piquette Plant as a part of our output! Our collaborators at the museum of science and industry have sent us photos of a model of Trafford park! An excellent addition to our model making research. We will be able to use these in March to help build our models. Our team will be developing a range of techniques, not only software and manual but also soft skills. We will hold a Photoshop session where we will introduce our younger colleagues to this irreplaceable program. We will then use it to edit the photos of our models and to illustrate our research. Alongside Photoshop workshop we planned to give the students an insight into the tool that will be of utmost importance in their further studies. The knowledge gained during the session will be used to prepare postcards describing our models. Model making is one of the most important skills for architects, to be comfortable with it is crucial. It helps both to translate one`s ideas into a 3D form and also verify the decisions. Students, divided into two groups will be making models of the piquette plants in Detroit and Trafford Park in Manchester. We plan on using white cardboard in appreciation of the elegance and simplicity of the material. Knowing how to present your work is a skill every architecture student should obtain. We will improve this technique by presenting our work twice to our collaborators during the Events 2019, first to the curator at the Science and Industry Museum, Katherine Belshaw and second time to MSA lecturer, Dominic Sagar. Every architecture student deals with research at one point of their studies and then later in their practice. We will introduce our students to various types of research. We plan on putting together archive documents documenting the journey of Henry Ford from Detroit to Manchester. The obtained materials will be crucial for the model making process. We will also research into the role of models in exhibitions. Meet our collaborator! Dominic Sagar is a full time lecturer at MSA and a founding partner in Sagar Stevenson Architects, a practice actively involved in setting up the ‘Northern Quarter Association’ which was a key figure in regeneration of that area. Dominic is interested in the connections between Manchester and Detroit and so he will give us a lecture on the topic on the first day. We will be presenting our research to him on last Friday of the Events 2019. Meet our collaborator! Katherine Belshaw is a curator at the science and industry museum and is keen to see what we can bring to the table. Her brief to us sets out to understand the relationship between the Henry Ford factory in Detroit and its connection to Manchester. After discussions with her, she is interested to understand how this industrial story could be told through model making, as well as gaining useful content for the upcoming exhibition. We will be presenting our findings to her in March! So who was Henry Ford and why is he relevant? Henry ford was the creator of ford cars, an industry which had a monumental impact on Detroit. In 1911, this success moved to Manchester. The Piquette plant in Detroit, pictured above, was the first plant to create the Model T Ford car. This car was later manufactured in Manchester’s Trafford Park, and an original sits in the Science and Industry Museum! We hope to visit this once the exhibition re-opens in March! Last week we were able to present to the 1st and 2nd year students explaining our project, outputs and purpose. We were excited to talk about the model making and presentation skills they would learn, as well as our exciting collaborator at the science and industry museum! Today we met with our collaborator – the Curator of Industrial Heritage from the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester who was interested in our ideas for the output and pleased with the approach we have taken. The Museum is curating an exhibition about industrial heritage of Manchester. During the Events 2019 our team will be visiting the museum as a part of exploring the role of models in exhibitions. We had an in depth discussion about our final outputs and have decided on two models of the piquette plants in Detroit and Trafford Park in Manchester to explore the journey of Henry Ford from America to Manchester. Welcome to MancTroit! We are a group interested in the industrial connections between these two great cities; Manchester and Detroit. Focusing on the Henry ford museum and its link with Manchesters' own Trafford park, we will be exploring a variety of research methods, as well as hearing from key speakers, visiting site and of course, model making!
2019-04-26T06:03:20Z
http://events.msa.ac.uk/2019/group/n/
1000 Words is an online magazine dedicated to contemporary photography in the UK and beyond. It publishes in-depth exhibition and photobook reviews, essays and interviews alongside carefully curated imagery, often around a particular theme. Ahorn Magazine is an online publication about contemporary photography. Dedicated to highlighting the work of emerging photographers, Ahorn is also an important platform for original written content, presenting interviews, essays, book reviews and more. Ahorn Magazine is founded and directed by Daniel Augschöll and Anya Jasbar. Artist Portfolio Magazine is a free digital online magazine that contains the art of both emerging and established artists from around the world. The artwork featured in the magazine comes directly from the winners of various themed and juried international art contests held at MyArtContest.com. Each winner was chosen not by their status in the art world, but by the merit of their work. Artnews.org is free. Since 2001 we work consistently an alternative non-profit platform for art people to explore, publish and exchange information on contemporary art. Collaborative work and free content creation enable Artnews.org to provide a comprehensive resource for professional and educational research. You can register and contribute too. ArtSlant.com, the #1 contemporary art network, opened its first arts portal in Los Angeles to the contemporary art world in February 2007. It now has 15 editions worldwide providing art information and access with local depth and regional focus. Working with a team of editors, writers, art connectors and art watchers, ArtSlant provides up-to-minute calendars of exhibits and art events as well as the best in art buzz, reviews, commentary and events coverage on a city-by-city basis to the worldwide arts scene. ArtSlant's artist programs bring opportunities for exposure and exhibition to our worldwide community of contemporary artists. Please enjoy our special slant on the great art cities of the world. At Artspace, we're changing the way the world experiences art. Our mission is to help collectors and aspiring collectors discover, learn about and collect fine art. Our curators collaborate with top museums, galleries and cultural institutions to provide the best collection of contemporary art in the world. We offer limited editions and original works from the most recognized artists to rising stars and make them available for sale online, at affordable prices. Membership is free and grants our subscribers first access to our most coveted limited editions, enabling them to preview and collect these exclusive works before anyone else. The Artspace team has a deep appreciation for the positive role that artists, cultural institutions and non-profit organizations play in our society. Every single sale of artwork on the site directly supports an artist, institution or non-profit. By collecting with Artspace, you're helping to sustain creative culture around the globe as well as supporting important organizations that are dedicated to making the world a better place. What makes Artspace unique is that we bring you the finest selection of curated artworks that reflect the issues of our time. We're an art advisor – a trusted source for information, access and exclusive works you can't find anywhere else. When you collect with us, not only are you collecting the most important artists working today, you're making a good investment: an investment in art, an investment in artists and an investment in yourself. BLUR magazine is an international e-magazine founded in 2007 with the mission to promote creative photography worldwide. It represents a meeting place for photographers, both prominent professionals and talented amateurs yet to be discovered, and photography lovers from around 190 countries. In these times of photographic hyper production, BLUR magazine aims to slow the pace and encourage its readers to reflect more on the images and to experience photography more profoundly. This is why BLUR omits technical specifics of photographs and focuses instead on creative, impactful photography and its creators. BLUR magazine is published quarterly in an interactive PDF format, and is run by photography enthusiasts from Croatia, USA, Canada, and Germany. burn. is an evolving journal for emerging photographers. burn. is curated by magnum photographer david alan harvey. BWGallerist is dedicated to promoting fine art photography with special emphasis on Black and White photography. BWGallerist is a publication of Forrest R. Old Associates, LLC. CO-mag is a collective blog/magazine publicated in five languages with in-depth articles dedicated to contemporary photography and art. Camerapixo photography magazine is published online once a month. Presenting international photography and inspiring photographers around the world. Currently it is published in english, polish and spanish with different other languages in the near future. Photography magazine promotes photographers and shows wide dimension of photography. Reaching over ONE MILLION readers. Online monthly devoted to contemporary documentary photography. Each issue features 8 photographers (both - emerging and already known) presenting their photo stories. Lots of great photography showing the world as it is, without any digital manipulation. The magazine is strictly photographic, thus written parts are as limited as possible. It promotes photography as a universal form of communication between people of different cultures, genders, religions and political beliefs. Language versions: English and Polish. f11 is a FREE digital magazine. Presented in a page flip format, the magazine is published eleven times each year. Read by thousands all over the world, f11 is for professional and enthusiast photographers, designers and creative people working with images, as well as buyers and collectors of photography. Each issue is also available for download as a PDF file. FlakPhoto.com is an online art space + digital photo publication that celebrates the culture of 21st century image-making. The site is produced by Andy Adams and site highlights new series work, photobook projects and gallery exhibitions from a global community of contributors. Focus Magazine is a quarterly journal filled with articles on the latest news, trends, information on collecting fine art photography. Every issue Focus Magazine goes in-depth with gallerists, curators, collectors and photographers to bring our readers closer to the thoughts, ideas and suggestions of influential people the market today. Fraction Magazine features the best of contemporary photography, bringing together diverse bodies of work by established and emerging artists from around the globe. Each monthly on-line issue focuses on a central theme, creating an implicit dialogue between differing photographic perspectives. Fraction also offers in-depth photography book reviews. For his outstanding work, David Bram, Fraction's editor and publisher, was selected as the 2010 recipient of the Griffin Museum's Rising Star Award. It’s Nice That exists to champion creativity across a whole host of disciplines. We publish exciting, original and engaging work from both established names and talented newcomers. The Eye of Photography is the ultimate digital magazine where everything about photography is published daily, highlighted, discussed and archived for all professionals and amateurs to see... for free. Whether you are working in this industry as a buyer or a collector, in a festival or a gallery, as a professional or simply an amateur enthusiast of photography, The Eye was made for you. The Eye informs you of the latest trends, record breaking auctions, breaking news, reveals a long awaited book publication, shares the discovery of up and coming stars, allows you to read in depth interviews and offers all you need to know about the next must see exhibition whether you live in New York, Paris, London, Berlin, Tokyo or Shanghai. The Eye was born from the realization that no site on the web today regroups events, news and updates of the photography world all in one place. We believe that at a time when 1 billion people communicate through images using Facebook, Instagram, Flicker and other social media sites, it is time for Photography to have a place where all its forms, colors and trends can be expressed, visualized and archived. Translated every day in English, French, and now Chinese, The Eye wants to be the indispensable search tool for all the who’s-who and what’s-what in photography, as well as a place of inspiration for all amateurs and photography lovers. It has already become the most trusted and recognized web based photography magazine read by all professionals around the globe. The goal of The Eye is to be the ultimate reference guide for the millions of people who everyday visit a museum, a gallery, buy a photographic book or a print or need information on anything regarding the photographic world. Lens is the photography blog of The New York Times, presenting the finest and most interesting visual and multimedia reporting — photographs, videos and slide shows. A showcase for Times photographers, it also seeks to highlight the best work of other newspapers, magazines and news and picture agencies; in print, in books, in galleries, in museums and on the Web. Lens Culture is an online magazine celebrating international contemporary photography, art, media, and world cultures. DISCOVER photography from all continents and various points of view: documentary, fine art, photojournalism, poetic, personal, abstract, human, and street photography. LENSCRATCH is a blogzine that explores contemporary photography and offers opportunities for exposure and community. Considered one of the 10 Photography-Related blogs you should be reading by Source Review, Wired.com, Rangefinder and InStyle Magazine. Mono Chroma is a (PDF) based fine art photography E-magazine which celebrates works in black and white and color. Each bimonthly issue features six photographers ranging from world renowned professionals to those just emerging. Mono Chroma serves as an inspiration to many as it draws in each reader with its in-depth Q & A interviews and photos. You get to know about each featured photographer, where their inspiration springs from and how their process works. Musée Magazine is dedicated to displaying the work of international emerging photographers. Edited by noted fashion photographer Andrea Blanch, Musée Online focuses on what's hot in both New York and the international photography community. We publish reviews and photos from gallery openings as well as interviews with established artists. Musée seeks to provide exposure to help launch the careers of young photographers. Nature Photographers Online Magazine is the official website of the Nature Photographers Network™, an international cooperative network of amateur and professional photographers dedicated to the art and technique of nature, wildlife and landscape photography. ND Magazine was founded in 2008. From the beginning there was only one mission of this initiative: to promote photography and photographers. One, One Thousand is an online publication focusing on photography produced in the American South by emerging and established photographers. Founded in 2010 by photographers Daniel A. Echevarria and Natalie Minik, One, One Thousand features new photographic works both from and about the South. Born in May of 2009, PetaPixel is a blog about photography geared towards tech-savvy photo-enthusiasts. Our goal is to inform, educate, and inspire in all things related to photography. In case you didn’t know, the “peta” in PetaPixel is the prefix that denotes 1015, just as the “mega” in megapixel denotes 106. Online photography bookstore featuring over 30000 fine-art photography books, secure ordering, a powerful keyword full-text search. Craft & Vision have entered the magazine publishing business with the launch of PHOTOGRAPH, a pdf magazine similar in format and concept to the Craft & Vision ebook collection. Approximately half the magazine is dedicated to showcasing the photos of three photographers. There are beautiful Icelandic landscapes from Bruce Percy, black and white landscapes of Maine and New England from Nate Parker, and a stunning set of images taken in Burma and Hokkaido, Japan from Art Wolfe. There’s a brief interview with each photographer giving you an insight into the thought processes behind their work. The rest of the magazine contains articles from writers such as David duChemin, John Paul Caponigro, Younes Bounhar, Chris Orwig, and myself. You’ll learn about using backlight, colour calibration, selecting focal lengths for portraiture and how to light a portrait using fluorescent lights. Photoworks promotes engagement with photography and new thinking on its place within contemporary culture. We do this by commissioning and publishing new work and writing on photography and by producing exhibitions, books, participation and learning projects and events including the Brighton Photo Biennial. Based in Brighton, UK, but international in ambition, collaboration is at our core, the widest distribution of our work is our aim and how photography is consumed, our opportunity. We are a registered charity and a National Portfolio Organisation, funded by Arts Council England. Pixology is Tim Grey's eZine that offers monthly content focused on digital photography and imaging, delivered to you via email as a PDF document. You can then archive each issue, put them on your mobile devices, search the text, print them, and much more. Posi+tive Magazine speaks about photos, stories, reportages, every fragment that tells what’s happening in the world through different points of view. The magazine is published in PDF format every 6 months, both in Italian and English. Precise Moment is an online weekly magazine dedicated to the craft, art, and stories behind photography and photographers. Our goal is to create in-depth articles that examine trends, emerging photographers, masters of the craft, and help contextualize the modern landscape of photography. Our namesake was inspired by the above quote by Henri Cartier-Bresson. Part philosophy, part narrative, and part examination of the photographers’ process, Precise Moment is The Moment of Capture Defined. Purpose is a meeting-place for known and unknown artists who wish to compare and contrast their visions of the world. Accompanied by an original soundtrack created by composers with varied perspectives, each issue is also a multimedia experience. The concept and editing of purpose are realized by Paul Demare (art director), Gilles Raynaldy (photographer), founders of the webmag, and Francesca Alberti (art historian). SeeSaw Magazine is an online photography journal dedicated to promoting and publishing photographic work and criticism. Silvershotz is more than a magazine; it’s a sumptuous 100 page journal featuring folios from around the world. Silvershotz in 2013 will be full digital delivery. Square Magazine is a billingual online quaterly about square format photography. It was created in February 2010 by Christophe Dillinger with Yves Bigot, Carine Lautier and Clara Forest. The Big Picture is a photo blog produced by a select group of picture editors of The Boston Globe. Entries are posted every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. The Big Picture is intended to highlight high-quality, amazing imagery, with a focus on current events. The Phoblographer is about photography reviews, tips, news, and culture. We explore the photography world and pop culture’s affects on the art form. Plus, we bring you all of our stories from a real world and down to earth perspective. Urbanautica is probably one of the top independent online publisher on photography. Beyond its editorial activities Urbanautica now regularly contributes to exhibitions, books, reviews, workshop and festivals. In the june 2012 Urbanautica has launched PHOTOEXHIBITIONS, the Journal on photography exhibitions, and in march 2013 PHOTOSCHOOLS a space about dialogue and exposure for students and schools of photography. At the start of each month, the Magazine will present and examine a different theme facing the photography industry. Through interviews with photographic leaders, multimedia presentations and on-going international discussions, The Magazine brings you, our community, continuous engagement with the topics that affect the wider industry. ZoneZero ® is a site dedicated to image making & photography. Founded in 1995 by Pedro Meyer, ZoneZero ® has been both witness and active participant of the ongoing digital (r)evolution. ZoneZero ® first appeared online when the internet became a public resource, making it the oldest website dedicated to photography that is still standing and growing. We are proud to acknowledge that ZoneZero ® paved the way for thinking that viewing photography on a computer screen was a legitimate platform. Its name originated from a metaphor for the coming-off-age transformation that photography underwent from analog to digital. The name references Ansel Adam's "Zone System", as a starting point in the analog tradition and the ones and zeros that have become the basic DNA for everything digital. There is also the notion that ZoneZero ® has been at the very center, the starting point if you will, from which photography has taken many different directions. To use the words of the French poet Louis Aragon, in his preface to Modern Mythology, "Light is meaningful only in relation to darkness, and truth presupposes error. It is these mingled opposites which people our life, which make it pungent, intoxicating. We only exist in terms of conflict, in the zone where black and white clash." Hence ZoneZero ®.
2019-04-20T06:51:01Z
https://www.all-about-photo.com/photo-publications/online-photo-magazines.php
An application programming interface (API) provides a set of functions for application developers to build software programs that automatically detect, download, and install desired software updates. The present invention relates to computer software and, in particular, to an application programming interface. Once a software provider has created an update for a software product, either to fix a problem, enhance security, or add new features, the software provider will want to make that update widely available to its customer base. Quite often, such as when the update is directed at correcting a flaw in the product or addressing a critical security issue, the software provider will want that update installed on the customers' computers as soon as possible. Indeed, most software providers have a business incentive to distribute software updates to their customers as quickly and in as trouble-free a manner as possible. However, a customer of a software product may not easily discover that his or her software product needs one or more specific updates. Generally, an update can be deployed through a Web site, or through media such as a CD. A customer may download and install the update from the Web site or the media. However, these mechanisms do not enable a customer to easily discover what updates are applicable to the software product. Therefore, there exists a need for automatically identifying one or more updates that are applicable to a software product. Furthermore, it is desirable to automatically download one or more updates that a customer selects to download. It is also desirable to automatically install one or more updates that a customer selects to install. The invention addresses the above-identified needs by providing a set of application programming interfaces (hereinafter “API”). The API enables an application developer to identify, download, and install software updates meeting one or more criteria. One aspect of the invention provides a software architecture for a distributed computing system. The software architecture includes one or more software programs configured to access software updates existing in the distributed computing system. A software program can be an operating system or a software application that performs a specific task for a computer user. The software architecture further includes the above-mentioned API, which presents functions used by a software program to access the software updates. Preferably, the distributed computing system includes one or more client devices and one or more server devices, wherein a server device handles a request from a client device for accessing the software updates. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a computing system, including one or more data processors and one or more software programs, is provided. The one or more software applications utilize the API to access software updates. The API provides multiple groups of services for searching, downloading, and installing software updates applicable to a software program. For example, the API includes a first group of services related to searching, downloading, and installing software updates. The first group of services includes services for searching software updates that meet one or more criteria. A criterion may identify a property of an update, such as the type of an update or the name of an update. The search services may provide functions concerning a software update, the history of a software update, and an exception generated by a software update. The search services may also provide functions concerning properties of a software update such as the category of a software update, and/or the download size of one or more software updates. The first group of services further includes services for downloading one or more of the found software updates. The first group of services also includes a group of services for installing one or more of the downloaded software updates, and/or for un-installing one or more of the downloaded software updates that have been installed previously. The first group of services may also include services related to accessing software updates on the Internet. Preferably, the API also includes a second group of services for automatically installing or un-installing software updates. Such services may notify a user upon the occurrence of an automatic installation or un-installation of software updates. Preferably, the API further includes a third group of services for providing data about a client device that requests one or more software updates. Such information includes, for example, the hardware configuration and system reboot requirements of the client device. Preferably, the API also includes a fourth group of services for identifying one or more services, from which a software program may access available software updates. In summary, the invention provides an API that enables an application developer to identify, download, and install software updates meeting specific requirements. As a result, scripts or software programs can be written to identify software updates that are currently available for a computing system, to download, and to install such updates. The API can be used to scan for updates suitable for a local computer. System administrators can use the API to programmatically determine what updates should be applied to a computer, download these updates, and install them with little or no user intervention. Application developers can also integrate features provided by the API into computer update management software to provide a seamless operating environment. FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary computer that may execute all or part of the invention. Embodiments of the invention provide an API that enables an application developer to identify, download, and install or un-install software updates that meet specific criteria. More specifically, the API enables an application developer to identify available software updates that meet specific criteria. Such software updates can exist on the Internet or a local network. The API also enables an application developer to automatically download software updates. The API also enables an application developer to install or un-install updates. Preferably, the API enables an application developer to automatically install or un-install updates and/or to notify a user of an automatic event. Preferably, the API also enables an application developer to obtain information about the hardware configurations and the system reboot requirements of a client device that requests access to software updates. The API may also enable an application developer to identify one or more services through which a software program can access available software updates. FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary computing architecture 100 in which software programs in different client devices access available software updates using an update management API. The illustrated computing architecture 100 includes a variety of client devices such as the representative client devices 102A, 102B, . . . , and 102Z, which provide various computing functionalities. The client devices 102A-102Z can be implemented in different ways. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the client devices 102A-102Z include laptop 102A, personal computer 102B, and mobile telephone 102Z. To illustrate, the client devices 102A-102Z should be considered as exemplary and not limiting. A client device may be any one of a number of computing devices, including, but not limited to, tablet personal computers, handheld computing devices, personal digital assistants, mobile telephones, standard long memory devices, electronic devices having some type of memory, and the like. The computing architecture 100 also includes one or more software updates 104. The software updates may be associated with a server 106 on a network 108. The computing architecture 100 may include one or more servers 106, through which a client device queries and/or accesses available software updates. The client devices 102A-102Z access the software updates 104 through the network 108. The client devices 102A-102Z may communicate with each other through the network 108 using standard network protocols. The network 108 may be a Local Area Network (LAN) or a larger network, such as a Wide Area Network (WAN) or the Internet. As known to those skilled in the art and others, the computing architecture 100 may be configured to exchange documents, commands, and other types of data among the computing devices 102A-102Z. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art and others, the computing architecture 100 shown in FIG. 1 is a simplified example of one system suitable for implementing embodiments of the invention. As shown in FIG. 1, a client device such as the representative client device 102B contains one or more applications 112, an update management API 114, and an operating system 116. An application 112 or an operating system 116 can also be called a software program. As known by those skilled in the art, an application 112 is any software program designed to perform a specific task for a computer user such as solving a mathematical equation or supporting word processing. An operating system 116 is a software program that manages and controls the hardware of the client device 102B. The goal of an operating system 116 is to make the computing resources available to an application developer, while at the same time hiding the complexity necessary to actually control the computing resources. In general, an operating system such as the operating system 116 makes computing resources available to an application via functions that are collectively known as an application programming interface or API. Conventionally, the term API is also used in reference to a single one of these functions. The functions are often grouped in terms of what resource or service they provide to an application developer. An application requests resources by calling individual API functions. API functions also serve as the means by which messages and information provided by the operating system are relayed back to the application software. Embodiments of the invention provide a set of updated management API 114 that enables an application 112 to identify software updates 104 applicable to a client device 102B. Upon identifying such software updates 104, the update management API 114 also enables an application 112 to download, and install or un-install such software updates. The update management API 114 only exposes read-only functionality on a target device such as the server 106. The update management API 114 does not allow an application such as the application 112 to modify the state of a target device. More specifically, the update management API 114 represents groups of functions that an application 112 can call to search, download, and install or un-install software updates applicable to a client device 102B. FIG. 2 illustrates exemplary groups of functions in the update management API 114. These groups of functions can also be called namespaces. A namespace essentially defines a collection of classes, interfaces, delegates, enumerations, and structures that provide a specific set of related functionalities. As known by those skilled in the related art, a class is a blueprint of an object, which comprises data structures and methods for operating on a particular set of data. An interface describes how a user of a class may interact with the class. A delegate is an object-oriented function pointer. An enumeration is a special kind of value type that represents named constants. A structure represents static allocated data that has value assignment semantics. As shown in FIG. 2, the updated management API 114 includes multiple exemplary namespaces: an Update Session namespace 202, an Automatic Updates namespace 216, a System Information namespace 218, and an Update Service namespace 220. The Automatic Updates namespace 216 enables an application developer to begin, pause, or resume automatic installation of updates on a client device. The Automatic Updates namespace 216 may include a class that obtains information on or configures the day and the time to automatically install updates; this class may also specify how to notify a user of an automatic update event. The System Information namespace 218 provides information about hardware and system reboot requirements on the client device. The Update Service namespace 220 provides information about one or more services that have registered to provide an application access to available software updates. The Update Session namespace 202 provides functionalities to start a session to search, download, and install/un-install updates for an application such as the application 112 illustrated in FIG. 1. The Update Session namespace 202 includes multiple sub-namespaces such as Update Searcher 204, Update Downloader 206, Update Installer 208, and Web Proxy 210. The Web Proxy 210 namespace contains one or more classes enabling an application developer to obtain and configure Web Proxy settings that provide a client device access to the Internet. FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate, in detail, the other exemplary three sub-namespaces included in the Update Session namespace 202, i.e., the Update Searcher namespace 204, the Update Downloader namespace 206, and the Update Installer namespace 208, respectively. As shown in FIG. 3A, an Update Searcher namespace 204 contains multiple classes that enable an application developer to search for updates applicable to a client device such as the client device 102B illustrated in FIG. 1. For example, the Update Searcher namespace 204 includes an Update Searcher class 301 that enables an application developer to search, synchronously or asynchronously, for updates matching one or more criteria such as the type of update, the ID of the update, or the category of the update. The Update Searcher namespace 204 may include an UpdateHistoryEntryCollection class 302, the object of which provides access to multiple objects of an UpdateHistoryEntry class 304. The UpdateHistoryEntry object 304 provides information about an update that has been installed or un-installed previously on a client device, through the use of the update management API 114. Such an update may no longer be applicable to the client device. Information provided by the UpdateHistoryEntry object 304 includes, for example, the application that processed the update, date of the installation or un-installation, and description of the update. The Update Searcher namespace 204 may also include a SearchResult class 306. An object of the SearchResult class 306 includes information about the result of a search for categories or updates. Such an object provides a collection of categories found on the client device by a search. Such an object also provides a collection of updates found on the client device through a search. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, an object of the SearchResult class 306 may provide an object of an UpdateCollection class 308. An object of the UpdateCollection class 308 provides access to multiple objects of an Update class 310. An object of the Update class 310 provides information concerning an individual update. Such information may include the identity of the update, description of the update, un-install options for the update, download priority of the update, size of the update, and expiration date of the update. For example, an update may have a normal or higher priority for a download operation. In addition, an object of the SearchResult class 306 may provide an object of a CategoryCollection class 312. An object of the CategoryCollection class 312 provides access to multiple objects of a Category class 314. An object of the Category class 314 provides information about the category of an update. Such information includes the name, ID, description, owner, and intended product of the category. An object of the Category class 314 may also provide a collection of updates that belong to this particular category. An object of the Category class 314 may also provide a collection of the parent categories or the children categories of this particular category. In addition, an object of the SearchResult class 306 may also provide an object of an UpdateExceptionCollection class 316, which provides access to multiple objects of an UpdateException class 318. An object of the UpdateException class 318 provides the description and the context of an exception that is generated when an update error occurs. FIG. 3B illustrates an exemplary Update Downloader namespace 206 that provides multiple classes for downloading software updates. For example, an UpdateDownloader class 321 is provided to enable asynchronous or synchronous download of files associated with updates that are to be downloaded. An object of an UpdateDownloader class 321 may provide an object of the DownloadResult class 322, which provides information about the result of a download. An object of the DownloadResult class 322 may provide access to multiple objects of an UpdateDownloadResult class 324; each of the multiple objects provides information about the result of the download for an individual update. FIG. 3C illustrates an exemplary Update Installer namespace 208 that provides one or more classes for installing or un-installing software updates. For example, an UpdateInstaller class 341 is provided to start an asynchronous or synchronous installation or un-installation of an update. Preferably, an object of the UpdateInstaller class 341 also starts an interactive dialogue sequence that guides a user through the steps for installing or un-installing one or more updates. As shown in FIG. 3C, an object of the UpdateInstaller class 341 may provide an object of an InstallationResult class 342. An object of the InstallationResult class 342 provides information about the result of an installation or un-installation. An object of the InstallationResult class 342 may also determine whether a system reboot is required to complete the installation or un-installation of updates on a client device. In embodiments of the invention, an object of the InstallationResult class 342 may also provide access to multiple objects of an UpdateInstallResult class 344, which provides information about the result of the installation or un-installation for an individual update. FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating how an application 112 uses the update management API 114 to search, download, and install one or more updates on a client device, such as the client device 102B illustrated in FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 4, the application 112 provides a set of search criteria to an object of the UpdateSearcher class 301. The object of the UpdateSearcher class 301 searches available updates using the search criteria, and builds an object of the SearchResult class 306 that includes updates that match the search criteria. The object of the UpdateSearcher class 301 then returns the object of the SearchResult class 306 to the application 112. Preferably, a user interface is provided so that a user can enter the search criteria. The user interface may also show the user the collection of updates contained in the object of the SearchResult class 306. The user may select the updates to be downloaded, i.e., the desired updates. The application 112 then may send information about the desired updates to an object of the UpdateDownloader class 321. Preferably, the desired updates will be contained in an object of the UpdateCollection class 308. The object of the UpdateDownloader class 321 then downloads the required files for the desired updates from the server 106, constructs and returns an object of the DownloadResult class 322 that contains the download result for each of the desired updates. The user interface then may present a list of the downloaded updates to the user, and let the user choose when to install them. Sometimes, one or more of the downloaded updates may have been installed on the application 112 previously. Preferably, a user may also select to un-install one or more of the downloaded updates. Once a user selects to install one or more of the downloaded updates, the application 112 creates an object of the UpdateInstaller class 341, passing it information about the updates to be installed. The object of the UpdateInstaller class 341 then installs each requested update, constructs and returns an object of the InstallationResult class 342 that provides details of the installation result for each requested update. FIG. 5 and the following discussion are intended to provide a brief and general description of a suitable computing environment in a client device in which the invention may be implemented. Although not required, the invention will be described in the context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a personal computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. As noted above, the invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. It should be further understood that the present invention may also be applied in the context of accessing software updates on the Internet via a browser; thus, the present invention may apply to much lower-end devices that may not have many of the components described in reference to FIG. 5 (e.g., hard disks, etc.). With reference to FIG. 5, an exemplary system for implementing the invention includes a general purpose computing device in the form of a conventional personal computer 520. The personal computer 520 includes a processing unit 521, a system memory 522, and a system bus 523 that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit 521. The system bus 523 may be any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. The system memory includes read only memory (ROM) 524 and random access memory (RAM) 525. A basic input/output system 526 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the personal computer 520, such as during start-up, is stored in ROM 524. The personal computer 520 further includes a hard disk drive 527 for reading from and writing to a hard disk 539, a magnetic disk drive 528 for reading from or writing to a removable magnetic disk 529, and an optical disk drive 530 for reading from or writing to a removable optical disk 531, such as a CD-ROM or other optical media. The hard disk drive 527, magnetic disk drive 528, and optical disk drive 530 are connected to the system bus 523 by a hard disk drive interface 532, a magnetic disk drive interface 533, and an optical drive interface 534, respectively. The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and other data for the personal computer 520. Although the exemplary environment described herein employs a hard disk 539, a removable magnetic disk 529, and a removable optical disk 531, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of computer-readable media that can store data that is accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disks, Bernoulli cartridges, random access memories (RAMs), read only memories (ROMs), and the like, may also be used in the exemplary operating environment. A number of program modules may be stored on the hard disk 539, magnetic disk 529, optical disk 531, ROM 524, or RAM 525, including an operating system 535, one or more application programs 536, other program modules 537, and program data 538. For example, the application programs 536 may comprise the application 112 illustrated in FIG. 1. A user may enter commands and information into the personal computer 520 through input devices, such as a keyboard 540 and pointing device 542. Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 521 through a serial port interface 546 that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, game port, or a universal serial port (USB). A monitor 547 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 523 via an interface, such as a video adapter 548. In addition to the monitor, personal computers typically include other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers and printers. The personal computer 520 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 549. The remote computer 549 may be another personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device, or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the personal computer 520, although only a memory storage device has been illustrated in FIG. 5. The logical connections depicted in FIG. 5 include a local area network (LAN) 551 and a wide area network (WAN) 552. Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, Intranets, and the Internet. When used in a LAN networking environment, the personal computer 520 is connected to the local network 551 through a network interface or adapter 553. When used in a WAN networking environment, the personal computer 520 typically includes a modem 554 or other means for establishing communications over the wide area network 552, such as the Internet. The modem 554, which may be internal or external, is connected to the system bus 523 via the serial port interface 546. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the personal computer 520, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary, and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used. the first object adapted to return the second object to the requestor, wherein the second object provides a third object of a category-collection class and a fourth object of an update-exception-collection class, the third object providing access to a plurality of objects of a category class and the fourth object providing a context of an exception when an update error occurs. 2. The software architecture in claim 1, wherein the distributed computing system comprises one or more client devices and one or more server devices that handle a request from at least one of the one or more client devices for accessing the software updates. 3. The software architecture of claim 1, wherein the program includes an application programming interface (API) to present functions used by an application to access the software updates, and wherein the API includes an first namespace that comprises an update-history-entry-collection class and an update-history-entry class, and wherein an object of the update-history-entry class provides information about an update which has previously been installed or which has previously been uninstalled on a client device. 4. The software architecture of claim 3, wherein the first namespace comprises a synchronization class that enables searching for updates both synchronously and asynchronously. an exception generated for the software update. each of the plurality of update objects providing information concerning an individual update. 7. The software architecture of claim 6 wherein the information concerning an individual update comprises an identity of the update, a description of the individual update, uninstall options for the individual update, a download priority of the individual update, a size of the individual update, and an expiration date for the individual update. wherein the fourth namespace comprises a search-result class, and wherein an object of the search-result class provides an object of a category-collection class and an object of an update-exception-collection class, the category-collection object providing access to a plurality of objects of a category class and the update-exception-collection object providing a context of an exception when an update error occurs. a third group of services related to installing one or more of the downloaded software updates. an exception generated for the particular software update. 11. The application programming interface of claim 9, wherein the third group of services related to installing one or more of the downloaded software updates further includes services related to un-installing one or more of the downloaded software updates that have been previously installed. 12. The application programming interface of claim 9, wherein the application programming interface further includes a fourth group of services related to accessing software updates on the Internet. 13. The application programming interface of claim 9, wherein the application programming interface further includes a fourth group of services related to automatic installation of software updates. 14. The application programming interface of claim 9, wherein the application programming interface further includes a fifth group of services related to providing data about a client device that requests one or more software updates. 15. The application programming interface of claim 9, wherein the application programming interface further includes a sixth group of services related to providing information about one or more services through which a software program accesses available software updates. returning, by the first object, the second object to the requestor, wherein the second object provides a third object of a category-collection class and a fourth object of an update-exception-collection class, the third object providing access to a plurality of objects of a category class and the fourth object providing a context of an exception when an update error occurs. 19. The software architecture of claim 18 wherein the information concerning an individual update comprises an identity of the update, a description of the individual update, uninstall options for the individual update, a download priority of the individual update, a size of the individual update, and an expiration date for the individual update. Bettini et al. "Software Update via Mobile Agent Based Programming", 2002, ACM, pp. 32-36. Greschler et al. "Networking Lessons in Delivering 'Software as a Service'-Part II", 2002, International Journal of Network Management, pp. 339-345. Greschler et al. "Networking Lessons in Delivering ‘Software as a Service’—Part II", 2002, International Journal of Network Management, pp. 339-345. Hicks et al. "Dynamic Software Updating", 2001, ACM, pp. 13-23. Stoyle et al. "Mutatis Mutandis: Safe and Predictable Dynamic Software Updating", 2005, ACM, pp. 183-194.
2019-04-21T07:31:20Z
https://patents.google.com/patent/US8448160B2/en
1.1 Welcome to SkySilk.com. SkySilk, Inc. ("SkySilk") provides website features as well as other products and services to you when you visit or shop at SkySilk.com, use SkySilk products or services, use SkySilk applications for mobile, or use software provided by SkySilk in connection with any of the foregoing (collectively, "SkySilk Offerings"). SkySilk provides SkySilk Offerings subject to the following conditions. By using SkySilk.com and/or SkySilk Offerings, you agree to these conditions. The Terms and Conditions act as a binding agreement between you and SkySilk. The terms and conditions herein supersedes all prior agreements, representations, and understandings (whether written or oral) governing the Skysilk Cloud Service offering, or any of them, with respect to the subject matter hereof. Please read them carefully. 4.1 You may use the SkySilk.com website and SkySilk Offerings only in accordance with this Agreement. 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2019-04-26T05:42:27Z
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The MObile Technology for Improved Family Planning (MOTIF) trial assessed a mobile phone-based intervention comprising voice messages and counsellor support to increase post-abortion contraception at four Marie Stopes International clinics in Cambodia. The aim of this process evaluation was to assess participants’ interaction with the intervention from a service provider perspective. (1) We conducted a descriptive analysis to assess participants’ interaction with the intervention. (2) In order to explore how the intervention might work, we assessed associations between interaction with the intervention and contraception use using logistic regression analysis. (3) We undertook a logistic regression analysis to assess associations between baseline socio-demographic factors and ever requesting to speak to a counsellor (pressing ‘1’), a variable found to be associated with contraception use. Amongst 249 women that received six interactive voice messages +/− counsellor support for contraception, around half actively requested to speak to a counsellor (pressed ‘1’) and over 90% spoke to a counsellor at some stage. Women who spoke to the counsellor having requested to (by pressing ‘1’) were more than four times as likely to be using effective contraception at four months compared to women who didn’t request or speak to the counsellor (Odds Ratio 4.39; 95% CI: 1.15-16.71). There was a small, non-statistically significant increase in contraception use amongst women that spoke to the counsellor without requesting a call. Increased parity, a history of >2 previous induced abortions, lower socio-economic status, and medical abortion (after adjusting for age, socio-economic status and residence) were associated with requesting to speak to a counsellor. The interactive message can identify a subgroup of women in whom counselling will be more effective and appears to be equitable in terms of engaging those most in-need. The intervention could be adapted based on the findings of this study. Our MObile Technology for Improved Family Planning (MOTIF) trial assessed a mobile phone-based intervention comprising six interactive voice messages +/− counsellor support to increase post-abortion contraception at four Marie Stopes International clinics in Cambodia. The aim of this process evaluation was to assess participants’ interaction with the intervention from a service provider perspective to further understand what worked or didn’t work and to inform future implementation. We analysed data collected during the delivery of the intervention. This included women’s response to the messages and number of contacts with the counsellor. We assessed associations between women’s response to the intervention and subsequent contraception use, and associations between women’s background factors and engagement with the intervention. We found that amongst 249 women that received the intervention, around half actively requested to speak to a counsellor and over 90% spoke to a counsellor at some stage. Women who requested to speak to a counsellor were more likely to be using effective contraception at four months compared to women who didn’t request to speak to a counsellor. Women with living children, a history of >2 previous abortions, of lower socio-economic status, and those who had a medical rather than surgical abortion were more likely to request to speak to a counsellor. In conclusion, the interactive voice message can identify a subgroup of women in whom counselling will be more effective and appears to be equitable in terms of engaging those most in-need. The intervention could be adapted based on the findings of this study. The past decade has seen rapid expansion in delivery of health-care interventions by mobile phone (‘mHealth’) . In the field of contraception, mobile phone-based interventions have been developed to support uptake of methods or reduce discontinuation, for example by providing reminders, or support for clients experiencing side-effects . However, the effects of interventions delivered by mobile phone for improving contraception use have not been reliably established . Our trial, MObile Technology for Improved Family Planning (MOTIF), randomised 500 women seeking elective induced abortion services aged 18 years or older to a personalised mobile phone-based behaviour change intervention or to a control group. The trial results and a detailed description of the intervention and its development are reported elsewhere [3, 4]. In brief, the intervention comprised a series of automated interactive ‘real-time’ voice messages over the three-month post-abortion period in addition to standard care. Women would receive the first message within one week of attending the clinic, and then every two weeks, with a total of six messages. The message was designed to remind women about contraception methods available to them and provide a conduit for additional support . Women could press ‘1’ to request to speak to a counsellor, press ‘2’ if they did not require a call back, or press ‘3’ to opt-out of receiving further messages. Women who pressed ‘1’, or who did not respond, received a phone call from a counsellor. The phone calls provided individualised counselling intending to encourage contraception use by reminding women about available methods and providing support for side-effects. Counsellors could make appointments for implant or intra-uterine device insertions or women could opt to receive additional oral contraceptive pill or injectable reminder messages. The counsellor could discuss contraception with the husband or partner, if the woman requested or women could call in to the service to request to speak with a counsellor. The intervention increased self-reported use of an effective contraception method at four months post-abortion (135/211 (64 · 0%) vs. 101/220 (45 · 9%) risk ratio (RR) 1 · 39, 95% CI 1 · 17-1 · 66; p < 0 · 001), but not after 12 months (84/ (49.7%) vs. 68/ (42.8%) RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.92-1.47; p = 0.208). However, self-reported long-acting contraception use was increased at four and 12 months . This quantitative study used data collected during the intervention and trial. First, we undertook a descriptive analysis to assess how participants interacted with the intervention. Counsellors delivering the intervention made a record of all mobile phone communications with participants. We report the response to voice messages, the number and type of counsellor contacts and number of women that opted out of the intervention or that the counsellor was unable to contact using descriptive statistics. Second, in order to explore how the intervention might work, we assessed associations between interaction with the intervention and effective and long-acting contraception use using logistic regression analysis. Using data collected by counsellors delivering the intervention we created variables based on response to the voice messages and whether women spoke to the counsellor or received pill or injection reminder messages. We conducted a pre-specified per-protocol analysis to assess the impact of the intervention among participants who responded to at least one voice message . We estimated odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Third, we undertook a logistic regression analysis to assess associations between baseline socio-demographic factors and ever requesting to speak to a counsellor (pressing ‘1’), a variable that was found to be associated with contraception use in the previous analysis. As the voice message stated “Press 1 if you would like me to call you back to discuss contraception” we considered plausible, ‘a priori’ confounders that might be associated with contraception use in Cambodia. Age, socio-economic status, residence, education and number of living children are associated with contraception use in Cambodia and were included in the adjusted analysis [9, 10]. As almost all the women in the trial (>99%) were able to recognise numbers on a phone and spoke Khmer as their mother tongue, we did not consider confounders that might be associated with the ability to understand or respond to a voice message. For categorical variables in the adjusted analysis, we assessed the statistical significance of the crude association, controlled for the effect of the confounding variables using the Likelihood ratio test. Ethical approval for the MOTIF study was obtained from ethics committees at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and Marie Stopes International and the Cambodia Human Research ethics committee. Figure 1 shows the response to voice messages over time. The proportion of ‘1’ responses (requesting a call) decreased from 27% at voice message one to 8% by message six. Overall, 49% of clients ever pressed ‘1’ (to request to speak to the counsellor). The proportion of ‘2’ responses (not requiring a call back) increased from 26–38%. The proportion of ‘call failed’ (no response to the voice message) increased from 35–53% at voice message six. The proportion of clients that spoke to a counsellor decreased from 64% at voice message one to 26% at voice message six. In total, there were 210 (15%) ‘1’ responses, 452 (32%) ‘2’ responses, 109 (8%) ‘3’ responses, 657 (46%) ‘no responses’, 613 calls from the counsellor to client (outgoing) and approximately 100 calls from the client to the counsellor (data not systematically recorded). The mean number of outgoing phone calls per client was 2 · 46 (standard deviation 1 · 48). Overall, 92% of participants ever spoke to a counsellor. It is not clear how often the counsellor discussed contraception with the women’s husband or partner, as this information was not systematically recorded. Twenty per cent (49/249) of participants receiving the intervention opted to receive oral contraceptive or injection reminders at some stage. Of the 24 women that received a reminder message three months after receiving the injectable, 83% (20/24) reported continued use at four-month follow up. Of the 25 women that received monthly oral contraceptive reminders, 68% (17/25) reported continued pill use at four-months. By voice message six, 15 (6%) clients had opted out. Reported reasons according to the counsellors notes were that they were ‘too busy’ and had ‘no time’, or the ‘phone was answered by someone else’. Six participants (2%) randomised to the intervention did not receive any messages; five due to non-functioning phone number and in one case someone not known to the participant answered the phone. Table 1 shows associations between interaction with the intervention and effective and long-acting contraception use at four months. The following factors were associated with effective contraception use at four months: Requesting to speak to a counsellor (pressing ‘1’) compared to not pressing ‘1’ after the first voice message (OR 3.37; 95% CI: 1.62-6.98); ever requesting to speak to a counsellor (pressing ‘1’) compared to never requesting to speak to a counsellor (OR 2.51; 95% CI: 1.41-4.47); speaking to the counsellor having requested to (pressed ‘1’) compared to never speaking and requesting to speak to the counsellor (OR 4.39; 95% CI: 1.15-16.71) or speaking to the counsellor having not requested to (OR 1.79; 95% CI 0.47-6.79); received pill or injection reminder compared to not received a pill or injection reminder (OR 4.63; 95% CI: 2.11-10.16). The following factors were associated with long-acting contraception use at four months: Requesting to speak to a counsellor (pressing ‘1’) compared to not pressing ‘1’ after the first voice message (OR 2.05; 95% CI: 1.09-3.88); ever compared to never requesting to speak to a counsellor (OR 2.88; 95% CI: 1.52-5.45); speaking to the counsellor and ever pressing ‘1’ compared to speaking to the counsellor and never pressing ‘1’ (OR 2.76; 95% CI: 1.44-5.29). Table 2 shows the association between socio-demographic baseline variables and response to the intervention. The following socio-demographic factors were associated with ever requesting to speak to the counsellor (pressing ‘1’): Age greater than 25 compared to less than 25 (unadjusted OR 1.78; 95% CI: 1.05-3.02) but not after adjusting for confounding variables; lower compared to higher socio-economic status (unadjusted OR 2.92; 95% CI: 1.23-6.90) which remained statistically significant; being married or living together compared to never married or living together (unadjusted OR 4.25; 95% CI: 1.17-15.46) but not in the unadjusted analysis; having one or more compared to no children (unadjusted OR 2.25; 95% CI: 1.30-3.91) which remained statistically significant; having two or more previous abortions as opposed to none (unadjusted OR 3.34; 95% CI: 1.50-7.44) which remained statistically significant; planning to use (unadjusted OR 3.58; 95% CI: 1.09-11.70) or being undecided about PAFP (unadjusted OR 3.71; 95% CI: 1.16-11.82) as opposed to not planning to use PAFP at the time of randomisation but not in the adjusted analysis. Medical compared to surgical abortion became associated with requesting to speak to the counsellor (adjusted OR 1.77; 95% CI: 1.03-3.07) after adjusting for the confounding variables. In summary, amongst 249 women that received six interactive voice messages +/− counsellor support for PAFP, around half actively requested to speak to a counsellor (pressed ‘1’) and over 90% spoke to a counsellor at some stage. Women who spoke to the counsellor having requested to (by pressing ‘1’) were more than four times as likely to be using effective contraception at four months compared to women who didn’t request or speak to the counsellor. There was a small, non-statistically significant increase in contraception use amongst women that spoke to the counsellor without requesting a call. Increased parity, a history of >2 previous induced abortions, lower socio-economic status, and medical abortion were associated with requesting to speak to a counsellor (pressing ‘1’) after adjusting for age, socio-economic status and residence, education and number of living children. A strength of this study is the use of prospectively collected quantitative data on participant characteristics and response to the intervention which provides some insight into the active components of the intervention. The main limitation of this study is that it only considers a provider perspective and does not consider the views and experiences of users; this will be assessed in a subsequent paper. The main limitation affecting the logistic regression analysis was the relatively small sample size, particularly in some of the subgroups, resulting in lack of statistical power to detect differences. Hence, whilst odds ratios may appear to vary greatly between subgroups, the confidence intervals are wide, and so these trends should be interpreted with caution. It was not possible to adequately evaluate the effect of the pill or injection reminders as they were sent to a relatively small number of women, without a control group, and part of a complex intervention. A further limitation concerns the generalisability of this study and the findings might not be applicable to other settings. To our knowledge, this is the first process evaluation of an interactive mobile phone-based intervention for contraception that includes a detailed assessment of provider-participant communication. Other trials of mobile phone-based interventions to improve contraception use have involved unidirectional text messages, and thus provide limited opportunity for comparison [11–14]. However, some comparisons can be made with other studies, in particular the process evaluation of the text message component of Lester’s intervention for antiretroviral medication adherence . Despite sending the messages at the clients preferred time (e.g. morning or evening), the proportion of participants not responding to voice messages (i.e. pressing ‘1’ or ‘2’) was greater than non-responses to interactive text messages reported in trials in Kenya and the USA [6, 14]. The most likely explanation for this is that our ‘real-time’ voice message required an immediate response (there was no voice-mail), whereas clients can respond to a text message at their convenience. The proportion of women actively responding to voice messages decreased over time, similar to decrease in responses observed in previous trials of interactive text message or pager interventions [15–17]. More women requested to speak to a counsellor at voice message one than at message six and the proportion of women not requesting a call back increased over time, which might be expected as issues were resolved. By message six, 15 (6%) clients had opted out mainly because they reported being too busy or shared their phone with someone else, which is common in Cambodia . Six participants (2%) randomised to the intervention did not receive any messages mainly due to non-functioning phone number. A text message trial in the USA reported similar intervention discontinuation (42/480; 9%) and number of participants that never received messages (4/480; 0.9%) . Previous studies have reported greater than 40% discontinuation of short-acting methods by 12 months . In our study, 17% of women that received an injectable reminder message and 32% of women that received a pill reminder message had discontinued at four-months. It is not possible to determine the added value of these additional messages within the whole intervention, as we did not have a comparison group of women using pill or injectable not receiving reminder messages. However, pooled analysis suggests that text message reminders for medication adherence have at best small effects . Elsewhere, a trial in the USA reported that participants receiving text message reminders had a lower mean number of days between scheduled appointment and actual attendance for contraceptive injection for the first, but not subsequent appointments . Assessing associations between interaction with the intervention and contraception use provided further insights regarding possible active components of the intervention. Compared to women that never requested a call (pressed ‘1’) or spoke to the counsellor, women who pressed ‘1’ and spoke to the counsellor were over four times more likely to be using effective contraception at four months. In contrast, there was a lesser, non-statistically significant increase in contraception use amongst women that spoke to the counsellor without requesting a call. We did not find evidence that contraception or fertility intentions at the time of seeking abortion services were associated with requesting to speak to a counsellor, after adjusting for the confounding variables. The finding that phoning women who requested a call is associated with subsequent use of effective contraception suggests that the interactive message can identify a subgroup of women in whom counselling will be more effective. Our finding that women were more likely to request a call back from a counsellor (pressing ‘1’) if they were of lower socio-economic status or increased parity suggests that the intervention is equitable in terms of engaging those most in-need and could have public health benefits at scale. Older women and those with increased parity are at greater than average obstetric risk from subsequent unintended pregnancies . Poor women are most likely to experience complications related to unsafe abortion from subsequent unintended pregnancies . Age was associated with pressing ‘1’ in the unadjusted analysis was because older women were poorer, less educated, had more children or previous abortions and more likely to live in rural areas. In contrast to other studies, we didn’t find that residence was associated with response to the voice message . However, it is possible that lack of access to motorised transport (proxy for socio-economic status) was a barrier to accessing face-to-face health services. Women with one or more child might have requested to speak to a counsellor due to increased motivation to prevent another unintended pregnancy. Engagement by women who have had several abortions could reflect problems with contraception in the past or post-abortion health concerns. Women opting for medical abortion might be more likely to request to speak to a counsellor for support regarding managing their symptoms at home . Although it is safe to use a full-range of contraceptive methods apart from intra-uterine device on the day of medical (misoprostol) treatment, some women might want to postpone decisions about contraception use until the abortion is complete. First, given that women were more likely to subsequently use contraception if they requested to speak to a counsellor (i.e. pressed ‘1’), the intervention could be further refined so that counsellors only phone women that request to speak to a counsellor. As the cost of counselling is likely to be the main limitation to scaling up the intervention, this change would reduce costs but any effect of the intervention amongst women that speak to the counsellor without requesting a call would be lost. Second, in settings where smartphones use is high, the intervention could be adapted whereby the voice message is sent via an instant messaging application and listened to at the woman’s convenience, and can be listened to several times. This might increase the response rate to the messages. Use of such applications provides additional opportunities to add other low-literacy content such as stickers/cartoons and future research could evaluate such interventions. We thank all clients and clinic staff who participated in the study; Channe Suy at the InSTEDD iLab South East Asia; Sieklot Chinn, Melissa Cockcroft, Sarah Cooper, Nicky Jurgens, Michelle Phillips, Sras Thorng and Stefanie Wallach at Marie Stopes International; Clara Calvert, Tim Collier at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. CS is supported by a Medical Research Council (MRC) Population Scientist Fellowship. CS is supported by a Medical Research Council (MRC) Population Scientist Fellowship, grant reference MR/L012251/1 (http://www.mrc.ac.uk/). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, interpretation, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Data are from the MOTIF study whose authors may be contacted at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E7HT. Email: [email protected]. CS undertook the data analysis and drafted the manuscript. LS, RW and UV collected data and assisted with the descriptive analysis. PE advised on statistical analysis. CS and CF designed the intervention and the trial. RW, LS, UV, PE and CF commented on the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Not applicable. This study does not report individual person’s data. Ethical approval for the MOTIF study was obtained from ethics committees at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (Ref: 6378) and Marie Stopes International (Ref: 002-13-E) and the Cambodia Human Research ethics committee (Ref: 0036 NECHR).
2019-04-23T16:25:18Z
https://contraceptionmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40834-017-0043-8
The ASN.1/Java Tools now includes ASN.1 Studio v9.0.0. The ASN.1 compiler has been changed to generate Java classes compatible with the TOED runtime by default. Previously, when neither -toed nor -soed was specified on the ASN.1/Java command-line, Java classes compatible with the SOED runtime were generated. The -paramtypesuperclass option is now supported with both the SOED and TOED. Before this change it was not available with the TOED and was ignored when specified along with the -toed option. The ASN.1 compiler now supports X.680 Amendment 1, which relaxes the IMPORTS clause to allow symbols to be imported from the latest module version, as indicated by the object identifier. The IMPORTS clause can now include WITH SUCCESSORS and WITH DESCENDANTS as the SelectionOption. Extract data without writing code to access deeply nested fields of complex PDUs. Reduce the memory footprint of applications that contain minimal information in their PDUs. The feature is available for the PER, UPER, CPER, CUPER, OER, and COER encoding rules. The ASN.1 compiler and TOED runtime have been enhanced to support the DeferDecoding directive for the BER and DER encoding rules. For other encoding rules (PER, OER, XER, and JSON), the compiler generates encoders and decoders that ignore the directive and encodes or decodes the value in a single pass. The new -userConstraintPDUs | -noUserConstraintPDUs command line options have been implemented. These options tell the compiler whether or not (the default) to generate Java classes for type parameters of the CONSTRAINED BY constraint when such types are defined inline. The ASN.1 compiler now supports a special type of absolute reference notation that applies to the OSS compiler directives. The notation allows you to access ASN.1 types located within WITH COMPONENTS and WITH COMPONENT(inner subtype) clauses and consists of two dollar signs '$$' followed by an index number that indicates a particular WITH COMPONENTS or WITH COMPONENT clause. The notation can be used to assign user-defined names within CONSTRAINED BY clauses that are present within an inner subtype or a compiler-generated structure (the ASN.1 compiler creates compiler-generated structures when a contents constraint is applied within an inner subtype). The rules that apply to the new notation are similar to the ones that apply to the absolute reference notation for the CONSTRAINED BY syntax. A new encoder option that permits customization of the JSON encoder output has been implemented. The option is enabled via the new enableJSONCoderInterface() method of the JSONCoder class. To customize the JSON encoder output, the user must subclass the generated Java class using the OSS.UserClass compiler directive and implement the JSONCoderInterface in the subclass. Then, after enableJSONCoderInterface() is called, the JSON encoder will invoke the JSONCoderInterface that is implemented by the subclass to obtain customized JSON tokens that represent the value being encoded. This encoder option is currently supported only by the SOED runtime. The DIN EN 15722 Intelligent transport systems - ESafety - ECall minimum set of data standard. The sample demonstrates how an ECallMessage message can be created and serialized to UPER bits using the API of generated Java classes. The eUICC Profile Package standard. The sample demonstrates how a eUICC Profile Package can be constructed and saved to the disk file using the API of generated Java classes. The GSMA Remote SIM Provisioning standard. The sample demonstrates the invocation of the GetBoundProfilePackage function of the ES9+ interface at the SM-DP+ using the API of generated Java classes. Release 15 of the UMTS RRC protocol: TS 25.331 (UMTS RRC) 15.3.0 (2018-06). The Bilateral Transfer protocol (BTP): ILP-RFC 0023 Draft 4. The sample demonstrates communication between BTP peers that involves the Prepare, Fulfill, and Reject requests. New samples for 5G NGAP, XnAP, E1AP, and F1AP protocols for 3GPP Release 15 have been created. The samples for the LTE S1AP, X2AP, M2AP, M3AP, RRC, LCSAP, LPPa, SBcAP, and XwAP protocols have been updated to 3GPP Release 15. The ASN.1/Java Tools now includes ASN.1 Studio v8.3.0. The OSS ASN.1 Tools has been enhanced to support the Canonical Packed Encoding Rules (ALIGNED and UNALIGNED), as specified by ITU-T Recommendation X.691 (08/2015) | ISO/IEC 8825-2:2015. Both the compiler and runtime have been enhanced to support the Java Platform Module System (JPMS), which was introduced in Java 9. The compiler now supports the '-javamodule <name>' option that packages the generated classes into a Java module with the specified <name>. The software distribution now includes an extra set of runtime libraries that are packaged as Java 9 modules. These new libraries are available in the mlib/ directory of the ASN.1/Java installation and can be used only with JDK 9. The ASN.1 compiler now supports the UPPERCAMELCASED and LOWERCAMELCASED keywords in the NAME and TEXT JER encoding instructions. You can now describe a wider range of JSON data in an ASN.1 schema. The public API of the JIAAPI value parser will now parse concatenated values and value assignments from an arbitrary java.io.Reader object. A relaxed parsing mode has been implemented: now non-critical deviations from the expected syntax are ignored. A new sample that demonstrates processing of 3GPP CDR files (TS 32.297) has been created. 3GPP CDR files contain a non-ASN.1 file header and non-ASN.1 record headers, while record bodies are encoded by one of the ASN.1 encoding rules (BER, PER unaligned, PER aligned, or XER). The sample shows how one can skip over non-ASN.1 content, feed ASN.1 data to the ASN.1/Java API, and convert CDR records to Java objects. The ASN.1/Java Tools now includes ASN.1 Studio v8.2.0. The ASN.1/Java compiler and the SOED, TOED, and LED runtime libraries support the JSON Encoding Rules. The existing -json command-line option instructs the compiler to enable support for X.jsoner at runtime. The LTE LCS-AP sample demonstrates the TS 29.171 V13.2.0 (2016-03) LCS Application Protocol. The LTE LPPa sample demonstrates the TS 36.455 V13.1.0 (2016-03) LTE Positioning Protocol A. The LTE RRC C-V2X sample demonstrates the Sidelink feature of the TS 36.331 V14.2.2 (2017-03) LTE RRC Protocol. The ASN.1/Java Tools now includes ASN.1 Studio v8.1.0. Support for the JSON encoding rules has been added to the SOED runtime. The deferred decoding feature is not supported. The ValueInFile feature is supported only for SET OF and SEQUENCE OF ASN.1 types. The -helperAPI <param> and -noHelperAPI <param> command-line options have been added to the ASN.1 Tools for Java. These options tell the compiler to generate optional helper APIs, or not. A parameter is required that can be a single keyword or a comma-separated list of keywords. The keyword(s) specify the type(s) of helper API; currently, only opentype and pdudecoder are valid. The -helperAPI opentype command-line option affects the representation of open type fields that are constrained by a component relation constraint. The -helperAPI pdudecoder/-noHelperAPI pdudecoder command-line options tell the compiler whether to generate optional PDU and PDU_ID classes that will be used to auto-detect and decode PDUs of unknown types from bits on the wire. The -sampleCode command line option can be specified with both the default -soed and the -toed options. Before the change the -sampleCode option was ignored when specified along with the -toed option. The ASN.1/Java SOED/TOED PER encoder-decoder implementation now conforms to the recent X.691 corrigendum (2015): an encoding contained in a BIT STRING should be at least one octet for PER ALIGNED and 1 bit for PER UNALIGNED. A sample for the 2016-03 version of the J2735 protocol has been created. The sample does not include the J2735:2016 ASN.1 specification due to licensing reasons. Users should obtain it directly from the ITS SAE site. A sample for the 3GPP XwAP (TS 36.463) protocol has been created. The ASN.1/Java Tools now includes ASN.1 Studio v8.0.0. Element set specification (x.680 clause 50): UNION and INTERSECTION. When the -constraint option is specified and PDUs are present, the compiler generates the validate() method, which enables runtime constraint checking for PDUs. The Java classes for INTEGER types with named numbers now include constants for each of the named numbers. This feature allows the named numbers to be used in Java switch statements. The coder class provides the methods enableCompact() and disableCompact() to enable and disable the generation of whitespace by the XER, E-XER and JSON encoders. The enableCompact() method disables whitespace generation and the encoding is written as a single line of text with no whitespace. The disableCompact() method adds newlines and indentation to improve readability. The Coder class provides methods (available only for TOED) to set the indentation width in the encodings generated by the XER and JSON encoders. The ASN.1/Java Tools now includes ASN.1 Studio v7.4. The ASN.1/Java compiler and the osstoed.jar TOED runtime library now support the JSON Encoding Rules. The formatted string that is returned by the toString() method of the AbstractData can now be customized. The Octet Encoding Rules (OER) and the Canonical Encoding Rules (COER) are now available with the -soed compiler option and the oss.jar SOED runtime library. The ASN.1/Java TOED compiler now supports the -limitMethodSize <number> compiler option that enables you to split the generated methods that exceed the 64K size limit into smaller parts. The "number" parameter specifies the number of lines of generated source code. The TOED BER/DER/OER/PER/XER Encoding Rules now support automatic encoding and decoding of values contained in a BIT STRING or OCTET STRING that is encoded by different encoding rules. New methods have been added to the com.oss.asn1.Coder TOED runtime class to enable or disable the Coder options that affect the JSON/ER encoding of SET or SEQUENCE components that are defined using the OPTIONAL or the DEFAULT keyword. By default, optional components that are not present in a SET or a SEQUENCE value are not encoded by the JSON Coder. Alternatively, JSON/ER allows the encoder to identify omitted optional components by using the "null" token, unless the type of the component is NULL or is an open type. The ASN.1/Java compiler and the ASN.1/Java TOED runtime library now support Octet Encoding Rules (OER) and Canonical Octet Encoding Rules (COER) as defined in "Rec. ITU-T X.696 | ISO/IEC 8825-7", rather than only the subset of ASN.1 types as defined in the "NTCIP 1102:2004 Octet Encoding Rules (OER) Base Protocol" document. The Octet Encoding Rules (OER), like the Packed Encoding Rules (PER), produce compact encodings by taking advantage of information present in the ASN.1 schema to limit the amount of information included in each encoded message. However, in contrast to PER, OER favors encoding/decoding speed over compactness of the encodings. Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER), XML Encoding Rules (XER) and Canonical XML Encoding Rules (CXER) are now supported in Java TOED. The ASN.1/Java compiler has been changed to generate the type-safe getXXX() method for each alternative of the CHOICE type. The ASN.1/Java SOED and TOED runtimes now define the name() method of the Enumerated class to easily easily determine the symbolic name of the enumerator. Samples have been added that illustrate use of the SBc-AP, M2AP, and M3AP LTE protocols based on 3GPP Release 11. A sample has been added that illustrates use of the DSRC Message Set Standard, SAE J2735_200911. Note: OSS ASN.1 Tools for Java version 6.0.0 implement an older verison of OER, specified by NTCIP 1102:2004. If you are using OER we strongly recommend that you upgrade to 6.1.0 or later. A new runtime library, the OSS ASN.1/Java Time-Optimized Encoder/Decoder (TOED), was implemented. As the name suggests, TOED is optimized for faster encoding and decoding. The new ASN.1/Java TOED runtime (osstoed.jar) uses encoders/decoders generated by the compiler, dramatically speeding up the encoding/decoding process compared to the interpretive ASN.1/Java runtime (oss.jar) - from now on referred to as the ASN.1/Java Space-Optimized Encoder/Decoder (SOED). With the exceptions noted in the manual, ASN.1/Java SOED and TOED have the same API. In most cases you can change from using one to using the other with no impact on your application code. Support for the Octet Encoding Rules (OER), as specified by the NTCIP 1102:2004 Octet Encoding Rules (OER) Base Protocol document, was introduced in the ASN.1/Java compiler, the TOED runtime library and ASN.1 Studio. OER messages can generally be encoded/decoded significantly faster than BER and PER messages, while being only slightly less compact than PER messages. Support for OER in ASN.1/Java SOED and ASN.1/Java LED will be provided in the next release. The set of samples provided now includes samples illustrating the use of protocols based on the SAE J2735 Intelligent Transportation standard, as well as the 3GPP Release 10 RRC, S1AP, and X2AP LTE protocols. The ASN.1/Java Tools now includes ASN.1 Studio, a powerful new IDE packed with functionality that allows you to compile ASN.1 specs, display, create, modify or encode messages with just a few mouse clicks, and so much more! You can generate code demonstrating how to perform encoding/decoding operation for any type in your ASN.1 specification. Support for new built-in ASN.1 OID-IRI and RELATIVE-OID-IRI types from the ASN.1:2008 standards has been added. On Windows, the ASN.1/Java tools now install under the Program Files\OSS Nokalva\asn1pjav\ folder (whereas before the 5.0 release, they were installed under Program Files\OSS\asn1pjav\). Samples for the Windows platforms are now installed under the folder pointed to by the environment variable %ALLUSERSPROFILE%. By default, on Windows 7 and VISTA, the samples are installed under the C:\ProgramData\OSS Nokalva\asn1pjav\win32\<version-number>\samples folder, and on Windows XP, the samples are installed under the C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\OSS Nokalva\asn1pjav\win32\<version-number>\samples folder. The OSS ASN.1 Tools for Java now support the full range of time types as specified in ISO 8601 (TIME, DATE, TIME-OF-DAY, DATE-TIME, DURATION). These representations of date and time were standardized to avoid misinterpretations when communicating across national boundaries. The ASN.1/Java compiler has been changed to automatically select the -ignoreIncompleteItems option if the -relaxedMode option is specified. The ASN.1/Java runtime introduces the new ossvalidator.jar class library to support runtime constraint checking for use with the J2ME CLDC 1.1 platform. The previous J2ME CLDC 1.1 compatible runtime library, ossmicro.jar, did not include support for runtime constraint checking. With the ossvalidator.jar library, you can now perform runtime constraint checking for ASN.1 JAVA applications developed for resource-constrained environments. The ASN.1/Java runtime provides a new method, decodeWithPositions(), that allows you to save the size/offset information of an encoded PDU component when decoding. The size/offset information is useful in determining the position of any field in the encoded data. OSS ASN.1 Tools for Java version 3.1 supports the J2ME CLDC 1.1 platform. Specifically, a new command line option -microedition, and new runtime library ossmicro.jar, are available to generate Java classes which are compatible with J2ME CLDC 1.1. Now you can develop ASN.1 applications in Java for resource-constrained environments. A new compiler option, -ignoreIncompleteItems, instructs the compiler to ignore incomplete ASN.1 definitions that appear within ASN.1 modules and directly or indirectly reference undefined types or values. This allows you to successfully utilize specs that have unresolved references that don't affect your application. Two new performance tuning parameters are available for optimization of the PER decoder when decoding ASN.1 types OCTET STRING, BIT STRING and open type. These parameters, settable via the Java system properties, affect the internal buffering strategies used when decoding large byte arrays. Now you can control the size of the initial buffer for the decoder output, as well as the size of additional buffer allocations, when decoding fragmented byte array content. The new utility class com.oss.util.Benchmark has been introduced to simplify encoder/decoder performance timing. See the runtime API documentation for more information about the Benchmark class. The OSS ASN.1 Tools for Java version 3.0 includes support for Extended XML Encoding Rules (E-XER), allowing you to enjoy the best of both ASN.1 and XML. A powerful new XER encoding feature allows the user application to generate customized XER encodings. User-defined XER encodings will be placed in the output stream instead of the standard encodings that would have been generated by default methods of the XER coder class. The ASN.1/Java Tools have been performance-optimized. The BER decoder's performance has been improved to now run up to 2.5 times or 150% faster. The OSS ASN.1 Tools for Java version 2.2 includes support for special REAL values -0 and NOT-A-NUMBER, as well as changes to the ASN.1/Java compiler to XML value notation to allow plain textual identifiers for some values. When a decoding fails in the midst of decoding a message, a partial value can now be caught and examined. Both the XER and CXER encoders were optimized to run up to 100% faster than in the previous version. An additional package in the runtime is now available. It is called com.oss.metadata and provides access to the tags, Java class names, ASN.1 names, flags (such as extensibility), and constraints. The OSS ASN.1 Tools for Java version 2.0 supports the XML additions to ASN.1 described in the ASN.1:2002 standards documents. The ASN.1 compiler supports the XML value notation that provides a means of representing ASN.1 values using eXtensible Markup Language (XML) with the ASN.1 type definition as the schema. The XML value notation may be present within the same input ASN.1 file as other ASN.1 components. The encoder/decoder has been enhanced to allow you to encode/decode any PDU in the input using the XML encoding rules (XER) or the Canonical XML encoding rules (CXER). You can now add visibility to your ASN.1-described messages via XML. New compiler command-line options are now available, -xer and -cxer. These options are similar to the -ber/-der/-per/uper options in that they allow the associated set of encoding rules (namely, the XML encoding rules (XER) and the canonical XML encoding rules (CXER)) to be available to the encoder/decoder during runtime. A new ASN.1 compiler command-line option called "-xsl" has been added to allow you to automatically generate multiple default stylesheets, one for each PDU. Stylesheets allow you to have greater control over the visual aesthetic quality of an XML encoding. A new compiler directive OSS.Stylesheet has been introduced to allow you greater control over the default stylesheets which are produced by the ASN.1 compiler. Using this directive, you can instruct the ASN.1 compiler to generate a separate stylesheet with your own desired filename for any particular PDU. The ASN.1 compiler can now automatically generate XML DTD's (Data Type Definitions). Your application via the runtime XERDocument class can produce XML output. That output can be viewed and edited by any XML tool. New Feature: ValueInFile (for OSS C users this is NOCOPY or OBJHANDLE) provides support for processing values or components of values that are a huge size. In particular, the runtime no longer assumes that the value is stored in RAM but allows the value to reside in any external storage such as a disk file. The value can also be written to or read from a TCP/IP socket. This release uses JDK 1.2.2. We found that switching to this version improved performance. We encourage our customers to use JDK 1.2.2 or higher as well. If you use the ValueInFile feature, using JDK 1.2.2 or higher is a requirement.
2019-04-19T08:16:50Z
https://www.oss.com/asn1/products/asn1-java/enhancements-history.html
Today, as I plucked our mail out of the mailbox, I began thinking of how rapidly life has changed. Most days I walk inside with a collection of catalogs and junk mail. I walk straight to the trash and stand over it as I go through them one by one. It is seldom that there is anything left in my hands when I turn around. From time to time, Mama will send me a letter. Every now and then I get a card from my mother in law. Those are rare occurrences but a special joy when they happen. Then, I got to thinking about you and how it would be neat if I could send my readers actual letters from time to time. I quickly went over the math and cost of stamps and felt a little bit defeated when I saw the impossibility of it all. But, I had an idea. I could write a letter and post it here, for you to download and print if you want. I sat down to my computer and a few minutes later, I had written a letter to you, a friend. The letter is below. It’s just a pdf. My hope is that you’ll print it off to read, making it come to life as a real paper letter like we had back in the old days. It was just a silly, heartfelt notion of me reaching out to you and sharing my heart and life as a friend would. So if you decide to complete that connection by reading it, thank you. You can scroll down and leave a comment at the bottom of this post if you like. Loved reading your letter and hearing all about your FB fellowship group and your camping trip. It was not a crazy idea – I think it was a great idea! Thank you, UmMa! I love how our hearts share so much when it comes to what we value and find joy in. I appreciate you being here! What a perk to my day! Thank you for your letter. I too enjoy receiving snail mail., Something other than bills and more grown up responsibilities….. We are at the end of the school year which means pure craziness. Prom, FFA contests all week, baseball, parents night, and field trips. I love it all and want to nap in the sun. Thanks for creating the Bible study group! I love it and have learned so much…. Yeah team… Have a lovely evening! Thank you so much for being here, Cathy! End of the school year is always so frantic, but maybe that is why we appreciate the summer so much 🙂 We are finishing up eighth grade. Hard to believe high school is next for my baby! I hope you have a wonderful evening. Fran, I am so grateful for you and thrilled you tuned into QVC that day! Pardon my typing errors, I’m trying to catch them but our little pup Bella has decided to sit on top of my chest as I type so I’m straining to see the screen around her. I appreciate your encouragement, support, sticking with me, and being a special part of our lives all these years! What a delightful thing I found in my emails today. My friend, Christy Jordan, sent me a letter. It was so refreshing reading the updates on the Facebook group and the camping stories. Truly made me happy hearing from a friend! Hi, I enjoyed the letter very much. I have followed you forever even before your first cookbook. I love your daily how to make. I cannot believe your baby boy is now in college. I am more of a lurker, lol, than a participating reader. Just wanted you to know how much I have always loved your site. Thank you, Gaylia! I completely understand. I tend to be very much a lurker on most sites, especially facebook, where one well intentioned comment could get half the world angry at you, lol. It is crazy but Brady will be twenty this summer! I don’t know where the years have gone but they sure have been blessed and Ricky and I are thoroughly enjoying this season in our lives, looking forward to the next. I appreciate your kindness, and I’m so glad you took the time to comment today. I hope you have a wonderful weekend! I am always inspired by you and your site. As far as recipes go, my.favs are Greek chicken and pineapple cobbler, but I will make the pineapple poke cake soon! You rock, thanks so much…you are an inspiration! Hi Christy! Thank you for your letter. I really appreciate your southern style recipes, these are the foods I grew up eating and you make them simple and delicious. It’s so nice to share this with another believer. The letter was lovely….felt like “family” catching up! Thank you for the effort. Loved your letter! What a wonderful idea and loved hearing about your camping adventure! I also was impressed with your scripture study group. I love all of your recipes. Keep up the good work. I miss letters, too! It’s definitely a lost art! I’m glad we’re friends-I make your recipes often, and think of you when I do! Oh Christy! You’re a truly special lady! I too love the written word! Whether it’s writing someone a paper card or letter or holding the Holy Bible in my hands! The connection that my heart and soul feels is so nurturing. Thank you for thinking of us all out here. I love you, Southerplate, and our Lord God! Thank you such a sweet letter, enjoyed hearing what been going on. My daughter & son-in-law bought a camper about 6 months ago, they love that life. Going to take a 3 week trip this summer. I have to stay home & house & baby sit 4 animals. Love your site & recipes. I loved your letter! What a wonderful thing to do! It also brings me back to my youth when I use to have penpals and write a lot of letters. Thank you so very much! Thank you so much, Freda! I really enjoyed it. I’ve missed that kind of writing myself and truly, I started SouthernPlate for the community around it so that is what I enjoy the most. I feel like we’ve kinda reconnected a bit now! Now my husband and I are retired and use our RV six mo. of the yr. ( We live farther north than you.) We go out with family and friends and sometimes just the two of us. It’s something we both enjoy and thank the Lord for giving us the opportunity to enjoy it. Oh Lucy, it sounds like you had a wonderful mom and the Father has blessed you with a great husband and full life. He is so good to us. I’m glad you stopped by today, thank you so much for receiving my letter and sharing your heart! I have walked out on my back porch and done the samething got BA k inside before the sliding door closed good. Rain in forecast for my weekend. Hey Gerri! We have rain Friday morning but I’m hoping that is enough to wash the pollen out of the air. Looks like it will warm up this weekend to the high seventies so we may have some driveway camping in our future! Coffee does taste best outdoors! Thank you for being here! I wish I could post a pic here for you!! My family’s favorite cake since I was little and way before was and is Mandarin orange cake! It just surprised me when I read that! I’ve always made it for dinners, church pot lucks and any other occasion you can think of! My son, they are in their 20s, will ask for it as their bday cake! Thank you for writing and it was such a pleasure to read. Loved the letter!! I miss receiving letters and note from the mail box!! Getting an honest to goodness letter in my email is very special!! Thank you! Your letter made my day. When I used to write letters, back in the day, I always had a bit of trouble getting started but once I got going I’d write pages and pages. Love reading this letter! Thank you so much for it! And, this RV’ing thing…I practiced camping in an RV that was parked in my Aunts driveway… I came away from it feeling accomplished (because I didn’t scream ‘Bear/ Wolf/ Maniac Stranger!’ every time the wind blew) but knowing I was going to need a bit more practice . Anywho… Hope your weather warms up… We’re up here in Wisconsin praying for no more snow! Thank you for the letter. It did feel as if it came from a friend, helping me get “caught up” on their life. I appreciate all you do to provide helpful food insights…natural and spiritual. Oh how kind of you, letters are the best way for sharing, but seldom seen now.Thank you for sharing your time and talent with us. Thanks for the letter today! It made me smile! I am not as social as my husband either . I retired in June last and had thoughts of doing many things but I truly enjoy being alone at my home doing whatever moves me. You are always so sweet and remind me of my time living in the south. I truly miss the connection with people there. I’m from New York and even though it wasn’t the city, we were always so busy on the farm that I only visited in school. I enjoy all that is around me and thank God that I live in such a beautiful place! Thank you for taking time to visit with me today, Jannette! I completely understand. I got a new car over two years ago and haven’t even put half a year’s worth of miles on it, even with taking trips every now and then! I may drive ten to fifteen miles a week, tops. I just really love being home. I am so content here. Camping with Ricky is just moving the home a bit 🙂 The Father is so good to us – and one of those blessings is you! Incredibly nice gesture. Wishing you and yours all the best!! you as well, Kym! thank you! Perfect timing for your letter. A much needed surgery was cancelled again. I was so angry and unhappy. It is refreshing to read about personal things of others. In your letter you overcome and made the best of your situation. In the end, faith, peace abound. Thank you. I look forward to your next letter. Dianne, I’m so sorry. I hope you get to have your surgery soon and please know that I’ll be praying for you. Keep us posted. Life and this world hold a great deal of frustration for us, but the Father warned us of that. You’re so right, faith and peace still abound for all those in Him! Thank you, for your letter Christy. I too always loved to get snail mail letters, which have fallen by the wayside along with cursive writing, penmanship & Home Economics in school. Love your recipes, they remind me of some of my family reunions as a kid. Good thing they lasted all day, I don’t think we ever ran out of food! T’was good to hear from you. For the past few days I’ve been going through old letters written by my great-uncles in the midst of war and sent to their sister and parents (my grand mother and great grand-parents.) It saddens me that future generations will not have a tactile record of our communication. I saw we lead the charge in resurrecting the lost art of letter writing! Enjoy the RV life, it can be nice to get away from home yet take home with you! Hi to Ricky, K-Ro, Brady and the assorted Fur-kids! Thank you for the precious letter. Great to hear from you! Love you! Miss you and love you, too Shannon! That was sweet of you, we never receive letters like we did years ago…so it means a lot to get something meaningful in the mail! Thank you so much, Tina! I appreciate you giving me the opportunity to share it. Oh Christy, I hope you understand how much your letter is appreciated. My husband and I just lost two very good friends within one week. One of the friends lived out of state so he and I had written to each other if not daily, every other day. Neither of us were into Facebook, we only wanted to share our days with each other. Nothing intimate only good friends who loved each other. My husband and I have been married for over 40 years, we never had children and have few relatives left. I can’t tell you how much enjoyment you give to me hearing how close you are especially, with your mom as I miss mine everyday as I do my dad too. Your loving personality means a lot to us even if we never meet in person. Thanks for all you do for so many people. I’ve tried so many of your recipes but the Chicken Patties are ONE of our favorites. We wish there were more people like you and your family in the world. Thank-YOU!! I’m so glad to hear from you! I don’t know if I’ve ever told you this but for some reason, I must look like a Cindy because I can’t tell you how many times people have called me that in my life. Random people, too, just tend to call me Cindy. So much so that I turn and answer to it! I appreciate you receiving my letter today and completing the connection. I love those chicken patties, too, I need to make some soon! I’m just glad there are people like you in this world. You encourage and inspire me and I surely do thank you for it! What a sweet letter. Us kids used to love going to the mailbox to get letters from family. Now, I’m like you, throwing most of the junk mail in the trash. I’m thankful my kids have memories of real mail, too. The world sure is a changing fast though! Love, sincerity, and family still hold true if we hold tightly to them. Thank you, Kim! I used to send cards each week back in my younger days. I thought of it as my ministry. I had a list and I’d pick random people and write little notes. It may seem like a small thing but know that your kindness is having a far greater impact than you could ever know! Hugs and love to you, sweet friend! Thank you so much Christy. That was a fun letter to read. Thank YOU Joan, always a joy to see you! Thank you for the letter today. It was such a nice surprise. You’re so welcome, Trudy! thank you for receiving it! Betty, you are too good to me! I can’t tell you how much I appreciate all that you do and you being such a great part of the Fellowship group. You encourage me!!! Love you right back! It really has gotten to be outrageous. Thank you for being here! Aww, I loved it! Such a thoughtful gift! Blessings and The Lord’s Grace! Thank you! Right back at ya, Debbie! Thanks so much for the lovely letter, on my birthday, no less! I was remembering today how my aunt used to send me a birthday letter when she was alive, and I was missing getting letters, and then your letter popped up! All the best to you and yours! Karyn, I hope you had a wonderfully blessed birthday! You are such a blessing to us and I’m glad to bring you even a tiny sparkle of joy in return! HAPPY HAPPY HAPPY HAPPY BIRTHDAY!! Thank you so much for taking the time to visit with me today, Melody! I completely agree, studying the Bible with your spouse is such a blessing. Our marriage has been tremendously blessed by it. I love how the Word of God is alive and so applicable to every single moment in our lives! Thank you for being here! How nice to get a letter. I haven’t received one in years. I truly miss that form of communication, as I’m much better in print than in person. I totally relate to how you & Ricky are. We are the same way. My husband can meet someone in the grocery store & they soon know just about everything about us except our bank acct. number!! I wish I just had a 4th. of his gab. Spring has only teased us here in Okla. but it hasn’t come to stay yet. My daughter picked me up this morning for an Easter shopping trip & I told her I’d wait out front in the porch swing (which I’ve just moved off the porch into a lovely cluster of trees) & 15 minutes later I was chilled to the bone but too stubborn to call it quits. I can’t hardly wait till I can take a delicious book to my swing for a couple of hours! Thank you so much for the ‘Read Through the Bible group. I am thoroughly enjoying it. I go to a Christian book club every Wed. also. We read aloud, interrupt with comments & questions, cry & laugh & share secrets. And then eat!! I love it!! Well, thank you Christy for bringing all of us strangers together – some of us stranger than others!! We will meet on the other side – hopefully not too far in the distance future! God bless you & yours & all our Front Porch family. Thank you, thank you, thank you! It felt just like a sweet unexpected letter from a dear family member…which you are. What a bright light in my day. I pray for blessings for you and your family. Oh Christy, that is just the sweetest thing! I too love to get letters and cards in the mail. Messenger just isn’t the same thing! It’s so sad that the art of communication is being lost more every day, along with cursive writing. I enjoyed your letter and appreciate the time and effort it took to do this for us. Blessings from my home in southwest Virginia to you and your family…..and to our bible study family too! This is so wonderful. Texting and Facebook do serve a purpose but there is an art to letter writing. I need to get back to my own personal Bible Reading. I write lesson plans for every Shabbat so the children from our Religious School can begin to develop a relationship with Torah. I need to make time for myself. Christie, you continue to inspire us! And yes, it is still freezing here in Knoxville! Christy, you are the sweetest! Loved your letter and your message, esp “Beginning in the beginning”. It is easy to take a short path, but the foundational learning and prayers add so much to the NT. Love that you loved the RV experience. My family is like Ricky and I am much more reseved. Glad you ordered a flag and can see the fun and community in the RV world! Also so happy I was able to meet you at the Becoming conference last year – I read your words and also hear your voice, just amplifying the message and your stories. Thanks so much for the fun letter! so nice to get the letter even tho it was not in my physical mail box. I wanted to tell you that no, sending actual letters and notes through the mail is alive and well in my home. And I have always done so–I’m nearing 70 years now. I love making my own cards as well, decorating the envelopes through various methods, ordering special colorful inks, perusing books and the internet for mail art ideas. My grandchildren get “just because” mail from me often. Just this weekend I made cards for an aunt’s 92nd birthday using fabric scraps glued, then sewn to the card, and one for a granddaughter going through some struggles. She has gotten frequent notes from me over the last 3 months and told me how much it has meant to her. THAT makes it worth it. I can easily spend hours in making a special card and envelope for someone, and I always get much appreciated thanks. Sending someone a note through the mail will always show you took the time to make them know how special you are to them. I loved this, Christy. It reminds me of your style in the early days of your blog. It also “reads” like a real letter. Thank you for sharing your life and your heart with all of us. More of the Sweetness seeping out of you. You are more like your sweet little Grandmama every day. I will print your letter, keep it tucked away in one of your/my cookbooks and read it often. It is another little treasure from my sweet girl. Love You, Ma. Thank you for the letter! What a great idea! I’ve been putting off contacting someone that I only have an address for! I will write her today! Have a wonderful rest of the week! Thank you so much for the letter. I thank you from the bottom of my heart for such wonderful recipes. You would be surprised at how many of them I have made.Most of them turned out great,a few, not so great. Not your fault though. I hope you keep on sending out the recipes and being such a wonderful witness for the Lord. The world needs a lot more Christy Jordan’s in it. Thanks Christy for taking the time to write the letter. I was so excited you took the time to send us all a letter. I love old school! Cards and Letters! 🙂 I tell my husband if we didn’t get junk mail the postman might not have a job! Lol! I am like you seems like every day when I check the mailbox I stand over the trash throwing the junk mail away. My husband and I had a long distance relationship and would see each other about every two weeks or on weekends if he could get away from his military job but I could always go to the post office and count on a letter or two from him weekly and it was so exciting and nice to know he took the time out of his busy schedule to write me. I still have all his letters and cherish them cause he wrote from his heart. We will celebrate 20 years of marriage this June and I am so blessed that God put us together. I also want to thank you for starting the Fellowship Bible Study group. We all need more of God’s word in our heart’s. I also am very thankful I got to meet you and your family in Branson at Silver Dollar City a few years ago. When I heard you were going to be in Branson with your newest cookbook I told my husband we had to make the trip. Got all my (3) sister’s a signed cookbook and they were so excited! My baby sister and her husband and granddaughter enjoyed the trip with us and her little 2yr. old granddaughter loved you as well. She got all dressed up in her own little apron to get her picture made with you. 🙂 You and your mom and family highlighted our trip to Branson that year. I hope to meet you again someday! I would love to visit your state sometime. Have a Blessed and Wonderful day! Your Fellowship friend forever Linda Garner. Good Morning, friend. I just received your letter and it was so good to hear from you. I am glad that you are enjoying camping and happy that the critters got to go with you. I married into a camping family but I did not take to it like they had hoped. I am always happy to hear from you and follow your adventures. By the way, do you still have chickens? I want some but don’t think it is going to happen. Miss seeing you but think of you often. Your friend from Gardendale, not the one with pretty glasses. I can’t tell you how many times I go to pick up my phone to call and check in on my crazy Gardendale friends! It’s wonderful hearing from you. I don’t have chickens right now. There was an incident with a raccoon the size of a wolf that resulted in my fancy new waterer being filled with holes from a pellet gun (ricky) and the raccoon receiving one kill shot directly in the head (me, first try, thank you very much) and that kind of freaked Ricky out. I think we talked about this. Anyway, after that we had a zombie chicken incident (don’t ask) and decided that our coop needed major revamping so I gave the chickens to a friend to allow us to do that. In betwixt hither and yon we ended up taking a break, with all intentions to get chickens again come spring and now we have this RV and a desire to ramble and a hesitance to ask our sweet neighbors to look after a chicken situation that could leave them with Wolf sized raccoons and zombies on their hands. I know, as crazy as all this sounds, you understand, which offers me comfort but would likely cause the rest of the world some degree of alarm for the both of us. I ordered those glasses in royal blue with polka dots and they should arrive today or tomorrow! Love you, friend. A group of ladies in our Bible Study group has plans to visit the Chinese Lantern event at the Huntsville Botanical Gardens sometimes in May. Maybe you can join us. ps We can’t really be too worried about alarming the rest of the world. Wouldn’t it be dull if we were all the same? Hi Christy, This is the other crazy Gardendale friend. Hope you enjoy your glasses as much as I have enjoyed mine. As much as I enjoy the fellowship group and of course Southernplate, I sure do miss the cooking classes. Dianne and I both feel like you are a very closer friend. Glad you are enjoying camping with Ricky. Sometime I will have to tell you how the Kitchen Aid mixer that I won when you were at AllSouth Appliance in Birmingham at your book signing ended up costing me $12,00 !! Thank you for the letter you sent to “me”. Love hearing about you and the family. Hope to see you sometime. Like Dianne said, we are coming to the gardens the 9th of May. This letter was so sweet, and much appreciated. I have been housebound for the better part of three weeks now with upper respiratory illness (with allergies – Central Virginia is blooming!) that will not go away. While I am so very blessed to be able to work from home while I try and recover, I have not been able to attend church a few Sundays, and have missed my Wednesday night Bible study. This letter is like a little hug from one of my friends at church! Love your recipes, your posts, and your YouTube channel. Enjoyed your letter such a wonderful read. We are having Lenten bible study now one more Wednesday night with good food and fellowship. Then off to the Outer Banks even retired people need to get away. Like you our first camping trip with the camper is next month. Be safe have a great week. Your letter was so uplifting. A good reminder to myself that with every new day there is the promise of hope and happiness. It is always wonderful to receive a letter from a friend and even though we have never met, I feel like we would be great friends. Thank you for your letter! I love your cookbooks and the stories within them. Keep up the great work!
2019-04-19T06:56:19Z
https://www.southernplate.com/a-letter-to-you/
The third annual Rutgers–New Brunswick Writers’ Conference on June 1 and 2 is designed to help aspiring and established writers hone their skills and get published. Hear from bestselling novelists, such as Amy Tan, author of The Joy Luck Club, and Colum McCann, author of Let the Great World Spin. Register online. Robert Wood Johnson Medical School presents Nir Eyal, associate professor of global health and population at the Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, who speaks on the emergence of population-level bioethics on May 6 at the Clinical Academic Building in New Brunswick. Eyal will be joining Rutgers in July as the inaugural Henry Rutgers Professor of Bioethics at the School of Public Health and director of the new Rutgers Center for Population-Level Bioethics. The Rutgers Living History Society celebrates its annual meeting on April 26 by honoring Deborah Gray White, Rutgers Board of Governors Distinguished Professor of History and Professor of Women's and Gender Studies, and oral historian Donald A. Ritchie. The event starts at 9 a.m. in the College Avenue Student Center multipurpose room. Contact [email protected] for more information. Rutgers Global Health Institute in partnership with Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Center of New Jersey, and Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy present Cancer Care at Botswana’s Princess Marina Hospital on April 24 at the Clinical Academic Building in New Brunswick. Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station EcoComplex and EcoIgnite host Tom Szaky, founder and CEO of TerraCycle, a global leader in recycling hard-to-recycle waste, at Integrating Entrepreneurship for 21st Century Solutions and Circular Economy on April 30 at the Kathleen W. Ludwig Global Learning Center on Cook Campus. RSVP to [email protected]. Join the Rutgers community on April 12 at 3 p.m. for the dedication of the Paul Robeson Plaza on Voorhees Mall. Robeson will be honored by performances, readings, and remembrances that reflect upon him and his contributions to the university—and the world. Mason Gross School of the Arts Dance Department presents new choreographic group works by BFA senior dance majors, featuring contemporary modern dance, from April 17 to 20 at the Victoria J. Mastrobuono Theater in New Brunswick. Preventing Gun Violence in New Jersey: A Call to Action introduces the New Jersey Center on Gun Violence Research and discusses the future of gun violence prevention in New Jersey and throughout the country. The event features a keynote talk by Governor Phil Murphy and is held on April 23 at the Douglass Campus Center. Watch it live online. The John J. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development at Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy hosts the State of Workforce Diversity Forum on April 23. The forum will focus on the status of diversity and inclusion in New Jersey, best practice strategies, and diversity implementation plans, as well as recognize the groundbreaking work of Paul Robeson as a champion of social justice as part of the Paul Robeson Centennial Celebration. Learn more and register online. Award-winning author Neil Gaiman is the featured speaker for the 2019 Writers’ Conference Kick-Off Event on May 31 at the Nicholas Music Center. Gaiman, whose works include the comic book series The Sandman and novels American Gods, Coraline, and The Graveyard Book, presents a 90-minute lecture, reading, and audience Q & A. Purchase tickets online. The Institute for Research on Women's distinguished lecture series presents Whose Lives Matter? Drugs, Criminalization, and Social Justice, featuring panelists Angela Garcia, Donna Murch, and Jennifer Flynn Walker, on April 18 at the Ruth Dill Johnson Crockett Building on Douglass Campus. Mason Gross School of the Arts presents the MFA in Dance thesis concert Descubrimiento: Voice, Place, Identity on April 10 at El Barrio's Artspace PS109 in New York City. The concert is conceived and directed by Kiri Avelar, a member of Mason Gross' inaugural cohort for the MFA in Dance, and is an immersive performance exploring themes of ruido, Mestiza Consciousness, and Latinidades. The event is free, but registration is required. Mason Gross School of the Arts presents the MFA in Dance thesis concert Insert Self [Her]e/Afro-Goddess, Taking Her Rightful Place on April 13 at the Zimmerli Art Museum. The dance performance features original artwork and photography by Mason Gross students Jonathan Adams and Angelica Calderon with poetry by New York-based spoken word artist Shadenia Sivad. The dance is choreographed by Jessica Featherson who is part of the inaugural cohort for the MFA in Dance. Admission is free but RSVP is required by email. The Department of Art & Design, Mason Gross School of the Arts, hosts self-curated exhibitions by BFA students, featuring works in design, drawing, media, painting, photography, print, and sculpture, which are on display now through April 5. Join Rutgers School of Public Health on April 3 for Food = Health, an evening of conversation with industry experts, academics, and community leaders about the relationship between the foods we consume, the food cultures within which we exist, and our well-being. Register online. The Zimmerli Art Museum is offering a series of free programs in conjunction with the exhibition Tiananmen Square, 1989: Photographs by Khiang H. Hei, which marks the 30th anniversary of prodemocracy demonstrations. Photographer Khiang Hei will speak at Art After Hours: First Tuesdays on April 2 and during the symposium Tiananmen at 30: 1989 in International History, Law, and Memory on April 3. The Zimmerli will also screen the recently restored 1995 documentary The Gate of Heavenly Peace on April 5. On April 16, the Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy hosts social and human rights advocate and researcher Richard Rothstein, who will discuss his book, The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How our Government Segregated America. This is a featured program of the Paul Robeson Centennial Celebration. Register online. The Institute for Research on Women, Institute for Women’s Leadership, Department of Women’s and Gender Studies, and School of Communications and Information present Naomi Klein who will give a talk, Labor of Loss: Climate Change and the Emerging Economy of Care and Repair, on April 4 at the Ruth Dill Johnson Crockett Building on Douglass Campus. Rutgers Theater Company Presents The Rehearsal from March 28 to April 6 in the Victoria J. Mastrobuono Theater in New Brunswick. Tickets are $20 for Rutgers employees. The Institute for Research on Women presents the panel discussion Slavery’s Shadows: The Afterlife of Dispossession on March 28 at the Ruth Dill Johnson Crocket building in New Brunswick. The Department of English and Rutgers Global host novelist and essayist Alexander Chee as part of the Writers at Rutgers Series at the College Avenue Student Center on April 10. Students will showcase their research projects completed at Rutgers writing courses during the Undergraduate Research Writing Conference on April 11 at the Livingston Student Center. The Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy cosponsors New Jersey Big Data Alliance's sixth annual symposium featuring discussions on the Future of Big Data: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning on April 5 at New Jersey City University. Registration is required. The Allen and Joan Bildner Center for the Study of Jewish Life presents From Zion Shall Go Forth the Law: The Unknown History of Jews and Human Rights on April 2 at Douglass Student Center. This public lecture explores the significant and surprising connections between Zionism and the origins of international human rights, and lessons for thinking about the intertwined futures of global justice and Jewish politics. RSVP requested. On April 4, Leanne Betasamosake Simpson, an Indigenous scholar, writer, and artist, joins Naomi Klein, inaugural Gloria Steinem Endowed Chair in Media, Culture, and Feminist Studies at Rutgers, in her course "The Corporate Self" at Alexander Library. Simpson will discuss her latest work and books as well as the intersection of her work with Klein’s course. RSVP requested. The eighth annual Teaching the World Forum and fifth annual Urban Teaching Matters Conference combine to create this event by and for urban- and global-focused educators on March 30 at the Rutgers Academic Building on the College Avenue Campus. This is a featured program of the Paul Robeson Centennial Celebration. Register online. Kwame Anthony Appiah "The Lies That Bind: Rethinking Identity" The Eagleton Institute of Politics presents a talk by New York University professor and The New York Times ethicist Kwame Anthony Appiah on March 14. Appiah will explore some of the changes and challenges in American politics as discussed in his book The Lies That Bind: Rethinking Identity. This event is presented by Eagleton's Louis J. Gambaccini Civic Engagement Series. Register online. The Special Collections and University Archives at Rutgers University Libraries present the lecture Stolen Art and History: A Curator Uncovers Theft from the Edward Hopper Estate by Gail Levin, on March 13 at Alexander Library. Levin, a Rutgers alumna and the acknowledged authority on the American painter Edward Hopper, discusses her discovery of a major theft from the Hopper estate before it reached the Whitney Museum, where she formerly served as curator. The Jewish Federation and Rutgers Hillel feature Antisemitism Here and Now on March 31, a presentation by Deborah Lipstadt, real-life subject of the movie Denial. Admission is free, but a ticket is required. Mason Gross School of the Arts presents Motion: New Dance Works on March 14 and 15 at the Loren Dance Theater on Douglass Campus. The dance performance features MFA in Dance students in a shared mission with New Brunswick-based coLAB Arts creating dances that emerge from community-based creative engagement with local social advocacy organizations. The Department of English presents a reading by Natasha Trethewey, the United States Poet Laureate in 2012 and 2014, as part of the Writers at Rutgers Reading Series, on March 28 in the College Avenue Student Center multipurpose room. The event is co-sponsored with Phi Beta Kappa and Undergraduate Academic Affairs. The Rutgers Counseling, Alcohol and Other Drug Assistance Program & Psychiatric Services offers free mindfulness meditation workshops for students, faculty, and staff members each week at noon in a variety of locations in New Brunswick and Piscataway. View the PDF schedule. Mason Gross School of the Arts Music Department presents the Rutgers Symphony Orchestra on March 9 at the Nicholas Music Center featuring Angélica Negrón’s “What Keeps Me Awake,” Grieg’s Piano Concerto in A minor, Op.16, and Strauss’s Symphonia Domestica, Op. 53. The Department of English presents Dorianne Laux, author of Only as the Day is Long: New and Selected Poems and The Book of Men, on March 6 at the College Avenue Student Center. Laura Coates, professor at George Washington University School of Law, attorney, and political commentator, is the guest lecturer of the James Dickson Carr Lecture Series on March 6 at the Busch Student Center multipurpose room. This is a featured program of the Paul Robeson Centennial Celebration. Register online. The Allen and Joan Bildner Center for the Study of Jewish Life presents Last Yiddish Heroes: Lost and Found Songs of Soviet Jews during World War II on March 13 in Trayes Hall at the Douglass Student Center. This concert and lecture program is based on the Grammy Award-nominated recording of Yiddish songs from World War II and features singer-songwriter Psoy Korolenko and University of Toronto professor Anna Shternshis. RSVP is requested. Becoming John Marin: Modernist at Work at the Zimmerli Art Museum showcases the artistic evolution of iconic American modernist John Marin, who lived most of his life in northern New Jersey. The exhibition is open through May 26 and is the featured exhibition tour for Art After Hours on March 5 from 5–9 p.m. On February 19, Michael C. Gabriele, author of The History of Diners in New Jersey, gives a talk in Alexander Library. The program complements the library exhibit From Cooking Pot to Melting Pot: New Jersey’s Diverse Foodways, which is on display until February 28. Copies of Gabriele's book will be available for sale. Mason Gross School of the Arts and the State Theatre New Jersey host Music and the Mind: A Conversation with Renée Fleming, a panel discussion with celebrated opera star Renée Fleming and Rutgers neuroscientists, on February 26 at Nicholas Music Center. Inspired by Fleming’s Sound Health initiative, the opera star will discuss the power of music in relation to health and the brain. Learn how our brains process music and how listening, performing, or creating music can contribute to wellness. The Women’s League of Rutgers University hosts associate professor of history Rachel Devlin who will speak on her book, A Girl Stands at the Door, on March 5 at 7 p.m. at the Kathleen W. Ludwig Global Village Living Learning Center on Douglass Campus. Faculty, staff, and students are invited to the RU1st Forum on February 19 at the College Avenue Student Center multipurpose room. Hosted by Student Access and Educational Equity, the forum features a panel of national experts who will discuss best practices to support first-generation, low-income, and underrepresented students. Registration is required. The School of Engineering celebrates National Engineers Week from February 18 to 23 with fun events and friendly competition, including Rube Goldberg competitions and Cardboard Canoe Races at the Sony Werblin Recreation Center. Mason Gross School of the Arts Dance Department hosts Ananya Dance Theatre featuring performances of Shaatranga: Women Weaving Worlds on February 1 and 2 at the Loree Dance Theatre. The contemporary Indian dance company of women of color offers free dance workshops on January 29, 31, and February 2, and a symposium on dance and social justice on February 1. The Division of Continuing Studies' Teaching and Learning with Technology hosts more than 30 of the nation’s top experts in online education and hybrid learning at the Rutgers Online Learning Conference on March 18 in New Brunswick. New Jersey Medical School Clinical Research Center and School of Public Health's Center for Health, Identity, Behavior and Prevention Studies host a film screening of the documentary ParTy Boi: Black Diamonds in Ice Castles followed by a discussion with director Michael Rice and Perry Halkitis, dean, School of Public Health, on February 7 at the Newark Public Library. The film features real stories of people who struggle with crystal meth addiction. Register online. The Graduate School of Education and Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy welcome Diana Hess, Karen A. Falk Distinguished Chair of Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison, as part of the DeMarzo Lecture Series on Teaching Excellence to discuss "Challenges of Teaching for Democracy in a Time of Political Climate Change" on February 7 in New Brunswick. RSVP is required. Windows of Understanding, AARP New Jersey, and Division of Student Affairs at Rutgers–New Brunswick present a workshop and seminar, Honoring Our Differences in a Diverse and Changing World, on February 6 at the Busch Student Center. The three-hour workshop will engage participants in a rich, intergenerational and intersectional dialogue about ageism, racism, LGBTQ issues, and other issues and challenges that participants are facing. RSVP. Mason Gross School of the Arts department of art and design presents an MFA thesis exhibition from January 28 to February 14 at Mason Gross Galleries at Civic Square. The exhibitions feature works in design, drawing, media, painting, photography, print, and sculpture. Designed for gardeners of all skill levels, the Home Gardeners School offers 40 workshop sessions on a wide array of horticulture topics on March 23 at Hickman Hall on Cook Campus. Register online. The Feminist Art Project, a program of the Rutgers Center for Women in the Arts and Humanities that shines a spotlight on feminist art and its impact on culture and politics worldwide, announces their schedule of special events during the annual College Art Association Conference from February 13 to 16. The Office of Summer and Winter Sessions presents An Evening with Jeremy McCarter, best-selling writer, director, and producer, at the College Avenue Student Center on January 19. McCarter is the coauthor of The New York Times best seller Hamilton: The Revolution with Lin-Manuel Miranda. The Rutgers Geology Museum hosts their 51st annual open house on January 26. Attend lectures, participate in polar-themed activities, bring your rocks and minerals for identification, and visit the mineral sale. In addition, you can reserve space to tour the historic and renovated Schanck Observatory. The Clement A. Price Institute on Ethnicity, Culture, and the Modern Experience hosts the 39th Annual Marion Thompson Wright Lecture Series on February 16 at the Paul Robeson Campus Center in Newark. Observe the night sky through a 20-inch optical telescope at the Robert A. Schommer Astronomical Observatory on Busch Campus on select Thursdays each month, weather permitting. This month’s dates are December 20 and 27. Kick off your new year with art at the Zimmerli Art Museum! On January 6, families can get creative at Art Together, a free, drop-in series of interactive workshops. “Tiananmen Square, 1989: Photographs by Khiang H. Hei” opens on January 8. The Rutgers University Programming Association is serving free cider and donuts from December 5 to 12 on Busch, College Avenue, Cook, Douglass, and Livingston campuses. View times and locations. The Allen and Joan Bildner Center for the Study of Jewish Life presents Israel and American Jews: The Future of a Challenging Relationship, featuring speaker Yehuda Kurtzer, president, Shalom Hartman Institute of North America, on December 13 at the College Avenue Student Center. Rutgers Global Health Institute at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School presents Rice Cookers, Umbrellas and Piety Laws: Health and Aging in China, featuring speaker XinQi Dong, Henry Rutgers Distinguished Professor of Population Health Sciences, on December 5 at 5:30 p.m. in the Arline and Henry Schwartzman Courtyard at Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital. There’s still time to see “Self-Confessed! The Inappropriately Intimate Comics of Alison Bechdel” and “Celebrity Culture: Photographs from the Collection” at the Zimmerli Art Museum before they close at the end of the month. The Zimmerli is open during regular hours from December 26 to 30. Peter Williamson, senior investigator, Translational Mycology Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, presents Can We Make Cryptococcal Meningitis a (More) Benign Disease? on December 6 at 4:30 p.m. in the Medical Education Building, room 102, in New Brunswick. The dance department at Mason Gross School of the Arts features contemporary modern dance works by faculty and guest artists during DancePlus Fall 2018 from November 28 to December 1 at the Victoria J. Mastrobuono Theater. Reinstated by the Trump administration, the Global Gag Rule cuts foreign aid to healthcare providers that offer abortions. The department of women’s and gender studies, School of Arts and Sciences, and the Center for Women and Work, School of Management and Labor Relations, host Trump’s Global Gag Rule: What Does it Mean for Women?, a discussion by professors Yana van der Meulen Rodgers, Meredeth Turshen, and Marci Berger on December 6 in Alexander Library. Lunch is provided. Rutgers Cinema is sponsoring free holiday movie screenings for faculty and staff with the donation of one canned good per person per movie on December 2, 9, 16, and 23 at 11 a.m. Movies include The Polar Express, Elf, Christmas Story, and It’s a Wonderful Life. Donations support the Rutgers Food Pantry. Gain insight on being an effective student affairs professional at the 2018 Rutgers Excellence in Student Affairs Regional Conference hosted by the Division of Student Affairs from December 5 to 6 at the Livingston Student Center. Register by November 26. Jesse Milan Jr., president and CEO of AIDS United, is the keynote speaker at the HIV/AIDS and Aging: A World AIDS Day Commemoration Seminar hosted by Rutgers School of Nursing and School of Public Health on November 30 at the Paul Robeson Campus Center, Rutgers University–Newark. Registration is required. In observance of Transgender Awareness Week, New Jersey Medical School Clinical Research Center and the Center for Transgender Health presents In Conversation: Infinite Possibilities at the Newark Museum on November 15. The Rutgers Public Engagement Project at the Institute for Research on Women hosts the Write, Publish, Flourish: Demystifying Academic Writing workshop on November 8 in the Ruth Dill Johnson Crockett Building conference room. The workshop helps participants overcome stalls and blocks, cope with pressure to produce, maintain momentum, and write to engage readers from academic and nonacademic audiences. Register online. The Institute for Women’s Leadership and Rutgers Global host the Anita Ashok Datar Lecture on Women’s Global Health, featuring Cecile Richards, on November 12 at Trayes Hall, Douglass Student Center. Register Register online. The New Jersey Healthy Kids Initiative hosts Child Health in the 21st Century on November 16 at the New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health. The symposium focuses on child health through the lens of nutrition, physical activity, and healthy weight. Featured speakers include Matthew Gillman, National Institutes of Health, and Barry Ostrowsky, RWJBarnabas Health. Registration is required. The Rutgers Filmmaking Center at Mason Gross School of the Arts presents a free film screening of Patti Cake$ followed by a Q&A with director Geremy Jasper on November 16 at Rutgers Cinema. The Boggs Center on Developmental Disabilities presents A Family Centered Care Journey: One Mother’s Evolution from Fetal Surgery, to Coordinating Care, to Becoming a Health Care Professional on November 28 at the Rutgers Continuing Education Center at Atrium in Somerset. Registration is required. The School of Arts and Sciences executive dean’s office and department of history Rutgers Oral History Archives, Rutgers Living History Society host the Chambers Oral History Graduate Fellowship Lecture, featuring Pamela Walker, Ph.D. candidate in the department of history, on December 1 at Rutgers Academic Building, West Wing, Room 6051 at noon. Walker’s lecture, Down in the Delta: Oral Histories from a Hallowed Home, will explore the relationship between rural motherhood, civil rights, and antipoverty organizing in the 1960s. RSVP to [email protected]. Mason Gross School of the Arts Extension Division hosts a free jazz workshop for children ages 11 to 18 on November 13 at the Nicholas Music Center. The workshop provides an opportunity to audition for the upcoming session of Rutgers Youth Jazz Ensemble, which begins November 20. For more information, call 848-932-8618. The School of Environmental and Biological Sciences department of landscape architecture and the Zimmerli Art Museum host Philip Ursprung, dean of the department of architecture at ETH Zurich, who will present the work of Allan Kaprow, the groundbreaking artist who helped found the Fluxus movement at Rutgers, on November 9 at the museum. Register for the Academic Health Symposium hosted by president Robert Barchi; Barry H. Ostrowsky, president and CEO of RWJBarnabas Health; and Brian Strom, chancellor of Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences. The keynote speaker, David Blumenthal, president of the Commonwealth Fund, will discuss core challenges facing our health care system on October 30 at the Livingston Student Center. Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute and Rutgers School of Public Health host Public Health and Our Ports: The Road to Clean Air Conference, which examines the health impacts of the Port of New York and New Jersey, on October 26 at Rutgers Law School in Newark. Learn from decision-makers, public policy thought leaders, environmental and health professionals, labor and faith-based organizations, and academics on how we can protect public health. At the 19th Annual Rutgers Jewish Film Festival, the Allen and Joan Bildner Center for the Study of Jewish Life will screen a diverse array of dramatic and documentary films from around the world from October 30 through November 11 at the AMC Loews New Brunswick and Princeton Garden Theatre. Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy hosts the 68th Annual Roy A. Bowers Pharmaceutical Conference, Harnessing Innovation and Value in Population Health Management: Predictive Modeling and Patient Stratification to Target High-Risk Populations and Improve Quality, on November 8 at the Radisson Hotel in Piscataway. The Institute for Research on Women presents My City Was Gone: Gentrification, AIDS, and Urban Change on November 1 at the Ruth Dill Johnson Crockett Building. Speakers Mindy Fullilove, Amber Hollibaugh, and Carmen Vázquez discuss the relationship between gentrification, AIDS, and urban change. Mason Gross School of the Arts provides workshops and master classes featuring faculty members and dancers from the American Ballet Theatre during ABT Day on October 28 at the Nicholas Music Center. A performance will end the day. Register online. Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, with support from the Office of the Chancellor, Rutgers–New Brunswick and Division of Student Affairs, presents Making Informed Choices for the Public Good: Advancing Civil Dialogue on Gun Policy. Join us for a discussion about leadership, courage, and working toward policy solutions through civil discourse with former congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords and retired NASA Astronaut and Navy Captain Mark Kelly on October 24 at the Livingston Student Center. Registration is required. Walk-ins may be accommodated space permitting. Get a behind-the-scenes look with Mason Gross Open Studios. Up to 80 BFA and MFA student artists welcome visitors into their private studios in the Civic Square Building and Livingston Arts Building on October 27. The New Jersey Medical School Fall Arts Festival features art by faculty, students, staff and patients. The exhibition is on display until January 2 throughout B-level of the Medical Science Building at Rutgers Health Sciences at Newark. An artists’ reception will be held on October 11 from 4 to 5:30 p.m. The John J. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development at Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy hosts a conversation with Andrea Hetling on October 22 to discuss housing and intimate partner violence, as explored in her book, Home Safe Home: Housing Solutions for Survivors of Intimate Partner. Register online. The Zimmerli Art Museum and Mason Gross School of the Arts Extension Division present Self-Confessed – Great Women in Classical Music, featuring violin and piano performances by Mason Gross faculty members on October 21 at the museum. Public Catastrophes, Private Losses, the first event in the Institute for Research on Women’s 2018–19 Distinguished Lecture Series, explores the significance of intergenerational trauma in transnational families on October 11 in the Ruth Dill Johnson Crockett Building on Douglass Campus. Rutgers Cinema screens Venom and First Man. Ticket prices with valid school ID are $5 before 6 p.m. and $7 after. Rutgers Counseling, Alcohol and Other Drug Assistance Program and Psychiatric Services offers free mindfulness meditation workshops for students, faculty, and staff members each week at noon in a variety of locations in New Brunswick and Piscataway. View this semester’s PDF schedule. Join in the free celebration of the newly renovated Nicholas Music Center featuring the Rutgers University Glee Club, Rutgers Kirkpatrick Choir, Voorhees Choir, and Rutgers Symphony Orchestra on September 30. Parent and Family Weekend, October 5–7, is a great opportunity for parents and families to reconnect with their students early in the fall semester. The Allen and Joan Bildner Center for the Study of Jewish Life presents Rebecca Erbelding, who discusses her new book on the War Refugee Board and America’s efforts to save the Jews of Europe during World War II on October 9 at the Douglass Student Center. RSVP requested. Mason Gross School of the Arts hosts co-cureate, mini-exhibitions organized by teams of BFA and MFA students representing a hybrid of “collaboration, curating and creation” from September 26 to October 12 in the Mason Gross Galleries. A reception is on September 27. The Rutgers Honors College and Center for Cognitive Science present Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism and Progress, a talk by Steven Pinker, one of the world’s most influential public intellectuals, who makes the case for reason, science and humanism on October 3 in Scott Hall. RSVP online. Enjoy six featured House of Mandela wines expertly paired with an authentic six-course South African dinner on September 27 at The Rutgers Club. Maki Mandela (eldest daughter of Nelson Mandela) and Tukwini Mandela (granddaughter of Nelson Mandela), co-owners of House of Mandela wines, will be present to describe each wine and discuss their family’s legacy. Proceeds benefit the Will Power Fund. Learn more and register online. The Women’s and Gender Studies Graduate Student Conference presents Bodies of Power / Theory in the Flesh on October 5 at Alexander Library. Register online. The Center for Youth Political Participation at Eagleton Institute of Politics presents To Form a More Perfect Union: Combating the Politics of Fear and Anger, a lecture with A'Lelia Bundles, former president and chairman of the board of the National Archives Foundation on September 20 at Douglass Student Center. Register online. The Zimmerli Art Museum hosts a reception for the new exhibit Self-Confessed! The Inappropriately Intimate Comics of Alison Bechdel on September 20. Faculty and staff are invited to attend the LGBTQA Faculty and Staff Social on September 19 at the Zimmerli Art Museum. Light refreshments will be served. RSVP online. Enjoy free events at the Plaza at Livingston Campus, including a DJ performance series on Thursdays, live music lunch hours on Fridays, and a Plaza Fall Kickoff Event September 13 from 1 to 8 p.m. Rutgers Cinema is screening The Nun through September 13 and The Predator through September 16. The Center for Health, Identity, Behavior and Prevention Studies at Rutgers School of Public Health will host a free community forum, HIV Prevention: U=U, PrEP and PEP-Knowing the Facts, on September 16 at Union County College. Register online. Ruby Namdar, winner of the 2014 Sapir Prize in Israel for the novel The Ruined House, presents Living in English, Writing in Hebrew September 27 at the Douglass Student Center. RSVP online. Become a better pet parent with practical knowledge from animal experts at Rutgers Pet Care School on October 13 on Cook campus.
2019-04-25T06:31:49Z
https://thecurrent.rutgers.edu/sections/whats-happening
Items where Subject is "Engineering > MIT Manipal > Aeronautical and Automobile" Binu, K G and Yathish, K and Mallya, Ravindra and Shenoy, Satish B and Rao, Srikanth D and Pai, Raghuvir B (2015) Experimental study of hydrodynamic pressure distribution in oil lubricated two-axial groove journal bearing. Materials Today: Proceedings 2, 2. pp. 3453-3462. Yathish, K and Binu, K G and D'Silva, Rolvin S and Shenoy, Satish B and Pai, Raghuvir B (2015) Static Characteristics of Two-Axial Groove Journal Bearing Operating on TiO2 Nanolubricant. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, 5 (3B). pp. 94-99. Srinivas, G and Gowda, Madhu B P (2014) Aerodynamic performance comparison of airfoils by Varying angle of attack using fluent and gambit. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 592-59. pp. 1889-1896. Lawrence, Deepak K and Shanmugamani, Rajalingappaa and Ramamoorthy, B (2014) Evaluation of image based Abbott–Firestone curve parameters using machine vision for the characterization of cylinder liner surface topography. Measurement - Journal of the International Measurement Confederation, 55. pp. 318-334. Mallya, Ravindra and Shenoy, Satish B and Pai, Raghuvir B (2014) Experimental Challenges and Solutions in Design and Operation of the Test Rig for Water Lubricated Journal Bearing. International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial and Mechatronics Engineering, 8 (11). pp. 1688-1691. Shenoy, Srinivas H and Kini, Vijaya M and Pai, Raghuvir B and Shenoy, Satish B and Rao, Sathish U and Kini, Achutha U (2014) Flexural Strength Analysis of Starch Based Biodegradable Composite using Areca Frond Fibre Reinforcement. International Journal of Manufacturing Engineering. Mallya, Ravindra and Shenoy, Satish B and Pai, Raghuvir B (2014) Steady state characteristics of misalignedmultiple axial groove water-lubricated journal bearing. Journal of Engineering Tribology, 229 (6). pp. 712-722. Yathish, K and Binu, K G and Shenoy, Satish B and Rao, Srikanth D and Pai, Raghuvir B (2014) Study of TiO2 Nanoparticles as Lubricant Additive in Two-Axial Groove Journal Bearing. International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial and Mechatronics Engineering, 8 (11). pp. 1723-1729. Padmaraj, N H and Kini, Vijaya M and Pai, Raghuvir B and Shenoy, Satish B (2013) Development of Short Areca Fiber Reinforced Biodegradable Composite Material. Procedia Engineering, 64. pp. 966-972. Akula, Praveen Kumar and Singh, Balbir and Manikandan, M and Srinivas, G (2012) Influence of Tip clearance on the turbulent aerodynamics of axial flow fan under off design conditions. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 232. pp. 223-227. Akula, Praveen Kumar and Singh, Balbir and Nair, Vishnu G (2012) Numerical Sensitivity Analysis of Axial Flow Fan 3D Aerodynamics Under Off Design Conditions. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 225. pp. 8-12. Pai, Raghuvir B and Rao, Srikanth D and Shenoy, Satish B and Pai, Rammohan S (2012) Stability Characteristics of a Tri-taper Journal Bearing: a Linearized Perturbation Approach. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. Pai, Rammohan S (2008) Non-linear transient analysis of multiple axial groove water-lubricated journal bearings. Proceeding International Mechanical Engieering, 222 (J4). pp. 549-557. Pai, Rammohan S and Pai, Raghuvir B (2008) Stability of four-axial and six-axial grooved water-lubricated journal bearings under dynamic load. Proceedings of International Mechanical Engineering, 222 (J4). pp. 683-691. Radhakrishnan, Jayakrishnan and Suri, Dhruv (2018) Design and Optimisation of a Low Reynolds Number Airfoil for Small Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines. In: International Conference on Mechanical, Materials and Renewable Energy, 08/12/2017, MIT, Sikkim. Kapoor, Awadh and Jaykrishnan, R (2018) Study & Design of Golf Ball like Dimpled Aircraft 2-D Wing and Effects on Aerodynamic Efficiency. In: 1st International conference on modern research in Aerospace Engineering,MRAE 2016, 22/09/2016, Amity University, Noida. Sankar, S S (2018) Suspension Design and testing of an All-Terrain Vehicle using Multi-body dynamics Approach. In: International Conference on Advances in Manufacturing, Materials and Energy Engineering, 02/03/2018, Moodabidiri. Jayakrishnan, Radhakrishnan and Dhruv, Suri (2017) Design and Optimisation of a Low Reynolds Number Airfoil for Small Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines. In: International Conference on Mechanical Materials and Renewable Energy, 08/12/2017, Sikkim Manipal. Ved, Merchant and Jayakrishnan, Radhakrishnan (2017) Design and Optimization of Supersonic intake. In: International conference on Materials, Alloys and Experimental Mechanics, 2017, Narashimha Reddy Engineering college, Secundrabad. Chethan, K N and Pai, Anand and Padmaraj, N H and Singhal, Ashish (2017) Effect of bamboo char and boron carbide particles on mechanical characteristics of Aluminum 6061 hybrid composites. In: International Conference on Mechanical, Materials and Renewable Energy, 08/12/2017, MIT, Sikkim. Kamat, Harishkumar and Kini, Chandrakant R and Sharma, Yagnesh N (2017) FSI Analysis of trailing edge region cooling in hp stage turbine blade. In: International conference on mechanical and aeronautical engineering, 18/01/2017, Bangkok, Thailand, Jan 18-19, 2017. Srinivas, G and Raghunandana, K and Shenoy, Satish B (2017) Flow Blockage in a Transonic Axial Flow Compressor: Simulation Analysis under Distorted Conditions. In: CISCON 2013, 03/11/2017, MIT, Manipal. Kamat, Harishkumar and Kini, Chandrakant R and Sharma, Yagnesh N (2017) Heat Transfer Analysis of Helical Grooved Passages near the Leading Edge Region in Gas Turbine Blade. In: International Conference on Aerospace, Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering, 15/02/2016, Barcelona, Spain. Padmaraj, N H and Chethan, K N and Utkarsh, Sayush and Banerjee, Siddharth and Utkarsh, . (2017) Influence of marine environment on mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced composites. In: International Conference on Mechanical, Materials and Renewable Energy, 08/12/2017, Sikkim, India. Kandoth, Abhishek and Pai, Dayananda (2017) Recent Advances in Composite Sandwich Panels: A Review. In: ICCMEH, 18/12/2017, Manipal. Kumar, Ajay J K and Bharath, Vishnu R and Srinivas, G (2017) Recent Trends in Theoretical, Experimental and Numerical Techniques of Axial Flow Compressor in Aircraft Industry. In: CISCON 2013, 03/11/2017, MIT, Manipal. Pai, Dayananda and Prabhu, Mihir K (2017) Recent advances in substrate materials and thermal analysis of catalytic converters. In: International Conference on Advances in Materials and Manufacturing Applications, 17/08/2017, Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka. Srinivas, G and Raghunandana, K and Shenoy, Satish B (2017) Recent developments in turbomachinery component materials and manufacturing challenges for aero engine applications. In: International Conference on Advances in Metallurgy, Materials and Manufacturing, 06/03/2017, Hotel CJ Pallajio Salem. Thorat, Rohan and Tushar, B and Mahesha, G T (2017) Review of natural fiber composites. In: International Conference on Advances in Metallurgy, Materials and Manufacturing, 06/03/2017, Hotel CJ Pallajio Salem. Srinivas, G and Prakash, M V S (2016) Aerodynamics and Flow Charecterisation of Multistage Rockets. In: International Coference on Frontiers in Automobile and Mechanical Engineering, 07/07/2016, Sathyabama University, Chennai. Kanaparthi, Abhishek and Kumar, Laxman K (2016) Computational Simulation of Enhancement ofMixing efficiency of Micromixer. In: Manipal Research Colloquium, 04/04/2016, Manipal. Srinivas, G and Rakham, Bhupal (2016) Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Convergent Nozzle. In: International Conference on Frontiers in Automobile and Mehanical Engineering, 07/07/2016, Sathyabama University, Chennai. Nithin, B and Ladeesh, V G and Aneesh, T and Manu, R and Deepak, L (2016) Process Modelling and Investigations in to the Electrochemical Discharge Drilling (ECDD) of Soda-Lime-Silicon- Glass. In: International Conferrence on production and industrial engineering, 19/12/2016, DR B R AMBEDKAR NATIONAL OF TECHNOLOGY JALANDHAR. Srinivas, G and Raghunandana, K and Shenoy, Satish B (2016) Recent Developments of Axial Flow Compressors Under Transonic flow Conditions. In: International Conference on Frontiers in Automobile and Mechanical Engineering, 17/06/2016, Sathyabama University, Chennai. Chethan, K N and Shenoy, Satish B and Bhat, Shyamasunder N (2016) Role of different orthopedic biomaterials on wear of hip joint prosthesis: A review. In: International Conference on Smart Engineering Materials, 20/10/2016, RV College of Engineering, Bangalore. Baliga, Ravishanker B and Reddy, Pavan and Pandey, Pankaj (2016) Synthesis and Wear Characterization of CNF-UHMWPE Nanocomposites for Orthopaedic Applications. In: International Conference on Smart Engineering Materials, 20/10/2016, RV College of Engineering, Bangalore. Shivaprasad, U and Reddy, Sree Vaibhav KM (2015) Three dimensional computational analysis of fluid structure interaction over a finite wing. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, July 15-16, 2015. Pawlik, Mateusz and Baliga, Ravishanker B and Shenoy, Satish B and Pai, Raghuvir B (2014) Comparative approach to knee endoprosthesis stem materials –static analysis of bone-implant system by the means of FEM. In: Proceedings of International Conference on compputational Methods in Engineering and Health Sciences, December 17-19 ,2014, Manipal. Pawlik, Mateusz and Baliga, Ravishanker B and Shenoy, Satish B and Pai, Raghuvir B (2014) Comparative static analysis of knee endoprosthesis implants for shor and long stem lengths by the means of FEB. In: Proceedings of International conference on Computational Methods in Engineering and Health Sciences, December 17-19 2014, Manipal. Pai, Anand and Kedarnath, Moparthi and Baliga, Ravishanker B and Chethan, K N (2014) 2D Combustion Simulation of Alkyl Ethers as Alternative Fuels in Compression Ignition Engines. In: International Conference on Computational methods in engineering and health sciences (ICCMEH), 19/12/2014, MIT, MANIPAL. Shenoy, Satish B and Pai, Rammohan S and Rao, Srikanth D and Kini, Vijaya M and Pai, Raghuvir B (2014) Comparison of Dynamic characteristics of 3-axial groove water lubricated bearing with typical water based lubricant. In: International Conference on Environment and Sustainable Technologies (iCEST-2014), January 03-05, 2014, MIT, Manipal, India. Pai, Rammohan S and Shenoy, Satish B and Rao, Srikanth D and Pai, Raghuvir B (2014) Comparison of Static and Dynamic characteristics of 4-axial and 6-axial groove water lubricated journal bearings: Reynolds and JFO Models. In: National conference on Advanced Aerial/Road Vehicle and its applications, 18 - 19, 2014, MIT, Manipal, India.. Pai, Rammohan S and Rao, Srikanth D and Shenoy, Satish B and Kini, Vijaya M and Pai, Raghuvir B (2014) Comparison of Static characteristics of 3-axial groove water lubricated bearing with water based lubricant. In: International Conference on Environment and Sustainable Technologies (iCEST-2014), January 03-05, 2014, MIT, MIT, Manipal, India. Krishna Kumar, P and Adhikari, Raviraj and Prabhu, P R and Keni, Laxmikanth (2014) Deep cold rolling simulation of AISI 4140 steel using ANSYS LSDYNA. In: 3rd World Conference on Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 27-29 September 2014, Kathmandu, Nepal. Manikandan, M and Shivaprasad, U and Suvarna, Ashish Ashok and Bhat, Anuj B and Nair, Vinayak and Shivakrishna, Gunda (2014) External Aerodynamic Analysis of TATA Nano using Numerical Tool. In: International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Sciences, 16/01/2014, Vardhaman college of engineering ,Shamshabad. Madhwesh, N and Mahesha, G T and Murthy, Krishna and Rao , Shrinivasa B R (2014) LPG as an alternative fuel for dual fuel compression ignition engine. In: confer, MIT Maniapl University, Manipal. Kini, Vijaya M and Pai, Rammohan S and Shenoy, Satish B and Rao, Srikanth D and Pai, Raghuvir B (2014) Non-linear transient analysis for 3-axial groove water based lubricant. In: International Conference on Environment and Sustainable Technologies (iCEST-2014), January 03-05, 2014, MIT, Manipal, India.. Singh, Kunwardeep Khanna and Umananda, K V (2014) Optimization of a Suspension Geometry of a Solar Car. In: International Conference on Computational Methods in Engineering & Health Sciences, 17-19 December, 2014, Manipal. Mahesha, G T and Rao, Pakshit and Shenoy, Satish B and Kini, Vijaya M and Srinivas, G (2014) Review of natural fiber composites. In: International Conference on Environmant and Sustainable Trechnologies (ICEST-2014), 3 t0 5 January 2014, MIT Manipal. Pai, Rammohan S and Shenoy, Satish B and Rao, Srikanth D and Pai, Raghuvir B (2014) Stability Characteristics of Multiple Axial Groove Journal Bearings Lubricated With Water Based Lubricant. In: International conference on Computational Method and Engineering, Health Science, December 17 - 19, 2014, MIT, Manipal, India. Pai, Rammohan S and Rao, Srikanth D and Shenoy, Satish B and Pai, Raghuvir B (2014) Static characteristics of 3-axial groove journal bearing lubricated with water based lubricant. In: National conference on Advanced Aerial/Road Vehicle and its applications, 18 - 19, 2014, MIT, Manipal, India.. Pai, Rammohan S and Shenoy, Satish B and Rao, Srikanth D and Pai, Raghuvir B (2014) Stiffness and Damping Coefficients of 3-axial groove water lubricated journal bearings. In: National conference on Advanced Aerial/Road Vehicle and its applications, July 18 - 19, 2014, MIT, Manipal, India.. Reddy, Sree Vaibhav KM and Shivaprasad, U (2014) A study on issues and choices to implement sustainable technologies in urban transportation of india. In: Environment and Sustainable Technologies, 03/01/2014, MIT, Manipal. Shivaprasad, U and Suresh Kumar, R (2013) Computational Analysis of Hypersonic Vehicle Intake Configuration. In: The International Conference of Engineering Sciences and Management, October 5-6, 2013, Hyderabad, India. Umananda, K V and George, Libu B and Raviraja, A (2012) Design, fabrication and performance evaluation of a hybrid electric vehicle. In: International Conference on Recent Advances and Challenges in Energy, January 4 –6, 2012, MIT, Manipal. Shenoy, Satish B and Pai, Rammohan S and Pai, Raghuvir B and Rao, Srikanth D (2012) Effect of turbulence and offset loading on the performance of a single pad externally adjustable fluid film bearing. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition, November 9-15, 2012, Houston, Texas, USA.. Kumar, Amit and Sarwade, A G and Shivaprasad, U and Tirupati, T (2012) The main aim of this paper is the investigations of aircraft gas turbine engine emissions. In semi-empirical emission correlation methods to predict the sum of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide (NOx), carbon monoxide. In: National Seminar on Expanding Expanding Frontiers in Aerospace Technologies- Challenges and Oppurtunities, 24/11/2012, Secunderabad. Kini , Chandrakant R and Shenoy, Satish B and Sharma, Yagnesh N (2011) A Computational Conjugate Thermal Analysis of HP Stage Turbine Blade Cooling with Innovative Cooling Passage Geometries. In: Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering, July 6 - 8, 2011, London, U.K.. Padmaraj, N H and Kini, Vijaya M and Pai, Raghuvir B and Shenoy, Satish B and Krishnamoorthy, Agrahara (2010) Effect of Different Treatment Media on the Breaking Strength of Long Areca Nut Fibers. In: IV National Conference on Trends in Mechanical Engineering, TIME'10, 30/12/2010, NIT Warangal. Pai, Rammohan S and Rao, Srikanth D and Kini, Vijaya M and Shenoy, Satish B and Pai, Raghuvir B (2009) Effect of groove location on the stability of multiple axial groove water lubricated journal bearing-A non linear transient approach. In: International conference on Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering, December 25-27, 2009, Bangkok, Thailand. Rao, Srikanth D and Pai, Rammohan S and Kini, Vijaya M and Shenoy, Satish B and Pai, Raghuvir B (2009) Effect of groove location on the static characteristics of multiple axial groove water lubricated journal bearing. In: International conference on Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering, December 25-27, 2009, Bangkok, Thailand. Kumar, Abhijeet and Kumar, Shubham and Kumari, Priyanka and Dey, Pekham and Pai, Rammohan S (2008) Failure investigation of wheel bearing of TATA 1210 bus. In: National conference on AIM Enggineering, Oct. 28-30, 2008, M.I.T., Manipal. Pai, Rammohan S and Rao, Srikanth D and Pai, Raghuvir B (2008) Non-linear transient analysis of five axial groove water lubricated journal bearing. In: International Conference on Advanced Tribology, ICAT 2004., December 1-3, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Pai, Rammohan S and Rao, Srikanth D and Shenoy, Satish B and Pai, Raghuvir B (2008) Static characteristics of 3 –axial groove water lubricated journal bearings. In: National conference on AIM Engineering, Oct. 28-30, 2008, M.I.T., Manipal. Pai, Rammohan S and Pai, Raghuvir B and Majumdar, B C and Hargreaves, D J (2003) Effect of groove angles on the static characteristics of multiple axial groove water lubricated bearings. In: National Conference of ISME, Dec. 30-31, 2003, IIT, Roorkee. This list was generated on Sun Apr 21 15:30:24 2019 UTC.
2019-04-21T21:12:43Z
http://eprints.manipal.edu/view/subjects/AA.html
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Elara comes worked in with web-based social networking symbols, and Instagram encourage combination. It is most suited for food websites or design online journals, yet can be utilized for an assortment of purposes. Elara has an extraordinary first page that highlights different sidebar positions (best or base), a standard or a posts slider, included classes, and a feature post. Kenza is a cutting edge theme that is anything but difficult to utilize which is going to be loved by everyone. It is likewise perfect with Smartcat Slider, enabling you to include the same number of sliders as you need, effortlessly. This them has tons of cool features included which are an exceptional vertical board rotating blog, Parallax header, social symbols, a footer invitation to take action, essential and auxiliary menus and a lot more. Nikko Portfolio theme is a rich outline for ladylike sites. With this theme, you can without much of a stretch make enrapturing displays appropriate inside your blog entries and pages. This theme will enable you to recount your stories on account of it’s lovely typography and exceptional consideration regarding picture situation. It is a rich, female and nearly dream-like plan for your site and it has been made for craftsmen and creative. RokoPhoto Lite is a cutting edge and smooth WordPress photography theme that is worked as a blog yet could likewise function admirably as portfolio. It highlights wonderful advances that make perusing between pages consistent and quick. RokoPhoto Lite is the correct decision in the event that you are searching for a spotless photography blog theme to exhibit your travel, experience, nature or other lovely photography. Oxygen is new and clean free photography WordPress theme. This theme accompanies a responsive and portable advanced format plan that guarantees the availability and convenience of your site. This theme has an included substance slider that enables you to flaunt your lovely highlighted pictures. It has a custom front page layout fit for distributing a photography blog or site. It has 5 adaptable gadget zones set on the sidebars. Fukuwasa is a negligible workmanship style blog theme especially created for photographers, organizations and authorities. Its responsive design and retina show prepared symbols will give your site a chance to adjust smoothly to present day gadgets. Fukusawa accompanies a grandly negligible format that exhibits your posts, photos and recordings in a Pinterest-style matrix. Indeed, even old posts look extraordinary with this insignificant stone work style photography blog theme. Verity is a very classy theme which has a very modest look is a great theme for professional people and also bloggers, who are searching for a basic yet-polished online nearness. It accompanies important devices and components, as Featured Content and showing various portfolios, to enable website admins of any aptitude level to make quality sites in a short measure of time, without writing a line of code anytime. Seos Photography is an elegant and modern responsive WordPress theme perfectly suitable for a photography, picture taker, daily paper, pictures, photographs, distributing or other publication sites. This theme has a full background image which looks eye-catching and can bring the attentions of a lot of people. Hanne is an exceptionally basic theme with awesome customization choices that you can make on your own. This theme is fully responsive and is also retina ready. It has got cool animations that you can use on your website and you can also turn your website into an online store as it has WooCommerce support. You can empower different zones to grandstand your highlighted content. Its lightweight nature makes it quick stacking in all programs. The Dylan is a latest WordPress photography theme. This theme has a full-width background image slider which is very eye-catching and displays informative images. It also has posts below with somewhat large images at side which can tell you more about the post. This theme requires no coding for the customization of different things like themes, fonts etc. It is a fully responsive theme which can be viewed in any kind of device easily. Prasoon is another great and latest free WordPress theme by Spiracle Themes. This theme has a very responsive design and it can be used for any kind of website like business, blogging, photography, restaurant. It has a very modern design and comes with a full-width background image which is great for showing off something from your work. You can customize different options very easily. Venice Lite is another WordPress theme with a very modern and responsive design. Yo can customize this theme easily which gives you tons of options. You can also turn this into an online store because of WooCommerce support. It has more than 600 fonts, 360 icons and unlimited color combinations. This theme is perfect for different kinds of websites starting form simple blogging to online store, photography etc. Andorra is a latest WordPress theme designed by XThemes. It is a simple yet very powerful and multi-purpose theme which you can customize according to your choice without writing a single line of code. This theme is perfect for travel companies, photographers, bloggers, portfolios or anyone who wants to showcase their work in a beautiful manner. There is a wide range of color options available for you to choose from. You can also turn it into an online store because of its WooCommerce support. It has featured slider which will make your work look appealing and also comes with logo customization options. Photomania is a gorgeous WordPress photography theme which has a very sleek design and is fully responsive. It has a very striking homepage where you can see featured full width slider images and below that there are beautifully organized photos from Recent Work which is further divided into 4 sections where you can choose what category you would like to see. You also have logo and title customization options. It comes with a lot of features like Custom Widgets, Custom Menu, Footer Widgets, Custom Site Banner and a lot more making it more perfect. Helena is a latest WordPress theme by Catch Themes. Helena is a very clean, minimal theme which is fully responsive. It has a beautiful full-screen background image and powerful customization options. The masonry grid layout provides a very elegant look. You can also turn it into an online shopping portal because of its WooCommerce compatibility. You can also turn it into a photography website of your choice. This theme comes with huge amount of features like logo slider, promotion headline, header image, featured content, color and theme options etc. Fabulous fluid is a stunning theme with amazing customization options. This theme is perfect for photographers, magazine websites or personal bloggers. This theme is fully responsive with a lot of customization options where you can customize colors, themes, styling, icons, menus, breadcrumbs and a lot more. It has 5 slider images which are full width making the screen look beautiful. It also has social media icons in the right bar. Xcel is a very classy theme with a modern creative design. This is a multi purpose theme which can be used for portfolio websites, business or personal blogs. This theme has full width slider image and different page templates. It also contains a drag and drop page builder together with multiple page layouts and widgets. It is WooCommerce ready so you can easily turn it into an eCommerce store to sell goods online. Pixgraphy is a very elegant theme for photographers who want to showcase their work in the most beautiful way. It has a very responsive design an amazing interface which grabs attention quickly. This theme has been tested for speed optimization where you can browse through photos quickly without any disturbance. Pixgraphy is a WooCommerce and Cross browser compatible theme. This theme has lots of features like multiple layout options, stunning photo presentation, social media integration and much more. Parallax frame is an elegant, responsive and full width theme with parallax scrolling effect. This theme accompanies an entire arrangement of intriguing and rich features which makes this theme exceedingly adaptable and flexible to use. It has slider image content at the home page which looks astonishing. It also has photography, portfolio which is in the form of grid, featured content, recent posts, social media integration and a lot more which will make your website unique. This theme is built on HTML5 ,CSS3 and theme customizer which makes you working on this extremely fun and easy. Highriser is a new and simple photography WordPress theme where artists or photo bloggers can share their work like photographs, videos, articles and a lot more. It has a very simple and eye catchy design all organized and soothing to the eyes where you can share your work in an organized manner. This theme is also very useful for portfolio, display, corporates, blogging, individual and business use. Photolite theme is a perfect stop for people who want to make the best use of their blogging and photography skills. It is also great for small business website, portfolio websites or blogging websites. This is a very neat and organized theme which has different content such as an about us page, portfolio page, contact page and more. Photolite has very responsive layout and it also works with handheld devices like iPhone and iPad too. Now this theme is for people who want to share the memories of their BIG DAY with people all over the world. This is a beautiful theme which will keep all your memories and photographs together at one place for the perfect couples. This makes a perfect wedding websites as it comes with great layouts and features. It has a moderate yet present day outline, with bunches of clean ranges. It is a very modern, flexible and multi-purpose theme. Simple Perle is a stunningly simple and responsive WordPress theme that permits users to assemble stylish web journals and portfolio sites.It’s ideal for photographers, website bloggers and anybody looking to exhibit their work delightfully. This theme basically has a great layout and it also combines a good balance of text and pictures by default. The front page of this theme includes your three most up to date portfolios together with recent blog posts. Overall, it’s a minimalist theme for passionate photographers and bloggers who want their artwork to look no more than a magazine cover. So now i am going to tell you about this theme for your photography page. First things first, what makes this theme different from other free themes? The simple answer to this questions is that it contains search bar in the header, page navigation and related articles without any plugins. This is a free WordPress theme which can easily be improved according to your requirements. Shapely comes with several homepage widgets such as portfolio, parallax, latest projects, testimonial, clients / partners and Call for action. It additionally supports different plugins, both free and premium, which can upgrade the functionalities of the theme. Lighthouse is one page responsive and a highly customisable theme. The design of this theme was created with the idea of search engines like google in mind. Lighthouse is a multi-purpose theme which can be used for portfolio, restaurant, small companies, business, news websites and a lot more. This theme is Retina Ready and very responsive. It is also very well documented and has clean code. This theme is build in Bootstrap Grid 1170px and it also offers full list of google fonts. It also includes a lot of social media icons for you to choose from. In short, lighthouse is a very neat, simple minimalist theme with a perfect design and a lot of options. It works with practically each and every plugin and supports post types like video, image, audio, link, quote and more. Agama is a beautiful multipurpose WordPress theme with a beautiful large background image which makes it more eye catchy. This theme provides a lot of features which most of the free themes don’t. This theme is built of bootstrap with parallax support. Agama is a very beautifully organized clean theme which is very responsive, simple, flat and minimal. This theme is basically perfect for freelancers, photography sites, corporate business, portfolio and many more agencies. Agama has two skin options, dark and light. It has 4 portfolio layouts and extensive theme options. It also has 3 header variations and a lot more features which you need to find out yourself by downloading this theme. Marlin lite is a beautifully designed free WordPress theme. It has a very stylish design which looks very chic and fashionable and also very clean. It is a fully responsive multipurpose theme which affords two widgets about me and newest post. Marlin lite is a perfect theme for artists, bloggers, photographers and many different professional websites. This theme is built using Bootstrap framework and it also has a theme customizer together with the two customized widgets. This theme also has some widgets that allow you to share your work on social media and also display your newest post on right sidebar. As the name suggests, plum is a beautiful creative theme with a plum color giving the overall design a very elegant look. It is a simple theme and very easy to use. This theme is built on the Genesis Framework which supports many of the WordPress plugins that are a must have. It also supports a search engine and awesome animations. This theme also supports WooCommerce, featured posts and custom widgets. This theme is great for blogs, artists, photographers who want their work to pop out on the front with a lot of featured photos of their work. Blanche lite is a free eCommerce theme with a very powerful homepage which allows you to display your featured content on front page as video or images. It is a very professional and a clean theme which is best suitable for business websites, personal blogs and fashion blogs. It has a very responsive layout with the integrated social media menu. This theme is also suitable for business websites where you can sell products online. It also has a portfolio page where photographers or fashion bloggers can display their work. This is a professional theme with a clean and minimal design which looks very good to the viewers. Writee is a very attractive theme for personal blogs, photography, travel logs. It is a fully responsive theme which works evenly on all the devices. Writee gives you the feature to demonstrate related posts, for a specific post you are reading. Writee also comes with easy to use theme options which allows you to change your website layout in different ways. Writee also comes with an author details box and it is WooCommerce compatible. It also includes custom widgets together with built in widgets. In short it is a perfect theme to manage all your content in one place. Nikkon is a very beautiful, simple and creative theme with a highly customizable layout. It supports three header layouts, three footer layouts and multiple page templates. This theme comes with lots and lots of options to make your site look noticeable. It is a multipurpose and a clean theme which can turn your website into an online store with WooCommerce. This theme will work amazing for a fashion blog, photography portfolio or an online store by installing WooCommerce plugin. Tromax is a a colorful, fast loading and neat WordPress theme. It is a very well organized theme where you can see featured posts of the day in a horizontal grid whereas latest posts are below that grid on the left side and recent posts are on the right side below the grid. It comes with innumerable features including multiple color schemes, WooCommerce support, customs widgets and fonts, social media integrations and a lot more options. Tromax can be used by artists, bloggers, photographers, business sites and many more. Morphology lite is basically like a gallery where you can showcase your images. This theme allows you to turn your front page into an elegant gallery or keep it as a simple blog, it’s your choice. This theme where you can turn your front page into a gallery is most suitable for photographers where they can display large thumbnail images of their work where users can click on any of the thumbnail and see a larger photograph. When you float over the image without clicking it you can see the other side of image which has text like description of image and the date it was posted. Morphology Lite offers boundless color choices, numerous blog format decisions, essential navigation and webpage marking situated in the sidebar, and adaptable sidebars. Sauron is a multipurpose WordPress theme which contains various parts like blog, gallery, diagrams, testimonials and more. This theme is fully responsive, SEO-prepared, retina-ready, and utilizes one-page looking over and parallax technology. It has numerous features and some of them are fullscreen lightbox slideshow, page builder social media links, layout editor and a lot more. Sauron accompanies 5 default color subjects. They can be altered with the desired background colors and pictures, permitting you to have a novel color scheme and outline on your business site. Flatio is a fully responsive iOS inspired theme which has some menu buttons on top of a static background image in homepage. It is inspired by iOS so the pages are in the form of apps. It has buttons like portfolio, about, blog, and some social media icons. Once you click on a certain button you start navigating the website and a lot more options are pop up. This theme is highly adjustable so you can make it look like the way you want. This theme is suitable for business or portfolio websites. It has 12 homepage apps or many more than that. It has more than 40 page animations and has a grid portfolio. Pinnacle is a valiant and creative theme which is great for any kind of business, portfolios, personal blogs, online stores. This theme has WooCommerce support which allows you to turn your site into an Ecommerce site. This theme has a huge number of features which makes it more amazing and creative than the other ones. It include features like portfolio posts, galleries, testimonials, mega menu, sticky header, unique blog styles, staff posts and a lot more. Espied is a great portfolio theme which was created with people like artists, designers and photographers in mind. Through this theme they can showcase their image related work to the world. The theme incorporates a sidebar that slides out to show navigation and widgets. It is hidden until clicked so as to keep the attention on displaying your work. Espied also includes 22 icons for different social media profiles. Espied showcases pictures at full width on larger screens so it is very important to include pictures which are at least 1272px wide. When you make a project, you can utilize the portfolio shortcode to show it anyplace on your site. Formation is a fully responsive, easy to customize and a multi purpose WordPress theme. This theme has magnificent features which include capability to add your own logo, header, featured areas, social media links and a lot more. This theme also includes full width banner Slider which makes it more impressive. It is a simple theme which has powerful theme options with a lot of features. Fashify is a fashionably awesome and well structured theme with support for images, audio and video. It has a very clean and minimalist design. Fashify is an excellent responsive WordPress theme for fashion online journals, news and magazine sites. Fashify includes various pages like fashion, photos, videos, blog, contact and a lot more. It has a lot of features which include social media icons, search bar, recent posts, categories and more.
2019-04-24T22:03:59Z
https://simplefreethemes.com/free-photography-wordpress-themes/
The postal espionage crisis of 1844 sparked the first panic over the privacy of citizens, and offers lessons from history for those grappling with the Edward Snowden revelations about the surveillance of digital communication. The narratives of national liberty coincided with structures of national power in the nineteenth century. Now there is growing tension between the rights of British citizens and transnational processes of communication and surveillance. The current controversy is generated by the collision between security and privacy expectations. It cannot be treated merely as a problem for the Foreign Office. The Government needs to generate a response which engages with both the conduct of espionage and the rapidly changing practices of digital communication. Secrecy about secrecy in the conduct of state surveillance can only be defended by an appeal to 'honourable secrecy', which no longer has the credibility it assumed in the nineteenth century. The more recent past suggests that the conditions for explosions of public concern over systems of state surveillance are widely present, and that the intervals between panics are shortening. 'The statistical measurement of communication behaviour' from postal flows to Facebook traffic began with the introduction of the Penny Post in 1840. This form of counting provides objective and challenging evidence of the actual impact of privacy crises. The lack of change in people's communications behaviour in the 1840s suggests privacy crises today may not alter the massive flow of digital messaging between individuals. In the surveillance of private communication almost everything is history. Edward Snowden’s revelations about the extent of state interception exposed the obsolescence of current legal safeguards. In Britain the 1994 Intelligence Services Act, which gave legal underpinning to the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) for the first time, and the 2000 Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (RIPA), have been overtaken by the rise of search engines and the social media and accompanying developments in digital systems and software. The late twentieth century is a far away country and the world before the computer beyond sight or meaning. It may be argued however that the characteristics of the current controversy were established at the beginning of the modern state and mass communication in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. The 1830s saw the Great Reform Act and the first wave of railway building. In 1840 the government slashed the cost of postage to a penny irrespective of distance, and introduced pre-payment to speed the process of delivery. The intention was to democratise correspondence, stabilising a society disrupted by urbanisation, promoting the exchange of the information necessary for a fluid industrialising economy, and creating demand for universal literacy. Four years later what Torrens McCullagh Torrens, the biographer of the Home Secretary, Sir James Graham, called a ‘paroxysm of national anger' exploded when the government was caught opening letters in the interests of national security. It was the political scandal of 1844, permanently scarring the career of the Minister and recalled at intervals down the decades until new regimes of surveillance were introduced around the time of the First World War, such as the 1911 Official Secrets Act. The 1844 postal espionage crisis contained in embryo all the main features of the international controversy that was ignited in June 2013 by the exposure of the surveillance practices of America’s National Security Agency (NSA) acting in conjunction with other national agencies, including GCHQ. Five aspects of the event, in particular, can help clarify the dynamics of the present situation and the room for manoeuvre of governments and their critics. These are the interaction between privacy and secrecy, the management of secrecy, the boundaries of the state, the nature of privacy panics and the behaviour of consumers. The great boon which has been conferred upon the public by the recent alteration of the post-office system, and the introduction of railway communication, by which cheapness, dispatch and certainty of delivery, have been so effectually carried out, will be much impaired by a sense of insecurity in the transit of letters. The post-office must not only be CHEAP AND RAPID, but SECURE AND INVIOLABLE. The introduction of the pre-paid, flat-rate Penny Post in 1840 was designed to expand the realm of virtual privacy. Through cheap, secure correspondence it would be possible to maintain and extend relationships over distance between friends, lovers or separated family members. The nineteenth century consolidated the home as the site of enclosed intimacy and was increasingly seen as the location of moral development, mental independence and recreational recovery. The period also and perhaps more significantly, promoted the creation of what we would now term social networking, the use of the information technology of the time to extend the realm of personal interactions. So intensive did the postal service become that within cities it was possible to conduct conversations, arrange and engage in meetings, by exchanging mail back and forth within a single day. He (Lord) Denman should like to know the feelings of any Secretary of State when he first found himself in the execution of his duty, opening a private letter, becoming the depository of the secrets of a private family, becoming acquainted with circumstances of which he would wish to be ignorant, meeting an individual in society, and knowing that he was in possession of secrets dearer to him than his life. But the Home Secretary, an upright Tory baronet, could not see the point. His responsibility was keeping the nation safe from internal threats, which in the era of Chartism, the first mass working-class movement, seemed real and imminent. He had no conception of the heightened sensitivies surrounding privacy. The interaction between privacy and surveillance remains the difficulty for the current government spokesmen. The behaviour of overseas security agencies is at one level a matter for the Foreign Secretary but at another entirely beyond his sphere of competence. Placatory statements to Parliament about the behaviour of GCHQ or the NSA do not begin to embrace the concerns raised by Edward Snowden’s revelations. The event gains its scale because of the collision between state security and the structures and expectations of virtual privacy that have gained new forms and intensities as a consequence of the digital revolution. Sir James Graham’s second difficulty was his defence of secrecy about secrecy. A year before the postal espionage crisis, Jeremy Bentham’s essay ‘Of Publicity’ was posthumously published. This became a founding text of open government. 'Publicity', he wrote, 'is the fittest law for securing the public confidence, and causing it constantly to advance towards the end of its institution.’ Conversely, 'secresy [sic] is an instrument of conspiracy; it ought not, therefore, to be the system of a regular government.' The destruction of the ‘mystery’ surrounding the state became a shared endeavour of reformers on both sides of the Atlantic. But the post-Reform Act Parliament, forged out of a constitutional crisis between 1830 and 1832, and then threatened by Chartism from 1838, was by no means hostile to the need for some degree of covert action to counter the challenges to the new order. No MP in the often bitter debates that followed Mazzini’s protest demanded the end of all forms of surveillance. Rather they wanted the rules to be made visible and their application accountable. Their preferred remedy was legislation which would compel the Post Office to inform recipients that their mail had been opened. the answer of the right hon. Baronet was, that he must firmly but respectfully decline to answer any question on that subject. If a Secretary of State, or the Government, were justified in screening and sheltering themselves behind this official secrecy, he wanted to know what became of that responsibility of which we heard so much when any measure was submitted giving more extensive powers to the Secretary of State or the Government? The secrecy about secrecy had two immediate consequences, both of which are visible today. Firstly the government’s silence not only concealed what it had done but also prevented any denial of what it had not done. It was open season for conspiracy theorists. Before long the government was faced with the inflammatory but largely unfounded accusation that the letters of numerous MPs had been opened. Bound by the emerging doctrine of collective cabinet responsibility, Graham was also unable to vent his frustration at the behaviour of the Foreign Secretary Lord Aberdeen, who had allowed the request from the Austrian Government to spy on Mazzini and then kept well out of the way when the crisis broke. Secondly it foregrounded the issue of trust. Without a clear legal framework or the information required for Parliamentary oversight, the only defence of secrecy lay in the perceived character of the practitioners. Over the course of the nineteenth century the doctrine of 'honourable secrecy' took form. Ministers and senior civil servants shared the values of public service and self-denial, inculcated through their common education and the traditions of their social class. They knew what to say and when not to say it. And as Graham’s evident mortification demonstrated, their silence was a function of self-sacrifice not self-aggrandisement. In its own time the claim was effective, not least because of the combination of competence and integrity with which the honour was delivered. The rapid expansion of the government after World War One, its declining reputation for honesty and efficiency in the conduct of foreign affairs from Suez to Iraq, and the increasingly complex interactions between officials and the private sector have attenuated the doctrine. Since 1989 a structure of legal oversight of the security services has been put in place, but much still depends on powers exercised out of sight. As long as secrecy about secrecy is maintained, the threadbare cloak of honourable secrecy remains the last defence of government in the conduct of surveillance. Integral to the drama of 1844 was a construction of national sovereignty. Ministers were accused of acting on behalf of a foreign government. Not only was postal espionage allegedly a breach of the rights of free-born Englishmen, it was being conducted in the interests of a tyrannical autocracy. Whether the extraneous Austrian Emperor and the miserable old chimera of a Pope shall maintain themselves in Italy, or be obliged to decamp from Italy, is not a question in the least vital to Englishmen. But it is a question vital to us that sealed letters in an English post-office be, as we all fancied they were, respected as things sacred; that opening of men’s letters, a practice near of kin to picking men’s pockets, and to others still viler and far fataler forms of scoundrelism, be not resorted to in England, except in cases of the very last extremity. There were two processes in play. The first was a narrative of indigenous liberty, associated with but not reducible to a set of constitutional conventions and legal guarantees. This supplied the vocabulary and the values against which to judge the behaviour of domestic politicians and overseas regimes. The government’s case that public espionage preserved national security was met by the charge that official secrecy betrayed national identity. The second was the assumption of political autarky, that all matters relating to surveillance were within the remit of the British government. It controlled its own postal service and neither domestic commercial interests nor foreign powers could interfere. In 1844 the private sector had just been expelled from postal services. The only difficulty was the temptation of European governments to act in concert when one amongst their number was threatened by revolutionary movements such as Italian republicanism. But already the technology of mass communication was moving on. The first British telegraph patent was taken out in 1837 and lines were being laid alongside the new railway tracks as the espionage crisis broke. The invention rapidly escaped national boundaries. A London to Paris line was established in 1852, and after a number of failures a reliable transatlantic cable was in use by 1866. The first global communications organisation, the International Telegraph Union, was founded in 1865, followed a decade later by the Universal Postal Union. In this sense the nineteenth century was inventing a problem which the early twenty-first is struggling to resolve. It was always possible through postal espionage for one country to open the mail of citizens of another. As the Report from the Secret Committee on the Post Office established, this had been practised at least since Elizabethan times and it was the essence of the request by the Austrian government in 1844. But the arrival of electronic and then digital networks, and the growing presence of private companies in their management, have vastly compounded the potential for the narrative of national liberty to collide with the realities of international surveillance. In the complete ignorance prevailing, both as to the actual state of the law, and still more as to the long-established practice respecting the Post Office, the question put by Mr Duncombe, gave rise to popular conjectures and suspicions without end. It was like a match struck for a moment amid profound darkness, revealing to the startled crowd vague forms of terror, of which they had never previously had a glimpse, and about which they forthwith began to talk at random, until a gigantic system of espionage had been conjured up, which no mere general assurance of its unreality could dispel. It is possible to identity six elements of such a panic: exposed abuse; attempted concealment; communications revolution; fear of networks; location of power; and media exploitation. The absence of poppy seeds in Mazzini’s mail exposed the abuse and breach of public trust. Graham’s secrecy about secrecy generated a sense of general concealment. The public understood the connection between secrecy and privacy, highlighted by the recent introduction of the Penny Post, and recognised the immeasurable change in communications networks, which posed unknowable threats to existing systems of managing personal information. The near simultaneous introduction of the railways, mass postage and the electronic telegraph constituted the first such turning point since the invention of printing. There was a clear target for blame, in this case the Home Secretary or the Austrian Government. Finally and perhaps most importantly there was a vigorous and varied media, wired for sensation. The ‘paroxysm of national anger’ was fed not just by the national press and associated periodical literature, but by radical journalism, largely freed from government control during the 1830s. It quickly gained an international dimension, with stories appearing in New York and later as far away as Australia. And it was sustained by a vigorous visual and imaginative culture. The single most influential image of the crisis was a cartoon in the newly-foundedPunch showing Sir James Graham opening letters dressed as Paul Pry, the eponymous hero of an immensely successful comedy first performed in 1825. The Examiner … glanced complacently around him; and a smile of triumph curled his thin pale lips. At the same time his small, grey, sparkling eyes were lighted up with an expression of diabolical cunning: his whole countenance was animated with a glow of pride and conscious power. He conversed with peers and gentlemen who were lauded as the essence of honour and of virtue, but whose fame would have withered like parched scroll, had his breath, pregnant with fearful revelations, only fanned its surface. There were few, either men or women, of rank and name, of whom he knew not something which they would wish to remain unknown. The conjunction of the six elements did not reoccur in the remainder of the nineteenth century. The evidence of the more recent past is that the conditions for such explosions are reoccurring, and that the intervals between them are shortening. The conduct of virtual privacy always involved risk. Even without the prospect of government surveillance there were the dangers of letters being overseen as they were written or read in crowded domestic interiors, of gossiping friends or neighbours involved as scribes or readers for the less educated, of incriminating mail stored away and falling into the wrong hands. Advice manuals warned against the threats, the plots of contemporary plays and novels were driven by epistolary misfortunes. Correspondents, before and after the Penny Post, were engaged in a form of consumer bargaining, exchanging expected pleasures for assumed risks. Referring to the internet and credit cards, Katz and Tassone draw attention to ways in which ‘an element of privacy is ceded, consciously or unconsciously, in return for participation in new forms of consumption or communication.’ This kind of trading was apparent in the era dominated by the written word. There was no external compulsion to put pen to paper and a stamp on an envelope. Letter-writers were making a more-or-less informed exchange of perceived gain for estimated danger. With the Penny Post, for the first time the communication practices of a nation were systematically counted. The Post Office delivered letters and generated statistics. As with contemporary digital media, the use of information technologies could be calibrated on a standardised basis over time and between countries. This permitted some kind of objective measure of the impact of the 1844 crisis. Given the intensity of the debate and the range of the media which aired it, few people would have been unaware of the issue. Graham’s refusal to supply detail of his reserve powers meant that no final assurance was available to future correspondents, even though we now know that the practice was quietly discontinued for three decades. This was the first and last time since at least the sixteenth century that there was no postal surveillance. But against his critics the Home Secretary could take comfort from the demonstrable behaviour of those exposed to the violation of their privacy. There was no short-term drop in correspondence and by 1914 annual postal flows had risen from two hundred million to three and a half billion. However much he had suffered personally, his culture of surveillance had won through. Campbell-Smith, D., Masters of the Post (London, Allen Lane, 2011). Moran, C., Classified. Secrecy and the State in Modern Britain (Cambridge, CUP, 2013). Porter, B., Plots and Paranoia: a history of political espionage in Britain, 1790-1988 (London, Unwin Hyman, 1989). Vincent, D., The Culture of Secrecy. Britain 1832-1998 (Oxford, OUP, 1998). Why have no bankers gone to jail?
2019-04-24T16:53:22Z
http://www.historyandpolicy.org/policy-papers/papers/surveillance-privacy-and-history
What type of debt can you have a time order on? Has the whole loan been called in? If you think a time order may help your situation it is usually best to seek help from a solicitor or from a local advice agency. Although this fact sheet explains what time orders can do, the outcome will depend on how a sheriff views your circumstances, and what the court thinks its powers are under the Consumer Credit Act 1974. See Useful contacts at the end of this fact sheet. in some cases, it is also possible to change the interest rate. A time order is particularly useful if you have a secured loan and your lender is threatening to repossess your home. Up until now, applications for a time order have not been made very often. However, there have been some recent changes to the rules which mean that time orders may now be helpful to more people. Because there have been so few time orders in the past, you may find that your local advice agency, or even the sheriff clerk at your local sheriff court, has not dealt with an application before. If you have a loan agreement it should state whether it is covered by the Consumer Credit Act. The agreement should have a heading that says:Consumer Credit Agreement regulated by the Consumer Credit Act 1974. There is no financial limit if you took out your credit agreement from 6 April 2008 (except for some loans for business purposes). From 21 March 2016, secured loans are no longer regulated by the Consumer Credit Act. They are instead regulated mortgage contracts. You may be able to apply for a time order for a regulated mortgage contract, including your first mortgage. Contact us for advice. The lender usually has to send you an arrears notice if you have missed two or more payments. It should tell you how much you owe under the agreement, how much the arrears are and if any interest or charges are being added. There is no charge for making an application to the sheriff court for a time order, although a fee will be payable to sheriff officers for serving the notice on the creditor. You can apply for a time order after you have received the arrears notice. You must write to your lender and give them 14 days' notice that you are going to apply for a time order. You must include in the letter details of the offer of payment you are going to make in your application. Depending on the type of agreement you have, you may only be able to apply for a time order against the arrears. The procedure and forms you need to use depends upon whether you have a secured loan, a hire purchase agreement, conditional sale agreement or an unsecured loan. See the later sections for details of how to apply. The lender can issue a default or termination notice and call in the loan if you have fallen behind with payments. Once you have received this, you can make an application to the sheriff court for a time order. You don’t need to write to your lender to give notice that you are going to apply at this stage. See the later sections for details of how to apply. If a creditor has already started court action against you then you can still apply for a time order. You can do this when you reply to the claim. See the later sections for details of how to apply. Since 28 November 2016, there are two different sheriff court procedures. ‘Simple procedure’ (for debts up to £5,000). ‘Ordinary cause’ (for debts over £5,000). Claims for child support, personal injury, defamation and mortgage or rent repossession do not use the simple procedure. If a claim for a debt of up to £5,000 was started before 28 November 2016, the procedure may be different. Contact us for advice. If you are using the simple procedure you just need to apply for time to pay. The court can make a time order if this is necessary, but may decide to make a different sort of order that still gives you time to pay. If you are using ordinary cause, or other older court processes, it can be confusing because there are three different applications that can be made to the sheriff court about time to pay. This fact sheet is only about time orders, but it might be helpful to understand a little bit about the other procedures. You can apply for a ‘time to pay direction’ if a creditor starts court action for an unsecured debt and you want to pay the ‘decree’ at a rate you can afford. If you keep up with the payments, it stops the creditor from taking most types of action to enforce the decree. Enforcing a decree is called 'diligence'. A ‘time to pay order’ allows you to pay the decree on an unsecured debt at an affordable rate. It also stops any action to enforce the decree. You can only apply for a time to pay order after a decree has been granted and you have received a charge for payment’. You cannot apply for a time order if a time to pay direction or time to pay order has been granted. However, it is possible to apply for a time order if an earlier application for a time to pay direction or order was unsuccessful. Time orders have wider powers than time to pay directions and time to pay orders because the court can also change the interest rate. However, it is more difficult to get a court to agree to a time order. Contact us for advice. However, you may want to ask for a time order if an arrears notice or a default notice has been issued, but the creditor is refusing either to accept your offer of payment or to freeze the interest. If interest is still being added on to the debt and the creditor refuses to take court action, then applying for a time order may be the only way to ask for the interest to be frozen. If the court makes a time order and you keep up to date with the payments, a creditor cannot insist on having a sheriff court decree against you. what has been called in? You need to check whether the creditor has called in the whole balance, or just the arrears. See Has the whole loan been called in? later in this fact sheet or contact us for advice. If you fall behind with the payments under a hire purchase agreement, the lender can ask for the goods to be returned and then sell them to reduce the debt. If the goods are not returned voluntarily, the lender can take court action to get the goods back. If your creditor goes to court to get your hire purchase goods repossessed this is called an ‘action for delivery’ and they will ask for a ‘decree of delivery’. If a time order is in place the lender cannot terminate the agreement or repossess the goods. Time orders can be useful to reschedule hire purchase agreements as both the arrears and future instalments can be rescheduled. There is confusion in Scotland about whether or not a creditor always has to get a court order to repossess hire purchase goods. In England it is not always necessary for the creditor to have a court order before repossessing but, because Scottish law on this is unclear, you may want to point out to the creditor that they should seek a court order before repossessing goods. If the creditor seizes the goods without a court order, the law on this point can only be made clear by going to court. When a creditor goes to court to try to get hire purchase goods back, you can ask for the decree of delivery to be suspended on the condition that you pay a fixed amount per month. This will usually be to pay the normal monthly instalment plus an amount on top to clear the arrears. You can ask the court to make a time order if you cannot afford to pay the full instalments. The court will often make a court order to let you keep the hire purchase goods and pay off the agreement at a reduced amount without stating they are making a time order. See Applying for a time order on a hire purchase agreement later in this fact sheet. If you would like more details about the type of court action a secured lender may take, see our self-help pack or contact us for advice. You may be able to use a time order to reschedule the payments on a loan that is secured on your house. A time order may be an option if you have fallen behind with a secured loan. You may be able to stop the lender repossessing your home. You may not be able to apply until your lender takes court action, and a time order may not be your best option. See Applying for a time order on a mortgage or secured loan later in this fact sheet. The procedure you have to follow to apply for a time order if you have an unsecured debt depends upon whether you apply before or after court action has started. Whether you apply for a time order before or after court action, there will be a sheriff court hearing to decide on your application. The creditor can object to the time order being made and the sheriff will decide whether to make a time order in your case. To apply for a time order before court action you will need to use a formal application form. This is Form 1 of the Schedule of Sederunt (Consumer Credit Act 1974). This is a complicated form and you will need help from a money adviser or a solicitor to complete the application and serve it. See the Useful contacts section at the end of this fact sheet for information about how to find an adviser or a solicitor. You can still apply for a time order after your creditor has started to take court action. The simplest way to apply for a time order if your creditor has started court action is to use the application form which you will receive along with the claim. Remember, if you are using the simple procedure, you will just need to apply for time to pay. What if the creditor has started enforcement action? Even if your creditor has started diligence or enforcement action it is not too late to make an application. You will know that enforcement action has started because a ‘charge for payment’ or ‘bank arrestment’ will have been served on you. If you are using ordinary cause or other older court procedures, you may be better off applying for a time to pay order rather than a time order. Contact us for advice first before applying. The procedure you have to follow for a time order if you have a hire purchase agreement depends upon whether you apply before or after court action has started. For details of the application process before court action, see Applying for a time order on an unsecured loan earlier in this fact sheet. Contact us for advice. If the creditor has not yet gone to court, but has issued an arrears notice or a default notice on a hire purchase agreement, then you can apply to the sheriff court for a time order. The court can look at changing the terms of the whole agreement, not just the arrears, even if the whole loan has not been called in. If you have received court papers telling you that the creditor wants to repossess your hire purchase goods and you are trying to decide what to do, be careful. Contact us for advice. If you are using the simple procedure, you can just ask for time to pay on the forms provided. Make sure you make it clear whether you want to keep the goods. If you are using ordinary cause or other older court procedures you may have received court papers which include a form that you can use to apply for a time order. This is called Application for a time order under the Consumer Credit Act 1974. If you do not have this form we can send you a printed copy. Contact us for a copy. If you have received court papers which include an option to ask the court for a time to pay direction, this is not available for hire purchase debt unless the goods have been returned or repossessed. Unless this is the case, you can only apply for a time order. Since 21 March 2016, secured loans are no longer regulated by the Consumer Credit Act 1974. Secured loans and first mortgages are now regulated mortgage contracts. You may be able to apply for a time order on a regulated mortgage contract, but may have to wait until your lender has taken court action to repossess your home. Contact us for advice. We have a guide you may find useful if you have arrears on a secured loan. See the Mortgage arrears guide information box. It should be easier to ask the court to make a time order since a decision in the court of appeal in 1995. The case is called Southern & District Finance plc v Barnes. This is very important as the court agreed that the whole amount of money owing on the agreement can be included in a time order. Also the monthly instalments and the interest rate on the loan agreement can be reduced if the court thinks it is just to do so and it is needed to make the time order work. The law has not been entirely clear on what the court’s powers are when making a time order. Following two court of appeal cases, time orders for Consumer Credit Act debt seem to apply in two situations. You may have to wait for the loan to be called in before making your time order application, if you want to ask the court to reduce the payments you have to make on the whole agreement and not just the arrears. Sometimes a time order can be used to change the whole agreement, setting lower payments and interest charges, and in certain circumstances stopping interest being added at all. This can only be done when the whole loan has been called in by the lender, where the loan agreement has automatically terminated on default. Anything you can say to show your situation is through no fault of your own will help when applying for a time order as the court will look at your payment record. Make sure you show how you got into debt and why you took the loan out. It should be easier to ask the court to make a time order following cases in the Court of Appeal called Southern & District Finance plc v Barnes and Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank . As part of the case of Southern District Finance plc v Barnes, the Court of Appeal also said that time orders should only normally be made if someone is in temporary financial difficulty. The court has not been very clear about how they should decide if your difficulties are ‘temporary’. You may have to show that your case is not a normal one or there is a good chance of your circumstances improving. The court may well only give a time order for a limited period. You may have to ask for any exceptional circumstances to be taken into account to allow you to have a time order over a longer period. However, in Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank the court looked at whether you need to be in temporary financial difficulties to have a time order. They said that section 129 of the Consumer Credit Act 1974 allows the court ‘to make such order as seems just to it in all the circumstances’. Explain how your circumstances are likely to improve, even if this is some years away. Point out that in the Barnes case, one of the time orders was made over 15 years and this was considered ‘just’. If you cannot afford the full instalments you need to ask for the loan and arrears to be re-scheduled. For the court to be able to make a time order you must be able to afford to make an offer of payment. The court will consider whether you can afford to pay what you have offered, or if you are offering as much as you realistically can afford. The court has to look at the position of the creditor as well as your situation when deciding if it is ‘just’ to make a time order. This means if you cannot make an offer at all, or are unlikely to ever be able to pay off the loan, the court may decide not to make a time order. If you have asked for a new instalment rate but want to repay the debt within the same period of time, then you can ask the court to change the interest rate to allow you to do this. Also, the interest may be so high that your reduced payments will have no effect unless the interest is reduced. You will also need to ask for any default interest and charges to be frozen. If you can afford to make the normal monthly payment you need to ask for a time order to fix payments on the arrears only. If you get a time order on the arrears only, you may want to ask the court to reduce or freeze the interest in order to let you repay the debt over a reasonable time. This will be necessary where the interest to be added on to the arrears is the same or more than the amount you can afford to pay towards clearing the arrears. The court needs to look at the creditor’s position as well as your circumstances. Make sure you add any points that may help the court decide that your case is ‘just’. Was your agreement very expensive or not appropriate for your needs at the time? Point out a high interest rate and how much you would have to pay back over the whole period. Have you taken out further credit since? If so, then was there a good reason for this? Have you had a good payment record until the point you stopped paying? Have you tried to sort out your problems and ask the creditor for a payment arrangement (showing that you haven’t ignored the debt)? If the creditor has refused to negotiate, point this out. Start making the payments you have offered as a gesture of goodwill. Is your situation temporary and likely to improve in the future? The court is likely to want to make a time order for a time-limited period. You need to be careful with time order applications in relation to secured loan agreements. The secured lender is usually allowed to add possession costs and charges to the outstanding balance you owe on your loan. If your time order is refused you may have lots of extra costs added to your debt. This will usually happen automatically. If there is a good reason that you feel the costs are unfair, you can ask the court to refuse the lender’s costs. This might be if the creditor has been ‘unreasonable’ in some way. If you feel the interest rate charged on your agreement is excessively high, or that the terms and conditions of the agreement are unfair, you may be able to take action against your lender. This may also apply if your lender has behaved unfairly in the way in which they have dealt with your agreement. It will be up to the lender to prove that the agreement is not unfair. The court will have wide powers to alter the terms of the agreement or even order the lender to pay money back to you. The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) provides guidance about unfair terms in consumer contracts. If you want to find out more about how the unfair relationship test works in practice, see Unfair relationships on the archived Office of Fair Trading’s website www.oft.gov.uk or contact us for advice. You may be able to use the ‘unfair relationships’ test. This applies to all agreements since April 2008, even if they are not regulated under the Consumer Credit Act. It doesn’t matter when your agreement was first taken out. You can apply before your lender takes you to court. You can also ask for the court to look at this issue as part of an existing court case. There is no set list of what is an unfair relationship. This means that taking court action using these rules is complicated. You must get proper legal advice. Contact us for advice. The rules cannot be used for regulated mortgage contracts. Regulated mortgage contracts include first charge mortgages and secured loans. The rules can be used for some secured loans that were taken out before 21 March 2016. Contact us for advice. Citizens Advice consumer serviceHelpline for consumer and energy problems. Citizens Advice Scotland (CAS)Offering independent and confidential advice on issues such as debt, money problems and welfare benefits. You can search for a solicitor on their website. You can find a local money adviser through a link on the website.
2019-04-19T03:18:17Z
https://www.businessdebtline.org/S/factsheets/Pages/time-orders/more-time-to-pay.aspx
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)4 is the most pernicious cancer, with a high mortality rate. While the incidence of HCC is increasing worldwide with relevance to chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, there is strong etiological evidence linking chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection to the incidence of HCC in China (1, 2). Despite the improvement of surgical techniques and other conditions, the prognosis of HCC remains poor because of late diagnosis. The lack of sensitive and specific methods for early diagnosis makes effective treatment virtually impossible. The main reason for this limitation is the inability of physics-based imaging to detect the cancer at a very early stage. However, alterations in the cancer cells can still be recognized by immune cells and rejected in an immune response. Detection of these altered genes and their proteins by molecular and immunological approaches may provide a means for sensitive and specific diagnosis and potential targets for immunotherapy. The immune response against tumor Ags in cancer patients has been convincingly documented over the last decade by the detection of tumor Ag-specific CTLs (3) and Abs (4). The integration of molecular and immunological techniques has led to the identification of a large number of tumor Ags and their genes. As a result of this research, cancer-testis (CT) Ags and melanocyte-specific differentiation Ags have become useful in the clinic (5). Two major approaches have been developed for the identification of tumor Ags and the cloning of their genes. One is to define CTL-recognized T cell epitopes in proteins expressed on cells transfected with a tumor cDNA library (6). The second is to define B cell epitopes in Ags that are specifically recognized by Abs in cancer sera. This technique is known as serological analysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries (SEREX) (7). The application of these methods to identify tumor Ags in various histological types of cancers has produced valuable information that may help define factors involved in the multiple stages of tumorigenesis and further identify immune targets for diagnosis and vaccine-based immunotherapy. Nevertheless, the complete repertoire of tumor Ags (tumor immunome) and their encoding genes is far from being fully defined. This prediction is based on the following observations. The gene profiles revealed by immunological methods from different histological types of cancers or even from the same histological type of cancer in different individuals are significantly diversified. Also, only a small fraction of genes have been repeatedly cloned from different cDNA libraries prepared from distinct histological types or from the same histological type of cancer in different individuals. In HCC the expression of altered and/or mutated genes has been demonstrated using molecular techniques. Mutations of genes such as p53, RB, and ras (8, 9, 10) and overexpression of genes such as glutamine synthetase (11), α-fetoprotein (12), diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) (13), aldose reductase (14), CD24 (15), and others observed in cDNA microarray (16, 17) have been reported. Recently, the CT Ags MAGE-A1 and -A3 have been found highly expressed in HCC, while the other MAGE-A family members are less frequently expressed in HCC (18, 19, 20, 21). However, the immunological identification of tumor Ags in human HCC is rare (22). A methodology similar to SEREX was also applied to clone a gene, whose encoding protein p62 had already been identified by immunoprecipitation using autoantibody present in the sera of HCC patients (23). To define HCC-expressed tumor Ags, we constructed four cDNA expression libraries using resected human HCC tissue samples and screened them by SEREX, using the Abs present in autologous or allogeneic sera. A total of 55 different HCC genes encoding immunogenic proteins have been identified. Of these, 40 are known, and 15 are novel molecules. Our study has defined two CT Ags predominantly expressed in HCC and other histological types of cancer cells. Two other Ags were overexpressed in HCC. Another four Ags, each of which was expressed in the particular cancer cell line(s), but not in normal counterpart tissue(s), may help identify metastatic cancer cells. These results also revealed that an immune response against autoantigens is activated in HCC cancer patients. All samples of HCC tissues with paired adjacent liver tissues (5 cm distant from HCC) and gastric cancer tissues were obtained during surgical resection from our Teaching Hospitals, Peking University Health Science Center. The melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), and urological cancer samples were collected by Ludwig Oncology Unit, Austin Repatriation Medical Center (Melbourne, Australia). Collection of tissue samples and sera was agreed upon by patients after they gave written consent and was approved by the hospital ethic review committee. The resected tissue samples were immediately cut into small pieces and then snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen until use. All HCC and adjacent noncancerous liver tissue samples were confirmed by pathology. The patients from whom the resected HCC samples were obtained are HBV surface Ag positive, but HCV negative. RNA was extracted from HCC samples with TRIzol reagent (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD), and mRNA was purified by the Poly(A) Track kit (Promega, Madison, WI). Oligo(dT)-primed double-stranded cDNA was synthesized from 5 μg mRNA and ligated into the λZAP phage expression vector according to the user’s manual (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). A total of four HCC cDNA libraries were constructed, two in Uni-ZAP II vector and two in ZAP expression vector. The primary libraries were in the range of 1.2–5.0 × 106 colonies, and the average length of the inserts was 1.0–1.2 kb (Table I⇓). The HCC cDNA expression libraries were screened with either autologous or allogeneic sera obtained from HCC patients. Autologous serum was used to screen HCC cDNA libraries 1 and 3, and the screening procedure was performed as previously described (24) with slight modifications. With low nonspecific Ab binding, serum 1 was directly used to screen the HCC cDNA libraries without Escherichia coli- and phage-infected E. coli lysate absorption. In contrast, serum 3 produced high reactivity to E. coli and required initial absorption to E. coli- and phage-infected E. coli lysates to remove those Abs reactive to vector system Ags. Library 1- and 3-transfected E. coli produced many false positives, as the libraries expressed high levels of IgG molecules reacting to goat anti-human IgG Ab. To remove these clones expressing IgG molecules, the screening method applied by Tureci et al. (25) was used with some modifications. Briefly, in the screening of libraries 1 and 3, plaques were transferred onto nitrocellulose filters (Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL) prerinsed in 0.5 mM isopropylthio-β-d-galactoside for 6–8 h at 37°C. After blocking with 1% BSA/TBS overnight at 4°C with shaking, the filters were washed with TBS and preincubated with a 1/15,000 dilution of alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-human IgG (H+L) (secondary Ab; Promega) for 1–2 h at room temperature. Reactive clones were visualized with 4-nitroblue tetrazolium chloride/5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate. The resulting blue dots were marked on the filter with a needle. These premarked membranes were extensively washed with TBS, and then incubated with diluted autologous patient serum (1/500). The filters were stained and processed for visualization in a manner identical with that described above. Only clones that appeared blue and unmarked from the needle in the prescreening were considered serum positive. These clones were subcloned three times to obtain monoclonality. When libraries 2 and 4 were screened with autologous serum, there were very few clones reactive with their respective sera. With the idea that tumor Ags may be commonly expressed on tumors originating in different patients, we screened libraries 2 and 4 with serum 1 as described above. Because there was no detection of IgG false positive clones in libraries 2 and 4, preincubation with the secondary Ab was omitted. Numerous positive clones from libraries 2 and 4 were obtained with allogeneic serum screening. Monoclonalized phage cDNA clones were converted to pBluescript (libraries 1, 2, and 4) or pBKCMV (library 3) phagemid forms by in vivo excision. The plasmids were purified by Qiaprep spin columns (Qiagen, Valencia, CA), and the sizes of the inserts were determined by restriction enzyme digestion with EcoRI and XhoI. The cDNA inserts were sequenced with T3 and T7 primers by the dideoxy chain termination method using the BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing kit (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and an ABI PRISM automated DNA sequencer (Perkin-Elmer, Norwalk, CT). The mRNA expression pattern of the 15 novel cDNAs was assayed by RT-PCR using panels of commercially available cDNA paired with RNA extracted from normal tissues and tumor cell lines (Clontech Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA). One panel was comprised of 16 normal tissues: brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, placenta, skeletal muscle, colon, ovary, peripheral blood leukocyte, prostate, small intestine, spleen, testis, and thymus. The panel of tumor cell lines included one cell line each of breast, prostate, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers and two cell lines each of lung and colon cancers. RNA from HCC, paired adjacent noncancerous liver tissues, and gastric cancer tissues was extracted and primed with a dT(18) oligonucleotide. The RNA was treated with DNase I, then reverse transcribed with Advantage reverse transcriptase (Clontech Laboratories). Gene-specific PCR primers were designed and synthesized to amplify cDNA fragments 600-1200 bp in length with an estimated primer melting temperature between 65 and 70°C. All cDNA synthesis reactions were set up in duplicate with or without reverse transcriptase, the latter was used to check genomic DNA contamination. The integrity and quantity of the cDNA were determined by the amplification of G3PDH. RT-PCR was performed with 30–35 cycles of 30 s at 94°C, 30 s at 65°C, and 1 min at 72°C, followed by 7 min at 72°C. Qualitative PCR and visualization of target bands with ethidium bromide staining were performed to determine the expression of the novel genes in normal tissues and cancer cell lines. Semiquantitative PCR was applied to evaluate the relative densities of the five novel HCC gene cDNAs expressed in HCC tissues and non-HCC tissue samples. The OD of the target bands was analyzed by Quantity One software (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) after scanning with Gel Doc 2000 (Bio-Rad). The total intensity of the target band was calculated as the sum of all the intensities of the pixels that make up the band. The sequences of paired primers for the amplification of five valuable HCA gene cDNAs were as follows: HCA90: forward, cct ggg ctc aag caa tcc tcc tgc ctt agc; reverse, ggg ctc ctg aga gat gac ggt gtt tgg acg; HCA519: forward, gca agc tat tgt cac acc ttt c; reverse, atg att aca gga gtg gca cat c; HCA520: forward, cag gca tga gat gct gca ggt tct ccg tc; reverse, tgt ggt ctg tta gga acc ggg ctg cac ag; HCA587: forward, cgg gat cca tgc ctc ccg ttc c; reverse, cgc tcg agt cac tca gaa aag gag acg tt; and HCA661: forward, tac act cgg cct gga aga att g; reverse, tct tcc tcc tcg aac tgc tg. NBs were performed with total RNA extracted from HCC and paired adjacent non-HCC liver tissues. RNA integrity was examined by electrophoresis in formalin/4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid gels. Thirty micrograms of RNA per lane was first separated by electrophoresis in 1.2% agarose containing 3% formaldehyde and then blotted onto nitrocellulose membranes (Amersham Hybond-C). The nick-translated 32P-labeled probes were serum-positive partial cDNA sequences of HCA519 (clone HCA503 contained 747 bp of HCA519 cDNA) and HCA587 (531 bp) and the full-length cDNA sequence of HCA661 (1.7 kb). After prehybridization, the membranes hybridized with the specific 32P-labeled cDNA probe overnight at 65°C in hybridization solution (6× SSC, 5× Denhardt’s solution, and 0.1% SDS). The membranes were then washed three times for 30 min each time at 65°C in 0.1× SSC/0.1% SDS solution and exposed to Kodak X-OMAT-AR film with intensifying screens for up to 7 days at −70°C. The size of full-length mRNA was estimated in comparison with the mobilities of 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA. Of the 15 novel genes identified from SEREX screening, 12 cDNAs spanned an open reading frame (ORF) and complied with the Kozak rule (26). The full-length gene of the other three cDNAs was either extended by RACE or by searching expressed sequence tag databases. The full-length cDNA of these three genes were confirmed by RT-PCR. The sizes of full-length HCA519, -587, and -661 were also confirmed by NB. Sera from allogeneic HCC patients, HBV- and HCV-infected patients, head and neck cancer patients, and healthy donors were screened by positive phage clone analysis for their reactivities with Ags encoded by the 15 novel full-length cDNAs. In this assay an equal number of serum-positive clones and negative control phage clones were mixed, cultured, and transferred to nitrocellulose filters, then processed for reactivity to serum with or without E. coli lysate absorption. The serum dilution was 1/500 for unabsorbed and 1/200 for absorbed samples. Data from integrate OD scan were presented as the mean ± SE. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t test to assess the significance of integrate OD data. A value of p < 0.05 was used as the fiducial limit of significance. Immunoscreening of the four HCC cDNA libraries with autologous or allogeneic serum produced a total of 116 serum-reactive clones. These clones represented 55 different Ags. Of these, 40 encoded known Ags, and 15 encoded novel Ags (Table II⇓). Of the 15 novel genes, three were created by oligonucleotide insertion, one by DNA deletion, and the remaining 11 were unique. Four of the 11 unique genes were confirmed in DNA sequence by their corresponding clones in the published human genomic sequence. The HCA64 cDNA sequence was identical with the Homo sapiens DBI-related protein-encoding gene, with the exception of a 664-bp insertion (665–1428 bp) at nucleotide position of 662. This insertion introduced a translational stop at nucleotide position 676. The HCA64 cDNA encoded a 225-aa protein, 139 aa shorter than the DBI-related protein (364 aa). HCA90 cDNA was generated by an insertion of 108 bp (from nt 1520–1627) between exon 10 and exon 11 of HCA519, adding 36 aa to the protein. This 108-bp insert was a new member of the human Alu-J subfamily (GenBank data). The HCA137 cDNA sequence mapped to that in human chromosome 8, but contained two additional inserts (detailed information in GenBank, accession no. AF287265). These two inserts have not been found in the human genome to date. A deletion of 372 bp (encoding 124 aa) at nt 648-1019 in HCA56 cDNA created a novel gene that we named HCA56A. HCA56 and HCA56A may be attributed to differential splicing. HCA56 cDNA has a 95% homology with a gene fragment isolated by anti-ligatin Ab (27); it is now defined by NCBI as ligatin-encoding gene. HCA661 is a new member of the H. sapiens transcription factor DP-1 (TFDP1) family, sharing a homology of 88% in nucleotides and 73% in amino acids with TFDP1 (28). The cDNA sequence of HCA661 has a 100% homology to the genomic sequence clone of PAC 358H7. The sequence of HCA58 cDNA was recently confirmed by the human genomic clone PR5-90108, of which two isoforms exist as the HCA58 and the cytochrome c oxidase VIIB subunit. Thus, HCA58 appears to be involved in oxidization activity. The HCA519 cDNA was found to be identical with the H. sapiens-restricted proliferation-associated nuclear protein 100 cDNA (29, 30). Its DNA sequence information was released after the cloning of HCA519. HCA520 has 61% nucleotide level homology with the calcineurin homologous protein, an essential cofactor for Na+/H+ exchangers (31). The HCA587 cDNA was identical with MAGE-C2 (32) and has a 3-bp difference compared with CT10 (33) at nt 19(G→A), 895(T→C), and 1329(A→G). The latter 2-bp changes were in the ORF region, producing two amino acid substitutions (M189T and K334E). According to the recently released human genome, the corresponding sequences of our four novel HCA cDNAs have been mapped to different locations. The clone RP11-212N14 mapping to chromosome 8 contained HCA59; the BAC clone CIT987-SKA-345G4 contained the HCA520 sequence. An identical sequence of HCA66 was found in the human genomic clone HCIT307A16, and HCA67 was found in clone RP11-108A14. The corresponding sequences of HCA112 cDNA and HCA127 cDNA have not yet been found within the human genome. Apparently, these novel genes cloned from HCC are not altered genes; instead, they may represent genes predominantly expressed in HCC cells. Based upon the function of the 40 known Ags associated with HCC as defined by SEREX, they have been classified into 10 functional categories as shown in Table III⇓. Many of these molecules are regulatory proteins functioning in glycolysis, energy consumption, protein synthesis, and DNA synthesis. Overexpression of these molecules may reflect the accelerated events of cell metabolism and cell proliferation. Additionally, HCA119 is the mitochondrial mRNA for NADP+-dependent malic enzyme, normally not produced in the liver, but required for pyruvate generation in HCC cells (34, 35). RT-PCR was used to determine mRNA expression patterns of the 15 novel genes identified from the HCC cDNA libraries. A series of tissues and cell lines was examined, including normal tissues, tumor cell lines, HCC tissues and paired noncancerous adjacent tissues, liver tissues other than HCC, gastric cancer, and melanoma tissues. The mRNA expression of the 15 novel genes in normal tissues was determined by RT-PCR and is presented in Table IV⇓. Expression patterns can be divided into three categories. 1) Expression in two types of normal tissues including testis: HCA587 mRNA and HCA661 mRNA (Fig. 1⇓) were substantially expressed in testis and weakly expressed in normal pancreas (data not shown). 2) Limited expression: ten of the HCA mRNA transcripts were found distributed in three (HCA112) to nine types (HCA67) of normal tissue. 3) Ubiquitous expression: mRNA transcripts of HCA56, -56A, and -66 were expressed in all 16 normal tissues tested. HCA127 mRNA was detected in 14 normal tissues. Expression of HCA587 mRNA in 16 normal tissues and eight cancer cell lines. Gel electrophoresis of RT-PCR products shows HCA587 transcripts in testis, normal pancreas, and some cancer cell lines. 1–16, normal tissues: 1, brain; 2, heart; 3, kidney; 4, liver; 5, lung; 6, pancreas; 7, placenta; 8, skeletal muscle; 9, colon; 10, ovary; 11, leukocyte; 12, prostate; 13, small intestine; 14, spleen; 15, testis; 16, thymus. 17–24, cancer cell lines: 17, breast carcinoma (GI-101); 18, lung carcinoma (LX-1); 19, colon adenocarcinoma (CX-1); 20, lung carcinoma (GI-117); 21, prostatic adenocarcinoma (PC3); 22, colon adenocarcinoma (GI-112); 23, ovarian carcinoma (GI-102); 24, pancreatic adenocarcinoma (GI-103). M1-M10, cDNA samples prepared from fresh melanoma tissues. To check the weak expression of HCA587 mRNA in pancreatic tissue, three cDNA samples (two purchased from Clontech and one prepared from fresh normal pancreas) were tested by RT-PCR. All three samples showed weak expression of HCA587 mRNA. To exclude genomic contamination, primers (primer 5, 5′-AATCTGACGGATCGGAGGCATTTG-3′; primer 6, 5′-TGCTACTTTCTTCAACAAGCTAAGCAAAGC-3′) were applied. The size of the amplified cDNA should be 2.0 kb, while the genomic DNA fragment should be 3.0 kb. The PCR products obtained were 2.0 kb, confirming no genomic contamination. Thus, HCA587 mRNA was truly expressed at low levels in the pancreas. Expression in cancer cell lines. A panel of eight cancer cell lines (breast, G1-101; lung, LX-1 and G1-117; colon, CX-1 and G1-112; prostate, PC3; ovary, G1-102; and pancreas, G1-103) was tested. HCA519 and HCA587 were expressed in lung, colon, prostate, ovarian, and pancreatic cancer cell lines, whereas HCA90 and HCA59 were expressed in breast, lung, colon, ovarian, and pancreatic cancer cell lines. HCA520 was only expressed in the ovarian cancer cell line. HCA661 was not expressed in any of the eight cancer cell lines tested. Expression in HCC, paired adjacent noncancerous tissues, and other cancer tissues. The five novel genes, expressed in various cancer cell lines and in a few types of normal tissue, were analyzed for their distribution in the samples of HCC, paired adjacent tissues, cirrhosis, and normal liver tissues. As shown in Fig. 2⇓, the expression pattern and frequency were classified into four groups. 1) Specific expression in HCC: HCA520 mRNA transcript was specifically expressed in five of 10 HCC samples, with no detection in paired adjacent tissues or in cirrhotic or normal liver tissues. 2) Highly expressed in HCC, weakly expressed in adjacent tissue: The HCA587 mRNA transcript was highly expressed in 14 of 20 HCC samples and weakly expressed in one of 20 paired adjacent tissues. There was no expression in cirrhotic or normal liver tissues. The average intensity of HCA587 mRNA transcript was 16-fold higher in HCC tissues than in adjacent tissues (p < 0.01). The HCA661 mRNA transcript was substantially expressed in five of 17 HCC samples, weakly expressed in two of 17 paired adjacent tissues, and null in nine normal liver samples. The average intensity of the HCA661 mRNA transcript was 10-fold higher in HCC tissues than in the adjacent tissues (p < 0.01). The HCA90 mRNA transcript was strongly expressed in all 10 HCC samples and weakly expressed in all paired adjacent tissues, with no detectable expression in cirrhotic or normal liver samples. The average intensity of the HCA90 mRNA transcript was 21-fold higher in HCC tissues than in the adjacent tissues (p < 0.01). 3) Strongly expressed in HCC and weakly expressed in cirrhotic or normal liver samples: HCA519 was strongly expressed in all 10 HCC samples and weakly expressed in all paired adjacent tissues and in approximately half of the cirrhotic and normal liver samples. The average intensity of the HCA519 mRNA transcript was 30-fold higher in HCC tissues than in the adjacent tissues and cirrhotic or normal liver samples (p < 0.01). Because of the undetectable level of HCA661 mRNA in the eight cancer cell lines tested, its mRNA expression in cDNA samples derived from resected gastric cancer and melanoma tissues was assessed. The HCA661 mRNA transcript was clearly expressed in two of 10 melanoma samples, but was not detectable in 10 gastric cancer samples, 13 urological cancers, or 11 HNSCC tissues. Expression of SEREX-cloned novel genes in the samples of HCC and paired adjacent noncancer tissues. A, Gel electrophoresis of RT-PCR products shows HCA587 and HCC 661 transcripts in the paired HCC and adjacent noncancerous liver tissue samples. RT-PCR for G3PDH was used to monitor the quality of the mRNA samples. B, The relative densities of the five HCC transcripts expressed in HCC tissues and non-HCC tissue samples was evaluated by semiquantitative PCR. The OD of target band in the different tissues was presented. The positive rate of the target gene transcripts in different samples is listed underneath the figure. When the abundance of mRNA expressed in HCC tissues was compared with that in adjacent noncancerous tissues, the levels of HCA519, HCA587, HCA90, and HCA661 mRNA transcripts were 30-, 16-, 21-, and 10-fold higher, respectively. To further examine the RT-PCR results for HCA519, -587, and -661, total RNA was extracted from HCC and paired adjacent noncancerous tissues to be analyzed by NB hybridization (Fig. 3⇓). The hybridization signals of HCA519 and -587 were 3.2 and 2.0 kb, respectively, corresponding to the expected full-length cDNA. In the NB of HCA661, two strong bands of ∼1.7 and 2.1 kb were detected in testis RNA. However, the 1.7-kb band was detected only in HCC RNA, and the band at ∼2.1 kb was detected only in RNA isolated from adjacent non-HCC tissue and normal liver tissue. The DNA sequence revealed that the gene of 2.1 kb was DP-1, and the gene of 1.7 kb was HCA661. NB hybridization of three novel genes in HCC. In the NB analysis, HCA519 and 587 RNA was only expressed in HCC samples, while HCA661 RNA appeared as two bands. The 2.1-kb fragment was present in testis, adjacent non-HCC tissue, and normal liver tissue, but the 1.7-kb fragment was expressed in testis and HCC tissue. Ca, cancer; Adj, adjacent; Nor, normal liver. The DNA sequence revealed that the gene of 2.1 kb was DP-1, and the gene of 1.7 kb was HCA661. To solve the apparent discordance arising from the fact that in normal liver the HCA661 was not detectable by RT-PCR but was detected by NB with a band at ∼2.1 kb, we searched GenBank database and found that HCA661 is a new member of the DP-1 family. HCA661 is highly homologous to TFDP1 (88% in nucleotides), a gene of 2394 bp localized on chromosome 13 (28, 36, 37). It is possible that HCA661cDNA may also hybridize with TFDP1 in NB. In this regard, a pair of primers matched with the conservative region of the cDNA of HCA661 and TFDP1 was applied (primer 1, 5′-GAA CCC GCT CGG GAA GCA GCT CTT GC-3′; primer 2, 5′-CCT GGA ACC TGC CGT CGT GAA CAC-3′). The RT-PCR was performed using the cDNA samples of normal liver, HCC, and testis tissues as templates. According to the DNA sequence of PCR products, the cDNA in normal liver tissue was confirmed to be DP-1, whereas the DP-1 cDNA and HCA661 cDNA were both confirmed to be expressed in testis and HCC. In contrast, The DNA sequence in RT-PCR products amplified from HCC and testis tissues using HCA661-specific primers (primer 3, 5′-TACACTCGGCCTGGAAGAATTG-3′; primer 4, 5′-TCTTCCTCCTCGAATGCTG-3′) was solely HCA661. HCA661 mRNA transcript was not detectable in normal liver samples. Thus, the cDNA of ∼2.1 kb in normal liver tissue shown in NB was DP-1, and the cDNA of 1.7 kb in HCC was HCA661. In testis, both DP-1 and HCA661 mRNA transcripts were expressed. To determine the Ab produced in patients specific against the 15 novel SEREX gene products, positive phage clones expressing the novel Ags were tested for seroreactivity against allogeneic sera collected from 55 HCC patients, 10 head and neck cancer patients, 25 patients with chronic HBV infection, and 20 normal donors. The frequency of an Ab response to these 15 Ags in HCC patients was very low, the highest being three of 55 (HCA137). In one test using allogeneic HCC serum, 10 Ags were reactive. To exclude the possibility that the low frequency of seroreactivity was caused by a high dilution (1/500) of unabsorbed sera, 13 allogeneic sera were absorbed with E. coli/phage-infected E. coli lysates and tested at a dilution of 1/200 in a phage clone assay. Of the 15 Ags tested against absorbed sera, only one serum sample (1/200) became reactive to HCA112, whereas its unabsorbed serum (1/500) did not react (Table V⇓). There were three Ags only reactive with the serum from which the Ag-encoding genes were cloned. In contrast, none of the allogeneic sera collected from chronic HBV-infected patients, head and neck cancer patients, and healthy donors was seroreactive with these 15 novel Ags. While it has been observed that HCC cells express tumor Ags at the mRNA level, including members of the MAGE family and NY-ESO-1 (18, 19, 20, 21, 38), the immunogenicity of these CT Ags in HCC patients is unclear. By screening HCC cDNA expression libraries with the Ab-based SEREX, we identified 55 different Ags. Of these, 40 are known, and 15 are novel, representing a diverse array of molecules with immunogenicity in HCC patients. To determine whether these 15 novel molecules were tumor Ags or autoantigens, their reactivity to allogeneic sera and mRNA expression pattern in normal tissues, tumor cell lines, HCC tissues, non-HCC liver samples, gastric cancer, and melanoma tissues were analyzed. Most of these identified molecules were found as autoantigens in the majority of tissues tested. HCA587 and HCA661 were the exceptions, with restricted expression in cancer cells and normal testis. HCA587 and HCA661 were also weakly expressed in normal pancreatic tissue. The proteins of HCA587 and HCA661 are immunogenic and capable of inducing an Ab response, as they were cloned by Abs in the sera of HCC patients. These two Ags can be defined as CT Ags. The common features of human CT Ags include 1) predominant mRNA expression in testis, but not in other normal tissues; 2) mRNA expression in certain types of cancers; and 3) genes encoding CT Ags mapped to the X chromosome (38). The cDNA sequence of HCA587 is identical with that of MAGE-C2 (32) and has a 2-bp difference from CT-10 (33) in its ORF. This difference resulted in a 2-aa substitution (M189T and K334E). HCA587 cDNA was cloned in 1999 (GenBank deposit date, May 13, 1999, accession no. AF151378) before the DNA sequences of MAGE-C2 and CT-10 were released. MAGE-C2 and CT-10 cDNA were cloned from melanoma cell lines (32, 33) by representational difference analysis. Both were defined as CT Ags based on mRNA expression in a broad panel of cancer cells and absence in normal tissues, with the exception of testis. We have cloned HCA587 cDNA by SEREX and hence demonstrated that the HCA587 protein is immunogenic in vivo. While it was previously reported that CT-10 mRNA was not expressed in normal pancreas (33), we detected its weak expression. As CT Ag SSX-2 is expressed in thyroid (39) and NY-ESO-1 in ovary (38) at low levels, HCA587 can still be generally defined as a CT Ag despite its weak expression in pancreas. Likewise, HCA661 is a CT Ag, as it meets all three criteria: no expression in normal tissues except testis and weak expression in pancreas, high rate of expression in HCC (Fig. 2⇑) and low rate of expression in melanoma (Fig. 1⇑), and localization on chromosome X. HCA661 mRNA was not detected in 10 samples of gastric cancer, five samples of colon cancer, 11 samples of HNSCC, or 13 samples of urologic cancer. The number of allogeneic sera reactive against HCA587 and HCA661 was very low; there was only one positive serum in 55 HCC sera tested. However, all serum samples collected from 25 HBV-infected patients, 20 healthy donors, and 10 HNSCC patients were serologically negative for these two Ags. It appeared that the immunogenicity of these Ags was tumor oriented. The low rate of their seroreactivity to allogeneic sera is similar to that of the MAGE family members. In fact, most CT Ags, either defined by a CD8+ CTL response (MAGEA-1, MAGEA-3) or by SEREX (SSX-2), with the exception of NY-ESO-1 (40), induced a very low frequency of Ab responses in melanoma. The potential of SEREX-defined CT Ags to induce cellular immunity despite a low frequency of Abs in allogeneic sera has been confirmed. In view that the SEREX-defined NY-ESO-1 can induce a CTL response and the CTL-defined MAGEA-1 has also been identified by SEREX (41, 42), this suggests that SEREX-cloned Ags may contain T and B cell epitopes. These epitopes are then capable of inducing both Ab and CTL responses. In this respect the capacity of HCA587 and HCA661 to elicit a CTL response should be further examined; this is a critical criterion to determine whether HCA587 and HCA661 are potential candidates for tumor vaccine. Even if a CTL response can be induced, the capacity of HCA587- and HCA661-specific CTL to kill normal pancreatic cells, which express low levels of HCA587 and HCA661 mRNA, should be tested before its consideration as a vaccine candidate. Although HCA519 mRNA was intensely expressed in HCC samples and many other cancer cell lines, its low expression in normal tissues negates its vaccine candidacy. However, it may serve as a special cell division marker for cancer diagnosis. HCA519 cDNA is identical in sequence to the gene encoding a protein called p100. It is a new nuclear proliferation-associated protein with restricted expression in cycling cells (29). The rate of p100-positive cells in breast cancer is directly relevant to the risk of mortality (43). Likewise, estimating the proportion of HCA519-positive cells in cancer tissue sections may help assess the prognosis of HCC patients. HCA520 mRNA was positive only in an ovarian cancer cell line and was negative in the normal tissue counterpart. HCA58 was expressed in colon and ovary cancer cell lines, but not in the respective normal tissues. HCA59 and HCA67 mRNA were expressed in colon cancer, but were undetectable in normal colon tissue. With their HCA mRNA transcripts expressed in only certain types of cancer cell lines and absent in the normal tissue counterparts, these four Ags may be valuable for the detection of metastatic cancer cells. This immunological diagnosis would be complementary to a pathological diagnosis. The majority of our SEREX-defined molecules from HCC cDNA expression libraries are apparently autoantigens, although we cannot exclude the possibility that some of the Ag-encoding genes may have point mutations. The capacity of these autoantigens to elicit an Ab response in HCC patients is similar to that seen in autoimmune patients. The variety of autoantibodies found in the sera of cancer patients is evidence for an autoimmune response. In view of the fact that in both autoimmune diseases and cancers autoantibodies can be detected against Ags such as small nuclear RNA associated sm-like protein, actin, and even MAGE (44, 45), it is important to distinguish tumor Ags from autoantigens before any immunological manipulations. The molecules defined by SEREX from cancer cells are rapidly accumulating. Among the 55 Ags we have identified in HCC, nine molecules have also been identified by others using SEREX or other immunological methods from different cancers. They are: DBI-related protein in renal cancer and HCC (13, 46), small nuclear RNA-associated sm-like protein and Dna J protein in renal cancer (46), CENP-F kinetochore protein in breast cancer (47), translationally controlled tumor protein in colon cancer (48), p100 (HCA519) in breast cancer (29, 43), and ATPase in HCC (22). From our results we roughly calculate that ∼16% (nine of 55) of HCC-expressed Ags are shared by cancers of other histological types. In addition, numerous complement inactivation molecules have been frequently identified in HCC cDNA expression libraries by SEREX. They include complement H factor, factor H homologue, and factor H-related molecule. Inhibiting complement activation may be one of the means by which HCC cells escape immune attack. Despite the numerous HCC Ags identified by SEREX, none of the Ags identified in other labortories (22) or in our laboratory is exactly identical. Even from the four HCC cDNA expression libraries we screened, only four of 55 Ags are repeatedly identified from different individual libraries. Coupled with diverse Ag profiles from different cancers, it is clear that the tumor immunome is far from being complete. Further identification of tumor-associated Ags from HCC is needed to find more immunogens with potency for effective immunotherapy. In conclusion, our experimental results of tumor Ags in HCC have provided candidates for immunological applications and the molecular features for understanding tumorigenicity. ↵1 This work was supported by grants from Australia-China Institutional Links Program, 1997, National 973 Program in China (G1999053904), Beijing Municipal Government Foundation for Natural Sciences (7001002), and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (KSP 003). ↵2 Y.W., K.-J.H., and X.-W.P. contributed equally to this study. ↵4 Abbreviations used in this paper: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; CT, cancer-testis; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCA, hepatocellular carcinoma Ag; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HNSCC, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck; NB, Northern blot; ORF, open reading frame; SEREX, serological analysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries; TFDP1, transcription factor DP-1; DBI, diazepam binding inhibitor. Cohen, P. L.. 1999. Systemic autoimmunity. W. E. Paul, ed. Fundamental Immunology 4th Ed.1067 Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia.
2019-04-24T00:04:49Z
http://www.jimmunol.org/content/169/2/1102
Are you confused about diamond grading and pricing that’s all over the map? Having a hard time deciding whether to go for an I1-H, SI1-J, VS2-L? If you just want a beautiful diamond that needs no excuses how about this internally flawless, H colour princess cut solitaire? You can’t get much better than an internally flawless clarity and the H colour is near colourless. The diamond is accompanied by an 2003 HRD (Hoge Raad voor Diamant) Antwerp Belgium diamond certificate report. While we always prefer GIA reports for an accurate unbiased opinion of quality an HRD certificate is okay. Even if their opinion differs from GIA by a colour or clarity grade (as is often the case) this diamond is still a knockout. It’s perfectly square only off by 0.5%, decent table of 75% with a nice crown height of 8%. The 14 karat Lucida setting is still a popular choice for a solitaire of any shape. The finished ring comes with a July 2004 HKD Diamond Laboratories Canada appraisal suggesting an approximate value for the ring of $12,000.00. I’m sure the original owner was elated with this evaluation until it came time to trade it in. While we wholeheartedly feel this value is excessive, we also realize ALL appraisals are strictly opinions of value. Our opinion of a more competitive replacement value is closer to $5,000.00 CAD. The size 6 1/2 ring is in like new condition and estate priced at just $3,500.00. CAD. Stock #e12066. This is a great looking diamond with all the right credentials. Gemological Institute of America certified VS2 clarity, “I” colour, very good cut, good polish, very good symmetry and no fluorescence. The full GIA report can be seen online here. With an average diameter of 7.75mm this diamond will look like a little flashlight on your finger. Set it in a traditional solitaire or the latest custom halo creation. Let Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers can make you a ring to be proud of and save some $$$$$ with an estate diamond at the same time. It is currently set in a size 8 platinum diamond ring adding 0.79 carats of VS-GH bling (available separately for $2730.00). This 4 billion year old diamond is in perfect condition and estate priced at $14,300.00 CAD. Stock #e3739. Ever considered a fancy shaped diamond? They offer an interesting alternative to the industry benchmark round brilliant cut. Fancy shaped diamonds are almost always less expensive compared to round, sometimes by close to 40%. This estate emerald cut faces up much nicer than many I2 clairty diamonds I’ve seen. The white feather type inclusions can be seen without without artificial magnification but that doesn’t mean the diamond doesn’t sparkle. The very good H colour, no fluorescence and very good polish ensure it still twinkles like a diamond costing several times more. The recent (February 2019) Gemological Institute of America certificate can be seen online here. Currently set into a brand new 14 karat white gold pendant setting with 14 karat white gold Italian rolo chain. The Art Deco inspired design contains 35 round high quality VS-SI-GH diamonds adding 0.57 carats of extra sparkle. The pendant setting is available for an extra $1,500.00 CAD. If you’ve got another project in mind let us know; we’d love to custom make it for you. You won’t believe how nice and how large an estate diamond can be purchased for only $2,000.00 CAD, but only at Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers. Stock #e12003. I can’t ever remember selling a diamond in a setting that hasn’t been assembled into a finished piece of jewellery. I suppose there’s a first for everything so we’re going to give it a shot. Why recycle a perfectly good platinum 4 prong setting when there is a good chance we’ll just have to buy a new one to make this pretty diamond into a beautiful engagement ring or another piece of jewellery. This 0.65 gram platinum head would cost over $100.00 to replace but it comes free with the purchase of this diamond. The diamond is a very good cut 0.41 carat princess cut with VS2 clarity and I colour. Measurements of 4.05mm x 3.95mm x 2.98mm with a good depth of 75.4% and a table of 77% guarentee excellent sparkle and brilliance. Comes with GIA certificate #15450271. Estate priced at $799.00. Stock #e8355. This diamond is a great example of why you should never judge the beauty of a diamond by simply looking at a gemological report. Most accurately graded I1 clairity diamonds are quite beautiful if as well cut as this one. What I find remarkable is the diamond was graded an I1. The translucent white, feather type inclusion is small enough and insignificant enough that we thought it was a pretty safe bet to receive a SI2 clarity grade from The Gemological Institute of America. In this magnified dark field contrasting photomicrograph it’s not difficult to see the inclusion just to the right of centre in the diamonds pavilion. In a regular viewing situation the inclusion all but disappears in the brilliance and dispersion offered by the very good cut diamond. In these two photographs the inclusion is much more difficult to see without artificial magnification. From a naked eye perspective this is a close as you could possibly get to a diamond with a GIA certified I1 clarity grade that looks flawless to a naked eye. It would be a lie to say we were not disappointed with the I1 grade but it’s pretty hard to argue with the world’s undisputed authority for diamond grading. After all it was The Gemological Institute of America that developed the system how all diamonds are graded today. Some savvy Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers client is going to get an amazing diamond considering its price is only $2,380.00 CAD. The full January 2019 GIA diamond grading report can be seen online here. Even within a specific clarity or colour grade there is a range; a low SI2 is basically the same as a very good I1. A low J colour grade is pretty much the same as a very high K colour. At least if you’re dealing with GIA certified diamonds you know you are looking at accurate, unbiased opinions from a not for profit educational institution that has no direct interest in the commerce of diamonds or jewellery. You should also know that GIA does not appraise diamonds, the are only interested in accurately documenting the quality. This is one amazing looking diamond considering the estate price of $2,380.00 CAD. Stock #e11956. If you’re buying a princess cut diamond wouldn’t you prefer to buy a well cut example? Finding a nicely cut princess cut can be a difficult exercise since there are no widely accepted standards for this type of diamond. Many examples we see are cut really deep with very large tables. This is an efficient method to produce a heavy diamond from a given piece of rough but it certainly won’t be the most dazzling to look at. This well cut 0.56 carat originally came to us as a damaged 0.67 carat. Our instructions to our master diamond cutter was to re-cut it to look great and let the finished weight be a function of the good cut. Many princess cut diamonds have been cut with a priority on producing a heavy diamond at the expense of a good quality cut. This freshly re-cut princess measures 4.30mm x 4.52mm x 3.35mm with a very small 70% table and a generous crown height. These 2 characteristics will always give you a good idea of how nicely cut any princess is. If you’re contemplating a stone that looks like an upside down triangle, lacking a decent crown, chances are it’s been poorly cut. As always, do some homework and learn a little about diamonds. Come in and have a look at ours, we can show you how and why sometimes they just look better. Better looking and a better price make our estate diamonds the way to go. At only $1,100.00 CAD we know the value is better too. Stock #e10642. From cell phones to automobiles and refrigerators to ping pong balls; nearly every consumer brand name item carries a manufacturers suggested retail price. The key to getting great value is knowing if and where you can get a lower than MSRP price. Shopping for diamonds is very difficult because they do not have a suggested retail price. The price you see is dictated by the level of profit needed by the vendor to cover their overhead and hopefully maintain a reasonable surplus to supply a decent income for the employees and owners. Modern commerce is extremely competitive, we welcome and encourage our customers to become informed and seek out the best value in diamonds. When you know what you’re comparing you know how to find the best value. Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers is always about full disclosure with all our diamonds and jewellery in general. We’ll always show you everything needed for you to determine where the best value is in both new and estate jewellery. Over 60 years experience, much lower than average overhead, unique diamond sourcing/buying strategies and generally just a lower markup give Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers perhaps an unfair advantage. I’m guessing our clients don’t really care about all that, they just care about getting the absolute best value. We’re happy to deliver fantastic value plus deliver a level of service only a fiercely independent vendor can offer. This pretty diamond is a great example of the type of value we can offer at Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers. It’s GIA certified, so comparing its attributes are just a click away by looking at the certification report online. This diamond was purchased in the spring of 2017 for almost $1300.00 plus tax. It comes complete with the original bill of sale, copy of GIA certificate, diamond card, guarantee and folder. The diamond was never assembled into a ring. It remains in the little protective plastic/cardboard holder that it was delivered in. Whether it’s a $500.00 diamond or a $500,000.00 diamond everyone is looking for the best value. Take your time, look at the certificate (hopefully it’s a Gemological Institute of America report), don’t be influenced by perceived discounts and most of all shop around. If this diamond is of interest to you please contact us or stop in to have a closer look. For $555.00 we feel it is the best value around. Dealer and trade inquires always welcome. Stock #e10707. This very good cut 0.80 carat diamond has a diameter only 6% smaller compared to a very good cut 1.00 carat diamond, yet this one will cost you more than 50% less $$$$$$$. That’s one of the crazy things about diamonds; as the size increases the price goes up exponentially. The general rule of thumb goes, as the weight doubles the price quadruples. If you’ve ever played around with pricing out a nice 5.00 carat diamond you’ll see this relationship in action. This estate diamond was just certified January 25 2019 at The Gemological Institute of America with very good results and we stress the “very good”. This diamond is a triple very good; very good cut, very good polish and very good symmetry. There’s little to fault with this laser engraved 0.80 carat SI1-H diamond. The price of only $3,300.00 is likely the best you’re going to encounter too. Measuring 5.96mm average diameter results in a bigger footprint compared to many diamonds of similar weight. Bring us a picture of the kind of ring or jewellery you’d like and let us make something unique and beautiful just for you. We’ve been creating jewellery from the same Downtown Barrie Location for over 60 years. Even our phone number hasn’t changed since 1958 (705) 728 3343. You can find us under the big blue diamond at 52 Dunlop St. West. Estate priced at $3,300.00 CAD. Stock #e11957. Actions speak louder than words is a great way to describe what we do at Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers. We’ve all heard the claims of wholesale direct prices, lowest prices guaranteed etc. These words usually come from sources who can’t come close to actually delivering their claims. Those who make lots of noise typically the easiest to out value when the rubber meets the road. Whether you’ve been a customer of Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers for decades or you’ve stumbled across our website for the first time today. Welcome to the world of true value pricing without the song and dance. Our latest estate diamond came out of an old Birks engagement ring from the 1950s. It had a small chip on the girdle and the setting was a little more worn than we like to see. Our master diamond cutter performed his usual magic transforming the damaged vintage diamond into an excellent cut modern round brilliant. The diamond lost about 11% of its original weight but the results are more than worth the sacrifice. The cut report from GIA Facetware details all the geometry that makes the diamond sparkle more than almost any you’re likely to encounter. High VS1 clarity, very nice F colour and no fluorescence guarantee a show of brilliance and dispersion second to none. Difficult as it is for me to take a good close up picture through polarized light you can see this diamond makes a pretty nice hearts and arrows pattern. We’ll let the diamond speak for itself when it comes to showing who really offers the best value. 0.62 carat, VS1 clairty, F colour, excellent cut and no fluorescence for $2,300.00 CAD. Wholesale and dealer inquires are always welcome. Stock #e12030. The most popular shape diamond has always been the round brilliant cut. It is the most brilliant and dispersive of any shape. The diamond was just completely re-cut from some previous damage. It is now in perfect condition measuring 4.99mm – 4.94mm x 3.22mm and weighs an even 1/2 carat. It is estate priced at $1,195.00 and represents excellent value. Stock #e6344. At Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers we want to be your diamond destination. Our unique ability to provide diamonds at the absolute best value is our priority. The relationships we have developed with world wide suppliers over the last half century have allowed us to offer exceptional diamonds at extraordinary prices. Our storied location in the heart of downtown Barrie has seen many jewellers come and go. We have been tempted over the years to expand with more locations in busy shopping centres. The thought of massive rents, landlord commissions based on gross sales, expensive mandatory renovations every few years and no guarantee of lease renewal made us realize we couldn’t operate in that kind of environment without charging substantially more for all the products we sell. This diamond is evidence of those points. Certified by the Gemological Institute of America 1.28 carat VVS1-G excellent cut, very good polish, excellent symmetry with no fluorescence. Certificate details can be seen here. This is an expensive diamond, but probably one of the best values in the market today. Like our slogan says “price is simply what you pay, VALUE is what you get”. Estate price $15,900.00 CAD. Stock #e7483. Currently in an 18 gram platinum ring set with small shoulder diamonds totalling 0.90 carats of VS1-G quality available separately for $4500.00. Stock #e7483. Includes a Gemological Institute of American report detailing all the intricate characteristics that help establish value. The diamond was graded a VS1 clarity, F colour, very good cut, very good polish, very good symmetry and no fluorescence. With this information it’s easy to establish a value with any comparable you may considering. As always be sure to compare equal reports because some grade to a much more “loose” standard than GIA. This diamond measures 6.94mm – 6.98mm x 4.08mm giving it a face up appearance close to many 1.50 carat diamonds that are not cut very well. The GIA report #1152803947 can be seen at http://www.gia.edu/report-check?reportno=1152803947. Even if the GIA certificate is lost the laser engraved report number on the girdle can be used to order a duplicate from GIA. This diamond is priced at $14,000.00. Stock #e7870. Currently mounted in a very pretty white gold setting with pear shaped shoulder diamonds available separately. Perfect D colour and GIA certified too. You almost never encounter a perfect D colour. Diamonds almost always form with trace amounts of elements other than carbon causing subtle tints of colour. Most often a few molecules of nitrogen cause diamonds to show just a hint of yellow colour. This colour is expressed alphabetically on a scale from D through Z. To have a GIA certified D colour is the highest standard in the industry. The clarity of this diamond is also quite exceptional at VVS2. The overall cut, symmetry and polish have all been graded very good as compared to GIA’s strict excellent cut standards. No ultraviolet fluorescence finishes off all the details you need to know when comparing value. Measuring 6.30mm – 6.35mm x 4.07mm will make this diamond easy to find a standard 1.00 carat setting for. The GIA certificate can be seen online here. If you want to learn more about the 4Cs of diamond grading GIA’s interactive tool will show you everything you need to know when determining the quality of a diamond (sorry, not supported by Apple devices). The July 2015 GIA certificate is included to the estate price of $13,800.00 CAD, making this diamond the best value around. Currently set in a 14 karat white and rose gold setting available separately for $695.00.Stock #e9093. Very nice diamond at a very nice price makes a very nice starting point for a great piece of jewellery. Recently certified at the Gemological Institute of America with excellent results of VVS2 clarity with an equally impressive colour grade of F. The full August 2016 report can be seen online here. There’s a good chance we have another diamond of similar quality in stock that would allow us to make a great pair of earrings totaling over 1.00 carat in weight. A stand alone solitaire ring or simple pendant would make a nice home for this diamond too. Estate priced at just $1,250.00 CAD. Stock #e9849. This diamond came in with an Amsterdam diamond report declaring the diamond “loupe clean of river colour”. These old terms refer to a flawless clarity with perfect colour. Hoping for a similar opinion from the Gemological Institute of America the diamond was sent to New York for a more internationally accepted opinion. The results came back with a VVS1 clarity with an E colour. Both characteristics just 1 grade off perfect. Fewer than 4% of diamonds receive a quality grade like this or better. The added length of a fancy shaped marquise make them look bigger than an ordinary round diamond. The actual dimensions of 10.32mm x 5.62mm x 3.73 make for an impressive display. GIA report #2165031879 describes the symmetry and polish both as very good. The diamond also will exhibit strong blue fluorescence when exposed to long wave ultra violet light. The report can be seen at GIA Estate priced at $15,500.00 CAD. Stock #e8067. The diamond is currently mounted in an 18 karat yellow gold setting with baguette cut diamonds available separately. We do love those great big diamonds that are the stars of anybody’s dinner party, but we also do smaller diamonds better than anyone else too. Here are a couple of freshly re-manufactured estate round brilliant cut diamonds. Both of these diamonds were perfectly acceptable but not outstanding in any sense as they only had an average cut. They each underwent a full re-cutting to bring up their cutting grade to excellent by GIA standards. Although they lost around 20% of their original weight they have actually increased in value. That doesn’t mean they’re expensive; on the contrary. Due to their estate nature we are able to offer them for under a traditional wholesale price (much to the frustration of our competition). The 0.40 carat SI1-J is priced at only $600.00 CAD and the 0.35 carat VS2-F is just $700.00. The colour and clarity are 100% guaranteed accurate to Gemological Institute of America standards and both diamonds have no fluorescence. We are the only store in the area with two full time, on staff, GIA certified diamond graders plus a Graduate Gemologist with 30 years experience. We have 1000s of other loose diamonds in stock, if you don’t see it on our website contact us. You can also check out our online database with thousands more accurately graded GIA certified loose diamonds. As always we encourage you to shop our pricing anywhere, we think you’ll agree that Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers offers the best value around. Stock numbers e11851 (0.40ct. SI1-J) and e11852 (0.35ct. VS2-F). Interesting looking brownish/orange diamond. The 0.44 carat diamond has been treated to create a stable new colour. The diamond is well cut and a SI1 clarity. It measures 4.90mm x 3.05mm. This would make an interesting alternative to a white diamond engagement ring. Estate priced at $590.00. Stock #e6251. Cushion shaped brilliant cut diamonds are a popular alternative to a round diamond. They don’t show up in our estate department very often and this one is very exciting. Its got good size at well over 2 carats. It has absolutely perfect D colour as certified by GIA; excellent polish, very good symmetry and medium blue fluorescence round out this beautiful diamonds quality characteristics. The full Gemological Institute of America grading report can be seen here. ALWAYS ALWAYS ALWAYS insist on a GIA diamond grading certificate if you’re considering an important diamond purchase. We all too often see poorly and inaccurately graded diamonds. Almost all of our larger diamonds come with GIA’s unbiased grading report. We’ll always place our customers interests first at Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers. Full, accurate disclosure plus pricing allow our clients to easily compare diamonds. There are few jewellers with enough confidence to display not only pricing but all the other important quality characteristics required to determine value. This diamond is currently set in a custom made 18 karat rose gold/platinum setting with small accent diamonds running down the shoulders. The setting is available separately for an additional $1,000.00 CAD. The diamond and ring come with a Harold Weinstein Ltd. May 2018 document of appraisal. Stock #e11847. Only available at Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers under the big blue neon diamond in Downtown Barrie for over 60 years. 1.40 carat round brilliant cut diamond with a GIA certified very good cut, excellent polish, excellent symmetry and no fluorescence. Its 7.1mm diameter is way more than the typical 1.00 carat diamond and casts a footprint more than 25% larger. The full Gemological Institute of America report can be seen online here. The ring is currently set in a very sturdy 17.5 gram platinum & 18 karat rose gold engagement/wedding ring set with 1.56 carats of additional SI1-G diamonds. The rings are available separately for an additional $3,300.00 CAD. Lurking within this 1.50 carat fair cut diamond is an excellent cut 1.37 carat diamond. Some careful re-proportioning of the diamond will achieve a superior cut but it will weigh close to 10% less. Such is the dilemma every diamond cutter faces when considering faceting a rough diamond; cut to maximize finished weight (and potentially profit) or cut to maximize sparkle and brilliance but end up with a smaller stone. Not only will you end up with a smaller diamond in order to achieve an excellent cut, in many cases the premium cut diamond may have a psychological disadvantage to anyone comparing it to a heavier stone of lower cut grade priced the same. Compare this estate diamond to the same quality 1.50 carat or an excellent cut 1.37 carat diamond, it is still priced better than anything else currently in the market (retail or wholesale). We just had this diamond certified by the Gemological Institute of America November 2018 with very nice results. Strong SI1 clarity, G colour, good symmetry, good polish and no fluorescence. Sure the table is a few percentage points too big, the crown angle is a few degrees too steep and the total depth is 0.15mm too deep but still it looks amazing. GIA scrutinize the geometry of diamond cut like no other. They offer completely impartial grading analysis as they have no interest in the price or the commerce of diamonds. Always insist the diamond you are considering has been GIA certified, not simply certified by someone with GIA training and credentials. This diamond is also listed on our wholesale dealer only database for the same price as you see here, so don’t think about it for too long. At $10,000.00 CAD it’s less than any equivalent GIA certified diamond anywhere! We sell wholesale and we sell retail, it’s all the same to us. We love connecting people with amazing value whether it’s a wholesale colleague or for our own retail client. From big box store to large retail chains and even the latest greatest online vendor. We’re not afraid to compete with any and all competition. Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers 60 years experience, unique business and operational advantages allow us the enviable position of being able to offer better value than anyone. We don’t take this statement lightly, we really mean it. This pretty diamond is estate priced at just $10,000.00 CAD. With a weakening Canadian dollar this diamond offers even more value. Stock #e11743. Take a good look because they don’t come by very often. A “D” colour diamond is exceptionally rare, especially if that D rating comes from the most trusted name in the diamond industry. The diamond was certified from the Gemological Institute of America with the highest possible colour rating. The report can be viewed at GIA. The VS2 clarity grade with no fluorescence really make this one sparkle. The extra length of a pear shape makes the diamond appear much bigger than the actual weight of 1.20 carats. With measurements of 9.64mm x 5.83mm x 3.59mm, this pear shape puts down a much bigger footprint than most poorly cut overly deep cut examples with similar weight. The diamond is currently set in a heavy platinum setting that is available separately. Diamond by itself is estate priced at $12,300.00 CAD. Stock #e8147. We never said diamonds weren’t expensive but that doesn’t mean they can’t have amazing value. Especially when we’re talking about a GIA certified (November 2018) estate diamond that we feel is the best value in the world! We’re not kidding, we’ve strategically priced this diamond to be less expensive than anything available of the same specifications. We’ve compared it to online vendors, local mall stores, diamond exchanges, big box stores and so called wholesale to the public sources. A better price on a diamond like this can’t be had, period! This is the time of year you hear about 30, 40, 50% off and more diamond sales; our sophisticated clients know better. For $22,000.00 CAD this diamond offers the best value anywhere. It was just certified by the Gemological Institute of America with very good cut, excellent polish, excellent symmetry and no fluorescence. The full report can be seen online here. With an average diameter of 8.06mm it puts down a larger footprint than many comparable 2.00 carat diamonds. The best feature of this diamond is that it’s “eye clean”. Eye clean means when viewed without artificial magnification the inclusions are invisible. While it’s not flawless the inclusions are mostly isolated to the outside edge making them far less visible. This diamond is also currently listed on our trade access only wholesale database for the same price as you see here, so don’t think about it for too long. We sell wholesale and we sell retail, it’s all the same to us. We love connecting people with amazing value whether it’s a wholesale colleague or our own retail client. The diamond is currently unset, we’re waiting for you to come in with a custom idea that we can turn into reality. We insist you shop this diamond and its credentials around. I think you’ll find the value that Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers can offer can’t be beat. Estate price $22,000.00 CAD. (bank wire price $21,560.00 CAD). Stock #e11744. Wholesale dealer inquiries are welcome. Jumbo 4.31 carat round brilliant cut diamond with a Gemological Institute of America (New York) report certifying the diamond as a SI2 clarity, OP colour and a good cut. The full April 24 2017 GIA report can be seen here. If you’re familiar with diamond geometry and optics, the report should give you a pretty good idea of what the big 10.6mm diameter stone looks like in person. The very small 54% table, slightly steeper 35.5 degree crown angle and generous 16% crown height gives this stone a beautiful antique look with ample dispersion and brilliance. The large culet and slightly warmer hue of the OP colour grade reinforces the vintage look as most old diamonds exhibit a similar tint. The diamond is currently set in a 6.8 gram, 18 karat white gold ring containing 150 other diamonds. The small diamonds range in size from tiny bead set 1.1mm diameter examples set in the halo and galleries to significant 3.1mm channel set examples running down both shoulders. The additional 2.00 carats of high quality VS-H diamonds bring the estimated total diamond weight to a dazzling 6.31 carats. While we’re hoping to keep the 4.31 carat diamond and beautiful halo setting together as a complete ring, the supersized diamond is available by itself for $28000.00 Canadian. One of our onsite goldsmiths can adjust the size 5 ring up or down a size or two in just a day or so. This fantastic ring is in like new, hardly worn condition. The original bright white factory rhodium finish is still fully intact. Complete ring is available for $31025.00 CAD (trade ins and dealer inquiries are welcomed). Stock #e10459. 1.45 carat VVS2 fancy vivid yellow colour enhanced round brilliant cut diamond GIA certified #5121011261. Details of the certificate can be viewed on GIA’s website www.gia.edu (verify a report). The loose diamond is available alone for $9250.00 CAD. This complete ring can be viewed in the estate rings over $5000.00 section. Stock #e737. Everyone knows where to find the best value when it comes to accurate, honestly graded diamonds. You won’t find it in the malls, and certainly not at one of the chain stores. Believe it or not you can usually find it at a long time independent home town jeweller. They’ve got the knowledge, experience and connections. They have usually owned their own stand alone building for decades so their overhead costs are far less. And if they’re like us at Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers their work is more than just a job, it’s a honoured tradition of service we are extremely proud of. It’s really fun to sell those really big multi-carat diamonds, but even the more attainable and affordable sizes like this one are exciting. When I know there is no better value than this it’s easy to get enthused. Looking for something a little different? How about trying a very uncommon heart shaped brilliant cut diamond. This is an excellent looking example. It’s got great proportions, not too wide, not too tall. The lobes are nice and round and the cleft is the right size. Symmetry is everything when you’re considering a heart, pear or marquise shape diamond. At just under 1/2 a carat it has good size but it’s quite a bit less expensive than a diamond only a fraction of a carat larger. The clarity is a very strong SI2 that many may call SI1. When we compared it with our GIA certified master stones the colour was determined to be a H. This picture was taken between a GIA master E color and H colour. It’s pretty subtle but you can see the very slight tint of colour matches the H colour of the right stone better than the colourless E. With measurements of 4.90mm x 5.15mm x 3.13mmm this diamond could be used as a centre stone for a most unique engagement ring or pendant perhaps. Whatever you decide to set it in our team of talented designer goldsmiths have the necessary talent to turn any design into reality. If you don’t see the estate diamond you are looking for, give us a call. We have 100s of other estate diamonds in stock. You can also visit our online database that shows 1000s of GIA certified diamonds with pricing in Canadian dollars. This diamond is estate priced at just $799.00 CAD. On February 14 2017 the diamond was set in a Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers custom made platinum setting and is no longer available as a just loose stone. Complete ring is priced at $3200.00 and can also be seen here. Stock #e10098. You simply will not find a bigger diamond of this quality for anywhere near this kind of value. It’s not your typical round brilliant cut either, it’s an antique old mine cut diamond. This diamond was cut centuries ago, possibly close to 300 years ago. Old mine cut diamonds were the standard cut from the early 1700s to the end of the 1800s. Antique and vintage jewellery are particularly popular today; most contemporary styles owe much or at least some of their design inspiration to Art Deco and Art Nouveau designs from 100 years ago. Imagine what you could do with a genuine antique diamond of the size and quality of this one in a custom made piece built just for you. The diamond just returned from the Gemological Institute of America (February 2019) with a full certification of quality along with a unique laser inscription on the girdle edge. The complete GIA document can be seen online here. The clarity of SI1 makes the diamond appear completely flawless from a naked perspective and the J colour is very good for a diamond that is likely 200 years old. Old Mine cut diamonds almost always came from the “old mines” of Brazil and India. Stones from these historic locations often produced colour grades in JKLM range. Before the emergence of major diamond sources in Africa in the later 1800s diamonds were extremely rare and only the extremely wealthy could even afford a small one. If you’ve been looking for an antique diamond of good size and quality without breaking the bank this could be the one. Bring in your ideas and let’s create an amazing tribute to the vintage/antique ring of your dreams. The tiny table facet of just 50%, tall crown with steep crown angle, will give you an optical experience like no modern brilliant cut diamond can. Big chunky facet reflections with an abundance of dispersion are what these stones do better than anything. Believe me; the old diamond cutters from centuries past knew a lot more about optics than we give them credit for. This diamond would be very difficult to replace at any price. Wholesale inquiries are welcomed. Estate priced at $9,000.00 CAD. Stock #e11963. At only $2,970.00 CAD for this GIA ceritified 0.86ct. SI2-F round brilliant cut diamond we could sell this diamond into the wholesale market in New York, Antwerp or India but that isn’t really part of the Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers DNA. For over 60 years we’ve been Barrie’s and areas hometown jeweller. Our unique experience buying selling estate jewellery and diamonds allows us the ability to not only offer better value than any other retailer we can often out wholesale even the wholesalers. Our newest estate diamond was just certified at the Gemological Institute of America February 13 2019. The full GIA report call be seen online here. Offering a strong SI2 clairty, F colour GIA certified round diamond for under $3,000.00 is something few vendors are able to do. We’d love this diamond to go to one of our local clients or even to someone who has found us and our products online. The small semitransparent inclusion is a very interesting and a unique feature of the diamond. The inclusion is easy to resolve in these photomicrographs we took in dark field lighting through our microscope. Its outline looks like one of those 3 dimensional cubes we all use to draw when we were bored in class. The cubic outline makes sense given diamonds grow in the cubic crystal system. To a naked eye the inclusion all but disappears in the brilliance and dispersion. Only under extreme scrutiny and only by the extremely sharp sighted can it be seen at all. Let’s custom make something completely unique for you with this bright and lively diamond as the centrepiece. Estate price $2,970.00 CAD. Stock #e12002. This would make a great starting point for an affordable solitaire pendant, ring or even for the first side for a pair of diamond earrings. We would have plenty of matching diamonds for the other earring. This diamond measures 4.25mm x 2.50mm and weighs 0.29 carat. The clarity is a pleasant I1; certainly not flawless but quite bright and sparkly. The colour grade is a very nice H and the cut is good. It comes with a Gem Scan certificate of evaluation from September 2000. You’d have a hard time finding another Canadian diamond that offers the sort of value this one does. Perfect condition and estate priced at only $300.00 CAD. Stock #e11910. We were so tempted to call this diamond a SI2 as it’s virtually eye clean. The small translucent white feather inclusion is located in the top right section of the stone. At certain angles it all but disappears. In regular viewing situations it is eye clean, only when viewed through our microscope in dark field lighting does the dark background contrast help resolve this phantom inclusion. We’ve adjusted the brightness, shadows, highlights and contrast in this photomicrograph to highlight the grade setting characteristic. Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers diamonds just look better. We are very tough graders and pride ourselves in the standards we strive to live up to. All of our certified diamond graders have been trained by the Gemological Institute of America. The GIA is the industry standard when it comes to unbiased certification. GIA do not appraise diamonds or jewellery and have no direct interest in the commerce of diamonds or jewellery. Our newest estate diamond is a great value when considering the conservative I1 clarity grade and the fact it is a marquise shape. Marquise shaped diamonds cost 30% less than round brilliant cut diamonds of the same quality. The added length of this shape also makes then appear larger. The colour of this diamond has been graded a G when compared to our GIA master stones. Measurements of 8.13mm x 4.56mm x 3.10mm will have people thinking this diamond is much heavier than 0.70 carats. Let us make something extraordinary with this diamond. I can imagine a fantastic pendant with this one as the centre piece. Estate priced at just $1,400.00 CAD. Stock #e11940. Despite this diamonds modest quality on paper if faces up better than many I1 clarity diamonds I’ve seen that are hazy and dull. This one is bright and lively defying its I2 clarity grade. The grade setting inclusions are predominantly located around the outside leaving the centre mostly eye clean and transparent. With an average diameter of just under 6.75mm this diamond looks waaaaay bigger than the average 1.00 carat diamond you’re going to encounter. Larger size, better looking, accurately documented with the world’s most respected certificate and less expensive than the competition equals value only Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers can offer. This diamond is likely around 3 billion years old yet the GIA certificate was just issued January 25 2019. I suppose we could have sold this diamond as brand new an no one would be the wiser but we love reusing estate diamonds and jewellery. Our estate diamonds are environmentally friendly as no new earth was disturbed obtaining these natural treasures; your pocket book will love the unsurpassed value they offer. We don’t mind adding some extra value with a Gemological Institute of America report to many of the estate diamonds we offer. It’s quite an ordeal for us to send a diamond to New York for quality assessment and it’s also very expensive. The GIA certificate cost $120.00 USD plus 2 way shipping/insurance costs, not to mention the hassles associated with exporting/importing loose diamonds across the U.S. border. GIA offer no wholesale trade discount; you’d pay exactly what we pay. We feel a GIA report is worth the effort and you should too. Our customers deserve a proper certificate of quality, not a bias insurance appraisal with an inflated price attached as is so common in the jewellery industry. We also spend a little more money getting the girdle laser engraved with the GIA certificate number. This way should you ever loose the original report you can easily retrieve the information online from GIA’s website. There’s not a report, certificate or appraisal available in Canada that has the international reputation of The Gemological Institute of America for accurate, impartial opinions of quality. ALL important diamonds come with GIA paperwork. If the diamond you are considering lacks this documentation, buyer beware. Make sure you get a rock solid refund policy if the diamond doesn’t live up to its claim. The more I look at this diamond and consider the weak Canadian dollar, I can’t believe it’s still less than $3,000.00 including the GIA certificate. This isn’t a sales pitch, we really get excited about being able to offer such great value to our customers. Come in and see just how nice this diamond is. Estate priced at $2,980.00 CAD. Stock #e11954. It’s the benchmark size and it hits a very popular price point. Finding a great looking, excellent cut 1.00 carat round diamond for under $5,000.00 can be challenging. The grading setting inclusions in our latest estate diamond are predominantly twinning wisps. This type of inclusion is typically translucent and does little to obstruct light flow within a diamond. Being almost transparent they are quite often invisible without magnification. The twinning wisps in our latest estate diamond are mostly located outside the large table facet leaving the centre section quite clean. The GIA report was issued January 25 2019 and plots out the wisps on this certification. You can also see a copy of the report on the Gemological Institute of America website. The document also reports on every characteristic needed to determine the overall quality. Stong I1 clarity, very good H colour, excellent cut, very good polish, excellent symmetry and no fluorescence. Not all I1 diamonds are created equal, this one is a practically “eye clean”, meaning without artificial magnification it looks inclusion free. There are no black crystals or large white feathers. Many 1.00 carat diamonds at this price point have obvious blemishes that can easily be seen without magnification. We are proud of our diamonds and the value they offer. We encourage you to compare our diamonds with any others available. You can even buy ours and compare it with one at another vendor. If you feel ours doesn’t offer the best value we’ll happily take it back for a full refund. This diamond would make a great starting point for your partners dream engagement ring. Bring us your idea and we can create the perfect ring just for you. This diamond is estate priced at $4,890.00 CAD. Stock #e11958. The round brilliant cut is by far the most popular and also the most expensive shape. Princess cuts are the second most called for shape; Cushion, heart, oval, pear, marquise and radiant cut are other less common variations of the 57 facet brilliant cut. I don’t know why this shape (the radiant cut) isn’t more admired. When well cut their brilliance and dispersion rivals that of the benchmark round. They look great in many of todays antique inspired designs. They’re far more rare only representing about 5% of the diamonds available from our diamond search database. Of those available only a tiny fraction are nice and square like this one that measures 7.94mm x 7.87mm. Just back from the Gemological Institute of America with a great certified quality of SI1 clarity and H colour. The full GIA report can be seen online here. This example looks especially good because the centre table section is 100% free from any imperfection, only a few thin white feathers can be seen with strong magnification around the edges. Bring us your vision of the ideal piece of jewellery and let us create something spectacular for you. Estate priced at $34,970.00 CAD. Stock #e9834. This is the least expensive way to get a 1.00 carat diamond. All fancy shaped diamonds are significantly less expensive than a round equivalent and heart shapes are the least expensive of all. An estate heart shaped diamond makes the value better still. Our example is a strong I1 clarity that is virtually “eye clean” with only a small white feather within the table and some crystal inclusions close to the edges. The nice “I” colour was determined by using our GIA master colour comparison diamonds. Measuring 5.71mm x 7.43mm x 3.46mm this diamond puts down a nice sized footprint. Ready to be assembled into a jewellery item of your choice. It could easily be used in a ring or a pendant. Estate priced at $1,980.00 CAD. Stock #e3117. Looking for a no compromise diamond at a wholesale price? Try one of our estate diamonds. Our estate diamonds offer the type of value others can’t afford to compete with. This 0.48 carat round brilliant cut came to us as a chipped 0.58 carat with excellent clarity and colour but only average cut. After our master diamond cutter re-manufactured the stone, he eliminated the chip with 17% loss of weight. What it lost in weight it more than made up for in beauty. It now is cut to excellent standards as this report details. What didn’t change was the outstanding VVS2 clarity, F colour (as compared to our Gemological Institute of America master diamonds) and no fluorescence. At just under 0.50 carat there is a nice discount to be realized yet the diameter of 5.05-5.08mm is actually more than many average to good cut 1/2 carat round diamonds. Let us create something fabulous for you using this little ball of fire as the centre piece. Dealer purchases are welcomed. Estate priced at $1,600.00 CAD. Stock #e11661. When only the best will do we’ve got a diamond worthy of consideration. Every possible box has been checked off with this one. Sure you could buy a nice looking 1 carat round brilliant cut diamond for the same or maybe even a little less than this one, but it wouldn’t be anywhere near the quality. Internally flawless diamonds are exceptionally rare, finding one with a perfect D colour takes the rarity one step further. No fluorescence is the final desirable characteristic that mother nature contributed when this 100% natural diamond formed around 3 billion years ago. The triple X refers to the human element in the fashioning of the rough diamond crystal to the finished stone you see here. Excellent overall cut, excellent symmetry and excellent polish help bring out the remarkable display of optical fireworks that make diamonds so beautiful. Our in store diamond database contains around 300,000 high quality diamonds but only around 300 are of this size or larger and of the same quality. 1 in 1000 doesn’t express the odds of finding a diamond this good, this quality is very rare. Stores like Birks, Tiffany, Cartier don’t typically stock this quality of diamond, normally we don’t either. When the opportunity to obtain an amazing estate diamond like this presented itself at a reasonable price we couldn’t help ourselves. The full Gemological Institute of America report can be seen online here. Always insist on a GIA report when considering a significant diamond purchase. All certificates use GIA developed grading language but few grade to GIA’s strict standards. It’s common to see improperly graded and appraised diamonds. We often see diamond certificates that are optimistic when compared to GIA standards by a grade or two. An appraisal/certificate from a GIA trained gemologist doesn’t ensure it has been graded to the standards set by the laboratory, insist on an report only. GIA do not have a Canadian laboratory. The Gemological Institute of American DO NOT appraise diamonds and they are not involved in the commerce of diamonds or jewellery. This allows a completely impartial opinion of quality. If you’re going to spend your hard earned money on a diamond take a few minutes and watch this video by Martin Rapaport discussing over graded diamonds and inaccurate reports. Mr. Rapaport produces a wholesale diamond price list that is widely followed in the industry. This guy knows his stuff. We invite you to shop this diamond around, we think it is the best value anywhere. Let’s create something incredible together to showcase this amazing prehistoric natural creation. This is the only one we have and we can’t get another for the estate price of $6,390.00 CAD. Stock #e11818. Dealer inquiries are welcomed. We love to showcase big diamonds and perhaps we’ve earned a reputation for selling diamonds a little larger than most, but we still rock the more accessible diamonds for the masses. Here’s an amazing example to consider. It’s 0.34 carats of very nice VS2 clarity, “I” colour as compared to our Gemological Institute of America master stones, excellent cut and non fluorescent. While the technical specifications may baffle the average man of the street, the fantastic sparkle and beauty, along with the price of just $590.00 make the appeal universal to all. Adding to the attraction is the fact that this diamond is of Canadian origin; complete with a unique laser engraved logo and serial number on its faceted girdle. We can turn this little piece of prehistoric Canadiana into any piece of jewellery your imagination can dream up. Don’t wait too long because for under $600.00 CAD it won’t last long. Stock #e9879. I’ll admit it, buying a diamond can be a little confusing. How’s a consumer to know what diamond offers the best value when there is so much distracting noise around how they’re sold and promoted. Deceptive 50% off sales are all too common, misleading appraisals with inflated values used as sales tools are unfortunately the norm rather than the exception. We respect our customers far too much to participate in these marketing tactics. We always offer our best pricing on loose diamonds and promote accurately graded diamonds certified by The Gemological Institute of America. GIA certification make it easy to compare who really offers the most for your hard earned money. Our latest estate diamond is easy to compare because it is a “triple X”. Excellent cut, excellent polish, excellent symmetry and no fluorescence. The clarity is a very good VS1 with an almost perfect F colour. And of course the diamond is GIA certified. Compare this to any and all and I think you’ll agree Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers offers the best in loose diamond value. Make sure to ask to see the GIA certificate and laser engraving on any diamond you’re considering. If your jeweller doesn’t sell GIA certified diamonds you should ask yourself why not. Including the GIA dossier report (available online) this diamond is estate priced at $5,100.00 CAD. Stock #e11615. Diamonds are not really that rare, but high quality, excellent cut, good sized diamonds are. Finding a diamond just under 1.00 carat that’s been GIA certified excellent cut is exceedingly rare. Checking our 1/4 million diamond dealer database shows that only 67 other round diamonds weighing 0.98ct. to 0.99ct. are excellent cut. By comparison there are over 7,338 diamonds available weighing 1.00ct. to 1.01ct. of very good to excellent cut. What does this seemingly obscure statistic tell us; diamond cutters major concern is retaining as much weight as possible from a given piece of rough. The majority of consumers simply want a 1.00 carat and pay little regard to the quality of cut, instead of considering an excellent cut sub 1.00 carat that likely costs more but looks way better. This is a shame because many average to good cut 1.00 carat diamonds have diameters of only around 6.20mm and don’t sparkle as much as they could. Our excellent cut 0.98 carat has a diameter of 6.55mm making it look much larger than almost every other 1.00 carat you’re likely to see. The quality of cut is a major factor determining the sparkle and beauty of a diamond. The November 2018 Gemological Institute of America certificate for this beautiful estate diamond can be seen online here. We currently have the diamond set in a simple platinum 4 prong solitaire. The small size 4 ring weighs an impressive 7.4 grams (without diamond). The ring is available separately for an additional $500.00 plus sizing. As always we encourage our clients to shop around and compare the value we offer to anyone (especially on a day like black Friday). If you’re looking to purchase an important and significant diamond make 100% sure it comes GIA certified. A report or appraisal from a GIA trained gemologist is not the same. INSIST only on a seeing an original GIA certificate. Diamond alone is estate priced at $5,500.00 or complete ring for $6,000.00 CAD. Wholesale vendor inquiries are always welcome. Stock #e11745. Those who truly know diamonds and jewellery have ever accused Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers of being expensive. Our 60 years experience, unique business and operational advantages allow us the enviable position of being able to offer better value than anyone. We don’t take this statement lightly, we really mean it. From big box store to large retail chains and even the latest greatest online vendor. We’re not afraid to compete with any and all competition. We’ve priced our latest estate diamond with 18 karat white gold diamond ring below it’s wholesale replacement cost. This diamond is also currently listed on our wholesale dealer only database for the same price as you see here, so don’t think about it for too long. The price is less than any equivalent GIA certified diamond anywhere! We sell wholesale and we sell retail, it’s all the same to us. We love connecting people with amazing value whether it’s a wholesale colleague or our own retail client. The diamond was just certified by the GIA (November 5 2018) 1.02 carat, VS1 clarity, F colour, very good cut, excellent polish, excellent symmetry and no fluorescence. The full report can be seen on The Gemological Institute of America website here. A great feature of this diamond is its generous 6.44mm diameter. Many 1.00 carat round diamonds of very good cut have diameters only 6.2 to 6.3mm. It many not sound like much but you’d easily notice that 0.2mm difference when compared side by side. At only $8,000.00 CAD we believe this diamond is the best price in the world. If you like the simple 3.6 gram, size 6 1/2, 18 karat white gold setting with 18 small accent diamonds running down the shoulders, it’s available for just $630.00 more. The shoulder diamonds match the centre diamond displaying an average quality of SI1-F. Included with purchase is the full GIA grading report along with a 2015 insurance appraisal assigning a rather optimistic opinion of $22,000.00 retail replacement value. The complete estate ring is priced at $8,630.00. If you have a different setting in mind the centre diamond is available for only $8,000.00 CAD. Wholesale dealer inquiries are welcome. Stock #e11741. This just could be the perfect diamond for someone like you. Sure everyone would love a GIA certified diamond with all the boxes checked off; flawless clarity, D colour, excellent cut, excellent symmetry, excellent polish and no fluorescence. The problem is exceptional quality comes at a huge price. For example; a GIA certified 1.00 carat round diamond of absolute perfection will cost you well over $20,000.00 CAD at current exchange rates. If you want a perfect diamond the same size as this estate 5.01 carat expect to pay around $750,000.00 CAD. That’s right 3/4 of a million dollars (assuming you can find one). It’s not just the 4Cs of clarity, colour, cut and carat weight to consider when buying a diamond; there’s a 5th C. The “cost” is the 5th C that everyone needs to contemplate. Whether it’s a thousand dollars or one million dollars everyone wants to get the most bang for the buck plus outstanding value. That’s why I like this diamond so much, it offers a great big look and amazing value. It’s got the size at over 5 carats with an average diameter of 11.07mm, excellent cut, excellent symmetry, excellent polish and no fluorescence. The clarity of SI2 is 7 grades from flawless but it looks perfect without magnification to anyone except under extreme scrutiny and only from those with exceptional close up vision. The small white crystal inclusions disappear under any typical viewing situation. This high resolution, high magnification image reveals the insignificant natural inclusions that have been a part of this diamond since it formed billions of years ago. As a Gemological Institute of America trained Gemologist with over 25 years experience I can say with confidence this is a really nice SI2 (closer to a SI1 than an I1). The colour grade of K is ever so slightly warm but it faces up amazing with the sort of sparkle and dispersion you’d demand from a 5 carat diamond. The K colour is very strong when compared to other GIA certified Ks we have in stock. It must have missed a J colour designation by the slimmest of margins. This diamond was recently certified (July 2017) by GIA. The full report can be seen online here. While $60,000.00 CAD isn’t a small sum of money, if you’ve ever considered a significant diamond this one is likely the best value currently on the market. Finding large diamonds with particularly desirable quality characteristics are few and far between. Few jewellers have this size of diamond in stock. We are your diamond destination at Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers. We have the inventory and we’re confident of the fantastic value. We always display upfront pricing in Canadian dollars and the information necessary for our clients to comparison shop. Even if owning something like this isn’t in the cards right now, please come in and have a look. Or if you love diamonds the way we love diamonds and just want to see what a nice 5 carat looks like, come on in and check it out. This one is estate priced at $59,800.00 CAD. The diamond is currently set in a brand new, 3.7 gram, American made 14 karat white gold solitaire setting included for no additional charge. Stock #e10670. There’s a market for identical products at many different price points. An informed customer can do a bit of homework and quickly find out it would be virtually impossible to find better value in a diamond than one of our estate items. Most of the retail world rely on the fact that the majority of people haven’t a clue as to what something as mysterious as a diamond should cost. After being in business for close to 60 years we’ve come to realize we’ll simply never be able to connect with everyone. If you’re an existing Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers customer, thank you. If you are discovering us for the first time congratulations; you have found a jeweller that has earned our community’s trust and respects our customers like no other. You won’t find big discount sales and dodgy marketing schemes around here. We’re all about the absolute best value all of the time. If you don’t know jewellery, know your jeweller. Our latest featured diamond is a beautiful round brilliant cut 0.53 carat of almost perfect VVS clarity and E colour, with an excellent cut and no fluorescence. The GIA certified diamond is currently secured in a simple 4 prong solitaire weighing 2.6 grams available separately for just $100.00. The Full Gemological Institute of America report can be seen online here. The size 7 1/4 ring is showing some wear on the claws and could use a little laser welding to fill in a couple tiny casting pits. We can accomplish these minor tasks for the new owner if they wish. The diamond is available by itself if you have other plans for just $2525.00. Complete ring is priced at only $2625.00 CAD. Now that’s great value, do some homework and you’ll agree. No one does “I do” like we do. Stock #e11654. Not all SI2s are created equal and neither are all diamond certificates. Diamond appraisals and certificate use common diamond grading language but not all grade to the same industry standards. All too often we see diamond and jewellery appraisals with optimistic flattering opinions that might make you feel good but don’t tell the true story. A third party unbiased opinion is what every diamond consumer should insist on. The Gemological Institute of America is the impartial industry judge for anyone looking for an accurate opinion on diamonds and gems. They have no interest in the commerce of jewellery and they offer no wholesale discounts to anyone for their services. They don’t assign value to any piece of jewellery. Anything submitted to their labs must be done so without any existing description of quality. This beautiful estate diamond returned from GIA with a SI2 clarity grade and very good G colour grade. This SI2 is so much better than many SI2s we encounter from other certificate providers. A small white feather at 9:00 o’clock is invisible to all but the most sharp sighted at extremely close range. Some twinning wisps running across the stone are completely invisible without magnification. The full August 2018 GIA report can be seen online here. This diamond is going to make a great starting point for an amazing ring, pendant or perhaps half a pair of earrings. It’s a blank canvas waiting for us to set into any of our production items or perhaps a unique one of a kind custom piece. It’s a fantastic diamond and an incredible value for the estate price of only $2040.00 CAD. Stock #e11556. Round brilliant cut diamonds have always been the most popular shape. From a strictly scientific perspective they are the most effective when it comes to optical efficiency. When cut to perfect proportions they return more light to the observer in the form of brilliance and dispersion than any other shape. The trouble is few round diamonds are cut to excellent or ideal proportions. Many manufacturers opt to trade off a superior cut for a psychological advantage in the form of maintaining some extra weight. Fancy shaped diamonds offer an interesting alternative to rounds. Often they look larger compared to the same weight of a round diamond due some extra length. Marquise, pear and oval almost always appear larger than an equal weight round diamond. This particular diamond puts down a large footprint of 8.38mm x 6.01mm. The illusion of a bigger stone combined with less cost are reason enough to check out a fancy shape. Compared to the same weight excellent cut round diamond this pear shape costs about 25% less. Its estate nature extends that discount over a new round diamond closer to 50%. We just had this diamond certified at the Gemological Institute of America in July 2016. While I suppose we could sell it into the wholesale or retail market as a freshly mined/certified diamond, we’d prefer to sell it as the true previously enjoyed/estate diamond it is. The full GIA report can be seen online here. If you’re considering a significant diamond purchase insist on a full GIA report to be sure you’re getting what you’re paying for. Any jeweller confident in the quality their diamonds usually sells or endorses GIA certified diamonds. Reuse and recycle. Everyone should consider buying an estate diamond and consider a fancy shaped alternative. They’re out of the ordinary, they are less expensive and they open up many new design options. As with all diamonds, when they are of good quality and well cut they sparkle and twinkle like fireworks. With a VS2 clarity grade and G colour the quality is better than most by a good margin. Nice proportions, good polish, good symmetry and no fluorescence guarantee an amazing display on that custom piece of jewellery that’s been on your mind. Including the full GIA grading report this estate diamond is priced at $4600.00 CAD. Stock #e11543. The DNA of Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers has always been about supplying amazing jewellery values to our retail clients for the last 60 years. What you may not know is we also do some wholesale work to qualified vendors. While it’s easier selling to another retail jeweller we get far more satisfaction when one of our regular customers picks up one of our products. Our latest estate offering just came back from The Gemological Institute of America in New York. We use GIA as an impartial judge to certify many of our larger estate and new diamonds. The full and comprehensive plotted diamond grading report (July 11 2018) can be seen online here. GIA are universally accepted as the authority when it comes to diamond certification. They don’t supply appraisals and they’re not involved in the commerce of diamonds or jewellery. This ensures they are impartial to all, unlike most of the insurance appraisals we encounter. Maybe you should ask yourself; why don’t all jewellers supply GIA reports with their diamonds? We’ve also spent a little more money having the GIA certificate number laser engraved on the girdle. The 0.90 carat diamond has been certified an I1 clairity with a “I” colour and a fair cut. The modest results shown on the GIA document don’t tell you how lovely this diamond is. Just as a description of a beautiful woman can never do her justice. This diamond is bright and full of sparkle. There are a couple of white feather inclusions, a few small crystals and even a tiny cavity. All that being said its large 6.38mm diameter is bigger than many 1.00 carat diamonds and it sparkles remarkably well. We’ve selected a traditional 14 karat white gold solitaire to efficiently showcase the diamond is a simple 4 prong pedestal. The setting weighs 2.7 grams and measures a slightly larger size 9 3/4. One of our onsite goldsmiths can adjust the size as required in just a day or so. If you’re looking for a good sized diamond ring but would rather not spend half a year’s mortgage payments doing it, have a look at this one. I think you’ll be surprised how nice a properly graded I1-I can look. We offer a full money back guarantee if you don’t agree. As always dealer inquires are welcome. In truth we’d rather have it go to someone who will be proud to say, “I got it at Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers”. Estate price for the ring and diamond $2280.00 CAD. Stock #e11455. We apologize to all the other jewellers that simply can’t afford to compete with the sort of value our estate diamonds offer. Our latest estate diamond came to us with a minor chip on the culet. We had the chip repaired, overall cut improved then off it went to the Gemological Institute of America for certification. The fresh August 21 2018 report confirmed what we knew all along. We don’t need a piece of paper to appreciate a pretty diamond but a GIA certificate sets the bar when your’re comparing diamonds. If your jeweller doesn’t sell GIA certified diamonds ask them why not? If it’s not a GIA certified diamond you may not be comparing apples to apples. GIA are the industry authority when it comes to unbiased quality evaluation. Practically ALL important diamonds come with GIA certification. The geometry of this diamond falls just short of excellent cut with a slightly shallow crown angle and crown height. The side affect of a slightly shallow profile gives the diamond a generous 5.9mm diameter making it appear larger than many heavier weight diamonds of only good or fair cut. The full GIA report can be seen online here. If you’ve got a custom ring in mind this diamond is at the popular price point offering a big look without a huge cost. The VS1 clarity with G colour means you don’t have to be trading off the quality to get a significant size. Finally the estate nature of the diamond allows you to save thousands compared to what a comparable diamond would cost at the mall. Estate priced at $3060.00 CAD. Stock #e11470. 2.00 carat diamonds are the new 1.00 carat. Maybe it’s a sign of our evolving business or the amazing values we offer but we’re getting more calls for bigger diamonds all the time. Here is a great opportunity to get a great looking 2 carat estate diamond for a significant discount over the replacement cost. The fully certified Gemological Institute of America diamond faces up very white with a strong “I” colour. The SI2 clarity grade was established due to the presence of twinning wisps. Twinning wisps are a preferred clarity characteristic because they are usually semi transparent or translucent. They typically go unnoticed without artificial magnification. The other pertinent quality characteristics are, very good overall cut, very good polish, very good symmetry and no fluorescence. The full October 2017 GIA report can be seen online here. Always insist on a GIA report if you’re considering a significant diamond purchase. All certificates use GIA developed grading language but many do not grade to GIA’s strict standards. It’s very common to see SI2 graded diamonds that are actually I1 clairty. We also see diamond colour grades that are often optimistic when compared to GIA standards by a grade or two. An appraisal from a GIA trained gemologist still doesn’t ensure it has been graded to the standards of the laboratory. GIA DO NOT appraise diamonds and they are not interested in the commerce of diamonds. This allow a completely impartial opinion of quality. If you’re going to spend well into 5 figures for a diamond take a few minutes and watch this video by Martin Rapaport discussing over graded diamonds and inaccurate reports. Mr. Rapaport produces a wholesale diamond price list that is widely followed in the industry. This guy knows his stuff. Our properly graded estate diamond is currently set in this 14 karat white gold ring. The custom made white gold ring contains 46 additional small diamonds and is available for $1050.00. The diamond alone is estate priced at $15050.00 CAD. Stock #e11559. If you’ve never heard of a transition cut you’re not alone. Transition cut is a term that refers to diamonds from the 1920s into the 1940s. It was a time when the world was changing and technology played a larger role in life including a more scientific understanding of how optical physics related to the brilliance of a diamond. These transition cuts look mostly like old European cut diamonds but have some characteristics of a modern brilliant cut. They’re a bit of a hybrid and we love them. Smaller tables, taller crowns like antique diamonds but with longer lower girdle facets and thinner pavilion main facets approaching that of modern diamonds. They have a unique look with tons of dispersion and are perfect in original antique rings or settings inspired by antique design. This diamond just came back from The Gemological Institute of America with fresh certification of 1.46 carats, SI1 clarity and K colour. The full report can be seen online here. This is a pretty big looking diamond. Its average diameter of 7.43mm is much larger than most 1.50 carat modern diamonds. The diamond came to us in an antique inspired modern manufactured 18 karat white gold filigree ring, bead set with 26 modern round brilliant cut diamonds. The small diamonds are of very good quality averaging VS-SI-HI. The 5.5 gram ring measures a finger size 8 1/4 but can be adjusted down a couple sizes if needed. Included with purchase is the May 11 2018 GIA report along with a September 2006 appraisal from Hyannis Massachusetts jeweller Diamond Perfections Inc. Their idea of replacement value is $14,000.00 USD (including ring). As with most outside appraisals submitted with jewellery we see, the value attached is a little optimistic in our opinion. To replace the ring and diamond at a more competitive retail price we feel an appraised value should be closer to $11,650.00 CAD ($9,100.00 USD). The ring and diamond are estate priced at $8155.00 CAD. The diamond is available without the ring for $7000.00. Stock #e11310. Is the diamond you’re looking at GIA certified? If not you better ask yourself, “do I know diamonds or do I know my jeweller?” Truth is, unless your diamond has been truly independently certified you are dealing with a biased opinion. The Gemological Institute of America does not work for anyone, there are no wholesale discounts available to the trade, they DO NOT appraise diamonds, the diamond graders from GIA do not know who submitted the gems they are working on and most of all GIA do not have any commercial interest in the commerce of diamonds. This makes it possible for them to impartially analyze and certify diamonds without outside influence. Many diamond appraisal/reports are simply wrong, with prices not reflective of the actual market and grades that are inaccurate. We are living in a time of incredible retail competitiveness as long as you are comparing apples to apples. Make sure the diamond you are considering is GIA certified or the jeweller offers a full refund if it falls short when judged beside a properly documented diamond. Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers guarantee the best value in diamonds, period! Our latest estate diamond was just graded at GIA May 11 2018 and came back with a grade representing amazing bang for the buck. The full report can be seen online here. It’s a 1.34 carat round brilliant cut with SI2 clarity, J colour, very good cut, excellent symmetry, excellent polish and no fluorescence. Have a look in the local mall, your specialty jeweller, online, big box store or anywhere else you think would be a good place to buy a diamond. We’re very confident this one offers the best value. First come first serve, wholesale dealer inquiries are welcome. Honestly, you won’t find a better looking diamond for this price. We have it currently set in a 3.9 gram 14 karat white gold Lucida style setting available separately for $238.00. The diamond alone including the full GIA grading certificate is estate priced at $6500.00 CAD. Stock #e11311. You’ve got to be a real diamond enthusiast to recognize the name Lazare Kaplan. I’d imagine even the majority of jewellers have never heard of the Kaplan family. They’ve been master diamond cutters for over 100 years. They were among the first to cut diamonds according to a strict mathematical formula developed using the science of optical physics. This precise blueprint for diamond cutting showcases optimum levels of brilliance and dispersion. Only a tiny fraction of diamonds are cut with this template in mind as it is more time consuming and typically yields a smaller finished diamond from a given rough diamond crystal. I think this is only the 2nd example of a Kaplan diamond we’ve ever had come through our estate department. It weighs 0.58 carats and measures 5.35mm x 3.22mm with a tiny table promoting incredible dispersion. Needless to say the polish and symmetry of these diamonds are as good as it gets too. Despite a slightly warmer K colour as compared to our GIA master diamonds this diamond appears much more white. The slightly yellow tint is almost totally lost in the fireworks. It’s a little ball of fire just waiting for you to set it in a ring or pendant. A few small white crystals close to the edge at 3 o’clock qualify this diamond as a SI1 clarity. With strategic claw placement these inclusions could be completely covered making the diamond look more like a VS clarity stone. Each Kaplan diamond has been uniquely laser engraved with a registered number. Kaplan were the first company to identify each of their diamonds with laser engraving. To learn a little more about this company have a look at their website. These high end branded diamonds command a much higher price if you were looking for a new one. As an estate trade in diamond we’ve priced it the same as any other ideal cut generic diamond making this one an even better value. We can’t replace it, when it’s gone it’s gone. Estate priced at just $1300.00 CAD. Stock #e11069. Which would you prefer; a 6.67mm diameter 1.03 carat VVS1-G good cut diamond or a 6.25mm 0.91 carat VVS1-G excellent cut diamond? Tough question made even more difficult because both of these diamonds would be the same price in theory. Go for size or go for a perfect cut? That is is the question we had to decide when this diamond recently came in. We opted for leaving the 70 year old vintage diamond its original size rather than re-cutting it to a smaller size but of superior cut. The weight of nicely over one carat and even larger dimensions of 6.57mm – 6.77mm x 3.73mm were the most important factors for us. Truth be told the good cut is really close to very good or even excellent from a purely visual perspective. A slightly shallow 55.9mm depth is better than first appearance because of a small open culet. The bigger table of 67% cuts down slightly on dispersion but actually promotes a bit more brilliance, so that’s a trade off. A slightly out of round circumference of less than 3% is invisible to a naked eye. Sometimes we get too caught up in the small technical details that have very little effect on the overall “sparkle” of a diamond. I’ve always said “pay for what you see”. Obviously the size is easy to see. A pleasing colour and clarity are also easy to appreciate. If it dazzles and dances like a ball of fire the cut is at minimum pretty good. With all this in mind we present this vintage GIA certified 1.03 carat round brilliant cut diamond for an incredible value. It just returned from the Gemological Institute of America (May 30 2017) with the world’s most respected certificate of quality. The full report can be seen online here. If you ever decide to improve the cut to excellent our master diamond cutter can easily deliver a 0.90ct. to 0.93ct. from this diamond. But to us this diamond represents a more appealing option. They’re only original once. We currently have this pretty diamond set in an 18 karat white gold palladium alloy naledi solitaire setting available for $725.00 extra. Estate priced at $7300.00 (diamond only). Inquires from within the trade are welcomed. Stock #e10551. You simply will not find a bigger diamond of this quality for anywhere near this kind of value. It’s not your typical round brilliant cut either, it’s an antique old mine cut diamond. This diamond was cut centuries ago, possibly close to 300 years ago. Old mine cut diamonds were the standard from the early 1700s to the end of the 1800s. Antique and vintage jewellery are particularly popular today; most contemporary styles owe much or at least some of their design inspiration to Art Deco and Art Nouveau designs from 100 years ago. Imagine what you could do with a genuine antique diamond with the size and quality of this one in a custom made piece build just for you. When we first obtained this diamond it had suffered some past damage in the form of a chipped girdle that extended 1/2 way down the pavilion. Big diamonds in the 1800s tended to be set very low in full bezel settings that protected the extremely thin edges typical of old mine cut diamonds. Modern diamonds have a girdle cut around the entire circumference eliminating the razor sharp edge making them much more difficult to chip. Todays popular prong set styles expose a diamonds edge making a slightly thick girdle edge a necessity protecting against chips. We asked our master diamond cutter to repair the chip and facet the entire circumference creating a thicker girdle. The new and improved repaired diamond only lost a few 1/100ths of a carat in the process. This diamond now represents the best of both worlds; old world charm with modern durability and of course fantastic value that comes with all of Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers new and estate jewellery. The diamond has a nice sized footprint of 6.58mm x 6.10mm x 4.08mm with a confirmed weight of 1.23 carat. Clarity has been graded a solid VS2 with a conservative “I” colour. If you’ve been looking for an antique diamond of good size and quality without breaking the bank this could be the one. Bring in your ideas and let’s create an amazing tribute to the vintage/antique ring of your dreams. A small table, tall crown with steep crown angle will give you an optical experience like no modern brilliant cut diamond can. Big chunky facet reflections with an abundance of dispersion are what these stones do better than anything. Believe me, these old diamond cutters knew a lot more than we give them credit for. This diamond would be very difficult to replace at any price. It is estate priced at $5500.00 CAD. Stock #e11202. This diamond just came back (May 11 2018) from The Gemological Institute of America in New York a certified VS2 clarity, I colour, very good cut, excellent polish, excellent symmetry and exhibiting faint fluorescence when exposed to long wave ultraviolet light. The full GIA diamond grading report can be seen online here. We currently have the diamond set in a simple 6 prong Tiffany style solitaire. The 3.9 gram, 14 karat white gold ring measures a finger size 7 and is available for an additional $300.00. As always we insist you shop around the competition, do some research and find out for yourself where the best value is. When you’re buying an important diamond, insist on one that comes with a Gemological Institute of America report. If is doesn’t, make sure it is fully refundable in case it isn’t what is represented. Diamond alone is estate priced at $6000.00 CAD. Stock #e11312. You really can’t improve on something that’s ideal. This diamond was cut without regard to the finished weight. The finest cut was the only thing our master diamond cutter was instructed to do when a badly damaged 3.00 carat was submitted for an insurance salvage claim. We missed perhaps the finest opportunity of before and after pictures because I wasn’t sure if even the biggest 0.88 carat fragment of the original 3.00 carat could be cut into anything useful. Have a look at the cut report for this little ball of fire to see what we ended up with. Every single measurable component of cut is absolutely ideal. From table to culet, from crown angle to depth percentages, everything is perfect. All those little IDs mean IDEAL. This little stone is the standard to which all others should be compared when considering cut. SI1- J are good if not exceptional clarity and colour, but when combined with the phenomenal cut you’d think it was a flawless rare white diamond. The price and the sparkle make this diamond a great candidate for a simple pendant or ring for someone who appreciates the art of precise cutting. The fantastic value is pretty compelling too. Estate priced at $590.00 CAD. Stock #e9889. Beautiful diamond. Very good cut, with good symmetry, good polish and medium blue fluorescence. The February 2016 full GIA certificate can be seen here. This would be a great starting point for a fantastic engagement ring. Estate priced at $5700.00 CAD Stock #e6471. A very well cut half carat diamond measuring 5.15mm x 3.20mm perfect for almost any application in a piece of jewellery. You won’t find better at the estate price of just $1928.00 CAD. Stock #e6128. One excellent looking diamond that I was tempted to call a VS2. In fact it may well be a VS2 but we would always prefer to under promise and over deliver when describing the quality of our diamonds. There is one tiny white crystal hidden under an upper girdle facet that could be completely covered by a claw when set in a ring. The G colour is well above average and the cut is very good with measurements of 6.43mm – 6.49mm x 3.85mm. This diamond exhibits no fluorescence as an added bonus. Two small extra facets on pavilion finish this diamonds unique combination of characteristics. Estate priced at $6380.00. Currently in a platinum setting with princess cut diamonds available separately. Stock #e8236. Most diamonds that weigh 1.00 carat usually have a diameter of around 6.2mm. Most diamonds that are cut specifically to weigh exactly 1.00 carat are usually not cut to ideal or excellent standards. There are many diamonds cut to appeal to the person simply looking for a 1.00 carat diamond rather than the sophisticated customer who appreciates a fine cut rather than just a heavy stone. After all what good is a 1.00 carat diamond that doesn’t sparkle because of an inferior cut. Our latest estate ring not only has an excellent cut, it also weighs nicely over 1.00 carat at 1.09. Because it’s cut to excellent standards the diameter is much bigger than the average to good cut stone. At over 6.6mm average diameter this one looks pretty big, especially when we are showing it in this flattering a split claw setting. A solid “eye clean” SI2 clarity grade means the small white feather located at the 3:00 o’clock position in the top photo can only be resolved with magnification. According to our Gemological Institute of America certified master stones the colour is a J. With its superior cut the J colour looks more like an H. Cut is so important to how a diamond sparkles. Without a nice cut, the unique optical properties of a diamond can’t be appreciated as it will appear lifeless and dull instead of like a little ball of fire. This beautiful estate diamond is available for just $4460.00 CAD. Stock #10870. If you’d like it as shown, the brand new Canadian made setting costs an additional $1000.00. The 3.0 gram, 14 karat white gold setting contains 14 small diamonds of SI-GH quality. Like pretty much everything in this world, diamonds are priced in United States dollars then converted to your local currency when you purchase them. When Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers purchases new diamonds from New York, India, Israel etc. the vendors don’t want to be paid in Canadian dollars, Indian rupee or the Israel shekel. Diamond dealers only accept United States Dollars. That’s all fine as long as you have USD to pay for them. If you don’t, the U.S. cash is going to cost you a few percent due to bank currency exchange rates. The great thing about our estate diamonds is they are usually from Canada, we buy them with Canadian dollars and sell them in Canadian dollars. It may not sound too important but saving a few percent on a diamond purchase makes a noticeable difference. At one point or another all retailers lose a couple percent buying U.S. dollars then lose a couple more selling Canadian dollars in order to buy more USD so they can buy more diamonds from foreign suppliers. It’s a vicious circle that our estate inventory is thankfully not part of, making us extra competitive (let’s just keep it our little secret). This 1.24 carat diamond was traded in from a recently married young couple who inherited it. At this point in their lives a big diamond really wasn’t what they needed. We were happy to help them out and they were happy to pay off some debt. We submitted the pretty diamond to GIA in New York for certification. Almost every important diamond in the world comes with a Gemological Institute of America report. If the diamond you’re considering doesn’t come with a GIA report be extra careful and ask why not? The May 2016 report came back as expected with very good results of 1.24 carats, VS1 clarity, J colour and a very good cut. The full GIA document can be see online here. That’s the beauty of an estate diamond; they are usually bigger, usually better and ALWAYS less expensive. This diamond sets the benchmark in value at just $6600.00 CAD. This diamond is currently set in a Canadian made 10.5 gram, 14 karat white gold engagement/wedding ring set containing 0.20 carats of additional small diamonds. The two rings are available for $1200.00 extra. Stock #e10672. You can get a really good looking diamond of significant size for not too much over $2000.00. This very good cut 0.61 carat round brilliant is proof of that. Buying a diamond is much the same as anything else in this world. It comes down to wants, concessions and budget. Every one wants a huge flawless diamond, perfect in every way, however life’s other commitments and responsibilities limit what the average person can do. This diamond faces up pretty big with the larger than average diameter (for a 0.61 carat diamond) of 5.56mm. The smallish 58% table, with an almost perfect 33 degree crown angle ensure plenty of dispersion and brilliance. A nice colour grade of G as compared to our GIA certified master diamond is almost as good as it gets. A cautious VS2 clarity grade means this diamond has perfect clarity to the naked eye. As an added bonus it also shows no fluorescence when exposed to long wave ultra violet light. While not a true ideal or excellent cut by the strictest of standards, it shows a reasonable hearts and arrows pattern when viewed through polarized light. Lets do something great with this diamond. Something unique and fabulous for that special person in your life. Shop this diamond around, compare the specifications. Once you’ve compared what the competition has to offer I’m sure you agree, Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers offers the most value when it comes to diamonds and estate jewellery. Dealer enquires are always welcome. Estate priced at $2200.00 CAD. Stock #e10806. It not the biggest, it’s not the most expensive but it’s one of the few certified internally flawless diamonds that we have. Even the polish has been determined by The Gemological Institute of America as excellent. The just over half carat size and J colour keep this stone attainable by many. Just to compare, a GIA certified 1.00 carat flawless clarity, D colour diamond with excellent cut, polish, symmetry and no fluorescence is selling for over $25000.00 CAD right now. The June 2016 GIA certificate is available to view online here. Less than 1% of diamonds currently available from our database are this good or better. For the estate price of just $1500.00 CAD this is likely the best value anywhere (seriously). Stock #e9749. People will say that diamonds are not rare. Well, that may be true if your speaking about the average quality small round diamond but when it comes to high quality, larger sized, fancy shaped diamonds they really are quite rare. Our in store database contains over 400000 loose diamonds from cutting factories and vendors and all over the world. When we filtered out the average clarity, average colour, smaller examples, there were fewer than 100 princess cut diamonds of the same or better quality and bigger than this example. Once we searched for one as well cut as this there wasn’t a single comparable stone making this diamond practically one of a kind. This diamond just returned from the Gemological Institute of America with excellent results of VVS2-E. The full August 2016 GIA report can be seen online here. Looking at the certificate you’ll notice beautiful proportions of a very small (by princess cut standards) 70% table and an equally attractive depth percentage of just under 70%. 70/70 princess cut diamonds are very elusive because most cutting factories cut for maximum weight, not maximum beauty. Since there are no recognized cutting standards established for princess diamonds, many are made to less than ideal proportions. Everything that could be controlled when this stone was cut, was done to achieve the most brilliant, sparkling, fiery diamond possible. Even the dimensions of 6.12mm x 6.10mm are less than 0.003% off perfectly square. I’m not sure what the lucky person who selects this diamond is going to do with it but whatever piece of jewellery it ends up in you can be sure it will be a one of a kind item. Estate priced at $13070.70 CAD. Stock #e9847. When it comes to diamond grading there is little argument that The Gemological Institute of America is the most widely recognized authority when it comes to non bias quality evaluation. These reports are usually only seen at premium jewellers who value an accurate document over the more sales oriented type appraisal report seen at most jewellery stores. Often these appraisal certificates are optimistic in their opinions of quality and price. GIA do not report on pricing as they are only interested in the quality of diamonds and other gems. The American Gem Society is another institution held in highest regard for their uncompromising standards. Some would argue that they have even tougher standards than GIA when it comes to cut grading. This diamond was compared to AGS standards for an ideal cut. Its geometry was perfect on all counts except for a slightly shallow crown angle of 32.9 degrees when it should have been no more shallow than 33.7 degrees. This 0.8 degree deficiency automatically rendered the diamonds cut to just excellent. In practical terms this means almost nothing but the strict AGS standards have a very closed range and this diamond just missed it. It sparkles and twinkles like a little ball of fire, in fact the cut is better than all but a tiny fraction of diamonds on the market. When viewed through polarized light the coveted hearts and arrows pattern reserved for only the finest of the finest cuts still reveals itself very well. Lets create something special for you. This diamond will make a great starting point for the high quality custom made engagement ring or dinner ring design that’s been on your mind for a while. A strong SI1 clarity with H colour are also very good and better than most typically encountered diamonds. When is comes to value Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers always offers simply the best. This diamond including the cut report is estate priced at just $1275.00 CAD. Stock #e10590. Dealer and industry purchases welcomed. Nothing makes us happier at Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers than connecting our clients with beautiful diamonds, jewellery and watches at terrific prices. The value of our estate offerings (especially in loose diamonds) are quite often the best in the world. That’s a big statement but we’re quite serious making it. We compare our pricing with those of the most competitive cutting factories in Mumbai India and Israel. This diamond for instance offers as good or better value than any other of similar size, cut, clarity and colour on the market. Our on site Gemological Institute of America trained Gemologist has close to 30 years of grading experience. We’re recognized as very tough and old school when it comes to assigning a quality grade on a diamond. We strictly adhere to only GIA standards. This stone is a perfect example of a fantastic diamond just waiting to be the centre piece in a stunning ring or pendant. It explodes with brilliance and dispersion. The VS1 clarity is excellent. You’re going to need at least 10 times magnification in order to resolve the small white feather located outside the centre of the table at 3:00 o’clock. The superb F colour was determined by careful comparison to our 30 year GIA master stones. The optical fireworks come from the efficiency of the cut as this cut report details. A diamond cut to this sort of excellent standard exhibits close to total internal reflection. This means, as much light as possible entering the diamond bounces around within returning to your eye with incredible dispersion and brilliance. Only a superior cut diamond will produce such fire. A still photograph simply can’t begin to describe just how pretty this diamond is. Estate priced at $3000.00 CAD. Stock #e10539. Nice size, great looking diamond with an excellent colour. However; I have a difficult time accepting the European Gemological Laboratory opinion of SI2. Their certificate can be seen online here. I’ve been a GIA trained Graduate Gemologist for over 25 years, and perhaps I’m just grading to a higher old school standard but this diamond appears to be an I1 in my opinion. The size, shape, number, colour and location of the inclusions are just a little too significant for an SI2 grade when judged to GIA standards. That’s the thing; “grading to a known and consistent standard”. There are many certificates and appraisals available to consumers purchasing jewellery. Many are accurate and properly represent the diamonds, coloured gems and jewellery they describe. However there are some that are optimistic in the grading and do not reflect a typical selling price. As with any purchase, take your time and learn about what you are about to buy. Ask lots of questions and make sure a FULL refund is available if a second opinion of quality differs from what was supplied from the seller. At Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers we endorse certificates from the Gemological Institute of America. They do not participate in the commerce of diamonds and jewellery. They do not supply appraisals, only certificates of quality on loose stones. This way they’re able to remain unbiased in regards to grading quality. We would prefer NOT to supply an in house appraisal on jewellery sold by us because of the potential conflict of interest this practice creates. This diamond is very bright and brilliant courtesy of the F colour as confirmed by our GIA certified master diamond. Measurements of 5.66mm x 5.46mm x 3.85mm give the princess cut a good sized footprint for a 1.00 carat square stone. It’s an excellent starting point for a ring, pendant, earring or any other jewellery project you may have in mind. A microscopically visible ELG certificate number has been laser engraved along the girdle edge for easy identification. Estate priced at just $3900.00. Stock #e8662. Here’s a deal for anyone thinking of a jewellery project. There are times when we like to throw up a killer offer just to see who’s paying attention. If you have no use for a diamond of any kind then I’m sure you can find a better use for $1175.00. But if a nice pendant, ring or any other piece of jewellery is in your thoughts this is a value that can’t be beat. This 0.55 carat round brilliant cut measures an average of 5.27mm diameter giving it a footprint closer to many 0.60 carat average cut diamonds. A small white feather at the 10:00 o’clock position within the table border gives it a conservative SI2 clarity (others may grade this type of diamond a SI1). As compared to our 1970s Gemological Institute of America master stones we’ve determined the colour to be a G (G master stone master on left, subject diamonds in centre, “I” master stone on right). The minor colour difference is difficult to see in this image as it is only represents 2 grades. Overall diamond dimensions of 5.25mm x 5.30mm x 3.12mm help to combine for an overall very good cut grade. When exposed to long wave ultraviolet the diamond didn’t exhibit any fluorescence. Shop this diamond around and compare the pictures and details to any other out there. We’re sure you’ll agree this one offers the best value around. Trade inquires or purchases welcome. Estate priced at $1175.00 CAD. Stock #e10552. When you’re not concerned about yielding the heaviest diamond possible, you can cut to exceptional standards and let the finished weight end up where it should. I had a difficult choice to make but I’m so happy I decided to go for quality over quantity (in the form of weight). This diamond came into our store with a significant chip partially covered up by a claw on the ring it was in. After removal from the setting the full impact of the chip could be seen on the 0.88 carat diamond. Initially I had hoped to maintain a re-cut weight of at least 0.70 carats but after consultation with our master diamond cutter he said to hold 0.70 plus carats the diamond would only rate a good or maybe a weak very good cut. Rather than compromise the cutting standards to get a heavier albeit less brilliant diamond we opted to go for an exceptional cut and I’m happy we did. The freshly remanufactured diamond now weights just 0.63 carat (over 28% lighter the original) but holy *#@%! does it ever sparkle. The cut report shows every aspect of geometry is ideal. With a strong clarity SI1 clarity grade we can guarantee no inclusions will be seen without artificial magnification. When compared to our GIA master colour comparison diamonds this one was confirmed to be a F, just about the whitest of all diamonds available. When exposed to a long wave ultraviolet light source it exhibited the preferred NO fluorescence. Although it weighs 28% less than original it only measures 10% smaller diameter so it can still fit in the original 3.9 gram 14 karat white gold Lucida solitaire setting available separately for $250.00. Here is an opportunity for a lucky person to take advantage of an exceptionally brilliant diamond at significant savings due to the pre-owned nature. The diamond is estate priced at just $1,800.00 CAD. Stock #e9594. Square or diamond shaped? You can’t go wrong when it’s a VVS2-E that’s been certified by the Gemological Institute of America. WOW, what a sparkler too. There is nothing more attractive than a high clarity DEF colour diamond. As jewellers we see many diamonds every day but less than 10% are this sort of clarity and colour. The August 2016 GIA report can be seen online here. Very good symmetry, very good polish and no fluorescence keep the crisp, sharp sparkle going. Even though it doesn’t quite weigh the magic 1.00 carat it has bigger dimensions than many poorly cut 1.00 carat or heavier princess cut diamonds. Freshly certified and priced right at just $6,100.00 CAD make for a very desirable diamond suitable for an engagement ring, pendant or let us find another to match for a killer pair of earrings. Stock #e9848. Freshly certified November 15 2016 at the world’s most respected laboratory, The Gemological Institute of America. This estate diamond represents a great opportunity for someone to get a great looking princess cut for far less than usual. The just under 1.00 carat weight of 0.98 carat keeps the price in check. A nice SI2 clarity with G colour ensures excellent transparency and sparkle. The GIA report can be seen online at www.gia.edu. Buying an SI2 diamond can sometimes be a challenge as some SI2s have inclusions that are visible to the naked eye. The grade setting inclusion(s) in this diamond are located off centre and are semi-transparent; our on staff diamond graders agree this diamond is “eye clean”. Eye clean means without artificial magnification there are no imperfections visible. The diamond measures 5.28mm x 5.18mm and is currently set in a traditional platinum solitaire with matching wedding ring, available separately for $760.00. Including the GIA certificate plus an independent appraisal from April 2004 the diamond is priced at just $3650.00 CAD. Stock #e10052. This is my current favorite diamond. We have 1000s of diamonds in the store; most are smaller, a few are bigger, lots have a higher colour grade and they run the full range from flawless to heavily included. We find this one so interesting because of the unique inclusion located close to the centre of the table facet. Under minor magnification and even without, the sharp sighted can see a small dark inclusion. As magnification increases this totally random imperfection begins to take on a life of its own. A cute little fruit fly looking insect reveals itself as a group of crystals, needle and a cloud all coming together to form the body, wing, and even the legs if you use a little imagination. When we stepped up the power and took a photomicrograph through our microscope you can really see the tiny intruder floating in an otherwise flawless diamond. Intricate wing structure looks amazingly realistic along with the furry body. Natural diamonds are unique creations that formed deep within the earth’s crust under incredible pressure and heat about 4 billion years ago. Sometimes the carbon doesn’t crystalize 100% transparent and can take the form of a graphite speck completely cocooned within the diamond crystal. Inclusions like this are never seen in synthetic diamonds and along with medium blue fluorescence are proof of 100% natural origin. Without question the inclusion makes this diamond far more desirable than a similar quality diamond without such a unique imperfection. We just had this diamond certified at the Gemological Institute of America May 30 2017. The full GIA report can be seen online here. There are even those who go out of their way and seek out unusual inclusions. The diamond is available in a simple 14 karat white gold 2.9 gram white gold solitaire ring for $5250.00 complete, or we’d be happy to sell you just the diamond for $4950.00. Stock #e10545. Call us quick before someone else gets your diamond. Being a price conscience, value consumer and jeweller I really really like what this diamond has going for it. Nice size of just over one carat, fantastic F colour (according to our GIA certified master diamonds), very good cut, no fluorescence and a clarity that will appear waaaaaaaay better than I1 once it is set into a ring. Okay, it’s time to nerd out a bit about diamond clarity. When you’re considering clarity, bear in mind 5 things; size, shape, number, colour and location of the grade setting characteristic(s). 1; for size smaller the better. 2; the white feather at the 5 o’clock position is pretty small and compact for an I1 inclusion looking much better than a thin white feather that stretches across the stone. 3; one inclusion of reasonable size is much nicer than many (possibly 1000s) of tiny inclusions that make diamonds appear milky or dull. 4; a white inclusion is much harder to detect than an opaque black crystal type. And finally 5; just as in real estate it’s location location location. And for location the close to the edge mark is exactly where you want it. Strategic claw/prong placement will almost entirely cover the white inclusion depending how big the claw is. Even the other minor inclusion at 2 o’clock can be covered with careful claw placement. If you shop around you might even find a 1.00 carat I1-F very good cut for a little less than this one, but I’m positive you won’t find one as pretty. I1-Fs that look this good are very ellusive so don’t wait or you’ll miss this one. Perfect condition and estate priced at just $5185.00 CAD. Stock #e10425. Virtually “eye clean” I1 diamonds are difficult to find and highly sought after. “H” colour diamonds look quite white without the premium price associated with DEF colour range stones. A very good cut promotes the brilliance, fire, scintillation and dispersion that only a quality diamond can possess. It’s certainly possible to find 2.00 carat round brilliant cut diamonds for well under $10000.00. I’ll guarantee these bargain 2.00 carat diamonds will have easily visible inclusions, have a noticeable yellow to brown tint or they are very poorly cut. The inclusions in this example are small and scattered, having little effect on the transparency. Measuring 8.0mm diameter, this diamond has great finger presence in the brand new platinum Simon G ring. Model MR2615 is a brand new style for the California based designer. With platinum so reasonably price right now we decided to upgrade the metal from their usual 18 karat gold. The 5 gram setting contains 16 white diamonds of VS-FG quality along with 2 small NATURAL pink diamonds. That’s right 100% natural pink colour. These incredibly rare diamonds make a striking contrast when set in 18 karat rose gold against the platinum. MR2615 is available in traditional 18 karat yellow gold, white gold, rose gold, platinum or any combination with prices starting at $2200.00 CAD. Estate diamonds make wonderful candidates to reset into a custom or production ring like this. You get fantastic savings on the largest component of value (the centre diamond) and a brand new modern Simon G setting that will leave her speechless. Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers specializes in certified estate and new diamonds. Nobody does “I do” like “we do” at Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers. This half new, half estate ring is priced at $19108.00 CAD complete. The diamond by itself it is estate priced at $16000.00. Stock #e8679. I bet if you look long enough you’ll be able to find another GIA certified diamond of the same quality for about the same price as this (maybe even a bit less). I doubt you’ll find one that measures over 6.6mm average diameter as this one does. In fact most excellent cut 1.00 carat round brilliant cut diamonds only measure around 6.3mm to 6.4mm. The diamond business is all about hundreds of millimeters and this one looks more like a 1.10 carat due to the extra couple of tenths of a millimeter. A GIA summary report can be seen online here. The May 2015 Gemological Institute of America report is included detailing all the quality characteristics of VS1 clarity, F colour, excellent cut, very good polish, very good symmetry and no fluorescence. A handy plot found on the certificate is a very useful tool showing where the inclusions can be found and the type of inclusion. A final security feature this diamond has is a microscopic laser engraved certificate number (1176144312) laser engraved on the girdle edge. Let this diamond be the starting point for a spectacular engagement ring. Or take it as is in the custom made 5.0 gram 18 karat white gold Michael Smiley solitaire for $500.00 more. Diamond only estate priced at $11200.00. Stock #e6995. Most times you should look at the diamond before you become subconsciously influenced by what you think it will look like from a report. The GIA report while 100% accurate with its assessment of SI1-G good cut simply doesn’t tell the whole story. The medium sized culet (open point at the bottom in diamond) keeps the total depth to just 58%. This instantly keeps the overall cut from being very good or excellent. If you dismiss this one because it’s only a good cut you’re going to miss out on a very attractive diamond. Beautiful bright F colour and a strong SI1 clarity with big chunky pavilion main facets make it really pop. The just under 1.00 carat weight helps keep the price in check, plus the average diameter of 6.5mm makes it look bigger than most 1.00 carat diamonds. The full June 2016 certification from The Gemological Institute of America can be seen online here. The final characteristics that can affect appearance are a very good polish rating and no fluorescence makes the most of what this diamond has to offer. Let it be the starting point for a fantastic creation. We can custom make anything you can imagine. The diamond is currently set in a brand new 14 karat rose gold diamond halo creation containing 16 small accent diamonds. The setting is available separately for $1250.00.00. Including the GIA report the diamond is estate priced at $6000.00 CAD. Stock #e9637. There’s absolutely no questions about it. To get the biggest bang for the buck; you’re going to have to find a diamond with a slightly “softer” colour and one that isn’t flawless. In a bang for the buck contest this 1.11 carat would be an excellent choice. With an average diameter of 6.37mm it certainly has presence on a finger, especially so when it’s been set on a skinny 2mm shank. The warm N colour certainly isn’t without a slight yellow tint but it has been cut to a very high standard, has excellent transparency, very good polish, very good symmetry and no fluorescence. These characteristics result in a diamond that dazzles with fantastic brilliance and dispersion. We’ve seen many diamonds with a better colour and clarity grade on paper that fall short of expectation in person because the are just hazy and dull. The SI2 clarity is still very attractive despite being 7 grades away from flawless. Without artificial magnification the dark crystal inclusion is completely invisible to all but the sharpest sighted. You can seen the inclusion in the top photograph at the 11:00 o’clock position about halfway to the table border. The centre diamond is currently set into a brand new 14 karat white gold ring with a string of 12 round brilliant cut diamonds set on the shoulders. The finished ring weighs just over 2.2 grams in a size 6 1/2. The diamond alone is offered at only $2474.00. The complete ring is estate priced at $2999.00 CAD. Stock #e10416. 1.53ct. SI2-F Asscher cut GIA certified $10000.00 CAD. I’ve heard a rumor that there are some people who don’t like diamonds. I bet those people haven’t seen a nice quality Asscher cut before. Very few of these have come in over the past half plus century here at 52 Dunlop Street Downtown Barrie. This may be the nicest one yet. There is really nothing not to love about this one. From its almost perfectly square, large 6.73mm x 6.71mm footprint, to the fabulous “F” colour, this one explodes with brilliance. I really don’t even mind the just eye visible knot inclusion just off centre. After all, unless you have exceptional vision it’s invisible. If the minor translucent inclusion wasn’t there, this diamond would cost around 75% more and would really only look better under a microscope. I’ll take the 7K in savings thank you very much. The Gemological Institute of America has certified the diamond a SI2-F with very good symmetry, very good polish and no fluorescence. Click here to see to full September 2016 report. You seldom see Asscher cuts although they are becoming one of the more asked for specialty cuts. The clean tailored symmetry and parallel facets are a refreshing optical treat compared to the more common brilliant cut, square princess and round diamonds. If you try to compare similar weight Asschers you’ll notice most only measure around 6.3mm x 6.3mm. This is because most are cut much deeper in an effort to conserve weight without any improved visual impact. Trust me when I say finding a Asscher cut with a 58.9% depth is exceedingly rare and very desirable. The diamond is currently set in a high quality 18 karat yellow gold and platinum 7.6 gram setting (available separately for $1000.00). It’s ready to go as a fantastic engagement ring. If you have other ideas, come in with your imagination or even a picture of your dream ring and we’ll custom make it for you. The diamond alone is estate priced at only $10000.00 CAD. Stock #e10000. 0.62ct. I1-I excellent cut $1400.00 CAD. Once upon a time this diamond weighed the magic weight of 1.00 carat. It was sold to a person who didn’t understand how important an excellent cut is. The cut determines just how much brilliance and dispersion is produced. Originally it measured an average diameter of just 5.85mm and 4.10mm deep. It was perhaps the poorest example of cutting I has ever seen. It was waaaaay too deep, the girdle was much too thick, it had a giant extra facet on the lower half completely distorting the pavilion. Have a look at these before and after pictures. Even if you’re not a gemologist it’s easy to see what’s wrong with the original cut. We asked our master cutter to transform this ugly duckling into the beautiful brilliant cut that was locked inside the ugly exterior. The resulting diamond lost 38% of the original weight but now it explodes with sparkle compliments of the new found ideal cutting geometry. Every element from table percentage to pavilion angle is perfect as this cut report shows. Compared to the old lumpy, thick diamond the new one appears much thinner and symmetrical. The new cut displays total internal reflection that limits light leaking out the bottom and sides. It’s now a little ball of fire. The reasonable clarity of I1 with a nice colour grade of “I” contribute to an affordable, great looking diamond suitable in an engagement ring, pendant or any other jewellery application you can think of. Cut matters more than any other characteristic. Even though the diamond is much smaller than the original it’s actually worth more. Please consider and learn about cut quality before buying a diamond. Estate price $1400.00 CAD. Stock #e9302. 0.62ct. SI1-H excellent cut round diamond $1875.00 CAD. Beautiful diamond, just needs a new home. If you’ve got an idea for an engagement ring come on down. Our team of designer goldsmiths have helped create 1000s of rings and other jewellery items over the years. Use their experience to help build something extraordinary. This diamond has got a great balance of carat weight, clarity, colour and cut. The “4Cs” are well represented here and the 5th “C” of a really affordable cost is an added bonus. Although not absolutely ideal, the excellent overall cut grade is evident when the hearts & arrows test is deployed. These images clearly reveal the sought after hearts and arrows pattern. The details of the exact cutting geometry can be further reviewed by the cut report that comes included with purchase. If you’re not sure what to do with this diamond, I have an idea. How about using it matched up with another estate diamond to create a fantastic pair of earrings. Our stock number e9302 is an almost perfect match. We can have them ready to go in brand new earring settings in as little as an hour or so. What ever you decide to do with it we guarantee you fantastic value for the estate price of just $1875.00 CAD. Stock #e10259. 1.01ct. VS2-I very good cut GIA certified $6050.00 CAD. If you’ve found our website we thank you. If you’re looking for a special diamond you’re looking in the right place. Our estate diamonds represent some of the best values in the industry. This diamond just returned from New York were it received certification from the most trusted name in the business. The Gemological Institute of America is a truly impartial opinion when it comes to certification of diamonds. They have no interest in the commerce of diamonds and they never supply an estimate of value, so there is no conflict of interest in their reports. Many retail jewellers use appraisals as sales tools and usually discount from an inflated value the report shows. The full GIA report can be seen online here. The VS2 clarity, I colour with a very good cut places this diamond in the better quality range. A further investigation of the certificate reveals very good polish, very good symmetry and no fluorescence (all desirable characteristics). The best thing about this diamond is the large footprint of 6.58mm average diameter. Most 1.00 diamonds measure only around 6.30mm diameter making this one look more like a 1.10 carat. If you have a look at other 1.00 to 1.10 carat diamonds you’ll notice the actual diameter is likely quite a bit less than our example. The valuable June 2016 GIA certificate is included with this diamond for the estate price of $6100.00 CAD. Stock #e9689. 0.55 carat VVS1-H excellent cut $1925.00 CAD. One extremely small microscopic white feather is the only clarity characteristic keeping this diamond from being graded flawless. It took several attempts under a high power microscope to reveal the minor inclusion. Grading the colour was a fairly straight forward process by comparison with our GIA certified set of master stones. Excellent cut is apparent just from observation but the cut report confirms the perfect proportions showing nothing but ideal geometry. When exposed to a long wave ultra violet light source the diamond exhibited medium to strong blue fluorescence that actually gives the diamond closer to a FG colour range. Weighing nicely over 1/2 a carat at 0.55ct. this diamond is quite likely the least expensive example on the market today. Estate priced at $1925.00 Canadian. International shipping by FedEx available. Stock #e8836. 0.43ct. SI2-F modified Crisscut diamond $850.00 CAD. Since the round brilliant cut geometry was perfected close to 100 years ago many different shapes have evolved from it. Square, heart, oval, pear and marquise all have the same facet pattern just laid out on a different shape. Every once in a while a diamond cutter tries to improve on the formula. Most simply don’t look as good or are simply slightly modified versions proclaiming to be more attractive. The one original cut that I personally think is a worthy contender to the brilliant cut is the Crisscut emerald. While this example is not a true patented Crisscut emerald cut. It shares most of the design, lacking only a few corner facets on the pavilion and crown. At under half a carat you’ll never notice the missing facets on this one. Measuring 5.37mm x 3.38mm x 2.55mm this sparkling 0.43 carat rectangular shaped diamond would make a great pendant or maybe the starting point for a very cool and unique engagement ring. Perfect for someone who wants a bright sparkling stone that’s a little different. The SI2 clarity looks flawless without artificial magnification. The F colour is virtually colourless and way better than most diamonds available. Estate priced at only $850.00 CAD. Stock #e9532. 0.99ct. VS2-K Old European cut diamond $4000.00 CAD. When we received this diamond it was suffering from evidence of more than 100 years of daily use in the form of several chips along the girdle edge. I’d imagine this diamond was a cherished keepsake for several generations, worn everyday through thick and thin. When presented to us the diamond was practically falling out of the 18 karat white gold setting. Claws were either totally gone, bent or completely worn away and a shoulder diamond was missing. This was at least the second ring the diamond had already outlived. After consultation with our master diamond cutter, the decision was made to retain the original spirit and maintain the old European cut design. With careful placement of a couple small extra pavilion facets and reducing the diameter by just a few tenths of a millimeter, the “new-old” diamond looks perfect. The following images are before and after pictures showing the subtle repair. Remarkably, we only lost 0.02 carat of weight (0.004 grams) resulting in a diamond weighing just shy of 1.00 carat, measuring 6.25mm – 6.28mm x 3.72mm. The very nice VS2 clarity means the diamond is completely free from any type of distracting inclusion. The K colour will never be confused with a ultra white D, but the soft hue is 100% appropriate for a diamond of this age as most diamonds from this era are from South Africa. JKLM are the typical colours for diamonds found in this region. For the estate price of just $4000.00 CAD, you get fantastic value and a rare antique diamond of significant size. Currently set in a 14 karat white gold ring available separately for $1150.00. Stock #e10161. 1.03ct. SI2-F GIA certified very good cut “eye clean” $6675.00 CAD. Diamonds like this are VERY hard to find for a great price and they get snapped up quite quickly. Buying a SI2 diamond grade can be a frightening thing. SI2 clarity diamonds usually have inclusions that can be seen without magnification. If the inclusion is located within the octagon table close to the centre the blemish is almost always visiable. The inclusion in this example is almost perfectly located on a star/bezel facet junction at the 1:00 position. This type of inclusion is called a knot. A knot is a small diamond crystal that grew within the larger gem and shows through the surface when the diamond has been polished. Basically it’s like a knot in a piece of wood. It is usually identified by a semi-transparent border that surrounds the small exposed crystal. This diamond appears flawless without magnification. With careful claw placement the inclusion will almost disappear when set in a suitable piece of jewellery. The GIA report (July 2015) graded the colour an excellent F, with a very good overall cut and no fluorescence. Trust me when I say this is a very desirable diamond that shouldn’t last. If you’re looking for a knockout 1 carat diamond look no further. This one has all the right boxes checked off for the absolute best value ANYWHERE. Estate priced at $6675.00 CAD. Currently the diamond is mounted in a simple 3.0 gram, 18 karat white gold setting available for $325.00 extra. Stock #e9024. 1.10 carat I1-G good cut $5000.00 CAD. The scarlet letter for diamonds when it comes to clarity is “I”. Although the “I” grade stands for inclusion(s) in doesn’t tell the entire story. Most accurately graded “I” clarity diamonds are quite attractive as long as the colour and cut are within the range you’re considering. The inclusions in this particular diamond are small and scattered. Viewed individually there isn’t a single one that would qualify the grade but collectively a grade of I1 is the correct call. The colour as compared with our GIA master diamonds is an easy G, it may even make a F if it was submitted to The Gemological Institute of America for certification. The cut is good if not great with measurements of 6.43mm – 6.50mm x 4.05mm. If you wanted to have the diamond recut it could easily achieve a very good grade and possibly even an excellent cut could be had while still maintaining a 1.00 carat finished weight. I’m still thinking about having the cut improved then sending it away to GIA in New York for certification. I’m just not sure whether the added cost for these services are truly worth the small improvement in sparkle and dispersion you would actually see. In the meantime this bright beautiful diamond is showcased in an estate 18 karat white and rose gold Simon G ring (model number MR2615) available separately for $1800.00. The estate diamond alone is priced at just $5000.00 CAD. Stock #e9774. 0.84ct. VS1-G GIA certified $5150.00 CAD. Grading diamonds is mostly science and partly art. Some characteristics are specific and quantifiable. There can only be one weight and the geometry of cut is really just defined ratios and angles. When it comes to grading the colour and clarity there is a small amount of variance and opinion. When does a low G colour become a H or when does a high SI1 clarity become a VS2? Sometimes it’s hard to buy a diamond just on a grading report alone (assuming of course the report is accurate to begin with). This diamond was purchased at Spence diamonds in the summer of 2014 for over $10000.00 tax included. The in house Spence diamond grader decided the 0.84 carat round brilliant cut diamond was a VS2-H with a good cut, making for a very nice looking diamond. When this ring came in on trade we thought a more industry recognized opinion of quality was in order given its value. We removed the diamond and sent it to the Gemological Institute of America for a formal certification of quality. The November 2016 report can be seen on line here. If you check the GIA report you’ll notice the clarity and colour are each grader 1 higher at VS1-G. GIA concurred with the Spence cut grade of good. I must commend Spence Diamonds on their cautious approach on the grading of this one, they delivered more than promised. The GIA report describes the symmetry as very good along with very good polish and no fluorescence. The diamond comes with the Spence appraisal and original bill of sale. Also included with the ring is the November GIA certificate. Estate priced at $5150.00 CAD. The stone is currently set in a 19 karat white gold ring with 0.40 carats of additional diamonds set on shoulders, available separately for $660.00. Stock #e10055. Yup, it’s a big one. Lots of 1.00 carat diamonds come and go through our doors. Even 2.00 carat diamonds are not too unusual with our clients, but at over three and a half carats this one is a rarity. Assuming the quality of a given diamond is average to good, the biggest characteristic affecting the value is the size. A general rule of thumb that applies to round diamonds is, “as the size doubles the price quadruples”. To put that formula into perspective consider that buying a reasonable quality 1.00 carat diamond (GIA certified I1-K) will cost around $3000.00. So a 2.00 carat is going to cost $12000.00 and a 4.00 carat version of the same quality will be over $40000.00. Try it on our diamond database search and you’ll soon see the formula works pretty well. My point of all this is to demonstrate what a great value this estate diamond is. The clarity is a really good GIA certified VS1, the cut, symmetry and polish are all certified good. The diamond also has no fluorescence and the colour is a N. Yes that’s right a N colour. It’s a little warm with just a hint of yellow, but oh boy it sure sparkles. Keep it clean and this diamond will outshine any of the more garden variety size diamonds your likely to encounter. The Gemological Institute of America report can be seen here. I’m not sure what we’ll end up doing with this diamond but I think a simple solitaire engagement ring would be a great way to showcase it. You will be surprised at how nice a N colour can look in the right setting. We feel this substantial diamond is the most competitively priced in its size and quality range anywhere. Estate priced at $28000.00. Dealers welcome. Stock #e8918. 2.32 carat VS1-F excellent cut GIA certified $49725.00 CAD. Some will say diamonds are relatively common when compared to high quality coloured stones like sapphire, emerald and ruby. However, in the grand scheme of things diamonds are still extremely difficult to find in larger sizes. If you also factor in excellent colour, excellent clarity and excellent cut; that makes for a very rare diamond indeed. From our in store diamond data base of almost 400000 stones only about 1 in 1000 are of this size and quality or larger. The prices for these rare, large, high quality diamonds are ALL over $50000.00. We genuinely believe this is the most competitively priced diamond in the world of this size/quality that is GIA graded. The August 2015 Gemological Institute of America certificate can be seen on line here. If you’re considering an important diamond for a special piece of jewellery this year keep this one in mind. Please shop the specifications around to confirm the amazing value of this one. VS1 clarity is well above the threshold where inclusions can be seen without magnification and this VS1 is particularly nice because the table is completely clean. The minor grade setting inclusions can be covered up with a strategically placed claw. F colour grade is excellent exhibiting no yellow, brown or grey tint. Very good symmetry, very good polish and no fluorescence are the other characteristics that play an important roll in valuing this diamond. Please remember how important the certificate issuer is. There are many diamond certificates and appraisers who use the GIA’s terminology and language but don’t grade to the same strict standards. A GIA certificate costs a little more and doesn’t even assign a value but the piece of mind is priceless. If you’re going to spend well into 5 figures for a diamond take some time and watch this video by Martin Rapaport where he discusses overgraded diamonds with inaccurate reports. Mr. Rapaport produces a wholesale diamond price list that is widely followed in the industry. This guy knows his stuff. This diamond is currently set in a brand new hand made 14 karat white gold halo setting available separately for $3600.00. Estate price for the diamond by itself is $49725.00 CAD. Stock #e9138. 1.13ct. SI2-L European cut antique diamond $3870.00 CAD. Where can you get a great looking 1.00 carat round diamond for nicely under $4000.00? The only place I can think of is the estate department at Bill Le Boeuf Jewellers, but then again I am a little biased. Sure you can find 1.00 carat diamonds for less, but I’ll guarantee they will be of low transparency, hazy, dull, have very poor colour and likely are poorly cut. Put them on a scale and they’ll weigh 1.00 carat but they will likely look much smaller because of a small diameter of only about 6.0mm. Our antique 1.13 carat example measures 6.25mm – 6.50mm x 4.28mm and has the right “footprint” for a diamond of over 1.00 carat. The strong SI2 clarity looks flawless without magnification. The colour is a little warmer and compares nicely to our GIA certified master stone of L colour. When the diamond is mounted, the abundance of dispersion caused by the tall crown and small table of these old diamonds helps to control the colour quite well. For something manufactured well over 100 years ago you’ll be amazed how nice these old stones look when compared to a modern brilliant cut. We currently have the diamond set in a simple 4.3 gram 14 karat white gold setting available separately for $350.00. Diamond only is estate priced at $3870.00 CAD. Stock #e9152. 1.23ct. VVS1-M excellent cut with strong fluorescence $4800.00 CAD. Before you dismiss this diamond because of the M colour, please consider the other characteristics that determine the price. First of all it is nicely over the benchmark 1.00 carat size at 1.23 carats. The clarity is only one grade from flawless coming in at a VVS1 and the cut is excellent. Fluorescence is common to about 30% of all diamonds, but only about 3% glow with this sort of intensity. For a stone with a warmer colour (JKLMN…..) the blue glow actually improves the apparent colour a minimum of a couple grades. This is because blue is the complimentary colour of yellow and conceals the effect. Included with purchase is a small cut report outlining the excellent cutting geometry that make this one sparkle better than most. At over 7.0mm diameter this diamond is waaaaaay bigger than the standard size 1.00 carat. Most people consider the “4Cs” (clarity, colour, carat weight and cut) when selecting a diamond, but don’t forget about the 5th C. The “cost”. The cost of this estate diamond is what makes it an exceptional value. For $4800.00 CAD we feel this is one of the best deals on the market. This is a diamond that needs to be seen in person. Currently set in an 18 karat engagement ring with diamond set shoulders; available separately for $884.00. Stock #e9269. 1.75ct. VVS2-J European cut GIA certified $18500.00 CAD. There are not too many of these around. European cut diamonds have not been produced since around 1930, although a few specialty cutters are making them for reproduction jewellery. When this diamond was cut around 100 years ago few people could afford any diamond, never mind a 1.75 carat. A Gemological Institute of America report issued (Feb. 2015) comes included with purchase and is your assurance of accurate grading. The GIA report can be seen here. The diamond has been microscopically laser engraved along the girdle edge with the unique certificate number. The diamond grades an excellent VVS2 clarity with a nice colour grade of J. Most diamonds from this era were mined in South Africa and as such usually exhibit a certain degree of colour. It’s not uncommon to see MNO colour or lower grades when looking for antique diamonds, so the J colour is very respectable. A tiny 48% table with a tall crown produce much more dispersion than even an ideal cut modern round brilliant. Currently set in a brand new American made 14 karat white gold setting weighing 4 grams including two 0.03 carat extra diamonds. The setting is available separately for $690.00. Diamond only is estate priced at $18500.00 CAD. Stock #e8804. 0.67ct. SI1-H excellent cut $2300.00 CAD. Most people pay little attention to the quality of cut when buying a diamond. Everyone asks about the carat weight, clarity and colour but it’s the 4th “C” of cut can make or break the beauty of a diamond. Without considering the quality of cut, a 0.70 carat diamond can easily sell for 25% more than a 0.69 carat if all the other characteristics are the same. This extreme price premium for such a small size difference is why you seldom see excellent cut round diamonds in the high 0.60 carat weight range. Which brings us to this beautiful estate 0.67 carat diamond. When we received it, it was a 0.75 carat antique European cut measuring 6.00mm – 6.15mm x 3.35mm with a chipped edge. It had the size and looked okay but lacked some brilliance because it was cut too shallow at 55%. After our master diamond cutter plied his craft the resulting stone weighed 0.67 carat with a depth closer to 60%. While not a truly absolute perfect cut, this diamond does fall within The Gemological Institute of America geometry guidelines to be considered an excellent cut. It displays the much coveted hearts and arrows effect, although ever so slightly broken up. The SI1 clarity ensures you won’t see any inclusions without magnification. As compared to our set of GIA colour master diamonds, a nice bright “H” colour was determined. It’s bright, lively and shows no fluorescence of any kind. In the case of this specific diamond it’s honestly much better then when it was new close to 100 years ago. We’re pretty confident it’s the best value around at the estate price of just $2300.00 CAD. Stock #e9981. 1.51ct. I2-G GIA certified. Very good cut, symmetry and polish $7600.00 CAD. I have never seen an I2 diamond that looked this good. Almost all the diamonds I have seen that received an I2 clarity grade are very “optically challenged”. The grade usually indicates diamonds that have significant inclusions that adversely affect transparency and often times make the diamond look dull and lifeless. This diamond has none of those characteristics. It’s bright, lively and very transparent. While there is an inclusion close to the centre and a less significant inclusion at 3:00, they really don’t affect the brilliance in any measurable degree. The November 2016 Gemological Institute of America certification can be seen online at www.gia.edu. This diamond is of Canadian origin complete with a unique laser engraved serial number that tells us the diamond came from the North West Territories. It also comes with a Gem Scan certificate of evaluation. Gem Scan’s opinion of the clarity and colour are better than those of the GIA, with an I1-F grade. It comes in a Peoples Jewellers portfolio with a Government Certificate of Authenticity plus an appraisal. The summer of 2007 appraisal places a replacement value of $17400.00 plus tax including a 4.6 gram 18 karat solitaire setting. The diamond is currently set in the 18 karat setting and has two matching diamond wedding rings available for an additional $1710.00 (for all three rings). Stock #e10054. The diamond by itself is estate priced at just $7600.00 CAD. For $7600.00, I’m sure is the best looking stone of this size/quality you’ll ever see. Stock #e10054. 1.00ct. SI1-L princess cut $2500.00 CAD. From the picture you can probably see this diamond isn’t totally square. It’s only off about 5.5% from having all sides of equal length but the human eye has a great ability to interpret very minor differences. Actual measurements of 5.7mm x 5.4mm are still pretty close though. When mounted in a simple solitaire the difference becomes more difficult to see. Most princess cuts are made to be pretty close to square, over 90% have a length to width ratio of less than 1.00:1.06 as sampled from our database. Any longer and manufacturers typically choose a different shape to cut a given piece of rough from. Our lively 1.00 carat example was originally purchased from Spence Diamonds as the polished girdle has been laser engraved with the Spence logo along with a European Gemological Laboratory certificate number (CA91700401D). The clarity is an “eye clean” SI1 meaning no inclusions are visible without artificial magnification. By comparison to our Gemological Institute of America master diamonds, we determined the colour to be a slightly softer L. This L colour grade has a very slight yellow tint but still allows the diamond to sparkle showing a rainbow of dispersion. The L colour grade along with the estate history keeps the price in check allowing you to get a really nice looking 1.00 carat diamond for way less than you’d expect. We currently have the diamond set into an American made traditional solitaire ring that weighs 4.3 grams made from premium quality high grade 950 platinum. The finger size 6 ring is available separately for only $370.00. If you would like to set the diamond into a different style custom or production setting you can purchase it alone for the estate price of just $2500.00 CAD. This is a fantastic value that we hope you compare with what else is available at a similar price. Stock number #e9943. 2.02 carat I1-I2-KL pear shape brilliant cut $3900.00 CAD. A perfect pear shaped diamond of this size would cost over $50000.00 CAD. So at only $3900.00 you’ll have to accept a somewhat less than flawless clarity and D colour. The clarity is a low I1 to strong I2 so there are several white feather type inclusions that are visible without magnification. The colour is in the KL range when compared to our GIA certified master stones so it does exhibit a very slight warmer tint. Measuring 10.00mm x 7.40mm x 4.57mm the diamond looks really big and on our calibrated scale it shows 2.02 carats. No it’s not perfect but at over 92% less expensive than a perfect 2.00 carat pear shaped diamond the value is very compelling. It faces up quite well and looks great when assembled in a finished piece of jewellery. Currently set in a custom made 14 karat white gold 3 stone ring with two additional pear shaped diamonds available separately for $2100.00. Stock #e8955.
2019-04-21T14:43:33Z
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Section 1. The name of this organization shall be the “New Jersey Society of Optometric Physicians”. Section 1. The objectives and purposes of this Association shall be : A) to educate the New Jersey consumer regarding the profession of optometry and the importance of comprehensive care from optometric physicians; (B) to aid in the maintenance, preservation and advancement of the legal standards of qualifications for the practice of the profession and legislative issues of concern to the profession of optometry; (C) to promote research in the profession of optometry; (D) to establish and maintain ethical standards for its membership; (E) to encourage the advancement of optometric education; (F) to establish and maintain a closer professional bond among its members; (G) to maintain an affiliation with American Optometric Association and those local societies of optometric physicians with which this Association is affiliated; and (H) to maintain inter-professional relationships with other health care professions. SECTION 1. There shall be eight (8) classifications of membership: (A) active members; (B) associate members; (C) student members; (D) honorary members; (E) life members; (F) privileged; (G) partial practice; and (H) faculty members. Admission to membership shall be according to provisions established by the Board of Directors. Members can unite in the formation of a special section upon the approval of the Board of Directors. The governing of each section shall be subject to the Constitution and Bylaws of the Association. SECTION 2. ACTIVE MEMBERS shall be those Optometric Physicians who have earned a Doctor of Optometry degree from an ACOE accredited college or school of optometry or its equivalent, and who are approved for Membership by the Board of Directors. SECTION 3. ASSOCIATE MEMBERS shall be of three categories and may be admitted at the discretion of the Board of Directors. (A) Those holding recognized degrees in non-optometric disciplines. (B) Non-Optometrists having interests consistent with the objectives and purposes of this Association. (C) Military, civil service, research or other optometric physicians who are not primarily in active private practice in New Jersey, who are members of the American Optometric Association, and who wish to affiliate themselves with this Association. SECTION 4. STUDENT MEMBERS shall be those persons enrolled as students in a school or college of optometry accredited by the Council on Optometric Education and recognized by the New Jersey State Board of Optometrists, and/or those non-practicing optometric physicians who are full-time students in an accredited institution of higher education and who profess an intention of entering or returning to the practice of optometry or to a faculty or administrative position with an accredited school or college of optometry. SECTION 5. AN HONORARY MEMBERSHIP may be conferred on any person who has contributed distinguished valuable service to the conservation of vision, to the profession of optometry, or to this Association. SECTION 6. LIFE MEMBERSHIP A Member who has been a member of this Association for 45 years shall be eligible to continue membership as a Life Member of this Association in accordance with rules and regulations adopted by the Board of Directors. Members who provide medical certification of terminal or other serious debilitative illness may request that years of membership requirements be waived for life membership. All such requests for waiver must be made and approved through the member’s affiliate and approved by the Board of Directors. Notwithstanding the requirements set forth in this Paragraph, any member of this Association who is classified as a Life Member as of September 30, 2012, shall retain Life Member status. An affiliated local society shall submit a written nomination to the Board of Directors for approval. SECTION 7. PRIVILEGED MEMBERS shall be those members, who through sickness, age or financial hardship, are unable to pay full dues. Such members may upon action by the Board of Directors, have their dues waived or reduced for any given year. The Board of Directors shall investigate the need for such a waiver or reduction of dues. This investigation shall include where necessary, an evaluation of the member’s total earnings in any given year, not just income from the practice of optometry. Privileged members, in any listing published by the Association, shall be listed in the same manner as all other members. SECTION 8. PARTIAL PRACTICE MEMBERS shall be those members who work twenty (20) or fewer hours per week in compensated optometrically related activities and whose status as a partial practice member is approved annually by the Board of Directors. SECTION 9. FACULTY MEMBERS shall be those members who hold a full time faculty or administrative position at an accredited school or college of optometry. SECTION 1. ACTIVE MEMBERS. (A) The annual dues for active members, except as hereinafter stated in Article 4, Section 8, shall be in such amounts as prescribed by the membership at the Congress or General Membership Meeting, of Board of Directors and shall be payable at such time or times as may be established by the Board of Directors. (B) Any change in dues to be considered at the Congress or General Membership Meeting shall require notification to each member by mail at least thirty (30) days in advance of the meeting and shall require a two-thirds (2/3) vote of those present and voting for passage. (C) The Board of Directors may adjust the dues for the cost of living, not to exceed 5%, on a yearly basis without needing full approval of the general membership. (D) Active members who fail to pay the required monthly dues in a timely manner may be charged a late fee at the discretion of the NJSOP Finance Committee. SECTION 2. The annual dues of an associate or student member of this Association shall be determined by the Board of Directors. SECTION 3. The annual dues of a section member shall be recommended by that section’s membership and approved by the Board of Directors. SECTION 4. Honorary members shall not be required to pay dues. SECTION 5. Life members shall not be required to pay dues. SECTION 6. Dues for privileged members may be waived or reduced for any given year by action of the Board of Directors. Such information shall be forwarded to the American Optometric Association for similar action. Privileged members may be reinstated as active members on payment of the current year’s dues. SECTION 7. (A) Ascending Dues: The annual dues of a newly degreed member shall be waived for the calendar year in which such member becomes originally degreed. The dues for the following six years shall be on an ascending scale as established by the New Jersey Society of Optometric Physicians (NJSOP) provided that such member continues during the entire period to be a member in good standing of this Association and conforms to the Optometric Oath of the American Optometric Association and the Code of Ethics and Code of Practice of this Association. Thereafter, such member shall pay dues as specified in Article 4, Section 1. (B) New Member Dues: Any optometric physician who has earned a Doctor of Optometry degree from an ACOE accredited college or school of optometry or its equivalent who has not been a member of this Association and who is accepted for membership for the first time shall be entitled to elect to pay dues on a graduated scale consisting of 50% of full annual dues for the first year of membership, 75% of annual dues for the second year of membership, and dues as specified in Article 4 Section 1, thereafter, except as hereinafter stated in Article 4, Section 8. In the case of an optometric physician who has been degreed less than four years and has not previously been a member of this Association, s/he may elect to pay dues in accordance with the scale set forth above for newly degreed members based on years of licensure. SECTION 8. Partial practice members shall pay annual dues at the rate of thirty-five percent (35%) of full dues. SECTION 9. Faculty members shall pay annual dues as required for Special Class Members as established by the American Optometric Association. SECTION 10. Dues for members shall be as stated in Article 4, Section 1, 6 and 7 plus AOA dues as established by the American Optometric Association. SECTION 1. Assessments may be levied upon members by two-thirds (2/3) of the votes cast by those members present and voting at the Congress, General Membership Meeting or Special Meeting. Such assessments shall, when adopted, have the same liabilities for payment as annual dues, provided due notice of such proposed assessments shall have been mailed to each member at least thirty (30) days prior to that meeting. SECTION 1. The fiscal year shall begin January 1 and end on December 31. SECTION 1. There shall be three types of membership meetings: an annual convention, a General Membership Meeting and a Special Meeting. SECTION 2. The annual convention shall be called a “Congress”. The time, date and location of the Congress shall be determined each year by the Board of Directors for the coming year. The Board of Directors may combine the Congress with the General Membership Meeting. SECTION 3. The General Membership Meeting shall be held at a time, date and location to be determined by the Board of Directors, at which time a proposed budget for the ensuing year shall be presented to the membership for its approval and adoption. SECTION 4. A Special Meeting shall be held upon call of the President; at the written request of thirty (30) active members in good standing; at the written request of three (3) or more affiliated local societies; or by a majority of the Board of Directors. SECTION 5. Notice of all membership meetings shall be mailed to each member at least thirty (30) days prior to the date of the meeting and shall state time, place and purpose. SECTION 6. The Board of Directors shall hold regular meetings at their discretion. Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called by the President or by five (5) Directors upon at least two days’ notice to each Director and Officer, given by mail, telephone or electronic means. SECTION 7. All the Powers and authority if this Association, as provided by law, except such as may specifically be delegated by the Constitution and Bylaws, shall be vested in the membership assembled in Congress, Special Meeting, or General Membership Meeting. SECTION 1. At all membership meetings, thirty (30) of the members representing at least five (5) affiliated local societies shall constitute a quorum. SECTION 2. Fifty percent (50%) of the members of the Board of Directors shall constitute a quorum. SECTION 1. The officers of this Association shall be President, President-Elect, Vice-President, Secretary-Treasurer, and Immediate Past President; all of whom, except the Immediate Past President, shall be elected at the Congress or General Membership Meeting for a term of one year, with a maximum of two consecutive terms in any given office. SECTION 2. The President going out of office shall become Immediate Past President. SECTION 3. The resignation of an Officer shall be rendered in writing to the Board of Directors. SECTION 4. In the event of a vacancy in the office of President, the President –Elect shall serve as President for the remainder of the term in office. Such service shall not count towards the Maximum limitation of two terms in office. SECTION 5. In the event of a vacancy occurring among the other officers, the President shall appoint an active member to fill the vacancy for the remainder of the term in office. Such appointment shall be deemed effective upon majority vote of the Board of Directors. SECTION 6. The Elections at the General Membership Meeting or the Congress for the officers shall be conducted in the order of President, President-Elect, Vice President, and Secretary-Treasurer, followed by the election of Directors. SECTION 7. Officers-elect shall take office upon being administered the Oath of Office. Installation of officers need not occur in conjunction with their election. The time and place of installation shall be set by the Board of Directors. SECTION 1. The Board of Directors shall be composed of seventeen (17) members, five (5) of whom shall be officers and not fewer than eight (8) who shall be elected as Directors-at-large. One director shall be assigned as liaison to each local society. SECTION 2. Directors-at-large shall be elected at the Congress or General Membership Meeting, each for a three (3) year term. No person shall be eligible for election to more than two (2) successive three (3) year terms as a Director-at-Large nor to serve more than eight successive years as a Director-at-Large. The number of positions to be elected shall be determined by the Officers of the Association and reported to the Membership thirty (30) days prior to the election. SECTION 3. In the event of a vacancy occurring among the Directors-at-Large, the President shall appoint an active member to become a Director-at-Large, to hold such position until the next election at a Congress or General Membership Meeting, at which time a director-at-large shall be elected for the remainder of the term. Such appointment shall be deemed effective upon majority vote of the Board of Directors. SECTION 4. Elections at the General Membership Meeting or the Congress for a directorship having different terms shall be conducted separately in order of longest to shortest terms of office. SECTION 5. Directors-elect shall take office upon being administered the Oath of Office. Installation of directors need not occur in conjunction with their election. The date, time and place of installation shall be set by the Board of Directors. SECTION 6. The resignation of a Director-at-Large shall be rendered in writing to the Secretary-Treasurer. SECTION 7. All past presidents, and currently appointed committee chairs who are not members of the Board, shall serve as ex-officio members of the Board of Directors. SECTION 1. All meetings shall be governed by “Roberts Rules of Order—Revised” unless superseded by the Constitution or Bylaws. SECTION 1. This Constitution and attached Bylaws may be altered or amended by two-thirds (2/3) of the votes cast by those members present and voting at the Special Meeting, General Membership Meeting, or Congress, provided the proposed amendment has previously been duly validated for submission by an affiliated local society by a majority of its members and so certified in writing; or by the Board of Directors. SECTION 2. The proposed amendment shall be received by the Secretary-Treasurer not later than forty-five (45) days before the date of the Special Meeting, General Membership Meeting or Congress when the Amendment shall be considered. SECTION 3. A copy of the proposed amendment shall be distributed to each member not later than thirty (30) days before the date of the Special Meeting, General Membership Meeting or Congress, together with a notice that the amendment will be adopted, amended or otherwise acted upon. At the discretion of the secretary-treasurer of this Association, delivery of the proposed amendments under this Article may be made by any written means, whether physical, electronic, or digital. SECTION 1. The President shall preside at all membership and Board of Directors meetings; appoint all members to such committees as the need may require, designate the Chairpersons of each committee and certify, together with the Secretary-Treasurer, all official acts of the Association. The President shall call meetings as the need requires; shall be an ex-officio member of all committees and similar subordinate bodies and shall appoint all chairpersons and committee members, who shall serve on the committees as determined by the President. The President shall be responsible for the development of the agenda for all meetings at which s/he presides. The President shall not vote on motions before the Board of Directors except to break a tie vote. SECTION 2. The President –Elect shall perform all executive functions and other duties as may be assigned by the President or the Board of Directors and shall be responsible for maintaining the Long Range Plan of this Association. In the event of the inability of the President to perform the duties of office, the President-Elect shall assume the duties of the President. SECTION 3. The Vice-President shall perform all duties as may be assigned by the President or the Board of Directors. SECTION 4. The Secretary-Treasurer shall be responsible for full and accurate minutes of all membership and Board of Directors meetings; shall require proper registration and identification of all persons before their admission to any membership or Board of Directors meeting; and shall preserve all documents, records and transactions of this Association. The Secretary-Treasurer shall keep a complete accounting of all money received and disbursed in the manner prescribed by the Board of Directors; shall render a financial statement to the Board of Directors whenever requested to do so; and shall make a full report at the time of the Congress or General Membership Meeting, as may be directed by the President or Board of Directors. The Association’s financial records shall be reviewed annually by an accountant or certified public accountant who has been approved by the Board of Directors. The Secretary-Treasurer shall, at the expiration if his/her term of office, deliver to the successor, or to any person whom the Board of Directors may designate, all funds, books, records and property of the Association then in his/her custody or under his/her control. The President, Secretary-Treasurer and/or any member designated as his/her representative, and the Executive Director, shall be designated to sign all checks for this Association, any two (2) of the three (3) signatures being necessary. SECTION 1. The Board of Directors shall supervise and manage the affairs, funds and property of the Association and carry out the objectives and purposes of the Constitution and Bylaws. SECTION 2. When not inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution and Bylaws, the Board of Directors shall act as the supreme governing body during the interim between the Congress, General Membership Meeting or Special Meeting. Its acts and decisions shall have full force and effect unless modified or revised by the Membership at the next Congress, General Membership Meeting or Special Meeting. SECTION 1. LEGISLATION. The Committee on Legislation shall consist of at least three (3) members. The committee shall meet periodically to review pending legislation and recommend positions and actions to the Board of Directors. The committee shall be responsible for coordinating all legislative activities of the Association and shall report its activities to the Board of Directors and to the Membership at the Congress, General Membership Meeting or Special Meeting. SECTION 2. NOMINATIONS. The Committee on Nominations shall be appointed by the President three months prior to the Congress or General Membership Meeting and shall consist of at least one (1) member in good standing from each affiliated local society and three (3) Past Presidents, one of whom will be appointed chairperson. The committee shall make nominations for Officers, Directors, AOA delegates and State Board nominees, and shall report to the Board of Directors and to the Membership Assembled. SECTION 3. FINANCE. (A) The Finance Committee shall consist of the Secretary-Treasurer and five additional persons appointed by the President in consultation with the Secretary-Treasurer. It shall be this committee’s responsibility thirty (30) days prior to the General Membership Meeting in December to prepare a tentative budget based on anticipated income and expenses for the ensuing year. (B) The Finance Committee shall exercise fiscal control over the adopted budget and shall act on all requests for supplemental appropriations prior to being submitted to the Board of Directors. SECTION 1. At all meetings, votes shall be viva voce. The President may substitute voting by ballot. SECTION 2. The Officers and Directors, State Board nominees and AOA delegates, except the Immediate Past President, shall be elected at either the Congress or General Membership Meeting, as determined by the Board of Directors. SECTION 3. Members must have a record of at least two (2) years of continuous membership in this Association to be eligible for nomination and election as officers , directors, and AOA delegates. Section 4. In all elections a simple majority of those present and voting shall be required and, when necessary, balloting shall continue until the candidate or candidates receive a majority. SECTION 5. Additional names may be added to those proposed for election by the Committee on Nominations from the floor of the Congress or General Membership Meeting. SECTION 1. The Membership Assembled at the Congress or General Membership Meeting shall vote on nominees to be recommended to the Governor for appointment to vacancies on the State Board of Optometrists. SECTION 2. The three (3) names receiving the highest vote, providing they have a majority of the votes cast for each appointment, shall be sent to the Governor as the officially qualified nominees. Voting shall continue until three (3) candidates receive a majority. SECTION 3. Members must have a record of at least five (5) years of continuous membership in this Association to be eligible for nomination. SECTION 1. This Association shall be affiliated with the American Optometric Association. SECTION 2. Local societies of optometric physicians covering one or more counties in New Jersey are eligible to request affiliation with this Association when their organization meets the requirements established by the Board of Directors. SECTION 1. ACTIVE MEMBERS shall hold membership in the American Optometric Association; shall have the privilege of the floor; shall have the right to vote at any membership meeting; shall be eligible to hold office after two (2) years of active membership in this Association; shall be eligible for State Board Nomination after five (5) consecutive years of active membership in this Association; shall be included in any roster of membership; shall receive national and state official optometric publications; shall uphold the Optometric Oath of the American Optometric Association and the Constitution, Bylaws, Code of Practice and Code of Ethics of this Association; and shall enjoy the association of fellow members of their profession and all other benefits and privileges of active membership. SECTION 3. STUDENT MEMBERS shall be accorded the privilege of the floor, but not the right to vote. SECTION 4. HONORARY MEMBERS shall be accorded the privilege of the floor, but not the right to vote. Honorary Members are not privileged to attend meetings of the Board of Directors. SETION 5. LIFE MEMBERS shall have all privileges of active membership except the right to vote. SECTION 6. PRIVILEGED MEMBERS shall have all privileges of active membership. SECTION 7. PARTIAL PRACTICE MEMBERS shall have all privileges of active membership. SECTION 8. FACULTY MEMBERS shall have all privileges of active membership. SECTION 1. Each officer and committee chairperson shall report in writing to the membership at the General Membership Meeting and/or the Congress, as directed by the President. SETION 1. Any officer or Director may be recommended for removal from office for just cause by a two-thirds (2/3) majority of the votes cast by those members present and voting at the Congress, General Membership Meeting or Special Meeting. In such cases, the Board shall send to such Officer or Director, by certified mail, return receipt requested, a statement of the charges, with fifteen (15) days after receipt thereof to respond to such charges by mailing response, by certified mail, return receipt requested, to the Secretary-Treasurer of this Association. The Board of Directors shall thereafter hold a hearing at which such Officer or Director shall be given reasonable opportunity to present evidence and to be heard in defense of the charges. The Officer or Director may be suspended or removed from office by a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the Board of Directors. SECTION 1. A member who fails to maintain active membership in an affiliated local society or fails to pay dues or assessments to this Association shall be suspended or removed from membership. Removal from membership for reason of failure to pay dues or assessments shall not relieve that member from liability for any unpaid dues or assessments except by action of the Board of Directors. SECTION 2: A member may be suspended or removed from membership by the Board of Directors by reason of revocation of licensure to practice optometry or upon violation of any State rule or regulation relating to the practice of optometry, or the Code of Practice or Code of Ethics of this Association. In such cases, the Board shall send to such member, by certified mail, return receipt requested, a statement of the charges, with fifteen (15) days after receipt thereof to respond to such charges by mailing a response, by certified mail, return receipt requested, to the Secretary-Treasurer. The Board of Directors may thereafter hold a hearing at which such member shall be given reasonable opportunity to present evidence and to be heard in defense of the charges. The member may be suspended or removed from membership by two-thirds (2/3) vote of the Board of Directors. SECTION 1. Resignation from membership shall be presented in writing by the member to the Board of Directors for action. SECTION 2. Acceptance of a member’s resignation by the Board of Directors shall not relieve that member from liability for any unpaid dues or assessments except by action of the Board of Directors. SECTION 1. The Board of Directors shall engage the services if an Executive Director. SECTION 2. The Board of Directors shall have the power and authority to enter into a contract with such person to act as Executive Director for a term not exceeding three years. SECTION 3. The compensation of the Executive Director shall be determined by the Board of Directors within the approved budget. SECTION 4. The functions and duties of the Executive Director shall be to administer the business and other affairs of the Association; to supervise the staff and operation of the Association; to employ and discharge; and to perform such duties as are ordinarily performed by persons in similar positions, together with such duties as may from time to time be assigned by the Board of Directors. The Executive Director shall be directly responsible to the President. SECTION 1. All Officers, Directors, Chairpersons and members of committees or similar subordinate bodies, who may be required to be absent from their place of practice by order of the President or Board of Directors shall be reimbursed for transportation and other expenses as defined and authorized by the Board of Directors. SECTION 2. No person shall, on behalf of the Association, assume or incur any expenses or liability or enter into any contract or agreement involving the expenditure of money without permission obtained from the Board of Directors. SECTION 3. The Association shall indemnify and hold harmless each director, officer, committee chairperson or employee, now or hereafter serving this Association, from and against any and all claims and liabilities to which the individual may be or become subject by reason of the individual’s alleged acts or omissions as an officer, director, committee chairperson or employee as aforesaid. The Association shall reimburse such individual for all legal and other expenses reasonably incurred by such individual in connection with defending against such claims or liabilities, provided, however, that no individual shall be indemnified against or be reimbursed for any expenses incurred in defending against any claim or liability arising out of that individual’s own negligence or misconduct. The foregoing right of officers, directors, committee chairpersons and employees shall not be exclusive of other rights to which they may be lawfully entitled. SECTION 1. All resolutions to the Congress or General Membership Meeting, including proposed amendments to the Constitution and Bylaws shall be typewritten and shall be delivered to the Secretary-Treasurer forty-five (45) days prior to the date set for the Congress or General Membership Meeting. These resolutions shall be distributed to the affiliated local societies and Board of Directors at least thirty (30) days prior to the date of the Congress or General Membership Meeting. Members shall consider Optometry as a full free and independent profession. Members shall dutifully further the interests of the Association, not only by attendance at meetings and by payment of dues, but by actively supporting its projects. Members shall treat members of this and other professions with becoming respect and shall not use an erroneous diagnosis on the part of a member of another profession as an opportunity for criticism or ridicule. Members shall agree never to knowingly commit or be instrumental in having others do so for them, act or acts which directly or indirectly might jeopardize the profession of Optometry. Members can best show loyalty by their personal conduct and the character of their professional endeavors. Members shall uphold the Optometric Oath of the American Optometric Association. Members shall do their utmost to keep abreast of the most efficient and effective methods and procedures and shall provide their office with the necessary equipment in order to render maximum visual service to the patient. Member shall refer cases that indicate the need of other than optometric care to a qualified practitioner; the optometric physician and the practitioner cooperating for the best interests of the patient. Members shall aid and consult with fellow practitioners whenever called upon to assist in difficult cases. Members should be diligent in enlightening the public regarding visual welfare and optometric service. Members shall endeavor to raise the general standard of competency in Optometry. Members shall do their fair share in cooperating with social, welfare, and public health organizations. Members holding an official position in any Optometric organization shall not use such position for advertising purposes or for self-aggrandizement and, further, no person other than this Association or its affiliated local societies shall use the duly registered name and/or logo of this Association in any public advertisement. Members shall not hold themselves forth in such a way as to carry the slightest intimation of inferiority of another optometric physician. Members using the title “Doctor” shall not qualify it In any other way than by the use of the word “Optometrist” or the phrase “Doctor of Optometry” or “Optometric Physician”. Members may however use after their name the “O.D.” designation, legally conferred degrees, or other recognized academic certifications or fellowships. Members actively engaged in the practice of Optometry shall not in any manner onceivable advertise or hold forth themselves as an optician. Members shall not willfully violate the Optometry Law of the State of New Jersey; the Constitution and Bylaws of this Association or the rulings of the New Jersey State Board of Optometrists. Members shall not solicit increased practice in any conceivable manner while engaged in factory or other survey work. Members shall not fail to call to the attention of the proper authority, illegal, corrupt, or dishonest conduct of any member of the health professions. Members shall do nothing inconsistent with the standards of professional conduct and patient care of optometry and other health professions. Individual company prices, price changes, price differentials, mark-ups, discounts, warranties, allowances, credit terms, costs, production levels, capacity, sales, etc. Plans of individual companies concerning the design, production, distribution or marketing of particular products, including proposed territories or customers. Division or limitation of sales to particular territories, customers or classes of customers. Refusal to sell to or purchase from, or termination or modification of sales or purchase arrangements with representatives, distributors, or other third parties, or prices or terms of sale or resale by customers. Industry pricing policies, price levels, price changes, differentials and/or changes in industry production, capacity or inventories. Matters relating to actual or potential individual suppliers or customers that might exclude them from any market or of influencing the business conduct of firms toward such suppliers or customers. Limiting or eliminating competition in any way, or efforts to create a monopoly. Do not discuss or exchange information regarding the above matters during social gatherings incidental to NJSOP or Local Society sponsored meetings, even in jest. Do not meet without Local Society leaders or counsel present. Before meetings, prepare and have counsel review agendas of particular items to be discussed at meetings and adhere to the agenda unless additional matters for discussion have been approved in advance by NJSOP or Local Society leaders or counsel. Ensure that draft meeting minutes are promptly prepared after each meeting, reviewed by counsel, and then circulated to members present at the meeting to determine that the minutes accurately reflect the proceedings. Protest any discussions or meeting activities which appear to violate the antitrust laws or the NJSOP Antitrust Compliance Policy and Guidelines; disassociate yourself from any such discussions or activities and leave any meeting in which they continue. Be sure that NJSOP staff and counsel are made aware of any such activities. Provide Local Society leaders and staff with a copy of this checklist and have a copy available for reference at all Local Society sponsored meetings.
2019-04-22T01:30:40Z
http://njtbts.com/aws/NJSOP/pt/sp/history
Welcoming The Trade To London! Q: What will attendees at the London Produce Show learn during the tour of the New Covent Garden Market? Why should they be inspired by the opportunity, and what do you hope they will take away from the experience? A: Our starting point is very obviously that we’re very excited to be a part of the first London Produce Show, and we think it’s absolutely right that it should be in London. This is actually the 40th anniversary of our relocation from the original site of Covent Gardens to Nine Elms. I’ve been doing a troll of our archives. It would be true to say that 40 years ago, if you were thinking of food in a good way, you certainly wouldn’t be thinking about London. Today, food, and the strength of the restaurant scene in London is such that it is a major driver for tourism. For the London economy, food and hospitality are absolutely critical. The New Covent Garden Market supplies 40 percent of the fresh produce going into that sector, covering restaurants, hotels, schools, hospitals, and work places, with the highest concentration of wholesale catering distributors in the country. That 40 percent relates to fresh produce eaten outside the home, so not through retail. Q: Does New Covent Garden consider the food service sector the poignant focus for future growth? Do you see the Market’s status in servicing this sector as a defining differentiator from your competitors, and one to exploit, now that larger retail chains have left the Market and more companies look to bypass the middleman to go direct? A: It’s that sector growth, which is one of the key differences. It’s long been said London follows the trends of New York in food. Eating out has become part of our culture. Certainly when you look back at the recession that hit and the economic problems in the late 70s early 80s, eating out then was something that people pulled back from. Q: Yet more recent economic volatility hasn’t dampened this vibrant sector growth and eating out trend? Are you finding that the cultural and lifestyle shifts as well as the enriched dining choices are embedded enough to sustain that momentum? In economic downturns, isn’t there a tendency for consumers to trade down, or just stay home, and wouldn’t that impact your sales and profits? A: But today, even though we’re experiencing economic turmoil, all we’ve seen is that the restaurants have had to get more competitive, get more offers out there, but people are still eating outside the home. They are still ordering take away, they’re still going to restaurants, to fast food outlets, etc. It’s true the standards have improved dramatically, but it’s also totally part of the culture in which people live and how they spend they’re money. That’s what has changed. Q: In the UK, the retail market is undergoing a tumultuous realignment, as the Big Four retailers—Tesco, Sainsbury, Asda, and Morrisons, feel the heat from deep discounters Aldi and Lidl, while Waitrose, Marks & Spencer and other niche, specialty retailers grab market share from the top. Competition is challenging new ways of doing business. Do you see an opening? What customers are you targeting and how is that changing? A: I would say the Market’s core customer base is very much fine dining, so the top end, but also smaller independent restaurants, and we’ve seen following in the wake of what’s happening in the States, an explosion of street food and many of those startup companies looking to the Market as well. It covers a huge spectrum of businesses, but it’s very much those businesses that are focused on the quality and value of that produce. Many of the larger chains driven to go direct are very much focused on price, but the offer at New Covent Garden Market is not just about price. It’s an important component and one that people have to be competitive about, but it’s not about just delivering a commodity. The Market’s reputation is not just about the quality of the produce, but the knowledge and expertise behind that. Q: It sounds like buyers may be remiss in not taking advantage of these Market distinctions…Do you think the message of what the Market has to offer may be getting lost? A: One of the parallels I always draw, is if you look at the fashion world, what you see on the catwalk is very high end and that gets mirrored in high street fashion very, very quickly. Equally, what’s on the cat walk can come from young individuals with street fashion and create it. I see the Market as a test bed for new varieties, for understanding what chefs want, and ultimately those trends are delivered all the way into mainstream retail. So over the past 20 years, we’ve seen the growth of what we call gastro pubs. Pubs used to have a really poor reputation for food – so instead of being a place where you’d go for a pint of beer and game of darts, a package of something dubious and pickled eggs. Now you can go and get the pub atmosphere and also really good quality food. And that affects the mainstream to the extent you now get ready meals in the supermarket translating what is coming from the menu at the gastro pub. Similarly, the very high end trends of Michelin star chefs start to filter down into mainstream. So, things like micro leaves. Building on what comes from the States, our television schedules are really heavy with cookery programs, competitions like master chef, etc., and you see many of these guys imitating techniques and product they see Michelin star chefs putting on their menus. It gets a huge exposure to people, who perhaps couldn’t afford a 160 pound tasting menu at the Fat Duck, but suddenly they’re seeing on their screens a chef who’s entering the competition using those techniques and products, and there’s a great demand for that. Q: How would you compare New Covent Garden Market to Hunts Point Market in New York? A: I had a really interesting conversation with Jim Prevor on Hunts Point Market and some of the differences and trends. We are different and London is different. Here we have two separate types of business. We still have that traditional wholesale business, what we call the buyer’s walk. So it’s basically the model of the wholesale market that you see across the world, where buyers come down to the market, you look at the produce, you can touch it, then you buy it and you take it away. What’s also developed within that community is what we call wholesale distribution, where distributors buy from the market, consolidate loads add value to it, they will process it, and they deliver to the end users daily, and sometimes twice a day. So our offer here is what we call face to face customers where they come down to buy, and they can be from anywhere, Southeast London and sometimes from as far away as Ireland, but also the distributors who are based on the Market and buy from the traditional wholesale Market. And they’re the ones who actually take the product out and they get very involved with communicating with their customers with monthly reports and adding the value. Q: What is the percentage of business breakdown between the traditional face to face customers and the distributor side? A: Wholesale is still the core of the market, it’s still the biggest sector and the one that gets the most turnover. But the distributors have been growing steadily over the past 15 years and in terms of value, they are almost equal. Q: At Hunts Point Market, one of its strengths is that it offers a market for everyone, all types and qualities of product, from narrowly defined specs and standards, to price driven options, an international melting pot, to meet a vast range of customer needs. How does New Covent Garden Market compare to other wholesale markets in London? A: We actually have three fruit and vegetable wholesale markets in London. We are very central, and our location is key to our customer base. Like in New York, London traffic is horrendous. So the closer you are to your core customer, the better. There is one towards the west near the major airport Heathrow, called Western International, which is also located in an area that has a very high Indian subcontinent population. It tends to have a very Asian focus in terms of product offering and customer base. The third is New Spitalfields based in the East of London in Leyton, on the edge of where New Olympic Park is. Its trading base and customer base is very diverse ethnically, with a lot of traders that are Kurdish, Turkish, Asian, African, Caribbean, as well as Caucasian. Western International and New Spitalfields have a much higher percentage of retail customers, and these can be small independent retail shops, and many of them are much more price sensitive and able to absorb product nearing the end of its shelf life. That customer is willing to accept a lower specification of quality to pay a lower price. Q: Does New Covent Garden have a more concentrated quality/price offering geared to the higher end? A: We’re the largest wholesale market, and position ourselves as high end quality but yes the price has to be competitive because as you mentioned there are alternatives, not only other wholesale markets, but other suppliers. There are big national distributors but their offer is very much at the commodity end, and our customer base will want not just high quality but that level of specialists in the markets for their offer. It’s very much about links in the chain from the grower to the end customer. There is a huge interest in the providence of product, where it comes from, particularly people that want to buy UK grown products. For example, traditionally our asparagus season is very short. Where growers have managed to extend that season by starting earlier, they have to be sure the end customer knows that that product is going to come in early because the restaurants need to have notice to change their menus. Again, with asparagus where the grower has developed new techniques and is able to produce an autumn crop which was unheard of, it’s important that the message is passed on to the chef, or otherwise he may feel that product isn’t seasonal because he’s used to the asparagus not being around after June, July. In September, he may think someone is trying to pass off Peruvian asparagus as British. It’s not just about the product, it’s about the information that needs to flow up and down that supply chain. Q: That’s a great example to illustrate your point. Do you have any others? A: We took some growers around the Market, one who has been supplying the Market for years and a new grower, along with some chefs and the Market became the place where they could actually talk directly with each other. A particular product the growers were growing was cauliflower, and the new grower was mainly growing for supermarkets. When he saw the other grower’s product, his first reaction was that the cauliflower heads were too big. And the chef immediately went to his defense, and said that’s what the kitchen wants. A bigger head means less waste for us. It’s also more efficient so labor saving, and with the bigger head, more florets, or curds, to work with for the time. So it’s sometimes important to have that comment from the end customer, because the chef is not only driven by price, the underlying costs. That price is also about wastage and about the labor that’s involved in cutting that product. A: Through our Sprouts Project, we’ve been working with schools close to the market. There was an initiative in the UK some years back to try and get children to understand where there food comes from. I’m sure you have the same thing in the States. Many children, if they think about it at all, think that food just arrives vacuumed sealed in a package and you buy it at the supermarket. Particularly in the cities they don’t have the opportunity to actually see it being grown. So what we do is we work with a small number of local schools. We actively encourage them to grow food in the school, take them to a working local farm that supplies the market to see product grown commercially on a big scale, and then bring them to the Market where they can actually understand how that product is in a box with Charlie’s name on it and how that box gets put on a van and delivered to their school kitchen. It’s also about how eating healthy food can be fun, so we do cooking competitions and teach kids how to make smoothies, and they get to taste a huge range of fruit and veg. Q: What other projects are in the works. Could you talk about the Market’s ongoing redevelopment plans? A: The organization that runs the market is the Covent Garden Market Authority. It was set up by the government in the 60’s to oversee the Market’s move from its old home in Covent Garden to a new site. We didn’t move until 1974; so it took that long to manage that. Now, 40 years later, we’ve got plans to redevelop the Market on this site. So we’re a public body, and we report to DEFRA, the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, basically the old Ministry of Agriculture. But we get no government money. We have to be self-sufficient, in terms of day to day running of the Market, so any extra money gets put back into the Market but we can’t make a loss. In terms of plans for the new market, the government is perfectly happy for us to redevelop it but won’t give us money. We have to use the only asset we have, which is our land. A: We are lucky because we have a very large site and a lot of land that is not being used efficiently. We’ve got a private development partner. In effect, it’s like a land swap; he gets land and we get a new market. Q: Where are you in the development process? Hasn’t the planning been going on for years now? A: We have finalized our plans and we expect our planning application to go in shortly and if all goes as scheduled we’d start work next year. But to build the new market, we don’t have the luxury of moving to a new site. The actual project will take seven years. Q: What are the key things you’re trying to achieve? A: The infrastructure is over 40 years old, and because of the way we were set up, we were never allowed to retain enough money to reinvest in the market, Our focus has moved now to our main customer being food service so the needs of the buildings are slighting different. What we’ll be providing are modern, flexible facilities that are designed for the 21st century. Q: Can you elaborate on that? Will you be improving the cold chain, refrigeration, food safety, logistics flow, etc.? A: We provide the overall building structure but each tenant would be responsible for refrigeration of their own building. What we’re doing is designing a market which is much more efficient in terms of how traffic can move around. The buildings were designed for traditional wholesale and don’t allow efficient distribution. In the New Market, you could take a unit back to back, which would allow linear flow. They could have goods flow in one end and out the other, where at the moment they have to take them side by side. Also, we are aware standards are ever getting higher and higher, whether it be in terms of environmental performance, in terms of health and safety or food hygiene, so we want to make sure we provide the best possible facilities to insure people are able to meet those requirements in the future. Q: In the UK, the larger retailers have a reputation for requiring the most stringent standards. Does that carry over to the customers you’re handling? A: In this country, food safety standards are always higher in retail than food service. But increasingly, as you know, there have been a number of quite high profile food scares, most recently there was the issue in Europe of E.coli that eventually got traced back to sprouting seed. In the past, there was a sense that fresh produce was less risky than meat or fish but while that is the case to some extent there is no room for complacency. We need to make sure our market can meet whatever regulations are thrown at it going forward. Many of the companies on site have very high levels of accreditation that are served out by third party organizations, and that gives their customers confidence in their processes, and procedures and traceability, etc. And those levels of accreditation, while many relate to internal procedures, the infrastructure is also of relevance. Some of the tenants don’t have enough space to store everything inside of their units all of the time. In the new market, we’ve designed it specifically so that all new product can be stored undercover; those higher standards can be complied with before it is regulated. There’s a difference between the best possible practice and the minimal regulatory standard, and we would aim to be at the best possible practice. Q: How has the market’s product selection changed to meet customer demands and what are the biggest trends you’re seeing? A: I’ve been doing a troll through the archives, it’s interesting to see what products have changes in demand, what products increased and declined. It’s very much what’s been happening in the States. There’s been a trend towards convenience. Wider trends still a lot of interest in exotic product, one of the big fashionable cuisines in London is that of South America, so moving away from just thinking about Mexico and thinking about Peruvian and obviously because of the World Cup, Brazil. And I mentioned street food, where we’ve seen a huge explosion in the UK. People are very interested in where food comes from. We find a growing demand for UK products, and along with that, real interest in traditional methods of growing and storing as well. Chefs want something new, and often times that turns out to be quite old. Take carrots; you can get carrots in four different colors. You think of carrots being orange, but originally they were purple, and people are interested in having that variety and color and looking at the heritage of product as well. Sometimes it’s about the variety, and sometimes it’s about how it’s grown. We’re also seeing an interest in sand grown carrots. Carrots like sandy soil. It means they grow really, really straight. When you get twisted carrots, it’s because of a pebble, where it grows round it rather than through it, which is how carrots are grown commercially. But suddenly we’ve seen this interest in sand grown carrots, so they come in a bit sandy and apparently they keep longer. It’s a technique that was used in the 17th and 18th century. A: There’s a lot of interest in sustainability, but that’s not the same necessarily as organic, we have a few companies on the market that specialize in organic, but their core customer base actually is the consumer and not the food service. Restaurants struggle to pay the premium for organics, but also to get the consistency for the product. But they are very interested in providence, which I mentioned earlier, and how it’s grown, but sometimes that’s not organic. There’s an organization called LEAF, which is linking the environment and farming and while it’s not organic, it provides product that is grown with integrated farm management systems that use less pesticides. There’s a wide range between conventionally grown crops and organic. Q: Thank you for sharing so many insights and vignettes about the Market, as attendees at the London Produce Show get the opportunity to come see it in action. Do you have any numbers you’d like to provide as additional perspective on the size and scope of the market? A: We don’t really collect volume statistics, but we do carry financial statistics on the value. One of my jobs is updating our important accounts, with latest figures out in the next couple of weeks. In very broad terms, the annual turnover of the market is about 600 million pounds. Q: For context, is the market growing? A: It has grown and it has plateaued, last year it was actually down marginally. That’s the total market but the core fruit and vegetable market was up five percent last year and is continuing to grow. Where we saw a slight decline last year was in the distribution but again that’s related to the contraction of the economy and we’re looking to see that grow again. Q: What about the floral side of the market? A: The floral sector has changed dramatically over the past 20 plus years. New Covent Garden is the only dedicated flower and plant market in the country. Flowers and plants are sold elsewhere but we have dedicated space designed specifically for flowers and plants, which is unique. We have 30 plus traders there. Generally, there are two big trends that hit the flower market; one is that supermarkets have gotten more and more into flowers and that’s had a negative impact on independent floral shops, so we’ve seen a decline in that core customer. But there are some really interesting parallels in the floral world to what’s going on in the fruit and veg world. The traditional retailer has suffered. We’ve seen growth in contract florists, who don’t go face to face with customers, but provide flowers for weddings, funerals, for big events and for corporate clients, where you go to embassies and see beautiful floral arrangements at reception, but also functions for hotels, etc. In fact at the London Produce Show, one of our contract florists is decorating the ballroom. So, because the focus is moving towards events and contract florists, there have been changes in the types of product people want. They want bigger range, but smaller volumes. But also parallel to the fruit and veg side, we’re seeing a growing interest in where the flowers come from. Last year we launched the first ever British Flower Week. That will be happening again in June, a bit later than the London Produce Show. And it’s something that’s being taken up nationally. There’s a huge resurgence in interest. The flower industry has declined dramatically here. The amount of acreage that’s used to produce flowers has gotten smaller and smaller, but people are very supportive of smaller growers, We believe it’s right that the flower market be at the heart of supporting an initiative like this and giving it more publicity. We are bowled over by the support it got nationally, and we’re doing it again this year and again it’s being taken up around the country. Because we’re the only market of this kind, It’s not just about the transactions and product, it’s about the communication, and support that goes with that, that’s really important. Even if British Flowers Week is in Cornwall or Yorkshire, I see that as a huge success and it is right that our market should be driving that. Q: Would someone shopping for flowers also be shopping for produce? Is there overlap? A: Sometimes there is a cross over but it does tend to be quite specialized.. Floral is very key in hospitality, so it’s where you’ll get this crossover. You’ll have big events like a launch party for a film premier and there will be food and there will be flowers. That goes back to the fact that the Market is at the heart of the hospitality sector in London. Q: We come back full circle to how we began this interview. A: I always say: Food for your stomach and food for your soul. Q: That’s a fitting way to sum up everything you describe in this interview. It sounds like you’ve got the Market in your soul. Could you tell us a little about yourself and how you came to your role at CGMA? A: CGMA is a public body, and while we’re basically the landlord, unlike a purely commercial landlord, we believe we have to support our tenants. it’s not just about providing value for money in terms of that facility, but it’s also about supporting with marketing and communication, and insuring we do everything we can to maintain our leadership role in produce industry. We’ve got 200 companies on site, and they are all small and medium size firms. Individually, they don’t have the resource to do much of the marketing and communication with customers and suppliers. That’s an area where we can work on their behalf. We can lobby at government level and wider community both nationallyand internationally. We work to represent tenants at every level. It could be introducing new growers to the market. I regularly take delegations around the market from other countries. Equally, I will put a lot of resources into trying to attract new customers to the market. Q: As part of the redevelopment, isn’t there a plan to get consumers to come to the market? How would that work? A: A lot of work we do, whether with florists or chefs, is business to business, but there’s no reason why those workshops and demos couldn’t be for consumers. Food and flowers in London is our focus, If you think of food and flowers, whether you’re a journalist, or a customer or a member of the general public, you should just think New Covent Garden Market; it should be synonymous. So the idea is that in a new market, the facilities we have to work with for the trade, could also be available at the consumer level. There would also be the opportunity for there to be a retail market, so we could showcase the best of produce to the wider community. People could actually buy, eat and learn about fresh produce in London. A: It is, and also quite frightening. Sometimes it’s difficult to describe, but when you look at the design for the new market, there will be a building we’re calling the Garden Heart, with the administration, meeting rooms conference rooms, at the ground level there could be a bank. It’s the core central building, and would act as the physical barrier to the edge of the market, One side could be the public square for the retail market but behind it, where the public wouldn’t go, would be the wholesale market. Our market is most active between midnight and five in the morning before most people get up. So the market would have different activity at different times and in a different physical space as well. The hero shots of the new markets are not ready to be released yet, because they will be saved for press release going out imminently. Q: How familiar are people with the New Covent Garden Market. Do you think this will be an awakening for many? A: One of the things I discovered when I joined the market is that a lot of people think they know the market, but what they know is the market 20 years ago as opposed to what the market is now. I think people have preconceived ideas of wholesale markets being the dumping ground for supermarket rejects, and a lot people don’t really understand the value that wholesale markets bring. That’s an area we work quite hard at but it is difficult to get the message out. We are a very, very vibrant industry, made up of lots small companies that want to get on with their business. And in the past wholesale markets haven’t been good at communicating, but I think that is changing. We’ve done a lot here in New Covent Garden and in London, but I still think there are many within the produce industry who think they know, but they don’t. We hope the London Produce Show will help you in your mission! When the Hunts Point Market in New York opened in 1967 the joke was that it was the newest antiquated market in the world. Why? The planning and development took so long that by the time a design was approved and then executed the world had changed sufficiently that the design didn’t accommodate contemporary trucks in an ideal way. It is inevitable that the efforts to develop a new market will be contentious. But the world needs markets and we hope that the parties involved find a path to make the redevelopment an occasion for the rebirth of a stronger and more vibrant market. Let that, however, be a battle for another day. For tonight New Covent Garden is the most generous host to the trade, both Authority and Merchants urging the whole industry to join them the 5 Star Grosvenor House for the Opening Cocktail Reception of the London Produce Show and Conference. Let us raise a glass to a glorious history in Covent Garden, 40 years of service and prosperity in the current location and to a future filled with mutual success. You can register to attend tonight’s Opening Cocktail Reception and the whole London Produce Show and Conference right here. Let us know via e-mail right here if you would like to go on Friday’s tour of New Covent Garden Market. And, of course, review the whole event on our website here.
2019-04-21T00:39:21Z
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2019-04-22T09:27:14Z
http://fun-compagnie.de/library/download-martin-luther-king-jr-20th-century-biographies/
The forest industry can no longer assume the huge workforces it has been used to in the past are still going to be there when it needs them. It now needs to capture the hearts and minds of its future workforce—in short, it needs to be considered a ‘cool’ and lucrative career choice. Don Banasky, president of the Truck Loggers Association and vice-president of operations at fast-growing Tamihi Logging, is a champion of safety in B.C.’s coastal forest industry. Saskatchewan’s L & M Wood Products is winning the employee training battle, with a program that was actually designed for training people on the manufacturing line in World War II. B.C.’s Tolko Industries has been trying out the GP grapple processor head, produced by Pierce Pacific, and after six months the multi-purpose GP head has been able to prove its stuff successfully in two different types of trials in the B.C. Interior. Canada’s newest sawmill revs upLakeland Mills’ newly completed sawmill in Prince George, B.C., is like no other sawmill built before it in terms of production, employing the very latest technology to attain the maximum recovery and value from its available wood fibre—but with a very strong focus on safety. Included in The Edge, Canada’s leading publication on research in the forest industry, are stories from the Canadian Wood Fibre Centre, Alberta Innovates - Bio Solutions and FPInnovations. Working with its industry-leading design expertise—and with an industry heritage reaching back decades—T-Mar Industries recently introduced the Log Champ 550, its new steep slope grapple yarder designed to take on the increasing volumes of second-growth timber in B.C. Waratah’s new 622C 4x4 multi-tree processing head with four roller drive is getting solid praise from the folks at McNeil and Sons Logging in the B.C. Interior, where it makes for a solid harvesting combo with a John Deere 2154D carrier. The Canadian forest sector is more than ready to accelerate the implementation of technological solutions that will make forest jobs more satisfying, secure and efficient. This would make it easier for the industry to attract crucially needed qualified workers, as it’s estimated that Canada will require some 60,000 forest workers by 2020. On top of supporting the development of many solutions in collaboration with its members, FPInnovations is organizing a key event this April to bring together experts on innovative technologies from around the world to Montreal to meet with representatives from the Canadian forest sector. “Robotics, automation, telematics and autonomous vehicles—you really will be able to have a look at the possible future of forestry machines,” says Jean-François Gingras, conference director and Harvesting Systems Research Manager, FPInnovations. The first Forest Machine Technology Conference (FMTC) being held April 21 to 23 will indeed showcase advanced technologies that might soon be found in a forest near you. The FMTC will bring together stakeholders from the forest industry and other industrial sectors to define the challenges of using advanced technologies in the forest, present the technological potential in other sectors and encourage new partnerships as well as initiatives in R&D. “When we think of robots working in the forest, we may imagine a science fiction movie. Yet it is a possibility that is seriously being considered,” stated Pierre Lapointe, President and Chief Executive Officer of FPInnovations. “As the forest industry develops, it becomes absolutely necessary to think about what advanced technologies might offer the forest industry in terms of productivity and sustainability,” added Lapointe. Conference participants will have the opportunity to listen to forest industry leaders from Canada and Brazil, major manufacturers of international forest machinery and keynote experts from the mining and agricultural sectors. The FMTC will also feature technical presentations on advanced technologies, booths of various advanced technology providers, ideation working groups and presentations of technical and scientific posters. The FMTC is intended for managers of companies in the forest industry, equipment manufacturers, supply chain managers, technology providers in the forest sector and other sectors, members and partners of Unmanned Systems Canada as well as universities and R&D institutions interested in shaping a vision for the future. A member of Alberta’s governing Conservative party recently introduced a private member’s bill in the provincial legislature that would allow builders to construct six-storey wood buildings throughout Alberta—30 percent higher than the current four-storey limit. This follows the City of Calgary’s decision to allow all-wood, mid-rise building construction up to six storeys. British Columbia and Quebec already allow mid-rise wood construction up to six-storeys. Ontario joined them on January 1, 2015. Political action like this—to allow more wood use in taller all-wood or wood hybrid buildings either for residential or commercial/industrial use—is good news for the Canadian forest industry, says Steve Price, of Alberta Innovates Bio Solutions (AI Bio). Furthermore, the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) is likely to accept six-storey, all-wood construction within its “permitted” solutions category when the 2015 edition is released. Many of these taller buildings will feature new wooden support structures like cross-laminated timber (CLT) instead of concrete or steel. CLT can be engineered for use in building construction as support beams, walls or floors and has strength properties comparable to other non-wood building products. It was first produced commercially in Europe about 15 years ago. Researchers in the Network on Engineered Wood-based Building Systems (NEWBuildS) have been leading the development of technical performance standards for CLT in Canada. The most economical uses for CLT are for wall panels but it can also be used in floor construction, says Dr. Y.H. Chui, scientific director for NEWBuildS. From the production standpoint, there is an evolving business opportunity for solid wood producers to attach CLT production plants to existing facilities like sawmills. Some companies have already done so, as over the past decade two commercial CLT production facilities have already been built in Canada. NEWBuildS and FPInnovations have done the technical groundwork needed by industry to guarantee CLT’s engineered performance when using Canadian wood species. “We have models that predict how strong CLT is, based on the lumber properties,” says Chui. AI Bio is an ongoing funder of the NEWBuildS network. Price, AI Bio’s executive director for bioindustrial innovation, agrees with Dr. Chui that if the trend toward greater CLT use continues, Alberta’s solid wood manufacturers should consider capitalizing on it with investments in CLT production, but they should first concentrate on developing the sorting capability to capture the high-quality wood fibre needed to engineer this type of product. Price adds that while other jurisdictions have been reducing the constraints for wood use in taller building construction, Alberta has experienced the opposite trend because of negative public perception resulting from recent large building fires, largely during construction. “We felt that our support of networks like NEWBuildS would assist in Alberta overcoming some of the constraints that were being considered, and we wanted to overcome those constraints through the transfer of knowledge resulting from good, sound research,” says Price. However, he says, more work needs to be done with provincial and municipal building and fire inspectors to better inform them about the fire and durability performance of wooden building components like CLT, based on the work conducted by NEWBuildS and especially when paired with an adequate sprinkler system. AI Bio recently co-sponsored a seminar hosted by NEWBuildS at the University of Alberta that discussed the technical specifications for a conceptual 20-storey, virtually all-wood building, with concrete use only for the floors and steel in some internal support structures. Speaking to an audience of wood product manufacturers, designers and architects at the seminar, Dr. Chui said: “I’m quite confident that we are going to see a tall wood building somewhere in Canada in the next few years.” CLT is proposed as the main support structure for this building. The introduction of the National Building Code of Canada in the 1940s limited wood construction to four storeys because of fire safety and wood durability concerns. But through research conducted by NEWBuildS, FPInnovations, and a vast network of technical experts working together across Canada on the performance of wood buildings taller than four storeys—as well as the introduction of new structural wood products like CLT—greater wood use in mid-rise construction is making a comeback. The trend now is to adopt a more performance-based approach in the building code, which provides solutions addressing the arguments against greater use of wood in taller building construction. Engineered wood products like cross laminated timbers are becoming more prevalent as an alternative to steel and concrete in mid-rise building construction in Canada. For more information about AI Bio support for the NEWBuildS network, contact Steve Price at (780) 427-2567 or [email protected]. Whenever we walk into a museum, the office, the kids’ school or the shopping mall, most of us unknowingly benefit from the work of thousands of experts that design and enforce practices and obligations that make these places safe. The construction sector refers to these rules as building codes. As the world changes, new technologies are developed, processes are refined and markets shift their priorities, and building codes must constantly be adapted and improved. While benefitting the population, these changes can mean big challenges for the industries involved. The wood products industry is no exception. With the building codes in Canada, the U.S. and other jurisdictions, the wood products industry needs to ensure that its products now meet higher energy-saving requirements than before. The new requirements, however, represent significant technical, economic and competitive challenges. Putting its science in service to support the industry, FPInnovations’ research team is already making important headway in this direction. In fact, FPInnovations’ latest report on Development of Multi-Functional Wood Composite Panel Products for Next Generation Building Systems offers some encouraging news, highlighting promising progress with prototype sandwich design panels. Earlier project work looked at what products were available, including plywood and OSB, which products could be combined and how to combine them, how they would work and potential problems. The multi-functional panels require a host of key performance attributes: structural strength; thermal insulation; moisture control, including wall cavity ventilation; effective attachment to the wood frame; and effective attachment for exterior cladding. The latest work evaluated prototype panels made with OSB faces and two types of rigid insulation core, dry process wood fibre insulation or extruded polystyrene foam (XPS). It focused on how the multi-functional panels performed: the connection to a wood structure frame, the connection of exterior cladding to the panels, and the lateral load resistance of a wood frame wall construction sheathed with these panels. Simulations of the panels’ thermal and moisture control performance in a typical wood wall construction were also conducted. The simulations suggest that multi-functional panels made with OSB or plywood faces can perform well in even the coldest climates. The next steps are now well underway. FPInnovations has already completed fabrication of the full-size panels. In November, FPInnovations began working with the Alberta Innovates Technology Futures team in Edmonton to construct the first demonstration building. An identical structure will then be built in Vancouver. From there, instrumentation will be installed, followed by the finishing touches (exterior cladding, gypsum board, paint, etc.). FPInnovations will also carry out structural testing on additional full-size panels at its Advanced Building Systems testing facility in Vancouver. For more information, contact Bob Knudson at (604) 222-5738 or [email protected]. In the FPInnovations treasure chest of innovations, ideas and tools, there are many jewels to be discovered. One of them is a comprehensive forest machine productivity database. It was created and has since been meticulously taken care of by the Harvesting Operations research team in collaboration with hundreds of people in the forest sector. Field measurements taken over the last several decades date as far back as 1975. Thousands of entries and data points describe performance characteristics of specific forest equipment. Some of these machines are, of course, now closer to belonging in a museum instead of working their way through thick black spruce forests. Nevertheless, the vast chunk of this mountain of information realistically describes the productivity potential of all the popular machine technology that has navigated through Canada’s forests from coast to coast in the last four decades. FPInnovations aims to help its member organizations increase the efficiency of their operations and develop cost-effective practices, from making the best possible use of forest fibre to efficiently and safely delivering products to end users. From felling, delimbing and bucking to skidding and forwarding, FPInnovations’ research teams have gathered precious productivity data for every step of the logging operation and its many variants. A wide variety of conditions has also been observed in terms of types of soil, steepness of terrain, season, types of settlement and regeneration dynamic. Also, and most importantly, the productivity of forest machinery was observed and measured for a range of harvesting practices. FPInnovations has been in a position to achieve this goal by drawing on its comprehensive forest machine productivity database, and forest companies that are members of FPInnovations are benefiting from it. Tools such as FPInterface, FPInterface Express, Provue and the Fuel Economy Guide are just a few of the many examples of applications that stem from this mountain of data. They all base their core algorithms on real data. This helps companies make better informed decisions. Moreover, tools from the FPSuite operational platform—FPDat, FPCom and FPTrak—also allow data to be collected from the field in order to support industrial companies in making better management decisions. The FPInterface software platform was initially designed to simulate forestry operations: route building and maintenance, harvesting, silviculture, biomass and transportation. Today, with the latest version of FPInterface, users can carry out analyses on potential scenarios that could lead to optimizations in specific forest operations activities. Designed as a user-friendly tool, FPInterface allows data visualization directly on the forestry map. In fact, all Canadian wood processing plants are now geo-referenced in FPInterface. FPInterface Express uses the same production equations as FPInterface, but provides the user with a simplified interface presented within a calculation spreadsheet, and without the cartographic aspect of its “big brother”. FPInterface Express is designed to compare simple cost scenarios between different machines or methods, rather than develop tactical or strategic analysis. The ProVue software allows questions to be asked directly to FPInnovations’ forest machine productivity database. The software helps forestry contractors choose the best harvesting system according to their operating conditions and harvesting practices. By entering their own data in ProVue, users see what they can expect in terms of productivity based on real world data. FPDat, an on-board tool designed to collect data on machine performance and productivity, is key to productive and efficient operations. It is a heavy-duty device and therefore capable of withstanding difficult conditions such as those in which forest, mining and farming equipment operate. It provides operators and managers with information on performance, areas treated and utilization rates. The data can be viewed and analyzed on the FPTrak web interface and downloaded to carry out personalized analyses. Though collaborative research programs, FPInnovations develops science to help the Canadian forest industry increase its efficiency, its capacity and, in turn, its competitiveness. As the saying goes, you can’t improve what you can’t measure. FPInnovations has measured the many parameters of forest machine productivity and still does, day in and day out. Only by relying on tools fed by real-world data will the sector be able to transform its culture and practices, and truly compete in today’s globalized market. The Canadian Wood Fibre Centre (CWFC) continues to refresh its research program. It has identified several opportunities where it can share its extensive knowledge in forest management practices with new partners working in a wider variety of landscapes, given so many examples of changing land use priorities and their potential impacts on Canada’ s commercial forest. Over several decades, CWFC and the Canadian Forest Service have accumulated extensive knowledge on afforestation, enhanced forest management practices, and production of high yield, short rotation woody crops. It is looking for new avenues to share this knowledge. This research refreshment at CWFC also reflects a growing concern within government and the forest industry about the amount of productive forest being lost every year from non-forestry related activities on the landscape. Derek Sidders, CWFC Prairie Regional Co-ordinator and Program Manager, says the organization is developing partnerships to address varying land use priorities with a focus on innovative reforestation to counteract the reduction or loss of productive forest disturbed by pests, pathogens or wildfire, sub-surface resource extraction or urban sprawl. They are also investigating impacts of forest management practices over the past four decades, what impact they are having on the mid- to long-term fibre supply, and how these managed sites could be enhanced by adopting additional forest management applications; and refining forest management practices to reduce risk to natural and introduced hazards. All of this is being done while supporting the expansion and transformation of the Canadian forest industry, looking specifically at the areas of bio-energy and specialty bio-products, as well as maintaining quality solid wood product and pulp feedstock. The question is how to establish that forest cover economically to counteract loss of forest land as a result of land fragmentation, whether from urban sprawl or industrial use. One obvious approach is land reclamation for disturbed forest sites, and CWFC wants to develop collaborations with industry in this regard, particularly with its knowledge of natural forest renewal and establishing short rotation woody crops. However, that alone may not be the only or the most economical approach. That’s where CWFC’s knowledge, experience, and approach can really make a difference. Sidders says establishing forest cover on parcels outside of areas where land or industrial development is occurring may be more economical from a reforestation standpoint, because in addition to the economics and ecological values, in some cases there are also scale and timing issues. Oil and gas companies, for example, often keep lease sites and roads open for decades despite inactivity on many of these sites, and many of these sites may be small and low value. Another area where CWFC believes it can play an important role is developing mitigation strategies to help Canada and the forest industry adapt to climate change, because it has the potential to have an adverse social impact, threaten the sustainable commercial fibre supply and upset the ecosystem balance particularly along the forest fringe. In keeping with CWFC’s mandate to contribute to the competitiveness of the Canadian forest industry, CWFC has also identified opportunities where it can work more closely with industry to establish fibre crops for specific end uses. “There are opportunities to adapt short rotation woody crops close to urban centres where there are specific feedstock requirements or fibre characteristics for an expanding industry, whether it be for specialty bio-products or conventional products,” says Sidders. The goal is to establish these feedstocks in appropriate locations to minimize transportation costs to give industry access to a very consistent feedstock source. For more information about these new initiatives at CWFC, contact Derek Sidders, CWFC Prairie Regional Coordinator and Program Manager at (780) 435-7355 or [email protected].
2019-04-25T11:52:29Z
https://forestnet.com/LSJissues/2015_dec_jan/edge.php
Well, I feel a tract is sufficient. I could recall to you many more miracles of His Abundant Grace. The latest act of Mercy needs to be told. I had booked a flight to the USA for the 29th December 2004 and I said to the Lord, 'I need a fresh testimony to take with me.' He gave me one….. Just before my 82nd birthday, I was staying at my daughter's house. Quite unexpectedly I had a heart failure. I thought I was going home to Glory; I cried out to my God, 'My children are not ready for this!!' My son-in-law quickly called my daughter at her work. Christine was home within five minutes. After taking one look at me, she called an ambulance. The Paramedics advised me to get straight to hospital. On arrival at the hospital, I was surprised that there was no wait, but I was tended to immediately. I was put on the heart monitor and once the reading came through it showed an abnormal heartbeat, and extremely low oxygen count, and deficiency in potassium. It was decided that I had to be moved to the resuscitation unit - the Doctors anticipated a massive heart attack. By this time, all I felt was a deep peace and no pain at all. The staff couldn't believe this as the monitors were telling a different story! They kept telling me to 'Tell the Truth!' All I felt was comfort and peace. I had a doctor in attendance with me the whole time, who repeatedly asked me if there was any pain or if I was at all numb! I told the Doctor that the only numbness I had felt was from sitting on the trolley for two hours! Confused as to how this could be, he decided to question me about my medical history. I listed everything. I began with my experience of cancer in 1961. You will remember I had been given only three months to live. The Lord wonderfully healed me! The hospital would only say that the cancer was 'in remission' until two years later. I had developed bad gallstone trouble. The gall overflowed and I had yellow jaundice. I had to have quite a lot of tests and x-rays for over a week. In the meantime, the Lord healed me once again of the gallstones and the jaundice disappeared. When I returned to the hospital, to the amazement of the doctors, they told me that through the test results, they found no trace of cancer in my body! But, my gall bladder was completely diseased and full of stones and they wanted to operate that very week. I knew, however, that God had healed me and I refused surgery!! After hearing this, the Doctor couldn't believe I hadn't had an operation! 'Male of female?' he asked. A couple of hours later, they removed me from the resuscitation unit to a ward, still monitoring me through the night. At eight o'clock in the morning, somebody came and took my E.C.G. From this point, I could hear my name mentioned in the corridor, but couldn't make out what all the fuss was about. Another doctor who I had not seen before, came in and asked, 'Are you Sarah?' When I said yes, he shook my hand and went back out!! "At the age of four, my knowledge of the true home life, which had hardly begun, was suddenly ended. My mother was taken to hospital suffering from tuberculosis, from which she died, and my father, after placing me in a home, left England; I have never seen or heard of him since. Even at this very early age, when my young heart, no doubt, felt the sorrow of being bereft of the security of home and parents, I felt there was a power greater than the human. I had never been taught to pray, and knew nothing of Jesus, but in a strange simple way I felt there was something. For four and-a-half years I was in this home, and during this time I developed tuberculosis, which was to be my dread companion for many years. At this time a very comfortably situated family decided to adopt me, and I left the home, but this was not to last long, for, when they discovered that I had T.B., and that my mother and two sisters had died of it, I was sent back. This was all in God's will, although I was very distressed at the time, but the people dabbled in Spiritism, and God did not want me to be mixed up in that. Shortly afterwards a Methodist family took me, and there I learnt about prayer, and of Jesus Christ. I was happier, but still unsaved, and as the dread disease was making rapid progress, I had to be sent to the sanatorium where it was found to be in my hand, foot, stomach and both lungs. This place became my home, but how I longed to be as other girls. Many lay around me, and many died, but I lived on, and it was often said by the nurses that this girl who had no one in the world to care for her lived, but others who had good parents and friends were taken. The lady in the next bed to me was going out, and I asked her would she take me, and she said she would if I were up. The day came, and once more I was out in the world. I obtained some work, and all went well for a time, but only a very short time. Again I was ill, and the person I was staying with refused to have me in the house, and turned me out one night. I went to the doctor and asked him to send me back to the sanatorium, but he told me to go back to the house, and he would send me in the morning. I went back, but the woman refused to have me, just giving me a cup of tea, and so I went out to wander the streets all night. Very exhausted, I knocked at a door, and a lady had mercy on me and took me in. The next day I was taken into the hospital, and it was discovered that I had pneumonia due to the exposure. I lay there desperately ill, having oxygen. Again I was raised when there seemed little hope, and while convalescent at Scarborough heard a message - "God claims you" - and there, found Jesus as my own wonderful Saviour. Everything was changed, and from there I entered a Christian lady's home and shortly after was baptized in the Holy Ghost according to Acts 2: 4. I heard of Divine healing, accepted it, and thanked God for healing me; almost immediately I was struck down again with T.B., the lungs badly affected, and while in this dying condition I desired to be baptized in water, and against all advice was baptized by Henry E. J. Jessup, then pastor of East Kirby, now editor of " Redemption Tidings," who afterwards testified what a step of faith it was to immerse a dying girl in the midst of winter. I was taken worse and rushed to the sanatorium. While there, how I longed for someone who would love and care for me. On January 16th, 1933, I prayed that God might send someone; on this day as I prayed, a young man in Canada had decided to come to England for a holiday. When he arrived in England, he, being a Christian, heard a company of people praying for me, and he asked that he might go along with one of them to see me. That day I prayed to go out, and that the Lord would grant that those who came to see me would ask me to go out. For the Lord had said to me, "Get up and out, or else you will die." Like Gideon of old, I asked for that sign, and that they would come the next day at two o'clock. The next day this young man from Canada and another friend arrived at two o'clock, and my friend said to me, "When are you coming out? My mother says she will look after you." An absolute answer to my prayer. I said I would come out the next day. Announcing to the sister of the hospital that I was going out the next day she was amazed, and said " You know you will be a burden to those people, and it is doubtful if you will get there alive." I was still having oxygen, but I would not be put off, and told the doctor the next morning. My clothes were given to me, and everyone was instructed not to give me any help; and so, forcing myself out of bed, and struggling most painfully to dress myself, but trusting God, and knowing that He had spoken to me, I took a long time, and how I did it I shall never be able to tell; then I dragged myself from bed to bed till I reached the dining-room where a girl who was dying said to me, "Don't leave me; what shall I do without you?" because I had led her to the Saviour. "You look as if you are dying yourself," she said; then for one brief moment I felt I was, but the door opened and there was my friend, and my body was then flooded with the resurrection life of Christ, and I stood upright feeling my lungs filled with health, and my whole body. The authorities of the hospital took no notice of any of this, and when my friends had come, they put me in a bath-chair, and I was wheeled to the gate feeling like a hypocrite, because I felt so marvellously well. Outside the gate as the bus came up I ran for it out of sheer joy of the glorious feeling of health; and from that day to this I have not had a recurrence of the awful malady. The Lord, too, had answered my prayer for someone to love and care for me, because that young man from Canada is now my husband. Time and space will not allow to tell of the many joys and happenings of the following years, but one thing I knew that Jesus was, indeed, my Saviour, and that He had shed His Blood on the Cross of Calvary for me, and I learned to love and trust Him. Eight years after our marriage I developed severe heart trouble which kept me in bed for seven years, and during that time was in hospital for six months having oxygen, and my husband never knew the moment I should be taken in the many heart attacks. I was at home and had a nurse and doctor attending. When I felt well enough I had children's services in my bedroom, and led many to Christ who are steadfast believers today. Some said that they thought it was God's will for me to lie in bed, but I felt He had healed me before, and He would do it again. I expected Him to heal me right away when I had been taken ill, but He had a new lesson to teach me. Being desperate one night I prayed that God would show me if He wanted me to spend the rest of my days as an invalid in bed or if He wanted me to be healed, and the I heard these words, the date being May 3rd, 1949: " I am the Resurrection and the Life; because I live ye shall live also." Then again the words came, "If the Spirit that raised up Jesus from the dead be in you, the same Spirit shall quicken your mortal body." And I said, "What am I doing here?" My heart was full, but I settled for sleep, and the next morning when the lady who came to clean the rooms arrived, I said to her little boy, "I am going to get up and take you for a walk." And so I did, it was not a struggle like the last time, but in no time I was dressed after rather a hunt to find clothes to fit me after six years, and in amazement the lady watched me go up and down the stairs. I knew the resurrection life of Christ was flooding my being, and each day I draw off Him, and each day He keeps me in His strength. That was six years ago, and I have not had a single day in bed ever since. I won't say that I have not had my battles, I have, but His promise is true, and the Spirit that raised up Jesus from the dead daily quickens my mortal body. This promise is for every sufferer, and if you know Christ as your Saviour He can and will do the same for your broken body. As I walk in Christ this body is free from the law of sin and death. Our bodies are a vehicle for God to dwell in, and through Him we are more than conquerors. Let go and let God, for He has promised us life more abundant. "He was wounded for our transgressions, He was bruised for our iniquities; the chastisement of our peace was upon Him, and by His stripes we are healed." May he Lord bless this to some heart, and may you find that mighty Saviour who will heal your soul and then your body for His glory. Amen." Many years later in the 1980's I came into contact with a lady who remembered Florence being pushed around Bromborough in a wheelchair during the 1940's, who was by this time herself in a wheelchair. If the story had finished there it would have been impressive enough, but in 1970 when she was about 62 years of age she went out to Africa with her husband as a missionary for 18 years, often living in primitive conditions, and frequently being afflicted with tropical diseases. She only came back to this country because of the ill health of her husband. She was a remarkable woman and was a blessing to a number of people during her final years in the Wirral. She died at the age of 91 years at the Bebington Christian Nursing Home in 1999. On Wednesday 4th August 2010 at Clatterbridge Hospital, I was diagnosed as having a double hernia. Two years prior to that I had had an operation for a single hernia also at Clatterbridge Hospital. The specialist that I saw, who I found out was a Christian, confirmed what my doctor had told me that I had a hernia and that he would operate on it. After a short while I went to Clatterbridge Hospital and had the operation, which was a success and I was in and out on the same day. However, two years later I suspected that I had another hernia, which the doctor confirmed, and made arrangements for me to go again to see the same specialist who had operated on me previously. An appointment was made for me to have a pre operation examination. A month or so went by when I had a call from his secretary to tell me that he had a very long waiting list, and asked if I wouldn’t mind seeing somebody else from the same team, which I agreed to. I went along to see him and he said to me that not only did I have a hernia but had in fact a double hernia. I had never heard of this, so he told me that I not only had a hernia in the groin but also had a hernia of the umbilical cord. He told me not to worry as he would operate on it and that I would be okay. When I got home I prayed about it very much and I felt that if I was going to have an operation that it should be done by the man who had operated on me previously, since I knew him and also that he was a Christian and that he had done such a good job. I phoned his secretary and asked if it would be possible for him to operate on me again, and she said that she would arrange that and put me on his waiting list. By this time I was in fellowship with the New Brighton Baptist Church and I asked the pastor if he would come and lay hands on me in accordance with James Chapter 5, which makes it quite clear "is any sick among you? let him call for the elders of the church; and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord. And the prayer of faith shall save the sick and the Lord shall raise him up." So, as always I put the matter to the Lord and I asked my pastor, Phil, from New Brighton Church to come along and lay hands on me, which he did with one of the elders, Doug. So the pair of them came along and anointed me with oil in the name of Jesus and we left it at that in the hands of God. Later on I received a letter to advise me of the date of the operation on 12th October 2010, that they wanted me at the hospital at 7.00am and that it would be done at Arrowe Park Hospital. So I went along there, and about 9.30am I was called in by one of the nurses to be prepared for the operation and all the necessary tests that have to be done. When they were completed the anaesthetist came to see me and explained the procedure. He then asked the nurse who had seen me to give me an injection in the stomach. A few minutes later as the nurse was preparing to give me the injection, the specialist came in and welcomed me and said that he was ready to do the operation, and he asked me to get on to the bed so that he could examine me once more. After he had done this he asked me how I felt, so I told me that I felt fine, which I did. He then said to me that he was pleased to tell me that I had no signs whatsoever of a hernia, and I have to be honest and say that I was absolutely surprised. Well, what are we Christians like; we pray for things and then when God answers we are the most surprised people on Earth! So I asked him specifically about the umbilical cord, but he replied to me that it was fine, and said that if there was anything wrong with that, then I must have had it since my birth. So he told the nurse to take me to the rest room and give me some toast and marmalade and a cup of tea! He also asked the nurse to ring my daughter and tell her to pick me up, as I was fine. I was absolutely jubilant, it was tremendous, and so the nurse took me down to the rest room. Anyway as would be expected the nurses talk to each other, and a few minutes later somebody came in with the tray and said to me "what’s all this about, you don’t need an operation?" So needless to say I told her all about what had happened, and she said to me that it was really lovely. About 10 minutes afterwards another nurse came in and said the same thing and so I told her the same story. Then again another nurse came in and said to me "what’s all this I hear, about you being healed?" So I repeated the same story and she flung her arms in the air and shouted "hallelujah, hallelujah," and off she went. In the meantime there was a man sitting opposite me about 70+ years of age in the rest room who was in there for something to do with his eyesight and he looked really astonished by all that he heard so I went over to him and testified to him all that had happened. Well, since that day I have never looked back, I haven’t had the slightest sign of a hernia of any description. Although, like most people we have our ups and downs in life, I cannot begin to tell you of the love, peace and joy that the Lord has brought into my life, and to that of my dear family, since I came to know Him as my Saviour. When Jesus was asked which was the first commandment, he replied, " Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength, " and secondly "Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself." (Mark 12: 30,31). If only all the people in the World would obey these two commandments, what a wonderful place it would be to live in. With all my love, prayers and best wishes to you and your family.
2019-04-22T12:06:20Z
https://www.liverpoolrevival.org.uk/testimonies/healings
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2019-04-19T11:05:42Z
https://www.casinoveritas.com/online-casinos-that-allow-missouri-residents.html
PRESIDENT OBAMA: They’re looking out for their families, they’re looking out for their neighbors. They are woven into the fabric of our lives. ANNOUNCER [narration]: BUT EVEN AS CONGRESS INCHES CLOSER TO A DEAL THAT COULD INCLUDE A PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP FOR ELEVEN MILLION UNDOCUMENTED WORKERS – A GROWING NUMBER OF THEM ARE STILL BEING DEPORTED – AND MANY ARE DYING WHEN THEY TRY TO RETURN. ANNOUNCER [narration]: NEXT ON NEED TO KNOW. JEFF GREENFIELD: Welcome to Need to Know. Thanks for joining us. You’ve probably heard that illegal immigration into the United States from Mexico has slowed dramatically in recent years. Some attribute that to better border security. Others say it’s all about jobs. There aren’t as many jobs as there used to be in the United States. Whatever the cause, the trend is unmistakable. Which makes another trend even more noteworthy. Even as illegal crossings decline, the number of deaths along the border is soaring. What’s behind that trend? This week, part 3 of Need to Know’s ongoing investigation into our border policies and procedures, done in conjunction with the Nation Institute. John Larson investigates. DR. GREG HESS: On the remains we had some U.S. currency, this cross here is fairly distinctive. JOHN LARSON [narration]: YOU’RE LOOKING AT THE PERSONAL BELONGINGS OF A MAN KNOWN TO THE STATE OF ARIZONA AS CASE ONE THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED FIFTY FIVE. JOHN LARSON [narration]: IN THE LOCKED FILES – THOUSANDS OF ITEMS BELONGING TO HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE… ALL OF WHOM WERE FOUND DEAD. LAY UNIDENTIFIED REMAINS OF PEOPLE WHO CROSSED INTO THE UNITED STATES – ILLEGALLY –ONLY TO BECOME FOOTNOTES IN THE MOST LETHAL CHAPTER IN RECENT U.S. IMMIGRATION HISTORY. DR. GREG HESS [Off-Camera]: So this is our indoor cooler. JOHN LARSON [narration]: SILENT PARTICIPANTS IN THE NATIONAL DEBATE ON IMMIGRATION REFORM. DR. GREG HESS: This cooler holds up to 120 remains. JOHN LARSON [narration]: BECAUSE EVEN AS THE ADMINISTRATION SUPPORTS A POSSIBLE PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP FOR MANY OF THE NATION’S 11 MILLION UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRANTS…MANY OF THOSE SAME PEOPLE ARE NOW BEING ROUNDED UP, DEPORTED IN RECORD NUMBERS, AND ARE DYING AT A HISTORIC RATE,TRYING TO GET BACK TO THEIR FAMILIES IN AMERICA. SON AT GRAVE YARD: I just wanted to say goodbye to him I wanted to say something. PRESIDENT OBAMA: For comprehensive immigration reform to work, it must be clear from the outset that there is a pathway to citizenship. JOHN LARSON [narration]: AND YET BY THE END OF THIS YEAR OBAMA WILL HAVE PRESIDED OVER MORE ARRESTS AND DEPORTATIONS THAN ANY AMERICAN PRESIDENT … 2 MILLION PEOPLE IN FIVE YEARS, MANY – THE SAME PEOPLE HE SAYS DESERVE TO BE CITIZENS, INCLUDING SOME WHO WIND UP HERE. DR. GREG HESS: So this is 2012 case number 2637. JOHN LARSON [narration]: When DR. GREG Hess was a MEDICAL EXAMINER in Milwaukee, WiscONSIN, one year he had just one, unidentified body. as MEDICAL EXAMINER HERE In pima county, Arizona, he’s had oVER TWO thousand. back In the 1990’s WHEN ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION WAS HIGH, the number of migrants dying in the ARIZONA desert was LOW, literally – just a handful. DR. GREG HESS: But you can see here, I can almost grab with one hand the unidentified remains from the nineties. Then all of a sudden we get 2000, 2001, 2002, and all these are from the 2000s. JOHN LARSON [narration]: What happened? why MORE THAN 2,500 MIGRANTS have now died in AZ alone SINCE THE YEAR 2000, MAY HAVE A LOT TO dO WITH a relatively recent change in US immigration policy – a change called: prevention through Deterrence which began in 1994. THAD BINGEL: The deterrent strategy began as just a basic response to where traffic was happening, illegal activity. JOHN LARSON [narration]: THAD BINGEL WAS THE CHIEF OF STAFF FOR U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION FROM 2007 TO 2009. HE SAYS IN THE 80S AND 90S ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS CAME IN WAVES, MOSTLY IN URBAN AREAS WITH FEW FENCES TO STOP THEM. THAD BINGEL: At that time you literally, dozens of people– a day just you know where you could see them in groups running across the border in San Diego. There wasn’t fence there. JOHN LARSON [narration]: BUT THAT QUICKLY CHANGED. THE U.S. GOVERNMENT NOW PATROLS 651 MILES OF FENCE, SPENDING OVER 11 BILLION DOLLARS A YEAR ON INCREASED BORDER SECURITY. AND IN SOME WAYS – IT WORKED – FEWER PEOPLE NOW CROSS ILLEGALLY. BORDER PATROL VIDEO: We now have the tactical advantage and we only need to exploit that advantage. JOHN LARSON [narration]: While THE GOAL MAY HAVE BEEN TO MAKE IT EASIER TO CATCH ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS – it had an unintended consequence: MANY MORE OF THOSE CROSSING – ARE DYING. CECILIA ARMENTA: The temperature is getting really bad. It’s scary. JOHN LARSON [narration]: WE JOINED a group of volunteers, and This american mother IN A SEARCH FOR HER HUSBAND IN THE ARIZONA DESERT. HER HUSBAND WAS DEPORTED FROM THE U.S. AND WAS LOST TRYING TO RE-ENTER THE COUNTRY ILLEGALLY. HE WAS TRAVELLING THE SO CALLED – DEVIL’S HIGHWAY – A TANGLED WEB OF TRAILS LEADING NORTH FROM MEXICO TO ARIZONA AND INTO THIS VALLEY – WHERE TEMPERATURES CAN REACH 120 DEGREES, AND THE DESERT IS FILLED WITH SNAKES, SCOPRIONS AND SMUGGLERS. IT IS LITERALLY A VALLEY OF DEATH – THE MAP SHOWING WHERE THE BODIES OF MIGRANTS HAVE BEEN FOUND. CECILIA’S HUSBAND HAD BEEN ABANDONED BY HIS TRAVELLING COMPANIONS, AND WAS DELIRIOUS WHEN CECILIA GOT THREW TO HIM ON HIS CELL PHONE. IT WAS THE LAST TIME THEY TALKED. CECILIA ARMENTA: And I said that I loved him and he was like I love you and the baby. It was really hard. JOHN LARSON [narration]: TWO MONTHS AFTER THAT FINAL CALL, SHE STILL PAYS HIS CELL PHONE BILLS, HOPING HE’LL CALL AGAIN. CECILIA ARMENTA: And I didn’t hear anything from him since. JOHN LARSON [narration]: ON ANOTHER SEARCH, IN TEXAS, WE GOT A FIRST HAND LESSON JUST HOW QUICKLY THE DESERT MIGHT TAKE A LIFE. HERNANDEZ: I need more water please! JOHN LARSON [narration]: THIS WOMAN IS AN AMERICAN CITIZEN. SHE HAD BEEN SEARCHING FOR HER NEPHEW, WHO HAD DECIDED TO ENTER THE COUNTRY ILLEGALLY. DURING THE SEARCH, SHE WAS OVERCOME BY THE HEAT. DESPITE FLUIDS, AND SHADE – HER SYMPTOMS ESCALATE. HERNANDEZ: Tiene mas agua por favor. VOLUNTEER: Tiene que! Tiene que! JOHN LARSON [narration]: SHE WOULD EVENTUALLY RECOVER. THE NEXT DAY HOWEVER, SHE WOULD FIND HER NEPHEW’S BODY IN A LOCAL MORGUE. ACROSS THE SOUTHWEST, HUNDREDS OF UNIDENTIFIED MIGRANTS ARE BURIED IN LOCAL CEMETARIES, WITHOUT NAMES. OTHERS ARE BURIED IN CEMETERIES FOR THE UNKNOWN – AMONG THE QUIETEST PLACES IMAGINABLE. ANDREW LEHREN: So what do we know about people dying on the border? JOHN LARSON [narration]: ANDREW LEHREN, A REPORTER FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES, TEACHES GRADUATE INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM IN NEW YORK. AT OUR REQUEST, HIS STUDENTS SERCHED THOUSANDS OF MEXICAN AND U.S. GOVERNMENT FILES, DEATH RECORDS IN COUNTIES ALL ALONG THE BORDER, AND MADE TWO STARTLING OBSERVATIONS: ONE, THAT WHILE THE NUMBER OF ILLEGAL CROSSINGS HAS PLUMMETED – ALMOST 80% LESS THAN IN PEAK YEARS, THE NUMBER OF DEATHS HAS ACTUALLY INCREASED. MEANING THAT FOR THOSE COMING INTO THE COUNTRY, IT IS NOW MORE DEADLY – MORE LETHAL – THAN AT ANY TIME IN RECENT U.S. IMMIGRATION HISTORY. ANDREW LEHREN: So your chances of dying crossing the border as an illegal are greater now then they were say ten years ago. HANNAH: That’s what the data and reports seem to show. JOHN LARSON [narration]: AND, THAT FOR YEARS THE AGE OF THOSE DYING HAS BEEN CONSTANT – THEY HAVE BEEN YOUNG – BUT FOR UNKNOWN REASONS – NOT ANY MORE. GARRET: Ten years ago they were in their late twenties up to like maybe 30 and now the average age is more around 34. ANDREW LEHREN: The thing we don’t know is what’s compelling people to cross the border. Particularly people getting older. JOHN LARSON [narration]: WHAT MAY BE COMPELLING OLDER IMMIGRANTS TO RISK DEATH IN THE DESERT IS THIS: MORE AND MORE OFTEN, THEY ARE MOTHERS AND FATHERS WHO HAVE LONG HAD HOMES IN THE UNITED STATES, WITH AMERICAN CHILDREN WHO DEPEND ON THEM. WHY THE SHIFT? SINCE 2009, THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION HAS EXPANDED A BUSH ADMINISTRATION POLICY, EMPOWERING LOCAL POLICE TO HELP THE DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY ARREST UNDOCUMENTED WORKERS. NAT: You’re under arrest for no driver’s license. JOHN LARSON [narration]: CALLED ‘SECURE COMMUNITES,’ THE PROGRAM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MANY DEPORTATIONS. BUT MOST ARRESTS WERE NOT ON THE BORDER, BUT IN THE INTERIOR –SWEEPING UP PEOPLE WHO EVEN SOME OF THE PRESIDENTS CRITICS NOW BELIEVE SHOULD BE ELIGIBLE FOR CITIZENSHIP. SEN. MARCO RUBIO: Most of these people have been here for more than a decade. They have children that are U.S. citizens they may even own property, they work. They’re here and they’re never going to go back. JEREMY SLACK: These are people that actually have a lot of connections to the U.S. and this has increased dramatically even over the past three or four years. JOHN LARSON [narration]: JEREMY SLACK A DOCTORAL CANDIDATE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA IS THE AUTHOR OF A NEW STUDY CALLED “IN THE SHADOW OF THE WALL.” STACK AND COWORKERS INTERVIEWED 1,100 DEPORTED MIGRANTS OVER FOUR YEARS AND LEARNED THOSE CAUGHT IN ‘SECURE COMMUNITIES’ OPERATIONS MAY HAVE HELPED PUSH DEPORTATIONS TO RECORD LEVELS, BUT WERE ALSO THE MOST LIKELY DEPORTEES TO COME RIGHT BACK. JEREMY SLACK: And so one in four people has at least one U.S. citizen child that’s under the age of eighteen. And this is largely one of the reasons why you’re seeing so many people, attempting to cross despite all the dangers, of undocumented migration. JOHN LARSON [narration]: WHICH BEGS THE QUESTION, WHY DON’T DEPORTEES JUST STAY IN MEXICO – BRING THEIR AMERICAN FAMILIES SOUTH, AND START OVER AGAIN… IN MEXICO? SLACK SAYS SOME DO, BUT IT IS DIFFICULT, FOR PEOPLE WITH LITTLE MONEY. JEREMY SLACK: So how do you uproot your family, get rid of all your stuff, take them out of school, move them back to a place in Mexico where you don’t necessarily know anyone, don’t have a job and don’t have any way to support them. This becomes a really difficult choice. JOHN LARSON [narration]: NEED TO KNOW TRAVELED SOUTH TO NOGALES, A MEXICAN BORDER TOWN SOUTH OF ARIZONA – WHERE WE, FOUND DOZENS OF IMMIGRANTS FRESHLY DEPORTED FROM THE UNITED STATES. WE ASKED HOW MANY HAD FAMILIES IN AMERICA – MOST EVERYONE IN THE ROOM RAISED THEIR HAND. LISTEN TO ALMOST ANYONE HERE – SEPARATED FROM THEIR CHILDREN IN AMERICA – AND THEY’LL TELL YOU, THEY ARE GOING BACK. LIKE LEONARDO, A CONSTRUCTION WORKER FROM NEVADA, WHO LIVED WITH HIS AMERICAN WIFE AND AMERICAN KIDS FOR TEN YEARS BEFORE BEING DEPORTED. LEONARDO: They tell me: Daddy, I miss you. I want to see you. I love you too much. I want to see you. JOHN LARSON [narration]: NOW, HE WILL TRY CROSSING THE DESERT, AGAIN. JOHN LARSON [narration]: HOW THIS PLAYS OUT, WHILE DISCUSSIONS OF IMMIGRATION REFORM CONTINUE IN WASHINGTON, CAN BE ESPECIALLY PAINFUL FOR THE AMERICAN FAMILIES, AND CHILDREN OF DEPORTEES. GLADYS DOMINGUEZ: My mom had sent him to go get milk and, um, tortillas. JOHN LARSON [narration]: GLADYS DOMINGUEZ, IS THE 19-YEAR OLD DAUGHTER OF ALFONSO MARTINEZ SANCHEZ , A 39 YEAR OLD FATHER OF 5 AMERICAN CHILDREN, WHO HAD LIVED IN THE U.S. FOR MORE THAN 20 YEARS. ONE DAY, ALFONSO WENT TO HIS NEIGHBORHOOD CONVENIENCE STORE IN VISTA, CALIFORNIA. A COUNTY SHERIFF’S DEPUTY ASKED FOR HIS IDENTIFICATION, ARRESTED HIM, AND TURNED HIM OVER TO FEDERAL IMMIGRATION AGENTS. HIS WIFE JUANA ARRIVED WITH THEIR CHILDREN JUST IN TIME TO SEE HIM IN THE BACK OF A POLICE CAR, HANDCUFFED AND WEEPING. JUANA: I think he was crying, because I brought my kids and he was looking out from inside. JOHN LARSON [narration]: HE WAS DEPORTED TO MEXICO WHERE HE MET THIS MAN. ISAAC: Alfonso was a little shy. He was afraid of Tijuana, to walk around alone on the street because of the police. JOHN LARSON [narration]: ISAAC IS ALSO AN UNDOCUMENTED WORKER IN THE UNITED STATES, AND LIKE ALFONSO, WAS ALSO TRYING TO GET BACK TO HIS WIFE AND AMERICAN CHILDREN IN CALIFORNIA. THE TWO FATHERS BONDED QUICKLY, AND DECIDED TO TRY SNEAK BACK ACROSS THE BORDER TOGETHER. JOHN LARSON: I know there’s people who must be thinking, your father’s big mistake was that he came to the country illegally. You know, if he hadn’t done that, you’d all still be together. GLADYS DOMINGUEZ: We have nothing in Mexico. We don’t have a house, my mom and my dad have been here for over twenty years. They don’t know anyone there. We don’t know anyone there. JOHN LARSON [narration]: WHILE THERE IS NO QUESTION THAT SNEAKING BACK INTO THE UNITED STATES IS AGAINST THE LAW, BOTH MEN WOULD BE AMONG THE UUNDOCUMENTED WORKERS CONSIDERED FOR CITIZENSHIP UNDER PENDING LEGISLATION. PRESIDENT OBAMA: They’re looking out for their families. They’re looking out for their neighbors. They’re woven into the fabric of our lives. JOHN LARSON [narration]: ALFONSO WORKED AS A BUTCHER, A LANDSCAPER, AND A CONSTRUCTION WORKER FOR NEARLY TWO DECADES, ISAAC WORKED IN THE FIELDS – BOTH WERE RAISING FAMILIES WHO DEPEND ON THEM – OVER THE NEXT FEW WEEKS, THEY TRY FOUR TIMES TO RE-ENTER THE U.S. EACH TIME, THEY ARE CAUGHT OR DETERRED BY U.S. BORDER PATROL. WHEN THEY WERE CAUGHT THE FIRST TIME, ISAAC WAS SENT BACK TO TIJUANA. ALFONSO WAS FLOWN 1500 MILES AND RETURNED TO MEXICO. IT’S A POLICY CALLED LATERAL DEPORTATION. THAD BINGEL: Border Patrol found that in incidents where someone was apprehended and put right back across close to where they were apprehended they almost immediately hooked up with the coyote or smuggler who had attempted to get them across and they would make repeated attempts. JOHN LARSON [narration]: MANY OF THOSE BEING LATERALLY DEPORTED, INCLUDING ALFONSO, END UP IN MATAMOROS, MEXICO, HOME TO ONE OF MEXICO’S MOST BRUTAL CARTELS INFAMOUS FOR PREYING ON MIGRANTS – STEALING THEIR MONEY, KIDNAPPING AND KILLING THEM. IN 2010 72 MIGRANTS WERE HAULED OFF A BUS ON THE WAY TO MATAMOROS, AND MASSACRED. LATER, BODIES OF ANOTHER 200 MIGRANTS WERE FOUND BURIED IN MASS GRAVES. JOHN LARSON [narration]: JEREMY SLACK SAYS NOT ONLY DOES LATERAL DEPORTION COST US TAX PAYERS MILLIONS OF DOLLARS A YEAR BUT IMMIGRANTS WHO ARE LATERALLY DEPORTED ARE JUST AS LIKELY TO TRY TO RETURN TO THE U.S. THAT WAS CERTAINLY THE CASE FOR ALFONSO, WHO TOOK THE FIRST BUS OUT OF TOWN AND REJOINED ISAAC FOR ANOTHER TRY. ISAAC: He said, Come with me! It won’t be bad, let’s go! So I said, fine, let’s go then. JOHN LARSON [narration]: AND SO ALONG WITH 21 OTHER MIGRANTS THEY BEGIN THEIR FOURTH EFFORT TO ENTER THE U.S. ACCOMPANYING THEM IS A GUIDE – A COYOTE – PAID TO LEAD THEM THROUGH THE ARIZONA DESERT ON WHAT HE TELLS THEM WILL BE A ONE DAY, ONE NIGHT WALK. ISAAC: We brought tuna, we brought crackers, we brought bread, things to eat, apples. and water, water more than anything else. JOHN LARSON [narration]: THERE IS NO BORDER FENCE HERE, BECAUSE THE AMERICAN SIDE IS OWNED BY THE TOHONO O’ODHAM NATION – IT’S A NATIVE AMERICAN RESERVATION – AND SOON THE MIGRANTS CROSS THE BORDER. HOURS INTO THEIR TRIP, THEIR GUIDE TELLS THEM AN AWFUL TRUTH – THEIR WALK IS NOT 1-2 DAYS AS PROMISED, BUT 4 OR 5 DAYS. ISAAC: And that’s when I said to Alfonso, do you see that they lied to us? It is a lot of time. JOHN LARSON [narration]: THE NEXT DAY THEY CLIMB IN MOUNTAINOUS COUNTRY. AT 330 IN THE AFTERNOON, THEY ENTER A BROAD, HOT VALLEY. AND ALFONSO IS STRUGGLING. THE TEMPERATURE: 115 DEGREES. ISAAC: He said, I feel ill. And after about 5 minutes he started to feel worse. And he started to pray to God that he didn’t want to die, and he loved his children, and he loved his family, and he just started to go crazy, writhing and shouting. JOHN LARSON [narration]: ALFONSO IS IN THE GRIPS OF HEAT STROKE — HE BEGINS CONVULSING – SO VIOLENTLY ISAAC HAS TO HOLD HIM TO KEEP HIM FROM HURTING HIMSELF. DURING THE STRUGGLE, THE GUIDE RETURNS, TAKES ALL OF THEIR FOOD AND MOST OF THEIR WATER AND THEN ABANDONS THEM. JOHN LARSON: So you’re both being left to die. JOHN LARSON [narration]: ALFONSO MAY NOT HAVE HAD TO BE IN THIS SITUATION AT ALL. BEFORE HE WAS DEPORTED, HE TOLD HIS WIFE IMMIGRATION AGENTS HAD PRESSURED HIM TO WAIVE HIS RIGHT TO AN IMMIGRATION HEARING – A HEARING THAT MIGHT HAVE RESULTED IN HIM BEING ALLOWED TO STAY IN THE U.S. TO SUPPORT HIS FIVE DEPENDENT CHILDREN. JUANA: They scared him. They said that if he didn’t sign, they would keep him there for a long time. JOHN LARSON [narration]: AS STRANGE AS THAT SOUNDS, THE ARIZONA STUDY SAYS THAT 28% OF DEPORTEES INTERVIEWED ALSO FELT FORCED OR PRESSURED TO SIGN AWAY THEIR RIGHTS. TWO HOURS AFTER ALFONSO FALLS ILL, ISAAC BUILDS A LARGE SIGNAL FIRE TO ATTRACT THE BORDER PATROL, SO ALFONSO CAN BE SAVED BUT NO LUCK. JOHN LARSON [narration]: HE CLIMBS THE NEAREST RIDGE HOPING TO GET A CELL SIGNAL ON ALFONSO’S PHONE. ISAAC: And I turned it on, and I implored God, and I said, My God, help him. JOHN LARSON [narration]: HE MIRACULOUSLY GETS A SIGNAL. SOON AFTER, TWO BORDER PATROL OFFICERS ARRIVE IN A TRUCK. ISAAC SAYS HE TELLS THEM THEY MUST QUICKLY GO TOGETHER TO RESCUE ALFONSO, AND TELLS THEM EXACTLY WHERE HE IS. INSTEAD, THEY ARREST HIM AND IMMEDIATELY TAKE ISAAC TO DETENTION, ASSURING HIM THAT OTHER AGENTS WERE SEARCHING FOR ALFONSO AND WOULD RESCUE HIM. THAD BINGEL, THE FORMER CHIEF OF STAFF OF CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, SAYS THAT IF ISAAC’S STORY IS TRUE, THE AGENTS DID NOT ACT PROPERLY. THAD BINGEL: It’d be very unusual if they thought the person with them– was trying to help them identify a location that they wouldn’t take advantage of that information. That would not be normal protocol. JOHN LARSON [narration]: TWO AND A HALF DAYS AFTER ALFONSO GOT SICK, ISAAC IS DEPORTED TO MEXICO. HE IMMEDIATELY CALLS ALFONSO’S FAMILY. GLADYS DOMINGUEZ: In my head I thought, Okay, it’s Saturday night, Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, if he managed to find a tree, stay under the tree, and if he had a little bit of water, he could have stayed alive there. JOHN LARSON [narration]: ALFONSO’S DAUGHTER GLADYS, AN AMERICAN CITIZEN, MAKES DOZENS OF FRANTIC PHONE CALLS TO THE BORDER PATROL IN ARIZONA – ASKING IF HER FATHER IS DETAINED OR IN THE HOSPITAL? SHE SAYS THE BORDER PATROL GIVES HER NO ANSWERS. JOHN LARSON: How long was it until somebody said, Okay, here’s exactly who you need to call, maybe they can help? GLADYS DOMINGUEZ: They didn’t say that. They didn’t say that. I, um I kept on researching on the Internet till I found BORSTAR. JOHN LARSON [narration]: BORSTAR – THE BORDER PATROL’S SEARCH, TRAUMA AND RESCUE UNIT. BORDER PATROL VIDEO: This is the part of US customs and border protections mission that rarely makes headlines. Rescuing those in trouble along our southern border. THAD BINGEL: It’s pretty rare for a law enforcement agency to basically create a rescue unit just to deal with people who are basically engaged in illegal activity, crossing the border– in a humanitarian way. JOHN LARSON [narration]: SO GLADYS CALLS BORSTAR, AND TELLS THEM HER FATHER IS DYING IN THE DESERT. BUT GLADYS SAYS WHEN SHE CALLED, SHE WAS PUT ON HOLD, TRANSFERRED, OR TOLD TO TALK TO SOMEONE ELSE. FINALLY, FOUR AND A HALF DAYS AFTER ALFONSO FELL ILL, THE BORDER PATROL MEETS ISAAC AT THE BORDER AND TAKES HIM TO RESCUE HIS FRIEND IN THE DESERT. ONCE THEY ARRIVE IN THE AREA, AND START WALKING, IT TAKES JUST 45 MINUTES TO LOCATE ALFONSO. JOHN LARSON [narration]: ALFONSO’S WAS LATER IDENTIFIED BY HIS DENTAL RECORDS AND PERSONAL ITEMS … HIS JACKET… WATCH… KEY CHAIN… ALL WOUND UP AS EXHIBITS IN THAT PIMA COUNTRY MORGUE. HIS BODY WAS FOUND EXACTLY WHERE ISAAC HAD LEFT HIM, EXACTLY WHERE HE SAYS HE HAD TOLD BORDER PATROL AGENTS ALMOST 5 DAYS EARLIER TO SEARCH FOR HIM. JOHN LARSON: I have the toughest question for you. Do you ever think about those last hours of what must have been going through his mind? GLADYS DOMINGUEZ: Every day. I think about it every day. JOHN LARSON: What do you think he was thinking? GLADYS DOMINGUEZ: Because the last thing…Isaac called us and he told us, when your dad was dying the only thing he was saying was “I don’t want to die. I don’t want to die. I want to get back to my kids. I wanna make it with my kids. I have to make it with my kids. I need to get back. And I just imagine him all by himself in the freaking desert, just laying there. JOHN LARSON [narration]: ISAAC SAYS HE’S CONVINCED THAT BORDER PARTOL NEVER BOTHERED LOOKING FOR ALFONSO THAT FIRST NIGHT, OR EVER. JOHN LARSON: They might say, listen, it’s a huge desert. It was in the middle of the night. We were looking for him. But we just didn’t find him. ISAAC: No the truth, I think is that they didn’t look for him. I think they just left him there. JOHN LARSON: And what about all the people in the United States who would say, if you and Alfonso had just stayed in Mexico, he’d still be alive tonight. ISAAC: We came to work, we didn’t come to take anything. We came to struggle to make a life. JOHN LARSON [narration]: WE ASKED THE BORER PATROL WHAT HAPPENED THAT NIGHT – FOR TAPES OF ISAAC’S 911 CALL, FOR ANY DETAILS OF THEIR SEARCH FOR ALFONSO. THEY HAVE SO FAR, OFFERED NO INFORMATION. BUT THAD BINGEL SAYS THAT BORDER PATROL IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR ALFONSO’S DEATH AND OTHERS LIKE HIS. THAD BINGEL: I put the blame for putting people at risk of death largely on the criminal organizations on the south side who are– are deceiving people into thinking oh, you just have to walk, you know, a couple miles and you’ll hit the road when really they’re talking 20 miles– or more in really, really hostile conditions. ALFONSO’S SON: I just wanted to say goodbye to him I wanted to say something I couldn’t. JOHN LARSON [narration]: IN THE END, ONE FATHER, WHO MIGHT HAVE HAD A PATHWAY TO AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP, IS NOW DEAD. THE OTHER CROSSED ILLEGALLY INTO THE UNITED STATES A FIFTH TIME, REJOINED HIS CHILDREN AND NOW LABORS AS A CALIFORNIA FARMWORKER AS HE HAS FOR DECADES, YOU GET THE SENSE FOR THESE TWO AND THOUSANDS LIKE THEM, NO WALL WOULD HAVE BEEN HIGH ENOUGH, NO DESERT – TOO FORBIDDING. GLADYS DOMINGUEZ: It doesn’t matter the dangers that they’re willing to face the dangers just to be with their family. Because nothing to him was more important than being with us. JEFF GREENFIELD: That’s it for this edition of Need to Know. I’m Jeff Greenfield. Thanks for watching.
2019-04-22T05:58:32Z
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/transcripts-full-episode/full-transcript-crossing-the-line-at-the-border-dying-to-get-back/16945/
ABSTRACT - Market segmentation techniques are used to capture the effects of availability constraints on urban residents' choice of automobile or bus modes of transport for their journey to work. Logit probabilistic choice models are then estimated for each market segment. The explanatory variables in these models are home-interview survey respondents' attitudes toward the two modal alternatives expressed in terms of their satisfactions with a series of descriptive attributes. Wilfred W. Recker and Thomas F. Golob (1976) ,"A Behavioral Travel Demand Model Incorporating Choice Constraints", in NA - Advances in Consumer Research Volume 03, eds. Beverlee B. Anderson, Cincinnati, OH : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 416-424. Market segmentation techniques are used to capture the effects of availability constraints on urban residents' choice of automobile or bus modes of transport for their journey to work. Logit probabilistic choice models are then estimated for each market segment. The explanatory variables in these models are home-interview survey respondents' attitudes toward the two modal alternatives expressed in terms of their satisfactions with a series of descriptive attributes. Previous urban transportation research studies have shown that attitudes can be used as effective descriptors of consumers' travel preferences (Golob and Dobson, 1974). Considerably less success has been achieved in using attitudes as descriptors and predictors of actual choice of mode or destination of travel (Hartgen, 1974). It is hypothesized herein that this disparity in attitudinal descriptive power is principally attributable to the previous exclusion of intervening constraints affecting the realization of preferences in actual choice behavior. Such constraints in the case of modal choice decisions are typically associated with supply-side characteristics of the transportation systems defining the modal choice alternatives. While attitudes toward these supply-side characteristics can be measured, it is in many cases inappropriate to consider that these attitudes enter the choice decision process in a compensatory manner (i.e., as additive components). As the most general case. it can be expected that individuals operating under different sets of supply-side constraints will both view their choice alternatives differently and also possess different relationships between their choices and their attitudes toward the choice alternatives. To assess the impact of such supply-side constraints on individuals' choice of travel mode, choice models were developed which explicitly incorporate constraints in a non-compensatory manner. These models are then interpreted in terms of forecasting usefulness and are contrasted to a choice model not incorporating constraints. The explanatory variables in all of the choice models are travelers' attitudes toward their modal choice alternatives on a comprehensive set of descriptive attributes. The models are probabilistic, and are of the strict-utility genre. The data was obtained from the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton, Ontario, Canada [The authors acknowledge the generous cooperation of the staff of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton in supplying the data and providing valuable comments regarding the research reported herein.] and was collected through a home-interview survey administered in 1973 and 1974 to residents of the Ottawa-Carleton, Ontario and Outaouais, Quebec Regions surrounding and including the Canadian National Capital. The total sample employed herein included 543 persons who reported making a regularly scheduled work trip. These persons reported their perceptions of the times and costs involved in making their last work trip by automobile and by bus and ranked these two modal choice alternatives on the twenty-five attributes listed in Table 1. The rankings were solicited as perceived satisfactions based on a six-point semantic differential scale ranging from "very satisfied" to "very dissatisfied." The exact questions are detailed in Recker and Golob (1975). Three dimensions of perceptions by survey respondents of the accessibilities of the bus and auto to them were employed to capture supply-side constraints, Respondents' answers to questions regarding their perceived access to automobile were used to formulate a scale of automobile accessibility. The scale points, assumed to be at equal intervals, are: 1) no access even as passenger, 2) occasional access as passenger, 3) occasional access as driver, 4) access anytime as passenger, 5) access anytime as driver, and 6) ownership of personal automobile. Two ratio scales of bus accessibility were formulated by directly translating firstly the sum of each respondent's perceived waiting time and walking time and secondly the number of transfers required to make the work trip by bus. A clustering procedure was used to identify subgroups of the sample population which are relatively homogeneous with respect to these variables used to measure the accessibility of the alternatives. The variables are standardized to zero mean and unit variance to eliminate clustering bias due to scale differences. From the large number of clustering techniques available to accomplish such a segmentation, the technique chosen as representing a good compromise between sophistication and computational complexity was the ISODATA algorithm of Ball and Hall (1967). The number of clusters was determined by an iterative search process employing as a criterion a pseudo F-ratio of the total between-group variance divided by its degrees of freedom to the pooled within-group variance divided by its degrees of freedom. The 543 respondents were found to be best segmented into five clusters. The stability of the resulting clusters was confirmed by performing sensitivity analyses with respect to cluster centers. The positions of the five group centers in the three-dimensional standardized space were used to interpret the segments (Figure 1). Segment 1, labeled the "Mobile" segment, is composed of individuals who are in the relatively most favorable position with respect to their modal choice alternatives. Segment 2, labeled the "Inappropriate Bus Routing" segment, includes individuals with high accessibility to the auto, bus access time slightly greater than the sample mean and number of transfers required for the work trip almost one standard deviation greater than the mean. Individuals in segment 3 the "Poor Bus Accessibility" segment, share the "Inappropriate Bus Routing" segment's problems of accessibility to the bus. However, unlike the "Inappropriate Bus Routing" segment, once the bus is accessed individuals within the "Poor Bus Accessibility" segment can reach their respective work locations with few, if any, transfers. Segment 4, the "Carless" segment, is differentiated from all other segments by their relatively low accessibility to the auto. Segment 5, the "Busless" segment, is differentiated from all other groups by their relative lack of bus service. Individuals' perceptions of their modal alternatives were analyzed by determining the factor structure of respondents' attitudes toward the set of twenty-five descriptive attributes of auto and bus shown in Table 1. Since it was hypothesized that individuals faced with different supply-side constraints might view their choice alternatives differently, separate factor analyses were performed for the total sample, for the 'Mobile" segment and for a sample consisting of the remaining subgroups identified through the choice-constraint cluster analyses, labeled the complement to "Mobile" segment. Separate factor analyses of each of the subgroups within the complement to "Mobile" segment was not attempted due to sample size restrictions. Principal components analysis and varimax orthogonal rotation were employed. A comparison of factor structures for the two modal choice alternatives was performed to determine the degree of similarity in perceptions. In cases in which the set of factorable variables was common to both auto and bus, the comparison was made by the orthogonal rotation procedure proposed by Gensch and Golob (1975). In cases in which the set of factorable variables was not common, this analytic procedure was replaced with a subjective similarity judgment based on inspection of factor loadings for the common attributes. Factors which were found to be similar across both alternatives were classified as "generic" factors. Factors which were unique to perception of a single choice alternative were classified as "alternative-specific" factors. Factor analyses of the ratings of the twenty-five modal attributes listed in Table 1 for the auto and bus modes for the total sample of 543 respondents resulted in the selection of four factors to represent the bus attribute perceptions and five factors to represent the auto attribute perceptions. The set of "non-factorable" attributes is shown in Table 2. Table 3 shows the bus perception factors for the total sample. The "factor description'' column gives a subjective label for each factor together with the percentage of the variance in the original attribute set which is accounted for by this factor. The "attribute" column lists the attributes with loadings on each factor which are significantly different from zero, and the "percent variance" columns list the percent variance of each attribute which is accounted for by the factor in question and the percent which is accounted for by all other factors combined. These two pieces of information (which sum to the communality) indicate respectively the strength and uniqueness of the attribute-factor relationship. The auto perception factors are presented in Table 4. Here the most dominant factor, "convenience," does not explain as great a percentage of attribute variance as does the dominant bus "service" factor. None of the bus and auto factors were determined to be directly compatible, and consequently there were no generic factors. For the total sample, the attributes that make up the bus "service" factor split into the two auto factors "convenience" and "performance." Moreover, subtle differences exist both between the auto "vehicle quality" factor which includes the "privacy" attribute and the bus "vehicle ride quality" factor which includes the "vehicle safety" attribute, as well as between the auto "personal environment" factor which includes the "opportunity to meet others" attribute and the bus "personal autonomy" factor which includes the "seat assurance'' attribute. In addition, perception of auto includes a dimension linking its availability to safety while perception of bus includes a dimension associated with social interactions. Factor analyses of the attribute satisfaction ratings for the bus and auto modes by the 211 respondents classified into the "mobile" market segment resulted in the selection of four factors to represent perceptions of the bus mode and five factors to represent perceptions of the auto mode. Differences between the total sample and the "mobile" segment perceptions are apparent when comparing Tables 5, 6 and 7 with Tables 2, 3 and 4. Individuals in the "mobile" sample, expectedly, are more sensitive to differences in meaning among many of the attributes of auto which are confounded by the total sample and thus there are more non-factorable attributes for auto in Table 5 than in Table 2. Comparing the bus perception factors for the two groups (Tables 3 and 6), the "service" and "vehicle ride quality" factors for the "mobile" segment and the total sample are quite similar, but significant differences in perception exist with respect to the other two factors. For the "mobile" segment these two dimensions involve aspects of vehicular and bodily crowding and the personal environment of the passenger, respectively. For the total sample these two dimensions are associated with preserving personal autonomy and with social interactions, respectively. Comparing Tables 4 and 7, the "personal environment" factors for the two segments are similar as are the "performance'' and "convenience" factors. The "vehicle quality'' factor for the total sample is more concisely defined by the "mobile" segment as a "vehicle ride quality'' factor, and the factor pairing "availability" and "vehicle safety" attributes for the total sample has been replaced by the more precise "crowding" factor for the "mobile" segment. tion of variance in the attribute ratings is essentially the same for the "mobile" and complement to "mobile" segments. The vehicle ride quality factor of the "mobile" segment is closely related to the vehicle quality factor for the complement to "mobile" segment, but the latter factor includes "vehicle attractiveness," a unique or unfactorable attribute for the "mobile" segment. Finally, while two factors, crowding and sociability, account for the remaining linear interdependencies for the "mobile" segment bus perceptions, only a single factor, personal environment and autonomy, accounts for the perceptions not described by the service and vehicle quality factors for the complement. The inability to separate perceptions of the five attributes comprising the personal environment and autonomy factor may be a result of confounding different patterns of perception in a single composite sample. In the case of the auto perception factors (Tables 10 and 7), the personal environment, convenience, and performance latent perception factors for the complement to "mobile" segment are approximately the same, but the "mobile" segment vehicle ride quality factor is expanded to include "vehicle attractiveness'' and "seating comfort" for the complement to "mobile" segment. The results of these factor analyses indicate that supply-side constraints are significantly related to perception of modal choice alternatives. In general, it can be stated that segmentation according to supply-side constraint conditions leads to more sharply defined perceptual attribute spaces than those obtained using the non-segmented sample. It is hypothesized that an individual decision maker's overall preference ranking of a choice alternative is a function of the utility which that alternative holds for the individual, specified in terms of individual i's attitudes toward alternative k. A utility form which is linear and additive in terms of attitudes toward the attributes of the alternatives is assumed (Wilkie and Pessmier, 1973). xki = random component, assumed to be independent and identically distributed across all individuals. The utility weights akj and akq are assumed to be invariant across individuals in a particular market segment. Vki = deterministic utility component. Operationally, the set Sk*f can be specified as being comprised of the attributes j* such that fj*q is maximum over all jeSkF, for each qeQk. However, this choice is somewhat arbitrary if for some q there are two or more attributes with factor loadings which are approximately equal and of high absolute value. The choice criteria for establishing Sk*F can then be related to specific planning objectives. This is judged to be a definite advantage of the present methodology: it can potentially be used to test a variety of policy issues without change in analytical structure. It is the antithesis of "single model" methodologies represented in an extreme case by the use of step-wise or screening linear regressions to find "optimal" subsets of independent variables. A detailed derivation of this type of strict-utility model, called the multinomial logit model, is provided by McFadden (1973). these weights are assumed to be mode-independent (aj and bj). The parameters were estimated using maximum likelihood techniques (McFadden, 1968). It is thus hypothesized that individuals compare pairs of choice alternatives on the basis of absolute levels of their perceived satisfactions with alternative-specific attributes compensatory with perceived differences in satisfactions with generic or choice-independent attributes. This says that decision makers will make relative comparisons of alternatives on all attributes which have consistent meaning for each alternative, but will make absolute evaluations of the alternatives on all attributes which have unique meanings. Such a conceptualization considers attitudinal preference model specifications in which all evaluations between alternatives are treated as differences between attribute scores (e.g., Hansen, 1969) as a special case. Because of the lack of goodness-of-fit measures with well-defined statistical properties (such as the linear regression coefficient of determination, R2) for such probabilistic choice models, emphasis was placed on coefficient significance tests and on predictive performance criteria for evaluating the models. One such indicator is the ratio of choices predicted correctly by the models; this is determined as the ratio of the number of times the predicted probability of the chosen alternative is greater than that of a non-chosen alternative. This ratio was also disaggregated by alternative chosen (bus or auto). In addition, two different measures (both termed "pseudo R2", or r2) which are nonlinear analogies of the linear R2 measure were also used to evaluate overall model performance. These measures were proposed by McFadden (1968) and Cragg (1968) (this latter measure is attributed to Theil) and are detailed in Burns, Golob and Nicolaidis (1975). Unfortunately, distributional properties have not been defined for either r2 measure and maximum values of the r2 measures can be less than 1.0. To determine the sensitivities of the choice probabilities to changes in the various attributes affecting modal choice elasticities were calculated and compared. Aggregate elasticities are developed from the individual elasticities associated with equation (6) to estimate the overall sensitivities of choice probabilities to uniform percent changes in explanatory variables for all individuals (Recker and Golob, 1975). Results of the maximum likelihood estimation of a logit choice model of equation (6) for the total sample are displayed in Table 11. Presented are the coefficients for all attributes for which the coefficients are significantly different from zero at the 95% confidence level. All attributes with coefficients insignificantly different from zero at this confidence level were not included in the estimations. The coefficient values are listed in order of their t-statistics which are asymptotically distributed as t-statistics in a linear model (Theil, 1971). Of those factors in the logit choice model estimation for the total sample included, the bus-service factor (represented by the "walking time" attribute) exhibited the greatest explanatory power as indicated by coefficient t-statistics (Table 11). This factor was followed approximately in explanatory power by the auto availability factor, the generic attribute "out-of-pocket cost," the auto-convenience factor, and the generic attribute "traffic congestion". The interpretation is that the level of service provided by the bus system, as measured by attributes such as "vehicle transfers," "seat assurance," "waiting time," "flexible destination,'' and "walking time," explains choice between auto and bus for the work trip. Aggregate elasticity estimates are shown in Table 12 for the total work trip sample. The probability of choosing the bus alternative was found to be most sensitive to respondents' evaluations of the availability of the auto alternative; a ten percent decline in satisfactions with auto availability would be expected to result in over a twenty percent increase in the probability of choosing bus. Other explanatory variables exhibiting relatively high elasticities for choice of bus include the bus "walking time" attribute representing the bus service factor and the auto "walking time" attribute representing the auto convenience factor. The only similarly high elasticity on choice of auto is that associated with the bus "walking time" attribute. To demonstrate the latitude available to the analyst in the selection of the attributes to represent the latent perception factors which are found to be significant explanatory variables, Tables 13 and 14 list results from estimation of a choice model using "vehicle transfer'' as a substitute for "walking time," to represent the bus service factor. Results from these two versions of the choice model (and other versions tested but not reported herein) are judged to be approximately the same. Motivations for choosing any particular representative attribute would be related to objectives of testing policy alternatives in planning applications of the model. Results from logit calibrations for the "mobile" segment are summarized in Tables 15 and 16. The goodness-of-fit measures in Table 15 indicate a slightly better explanation of choice than that obtained for the total work trip sample. These results are similar to those for the total sample in that both indicate bus-service and auto-convenience factors as well as auto-traffic congestion (as representative of the auto-performance factor for the "mobile" segment) to be determinant, to choice of mode. However, whereas auto-availability and out-of-pocket cost are determined as important to choice for the total sample, analysis of the more homogeneous "mobile" segment of the total population indicates that for this most unconstrained group these aspects are not significant descriptors of modal choice. As shown in Table 16, the auto convenience factor represented by the "walking time" attribute was most strongly related to the "mobile" segments' choice of the bus mode. This cross-elasticity of -2.225 can be compared to the corresponding value of -1.328 obtained for the total sample. The revealed sensitivity of modal choice to auto performance is an intuitively satisfying result; individuals in the "mobile" segment would be expected to be critical in their evaluation of auto, since bus is accessible and is thus a viable alternative to their travel by auto. The results of the logit estimation for the "inappropriate bus routing" segment are shown in Table 17. The goodness-of-fit measures indicate explanatory power significantly greater than the total sample and "mobile" segment models. The model is also slightly more parsimonious than the previous models, with only the auto convenience and bus service factors and the "out-of-pocket cost" attribute displaying coefficients significantly different from zero at the 95% confidence level. As with the total sample results, Table 17 indicates auto-convenience and bus-service factors and out-of-pocket cost are significant determinants of modal choice for the "inappropriate bus routing" segment. However, the auto-availability factor and "traffic congestion" attribute which were identified as significant for the total sample are not represented. Moreover, elasticity estimates (not shown for reasons of brevity) indicate significantly different sensitivities of choice between those determined for the total sample and "inappropriate bus routing" segment. For example, the sensitivity of choice of the bus mode to the variable representing the auto-convenience factor for the "inappropriate bus routing'' segment was much greater. The results of the logit estimation for the "poor bus accessibility" segment are displayed in Table 18. As in the case of the "inappropriate bus routing" model, the goodness-of-fit indices are significantly better than those obtained with the total sample. Also consistent with the previous model, the bus service factor and "out-of-pocket cost" were found to have significant explanatory power. This consistency between two segments faced with different aspects of bus supply-side problems is intuitively satisfying. Moreover, the inclusion of the auto convenience factor as a significant explanatory variable in the "inappropriate bus routing" model and the exclusion of this factor in the "poor bus accessibility'' model emphasizes the differences in the bus supply-side problems faced by these two market segments. Individuals in the "inappropriate bus routing" segment can get to a bus but the service provided, as related to auto performance, might be unacceptable to them. Individuals in the "poor bus accessibility" segment, on the other hand, experience trouble in actually getting to and from the bus and thus have little reason to compare the bus with the performance of the automobile. Omitted factors related to problems of getting to and from the bus might account for the significance of the constant in the "poor bus accessibility" model. Comparing the aggregate elasticities for this segment (not shown) with those for the total sample, there is a much greater sensitivity to the generic attribute "out-of-pocket cost". This is a vivid example of information lost without segmentation. The results for the "carless" segment are shown in Table 19. The goodness-of-fit is poorer than for any of the other modal choice models, although it is still judged to be very good for this class of models. Three of the four factors exhibiting significant explanatory power in this model are related to social and psychological factors involving the relationships between an individual and those inanimate objects and other persons immediately around him or her. Such diagnostic information is not obtainable from the choice model estimated for the total sample and provides clear evidence of the important of choice-constraint segmentation. Moreover, the elasticities associated with the two attributes common to both the "carless" segment and total sample models differ greatly between models. The sample size for the "busless" segment was too small to permit model estimation. Consider the possibility that important causal relationships regarding choice of travel mode are indeed captured by the choice constraint segmentation, but differences between segments in terms of perception structure and attribute utility weights do not reflect all of the supply-side effects on actual choice behavior. Such a contention is consistent with general consumer behavior theories which identify situational variables intervening between preference and actual purchase or use (Sheth, 1975). Assume that the probability that an individual from a particular market segment will choose alternative k is the product of the conditional probability that k is the preferred alternative given the accessibility of the alternative and the probability that k is accessible. Denote this accessibility probability by gk for each segment. The probability of an individual i in that segment choosing alternative k is then equal to the product gkPi(k:A), where Pi(k:A) is given by equation (6). The modal accessibility probabilities gk were estimated for each of the four segments by determining a range of values of the ratio of gBUS to gAUTO which maximized the correct overall prediction ratio, subject to the condition that the prediction ratio for individuals choosing each of the two modes does not decrease. Results from the gk estimations are provided in Table 20. Incorporation of the accessibility probabilities led to improvements in only one of the four choice models. However, it is intuitively satisfying that this model was for the "poor bus accessibility" segment, which was the most difficult to describe using the logit preference model without accessibility modifications. The ranges of accessibility probability ratios for which the prediction ratios remain constant were also consistent with descriptive characteristics of the market segments. Since supply-side problems are minimal for the "mobile" segment, it is logical that it should have one of the tightest ranges. It is also consistent that the "car-less" should be the only segment to have all accessibility probability ratios (bus to auto) greater than unity. Market segmentation techniques have been shown to be an effective procedure for including non-compensatory supply-side constraints in an attitudinal travel demand model. While it is infeasible to develop a supporting argument, it is contended that the choice of travel mode choice process modeled herein is sufficiently similar to many other consumer choice processes to warrant investigations of the effects of incorporating such constraints in models of these other choice processes. Differences in structure of perception of choice alternatives were first found to be related to differences in supply-side conditions faced by individuals. Whereas these differences in perception appear to be mostly subtle, differences in choice behavior among groups of individuals faced with various supply-side constraints are marked. Treatment of supply-side constraints as constant conditional choice probabilities modifying preference probabilities led to minor improvements in choice model descriptive power. However the intuitively satisfying characteristics of these improvements for the various segments point toward fruitful future research. It has been shown that significant aspects of the modal choice processes structure may be completely ignored by model estimations using a sample that is heterogeneous with respect to supply-side conditions. It is concluded that reliance on models based on total sample estimates can result in misleading, and often erroneous, forecasts of choice behavior. G. H. Ball and D. J. Hall, "A Clustering Technique for Summarizing Multivariate Data," Behavioral Science, 12 (1967), 153-155. L. D. Burns, T. F. Golob and G. C. Nicolaidis, "A Theory of Urban Households' Automobile Ownership Decisions," Transportation Research Record, (in press). Available as General Motors Research Laboratories Publication 1785, (1975). J. G. Cragg, "Some Statistical Models for Limited Dependent Variables with Application to the Demand for Durable Goods," Discussion Paper No. 8, Department of Economics, University of British Columbia, (1968). D. H. Gensch and T. F. Golob, "Testing the Consistency of Attribute Meaning in Empirical Concept Testing," Journal of Marketing Research, 12 (1975), 348-354. T. F. Golob and R. Dobson, "Assessment of Preferences and Perceptions Toward Attributes of Transportation Alternatives," in Behavioral Demand Modeling and Valuation of Travel Time, Special Report 149, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences. Available as General Motors Research Laboratories Publication 1418, (1974). E. J. Gumbel, "Statistical Theory of Extreme Values and Some Practical Applications," National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics Series 20, No. 33, (1954). D. T. Hartgen, "Attitudinal and Situational Variables Influencing Urban Mode Choice: Some Empirical Findings," Transportation, 3 (1974), 377-392. D. McFadden, "The Revealed Preferences of a Government Bureaucracy," Unpublished Paper, Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley, (1968). D. McFadden, "Conditional Logit Analysis of Qualitative Choice Behavior," in P. Zarembka, ed. Frontiers in Econometrics, New York: Academic Press, (1973). W. W. Recker and T. F. Golob, "An Attitudinal Modal Choice Model," General Motors Research Laboratories Publication GMR-1959, (1975). J. N. Sheth, "Attitudes and Other Competing Models of Consumer Choice Behavior," presented at Annual Convention of American Psychological Association, Chicago, August 30-September 3, (1975). H. Theil, Principles of Econometrics, (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1971).
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http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/9301/volumes/v03/NA-03
It will soon be time to say farewell to an old friend who has stayed as close as our hip pocket for as long as any of us can remember. At the ripe old age of 230 the United States dollar has entered the final four seasons of its’ life. The bankers did not give up though. They continued to lobby for the formation of a central bank to take control over the issuance of the dollar. After 128 years America forgot the warnings of our forefathers and surrendered our currency to the bankers with the formation of the Federal Reserve Bank in 1913. Since that time the value of the dollar has declined by 97%. They have done a fabulous job of destroying it. Now the remaining 3% is about to go. In 2011 the Lord started revealing to me future changes in the value of the dollar. Over the past four years He has given me a series of dreams and words revealing pieces of the puzzle little by little. Just in the past few weeks I have been able to start putting these pieces together to see the sequence of events, which are summarized here as four seasons. The first season began in April 2014 and is still underway. This is a season of increase in the value of the dollar. This rally is not due to strength in the United States economy, but due to weakness in the the rest of the world’s economies. The Lord has a great sense of humor. He has repeatedly told me, “Buy” at precisely the moment when I am thoroughly convinced it is a sell. I believe He does it that way to help me realize I would be in big trouble without Him. Every time He has told me to buy He has been right, 100% of the time. Yet, despite His perfect record I still struggle sometimes to believe Him because I still think I know a few things (yeah right). When I have listened to Him and done what He said I have made some big profits, but I have also missed out on some big profits by doubting Him. In April 2014 no one was talking about buying the dollar because its’ value had been steadily declining for about a year. The dollar index (symbol $DXY) had dropped from over 83 in April 2013 to 79.4 in April 2014. The bulls were in hiding and the bears were in charge. However, two days after I received that dream, the dollar started moving up. The upward momentum accelerated in May and June. By July a huge dollar rally was underway, which is still continuing today. The dollar index reached 95 in January 2015 and continues to be very strong. However, season one is soon coming to an end and the next season is about to begin. The steady rise in the value of the dollar during season one will come to an abrupt end in season two. Season two will arrive suddenly, catching many investors by surprise. It will be a very short season, but will make a huge impact on the world as the dollar gets knocked down and the euro gets knocked out. I have placed both of these events as coming during the same season because I believe they will occur close together and are closely connected. However, they are two distinct events. Just as God gave Pharaoh two dreams warning him about the coming economic events in ancient Egypt, He also gave me two dreams warning about the coming drop in the dollar. The two dreams are one and the same (Genesis 41:25). Both of my dreams reveal a sudden crash that will happen so fast investors will be unable to react to it. Anyone who is not correctly positioned before it happens will not have time to change positions when it happens. It will be too late. There will be only bitter disappointment for those who are not ready. In the second dream I saw a sudden collapse of the stock market with the financial sector getting hit especially hard. I saw the crash would be orchestrated by what some call the shadow government, the people behind the scenes who are in charge of our financial system. I saw it would happen at a time when the United States government has taken a stand in the world that will be very unpopular in other nations and will cause tensions between nations to greatly increase. I have already documented the details about this dream in another post so you can read more about it here: “Warning: Sudden Economic Collapse Coming in 2015”. A couple of months after I received this dream I sought the Lord about the timing. He told me, “It is going to come next year (which would be 2015) at a time when there are increased tensions between American citizens.” So the Lord has given two signs to help identify this season. There will be increased tensions between nations and increased tensions between the American people. I suspect both will be related to the same unpopular stand taken by our government. So why would the shadow government intentionally orchestrate a collapse of the dollar and the stock market? They are doing it to monetize the debt. Devaluing the dollar allows them to pay off our enormous debt with dollars that are worth far less than what they borrowed. Our federal government is now close to $18 trillion in debt. In theory if you devalue the dollar enough it could get to where the price of one loaf of bread is $18 trillion. Then they could pay off the whole debt with one loaf of bread. The debt would be paid, but the creditors would be furious. I don’t believe the dollar will be devalued to the level used in that example, but any devaluation will reduce the debt burden and that is what they are seeking. It is a dangerous game of reckless spending followed by reckless stealing from the creditors. It is a dangerous because our creditors include powerful nations like China and they will be furious when this happens. Christian violinist Maurice Sklar also saw the coming drop in the value of the dollar. He saw the dollar losing 30% of its value, but not collapsing at that time. As the world’s biggest economy, the economic damage done in U.S. markets during season two will have an enormous impact on the global economy. The European economy, which is already in a severe recession, and in some countries a depression, will be forced to re-align. The current European Union will be abandoned and the euro will die a painful death. The Swiss franc, which has historically been considered a safe haven, will also become worthless. The Swiss are known for their conservative fiscal policies, but in recent years they have purchased large amounts of sovereign debt from other European nations. As a result, the Swiss financial institutions are now so closely intertwined with the European Union that they will not be able to survive the collapse of the EU. This was the very first event the Lord revealed to me back in 2011. During my prayer time He said to me, “Dollar / Swiss franc, Silver / Gold”. When He said that He allowed me to know what He meant. He was telling me about a time coming when I would need to buy the dollar against the Swiss franc because the Swiss franc was going to collapse. After that would come a time when I would need to buy silver and gold, but mostly silver. With any investment timing is everything. However, when the Lord revealed these events in 2011 I had no idea when these things would happen. I did not know the collapse of the franc would be preceded a big drop in the value of the dollar during season two. I also did not understand why He was telling me to trade the dollar against the Swiss franc since the franc was considered a safe haven. It seemed to me the trouble in the rest of Europe would drive investors into the franc driving it up in value. It seemed to me it would be better to trade the dollar against the euro. So I asked the Lord about that. He revealed to me the reason it was better to trade the dollar against the franc is because of the way they are paired. When trading the dollar against the euro the euro is the base currency, which means the value of the pair is defined by how many dollars are required to buy one euro. Therefore when the value of the euro goes to zero there will be no more profits to make from that trade. However when trading the dollar against the Swiss franc the dollar is the base currency, which means the value of the pair is defined by how many francs are required to buy one dollar. So as the value of the franc approaches zero the number of francs required to buy one dollar could go up to infinity. Even a trillion francs will not be enough to buy one dollar when the franc becomes worthless. Therefore the profit potential from trading the franc against the dollar is unlimited and enormous. So season two begins with a sudden big drop in the value of the dollar, which is followed by the total collapse of the euro and the Swiss franc. The key is to be on the sell side of the dollar when it drops, then get on the buy side of the dollar when the Swiss franc collapses. This will be an opportunity to make big profits for those who are correctly positioned for it. In the aftermath of the sharp drop in the value of the dollar during season two, the Federal Reserve Bank will take swift actions to attempt to prop up the value of the dollar. Their efforts will have some temporary results, recovering some of the value lost in the crash, but ultimately they will not be able to stop the dollar from losing more of its’ value. A steady flow of bad economic news will cause the dollar to keep going down steadily. In that dream the Lord showed me other events that will be happening during this season, which provides us with signs to tell us when we are in that season. The first sign is a very high rate of unemployment. It will be very hard to find jobs. I saw there would be some jobs out there, but many who are seeking employment would not be able to take those jobs due to the mismatch between their skills and the skills required to perform the job. This is what economists call frictional unemployment. The second sign will be policies put in place by our government that will prevent Americans from capitalizing on even self-employment opportunities. Many of these policies are already in place in the form of regulations created by unelected bureaucrats. So at the same time that the job market is drying up other income opportunities will also be drying up. Thank you government! The third sign will be a secret war waged between factions within our own government and our own military. The news media will be on board with the government’s agenda to keep the public misinformed during this time. Neville Johnson also saw the events from this season. He saw a time coming when people did not want to hold U.S. dollars so they kept trading them for a newly formed currency from Europe called Eurodollars, which will be formed after the collapse of the euro. While season two presents big opportunities in the currency markets, season three is the time to start preparing for main event, which comes during season four. So let’s get ready to RUMBLE! Season three is the time to convert all cash and equities into silver as much as possible. If silver is not available then gold is the next best thing. This revelation was given to me in the second half of the word He gave me in 2011, which I already mentioned above, “Dollar / Swiss franc, Silver / Gold”. The idea is to convert all paper assets into real assets such as silver and gold. Silver will be appreciating in value more than gold so it is the best investment. Opportunities for earning profits in traditional markets such as stocks and bonds will not work in season four. All paper assets, including cash, will become worthless. This will not just be the death of the dollar, but the death of all derivatives, which are financial products that have no inherent value in themselves but derive all of their value from an underlying asset. Derivatives have grown exponentially in recent years, allowing financial institutions to achieve enormous leverage of their assets while also exposing them to enormous risks if the markets crash. The dollar is actually a derivative because it has no inherent value in itself. It is just another piece of paper that represents an underlying asset. At one time every dollar was backed by gold, but we abandoned the gold standard back in 1971 and have been skating on thin ice ever since. Bank deposits will not be safe either as the bankers have succeeded in changing our laws to allow bank bail-ins. That means they can legally clean out our bank accounts and no one can stop them. That is why it will be so important to own physical silver and gold and hold them in our possession, not stored in a storage facility. If you don’t hold it, you don’t own it. After 230 years, the U.S. dollar will finally die. After that everything changes. The American way of life as we have known it will be gone. In its place will come problems that once only existed in other parts of the world, including civil unrest, violence, war, and famine. The death of the dollar means changes for the whole world because the dollar has been the world’s reserve currency for International trade. In this weakened condition, our economy will no longer be able to support the world’s strongest military force, which means America will no longer be able to police the rest of the world’s activities. As our power and influence recedes the void will be filled by other nations. Americans today are enjoying the blessings of God passed down to us by previous generations, but we have forgotten God, who is the source of all blessings. We have abandoned His commandments and embraced all sorts of sins, which is a formula for disaster. The only hope for our country is to turn away from our sinful lifestyles and cry out to God for His help and mercy. He alone is able to rescue us. Unless we return to Him, the death of the dollar will be only the beginning of our troubles. Someone is claiming this is the 1.2 billion prophesied. Someone else shared this recently. The article they shared showed the amount at $1.29 billion, which is pretty close, but I have yet to see where it started at $200 million. Also, in this deal Obama would not have the authority to increase the amount since he is the seller. Only the buyer could decide that. So I am still watching for another event, especially the proposal coming soon from the Pentagon to deploy more troops to eastern Europe. Previously, they expected a decision on that before the end of this year. major prophecy here of economic collapse coming when Fidel Castro kicks the bucket. Fidel Castro at 8 years old very soon it’s going to come to pass. the really need part of this prophecy is that two parts of it have already come to pass as confirmation. this is a sign we should be looking for during the third season. I don’t think so. I think Martin Armstrong’s forecast for 2020 or 2021 is more likely. Looking to get long us dollar here around 90 dxy and short euro 1.2200-2300 for possible euro move down to parity. A lot of things lining up IMO, technicals, fundamentals and sense of the Lords timing. US dollar going to go much higher. Current Dxy 89 and euro 1.2400. We could be seeing beginning of move now or could take another few weeks to play out imo. Market wants to flush out the current US dollar longs and euro shorts then Dollar will take off higher and euro will plunge to parity and lower imo. Trump just said “dollar is going to get stronger and stronger…” zero hedge. Treasury Secretary Mnuchin a few moments ago “I absolutely support a strong dollar over the long term.” Dxy currently 89ish, expect to see it well above 100 and euro below parity imo. We got the second flush lower in the dollar dxy to 88.12 low with clear 5 wave move. Now making first higher high in dxy for 4 months. A close above 90.50/60 would look very constructive imo and make case that the low could be in. Dxy will be >100 and euro < parity. Trump’s new NEC president Kudlow on Wed March ‘14: ‘I have no reason to believe the president doesn’t support a strong, stable dollar.’ Also, ‘I would buy the dollar and sell gold.’ Zerohedge. Dollar moving higher, gold lower since Wednesday. More downside for gold, upside for dollar to come imho. Dollar closing above 91 today and above 100 SMA looks like it’s finally breaking out of its 3 month sideways range with 2 higher lows and higher highs. Dxy going to 103 and Euro below parity imo could take 1 year + to get there. If Cryptos continue with dollar correlation would expect them to trend higher also over same period. I agree, both should move higher over the next year. I heard billionaire Jim Rogers say today he is holding lots of dollars because he believes it will be gaining value. Yes I support you James. Thanks for the confirmation Phil. Could be close to the next move higher in dollar up from 89ish in March this year. Dxy now 95.50ish, soon to target 100 and higher, euro (current 1.16) to move lower closer to parity and gold (current $1,200) lower towards $1,000 imo. If the US dollar starts to rapidly devalue, just like in Russia, the central bank will try to save the currency by raising interest rates..rapidly. Remember the 80’s, with 20% interest rates. If the dollar slides off a cliff, this will happen. Real estate will instantly lose 90% of it’s value, 50% unemployment, derivatives will implode, the whole systems comes down. Any vision or idea what will trigger the dollar to go into free fall? Hi James, the large move in the Swiss Frank last January was unprecedented. Could that have been what you saw in your dream? That was a big move and it could be what I saw in my dream. However, I don’t believe it was because the content of the dream with my hands fastened to my desktop was so similar to what I saw with the market crash dream with FAZ shooting up. In both cases it was a sudden crash that we would not be able to do anything about because it happens so fast. Also, the market crash dream showed China so angry they threatened to declare war. That makes me believe something happens to the value of the dollar. Also, others have seen a sudden devaluation of the dollar coming, including Maurice Sklar, Nathan Leal, and Sarah Beveridge. Please review it and let me know what you think. The overnite crash would occur on a holiday weekend where the holiday falls on a monday…. the whole thing came down with a crash to about 20 cents on the dollar. Property would only be worth l/5 of its former value, but his mortgage and other fixed debts would remain the same…. Vision of the Russian Attack on North America . ….Also, lastly, a date was given to me, but not the year, which was January 26, ????. 1. Stock market and Dollar crashes by Dec 2015. 2. Dollar devalued by 80% by the US govt in January 2016 to pay off debt. Silver & Gold shoots up. 3. China becomes furious and invades USA with the help of Russia. I don’t know about the details since I was only shown what I saw in my dreams. My recommendation is to draw close to the Lord and leave the details in His hands. Not sure where you got the 50% drop in two months because that is the first time I have heard that number from anyone, including the three names you mentioned. I believe we will see a crash, but I was not shown any numbers. Regarding the next election, I believe Obama will stay in office, but I have not heard anything from Terry Bennett about that so I am surprised you listed his name. Thanks for sharing your insights about the oil market. Regarding the sequence of events I shared what I saw in my previous post, The Final Four Seasons of the U.S. Dollar. Regarding volatility I believe my dream was a warning to have large cushions in forex trading to avoid getting wiped out. God bless you Rahul! As you continue to seek the Lord and acknowledge Him in all of your ways He will direct your path (Proverbs 3:6). Thank you very much for your replies. May god bless you. Now the Black horse didn’t run beyond December 2015. As per the revelations given to you and others: I understand that Season 4 falls before November 2016 i.e Presidential elections because total economic collapse and rioting would be the cause of canceling the elections. Please share your views on this. That is my plan, but I am also combining the forex short position with call options on FXF and FXE because they also offer very good leverage. I just read this, I bought some FAZ a couple of days ago. I have been praying a lot about how to handle money right now. Prayed about buying silver. I felt like the time was too soon and was at peace with that, then panicked and (tried) to buy silver yesterday. I thought the 2nd time the order went through. Saw this morning my order cancelled due to an inaccuracy of my address to my credit card. I know there wasn’t, I checked the order 3 times. I know (I mean I know to the bottom of my soul) that God is working on my trust. I’m going to leave things as they are and buy in season 3. What will be the safe currency if the Franc is going to collapse? I bought Francs thinking it would be safe! The collapse of the franc could still be months away or longer, but it is going to collapse when the euro collapses. The Lord showed me it is going down to 23 francs per dollar. So at least for that day it would be better to have dollars, but the dollar will also be losing value against other currencies. Ultimately, silver and gold will be the safest.
2019-04-19T07:27:07Z
https://z3news.com/w/final-four-seasons-us-dollar/
Like lots of people, Kevin Hall utilized to believe the factor people get fat is basic. – calories-burned equation for weight loss constantly made feeling to him. After that his very own research study– as well as the entrants on a hit reality-TV show– confirmed him incorrect. Hall, a researcher at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), started watching The Largest Loser a few years ago on the suggestion of a buddy. “I saw these people tipping on ranges, as well as they lost 20 pound. in a week,” he states. On the one hand, it tracked with extensive ideas concerning fat burning: the workouts were penalizing as well as the diets restrictive, so it stood to reason the guys as well as females on the show would certainly lose weight. Still, 20 lb. in a week was a whole lot. To comprehend exactly how they were doing it, he chose to research 14 of the participants for a clinical paper. Hall promptly discovered that in reality-TV-land, a week doesn’t always convert right into a precise 7 days, yet despite: the weight being shed was real, quick and also significant. Throughout the period, the entrants lost approximately 127 pound. each and also concerning 64% of their body fat. If his research study might uncover exactly what was taking place in their bodies on a physiological level, he thought, perhaps he ‘d be able to help the incredible 71% of American grownups who are overweight. Exactly what he really did not expect to find out was that also when the conditions for fat burning are TV-perfect– with a tough but motivating fitness instructor, telegenic physicians, strict dish plans and also killer workouts– the body will, in the long run, fight like heck to obtain that fat back. Gradually, 13 of the 14 participants Hall researched gained, usually, 66% of the weight they ‘d shed on the program, as well as four were larger compared to they were before the competition. “There’s this idea of why trouble attempting,” says Hall. A 2017 study discovered that obesity currently owns extra early avoidable deaths in the U.S. compared to smoking. This has fueled a weight-loss sector worth $66.3 billion, selling every little thing from diet pills to dish strategies to expensive health club subscriptions. It’s also fueled a rise in research study. In 2015 the NIH offered an estimated $931 million in financing for weight problems study, consisting of Hall’s, which research study is offering researchers a new understanding of why dieting is so hard, why maintaining the weight off with time is also tougher as well as why the prevailing wisdom regarding fat burning seems to function only occasionally– for some people. What scientists are uncovering ought to bring fresh want to the 155 million Americans that are overweight, according to the United States Centers for Condition Control as well as Prevention. Leading researchers lastly agree, as an example, that work out, while crucial to healthiness, is not a specifically dependable means to keep off body fat over the long term. And also the overly simplistic math of calories in vs. calories out has actually paved the way to the more nuanced understanding that it’s the composition of an individual’s diet– instead of what does it cost? of it they can burn exercising– that maintains weight reduction. Hall, Sacks and various other scientists are showing that the trick to weight loss appears to be very individualized as opposed to stylish diet regimens. As well as while weight-loss will certainly never be simple for anybody, the proof is mounting that it’s possible for any person to reach a healthy weight– individuals just need to discover their best method there. In the 1830s, Presbyterian minister Sylvester Graham touted a vegetarian diet that excluded flavors, spices and alcohol. Lore has it that at about the same time, President William Howard Taft embraced a fairly modern plan– low fat, reduced calorie, with an everyday food log– after he got stuck in a White Residence bathtub. The concept of the calorie as an unit of power had actually been examined as well as shared in clinical circles throughout Europe for some time, yet it wasn’t up until World war that calorie counting came to be de rigueur in the United States In the middle of international food scarcities, the American federal government required a method to encourage individuals to cut down on their food intake, so it released its very first “scientific diet” for Americans, which had calorie counting at its core. In the adhering to decades, when being rail-thin came to be ever before preferred, almost all dieting advice stressed meals that were reduced calorie. There was the grapefruit diet of the 1930s (where people ate half a grapefruit with every meal from a belief that the fruit included fat-burning enzymes) and also the cabbage-soup diet of the 1950s (a flatulence-inducing plan in which people ate cabbage soup every day for a week alongside low-calorie dishes). The 1960s saw the start of the huge commercialization of weight loss in the U.S. That’s when a New York homemaker named Jean Nidetch began hosting close friends at her house to talk about their concerns with weight and also diet programs. Nidetch was a self-proclaimed cookie enthusiast who had actually struggled for several years to slim down. Her once a week conferences assisted her a lot– she lost 72 lb. in about a year– that she ultimately transformed those living-room gatherings right into a company called Weight Watchers. When it went public in 1968, she and her founders came to be millionaires overnight. Virtually half a century later on, Weight Watchers remains one of the most commercially effective diet firms on the planet, with 3.6 million energetic individuals and $1.2 billion in revenue in 2016. Exactly what the majority of these diet plans had in common was a suggestion that is still popular today: eat less calories as well as you will certainly lose weight. Even the low-fat craze that began in the late 1970s– which was based on the without effort attractive but inaccurate concept that consuming fat will certainly make you fat– depended upon the calorie-counting model of weight management. (Since fatty foods are much more calorie-dense than, state, plants, logic recommends that if you consume much less of them, you will certainly eat less calories overall, then you’ll drop weight.). That’s not exactly what occurred when individuals went low fat, however. The diet fad coincided with weight gain. In 1990, adults with excessive weight made up much less compared to 15% of the U.S. populace. By 2010, a lot of states were reporting weight problems in 25% or even more of their populations. Today that has actually swelled to 40% of the grown-up population. For youngsters and also teenagers, it’s 17%. Research study like Hall’s is beginning to discuss why. As demoralizing as his initial findings were, they weren’t entirely unexpected: more than 80% of individuals with excessive weight who lose weight gain it back. That’s because when you drop weight, your relaxing metabolic rate (how much power your body utilizes when at rest) decreases– potentially an evolutionary holdover from the days when food deficiency prevailed. What Hall found, however– and exactly what honestly startled him– was that even when the Largest Loser entrants obtained back some of their weight, their resting metabolism didn’t speed up together with it. Rather, in a cruel twist, it stayed reduced, melting about 700 less calories each day compared to it did prior to they started reducing weight in the first place. “When individuals see the slowing metabolic rate numbers,” says Hall, “their eyes bulge like, Exactly how is that also possible?”. The candidates lose a large amount of weight in a relatively brief time period– admittedly not how most physicians suggest you reduce weight– yet research shows that the very same slowing down metabolic process Hall observed has the tendency to take place to regular Joes as well. Most people who reduce weight gain back the pounds they lost at a rate of 2 to 4 pound. each year. For the 2.2 billion people around the world who are obese, Hall’s searchings for could feel like a formula for failing– and also, at the very same time, clinical vindication. They show that it’s indeed biology, not simply a lack of willpower, that makes it so hard to reduce weight. The searchings for also make it seem as if the body itself will certainly mess up any effort to keep weight off in the long-lasting. A slower metabolic process is not the full tale. In spite of the biological probabilities, there are many individuals who do well in dropping weight and also keeping it off. Hall has actually seen it occur extra times than he can count. The catch is that some people appear to be successful with practically every diet strategy– it just varies from one person to another. ” You take a number of people and also arbitrarily appoint them to adhere to a low-carb diet or a low-fat diet,” Hall says. “You follow them for a few years, and also just what you tend to see is that typical weight-loss is practically no different in between both groups overall. However within each group, there are people who are really successful, people that do not lose any weight as well as people that put on weight.”. Recognizing exactly what it has to do with an offered diet that helps a given person continues to be the holy grail of weight-loss scientific research. Professionals are getting more detailed. For the past 23 years, Rena Wing, a professor of psychiatry and human habits at Brown College, has run the National Weight Control Computer registry (NWCR) as a means to track individuals who effectively drop weight and keep it off. “When we started it, the perspective was that almost no one prospered at dropping weight and keeping it off,” says James O. Hill, Wing’s collaborator and an obesity scientist at the College of Colorado. “We didn’t believe that was the case, yet we didn’t know without a doubt due to the fact that we really did not have the data.”. Today the computer registry consists of even more compared to 10,000 people from across the 50 states with an average weight loss of 66 pound. On average, individuals on the existing checklist have kept off their weight for even more than 5 years. The most enlightening information about the computer registry: every person on the checklist has shed significant quantities of weight– however in different ways. About 45% of them state they lost weight adhering to different diets by themselves, for instance, and also 55% say they used a structured weight-loss program. And a lot of them needed to attempt greater than one diet prior to the weight reduction stuck. The scientists have actually recognized some resemblances amongst them: 98% of individuals in the research claim they changed their diet in some way, with many reducing on what does it cost? they ate in an offered day. One more through line: 94% raised their physical activity, and also one of the most popular type of workout was strolling. ” There’s absolutely nothing enchanting concerning what they do,” claims Wing. “Some individuals stress workout more than others, some follow low-carb diet plans, and also some comply with low-fat diet plans. The one commonness is that they needed to make adjustments in their everyday habits.”. When asked exactly how they’ve been able to maintain the weight off, the vast bulk of people in the research say they eat breakfast daily, consider themselves at least when a week, view fewer than 10 hours of tv each week and exercise regarding an hour a day, usually. Why You Ought to Rethink Your Spinning Fixation. They learned that many successful dieters were self-described morning people. The researchers additionally noticed that individuals with lasting weight loss tended to be inspired by something other compared to a slimmer waistline– like a health and wellness scare or the wish to live a longer life, to be able to invest more time with loved ones. The scientists at the NWCR claim it’s not likely that individuals they research are in some way genetically gifted or honored with an individuality that makes weight-loss very easy for them. The majority of people in the research study claim they had failed numerous times before when they had actually attempted to shed weight. Instead they were highly motivated, and also they maintained trying various things until they discovered something that worked for them. ” Losing weight as well as keeping it off is hard, and if any individual informs you it’s very easy, run the other way,” states Hill. “However it is definitely feasible, and when individuals do it, their lives are transformed right.” (Hillside came under attack in 2015 for his function as head of state of a weight problems think tank funded by Coca-Cola. Throughout his tenure there, the NWCR published one paper with partial financing from Coca-Cola, however the scientists say their study, which Hillside was involved in, was not affected by the soft drink giant’s financial backing.). Hillside, Wing and their associates agree that perhaps one of the most motivating lesson to be amassed from their computer system registry is the simplest: in a group of 10,000 real-life biggest losers, no 2 individuals shed the weight in fairly similarly. The Bariatric Medical Institute in Ottawa is founded on that particular thinking. When individuals enlist in its weight-loss program, they all start on the same six-month diet and exercise plan– yet they are motivated to diverge from the program, with the assistance of a doctor, whenever they want, in order to find out what jobs best for them. The program takes a whole-person technique to weight reduction, which suggests that behavior, psychology and budget plan– not just biology– notify each person’s strategy. ” We have a plan that entails obtaining enough calories and healthy protein etc, yet we are not married to it,” states Dr. Yoni Freedhoff, an excessive weight expert and also the medical supervisor of the clinic. “We attempt to comprehend where people are having a hard time, and then we change. Everybody right here is doing points a little differently.”. People try a few various strategies prior to they obtain it. She had actually shed weight in her 20s doing Weight Watchers, she gained it back after she lost a work and the anxiety led her to eat way too much. “Unless you have actually had a great deal of weight to shed, you do not understand what it’s like,” she states. A March 2017 study located that people who internalize weight preconception have a more challenging time preserving weight management. That’s why most professionals say that pressing individuals toward wellness goals as opposed to a number on the range can produce better results. “When you exclusively concentrate on weight, you may give up on changes in your life that would have favorable benefits,” states the NIH’s Hall. It took Jeans five years to shed 75 pound. while on a program at Freedhoff’s institute, yet by focusing on part sizes, documenting all her meals as well as eating even more constant, smaller sized dishes throughout the day, she’s kept the weight off for an extra five years. She credits the sluggish, consistent speed for her success. She’s never been especially inspired to work out, she found it valuable to track her food each day, as well as make certain she ate sufficient loading protein and fiber– without having to rely on bland diet staples like smoked chicken over environment-friendlies (hold the dressing). “I’m a foodie,” Pants claims. “If you told me I had to eat the very same things on a daily basis, it would be torture.”. Casagrande’s weight had varied throughout her life, and she had attempted harmful diets like depriving herself and working out frequently for fast weight loss. One time, she also dropped from a dimension 14 to a dimension 0 in simply a few months. As soon as she began dealing with the team at the Bariatric Medical Institute, Casagrande additionally tracked her food, however unlike Denim, she never ever took pleasure in the procedure. What she did love was workout. She discovered her workouts simple to suit her schedule, as well as she found them encouraging. By consulting with the clinic’s psychologist, she likewise discovered that she had actually generalised anxiousness, which helped clarify her rounds of emotional consuming. It took Casagrande 3 attempts over three years prior to she finally shed substantial weight. During among her relapse durations, she acquired 10 lb. She modified her strategy to concentrate more on cooking and managing her psychological health and wellness and then attempted once again. Today she considers 116 lb. and also has kept that weight for about a year. “It takes a great deal of experimentation to determine what works,” she states. “Not each day is mosting likely to be best, yet I’m below because I pressed with the negative days.”. Freedhoff says learning just what variables are most important for each person– be they mental, logistical, food-based– matters a lot more to him than identifying one diet that benefits everyone. “So long as we remain to pigeonhole individuals right into particular diet regimens without taking into consideration the individuals, the most likely we are to encounter issues,” he states. That’s why a considerable part of his conferences with clients is spent talking about the person’s day-to-day obligations, their socioeconomic status, their psychological health and wellness, their comfort in the kitchen. ” However,” he claims, “that’s not the norm. The amount of effort had to comprehend your individuals is greater than several doctors placed in.”. In an August op-ed published in the journal the Lancet, Freedhoff and Hall jointly got in touch with the clinical area to spend more time identifying just how physicians could assist individuals receive healthy and balanced way of livings and also less on just what diet is best for fat burning. “Crowning a diet king due to the fact that it supplies a medically meaningless difference in body weight fuels diet hype, not diet assistance,” they write. “It’s due time we start assisting.”. Exactly why weight loss can differ so much for people on the very same diet plan still thwarts researchers. “It’s the biggest open inquiry in the area,” states the NIH’s Hall. “I wish I understood the response.”. Some hypothesize it’s individuals’s genes. Over the previous a number of years, researchers have actually identified almost 100 hereditary markers that appear to be linked to being overweight or being overweight, as well as there’s no doubt genetics play an important role in how some individuals break down calories and store fat. Yet experts estimate that obesity-related genes represent simply 3% of the differences between people’s dimensions– and also those same genes that incline individuals to weight gain existed Three Decade earlier, and also 100 years earlier, recommending that genetics alone could not explain the fast increase in obesity. What’s more, a current research of 9,000 people located that whether an individual brought a gene variant connected with weight gain had no influence on his/her capacity to reduce weight. “We assume this is good information,” says research author John Mathers, a teacher of human nourishment at Newcastle University. “Lugging the high-risk form of the genetics makes you more probable to be a bit heavier, yet it should not prevent you from slimming down.”. One more area that has some scientists delighted is the question of how weight gain is linked to chemicals we are exposed to everyday– things like the bisphenol A (BPA) located in linings of canned-food containers and cash-register receipts, the flame resistants in couches and also cushions, the chemical residues on our food as well as the phthalates found in plastics and also cosmetics. What these chemicals have in common is their capacity to simulate human hormonal agents, and also some scientists fret they may be wreaking havoc on the fragile endocrine system, owning fat storage space. ” The old paradigm was that inadequate diet as well as lack of workout are underpinning excessive weight, now we understand that chemical exposures are an important 3rd factor in the beginning of the weight problems epidemic,” says Dr. Leonardo Trasande, an associate professor of pediatrics, ecological medication as well as populace health at New York College’s Institution of Medication. “Chemicals could interfere with hormonal agents and metabolic rate, which could contribute to disease and also special needs.”. One more frontier scientists are discovering is just how the microbiome– the trillions of bacteria that live inside and also externally of the body– may be affecting how the body metabolizes certain foods. Dr. Eran Elinav and Eran Segal, researchers for the Personalized Nutrition Task at the Weizmann Institute of Scientific research in Israel, believe the variation in diet success could depend on the method people’s microbiomes respond to various foods. In a 2015 research, Segal and Elinav gave 800 men and women gadgets that gauged their blood-sugar degrees every five minutes for a one-week period. They submitted surveys about their health and wellness, supplied blood and also stool samples and had their microbiomes sequenced. They also utilized a mobile application to record their food intake, sleep and exercise. They discovered that blood-sugar levels varied widely amongst people after they ate, also when they ate the precise very same meal. This recommends that umbrella referrals for how to consume might be useless. “It was a significant shock to us,” claims Segal. The researchers developed an algorithm for each individual in the test making use of the information they collected and discovered that they might precisely predict an individual’s blood-sugar action to a provided food on the basis of their microbiome. That’s why Elinav and also Segal believe the following frontier in weight-loss scientific research lies in the intestine; they think their formula can ultimately help doctors recommend very specific diets for individuals according to exactly how they react to various foods. Unsurprisingly, there are resourceful services trying to capitalize this idea. Online supplement companies currently hawk personalized probiotic tablets, with endorsements from consumers declaring they slimmed down taking them. Much, research to sustain the probiotic-pill strategy to weight loss is scant. It’s the same the hereditary tests that declare to be able to inform you whether you’re better off on a low-carb diet or a vegan one. In Conclusion, lots of people do not should lose quite so much weight to enhance their health.|Many individuals do not require to lose fairly so much weight to enhance their health and wellness.} Research study shows that with simply a 10% loss of weight, individuals will experience visible adjustments in their blood pressure and blood glucose control, decreasing their risk for heart disease as well as Kind 2 diabetic issues– 2 of the costliest illness in terms of health care dollars and human life.
2019-04-22T05:05:43Z
http://www.brucebraley.com/weight-loss-program-omaha-ne/
In 1999, in The Return of Depression Economics, Paul Krugman surveyed the economic crises that had swept across Asia and Latin America, and pointed out that those crises were a warning for all of us: like diseases that have become resistant to antibiotics, the economic maladies that caused the Great Depression were making a comeback. In the years that followed, as Wall Street boomed and financial wheeler-dealers made vast profits, the international crises of the 1990s faded from memory. But now depression economics has come to America: when the great housing bubble of the mid-2000s burst, the U.S. financial system proved as vulnerable as those of developing countries caught up in earlier crises and a replay of the 1930s seems all too possible. In this new, greatly updated edition of The Return of Depression Economics, Krugman shows how the failure of regulation to keep pace with an increasingly out-of-control financial system set the United States, and the world as a whole, up for the greatest financial crisis since the 1930s. He also lays out the steps that must be taken to contain the crisis, and turn around a world economy sliding into a deep recession. Brilliantly crafted in Krugman's trademark style—lucid, lively, and supremely informed—this new edition of The Return of Depression Economics will become an instant cornerstone of the debate over how to respond to the crisis. 1. "The Central Problem Has Been Solved" Did the IMF Make the Situation Worse? The first comprehensive book written about Radiosity. Features applications from the fields of computer graphics, architecture, industrial design, and related computer aided design technologies. Contains a chapter authored by Pat Hanrahan on the basic concepts of image synthesis and a foreword by Donald Greenberg. Radiosity is a computer graphics technique which makes use a global illumination model to accurately represent the inter-reflection of light between surfaces. The technique produces view-independent results, so that most of the work is complete before viewing parameters are selected. This allows efficient interactive walk-throughs of simulated environments. However, radiosity is the most computationally expensive image generation technique. Most other image generation techniques make use of local illumination models and give faster image generation times. The method is based on engineering techniques which were originally used to calculate radiant interchange between surfaces, for applications such as boiler and radiator design. The literature available has expanded rapidly in the past ten years and until now there has been no single comprehensive source describing the available techniques. This book is a comprehensive source and is written by respected names in the field of computer graphics. The book starts with the derivation of a global illumination model (i.e. maths) and then moves on to finite element methods and domain subdivision (i.e. more maths). The final three chapters briefly deal with image production, extensions to the basic radiosity technique and applications for radiosity, such as architectural and lighting design. The bibliography consists of 274 entries. In order to make the most of this book you will need a solid background in computer graphics and graduate level maths. The radiosity technique is only a part of the image generation process and to make practical use of the information contained in the book you will need an existing graphics system. This will allow you to attach the radiosity elements described in the book to your existing system, once you've managed to implement them! This is _not_ a type-and-go book, like some of the ray tracing texts available. There is no disc containing a complete ready to run system and the code fragments which are given are in pseudo code. You should be prepared to invest a large amount of time and effort if you intend to produce a working system from the information contained in the book. There are 16 pages of full colour images and over 100 illustrations to explain the development and show the results of the radiosity method. Results of applications of this new technology from a variety of fields are also included. If you are a Computer Graphics Student or Professional then this book is something you should look at if you're serious about radiosity; there is nothing else like it available. Michael Cohen has worked in the area of realistic image synthesis since 1983 and was instrumental in the development of the radiosity method. He is currently an assistant professor of computer science at Princeton University. John Wallace is a software engineer at 3D/EYE, Inc., where he is the project leader for the development of Hewlett-Packard's ATRCore radiosity and ray tracing library. A chapter on the basic concepts of image synthesis is contributed by Patrick Hanrahan. He has worked on the topic of image synthesis at Pixar, where he was instrumental in the development of the Renderman software. He has also led research on the hierarchical methods at Princeton University, where he is an associate professor of computer science. All three authors have written numerous articles on radiosity that have appeared in the SIGGAPH proceedings and elsewhere. They have also taught the SIGGRAPH course on radiosity for 5 years. With an increasing number of networks and mission-critical applications running on Linux, system and network administrators must be able to do more than set up a server and rely on its default configuration. Advanced Linux Networking is designed to help you achieve a higher level of competence. It focuses on powerful techniques and features of Linux networking and provides you with the know-how you need to improve server efficiency, enhance security, and adapt to new requirements. This book begins with a brief introduction to low-level configuration, including a guide to getting your network up and running. Part II outlines those servers and procedures most likely to be used by the computers on your local network: DHCP servers, Kerberos, Samba, time servers, and network backups, among others. Part III covers Internet servers: DNS, SMTP (sendmail, Postfix, and Exim), Apache, and FTP servers. Part IV examines network security, exploring such topics as using a chroot jail, iptables configuration, and VPNs. Wherever pertinent, the author addresses the differences between Caldera OpenLinux, Debian GNU/Linux, Mandrake, Red Hat, Slackware, SuSE, and TurboLinux. Advanced Linux Networking is the single-volume tutorial and reference for Linux networking that will help you achieve expert status. "Она вызовет больше споров, чем знаменитый "Ледокол" Виктора Суворова" - так отозвался о новой книге Валерии Новодворской "Мой Карфаген обязан быть разрушен" депутат Госдумы Константин Боровой, выступивший 1 июня в редакции журнала "Новое время" на презентации издания. Напомним, в "Ледоколе" автор выдвинул версию о том, что в июле 1941 года Сталин планировал напасть на Германию. Книга Новодворской подобных сенсаций не содержит, она отражает точку зрения автора на известные события российской истории. Выпущенный издательством "Олимп" сборник представляет собой цикл лекций, прочитанных ранее Новодворской в Российском государственном гуманитарном университете. Сама Новодворская называет себя "катакомбным исследователем". Если же говорить об основной идее книги, то она выражена следующими словами: "В нашей истории дуют жестокие ветры и горят костры, в ней мы, наследники славянской и скандинавской традиций, сражаемся с носителями традиций византийской и ордынской". Расшифровке этой мысли посвящены авторские размышления. Знаменитое "пришествие варягов" принесло славянам дух свободы, а главное - готовность свободу защищать. Весь менталитет скандинавов, викингов, был направлен именно на это. Их мифология трагична: Зло побеждает, защитники Добра - асы и ваны - погибают. Однако предчувствие мрачного конца не лишало скандинавов мужества и готовности противостоять Злу. Они никогда не сдавались в плен, скандинавов нет на рабских рынках раннего средневековья. Вместе с тем предки датчан, шведов и норвежцев уже тогда закладывали основы демократии. Все вопросы решались на так называемых "тингах", прообразах современных парламентов. Вот и русские князья, потомки скандинавских пришельцев, почитали за правило советоваться со своими приближёнными, не принимать единоличных решений. Так было на Руси до тех пор, пока не пришла традиция византийская, которая подразумевает полное подчинение подданных власти, жестокое подавление личности. Что касается начал ордынских, то Новодворская характеризует их следующим образом: "Это традиции совершенно бесполезного, бесплатного, платонического угнетения, платонического захвата. Захвата ради захвата... Уничтожим всё во имя уничтожения. Захватим всех во имя несвободы". Комментируя утверждение историка Льва Гумилёва, который в отличие от своего отца, знаменитого поэта, "западником" не был и считал монголо-русский союз весьма плодотворным, Новодворская замечает, что Лев Николаевич и попал в ГУЛАГ именно потому, что состоялось монголо-татарское нашествие. Ведь большевизм с его идеологией - логическое продолжение психологии ордынской. Носители же благородной скандинавской традиции не выклянчивали у ханов "ярлыки", то есть разрешение на право властвовать, а боролись за свободу. Примеры чему - Евпатий Коловрат, князь Михаил Тверской, его сын Александр. Новодворская сурово осуждает тех, в ком нет духа Сопротивления. Не должны были белые армии в 1920 году эвакуироваться из Крыма, а должны были стоять до конца. Тирания побеждает там, где ей не сопротивляются. "Концлагерь состоит из заключённых, которые соглашаются жить по тем законам, что устанавливают для них палачи. Концлагерь - это консенсус между жертвами и палачами, это их взаимное согласие на сотрудничество. Ни один лагерь ГУЛАГа, ни один немецкий концлагерь времён Второй мировой войны не мог бы существовать, если бы жертвы отказывались идти в газовые камеры или на лесоповал... если бы жертвы, которых было больше, чем палачей, просто отбирали бы у них оружие, убивали бы их, ломали бы колючую проволоку и уходили куда-нибудь подальше". "Проблема России - в том, что ее граждане не хотят быть свободными. Они не ценят свободу, не думают о ней - и вообще она в России не котируется. Все это можно было бы свалить на "тысячелетнее рабство", как постоянно и делается - одни указывают на коммунизм, Гулаг и колхозы, другие - на царя и крепостное право, третьи - на монголо-татар - словом, кому что больше нравится. "Не сами, по родителям". Только вот беда: отмазка не канает. Традиция рабства тут ни при чем. Отсутствием интереса - а точнее, любви к свободе - ныне активное поколение обладает само по себе. В самом деле, нынешних россиян никто особенно не притеснял! Взрослели они кто в вегетарианское хрущевско-брежневское время, кто в перестройку, ничего страшнее потешных андроповских рейдов по кинотеатрам не застали, все наблюдали кризис беспомощности позднесоветской и постсоветской власти до состояния почти полной анархии. И на месте "привычного угнетения" обнаруживается - отсутствие у самого обычного, рядового гражданина России иной мотивации, кроме материальной, и страх перед всем и каждым. Все решает действие гражданина, одного гражданина. Монголы и русичи в земле. Крепостники и крепостные в земле. Большевики и белые в земле. Лихие энкеведешники и вохровцы тоже в земле. Все это было, этого больше нет. Здесь и сейчас живем только мы с вами. Действовать должен ныне живущий, но каждый из тех, кто мог действовать, и все они вместе - бездействуют. А это значит, что во всем виноват ты, читающий мои строки. Не общество в целом, а ты. Не столетия крепостного рабства, а ты. Не коммунистический режим - а ты лично. Это в твоей груди - сердце спрута. Сердце жадины. Сердце приспособленца. Сердце труса. Это ты во всем виноват. В России нет демократии потому, что ты ценишь свою жалкую шкуру выше чести. Странно, что ты до сих пор не понял, что спасти шкуру ценой чести нельзя. Выбирающий между жизнью и честью честь получает и жизнь и честь; выбирающий жизнь вместо чести лишается сперва чести, а потом и жизни. Это непреложный закон мира. Это научный факт. Впрочем, зачем я говорю это тебе? Еще столетия назад Бен Франклин сказал: "Меняющие свободу на безопасность не заслуживают ни безопасности, ни свободы". Конечно, в России свято верят каждому, кто называет себя ученым, но поможет ли это? Если Франклину не верят, поверят ли Вельзелю? Страх иррационален. Сердце труса отключает разум. Чтобы стать свободным, надо этого захотеть. Не денег, не власти, не благ мира, которые она якобы принесет с собой - а самой свободы. Не торговаться со своей свободой - "а что я получу взамен" - а просто влюбиться в нее, и она ответит взаимностью." Автор этих лекций - катакомбный историк. Это значит - не патентованный, без лицензии и диплома истфака. До 1991 года ни один честный диссидент не мог учиться или защищаться на историческом, ибо история была мертвой зоной КПСС, КГБ и прочих милых организаций. А до 1991 г. автор успел перечитать всех русских и половину импортных историков из сундуков Иностранки, этого оазиса чистой науки, куда пускали всех и давали все, даже Шпенглера, видно, рассчитывая, что владеющих до такой степени иностранными языками в России или не найдется, или они сбегут за кордон, или просто погоду не сделают. Так что на истфак стало идти незачем. Можно было смело идти и читать лекции юным историкам в РГГУ и других местах. Автор и пошел. К тому же автор, родившийся в 1950 г., успел впутаться в историю в прямом и переносном смысле, создав в Инязе еще в 1969 г. подпольную студенческую организацию с далеко идущими задачами: свержение власти КПСС вооруженным путем, народное восстание, построение капитализма, ликвидация Варшавского договора, роспуск СССР... Примерно это же и значилось в листовках, которые автор открыто бросал с балкона Дворца Съездов 5 декабря 1969 г., в день Конституции, на опере "Октябрь". Потом, естественно, было Лефортово, статья 70 об антисоветской пропаганде, казанская спецтюрьма... А потом, после 1972 г., было полно столь же детективных историй: контрабандное поступление на иностранный факультет пединститута, его контрабандное окончание, участие в диссидентском движении, тиражирование Самиздата, листовки, листовки, листовки, аресты, аресты, аресты... Горбачевская перестройка 1986 г. застала автора в Лефортово, но благодарности за освобождение бедный Михаил Сергеевич не получил. Далее был создан ДС - Демократический Союз, и все повторилось: митинги, листовки, демонстрации, разгоны, избиения, аресты. ГКЧП автора посадить не смогло: автор уже сидел в Лефортово с мая 1991 г. за предложение опять-таки свергнуть власть КПСС вооруженным путем - после Вильнюса. С тех пор выпущенный окончательно подчистую отовсюду автор ведет оседлый образ жизни, пишет статьи в крутой либеральный еженедельник "Новое время" и даже допущен там в члены редколлегии, но порох держит сухим на случай возвращения коммунистов к власти. Автора больше не сажают, но два года, с 1995 по 1996-ой, судили за нежелательную, непатриотическую, неприемлемую для коммунистов и национал-"патриотов" трактовку русской истории, то есть почти как генетиков и кибернетиков - за лженауку, причем буржуазную. То есть за данный курс лекций. Так что автор - не только участник истории, но и ее соучастник, а книга сия - чуть ли не триллер. По крайней мере, саспенс и боевик. Не хуже Дэвида Линча с его "Твин Пикс". The power of political blogs in American politics is now evident to anyone who follows it. In Typing Politics, Richard Davis provides a comprehensive yet concise assessment of the growing role played by political blogs and their relationship with the mainstream media. Through a detailed content analysis of the most popular political blogs--Daily Kos, Instapundit, Michelle Malkin, and Wonkette--he shows the degree to which blogs influence the traditional news media. Specifically, he compares the content of these blogs to four leading newspapers noted for their political coverage: The Washington Post, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Washington Times. He explains how political journalists at these papers use blogs to inform their reportage and analyzes general attitudes about the role of blogs in journalism. Drawing on a national survey of political blog readers, Davis concludes with a novel assessment of the blog audience. Compact, accessible, and well-researched, Typing Politics will be an invaluable contribution to the literature on a phenomenon that has reshaped the landscape of political communication. media coverage of the blogging phenomenon. Coverage mushroomed in only fi ve years: there were three newspaper stories about blogs in 1999, 209 in 2001, 1,442 in 2003, and 3,212 in 2004. that year.16 Conservative bloggers point to their own victories as well. They argue that they were instrumental in causing the withdrawal of U.S. Supreme Court nominee Harriet Miers. They also point to the early retirement of CBS News anchor Dan Rather after an embarrassing 60 Minutes II scandal as a blog triumph. “ How Linux Works describes the inside of the Linux system for systems administrators, whether you maintain an extensive network in the office or one Linux box at home. Some books try to give you copy-and-paste instructions for how to deal with every single system issue that may arise, but How Linux Works actually shows you how the Linux system functions so that you can come up with your own solutions. After a guided tour of filesystems, the boot sequence, system management basics, and networking, author Brian Ward delves into open-ended topics such as development tools, custom kernels, and buying hardware, all from an administrator's point of view. With a mixture of background theory and real-world examples, this book shows both "how" to administer Linux, and "why" each particular technique works, so that you will know how to make Linux work for you. Before the White House and Air Force One, before the TV ads and the enormous rallies, there was the real Barack Obama: a man wrestling with the momentous decision to run for the presidency, feeling torn about leaving behind a young family, and figuring out how to win the biggest prize in politics. This book is the previously untold and epic story of how a political newcomer with no money and an alien name grew into the world’s most powerful leader. But it is also a uniquely intimate portrait of the person behind the iconic posters and the Secret Service code name Renegade. Drawing on a dozen unplugged interviews with the candidate and president, as well as twenty-one months covering his campaign as it traveled from coast to coast, Richard Wolffe answers the simple yet enduring question about Barack Obama: Who is he? Based on Wolffe’s unprecedented access to Obama, Renegade reveals the making of a president, both on the campaign trail and before he ran for high office. It explains how the politician who emerged in an extraordinary election learned the personal and political skills to succeed during his youth and early career. With cool self-discipline, calculated risk taking, and simple storytelling, Obama developed the strategies he would need to survive the onslaught of the Clintons and John McCain, and build a multimillion-dollar machine to win a historic contest. In Renegade, Richard Wolffe shares with us his front-row seat at Obama’s announcement to run for president on a frigid day in Springfield, and his victory speech on a warm night in Chicago. We fly on the candidate’s plane and ride in his bus on an odyssey across a country in crisis; stand next to him at a bar on the night he secures the nomination; and are backstage as he delivers his convention speech to a stadium crowd and a transfixed national audience. From a teacher’s office in Iowa to the Oval Office in Washington, we see and hear Barack Obama with an immediacy and honesty never witnessed before. Renegade provides not only an account of Obama’s triumphs, but also examines his many personal and political trials. We see Obama wrestling with race and politics, as well as his former pastor Reverend Jeremiah Wright. We see him struggling with life as a presidential candidate, a campaign that falters for most of its first year, and his reaction to a surprise defeat in the New Hampshire primary. And we see him relying on his personal experience, as well as meticulous polling, to pass the presidential test in foreign and economic affairs. Renegade is an essential guide to understanding President Barack Obama and his trusted inner circle of aides and friends. It is also a riveting and enlightening first draft of history and political psychology. Henry Kaufman, president, Henry Kaufman & Company, Inc., places Minsky's prescient ideas in the context of today's financial markets and institutions in a fascinating new preface. Two of Minsky's colleagues, Dimitri B. Papadimitriou, Ph.D. and president, The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, and L. Randall Wray, Ph.D. and a senior scholar at the Institute, also weigh in on Minsky's present relevance in today's economic scene in a new introduction. A surge of interest in and respect for Hyman Minsky's ideas pervades Wall Street, as top economic thinkers and financial writers have started using the phrase “Minsky moment” to describe America's turbulent economy. There has never been a more appropriate time to read this classic of economic theory. functions, set theory, and more. Diagrams appear throughout the text. to those who have no mathematical training." Proving once and for all that standards-compliant design does not equal dull design, this inspiring tome uses examples from the landmark CSS Zen Garden site as the foundation for discussions on how to create beautiful, progressive CSS-based Web sites. By using the Zen Garden sites as examples of how CSS design techniques and approaches can be applied to specific Web challenges, authors Dave Shea and Molly Holzschlag provide an eye-opening look at the range of design methods made possible by CSS (Cascading Style Sheets). By the time you've finished perusing the volume, you'll have a new understanding of the graphically rich, fully accessible sites that CSS design facilitates. In sections on design, layout, imagery, typography, effects, and themes, Dave and Molly take you through every phase of the design process--from striking a sensible balance between text and graphics to creating eye-popping special effects (no scripting required). Dave Shea is the creator and cultivator of the highly influential CSS Zen Garden Web site (www.csszengarden.com). As well as being a member of the Web Standards Project, Dave is the owner and director of Bright Creative, and he writes about all things Web for his daily weblog, mezzoblue.com. With over 6 years of experience working on the Web, Dave is a leader of the new generation of Web designers that believe in responsible Web design. An author, instructor, and Web designer, Molly E. Holzschlag has written over 27 books related to Web design and development. She's been coined "one of the greatest digerati" and deemed one of the Top 25 Most Influential Women on the Web. There is little doubt that in the world of Web design and development, Molly is one of the most fun and vibrant Web characters around. As a steering committee member for the Web Standards Project (WaSP), Molly works along with a group of other dedicated Web developers and designers to promote W3C recommendations. For more about Molly, check out www.molly.com. An overview of how the CSS Zen Garden came to be and how CSS has evolved over time; discussions of proper markup structure and design. Basic design elements and how to apply them on the Web. Color theory, proportions and positioning, relationships between type and photography, and using Adobe Photoshop and CSS harmoniously. The nuts and bolts of building complicated CSS layouts. Columns, floats, and positioning schemes. Using images to enhance your layouts, and how to generate them. Image replacement, graphic file formats, and how to find imagery source material. All things type; font limitations on the Web and how to work around them. Including font sizing, font-face selection, and image-based type. Where to go once you've mastered the basics. Advanced CSS effects to filter style for different browsers, create new and flexible layout techniques, and work around technical limitations with clever code. A peek over the shoulders of six designers to find out how they do it. Selected designs are rebuilt within this chapter, detailing steps along the way. Watch as the principles from the other five chapters of the book come together for the full effect. It's over seven years since the publication of the first book Across the Nightingale Floor (2002) named a New York Times Notable Book of the Year, one of Book magazine's best novels of the year. Since then the Tales of the Otori have been sold into 36 countries and have been world wide best sellers. The Tales of the Otori trilogy tells the epic story of Otori Takeo and Shirakawa Kaede, the young lovers whose fate is played out in a mythical, feudal, Japanese land, a world both beautiful and cruel, in the midst of an enormous power struggle against a background of warring clans, secret alliances, high honour and lightning swordplay. This journey of fascinating adventure, treachery and passion - whose appeal crosses genres, genders and generations establishes Tales of the Otori as one of the most brilliant and enduring works of modern fiction. Ben Casnocha discovered he was entrepreneur at age 12 and hasn′t slowed down since. In this remarkably instructive book, Ben dissects the entrepreneurship "gene," explaining that everyone has inherited it if they have an idea to make the world a better place. In Casnocha′s case, he found a better way for city governments to communicate with constituents on the Web. Six years later, Comcate has dozens of municipal clients, a growing staff, and a record of excellence. This book is the story of his start–up, but also a conversation with his mentors, clients and fellow entrepreneurs about how to make a business idea work and how to have the time of your life trying. From Pat Lencioni to Marc Benioff of salesforce.com, Ben has won over the best and brightest of the business world now it′s your turn! LORD, I loved being 19. If I had the chance to do it all again, I’d start up my life at that age. For most relatively “normal” guys like me, life at 19 is a joyously ephemeral state of being in between. Your adolescence is not quite behind you; your adulthood is not quite at hand. You can appropriate the privileges of a grownup without facing the responsibilities. And if you’re lucky, you can still put it all on your parents’ tab. Along the way, Ben (I refuse to address him as Mr. Casnocha until he turns 21) was also captain of his high school basketball team and edited the school newspaper. He will be enrolling in Claremont McKenna College this fall. In the meantime, he’s been taking what he describes as a “year off” to travel the world and to lecture at universities while continuing to serve as chairman of Comcate. So much for being a normal, carefree 19–year–old. Ben’s book proves that he is indeed something else, and then some. Like its author, “My Start–Up Life” is precocious, informative and entertaining, if not quite fully realized as a grown–up work. But it’s still very much worth reading to gain insight into the mind, manners and ambitions of an American entrepreneur from whom we will almost undoubtedly be hearing again throughout the first half of this century. Ben organizes his story in chronological order. He recounts the otherwise “routine day” in 2000 when the teachers of his sixth–grade technology class in a San Francisco–area middle school proposed the idea of creating a Web site dedicated to resolving citizen complaints about local government. Unlike his classmates, who abandoned the project as soon as school let out, he spent the summer learning how to write the HTML code necessary to make ComplainandResolve.com a short–lived but functioning entity. In 2002, Ben transformed that not–for–profit classroom venture into Comcate, a classic Silicon Valley start–up that provides software to enable city managers to track and resolve citizen complaints. He describes days when playing hooky from school started with catching a flight to Los Angeles and ended with basketball practice back in San Francisco. In between, there were sales calls to potential clients, lunches with venture capitalists, and scores of e–mail messages to and from a software programmer in India. An appendix offers a “One–a–Day, One–Month Plan to Becoming a Better Entrepreneur.” If some of the daily agenda items are mundane (“Stop watching TV,” “Form an advisory board”), others are both insightful and inspirational. Unfortunately, “My Start–Up Life” fails to give a coherent account of Comcate’s financing and the current status of the company, which is privately held. In a recent telephone interview, Ben said he withheld those kinds of details for proprietary reasons because his company is a developing enterprise. With a little prodding, he told me that he raised “about $250,000” to start Comcate, and that the company is now “self–sustaining” with 6 employees, 75 local government clients and anticipated 2007 revenue of $1 million. I just wish he’d put some of this general information in the book. I also would have liked to read more about Ben’s parents. He duly expresses his gratitude, especially to his father who lent space in his law office for Comcate. But we never get a clear picture of what life was like in the Casnocha household. Talk about risk–taking — nothing takes more wisdom and courage than their kind of entrepreneurial parenting. The current Rails books are either beginner books, cookbook-style books, or specifically aimed at Ajax development. This book will fill the void for a book that discusses in-depth the information that a developer would need in order to move from a basic site to a fully featured web application. The First Global Financial Crisis of the 21st Century 2 vol. The Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), a registered charity founded in 1983 by Richard Portes, FBA, CBE, is a network of over 700 researchers based mainly in universities throughout Europe, who collaborate through the centre in research and its dissemination. CEPR's office is located in London but CEPR is a Think-Net drawing on academic research across Europe. The Centre's mission is to promote research excellence and policy relevance in European economics. CEPR network of over 700 Research Fellows and Affiliates are based in over 237 different institutions in 28 countries (90% in the European Union. Because it draws on such a large network of researchers, CEPR is able to produce a wide range of research that reflects a broad spectrum of individual viewpoints and perspectives. Section 1 Why Did the Crisis Happen? The subprime series, part 4: Does well-designed monetary policy encourage risk- taking? Why did bank supervision fail? Section 2 How Is the Crisis Unfolding? An extensive but benign crisis? A B & B future for subprime borrowers? Section 3 What Can Be Done? Can monetary policy really be used to stabilize asset prices? Finance, market, globalisation: a plot against mankind? Can Europe take care of its own financial crisis? Can the IMF save the world? Section 2: What is wrong with the traditional economic/financial viewpoint and models? Do reputational concerns lead to reliable ratings? Will the credit crunch lead to recession? Is the euro area facing a credit crunch or a credit squeeze? Global financial crisis: How long? How deep? Quidditch Through the Ages is both a fictional book described in the Harry Potter series of novels by the British author J. K. Rowling, and a real book by that author, although her name is only stated in the book as the copyright holder of the "Harry Potter"-name. The real book purports to be a reproduction of a copy of the fictional book held in the Hogwarts library, written by Kennilworthy Whisp. Within the fictional world of Harry Potter, Quidditch Through the Ages is written by Kennilworthy Whisp, a renowned Quidditch expert. The book traces the history of Quidditch, as well as the earliest broom-based games. According to Madam Pince, the copy in the Hogwarts library is "pawed about, dribbled on, and generally maltreated" nearly every day, which Albus Dumbledore says is high praise for any book. Harry Potter enjoyed this book. When Severus Snape caught Harry outside the school with this book in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, he invented the rule that no library books were allowed outside the school, and took it. Although the book predates Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, which takes place in 1991, the book contains numerous anachronisms such as comments on the outcome of many matches played, and in particular, an interesting game in 1994. In the Harry Potter universe, Kennilworthy Whisp is a Quidditch expert and fanatic who has written many books about the sport, including Wigtown Wanderers, He Flew Like a Madman, Beating the Bludgers - A Study of Defensive Strategies in Quidditch, and Quidditch Through the Ages. He lives in Nottinghamshire, where he divides his time with "wherever the Wigtown Wanderers are playing this week." His hobbies include backgammon, vegetarian cookery, and collecting vintage broomsticks as well. In 2001 Rowling penned two companion books to the Harry Potter series, Quidditch Through the Ages and Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, for British charity and off-shoot of Live Aid, Comic Relief with all of her royalties going to the charity. As of July 2008, the books combined are estimated to have earned over $30 million for Comic Relief. The two books have since been made available in hardcover. Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them is a 2001 book written by English author J. K. Rowling to benefit the charity Comic Relief. Over 80% of the cover price of each book sold goes directly to poor children in various places around the world. According to Comic Relief, sales from this book and its companion Quidditch Through the Ages have raised £15.7 million. In a 2001 interview with publisher Scholastic, Rowling stated that she chose the subject of magical creatures because it was a fun topic for which she had already developed a lot of information. Rowling's name does not appear on the cover of the book, the work being credited under the pseudonym "Newt Scamander". Fantastic Beasts purports to be a reproduction copy of a textbook owned by Harry Potter and written by magizoologist Newt Scamander, a fictional character in the Harry Potter series of novels. In the series, Magizoology is the study of magical creatures. Albus Dumbledore, headmaster of Hogwarts, provides the Foreword and explains to the reader the purpose of the special edition of this book (the Comic Relief charity). At the end, he tells us Muggles that "...the amusing creatures described hereafter are fictional and cannot hurt you." To his Wizarding community, he says, "Draco dormiens nunquam titillandus", which is the Hogwarts motto. The phrase is Latin for "Never Tickle A Sleeping Dragon". Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them contains the history of Magizoology and describes 75 magical species found around the world. Scamander collected most of the information found in the book through observations made over years of travel and across five continents. The fictional author notes that the first edition was commissioned in 1918 by Mr Augustus Worme of Obscurus Books. However, it was not published until 1927. It is now in its fifty-second edition. The book is a required textbook for first-year Hogwarts students, having been an approved textbook since its first publication. It is not clear why students need it in their first year, as students do not take Care of Magical Creatures until their third year. However, it may be used as an encyclopaedia of Dark creatures studied in Defence Against the Dark Arts classes. In his foreword to the book, Albus Dumbledore notes that it serves as an excellent reference for Wizarding households in addition to its use at Hogwarts. A highlight of the book is the numerous doodles and comments in it by Harry and Ron (and one by Hermione). Based on some of their comments, they were written around the time of the fourth book. These doodles add some extra information for fans of the series, for example the "Acromantula" entry has a comment confirming Hogwarts is located in Scotland. Integrated in the design, the cover of the book appears to have been clawed by some sort of animal. Infamous criminal hacker turned computer security consultant Mitnick offers an expert sequel to his best-selling The Art of Deception, this time supplying real-life rather than fictionalized stories of contemporary hackers sneaking into corporate servers worldwide. Each chapter begins with a computer crime story that reads like a suspense novel; it is a little unnerving to learn how one's bank account is vulnerable to digital thieves or how hackers with an interest in gambling can rake in thousands of dollars in just minutes at a compromised slot machine. The hack revealed, Mitnick then walks readers step by step through a prevention method. Much like Deception, this book illustrates that hacking techniques can penetrate corporate and government systems protected by state-of-the-art security. 4. Why Is Hollywood Making a Sequel to the Napster Wars? 6. How Do You Protect Artists? 9. What’s the Most Important Right Creators Have? Ако линкът не работи, пишете коментар - ще го оправя. Если ссылка не работает, пишите коммент - починю. If link is broken, write comment - I will correct it.
2019-04-19T13:09:17Z
http://semkiibonbonkidownloads.blogspot.com/2009_06_01_archive.html
Québec City, Quebec, February 1st, 2019 - Robex Resources Inc. (“Robex” and/or “the Company”) (TSX-V: RBX / FWX: RB4) announced today that the Company’s Vice President, Administration, Guillaume Emond, has ceased to be employed by the Company. The Board will provide an update in due course regarding any replacement hired to fill this position with the Company, if and when the hiring of a replacement is necessary or advisable. Quebec City, Quebec, April 27, 2018 - Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and / or "the Company") (TSXV: RBX / FWB: RB4) is pleased to publish their financial results for the year ended December 31, 2017. Quebec city, Quebec, March 12, 2018 - Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and / or "the Company") (TSX VENTURE:RBX)(FRANKFURT:RB4) is pleased to announce that the Nampala mine in Mali, has reached an average processing speed of 5,200 tonnes of ore. The constant improvements that have been made in 2017 to the technical, industrial and organizational processes have paid off. 2017-11-22 Robex Resources Inc. is releasing their financial results for the third quarter of 2017 and announces that their liabilities have decreased by $5.4 million during the third quarter of 2017. Quebec City, Quebec, November 22, 2017 - Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and / or "the Company") (TSXV: RBX / FWB: RB4) is pleased to publish their financial and operating results for the quarter that ended September 30, 2017. Quebec, Quebec, October 19, 2017 - Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and / or the Company) (TSXV: RBX/FWB: RB4) is pleased to announce the commencement of the drillings at the Nampala mine, the increase in the mine’s capacity as well as an increase in gold sales during the third quarter of 2017. Quebec City, Quebec, July 14, 2017 - Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and / or the Company) (TSXV: RBX / FWB: RB4) confirms a drilling plan of 16,525 meters for the year 2017 , with the vast majority concentrated around the main pit of the Nampala mine in Mali. Quebec, Quebec (April 3, 2017) – Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and/or "the Company") (TSXV: RBX / FWB: RB4) is pleased to announce that the Nampala mine has processed 133,450 tonnes of ore during the month of March 2017, which represents an average of 4,305 tonnes per day, an improvement of more than 5% compared to Februay. The production data presented was validated by Antoine Berton ing, Ph.D., Soutex metallurgist, a metallurgy and ore processing consulting firm at the Nampala site. 2016-12-22 Robex Resources Inc. retains Renmark Financial Communications Inc. Quebec, Quebec (December 22, 2016) – the company Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and/or "the Company") (TSXV: RBX / FWB: RB4) is pleased to announce that they have retained the services of Renmark Financial Communications Inc. (“Renmark”) to handle their investor relations activities. Quebec, Quebec (November 17, 2016), the Company Robex Resources Inc. (“Robex” and/or “the Company”) (TSXV: RBX / FWB: RB4) is pleased to announce that the preproduction at the Nampala mine is progressing faster than expected. In fact, during the month of October, the mine processed 105,000 tonnes of ore, that being 115% of the October target and 85% of the target of 4,000 tonnes per day (tpd). Quebec, Quebec (September 19, 2016), the Company Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and / or "the Company") (TSXV: RBX / FWB: RB4) is pleased to announce that preproduction at the Nampala mine, is currently in a period of increasing production rates (ramp-up), now allows the Nampala mine to generate positive cash flow for the first time in its history. Currently, the production level is around 3,000 tonnes per day (tpd) and is very satisfying only a month and a half after the startup of the permanent 750 kW ball mill. Quebec, Quebec (September 12, 2016), Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and / or "the Company") (TSXV: RBX / FWB: RB4) is pleased to announce that they have recovered the Kamasso permit, in Mali, of which they had already had exploration rights from 2004 to 2013, and on which they had invested an amount of $ 1,076,052 in research and exploration work. Quebec, Quebec (July 18, 2016), Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and / or "the Company") (TSXV: RBX / FWB: RB4) is pleased to announce that they have successfully completed the installation and startup of the 750 kW permanent ball mill including the new separation circuit (cyclone tower) at the Nampala mine, in Mali. Quebec, Quebec (July 4, 2016), Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and / or "the Company") (TSXV: RBX / FWB: RB4) proceeded with the modification of terms of four convertible debentures issued on July 2, 2015 representing, for the amended debentures, a principal amount of $ 7,105,000. The modification was made to pay the accrued interest on the anniversary date of the issuance of the Debentures in four equal installments payable on July 2, 2016, October 1, 2016, January 1, 2017 and April 1, 2017. Quebec, Quebec - June 13, 2016 - Robex Resources Inc. (TSX-V : RBX / FWB : RB4) ("the Company" or "Robex") held on June 8, 2016 the shareholders' general assembly in Quebec City. Quebec, Quebec (April 15, 2016) The Nampala mine (from the company Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and / or "the Company") (TSXV: RBX / FWB: RB4) treated an estimated tonnage of 55,000 tonnes of ore during the month of March 2016 (from March 1st to March 31th 2016 inclusively). This exceeds the preliminary goals by about 35%. During this month, the average production was close to 1,800 tonnes / day with an availability rate of 80% at the mine which operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The recovery rate was consistent with the objectives of the startup phase. Quebec, Quebec (March 1st, 2016), Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and / or "the Company") (TSXV: RBX / FWB: RB4) is pleased to inform its shareholders that the Nampala mine operations are 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, with a daily production between 1,000 and 1,500 tonnes of ore (tpd). In addition, the mine was able to maintain an availability of 83% over the first 50 days of the year despite the interruptions related to the construction on site. During this period, approximately 65,000 tonnes of ore was processed. The recovery rate is consistent with the objectives. This confirms that the Nampala mine is moving towards full production. Quebec, Quebec (January 12, 2016), Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and / or "the Company") (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) is proud to announce that the Nampala mine in Mali has restarted and the mine is now operating 24 a day, 7 days a week, with an availability rate currently at 95%. Several components have been successfully installed in recent months, namely the chain feeder, the scrubber, the two story screen, the linear rotary screen and two additional CIL tanks. These elements are currently all operational and allow the mine to process, since two weeks, an average of 63 tonnes of ore per hour, using the small ball mill, which corresponds to an average production of 1,500 tonnes per day (tpd). Quebec, Quebec (November 13, 2015), Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and / or "the Company") (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) confirms that it has completed the amendment of the terms of 14 of the 15 convertible debentures, issued on November 21, 2013, which amended debentures having an outstanding principal amount of $11,790,000. Quebec, Quebec (November 3, 2015), Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and / or "the Company") (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) announces that it proposes to amend the terms of the convertible debentures issued on November 21, 2013 to 15 subscribers and maturing on November 21, 2016. Quebec, Quebec (October 30, 2015), at the request of IIROC, Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and / or "the Company") (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) wishes to clarify certain disclosure in the Company’s October 27, 2015 news release and add that a qualified person under NI 43-101, Antoine Berton, Eng., Ph.D. reviewed and approved the technical information found in this press release. Quebec, Quebec (October 27, 2015), Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and / or "the Company") (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) is proud of the progress of the work at the Nampala mine, in Mali. Quebec, Quebec (September 11, 2015), Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and / or "the Company") (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) is proud to announce the progress of the extension of the Nampala mine in Mali is well underway. Quebec, Quebec (July 20, 2015), Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and / or "the Company") (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) is extremely proud to announce a first restart of the Nampala mine at a rate of 600 tonnes per day (t / d). Quebec, Quebec (July 2, 2015), Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and / or "the Company") (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) announces the closing of the private placement in the form of debentures, for an amount of $7,105,000 Canadian. Quebec, Quebec (May 19, 2015), Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and / or "the Company") (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) announces their intention to proceed with a private placement in the form of debentures, for a maximum of ten (10) million Canadian dollars. Quebec, Quebec (May 13, 2015), Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and / or "the Company") (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) is pleased to announce that management, with the support of the Imagri construction firm, is preparing to imminently restart the Nampala mine with a capacity of 600 tonnes per day (t/d). 2015-03-05 Robex Resources Inc. plans to restart production at their Nampala mine during the 3rd quarter of 2015 with a capacity of 4,000 tons / day. Quebec, Quebec (March 5, 2015), Robex Resources Inc. (“Robex” and/or “the Company”) (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) is pleased to announce that they plan to restart the Nampala mine as of the 3rd quarter of 2015 with a capacity of 4,000 tons / day. 2015-01-21 Robex Resources Inc. announces the launch of the work startup at the Nampala mine, an increase in capital and production prospects. Quebec, Quebec (January 21, 2015), Robex Resources Inc. (“Robex” and/or “the Company”) (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) is pleased to announce that the work to restart the Nampala mine will be able to begin. As of now, equipment orders will be undertaken under the supervision of the independent engineering firm Soutex, with the support of the manufacturer, Imagri. Québec, Québec, December 30, 2014 - Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" or the "Company") (TSX V: RBX / FWB: RB4) informs their shareholders of Robex’s financial situation and the actions in place allowing the restart of activities. Quebec, Quebec (December 29, 2014), Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex") (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) is pleased to announce that it completed today its previously announced issuance of shares for debentures interest. Robex issued 11,940,000 common shares at a deemed price of $0.10 per share in order to settle $1,194,000 interest due on Debentures issued in 2013. The shares are subject to a four month and one day period. Quebec, Quebec (December 15, 2014), Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" and / or "the Company") (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) wishes to inform the market during the activity suspension period of the Nampala mine. Quebec City, November 20, 2014 - Robex Resources Inc. (TSX-V: RBX) (“Robex” and/or “the Company”) completed today a first closing of a private placement for an amount of $1,455,000. This placement was previously announced on October 30, 2014. Robex has issued 14,550,000 common shares at $0.10 per share for aggregate proceeds of $1,455,000. Québec, Québec, November 10, 2014 - Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" or the "Company") (TSX V: RBX / FWB: RB4) informs the shareholders on the progress of their recovery plan and the situation in Mali. Quebec City, Quebec, November 4, 2014 – On October 9, 2014, Robex Resources Inc. (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) informed the market and their shareholders of the suspension of operations at the Nampala mine for an undetermined amount of time. 2014-08-26 Robex Resources announces that the start of the Nampala mine is on schedule. Robex Secures Temporary Financing of $3.5 million for the Nampala Mine Québec City, Province of Québec, July 31, 2014 - Robex Resources inc. ("Robex" or the "Company") (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) confirms the closing of a CDN$3.5 million temporary credit facility (the “Credit Facility”) provided by Mr. Georges Cohen, President and CEO of the Company. The Credit Facility has a term expiring on May 31, 2015, bears an interest rate of 8% per year and is guaranteed by a second rank hypothec on the present and future movable property of the Company as security for the Credit Facility. Presentation of the Nampala Mine Director and the Head of Legal Affairs/HR Granting of options Quebec, Quebec - June 26, 2014 - Robex Resources Inc. (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) ("the Company" or "Robex") is introducing MM. Simon Boudreau, ing and Nicolas Ros respectively Mine Director and Head of Legal Affairs and Human Resources of Robex. General shareholders' meeting Quebec, Quebec - On June 11th, 2014 - Robex Resources Inc. (TSX-V:RBX / FWB: RB4) (" the Company" or "Robex") held on June 10th, 2014 its General shareholders' meeting in Quebec. ROBEX RESOURCES INC. finalizes a private placement of $15,000,000 to implement a CREDIT FACILITY Québec City, Québec — June 5, 2014. Robex Ressources Inc. (“Robex” or the “Company”) (TSX‑V: RX / FWX: RB4) is pleased to announce that it has finalized a private placement previously announced on May 8, 2014, with African Peak Trading House Limited (the “Trading House”) (the “Private Placement”). The Trading House uses the proceeds of the subscription to enter into a non‑revolving credit facility (the “Loan”) with the Company’s subsidiary Nampala S.A. (“Nampala”), to support the development of the gold mine in Nampala, Mali (the “Mine”). Robex – Moussala Results of the last survey campaign - Three areas of interest identified Quebec, Quebec - May 28, 2014 - Robex Resources Inc. (TSX- V: RBX / FWB : RB4 ) ("the Company " or " Robex ") announces that it has completed a gravity survey carried out by the company Haines Surveys Pty . Ltd., consisting of 967 stations covering all 33.9 km2 of the permit. Robex – Nampala Start up of the Nampala Plant Quebec, May 27, 2014 – Robex Resources Inc. ("Robex" or the "Company") (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) is proud to announce the launch of its gold plant in Nampala, Mali. In fact, the plant, now in partial operation, handles more than 1,600 tons of ore per day. Robex Secures Temporary Financing of $5 million for the Nampala Mine Québec, May 8, 2014 - Robex Resources inc. ("Robex" or the "Company") (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) confirms the closing of a CDN$5 million revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”) provided by Mr. Georges Cohen, President and CEO of the Company. ROBEX ANNOUNCES A CREDIT FACILITY AND A PRIVATE PLACEMENT Québec City, Québec — May 7, 2014. Robex Ressources Inc. (“Robex” or “the Company”) (TSX‑V: RX / FWX: RB4) is pleased to announce that the board of directors has approved an agreement in principle to conclude a subscription agreement (the "Subscription Agreement") with African Peak Trading House Limited (the “Trading House”) to finance its capitalization by an aggregate amount of CDN$15,000,000 contemplated to take place on or about May 29, 2014 which will also change the Company’s international corporate structure. Robex Announces Delays in the Release of Its December 31, 2012 Annual Financial Statements May 1, 2013 – Robex Resources Inc. (“Robex” or the “Company”) announced today that its audited annual financial statements, CEO and CFO certifications under Regulation 52-109 and management discussion and analysis for the year ended December 31, 2012 (collectively, the “Disclosure Documents”) have not been released on April 30, 2013 in accordance with applicable securities laws. It is now anticipated that the release of the Disclosure Documents will occur on May 7, 2013. Nampala: Increase of 53% of the expected production during the initial phase Quebec, Monday, April 29, 2013 - Robex Resources Inc. (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) is pleased to inform its shareholders that, following the funding of $4 million announced last week (see News Release 22-04 -2013), its production target set out after commissioning of its plant are increased by 53%. Robex Resources Inc. - Adhesion to the United Nations Global Compact Quebec, Quebec - April 22, 2014 - Robex Resources Inc. (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) ("the Company" or "Robex") is pleased to announce that it has joined the United Nations Global Compact. Through this adhesion, Robex is committed to align its operations and its strategy on ten universally accepted principles affecting human rights, labor rights, the environment and the fight against corruption. End of construction of Phase-1 for the Nampala plant. Testing of Operational equipment in progress. End of construction of Phase-1 for the Nampala plant. Testing of Operational equipment in progress. Robex Resources Inc. - Appointment of Mr Yves Legault to the position of Corporate Executive Secretary April 8, 2014 - Robex Resources Inc. (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) ("Robex" or "the Company") is pleased to announce the appointment of Mr Yves Legault as Corporate Executive Secretary. Mr Legault will perform this function full time from the company's offices in Quebec. Resource Update of Nampala South Zone - 41% increase of the Indicated resource compared to the Inferred resource. Nampala Resource Update - First calculation of inferred resource of the East Zone of Nampala. Modification of the board of directors – Departure of Mr. Jacques Trottier and appointment of Mr. Benjamin Cohen. February 12th, 2014 - Ressources Robex inc. ("Robex" or the "Company") (TSX V: RBX / FWB: RB4) has the pleasure to announce that the installation of the elements of Civil engineering and of all the equipment is close to be finished. February 12th, 2014 - Ressources Robex inc. ("Robex" or the "Company") (TSX V: RBX / FWB: RB4) has the pleasure to communicate on the progress of the construction of the plant on the site of Nampala. Robex obtains a line of credit of 2 500 000 000 FCFA ($5.62 Million CDN) January 10, 2014 – Robex Resources Inc. (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) announces confirmation from the Bank of Africa (Mali) of a line of credit equivalent to $5.62 Million CDN for its operations in Mali. Georges Cohen nominated as Chairman and President & CEO of Robex June 19, 2013 – Robex Resources Inc. (“Robex” or the “Corporation”) (TSX-V: RBX / FWB:RB4) is pleased to announce that the Board has elected Mr. Georges Cohen as Chairman, following its annual shareholder meeting which took place on June 18. Robex Announces the Filing of its Annual Disclosure Documents May 13, 2013 – Robex Resources Inc. (“Robex” or the “Corporation”) announces that it filed, on May 10, 2013, its audited annual financial statements, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer certifications under Regulation 52-109 respecting Certification of Disclosure in Issuers’ Annual and Interim Filings and management discussion and analysis for the year ended December 31, 2012 (collectively, the “Annual Disclosure Documents”). Resignation of Mr André Gagné of the Board of Directors Quebec, May 9, 2013 - Robex Resources Inc. (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) announces the resignation of Mr. André Gagné to the Board of Directors of the company. Robex Announces Change in the Position of President and Chief Executive Officer May 9, 2013 – Robex Resources Inc. (“Robex” or the “Corporation”) announces the appointment of Mr. George Cohen as President and Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation in replacement of Mr. André Gagné. Update on Filing of the Annual Disclosure Documents May 7, 2013 – Robex Resources Inc. (“Robex” or the “Company”) announces that, contrary to what was initially planned, it will not be able to file its audited annual financial statements, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer certifications under Regulation 52-109, management discussion and analysis and annual information form for the year ended December 31, 2012 (collectively, the “Annual Disclosure Documents”) today. Private Financing of $ 4,000,000 Quebec, Monday, April 22, 2013 - Robex Resources Inc. (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) is pleased to inform its shareholders that it has just confirmed a private financing of $ 4,000,000 with the firm "BEN AND CO INTERNATIONAL TRADING CENTRAL PURCHASE." Robex appoints new VP Finances/CFO Quebec, Friday April 5th,2013-Robex inc. (TSX-V: RBX / FWB:RB4) is pleased to announce first of all the appointment by interim of Mr. Augustin Rousselet as VP-Finance / CFO and responsible for all financial activities of the company. Nampala: More than 6,000 meters still awaiting analysis Quebec, March 19, 2013 - Robex Resources Inc. (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) confirms that there is currently 6,080 samples from drilling campaigns of 2012 left to analyze. Nomination of Mr. Julien Cohen to the board of directors Quebec, Tuesday, March 5, 2013 - Robex Resources Inc. (TSX-V: RBX / FWB: RB4) is pleased to announce the appointment of Mr. Julien Cohen to the board of directors.
2019-04-26T08:15:22Z
http://robexgold.com/en/archives-2/
Mason, Tennessee, located in Tipton County by geography, but more socially and culturally linked to adjacent Fayette County, is the dead center of what might be considered West Tennessee’s Delta region. As a market town for both whites and Blacks in the surrounding cotton country, Mason became a place of recreation for Blacks on weekends, as most of the other towns were far more restrictive with regards to nightlife. In Mason, town officials turned a blind eye to the numerous juke joints that were euphemistically called “cafes.” With no closing ordinances, Mason cafes could literally run all night long, and attracted Blacks from a hundred-mile radius. People came from as far away as Cairo, Illinois and Blytheville, Arkansas, because in Mason, usually nobody cared what you did as long as you didn’t kill anybody. In the mid-sixties, things became even more energized, because a man named William Taylor shuttered his Chicago nightclub called Club Tay-May and then opened two Club Tay-Mays in West Tennessee, one south of the railroad tracks on Main Street in Mason, and the other one on Keeling Road near the antebellum Oak Hill mansion. These clubs attracted legendary performers like Little Milton, Little Johnnie Taylor and Rufus Thomas. Unfortunately, as agriculture declined, and as people (particularly Blacks) moved to the cities, Mason fell on hard times. The cafes, largely adapting to a rap music and a younger clientele, became a focal point for violence. Club Tay-May burned and was never rebuilt, and the city passed closing ordinances to require clubs to shut down at 2 AM. Since this made Mason no different than Covington, Dyersburg or any other town in West Tennessee, those who had formerly come to Mason to party stayed at home instead. The downtown buildings where the cafes had been began to collapse and were condemned by the city. Although Mason has fallen on hard times, there is still something of a unique culture in the community. Two of America’s best restaurants, Bozo’s Bar-B-Que and Gus’s World-Famous Fried Chicken are located in this little town of only about 500 people, and a few juke joints still remain on Front Street near the railroad track. Each fall, the town sponsors a Mason Unity Fall Festival, which sponsors activities for the young people, an opportunity for vendors and food trucks, and live music performances. At the initial festival in 2011, there had been no stage, only a DJ, and a few gospel choirs performed out in the street a cappella. This year, the city had brought out a full stage, and a good blues/soul band was on it when I arrived. The vocalist performing was named Charles King, but the band proved to be from West Memphis, Arkansas and was known as the Infinity Band. Unfortunately, compared to previous years, the crowd was fairly small due to the extremely cold, grey weather we were having. Even so, Saul Whitley was firing up the barbecue grill in front of his cafe The Blue Room, and the young men from the Whip Game Car Club were setting up a tent and cooking food as well. Several people knew me from social media, and thanked me for the historic photos of Mason I had put up online that I had taken back in 1991. One of the sadder things was that so many of the cafes are gone, most recently The Black Hut having been torn down. A pile of cinderblocks remains where it was. Behind The Green Apple, which seems to be out of business, is an old abandoned hotel. Even the former Mason City Hall and Police Department have been abandoned and condemned. But I got an opportunity to talk to a woman who said that Ocie Broadnax of the Broadnax Brothers Fife and Drum Band was her great grandfather, and that he used to play for horse races at a place called Booster Peete’s on the Tabernacle Road north of Mason. Another older man told me that the Broadnax Brothers would beat the drums on the back of a wagon, and ride all around Fayette County to advertise that they would be having a picnic on the Saturday. He said the picnics used to be held at a place called Buford Evans’. So despite the chilly weather, I enjoyed myself immensely. I came away from the event with the belief that Mason has an important legacy, and possibly a future. Clarksdale, Mississippi is living proof that blues tourism is a real phenomenon and very lucrative. It simply took leadership there with a vision to make it a reality. Mason has historic landmarks like Old-Trinity-In-The-Fields, historic houses like Point-No-Point and Oak Hill, and world-famous restaurants like Bozo’s and Gus’s. What if the old hotel behind The Green Apple was remodeled, modernized and reopened for business? What if a blues and heritage museum were opened on Front Street? What if the Lower End was declared an entertainment district and allowed to stay open later as Beale Street is in Memphis? What if the historic houses were occasionally open for tours? All it will really take is for someone with the vision to make Mason a destination for tourists looking for authentic culture in an authentic setting. It really doesn’t get any more authentic than Mason. On a weekday afternoon, I had driven up to Mason, Tennessee after work to eat at Bozo’s Bar-B-Que, and had noticed signs around the little town announcing a “Unity Fall Fest” on September 19. I remembered years ago in the early 1990’s driving out to Mason with a couple of friends and having a lot of fun at a large festival in the town’s square along the railroad tracks and Front Street, a neighborhood of cafes traditionally called “The Lower End.” That day, there were several hundred people out, live bands, singers and rap artists, and we had had a ball. But the times had not been kind to Mason. Although Mason was somewhat famous for Bozo’s Bar-B-Que and Gus’s World-Famous Fried Chicken, it was more famous for its rural version of Beale Street along Front Street. Tipton County was technically a dry county, so the clubs along the street were euphemistically called “cafes”, but they ran wide open day and night. Although the town was still in those days controlled by whites, they allowed the Black night life to operate without limits. Prior to the 1970’s, it was probably seen as a social safety valve, preventing the kind of racial schism that had wracked Fayette County, only a few miles to the south. And it was also lucrative. Most towns either didn’t allow such clubs at all, or had closing hours, so Black people came to Mason from Covington, Jackson, Memphis, Brownsville, Somerville, Dyersburg, sometimes even as far away as Cairo, Illinois. One true “club” (as opposed to a cafe) was across the tracks on Main Street, named for a famous Chicago blues club, the Tay-May. It booked acts of national importance, such as Al Green, Little Milton and Johnnie Taylor, and local folklore had it that Rufus Thomas first demonstrated the funky chicken there. But by the 1990’s, the music in the cafes had switched from soul and blues to rap and hip-hop, and the level of crime and discomfort to local residents from the Lower End had grown significantly. The city decided to change their ordinances to require the cafes to close at 2 AM, as clubs did in almost every other city and town in America. The results were immediate, and devastating to Mason. Tay-May burned in a spectacular fire and was never rebuilt. One by one, as cafes closed, the city condemned the buildings and had them demolished. Soon only three or so remained. A hoped-for Federal prison provided some jobs, but was not the salvation that Mason residents had hoped for. Soon, many of their retail stores were closing as well. Mason was dying. The decision to call the new festival a “Unity” festival was also interesting to me. Despite its unusual culture and folklore for such a small town, Mason hadn’t been all that unified through my teenage years. Spiritually more attuned to adjacent Fayette County than Tipton, where it was located, Mason was an overwhelmingly Black community ruled by whites, and while it had not had the protracted discord that Fayette County had, things were still not great. Mason had never had a high school for white children, but it had had a Black high school, Gailor, which closed in 1965. In 1970 or so, the Black Fields Elementary School and white Mason Elementary School had been merged at the Mason campus. Fields was abandoned. In 1979, the principal of the school, Nevill Seay, allegedly kicked a Black parent. When WHBQ’s news crew came out from Memphis to the campus, he kicked a reporter with the cameras rolling. Dr. Isaac Richmond of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) appeared in Mason, and soon the elementary school was being boycotted. A few weeks later, so were many businesses in Mason, including the mayor’s grocery store, although strangely, many of the targeted businesses soon bought ads in Richmond’s newspaper, the Clarksville Voice. Dr. Richmond considered himself an educator, and soon announced the formation of a Black private school, the Mason Community School. Meeting in a former funeral home near Club Tay-May, it attempted to educate the students who were boycotting the elementary school, and it did so while flying the red, black and green flag of Black liberation. The school lasted a couple of years, and then it closed, as did Mason Elementary School, and the Tipton County Schools started busing everyone to Covington schools instead. In addition, old-time residents could speak of other divisive legacies. Although laws said differently, most Black people would not go into Bozo’s to order food or sit down, as they remembered when they were required to order food to go and not permitted to eat inside. And the old-timers shuddered as they crossed a bridge on the Gainesville Road west of town, where they knew a mob had lynched a man back in 1937. Perhaps the lack of unity was part of the reason Mason was dying. September 19 proved to be a bright, blue, sunny and warm day, perfect for an outdoor festival, and so I drove up to Mason and started my day with lunch at the original Gus’s Fried Chicken. Then heading down Front Street, I saw where the downtown area had been roped off, and some tents, tables and children’s bounce houses had been set up. But sadly, the attendance was rather sparse, compared to what I recalled of the festival in the 90’s, and a check of the tents and vendors revealed that the majority of them were sponsored by churches, and only a handful by businesses, and of the ones that were sponsored by businesses, most were from towns other than Mason, where there were now few businesses. One tent, for example, was run by Suga’s Diner, a restaurant about eight miles or so up Highway 70 in the Haywood County town of Stanton. Although music was supposed to be part of the Mason festival, there was mainly just a DJ, and a few local church choirs. No bands or musicians appeared at all. The newly-elected Mayor of Mason was a woman, and she spoke briefly, speaking of the town’s challenges, and reminding her hearers that “with God nothing is impossible.” Kids were doing dances called the “whip and Nae-Nae” and “hitting the quad” out in the square, while the younger kids were bouncing in the bounce house, and their elders were going in and out of the two remaining cafes, the Log Cabin and the Green Apple. I had thought that the festival might provide me with an opportunity to finally see the inside of the cafes, but this proved to be disappointing. I did briefly walk into the Log Cabin, but it was easy to see that I had interrupted the everyday routine of the place. The privacy felt palpable there, and I certainly would not violate it by taking pictures. After that, I chose not to enter the Green Apple. Yet outside, a few people asked me to take their picture. Some of them seemed to think I was working for the Covington Leader and thought my pictures would be in the paper. I had to explain to them that I was a blogger, not a reporter, but they wanted their picture taken anyway. Toward the early evening, kids began competing in a basketball shooting contest, and gospel choirs began singing a cappella on the one microphone near the DJ’s tent. The blues musician Big Don Valentine had posted on Facebook that he would be performing in Mason on Saturday and I had naively assumed that he meant at the Fall Festival. But people were now taking down the tents and the festival was winding down. Wherever Valentine was going on stage at 7 PM, it wasn’t at the Festival. So I left and headed over to Bozo’s Bar-B-Que for a dinner. While the Festival was rather sparsely attended, it had brought a lot of people together, both white and Black. And there had been no fighting or arguing to mar the day. Even the police were cordial. So in that sense, the Fall Unity Fest in Mason had been a success. In the early days, when Tennessee was just becoming a state, Memphis had two rivals for dominance of the trade on the Mississippi River. Randolph, on a bluff some 30 miles north of Memphis, was the county seat of Tipton County, and about 30 miles north of Randolph was Fulton, in Lauderdale County. Since I had never been to Fulton, nor to Fort Pillow State Park, I decided to head out there one afternoon after a day of substitute teaching at Arlington Elementary. So I grabbed a late lunch at Bozo’s Bar-B-Q in Mason and then headed out through Covington to Henning, and from there out to where Google Maps told me Fulton should be. Unfortunately, I was quite disappointed, as there is really no trace of the town of Fulton. There is a Baptist church, although the building looks fairly recent, and a few houses, all of which also look fairly recent. If there was a business district once, there is no trace of it now. But I did enter Fort Pillow State Park, and got a beautiful view of the Mississippi River from a bluff inside the park. From there, I headed north through the Wildlife Management Area until I got to the beginning of Highway 19, and a community called Ashport. While Ashport is never mentioned as a rival river port to Memphis, it must have had some significance, as it was on the river, and there was an Old Ashport Road that clearly ran from Jackson, Tennessee to the area. But there was little trace of Ashport, just as there was little trace of Fulton, with one exception- an amazing, monstrous ruin of a building on Highway 19. Covered with soft drink and beer signs, it appears that the building was most recently called Pop’s Place, and must have been either a beer joint or a grocery store, or perhaps some sort of combination of both. But the old brick two-story building with a wide set of steps in the center was clearly built to be something else, perhaps a school, although a check of the internet yielded little information, and it is hard to imagine the need for a school that big in the sparsely-populated flatlands near the river. Just beyond the ruin, the road climbed a fairly steep cliff on its way toward Ripley, and the view back toward the river in the sunset was beautiful. Unfortunately, there was no good place to pull over and try to grab a photograph of what I was seeing, and no guarantee that my camera could capture it either. So I headed on into Ripley, grabbed a blizzard from the Dairy Queen, and hit the road back to Memphis. Every time I visit Front Street in Mason, Tennessee, it seems that another building has been torn down, burned down, or has just fallen down from age and neglect. The once proud row of jukes, known locally as “cafes”, has been reduced to three or so which clearly have seen better days. Called the “Lower End” or the “row”, the clubs made Mason a sort of rural African-American Las Vegas, a milieu of “players” that a local resident once described in a feature article for the Commercial Appeal. But the glory days are long gone, as are Club Tay-May, the Purple Rain, the Black Hut, the Red Hut, most of them reduced to vacant lots. As a photographer, musicologist and blogger, part of me wants to photograph what remains…after all, it may soon be gone. But there are a number of older African-American men and women hanging out on the porches, and I suddenly feel that taking their picture would be disrespectful, almost an intrusion. I face this dilemma all too often as I drive through Delta areas, looking for old architecture, juke joints and holy sites of the blues. Often I will see a perfect photo opportunity, and yet I will know that my taking it would either anger local residents or at least raise suspicions about who I am and what I am doing, and I hate the tortured past of race relations that makes this the reality in towns like Mason. So I don’t take the photo, riding past instead, feeling disillusioned and hopelessly cut off from that world that I find so attractive. Up on Highway 70, a group of young men are shooting basketball, and outside the old Fields School, another small group of young people is standing around in the gathering dusk. A sign says that the old school is now Club Maserati. Bozo’s Bar-B-Que, the other reason that I have come tells me that they are closing for the night and cannot serve me, and down the road Gus’ World-Famous Fried Chicken is also closed for the night. Suddenly I realize that I came out to Mason for nothing at all.
2019-04-20T11:42:35Z
http://thefrontlinemusic.com/tag/bozos-bar-b-que/
If theft is a problem at remote sites, connect a set of photo electric beams near the entrance to a digital input. An alarm condition is created once the beam is broken. Chlorine plays an essential role as a disinfectant in public water systems (PWS). Insufficient chlorine levels can lead to public health hazards and assessment of regulatory fines. The features of the Naegleria fowleri amoeba that appear to be eyes and a mouth are the feeding and attachment structures. � Science VU/Drs. D.T. John & T.B. Cole/Visuals Unlimited/Corbis. Following an outbreak of the Naegleria Fowleri parasite in multiple Louisiana parishes in 2013, the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals (DHH) increased minimum required chlorine residual levels to 0.5 parts per million to disinfect all public water systems (PWS). The DHH issued an emergency ruling in November to control the spread of the brain-eating amoeba that killed a four-year-old boy in New Orleans. The ruling mandated additional monitoring, record keeping and chlorination. Several PWSs in Louisiana have taken steps to comply with the emergency rule by installing chlorine monitoring sites using the Mission managed SCADA system. The system offers real-time alarms and reports on chlorine residual levels. Chlorine data is recorded hourly. Operators are notified as soon as chlorine readings fall outside the user-selectable alarm thresholds. This gives them time to address low chlorine values before they fall out of compliance. Data automatically populates a downloadable report which can be submitted to the DHH. J.H. Wright, the Mission Communications Louisiana distributor, developed a complete chlorine monitoring system by pairing Mission M110/M800 RTUs with Analytical Technology Inc.'s (ATI) Residual Chlorine Monitor. An analog input on the RTU accepts a 4-20 mA analog output signal from the chlorine monitor. Sites without AC power use solar panels to power the Mission RTU and the chlorine analyzer. A solar-powered RTU monitors chlorine at a remote station. The second Mission enclosure houses a 35 Ah battery which powers the chlorine analyzer. Source: Village of Oak Ridge. Low up-front and ongoing costs of the Mission SCADA system are far less expensive than the time and money it takes to make daily site visits to gather chlorine readings. The Village of Oak Ridge, Louisiana monitors chlorine residual at two locations using the Mission system and ATI Chlorine Analyzers. M110 RTUs continually monitor chlorine residual and notify their on-duty personnel if readings fall below the 0.6 PPM low alarm set point. Dawson Blackard is a Village of Oak Ridge operator responsible for chlorine residual compliance and reporting daily readings to the DHH. "The DHH requires us to test and report our chlorine once per day, seven days a week at two locations - the point of entry which is the plant and the maximum resistance time (MRT) site," explains Blackard. The Mission system automatically generates a chlorine report with hourly chlorine readings. The report is available as a PDF or spreadsheet document. Blackard downloads the report with one daily reading for both sites and submits it to the DHH. "Prior to using Mission, a part-time employee was responsible for sampling the chlorine residual," Blackard explains. "When the emergency rule went into effect, we added the Mission system to the MRT site because the part-time employee was not able to gather samples every day. Automating the chlorine sampling actually saves the village money because they don't have to hire another employee to drive 12 miles each way to check the chlorine every day." The Sewerage and Water Board of New Orleans (S&WB) uses the Mission system to do real-time monitoring of drinking water quality near a remote subdivision. Prior to installing the Mission system and instrumentation, an employee would visit the site to collect grab samples of chlorine residual, pH and take temperature readings. The analog graph shows the trending chlorine data. The Mission system has also assisted the S&WB with water age. Areas with low water usage have water lines that may experience nitrification due to water age. This can consume some disinfectant residual, decreasing the chlorine residual in the line. Flushing brings fresh water into low usage areas and eliminates the problem. The Mission system helps the S&WB staff determine when to flush and how much to flush. Vincent Fouchi, the S&WB Water Purification Superintendent oversees water quality to ensure daily compliance with federal and state guidelines. "We use the Mission system as a tool to determine the frequency and volume of required proactive line flushing," Fouchi explains. "Water age is our biggest problem in remote areas. By flushing the water lines serving the subdivision, we are able to maintain adequate chlorine residual. This helps us meet the emergency rule, as well as our other water quality goals. We are very satisfied with the performance of the system. It's very reliable." Gray water reuse is gaining in popularity as fresh water scarcity becomes imminent. Gray water is most commonly used for irrigation. It includes water from sinks, showers and washing machines, but no human waste. In an effort to preserve potable water, the National Security Agency (NSA) is following in Google's footsteps and using gray water to cool servers at its new Maryland data center. Recycled gray water conserves the local supply of potable water. Energy and carbon emissions are reduced by eliminating the need for chillers that typically cool data center servers. The Google model carries water to and from cooling towers via cooling coils that stabilize the temperature in rooms which house servers. Colorful pipes at the Google data center in Douglas County, GA sends and receives water for cooling servers. Source: Google/Connie Zhou. The new NSA 70,000 square foot data center scheduled to open in 2016 will use up to five million gallons of treated gray water daily at the facility being constructed at Fort Meade. The $860 million, 600,000 square foot facility housing the data center will receive treated gray water from a $40 million pump station being built in Howard County, Maryland. Gray water recycling at the NSA facility follows a concept originally used by Google in Belgium that uses treated water from an industrial canal to cool a nearby data center. Harvey Davis, Director of Installation and Logistics at the NSA says the new data center design is an environmentally friendly alternative that will not stress the local aquifer and reduces the amount of treated water the NSA sends into Chesapeake Bay. Cost savings will also be substantial. "It will be beneficial for the taxpayers and also really good for the ecosystem," explains Davis. Google's data center in Douglas County, Georgia uses recycled wastewater to cool thousands of servers at the facility without using potable water from the surrounding area. Google commissioned a separate treatment plant for the Douglas County Water and Sewer Authority (WSA) to process the wastewater. Thirty percent of the wastewater is rerouted to the plant, treated and sent to cool servers at the Google data center. Water that doesn't evaporate in the cooling process is then cleaned at the effluent treatment plant on Google's campus and returned to the Chattahoochee River. "You need a holistic approach to water management," says Joe Kava, Google's Director of Operations. "Water consumption isn't a side thought. It's part of our larger environmental management policy. In the future this will be at the forefront of data center operations." Other data center conservation methods include consolidating and virtualizing multiple servers into one single physical server. Mission reduced energy consumption by 30 percent over the last year simply by migrating from standalone to virtual servers. This is just another way Mission works to lower costs by maximizing existing CPU resources. Proper system design and antenna installation are essential for reliable radio-based communications. Antenna placement is crucial toensure good reception. This article explains how radio frequency (RF) communication works and offers a practical guide on optimizing communication with your Mission equipment. Radio communications travel through a sea of radio waves that are part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. Radio waves radiate outward from a transmitting antenna. Antennas are basically transducers that increase received transmission power (signal reception) to enhance the quality of a received signal. Coaxial cable and connectors can interfere with signal reception. They work the opposite of antennas by acting as attenuators that reduce the radio signal strength. Proper antenna installation, cable length and connector quantities reduce communication-related problems. The omnidirectional antenna is mounted above a control panel for optimal signal strength. Lower frequencies travel farther, penetrating walls and buildings better. Higher frequencies carry more information, but do not penetrate solids objects as well. Mission RTUs work with cellular radios that support up to five radio frequency bands in the 850 MHz to 2100 MHz range. This is well above over-the-air television broadcast frequencies, but below frequencies used by home WiFi routers. Mission equipment is optimized to work with penta-band cellular modems. This provides the broadest coverage footprint available today. Geographical conditions affect the strength and quality of a radio signal. Knowing the actual wavelength helps to understand how the environment impacts a cellular signal. Waveform diffraction and reflection interfere with the quality of a radio signal transmission. This is why it is essential that the cellular carrier antenna be placed high on a tower to eliminate interference in a coverage area. Your Mission antenna should also be mounted above other structures to prevent diffraction and reflection of a radio signal as it travels through the atmosphere. Waveforms diffract or bend if they encounter an object that is the same size as the wavelength. When this occurs, secondary wavelets form and bend around the object. This does not stop signal transmission, but effectively lowers its strength. Frequencies on the lower band are more prone to diffraction. Waveforms can also scatter if they travel through a large number of objects such as trees in a forest. Waveform reflection occurs when the waveform collides with an object larger than the wavelength itself. When a radio wave runs into the object, it is bounced back as a reflected signal. This multi-path phenomenon causes the reflected wave to travel further through the atmosphere. Radio waves from antennas located near large bodies of water occasionally exhibit reflection. Incident waves that come in contact with surfaces like water become reflected waves. The antennas included with Mission RTUs are omnidirectional and accommodate penta-band radios. These antennas perform well for the vast majority of installations. Omnidirectional means the antenna is effective in all directions and can connect to various towers in the area. The radio determines the most appropriate tower at any given time. Radio frequency interference (RFI) on a specific frequency can interfere with communications. Cellular carriers minimize manmade noise on their licensed frequencies, but can do nothing to limit naturally occurring RFI. The best way to limit RFI is to focus the Mission antenna toward a specific tower. This reduces the signal-to-noise ratio. Directional or line-of-site antennas can accomplish this, but will limit the radio communication to one tower. Yagi antennas are directional antennas which increase the forward direction of the waveform by adding reflector elements. Mission offers a Yagi antenna (PN R3004) which works well through the entire cellular frequency band. Coaxial cable is used to connect the antenna to the radio and effectively functions as a radio wave guide. Radio frequency (RF) signals are small, so the amount of signal loss in the cable can be significant. A signal loss of about 1 to 1.6 dB is typical for a 10' cable length for 900 mHz and 2 GHz signals, respectively. Connectors also reduce signal strength by 0.1 to 0.2 dB per device. Coil excess coaxial cable in a neat coil. Mount the antenna outdoors and above tallstructures. Keep antennas away from chain-link fences. Radio waves can get lost in the fence. The length of the antenna cable affects the signal strength. Use the shortest length of coaxial cable and the least number of connectors possible. Hand tighten the antenna base mounting nut plus 1/4 turn with a wrench. An over-tightened nut can impede signal strength if the center conductor of the coaxial separates from the base of the mount. Coil the excess cable in a neat coil and secure it with tie wraps. Kinking the cable can prevent the signal from traveling through the cable. Use self-sealing tape on any exposed connectors to protect against corrosion. These best practices will optimize your communications and signal strength. Mission engineers have designed the system to make installation a simple process. The United States has a population of over 317 million people who rarel y need to worry about water scarcity or purity when they turn on the tap. Sadly, there remains what researchers call a "hidden population" of Americans who either cannot afford or have no access to potable water. Michigan State University researcher Stephen Gasteyer says two million Americans lack indoor plumbing or water. Various water/sewer utility, nonprofit and corporate charities have been established to combat this problem across the nation. Just this year, a group of Detroit automakers and the United Way donated $200,000 to a newly created Detroit Water Fund to prevent shutoffs to nearly 50 percent of Detroit Water and Sewerage Department customers. The charity was established after an appeal was made to the United Nations to pay Detroit residents' water bills, which are typically double the national monthly average. Low income families in Atlanta have access to assistance with water and sewer bills through the Care and Conserve Program administered by the City of Atlanta Bureau of Water. This special emergency fund assists low-income ratepayers with their monthly water bills. The program provides financial assistance or cash grants to ratepayers who prove financial hardship. New Jersey American Water customers can receive help through the H2O Help to Others program, with grants of up to $500 to pay their water bills. Customers must prove their total monthly household income does not exceed 200% of federal poverty guidelines. New Jersey American Water customers can opt to donate via their monthly bill for the Low Income Payment Program (LIPP). California American Water and Kentucky American Water also offer an H2O Help to Others bill reduction program to seniors and low-income residents. "Often the people we work with must choose among rent, medicine, food, water and other expenses," explains Charlie Lanter, Program Development Manager at Community Action Council. "By having these funds available, we are able to help families with one of these very difficult choices." United Water oversees one of the largest corporate water assistance programs to customers in a service area that covers 21 states. The company's United Water Cares program is available year-round for water utility customers needing temporary assistance in preventing water shutoffs. Numerous religious organizations and national organization like the Salvation Army also provide food, clothing, utilities and water bill relief to low-income residents nationwide. The Salvation Army Family Emergency Services division has support counselors who distribute emergency funds that prevent water shutoffs to low-income residents nationwide. Many public utilities give customers an option to add $1 to their bill to help low-income families with water bills. Find out if your utility is interested in offering this type of relief program in your area. It would be welcome help to American families who struggle to pay monthly utility bills. Providing your customers with water conservation tips may also help to lower their water bill.
2019-04-18T22:26:55Z
https://myemail.constantcontact.com/Winter-News-from-Mission-Communications.html?soid=1103295306004&aid=zEB_I96T_vw
In his appearance before the Senate Judiciary Committee last week, Brett Kavanaugh put on a prodigious display of vacuity and mendacity. Kavanaugh is the retrograde jurist picked by Donald Trump to fill the Supreme Court vacancy that arose when the Court’s “swing vote,” Anthony Kennedy, retired. His politics is god awful, but that is hardly news. It was a sure thing that Trump would nominate someone with god-awful politics. Because he knows little and cares less about the judicial system, except when it impinges on his financial shenanigans, and because, as part of his pact with “conservatives” Trump outsourced judicial appointments to the Federalist Society, anyone he would nominate was bound to come with god-awful politics. At least, this particular god-awful jurist is well schooled, well spoken (in the way that lawyers are), and intelligent enough to talk like a lawyer or judge, while dissembling shamelessly and saying nothing of substance. That puts him leagues ahead of Trump. It also puts him head and shoulders above the average Republican. But let’s not praise him too much on that account; much the same could be said of Ted Cruz. Because politically the two of them are so much alike, it is instructive to compare Kavanaugh with that villainous Texas Senator. On the other hand, Kavanaugh is said to be a nice guy. As much or more than his qualifications, the GOP public relations line on him focuses on what a fine, husband, father, neighbor, and colleague he is. Perhaps he really is. But why should anyone who doesn’t have to live with or otherwise deal with him on a personal basis care? Could it be that his handlers don’t want anyone to think of him in the same frame as Cruz or, for that matter, the president who put his name forward? Niceness marks a clear difference between him and them. His opponents emphasize the harm Kavanaugh will do if confirmed. They are right; his presence on the court will make the judiciary a bulwark of reaction for at least a generation. By all accounts, Kavanaugh is at least as reactionary as Clarence Thomas, the most reactionary Supreme Court Justice in living memory. His confirmation will put every scintilla of social progress towards which the Supreme Court has contributed in recent and not so recent decades in jeopardy. Unlike a Supreme Court Justice’s purported niceness, this is something everyone should care about. Kavanaugh’s views are malevolent. The sad fact is, though, that this is not unusual in the federal judiciary and in “conservative” academic precincts. Quite to the contrary, what Kavanaugh thinks about politics and law is, in one form or another and in varying degrees, widely accepted — and also preposterous, indeed, idiotic, on its face. It remains to be seen how much of an ideologue Kavanaugh is, and how much of a capitalist stooge. Practicing “conservatives” in the United States are more often stooges than not. We can only hope that in the battle for the soul of Brett Kavanaugh, the ideology wins out. Thanks to its connections to a kind of legal theory and practice, and to a related strain of conservative political philosophy that, however dubious its merits, is at least not idiotic, Kavanaugh’s ideological commitments may be the best, if not the only, weapon against Kavanaugh-style idiocy available to us. Suppose that the American “experiment with democracy” survives Trump and Pence – it is hard to believe but there are still liberal pundits who prattle on about that “noble experiment” on their cable channels and NPR. Suppose too that the world somehow avoids nuclear and ecological catastrophes. And suppose finally that in the fullness of time we get to a point where we can look back on our present and see it from a more perspicacious vantage-point than the one that comes naturally to persons living through it. What will our political world look like from that perspective? We cannot know for sure, but even now, this much is clear: it will look weird. Here we are with a president who is transparently unfit for the office he holds; this is common knowledge even within his own administration. Indeed, everyone sees it except the willfully blind and terminally benighted. The more than usually venal capitalists who support Trump for the sake of their bottom lines or who, like Sheldon Adelson and other rightwing Zionists, support him for other nefarious purposes, no doubt see it too. They just don’t care. And yet, we are stuck with him – or with Mike Pence, the theocratically inclined Vice President he chose – for at least the next two years because, despite having garnered fewer votes than his opponent, the Electoral College made him president. Only in America! Blame it on the Constitution. Its authors, our Founding Fathers (not a mother among them, except in a figurative sense!) saw to it that getting rid of a president by impeachment would be so hard to do that not one has been removed that way yet. They also saw to it that even when a president leaves office before a new election is held, no matter how that comes about, that he (so far always a he) would be succeeded by his running-mate, and that the administration he put in place could, and probably would, remain intact. This would be the case too were Trump removed through the much discussed Twenty-Fifth Amendment, enacted not in 1788, but in 1967. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment is supposed to come into effect only when the president is physically or mentally disabled, not just manifestly unfit, and it requires the assent of his Vice President and his cabinet. Those vaunted Founding Fathers never claimed to be (small-d) democrats — but, even so, this is ridiculous. They did see to it that the United States would have no king, but only an approximation of one who would rule for four-year stints between elections structured in ways that make a mockery of the democratic idea of equal political influence. They also restricted the franchise or rather allowed it to be restricted – at first only to property-owning white males. Thanks to protracted struggles that proceeded in stages and took nearly two hundred years to complete, those restrictions are now mostly gone. Even so, we are not much closer than we were back in the early days of the republic to anything like substantive, not just formal, political equality. And yet, we fetishize the document those Founding Fathers produced. How crazy is that! To be sure, a few of them were serious political thinkers; and all of them put the Dreckwho call the shots nowadays to shame. This has been the case almost from the beginning. Still, there is no getting past the fact that the Founding Fathers were southern planters and northern merchants, nearly all of whom benefited in one way or another from slavery or the slave trade, and none of whom questioned the right of European settlers to expropriate land from the peoples who had been living on it from time immemorial. They were fine too with subjecting indigenous peoples to cultural and physical genocide. Even leaving that aside on the grounds that it is ancient history, why would anyone in the twenty-first century think that it makes sense to regard members of a pre-industrial gentry and bourgeoisie, occupants of class positions that strictly speaking no longer exist, as God-like oracles whose views on the state’s institutional arrangements ought to govern the very different world of today? The only way to make sense of that is to regard the Constitution they wrote as a “living” document that changes according to how it is interpreted, and that is interpreted according to ever-changing attitudes and exigencies. No matter what anybody says or thinks, the Constitution has to be treated that way, at least to some extent, if it is to have any legitimacy at all. But then why claim, Kavanaugh-style, that what ought to govern the present is what the Founding Fathers thought in the distant past? Those Founders were enamored of private property, but they were not exactly capitalists or even proto-capitalists; they were (small-r) republicans – defenders of a political vision derived mainly from the study of such ancient examples as Sparta and the Roman republic. Thomas Jefferson, the most distinguished thinker among them, was a case in point. We hear a lot about “Jeffersonian democracy”; that is what we supposedly have in the USA and what the American empire supposedly aims to install around the world. But if the expression denotes anything like what Jefferson had in mind, it has almost no connection with our own “democracy,” and even less with the political systems we try to impose on others. Jefferson, a slave owner, envisioned a society quite unlike the one he lorded over and benefited from. For him, an ideal society would be comprised of small, largely self-sufficient, independent producers, each of whom owns his own (seldom her own) land and other means of production. In an ideal Jeffersonian democracy, surpluses would exchange on markets, but direct producers would not produce formarkets, and neither would their reason for engaging in agricultural production or trade be to maximize their own income and wealth. For (small-r) republicans, the idea instead is to maximize civic virtue or, in other words, to accord preeminence to public (collective) interests over private interests. Other mainstays of the republican tradition, also esteemed, in theory if not in practice, by Jefferson were part of our Founders’ repertoire as well; for instance, the idea that the countryside should predominate over cities and towns, and that citizens should eschew citified sophistications, adopting manners and morals in their stead that are uncomplicated and transparent. This is not our world; it wasn’t even Jefferson’s world. And yet it is practically a tenet of the American civil religion that the Constitution he and other (small-r) republicans wrote is supremely relevant to us now; and that is right and fitting that it govern our politics and our laws. There are ways to hold a view of this kind that, whatever their shortcomings, are at least not idiotic. Kavanaugh’s way is something else. In The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904), the great German social theorist Max Weber described a worldly asceticism, grounded in Protestant theology, in which, contrary to the norm in traditional societies and especially in Catholic regions of Europe, people felt duty bound to work for work’s sake – or rather to perform the duties of their earthly “calling” methodically and conscientiously, more or less in the manner of denizens of monastic orders. The Protestant ethic is essentially a monastic ethic, projected onto the workaday world. The theoretical basis for it comes from Protestant theology, but, because it accorded with the requirements of capitalist development in its time and place, it became free standing once it became established – to such an extent that some of the world’s most formidable proponents of the Protestant ethic were not Protestants at all. It is much the same with forms of Constitutional jurisprudence, of which Kavanaugh’s “originalism,” the idea that the way to interpret the Constitution is by paying strict attention to its actual language, understanding its words in the way they were understood at the time of the document’s composition, is an extreme example. What possibly could underlie such an idiotic contention other than the distinctively Protestant notion of Biblical inerrancy, detached from its theological foundations? The theology makes sense, to the degree that it does, because the text it considers sacred is supposed to have been divinely revealed. Originalists, even extreme ones like Kavanaugh, are not quite idiotic enough to believe that Providence watched over the negotiations of representatives of late eighteenth century American power elites that were held in Philadelphia in 1787 — or at least they are not foolish enough to admit it in public. Nevertheless, they and others regard the Founders’ words as if they were Holy Writ. Go figure! Originalism’s most conspicuous Supreme Court defender was Antonin Scalia, but all judicial muckety-mucks, not just the ones Trump picked and Mitch McConnell got through the confirmation process, could say more or less truthfully, that “we are all originalists now.” Kavanaugh is an extreme example, but hardly a unique case. Scalia was a conservative Catholic of the kind that was distressingly familiar decades ago. How odd that Republicans pandering to evangelical Protestants would rely on old school Catholic conservatives, to enforce the prudery and traditional “family values” they claimed to care so much about in the pre-Trump era. But that is how it is. It is stranger still that Catholics would defend the idea of Constitutional inerrancy, as Protestant-inflected a doctrine as can be. This is an extreme example of the phenomenon Weber described – where a theological doctrine gives rise to a free standing social fact that flourishes most when cut free from its original rationale. Indeed, since John Paul Stevens retired from the Court in 2018, there has not been a bona fide Protestant on it. The one partial exception is that other retrograde Trump appointee, Neil Gorsuch. He was born and raised a Catholic, but seems now to have become what is almost the same thing, a High Church Episcopalian. Otherwise, the Court is full of Roman Catholics – Anthony Kennedy, the man Kavanaugh would replace, Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, and Sonia Sotomayor; and Jews – Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, and Elena Kagan. Kavanaugh is a practicing Catholic too. In dealing with Kavanaugh and others who think like him, as so many jurisprudes nowadays do, the best, perhaps the only way to defend progress is to appeal to the doctrine of stare decisis(“let the decision stand”), the idea that judges should adhere to principles established by decisions in earlier cases. How ironic – because stare decisisis an inherently conservative notion, not in the way that “conservative” is used nowadays, as a synonym for “rightwing,” but according to understandings of what conservatism is that do not subject that venerable philosophical tradition to quite so much shame. As a legal doctrine, with roots in English Common Law, stare decisisis older than the type of political philosophy it exemplifies. That strain of conservative theory emerged in the early nineteenth century, mainly in England, mainly in reaction to the French Revolution. Conservatism itself, the idea that tradition matters preeminently, and that changes of any substantial sort therefore ought to be gradual and in keeping with existing understandings and practices, had long been defended, throughout Christendom as a way of reconciling political affairs with the distinctively Christian doctrine of radical human insufficiency, Original Sin. The idea was that, in consequence of humankind’s Fallen nature, we mere humans are incapable of doing well for ourselves in matters of fundamental concern. In the ancient world, they thought otherwise; they believed in human perfectibility. Christianity changed that. St. Augustine (354-430) was an originator and defender of this strain of Christian conservatism. In his view, there are people saved through unmerited grace; they comprise the elect of all nations. They, the supremely fortunate few, the citizens of the City of God, being moved by love of God, have no need of coercive institutions to keep them in line. But everyone else, the vast majority, does need to be prevented from giving their Fallen nature free rein. The result otherwise would be a devastating war of all against all in which it would be impossible for Providence to fulfill its mission, which is to permit the administration of the Church’s sacraments, without which there is no salvation, to the few who, for no reason beyond God’s mercy, are saved from the fate of other descendants of Adam and Eve. The problem, though, is that because no one deserves to be saved and because no one can know whether or not he actually is saved, the only way to establish order is to establish institutions that treat everyone as if they are Fallen beings. In modern, secular versions of this doctrine – the argument Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) set out in The Leviathan (1651) is an example – individuals contrive a sovereign who, by coercive means, keeps their natures in check, as their interests (not God’s) require. In earlier Christian versions, human beings are deemed incapable of achieving anything like that on their own, without divine aid. Institutions that repress the free expression of Fallen human nature must be divinely imposed. On this view, in both its theological and secular versions, order is the preeminent political value. But order is always problematic because human beings are incapable of realizing it except by indirection. Whenever it is attained, it is therefore a fragile achievement. It is therefore perilous to put it at risk by doing anything potentially destabilizing. The more far-reaching changes are, the more destabilizing they can be. Hence, gradualism is advised. The kind of conservatism stare decisisexemplifies is cut from a different cloth. It is indifferent to Original Sin or functionally equivalent theories of human nature. Its conservatism is based on a view of the nature of governance. The guiding idea is that governing people is an activity that, by its nature, is not amenable to rational direction because it resembles cooking or carpentry more than, say, mathematics. It is an activity in which a reservoir of accumulated wisdom and good sense, built up over generations and materialized in techniques and traditions, matters more than rational insight or deductive acuity. From this vantage-point, the French revolutionaries were, as the conservative political philosopher Michael Oakshott (1901-1990) would put it, “rationalists” in politics – intent on building a new world on the ashes of the old, just as Euclid built a new geometry on the basis of rationally accessible first principles, regardless of traditional modes of thought. For conservatives of this stamp, rationalism in politics, unlike mathematics, is wrong-headed. Wise governance requires adherence to traditional ways, modified gradually and artfully — when, but only when and insofar as, circumstances render change unavoidable. This is the core idea implicit in the doctrine of stare decisis. By finding precedents, we are less likely to go dangerously wrong than were we to deploy principles in a rationalist spirit. To the extent that we are able to deal with the future in ways that we have already developed to deal with the past, we will end up no worse off than we already are. Were we instead to rethink everything through from the beginning, we risk going disastrously astray. The irony is that the tradition established at the founding of the United States was commercial and liberal. This sets American conservatism somewhat apart from European (and even British) conservatisms. This is why our conservatives are unusually business-friendly. Private enterprise, however, is an unlikely target for conservative concern because it disrupts traditional ways of life. As Marx and Engels observed in The Communist Manifesto, communism causes “all things solid to melt into air.” But where capitalism is the tradition, this is what people like Kavanaugh and others of his ilk would conserve. Ironically, what saves us from them, to at least some extent, is the more profound purchase on the case against “rationalism” in politics and law that underlies the stare decisis doctrine. We should thank our lucky stars that conservatives in the judicial system, idiotic as their politics may be, are at least nominally and perhaps even sincerely committed to that. So there we have it: our best defense against Kavanaugh’s conservative idiocy is a legal doctrine that assigns decisive weight to the achievements and, in Kavanaugh’s case especially, the idiocies of the past.
2019-04-22T05:16:05Z
https://www.counterpunch.org/2018/09/14/a-bulwark-against-the-idiocy-of-conservatives-like-brett-kavanaugh/
Before we delve into the details of effective MAP monitoring and enforcement, let’s briefly review a few basic concepts. A MAP pricing policy can actually refers either of to two different types of policies manufacturers and brand owners use to protect their products’ pricing. There is a Minimum Advertised Price (MAP) policy — which sets minimum the amounts that a reseller is allowed to advertise a manufacturer’s products. This policy makes no attempt to influence the reseller’s actual selling price. Then there is the more comprehensive Minimum Resale Price (MRP) policy, sometimes also called a Minimum Retail Price policy — which establishes the prices a manufacturer will allow its reseller both to advertise and actually sell its products. And let’s further assume that you have taken smart steps to publicize your new policy across your resale channel. The next question is:What processes and technologies should you set up to monitor and enforce the policy? Option 1: Create and manage the program manually, in-house. You can dedicate some of your in-house staff to monitor the web every day, reviewing your products’ presence across all retail partners’ eCommerce pages, Internet marketplaces like Amazon, and online ads. The drawback of this approach, as you’ll quickly find out, is that it probably won’t be feasible — because it could literally mean reviewing thousands of web pages every day (or even more than once a day). And even if your team gives its all-out best effort, they could still miss many violations of your MAP pricing policy. Option 2: Work with an antitrust law firm. While we believe strongly in engaging the services of antitrust legal experts to help draft and develop the specific enforcement strategies for your MAP pricing policy, we wouldn’t recommend handing over all of your company’s day-to-day MAP monitoring and enforcement responsibilities to a law firm. Obviously, such an arrangement would be costly — lawyers aren’t inexpensive. But a less obvious reason is that by outsourcing all of your MAP monitoring and enforcement responsibilities to a third party, you’ll also be giving up much of the visibility and business intelligence into your products’ presence across your resale channel that you’d otherwise be gleaning if you were managing the process yourself. Option 3: Deploy an automated MAP monitoring platform online. The third option, which we would argue is the best, will be to set up an enforcement of your MAP pricing policy. Such a platform takes the best elements of both of the previous options to create an effective, affordable method of protecting your MAP pricing across the Internet at all times. It can also give you deep visibility — and more actionable insights than you’ve ever had — into what’s happening in your retail channel. Below we will describe some of the best practices for both MAP monitoring and MAP enforcement. As you will see, your ability to effectively use these strategies will in most cases require that you choose option 3 from the list above — setting up an automated system for MAP monitoring and enforcement, as opposed to trying to handle these functions manually, in-house. 1. Compile all of the data — product names, SKUs, a list of authorized resellers, etc. — that you’ll want to track. Your first step in setting up an effective reseller price monitoring program will be to make sure you have all of the products and product-related data that you’ll want to monitor. That list could include a combination of product identifiers such as SKU numbers, ASINs (for Amazon products), ePIDs (for product sold on eBay), GTINs, UPCs, your own serial numbers, or any form of identifiers you use to label and track your products. You might also have specific trademarked text, proprietary images or videos, or other product-related intellectual property that helps you quickly spot your products represented in an advertisement or on a reseller’s sales page. And speaking of resellers, perhaps you also have a list of authorized dealers or retailers. Those resellers will obviously represent the first sets of websites — their own eCommerce pages and any online marketplaces where they have a presence — that you’ll want to begin regularly monitoring. 2. Make sure your monitoring system covers as much Internet ground as possible. If your products are being sold by dozens of retailers, and each of those retailers has an online presence across not only its own site but also dozens or perhaps hundreds of third-party sites and marketplaces, it’s plausible that your products might at any given moment be appearing in ads and on sales pages across thousands of websites. That’s a lot of ground to cover in your price monitoring process. And even if you could review all of those ads and sales listings, how often would you do it? When would you do it? Remember, some retailers will intentionally drop their advertised prices below your policy’s approved levels during off-hours — when they’re hoping your company won’t notice. What all of this means is that you can’t simply instruct your team to randomly type in the names of a handful of your products or a few ASINs whenever they have a few free minutes to look for possible reseller pricing violations. That process would be neither systematic nor effective. So you’ll need to devise a strategy that allows you to monitor as much of the Internet as possible, as often as possible, to give your company the best chance of catching pricing-policy violations. Do we want to repurpose an employee, or several, or hire new ones, to monitor the Internet at specific times of each day for violations? How do we want these in-house team members actually conducting their monitoring? Should they view each authorized reseller’s own eCommerce pages each day? More than once a day? And at what times of day? What process should we implement to make sure each time an employee spots a price-policy violation online, that employee is able to sufficiently document the violation, identify the offending company, check that company against our list of authorized resellers, and then take appropriate action? Because these price-monitoring processes would obviously be far too time-consuming and costly to perform manually in-house, we recommend outsourcing most of these ongoing tasks to an automated price-monitoring and enforcement platform like the one available from TrackStreet. 3. Make sure your price monitoring process is designed to catch every type of violation specified in your policy. We’ve discussed some of your resellers’ strategies for selling your products that your company will have to determine whether or not you are willing to allow. For example, will you let a reseller include an “Add to cart for best price” offer, if that in-cart price will ultimately be lower than your policy’s approved amount? If you don’t want to allow that sort of thing, then your price monitoring program will also need to account for this. That means if your process will consist of employees manually scanning the Internet for violations, they will also have to stop on each sales page to make sure the reseller isn’t offering a policy-violating price in their shopping carts. As you can imagine, this will slow down your already-slow manual monitoring process even further. Which is yet another reason to opt instead for an automated price monitoring and enforcement platform. 4. Establish a process for documenting violations. Whichever way you choose to set up your price-monitoring process — as an in-house manual operation or through an automated platform — you’ll need to determine how you want to document each violation. And regardless of what your enforcement strategy will entail, you will always want to document violations. This documentation will come in handy under any circumstances — such as if you approach the offender directly and demand they remove the policy-violating page, if you approach the marketplace (such as Amazon) where the violation is occurring and ask for their help, if you plan to take legal action against the offending reseller, or if you just want a record of the violation for possible future action. A screenshot of the reseller’s page showing the violating of your price policy. The URL of the page (whether it’s the reseller’s own eCommerce site, an online marketplace, or another third-party web page). If an employee discovers a violation from a reseller, should that trigger an automatic and immediate review of all other sites and marketplaces where the reseller appears? After all, if you’ve caught a company violating your policy on one site, there’s every reason to believe they are committing the same violation elsewhere. Where will you store these documentation files for archiving and retrieval purposes? Will you establish an electronic filing convention — such as creating a new folder for each violation, with individual screenshots and supporting files saved in the folder? Will you have your employees generate and save multiple copies of these violation folders and files — for backup redundancy? Where will the backup files go? 5. Make sure you are monitoring the Internet for all types of violations. When you are able to effectively monitor your products’ presence across the Internet, you might find resellers inaccurately or inappropriately representing your products in ways other than simply offering them at prices below your policy’s approved levels. You might find, for example, a grey-market retailer listing your products on a marketplace like Amazon or eBay with incorrect product specs or misleading sales copy. You might also find a member of your Authorized Dealer Program advertising your products but failing to use your trademarks appropriately — a violation of one of the terms of the program. If your team is looking only for price violations, you might well miss these other issues — which collectively can have the effect over time of harming your brand’s reputation. So any effective reseller-policy monitoring program should also include a plan to check regularly for these other, non-price violations as well. Assuming you’ve established an effective and efficient system for monitoring your products’ presence across the Internet, your next question should be: What happens when we actually catch a violation? 1. Develop separate strategies for responding to authorized and unauthorized resellers. One persistent myth in brand protection discussions is that manufacturers must respond identically to all offenders — or they risk appearing to favor certain companies over others, which could be deemed an antitrust violation. While it is true that you cannot set up a pricing policy and then selectively enforce it —punishing certain resellers while allowing others to violate the policy — the truth is you will need to deal with different types of retailers in different ways. For example, if you’ve set up some form of Authorized Dealer Program, that means that some resellers — the grey-market operators — will be selling your products without your permission. For these retailers, you can take aggressive action without fear of antitrust issues because by definition your issue with those companies will be a question of authorization — not price. When you catch these unauthorized retailers selling your products, you can send cease-and-desist letters and other notices threatening legal action. You don’t have to treat these companies the same way you’d treat an authorized dealer that runs afoul of your policy — because they have no business selling your products in the first place. With an authorized reseller, on the other hand, you’ll need to be far more careful and deliberate in how you address a policy violation. You might want to simply remove such a company from your Authorized Dealer Program after their first violation. Or you might want to set up a graduated enforcement plan, where after one violation you’ll institute certain consequences — say, suspending their inventory for 60 days — and then remove them from your authorized list only if they commit a violation a second time. But you will need to enforce your consequences consistently for this subcategory of reseller. The point here is that you do not — and should not — treat all reseller violations identically. Unauthorized resellers do not need the same antitrust consideration that your legitimate resale channel requires. But when it comes to your authorized resellers, you will need to enforce your policy consistently. 2. Send formal enforcement notifications to violators — but do not discuss them. Let’s say your team catches a reseller offering your products on their website for a price below your UPP-approved price. And let’s further assume you’ve decided that your enforcement policy will be to immediately cut off such a reseller’s access to future inventory and remove them from your authorized list. How do you actually execute on that enforcement strategy? The best practice here is to simply send a formal notification to the company giving them the bad news. This notice should restate your policy’s relevant guideline and the consequences for violating it (removal from your channel). It should also show evidence of where the reseller violated that guidelines (using the documentation you’ve compiled). And it should then state that the company is now officially removed from your authorized list and is no longer allowed to sell your products. You should instruct your team not to speak with any representative of the reseller’s company by phone, exchange emails with the company (even if only to reiterate the fact that they’re being terminated from your network), or any other type of communication after the termination. Why? If your reseller ever challenges you in court over this termination, you don’t want to give them any ammunition to demonstrate that you are willing to discuss or negotiate your policy with a reseller. Furthermore, if your company ever decides unilaterally to reinstate the reseller, you also need to be able to demonstrate that your decision was indeed unilateral — that you had no discussions, negotiations or communication of any type with this company regarding their termination. Keep in mind also that if another reseller you’ve terminated for similar reasons ever decided to challenge your decision legally, they could subpoena communications from other resellers — and any communication you’ve ever had about your policy with another terminated reseller that you eventually reinstated could support their claim that you are playing favorites and possibly violating antitrust law. Prepare as much of your enforcement material as possible beforehand — first warnings, cease-and-desist notices, termination letters, etc. When your team catches a violation, you don’t want them to have to guess about what their next move should be. You don’t want an employee drafting and sending off ad-hoc warning notices to every violator, either. Drafting legally sound boilerplate language for a response to inquiries about your reseller policy — which should not discuss or offer additional information about the policy but should instead direct the inquirer to either an FAQ page about your policy or to your company’s primary Reseller Price Policy contact person. You will of course need to prepare more documents than this, and you will need to decide in advance who at your company will be responsible for reviewing each violation to determine which enforcement action to take. But this should give you an idea of why it’s so important to automate the process to whatever extent possible — the business and legal implications of incorrectly enforcing your pricing policy are too risky to leave these decisions to a case-by-case basis or to let your company’s actions be dictated in part by which employee happens to catch the violation. We’ve discussed many of the must-have items for reseller pricing policies as well as some best practices for each aspect of a comprehensive brand protection strategy — from drafting to publicizing to monitoring and enforcing your policy. Now let’s look at where many brands step incorrectly and fall into traps when developing and managing their reseller policies. 1. Failing to adequately take enforcement action against violations. Even if a manufacturer develops and publishes a rock-solid, legally sound reseller policy, it will mean nothing if the manufacturer doesn’t also continually monitor the entire resale landscape for violations. As we noted earlier, publishing a price policy and then failing to catch and take action against violations is actually worse than not having such a policy at all. That’s because when your honorable resellers discover that shady retailers are violating your policy — and getting away with it — they will question whether it makes sense to continue representing your product line. After all, if your above-board resellers can be undersold anytime by a grey-market retailer, how can those legitimate sellers compete? Yes, there are legal risks to inconsistently enforcing your policy against authorized resellers — inflicting strict punishments on some while giving others a free pass. But violations of your policy aren’t necessarily all equal, because your products’ resellers don’t all have equal standing with your company. When one of your longtime retail partners violates your minimum price policy or a clause in your Authorized Dealer Program — publishing sales copy for one of your products without proper trademark attribution, for example — that is not the same as discovering a grey-market retailer selling your products on eBay without your authorization. Many manufacturers incorrectly treat all of these violations the same —issuing a sternly worded cease-and-desist letter without first checking to see whether the retailer is actually a part of their official network and might have made an innocent mistake. These one-size-fits-all approaches to MAP enforcement can damage your reputation with honorable resellers and ultimately cost your company long-term revenue. 3. Failing to establish a comprehensive and effective process for monitoring and enforcement (which typically requires automation). Perhaps the biggest mistake we’ve seen is implementing a monitoring and enforcement process that, given the company’s limited internal resources, simply can’t catch all or even the majority of violations. When a manufacturer tries to police its brand using an in-house team scanning the Internet as often as they can, they are almost certain to catch and be able to deal with far fewer violations than if they were to automate at least part of the process. The eCommerce landscape is just too vast. Your resellers are offering your products on too many sites simultaneously — from their own online storefronts, to marketplaces like Amazon, to other third-party sites, to pay-per-click and display ads — for your team to be able to effectively cover all of that ground at all times.
2019-04-25T04:57:15Z
https://www.trackstreet.com/resources/map-monitoring-and-enforcement
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Can you sum up your BDiv and Maryvale experience in a few words? "Overall, the degree programme has been a gift. From a young age, I have been eager to know what the Church teaches in all its richness and to be able to defend the Faith. Every single module/essay (even the tough ones!) has not only enriched my knowledge and understanding but has contributed to my personal and spiritual growth beyond words. It has been an experience of God’s Love that has also given me friends for life – who made the journey fun and enjoyable!" "A solid foundation of learning and teaching that formed a thorough understanding of Church teaching and provided assistance in my day to day faith and work." "It has been pleasurable and greatly informative and has given me the tools to transmit the faith in a holistic manner. The course has also enriched my own faith development." "It has been an integral formation, in that all the knowledge on the faith informs all areas of my life: my spiritual life, my human relationships, my work and my pastoral ministry." "This has been a fantastic journey and I have deepened my Faith beyond my expectation. Studying with Maryvale has given me confidence and the tools to faithfully echo the teachings of the Church and the experience." "Support from other students is extremely valuable and the tutors' guidance is excellent." "The experience provided is very good." "This has been a fantastic journey and I have deepened my Faith beyond my expectation. Studying with Maryvale has given me confidence and the tools to faithfully echo the teachings of the Church and the experience. Spread the word....." "[I most enjoyed the] sharing of experiences – knowing that the problems you have had have been exchanged by others and solutions exchanged." "[The sessions provided] very practical steps and thoughts." What were the best aspects of your programme? "I really appreciated the residential weekends, especially meeting the other MA students, getting to know them and praying with them each morning and evening. I enjoyed doing the MA dissertation and the possibility of doing directed academic research on a theological topic of my choice." Why did you choose Maryvale? "I wanted to study theology in more depth in a tertiary programme in the UK, which I knew would be faithful to the Catholic Church's teaching." How has your degree benefitted you personally/spiritually/professionally? "I feel my faith has been enriched by being able to study for an MA in Maryvale. The degree has enabled me to link a number of practical initiatives aimed at evangelisation that I have been involved in to deeper theological roots and to gain a greater understanding of the history of inculturation." "I want to say that the learning and formation I have received has been not only inspiring and of the highest quality, but has also proved invaluable already in the pastoral work [my wife] and I are undertaking, and in contributing to the Synod process and the planning for our Diocese. I am certain we will be 100% more effective in our work as a result and am therefore grateful for the opportunity I have had. I always do and will continue to speak very highly of Maryvale and recommend you to everyone who is a potential student." " The weekend has been extremely useful. It helped me recognise the need to put stronger boundaries to my work/topic… The personal tutorials helped me see various avenues and options to explore further. The informal conversation and fellowship were invaluable in terms of support and motivation." "The delivery of the course was engaging and interesting/useful information. Healing!" "The positive and enthusiastic energy about finishing the course, and that it is doable. The help available outside learning days and study days." "[I enjoyed] the introduction to Church History, learning how the church(es) has evolved from the days of Paul. Discussing how to approach assignments and understanding the expectation." "I gained lots of insight into knowledge on my subject. [I enjoyed] meeting other students. Beautiful dinner from the sisters. Enjoyed Mass in the Chapel." "[I gained most from] the co-ordination of knowledge and ideas making sense of theology and history. A thorough treatment." "Very interesting and exciting course. Enjoyed everything – content, delivery, freedom to debate, thought-provoking. Wow!" "My overall experience was very positive! It was nice to meet all you folks from the college. Welcome was warm and personal. In fact, the whole process of becoming a student (beginning from initial enquiries) went very well! Personal tone in contacts, fast feedback to enquiries and sufficient amount of information in all stages of the process, made it smooth for the applicant and build a good picture about the Institute." "[The] Whole weekend’s been positive. Warmth, hopefulness. Excellence delivered. Course subjects have been inspirational, implanting desire. Background to course – study objectives have been delivered, inspiring confidence. All rooted in prayer and praise together. Great food" "The very sincere and warm welcome of all staff both academic and house. It really has made a difference. The depth of faith and genuine loving service is impressive and inspiring." "Solid teaching given with passion. Heartwarming and inspirational. Confidence-giving." "[Dr] Stephen [Yates] laid out the whole [MA] “project” before us and the life-long journey we’re on. Gave confidence, benefit of humour, kindliness." "Extremely accessible style of presentation, inspiring in the way the academic is infused by faith and love." "The obvious care for our well-being and desire to help us succeed was very encouraging." "The energy and passion! Very engaging presentation, lively and thought-provoking." "[I liked] the manner in which essay questions were broken down to aid our response. Explanation of levels of learning." "Very stimulating and enjoyable seminar, very well led by Ausra [Cane, STL]." What have you found especially positive about the last study weekend? "The structure of the material covered was very stimulating, particularly as an introduction to this subject." "The discussions and networking with fellow students were delightful and also friendly relationships with staff." "The simple lecture format (without the need to page through coursebooks)." "The variety of presenters and presentations." "Breaking new ground into the study of philosophers who I knew nothing about.." "Lectures by experts in the field." "The introduction to the web resources and the Library." "The lecturers put previous reading into context." "Very clearly presented and ideas explained in a way that reassured and engaged." "Practice tips for dealing with coursework." "Opportunity to use the Library." "The peaceful and calm atmostphere and retreat, like I stepped out of normal life." "The lectures were useful and focused on what was needed." What insights have you gained over the study weekend for your own philosophical development? "The idea of philosophy as an ongoing journey, as opposed to the complete definite answers." "The introduction [served] as a sort of road map, with different elements to be explained." "The necessity to know what it is and means to be human." "That there is no definitive and complete philosophy canonised by the Church." "That there is some valuable knowledge in every philosophy." "The importance of Fides et Ratio as a whole grounding for the course." "Philosophy is an ongoing enterprise - always new ideas - but much of it is conversation with classical ideas, e.g. metaphysics." "Philosophy is itself multi-disciplinary and in dialogue with other disciplines, e.g. psychology and linguistics." "The reassurance that we are all in the ‘same boat’ gives me the confidence to relax and try and get more out of the course (i.e it’s not all about the assignment). Very happy with the course so far." "The presentation and notes supplied were both excellent. [Dr] Marie [Cooke] was fantastic and her presentation of content was very helpful, and made it seem achievable. The course books and study days, combined with extra study days in Longford all together, make it seem achievable." "Great presentation of the booklets by [Dr] Marie [Cooke]. I have come away with the feeling that I am going to be able to complete my assignments. The day was useful in that it allows us to share our ideas….Course books are very well set out. In doing and completing assignments, I know that support is there should I need it." "The explanation about Christology was done in an understandable manner. Loved the images of Christ – very inspiring - and the hymn … great support!" "This was a really lovely study day and beautifully presented by Fr. Eddie. I found the material very interesting and very clearly and concisely presented. The best history lecture I have been to in a long time and with an authoritative gentleness and knowledge: I love it!" "Fr Eddie was very interesting and easy to listen to…. Plenty of time for interaction during the talk. A smaller group made it easier to interact with others – get to communicate with others. It was a very good day…would love Fr. Eddie to come back again." "Fr. Eddie’s love of the Bible…was really felt by many of us. He has passed on something special to me. An enjoyable and prayerful day; refreshing. Room was comfortable and a friendly atmosphere…" "Lovely, relaxed positive atmosphere and good opportunities for group sharing & Q&As. Room was lovely and warm. Mass was lovely and meaningful. Thank you Fr Eddie & Fr Charlie." "[I gained] Greater biblical insight, thorough Fr. Eddie’s engaging delivery." "All very positive; Fr Eddie gave very interesting and interactive talks. Very open to questions and answers." "I found Fr Eddie very knowledgeable and approachable. I found the [study] day very helpful and beneficial to my study." "It was a fantastic enlightening [study] day and the way Fr. Eddy brought us into the Bible." "Excellent delivery of content of course book. Interesting clips and video. Glad to hear that we do not need to rush to finish all the essays in the 2 years." "A fantastic and well worthwhile course! If you are considering undertaking pastoral work in your parish in any area of Family Ministry this course is ideal by way of an introduction to Marriage and Family Life. The course provides a concrete foundation for you to work from and allows you to delve deeper into the Church’s teachings and provides opportunities to explore further in your own time. For those already involved in parish ministry, this course, I feel, is vital. It is a great way to revisit the Church’s documents and teachings and should be part of an ongoing formation, most especially if you are involved with marriage preparation, marriage support and natural family planning. The course modules are set out in a way that allows you to pinpoint areas of interest easily and is a good reference tool for the parish ministry you may be involved with." "I thoroughly enjoyed the course which gifted me with a much deeper understanding of the Church’s wonderful teaching on marriage and the family. Through the completion of the assignments, I was exposed to the breadth and depth of the riches to be discovered through reading the course materials and extra reading and the research that continually beckoned … and I get the distinct impression that I have only ‘dipped my toes in the water’! All this was unlocked by the very encouraging, enthusiastic and committed presenters of the two modules and the online assistance, whenever needed. It was truly a great joy and privilege to have done the course.." "I found the course very useful in helping me to learn about the Church’s documents that support my own beliefs and understanding of what the Church actually teaches about Marriage and Family. This was beneficial in helping me substantiate my sharing by giving people the teaching of the Church so that more people will understand the reasons for the Church’s stand on certain issues. Besides that, it has helped me to better appreciate my spouse and our children and made me more committed to spending more time with them. I am also more committed to transmitting this faith to my children because I realised that it was my parents who transmitted it to me." "The course was insightful and helped us understand how the Church sees the role of the family from the beginning of the Bible to the end (wedding feast of the Lamb). Understanding how our families are the domestic Church, we have tried to see how it applies to our lives. In our Church, we started a group of Catholic Watchmen and we are now going to spend time understanding further our role in the family by incorporating women in the Joseph Atkinson series on ‘building the family’." "[I am] grateful for all the support and the materials provided. It was a lovely journey for me (and my spouse). The course materials provided a deeper understanding of the faith I personally stand for. Holistically, it helped me to put together the simple yet ultimate truth along with my own personal life experiences and spiritual encounters. When one is connected with the Almighty and feel His guiding hand even in day-to-day mundane grinds, [I] remember to rejoice and be glad!." "Before, I thought of marriage – even at my age – as a case of a man and woman coming together to form a union and presenting themselves before God to bless and support them. But this course has made me understand that marriage is not all about the two people – man and woman – but [also about] the third person involved, God Himself as head of the union. This course should be a basic course for couples planning to get married so that they can understand what it is all about. It should also be taught on a regular basis to married couples." "I learned about the course at a time when I needed to understand the Church’s teaching on marriage and family life more. The course helped me to reach a deeper understanding of the biblical concepts and teaching in papal encyclicals. I really appreciate the insights the course has given me and feel it has helped me to develop as a mother, grandmother and catechist. Thank you!" "I wish I knew 20 years ago half of what I now know from the Catechesis on Marriage and Family … I would have been a different husband and father and I would have brought up my children differently..."
2019-04-24T08:38:16Z
https://www.maryvale.ac.uk/student-feedback.html
So, Azer has been on Reglan for almost a month now. It has worked beautifully. His constant constipation has gone away. For nearly the first time in his life, he has been able to eat what he wants, when he wants. He has no bloating, reflux, or feelings of fullness. All symptoms of gastroparesis have gone. At last clinic, we decided since it was working so well, they would fax in a month's long prescription to the pharmacy. Unknown to me all this time, it is a black box drug. In other words, potential bad side effects. The nurse called me to tell me about a potential side effect called Tardive Dyskinesia. This is basically a condition that could permanently affect the nervous system, and can cause involuntary movements of voluntary muscles. I read on a CF website about someone's daughter who had severe facial twitches after being on Reglan. This terrifies me and sorrows me at the same time. I have stopped the Reglan immediately. The possibility of him developing TD is around 15-20%. I stopped Reglan last night, and his bloating, reflux, feeling of fullness came back immediately, as did diarrhea for some reason. I called the pharmacy to cancel the prescription. I was able to talk to our GI doctor, and we are going to try another medication over the weekend. It is an antibiotic, but can treat gastroparesis as well. We have tried it in the past, and it resulted in him constantly vomiting. I really hope this does not happen this time. This whole thing has been very upsetting to me. I mean, I was so happy for him that he was able to eat normally, and feel what enjoying food feels like! But at the same time, absolutely terrified that he took this medication that could have had disastrous side effects. I thank God that this did not happen, but I feel like I should have been warned about the potential side effects BEFORE he took the medication for the first time. About two weeks ago, Azer was stilling having reflux issues, so the GI doctor decided to switch him from bethanechol to reglan which can be used to treat gastroparesis. While it hasn't made the reflux/vomiting completely go away, it has helped significantly. Currently, he has only been having food come up if he is running or playing aggressively. The GI doctor said there is little they can do about that, because most of what is in his stomach is usually just formula, and it is easier for liquid to come up than solid food. So, yesterday, both the GI and Pulmonary doctors were very pleased. He is now 95 lbs, which puts him around 60th percentile for weight. The ideal weight for a CF person is 50%, so we are doing fantastic. On the growth chart, it looks like a straight line up. His height is finally starting to creep higher above the 10th percentile. It is moving slowly in the right direction. When the pulmonary doctor came in, she said that the GI doctor was grinning out in the hallway. His weight is high enough now to have to move up to a higher strength of enzymes and he hasn't seemed to have as much constipation since we started the Reglan. His Fev1 was only 83%. However, the doctor said they now have a new computer system they use for PFT's. She showed us based on the volume of air he blew out, that his total volume is increased compared to last time. She believes his Fev1 was actually in the 90's because of this. I was grateful for her taking the time to explain and compare the test. She listened to his lungs and she said he had great airflow and no wheezing at all. She mentioned that the pushing technique I do after CPT helps clear the mucus out of the smaller airways, so on we must continue! So, the results from the endoscopy biopsies are... he has no sensitivity to lactose or sucrose, but he has superficial gastric inflammation. They are not sure what is causing this, and so far the only suggestion is to increase his Nexium to twice a day. He has vomited once since we have done this, and seems to be still having reflux, but mostly in the morning. So, hopefully the double dose of Nexium will take effect soon! Despite vomiting, he is continuing to steadily gain weight, and he is over 90 lbs now. I hope his height will catch up with his weight, because shopping for all new clothes has been challenging! Our GI doctor wanted to do an endoscopy on Azer in addition to the gastric emptying he had a few weeks ago. This was to see if there are any visual reasons why he is having so many issues with vomiting and reflux. The procedure only lasted about 30 minutes. The GI doctor told me that he looked like he had irritation to his stomach. She took small biopsies of his stomach and small intestines to see if there were any issues she couldn't see with just the camera. She also put a new G-button in, as the old one had lost a lot of water, and also put a longer button in, as his old size was fitting kind of tight. He's had a cough for about a week, but nothing serious enough to hold back the procedure. When he woke up, he kind of gave the nurses a bit of a scare, as he couldn't stop coughing. They had to do several treatments of a Xopenex. It seemed to help him breathe better. When they were confident that he could breathe fine, we were allowed to leave! He was kind of woozy the rest of the evening, but he was able to hold down a little food, and tolerated his night feed just fine. Oh, and also he weighed in at 89.9 lbs yesterday! Lets just hope he starts growing on his own now! So, today was one of those longer clinic days. He had to be fasting starting at midnight for his glucose test today. They drew blood for a number of tests when we first got there. He then had to drink a few cups of glucose solution and wait two hours. He weighed in at 86.8 lbs today! He gained almost 8 lbs in just two months. It appears the higher calorie formula is working! On the down side, he just didn't grow much at all, and hasn't, even since increasing his caloric intake. We will see an Endocrinologist in a few months who may have some ideas as to how to handle this issue. We hope his body will kick it in gear and start growing now that it has some extra nutrition. About two weeks ago, we had a week of vomiting only in the morning. After switching his morning medications to afternoon, it seems to have cleared up, but he is still having reflux frequently. Because of this, the GI doctor wants him to have a gastic emptying scan to see if his stomach is holding onto food for too long. She also wants to do an endoscopy to check for any other issues that could cause problems. He got an 83% Fev1 on his PFT. It's down about 10 points from last time. Because it seemed like the Symbicort worked well last month, we are going to start it back up to see if the decline is related to his asthmatic/allergic components. After the two hours passed, they pricked his finger to test his glucose again, which came back normal. No CFRD! (CF related diabetes). Later on this week, we are scheduled for the gastric emptying study. After fasting and a long clinic visit, we decided tacos sounded great. About a week off of antibiotics, we started Flagyl to combat possible C-diff in his intestines. The Flagyl seemed to cause more stomach aches and diarrhea than anything, oddly enough. His cough started to come back soon after that. So frustrating seeing as we just finished a very strong course of antibiotics! He has been out of breath during our runs, to the point of not being able to keep up with me (and I run slow, believe me). Another thing that has also been worrying me is that he has been so out of breath while swimming, he is completely out of breath, even with short distances. So, of course we increased treatments to try to clear out any extra mucus collecting in his lungs. I waited a week to see if it would improve any, and when it didn't, I contacted our clinic and saw the doctor today. His Fev1 was down a bit, but not as bad as we thought it would be, given how the cough sounded. The doctor looked over his allergy test he had when he was in the hospital last month, and while he was mildly allergic to "everything", his IGE to a certain type of grass was literally off the charts. She believes he is having a horrible time breathing because of allergies. So, we have a plan to start a different inhaled steroid, and to also add OTC allergy medicines to try to calm his asthmatic component down some. On the plus side, he gained a few more pounds and also grew, so the higher calorie formula is working well! Another thing we learned is that adding salt to his boluses do not work. It causes stomach irritation and very bad reflux, so we have stopped that for the time being. We will see if the allergy plan works and hopefully it will and we will stay off of antibiotics for a while! Yesterday was Azer's follow up appointment with our CF doctor. We have been working hard to get his lungs clear by running in the mornings again (until he sprained his ankle Tuesday lol), and manual CPT. The GI doctor was able to get his reflux under control to the point where he has had almost no trouble with it at all, so coughing all the junk out has been much easier. Doing IV's at home is always a bit challenging, but in the end, it is always worth it for him as he gets to play with his friends and ride bikes. Of course, there were moments of longingly looking at the swimming pool. We have been very vigilant about keeping up with the bolus feeds, and saw the rewards of our labor. He is nearly 77 lbs, and for the first time in his life, he is finally over the 75 lbs! He also grew about a quarter of an inch in a month. The doctor still wants to see his weight closer to the 50th percentile, and hopes if we get his weight higher, that his height will inch back up towards the 25th percentile. He got a 92% on his PFT's. I was surprised it was lower than when he was in the hospital. The doctor took time to explain that because he got taller, the calculations for lung volume can change slightly. I feel like no mater how many times they explain what all the other numbers on the PFT's mean, it still never makes complete sense! The doctor felt like Azer had spent enough time on IV antibiotics to have his PICC line removed yesterday. Because Azer has been playing a lot outdoors, he has been sweating too. This can cause the sticky dressing to come lose, and expose the wound to infection, so we've had to use extra dressing to keep it on. The removal of the actual catheter isn't painful at all, but removing the dressing (or any dressing changes) can be very painful. It is much worse than removing a band-aid, as the special dressing they use is meant to stick as well as stitches. Cleaning the area stings as well, because removing the bandages does cause some skin irritation. We are going to do another week of oral antibiotics just to make sure that he stays clear for a good while. Luckily, his sprained ankle is healing quickly, and he was able to get some batting practice in for the first time in two weeks! So, our GI doctor has been out of town, which was part of the problem of treating his reflux in the hospital. Yesterday, his reflux was terrible, and he couldn't hold it down about an hour after his afternoon bolus. It was a little scary, with the poor kid retching and crying in pain. I can't deal with vomit, so he was trying to shoo me out of the bathroom. He was so bloated after, even though his stomach was pretty much empty. I called the CF Clinic, and was very grateful to have someone answer the phone (do to some awesome people :-) and she was able to get a hold of the GI doctor quickly, and we made a few small changes to make it through the night. We went to clinic this morning. We didn't do another PFT since we had one just a few days ago in the hospital. He somehow managed to gain a pound and grew a bit. We increased dosages of a few medications (bethanechol and zantac), added some new medications, some to help the stomach empty, some to help the stomach hold food better, and some to try to coat the irritation (Carafate). I learned today that when he has a lung flare up, it can also cause inflammation in other parts of his body, and can cause his GI system to work even slower than it normally does. So not fair for someone who needs to eat more when he's sick! The doctor mentioned a new type of Proton Pump Inhibitor that has helped a few other patients. It might be tricky to get it, but we're hoping. We had a dressing change on his PICC line today. We plan to do one next Thursday, or possibly have it taken out! We might get an endoscopy done when the IV's are over to make sure there aren't any other issues causing his reflux and tummy troubles. We were discharged last night with all our IV medications and supplies, and we had a successful night. This time, instead of having a pump (or those horrible gravity fed IV bags) we have infusion balls. Many other CF moms have mentioned how easy they are to use, and they really are. There is no priming, adjusting dosage, or air bubbles to prime out. It still is exhausting waking up multiple times during the night to change medications, flush the IV, and disconnect his G-tube. We also have 4 breathing treatments during the day. It is tiring but well worth being at home. We were able to jog this morning, although he had very bad reflux before and during it. I feel frustrated that it isn't any better, or perhaps worse since we were admitted but I am hoping it will be resolved soon. Yesterday, Azer blew 94% FEV1 on his PFTs. After only a few days on IV antibiotics, his lungs have improved considerably, so the plan is to continue the IV antibiotics at home. They are also waiting to see if he cultured any Aspergillus antibodies. His IGE level was elevated but not considerably high for him. His CT scan on his sinuses came back. Apparently, they are quite blocked and there is scarring and thickening. He had no obstructing polyps. The plan is to do a special sinus nebulizer after we are finished with the IV antibiotics. It seems like the reflux hasn't really been addressed yet. The increased Zantac hasn't improved things. The latest I heard was we are going to restart the Nexium and continue with the Zantac. He is ready to GO! He did very well with Versed through the IV. The PICC line team did an awesome job like they usually do. They were able to do it in the room this time, which was comfortable for him. When the Versed started to wear off, one of the technicians showed Azer where his PICC line was placed through the X-ray. The good news is he says his lungs are already starting to feel clearer. We had some time enjoying being out of the hospital room for a while too. They came in and looked for a good place to thread the PICC line in. Apparently he didn't need to be NPO, so since he hasn't had any food or liquids by mouth since midnight, he is going to eat now! He also got a CT scan done on his sinuses to check for polyps or blockages that may be affecting his lung function. He is also getting breathing treatments 4 times a day. Well, since we knew this admission was coming, we made the most of the time we had after school got out. We swam to our hearts content, and he played one more baseball game Thursday. He is missing a tournament this weekend, but hopefully he will be done with IV's before his World Series tournament in a few weeks. We got here late last night. It always seems to take a while before a bed is ready (popular place lol). He got an IV last night, and has been NPO since midnight. We are hoping to get a PICC line placed soon so he has use of both hands. He can't play his Nintendo very well with only one hand. He is hungry since he hasn't gotten his morning feed. He is on IV fluids since he can't drink anything either. So, they have increased his antacid medicine to see if that will make any difference. They are planning to do a CT scan of his sinuses before we go home. He only cultured sensitive Staph, but they are going to temporarily treat for Pseudomonas as well just in case it's lurking somewhere in his lungs. He is getting two strong antibiotics through his IV right now. Apparently, his IV was burning last night, but seems to be alright this morning. I hope it holds up before he gets his PICC line. CF creates new words, apparently. The new antacid seems to not be working after all. This is the worst I've ever seen it. I feel like we're not able to do breathing treatments properly because it causes more reflux. I hope they'll be able to fix this in the hospital. I don't know if this is part of the reflux, but he has had a lot of bloating and constipation lately. A few doses of Miralax seems to have thrown that into complete reverse. It is so hard to find a balance! After the last sick visit, he was prescribed some pretty tough antibiotics along with a brief time on steroids. His cough improved temporarily but his cough came back again. So this was a follow-up and sick visit. He gained a few pounds this time (despite his poor appetite) which is fantastic. They are still pushing for more calories because his growth is just so slow lately, and his height percentile is tapering from where it used to be. We will be switching to a higher calorie formula, which should push a few more calories per ounce. He has been having a lot of issues with reflux, but our GI doctor decided a few weeks ago to try a different type, and it seems to be working. We may have to try a course of Flagyl soon if he still continues to have issues. We are also increasing his Bethanechol which helps his stomach move food along faster. His salt was a little low, and I will be adding salt to some of his G-tube feeds as it is a struggle to get him to drink one (1) bottle of Gatorade a day. His Fev1 was 79%. I know it can be much higher. So, we had a choice. Do another long course of oral antibiotics (the last course just cleared all the bacteria out of his colon and his very hard on his stomach, which means lots of time in the bathroom), or do a course of IV antibiotics to clear him out. Doing IV antibiotics seems to be the best choice at this time. It's been a few years since his last tune up, so it is needed. The good news is he has only been culturing bacteria that responds well to broad spectrum antibiotics. The plan is to wait until school is out, go in for the PICC line and some X-rays, and then do the rest of the IV antibiotics at home. Hopefully this will clear all the junk out of his lungs so he can have a summer free from antibiotics, steroids and IV's! We are still participating in the CF walk this Saturday. It will be rain or shine, so I hope to see everyone there!!! His vitals were great, but his Fev1 was down to the lower 70's. We are doing a course of oral antibiotics and steroids. If there isn't improvement at his next clinic visit in a few weeks, it might be time for IV antibiotics. It's been a few years since his last admission, so we've been pretty lucky. His reflux has been horrible lately. It has been interfering with his appetite and hasn't helped him trying to cough this junk out. We will see the GI doctor at our next clinic appointment, but in the meantime, they've switched him to a different reflux medication and a higher dosage. Also wanted to let everyone know that it is 24 days until the CF walk. It will be on Saturday, May 30th at the Vitruvian Park in Addison. Check in time is at 8am and the walk starts at 9am. Click here to donate or join our team, Joggers for Azer! At Azer's clinic visit three months ago, the doctor noticed his growth was starting to plateau out. Since then, he has been doing 5 cans of formula a day through his G-tube instead of 4. Three at night, one in the morning, and one when he gets home from school. He gained 4 lbs in 3 months, and grew almost a whole inch. I believe it's working unless his long hair is adding to the weight! He got a few colds over the last few months, and the last one just seemed to stick in his lungs. His Fev1 was down to 81%. He has been junky for weeks. The doctor is putting him on oral Bactrim for 2 weeks unless he has cultured something that would need different treatment. They also tested his IGE level again to see if it's up. I'm really hoping not. I feel like the last ABPA took so long to treat, and he was on Prednisone for months! Hopefully the oral antibiotics will get his lungs feeling better again. He commented recently how much relief he gets from manual CPT and running, so we have been doing both without fail! Azer is still on steroids... a very lose dosage every other day, but still on them. His IGE levels are slowly dropping, and we are still doing labs every other week. The day before yesterday, I noticed he might be coming down with a virus. Last night, after his evening treatment, he had a wheezing noise in his upper right lobe that was so loud, you could hear it without a stethoscope. I called the on-call doctor who didn't have much advice to give other than to continue to do treatments or take him to the ER. He was coughing hard enough he threw up, so I figured rest would do him good. I know he didn't sleep well. Today, he had a fever, and was nauseous, but the worrying thing is his cough. It is very congested. Luckily, I don't hear much wheezing. I have been doing CPT every few hours to try to relieve him. I don't know what exactly has changed in him, or his lungs lately. Perhaps there is still remaining inflammation from the ABPA. But this past year, whenever he's gotten sick, the wheezing can be terrible. It can be so loud that he needs a fan in his room full blast so that it covers up the noise so he can sleep. I've been getting a sense, for the first time, that Cystic Fibrosis and that horrible mucus is just so hideous. It's just horrible how quickly his lungs can get full and irritated seemingly overnight. That we can work for months and months getting him to gain several precious pounds, and one little virus can take it away in a week. While everyone else's kids get a cold and stay home for a few days and be perfectly fine, he has to be on antibiotics and steroids for weeks, sometimes months. I just know we have to keep working hard, doing breathing treatments, CPT, running, praying... whatever it takes.
2019-04-18T11:15:34Z
http://www.azerscfwebsite.com/2015/
As part of the general exploration of the New World, Spanish conquistadors set out on various expeditions in the early sixteenth century. One such expedition was led by Francisco Pizarro in 1533, heading towards the western coast of South America where it was fortunate in discovering the vast Inca empire just as it was reaching the end of a civil war. With just forty soldiers (aided by friendly native warriors), Pizarro quickly conquered much of the empire, acquired vast new territories, and set up the foundations of Peru. Just a decade later, in 1542, the viceroyalty of Peru was created to rival that of New Spain in terms of the territory and potential wealth it controlled. At its height it ruled all of western, central and southern South America, often through governors such as the captaincy general of Chile. Initial wealth was brought about through the mining and textile trades, but when Spain controlled Portugal between 1580-1640, there was no restriction on Portuguese settlement in Brazil. In the eighteenth century, the creation of the viceroyalties of New Granada and Rio de la Plata reduced the importance of the Peruvian capital at Lima and removed much territory from Peru's control. It also served to move some of the lucrative Andean trade to Buenos Aires. Added to the decline in productivity from the mining trade and textile production, this combination of events saw Peru lose much of its initial importance to the Spanish empire. A tentative first expedition by Francisco Pizarro to conquer Peru from his base in Panama City fails when he is forced to turn back. The second expedition in 1526 finds the northern edges of Inca territory. The third, in 1527-1528 sets up a temporary base on the edges of Inca territory, while the fourth requires a return to Spain and an interview with the king. This gains Pizarro the titles of governor and captain general of New Castile, the territory expected to be conquered by his expedition. By 1532 Pizarro is ready to head back into the lands which promise so many riches. First Spanish governor of New Castile. Assassinated. Pizarro leads his small body of troops southwards from Panama to conquer the Inca empire, opening up vast new territories in South America. Pizarro is accompanied by his siblings, Hernando and Gonzalo Pizarro. Governor of Guatemala, Pedro de Alvarado, heads to the Andes, hoping to gain the rumoured riches of Peru, but he is warned off by the men of Francisco Pizarro. In the same year, Pizarro's leadership is questioned by Diego de Almagro, and the latter man leaves, given permission by the king of Spain to explore southern Peru (modern Chile). Pizarro explores the west coast of northern Peru, and founds the city of Lima as the capital of the new territories. His brothers govern the Inca capital Qusqo (or Cusco), exhibiting great brutality towards the native subjects. An uprising results, almost recapturing the capital until the Pizarro brothers are able to defeat it. In the same year a former companion of Pizarro, Diego de Almagro, leads his band of conquistadors south into Chile in search of gold. He claims the territory for Spain but founds no cities, and returns in 1536 having abandoned his discoveries. Two years later he is executed after having failed to oust Pizarro as governor. Almagro's return to Peru sees him temporarily imprison Gonzalo and Hernando Pizarro. Once reunited, the Pizarro brothers defeat Almagro's attempts to usurp control at the Battle of Las Salinas in April 1538. Almagro is executed on 8 July. One of Pizarro's captains, Hernando de Soto, becomes governor of Cuba in 1538. Pizarro is assassinated by Almagro's followers on 26 June 1541. Gonzalo Pizarro returns from an expedition into the interior to find that the official representative of the Spanish crown has arrived to take control of Peru, and the assassins and their forces are defeated at the Battle of Chupas on 16 September 1542. In 1544, the king of Spain appoints Blasco Nunez Vela as the first viceroy of Peru (which includes the captaincy general of Chile and the New Kingdom of Granada). He introduces new laws aimed at preventing the previous exploitation of the natives and Gonzalo Pizarro rebels, with the backing of the many conquistadors who lose out under the new laws. The situation is not fully resolved until Pizarro is defeated at the Battle of Jaquijahuana in 1548 and is immediately beheaded. Half-brother of Francisco. Claimant viceroy of Peru. The viceroys continually attempt to persuade the Inca ruler to come down from his independent mountain capital and reside in his former capital at Qosqo, where he can be controlled by Spain. It takes until 1559 before Sayri Tupac does so, and he accepts Christianity at the same time. Spanish viceroy of Peru (and of New Spain 1535-1550). Died before he could take office. Toledo makes an extensive tour of the viceroyalty and reorganises it. He establishes the Inquisition in Peru (1570) and promulgates laws that treats natives and Spanish equally. In 1572, the last Inca ruler, Tupac Amaru, is arrested, tried, and beheaded. His city is burned and its location forgotten. Spain gains control of its Iberian neighbour, the kingdom of Portugal, and any attempts to prevent the Portuguese colonisation of eastern South America in Brazil are relaxed. Spanish viceroy of Peru (and of New Spain 1590-95 & 1607-11). Spanish viceroy of Peru (and of New Spain 1603-1607). Francisco de Borja y Aragon divides the government of the districts of Rio de la Plata in two, creating Buenos Aires and Paraguay, both of which remain dependencies of Peru. Spanish viceroy of Peru (and of New Spain 1612-1621). A Portuguese attack from Brazil on a Spanish mission results in the enslavement of 60,000 natives. The raid is one of a series in what is effectively a low level war of territorial conquest, despite Spain governing the Portuguese. Cabrera puts down an uprising by the native Uros and Mapuche natives. Spanish viceroy of Peru (and of New Spain 1642-1648). Spanish viceroy of Peru (and of New Spain 1650-1653). Pedro Bohorquez, a Spanish adventurer, crowns himself emperor Inca Hualpa of the Calchaqui natives, inciting their tribes to revolt. He is captured and eventually hung and beheaded. Rich landowners also chose this period to revolt against the government. The English privateer Henry Morgan takes the Peruvian port of Chagres, before capturing and sacking the city of Panama in Granada. President of the Audiencia, resumed interim vice-regency. Archbishop of Lima (and interim governor of New Granada 1671). Spanish viceroy of Peru (and of New Spain 1686-1688). President of the Audiencia governing on an interim basis. The viceroyalty of New Granada is created from Peru's northern territories, Bogota, Panama, and Quito. The viceroyalty of New Granada is recreated on a permanent basis. There is a native uprising under the leadership of Juan Santos Atahualpa in the Andean jungle provinces of Tarma and Jauja. Although Atahualpa dies in 1756, the area is not fully regained until the 1780s. The Treaty of Madrid between Portugal and Spain legitimises the established borders of the colonial territories in Peru and Brazil. The treaty also stipulates that Spain receives the Sacramento Colony and Portugal the Misiones Orientales, seven independent Jesuit missions in the upper River Uruguay. Spain and Portugal combine forces and crush the resisting colonies in the Guarani War of 1756 (as shown in the film, 'The Mission'). The viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata is created from Peru's southern territories, Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and the Eastern Strip (Uruguay). Spanish viceroy of Peru (and of New Granada 1773-1776). Shortly after Manuel de Guiror is removed from office by the Crown's inspector, the Inca begin an uprising in Peru led by Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui Noguera under the name Tupac Amaru II. It is a result of oppressive Spanish control, and it takes the new governor a year of fighting to regain control. Known as the Tupac Amaru Rebellion, its leader is killed during the fighting against the Spanish with the result that he becomes a near-mythical figure in the Peruvian struggle for independence. Named viceroy of Rio de la Plata in 1804 but took Peru instead. Following the French occupation of Spain and the subsequent weakening of the crown, various wars of independence break out across the Spanish Americas, including New Spain and Guatemala. Peru serves as a centre for the royalist opposition to these revolts. When Buenos Aires revolts in May, Abascal reincorporates the provinces of Chile, Cordoba, La Paz and Potosi (both in modern Bolivia), and Quito (part of New Granada) from Rio de la Plata. On 8 September 1820, the Liberation Expedition of Peru is organised in Chile and lands on the beach near the city of Pisco in Peru, under the command of Jose de San Martin. Lima is occupied on 21 July 1821 after negotiations with the viceroy fail. The independence of Peru from Spain is proclaimed on 28 July, with the viceroy retiring to Cusco with a sizable armed force under his command. Despite temporarily recovering Lima, the acting viceroy is defeated in open battle against nationalist leader Simon Bolivar. Royalist control of Peru is reduced to a small area around the city of Ayacucho, in the south-central highlands. On 9 December the Battle of Ayacucho (or the Battle of La Quinua), is won by the nationalists under Antonio Jose de Sucre, Bolivar's lieutenant, at Pampa de La Quinua, close to Ayacucho. The viceroy, Serna, captured after the battle, agrees that the Spanish will leave Peru. Juan Pio de Tristan y Moscoso assumes the office of provisional viceroy in order to transfer power to the nationalists. Nominal viceroy, but not exercising power. Died 1860. The early years of the new republic were marked by power struggles. A provisional government was formed between 1821-1822, with a republic being declared in 1822. Elected president in 1824, the former nationalist leader Simon Bolivar turned created a dictatorship four years later, but his governance was also very short-lived. In fact, Peru's nineteenth century history was scarred by repeated dictatorships. The name Peru originates from that of a native ruler who lived near the Bay of San Miguel in Panama in the earliest days of exploration into South America. In 1522 Biru was visited by Spanish explorers who were venturing into new territory for the colonists, and the name came to be used to designate all of the initial conquests to the south. In modern times the country's population is a reflection of that colonial period, consisting of the descendants of European settlers and African slaves, native Amerindians, and Asians. After the provisional government creates a republic in 1822, the Peruvian congress names the president of Gran Colombia, Simon Bolivar, president of Peru on 10 February 1824. He is able to reorganise the armed forces and decisively defeat the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho in that year. Also president of Bolivia & Gran Colombia. During Bolivar's presidency, in 1825 the Congress of Upper Peru creates the republic of Bolivia, which is named after him. Trying to prevent the break-up of Gran Colombia, he proclaims himself dictator on 27 August 1828, but the following year Peru fights Gran Colombia over the latter's claim that its territory extends beyond the Andes mountain range to the River Amazon, and includes the Amazonian basin. The war is ended with the Battle of Tarqui and the Gual-Larrea Treaty being signed on 22 September. The treaty specifies that the Colombian-Peruvian border is to retain the line it bore under Spanish colonial control (the peace lasts until 1859). Bolivar resigns the post of dictator on 27 April 1830 after an assassination attempt dents his confidence. A coup by Pedro Pablo Bermudez is succeeded by a second coup under Felipe Santiago Salaverry on 23 February 1835, leading to a further year of dictatorship. Salaverry is defeated and executed by Bolivian forces which invade the country. Juan Pio de Tristan y Moscoso, having chosen to remain in Peru after independence, participates in the creation of the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation which survives until 1839. Dictator. Deposed in a second coup. The dictator of Peru is defeated and executed by Bolivian forces which invade the country. Marshal Andres de Santa Cruz creates the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation which survives until 1839. Tension between the confederation and Chile leads to the latter declaring war on 28 December 1836. Chile's ally, the Argentine confederation, follows suit on 9 May 1837. Eventual defeat for Bolivia comes in 1839 and Santa Cruz flees to Ecuador. A period of stability within Peru follows. In 1841, the new Peruvian president attempts to return the favour by invading Bolivia, but he is defeated and killed. Arguing that treaties signed with Gran Colombia have been rendered void upon the dissolution of that federation, Peru fights another war over disputed territory bordering the Amazon, this time with the federation's successor in the region, Ecuador. Dictator or 'interim president'. Deposed. With the resources which had made the country stable since the 1830s having been squandered, Peru is now heavily indebted and political in-fighting is on the rise. A dictatorship is formed under Prado after a coup removes the previous dictator. Spain recognises the independence of Peru in 1879. Another dictatorship is formed almost immediately under Nicolas de Pierola, but his Peru is defeated by Chile in the War of the Pacific between 1879-1883. After Lima is occupied, the country loses the provinces of Arica and Tarapaca. Internal struggles following the war are followed by a period of stability under the Civilista Party. Dictator. Defeated by Chilean forces and resigned. On 29 May, supporters of the opposition Democratic Party force their way into the presidential palace to demand the president's resignation. However, Augusto Leguia refuses and is kidnapped and taken to the Bolivar Monument where he repeats his refusal to resign. The police arrive and rescue the president by force in a battle which results in over a hundred deaths. During the same period the country's border with Brazil is settled with the signing of the Treaty of Velarde-Rio Branco. This sets the border along the rivers of Yaravi and Yaverija. In the case of Bolivia, the Treaty of Polo-Bustamante formally partitions Lake Titicaca, and also marks the boundary with Tacna (which until then had been part of Chile). In October 1917, Peru declares for the allies in the First World War against Germany and the Austro-Hungarian empire, but plays no active part in the conflict. Leguia returns to office and, fearing the government will not recognise his re-election as president, launches a successful military coup. From there, a new parliament is convened which elects him constitutional president. Leguia introduces a new, more liberal constitution and proceeds to ignore it himself, ruling in dictatorial style. Dictator. Overthrown during the world economic depression. With the signing of the Treaty of Salomon-Lozano, Leguia agrees the borders with Colombia by seceding all territory between the Putumayo and Caqueta rivers, to the detriment of both Peru and Ecuador. The treaty is only published after the overthrow of Leguia on 22 August 1930. In March 1932 the president, Luis Sanchez, is the target of an attempted assassination as he leaves church. The assassin misses his target and the president almost shoots him in return, only being stopped by his bodyguards. In June a minor revolt is put down, and in September a revolt seizes a whole town. By the end of that month, the Treaty of Salomon-Lozano has been declared null and void and Peru and Colombia prepare for war, although it is never announced as such. Before hostilities can commence, on 30 April 1933, Sanchez is shot through the heart as he finishes reviewing twenty thousand young army recruits. His replacement negotiates peace with Colombia (by 1934) and introduces a new constitution. The Ecuadorian-Peruvian War is fought between 5 July 1941 and 31 July 1942 as a continuation of the 1840 war. The Rio Protocol brings peace until 1960. In 1942 Peru also becomes the first South American nation to declare war against Germany and its allies. Despite having a president who has attempted to liberalise the country, in October 1948, rebel sailors and officers seize five warships, locking up or shooting their commanders, and send landing parties ashore under cover of a ragged bombardment. Sailors already on shore take over the Naval Academy, the Naval Armoury, and the Real Felipe Fortress. Troops loyal to the government crush the revolt and the president, Jose Bustamante, suspends all civil rights. It is not enough for the military cabinet who, responding to economic strife, stage a coup on 29 October. The coup leader takes over as president. Dictator. Arranged elections in 1956 and stepped down. President Velaco declares the Rio Protocol with Ecuador to be null and void, although little immediate impact is caused by the decision. Another coup, this time by Ricardo Perez Godoy and Nicolas Lindley Lopez, both generals in the Peruvian army, delivers a year of government by military junta under Godoy. He is deposed by Lindley who delivers democratic elections to the country, turning over the office of president to election winner Fernando Belaunde. Dictator. Overthrown by his coup co-conspirators. Dictator. Arranged free elections for the same year. Belaunde is removed from office in a military coup. The country is ruled by the army under General Velasco, who manages to destroy the economy. Dictator. Overthrown in a coup. Dictator. Stepped down after elections. With the country in economic depression, the military allows an election to restore constitutional rule. Fernando Belaunde's return fails to halt the rise of internal conflict, especially by the left-wing Shining Path movement. However, he comes to be regarded as the father of Peru's modern democracy. Following the sudden and unexpected occupation by Argentina of the Falkland Islands, Peru promises support while Chile sides with Britain. President Alan Garcia's presidency leaves the country with hyperinflation and no progress against the growing Shining Path rebel movement. Garcia also has the question of his involvement in human rights abuses hanging over his head. He is replaced by the half-Japanese president, Alberto Fujimori. A new constitution is drafted. The aftermath of the 1995 Cenepa War between Peru and Ecuador sees one of the western hemisphere's longest territorial disputes reach a final conclusion. On 26 October 1998 both countries sign a definitive peace agreement. Fujimori has fared little better than his predecessor on the human rights issue, although he has brought an end to Shining Path's fifteen year reign of terror and has noticeably improved the economy. Now facing a corruption scandal, he flees to Japan. Following a visit to Chile in 2005 he is arrested and faces deportation to Peru. Alan Garcia regains power, still with questions hanging over him regarding his conduct. However, he is regarded as the lesser of two evils by voters who are more worried by Venezuela gaining political influence over the country. In 2007, former president Fujimori is handed over to Peru to face charges and imprisonment for six years.
2019-04-22T06:56:25Z
https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsAmericas/SouthPeru.htm
We have just begun our study in the book of Hebrews, and I want to just preface our lesson tonight by saying that you’re going to find that this book is extremely deep, and tonight we are going to be dealing with meat as opposed to milk. I can’t remember in my own studies since I’ve been at Grace Church a particular passage on which I spent more time than on these particular verses. I realize that in measure, it’s like an iceberg; you’re going to get the top of it. It may come off rather simply to you, but believe me, these are deep, deep truths that we shall look at in verses 4-14, not easy to be understood, by any means. If I succeed in any small measure in making them simple, then I have succeeded in doing what I’ve asked God to help me to do, after many, many days of study and toil over these verses. Now, keep in mind that the book of Hebrews is written to Jewish people; primarily to Jewish believers, but also with Jewish unbelievers in mind, to convince them that the new covenant is better than the old covenant. That Jesus Christ is the better priest, and the better mediator, and that He is the final priest and the final sacrifice at the same time. And so, all throughout this book, we have a comparison between the new covenant and the old covenant, and between Jesus Christ and everybody else, to show that Jesus is superior. Now, in our first message dealing with the first three verses, we saw that Jesus Christ is superior to everything and everybody, which pretty well covers it all. Then, beginning to unfold all of the everybodys that He is superior to, we come to verses 4-14. And the Holy Spirit teaches us here that Jesus Christ is superior to angels; to angels. Now, man is a wonderful and an amazing creation, certainly higher than the plants and the animals, whether simple animals or complex animals; higher than any other material creation in this world. But above man there is yet another created group even higher than man, and that created group are the angels. And Hebrews, chapter 2 and verse 9, indicates to us that angels are higher than humans, for it says that when Jesus became a man, He was a made a little lower than the angels. So, angels have a place that is higher than men, in terms of special creation. And obviously, after the fall of the angels, they were no longer subject to sin. They are holy, they are powerful, they are wise. They do not suffer with the infirmities that men suffer with. And so, they are specially created spirit beings, made by God before men were ever created; they were in the heavens, in fact, watching, when God was doing the creating, when He was making the world, and they were made higher than men - at least, higher than fallen men. Now, to begin with tonight, I want to give you what I call a little angelology - a brief theological look at angels. And it’s going to come out in a whole lot of rapid fire statements, so we’re just going to fire through these things, so you get a little picture. Now, angels are spirit beings, and Jesus said that a spirit does not have flesh and bones. Consequently, angels do not have flesh and bones like humans. They do have some sort of a body. The Bible says in 1 Corinthians 15 that there are bodies terrestrial, and there are bodies celestial; that is, there are bodies of the earth, and there are bodies of the heavens. Angels have some kind of form. They are even capable of appearing in a human form. In Hebrews 13:2, the Bible says be careful how you treat strangers or you might be entertaining angels unawares. They can take on a form that is human, or decidedly like a human. They also appear - for example, in Matthew chapter 28, in verses 3 and 4 - to have a form. Speaking of an angel, at Christ’s resurrection - the one who was there when the stone was rolled away - it says, “His countenance was like lightning, and his raiment white as snow, and for fear of him the keepers did shake, and became as dead men” - a dazzling kind of brilliant, blazing glory. Now, when we say that angels are spirits, we do not necessarily mean that they have no form. They have a form that is celestial, and can manifest itself as a human, or in another way. In the Old Testament, we even have the saints wrestling with angels. Now, angels were all created simultaneously. According to Colossians 1:16-17, we believe that inference is made. Angels are unable to procreate. They are not man and wife, and having little angels. Only men and women have little angels, who grow up to be anything but. There were no angels, then, added to the original batch. God made them. He made them all uniquely as single identities; they do not cohabitate. Matthew 22:28-30 indicates that to us. So, they were all made at once. They do not procreate. The number of angels has not changed one angel since they were originally created. Though a great number of them have fallen, they still exist as they were created. They are not subject to death. Scripture nowhere indicates that they die. Scripture nowhere indicates that they are in any way able to be made extinct. They do not decrease, and they do not increase. Each angel, then, is a direct creation of God, standing in immediate personal relationship to God the creator, who made him. Now, the Old Testament assumes the existence of angels. There are 108 references in the Old Testament to angels, and 165 in the New Testament, so there’s no doubt about the fact that angels exist, and that the Old Testament saints were well aware of it is also fact. Now, angels render intelligent worship to God and service to God; that’s why they were created. They were created as a special spirit-being group to render service to God of a special nature. Angels are intelligent. They can render intelligent service and worship to God. They are also emotional. The Bible talks about angels rejoicing when sinners are saved. They are capable of emotion. Angels can even speak, according to Galatians 1:8, where the apostle Paul says, “Though we, or an angel of heaven, preach any other gospel unto you.” They can speak. Angels also, according to Daniel 9:21, have incredible speed. Sometimes they are pictured with wings, aren’t they? Sometimes with as many as six wings. Now, according to Mark, chapter 13, verse 32, and to Jude 6, they have a special abode in the heavens. They dwell in all of the heavens, and we know in the Bible that the heaven where God lives is called which heaven? The third heaven. That’s the heaven where God is. The second heaven is the spatial infinite heavens, the first heaven is that just about the earth. They dwell in all of those heavens. People say, “Are there beings in other parts of the universe?” All over the universe, but not with little things out of their head, flying around in little spaceships. Just take ten thousand times ten thousand, and just keep adding thousands of zeroes - there are a lot of angels. You say, “How many are there?” I’ll tell you. There are exactly enough to get the work done. There is not one loafing angel. They are more powerful than men, and men must call on divine power to deal with them, especially fallen ones. The Bible tells us - as we’ve studied in Ephesians chapter 6 - be strong in the Lord and the power of His might, for we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against angels, fallen angels. They are highly organized, and they are divided into ranks. Very, very complex organization; some of them are thrones, some of them are dominions, some of them principalities, some of them powers, and some of them are called authorities. There are cherubim, seraphim, and living creatures. Some have names: Lucifer, Michael, and Gabriel. Michael is the head of the armies of heaven, and Gabriel is called the mighty one. They are seen in Scripture as spectators at all redemptive events. They minister to God, and they do His bidding. They ministered to Christ in His humiliation. Remember, at the conclusion of His temptation, the Bible says, “and angels came and ministered unto Him.” They ministered to the saved. How? The Bible says that they watch the church, and they watch the preacher. They also aid the church by answering prayer, delivering from danger, encouraging Christians, and protecting children. They minister to the unsaved also, by announcing judgment and afflicting it - judgment angels. Now, that is a brief course in angelology. Now, that is a biblical look at angels. The Jewish people at the time that this Epistle was written had a little bit different view. As many of their views had begun to wander from the basic Old Testament context, because of all the Talmudic writings and the rabbinical feelings and ideas, they began to wander off the main biblical points of angels. And they came up with some interesting views of angels, so that when the writer of Hebrews is writing, He is writing not only with a true backdrop of a biblical view of angels, but he’s writing against a backdrop of the Jewish common concept of angels. Now, the Jews did believe that they were very important to the Old Covenant, angels were. And they had always esteemed angels as the highest beings next to God. They believed that angels were the mediators between men and God. They believed, for example, that God lived surrounded by angels. They believed that angels were really the beings who are instruments in bringing God’s word and the working of God’s will in the universe and to men. They were said to be ethereal creatures made of fiery substance like blazing light, which may not be far from wrong. They believed that angels were created. They believed that they did not eat and drink, and they also believed that they did not have little angels. They believed that angels were God’s senate, and that God never did anything without asking the angels. They were His council. And they believed that when Genesis says, “Let us make man,” that the one God was speaking of His angelic senate in the word us; He was talking to His angels. Now, some Jews believed also that angels objected to the creation of men, and were annihilated at that time for their objection. Others believed that they objected to the giving of the law, and they attacked Moses on the way up Mount Sinai. They even named angels. They believed there were seven presence angels, who stayed in the presence of God at all times, and they named them Raphael, Uriel, Thanuel, Gabriel, Michael - and the El is a name of God, and that was always tagged on the end of every name, and so forth. They believed that there were 200 angels who controlled the movements of the stars and kept things on course. And they believed that there was one super-special angel who controlled the never-ending succession of days, months, and years. He was the calendar angel. They believed that there was a mighty angel who took care of the seas. They believed there were angels of frost, dew, rain, snow, hail, thunder, and lightning. There were also angels who were the wardens of Hell and the torturers of the damned. They believed also - and this is interesting - that there were recording angels, who wrote down every single word which every man spoke. They also believed that there was an angel of death. They believed that every nation had a guardian angel, as well as every child, and there were so many angels that one rabbi said, and I quote, “Every blade of grass has its angel.” So, they believed in angels, obviously. Now, I’ve given you a backdrop, both scripturally and in the mind of the Jewish people, as to their concept and understanding of angels. They believed in angels, and they believed that they were the highest created beings in the universe, and that they mediated between God and men. But one more thing needs to be noted, and this is the particular backdrop against which the book of Hebrews is written in reference to angels. The Jews also knew that the old covenant and the Old Testament was brought to them from God by angels. And this, above everything else, exalted the angels in the mind of the Jews, the children of Israel. They believed that the angels were the mediators of their covenant with God; that angels kept the administration running between them and God, all the time, and so they had a lofty view of angels. Now, look at Galatians, chapter 3, and then we’ll comment on that. Galatians 3:19 - I’ll read it to you. “Wherefore then serveth the law? It was added because of transgressions, till the seed should come to whom the promise was made; and it was ordained by angels in the hand of a mediator.” Now, the old covenant was brought to man and maintained by angelic mediation. The angels ministered between God and men to carry on the work of the old covenant, the old economy, and the Jews knew this; and consequently, they believed in angels. Some of them believed in angels to such a degree that they actually worshipped angels. They worshipped them. This developed into a heresy known as Gnosticism. Gnosticism, with many other things, involved the worship of angels, and Gnosticism reduced Jesus Christ to an angel. In Colossians 2:18, we read this - and the Colossians were messing around with Gnosticism, so Paul writes to them, “Let no man beguile you of your reward in a voluntary humility and worshipping of angels.” Don’t get trapped in worshipping angels. And so, you see, they had exalted angels to the place where there was the imminent danger that they would worship angels, and some of them had fallen into even that pattern of worshipping angels. Now, I hope you see to the Jewish mind angels were extremely exalted and important. Now, if the writer of Hebrews, in our epistle here, if he is to present to the Hebrews that Christ is the mediator of a better covenant, then he will have to show that Christ is better than angels. Do you see that? And that becomes his whole purpose from verse 4 to 14. He must show that Christ, the bearer of the new covenant, a new covenant, the New Testament in His blood, one sacrifice, one priest, believing in Him by faith, accepting what He did on the cross, receiving Him as your Savior, that new covenant is better than the old, because Christ is a new mediator, better than the old mediators, who were angels. Christ must, then, be better than angels. And so, the writer sets out to do this, and he does it beautifully in verses 4 to 14, by using - guess what? - the Old Testament. He proves the superiority of Christ over angels by using seven Old Testament passages to verify it. Tremendous. Now, if you were to go down and take these Old Testament passages, and look in the cross reference, and go to the Old Testament and find them, you would find that they are not quoted exactly; that there is slight variation in the quotation. The reason for that is this. By the time Epistle of Hebrews was written, there had existed - and prior to that already it existed - a book called the Septuagint. Septuagint was the Old Testament written, translated into Greek. The Old Testament was written in Hebrew. By the time of Christ, there was such a tremendous number of Greek speaking Jews, that 70 men had gotten together and translated the old Hebrew into Greek, and that is the Septuagint. It is a Greek translation of the Old Testament. And evidently, the writer of Hebrews was a Greek-culture individual, because when he quotes the Old Testament, he invariably quotes it from the Septuagint, or the Greek translation. And consequently, it varies slightly from the Hebrew translation. Not in truth or in fact, simply in translation. So, where there’s a little area of difference - and it won’t be a difference in meaning by any stretch of the imagination, but only just in a phrase, the word choice, or whatever it may be - it is because he is quoting the Septuagint. That’s one of the reasons we don’t believe that Paul was the writer, because he quotes the Old Testament more from the Hebrew than from the Septuagint. All right. And so, as we come to it, we will see the tremendous power that is in this kind of an argument. Now, I want to give you the text for the sermon. That’s in verse 4a, the first part of it; look at it. “Being made so much better than the angels” - that’s the whole - that’s the text for the sermon. From now through verse 14 is the sermon itself. That’s the proposition that he seeks to prove; there it is. “Being made so much better than the angels” - who is? Jesus Christ, who is the subject of verses 1-3. But the word there is not poieō, to make or create; it is ginomai, to become. Jesus Christ always was, but He became better than the angels in His exaltation - inferring at one time that He had been lower than the angels, and that’s exactly what it says in chapter 2, verse 9. Now, you’re going to have to stay with me on this, because this is heavy stuff. But it’s talking here - we’ll get to this in a minute - it’s talking here about His Son - if you get this, you’re really going to have some good stuff. Hopefully you’ll get it. It’s talking here about Christ as the Son. As the Son, He was made lower than angels, but because of His faithfulness, obedience, and the wonderful work that He accomplished as a Son, He was exalted back up above angels, where He was before. So, He became better than the angels. For a while, lower than the angels, faithful, accomplishing God’s work, He became better than the angels, as a Son. Now, in what ways was Jesus better than the angels? His title was better, His worship, His nature, His eternity, and His destiny. The Holy Spirit here says Jesus is better than angels, number one, because He has a better name. To what angel did God ever say, “You are my Son, this day have I begotten Thee.” The answer is, to no angel. You see? To what angel did God ever say, “I will be a Father to You, and You will be a Son to Me?” The answer is, to no angel did God ever say that. The angels are ministers and messengers, Christ is the Son. Do you see? The angels are servants, Christ is a Son. There’s a great difference there. He has obtained a more excellent name than they. Now, in our culture we don’t put a lot of stock in names. You name your kid anything you want. It doesn’t make - and some of you do - but anyway, you can name him anything you want, and there’s really no connection at all with the child. Nicknames do pick up some meaning later on. We usually nickname somebody something because of some particular characteristic. But very often in the word of God, God has chosen specific names that have to do with character, or have to do with some aspect of the individual’s life. And frequently, the outward name spoke of an inward reality. And so, Jesus Christ has been given a name. He has been given, Paul tells us, “a name that is above” – what? - “every name.” It’s a better name than angels. You know what angel means? Angel means messenger or servant. Jesus’ name is Son. There’s a big difference between your son and your servant. Now, in order to show this, he quotes two Old Testament passages. “To which angel did God ever say, ‘Thou art my Son, this day have I begotten Thee,’” and that’s Psalm 2:7, right down the line. You see, he’s quoting their own text. Now, the Old Testament predicts that a Son was going to come. Psalm 2:7 says that. “Thou art My Son, this day have I begotten Thee.” There’s a Son coming. 2 Samuel 7:14 predicts the Son. And so, you see, angels are excellent creatures; of all creatures they are the most excellent. But if Christ has a more excellent name than the most excellent, He must have the most excellent name. Did you get that? If He has a more excellent name than the most excellent, He must have the most excellent name. And so, says the writer of Hebrews to the Jews from their own Old Testament, Jesus Christ is greater than angels, because He hath obtained a greater name. God never called any angel Son. Secondly, He is greater because of His worship; verse 6. Now, this is a fantastic verse, and we must take our time in going through this opening chapter, because this is foundational to understanding everything. Even though Jesus Christ humbled Himself, even though He was made for a time lower than the angels, angels are to worship Him. And if angels are to worship Him, then He must be what? Greater than they. And if He’s greater than they, then His covenant is greater than the one they brought; then the new covenant is greater than the old covenant; Christianity is greater than Judaism. Verse 6, “And again” - watch that again, we’re going to get to that one, that is loaded - “when He bringeth in the firstbegotten into the world, He saith, ‘And let all the angels of God worship Him.’” You see? He must be greater than angels, for God calls upon angels to worship Him. Now, that’s a quote from Psalm 97:7. Even the Old Testament psalmist said that all the angels were to worship the Lord’s Christ. That’s in the Old Testament. The Jews should not be surprised at this. It comes right out of their own text. And so, far from approaching the glory of angels - or the glory of the incarnate Son, I should say - angels are commanded to worship Him. Now, let me give you this thought. You say, “Well, didn’t angels always worship Him?” Yes, they did. They worshipped Him throughout all the time of their existence prior to His incarnation; they worshipped Him as God. Do you understand this? But they are now to worship Him as Son. You see? In His incarnate character, they are to worship Him. He’s trying to show that this Son, who became a man, was higher than angels. He is the very God that angels have always worshipped. Do you know that it is an absolute sin, in violation of all of God’s laws, to worship anybody but whom? God. And if God is saying all the angels worship Him, then He must be God. He must be. And He is not only God of eternity, He is Son. He is God as Son; in His incarnate character He is to be worshipped. And that’s another one they use, “You see, you see, you see? He was the firstborn in creation. He was the one who was created.” Prōtotokos, my friends, is not a time word, it is a position word. It is not a description, it is a title. And when it says that He is first begotten, it’s not talking about the fact that He was begotten, it’s talking about the fact that He is the chief of everything; the Sovereign. Prōtotokos means the chief one. And the reason it’s connected with the concept of first begotten is because it was the first Son that was usually the heir to everything, and He usually became the chief one of the father’s estate. And prōtotokos then came to mean the one with all the dignity, and the one with all the honor, who stood as the chief one. And so, Jesus Christ is prōtotokos. That is a reference to position, not time. It is a reference to right and authority, not to time. I can give you an illustration of that. There were two brothers in the Old Testament; one was named Jacob, one was named Esau. Who was the oldest? Esau. Who was the prōtotokos? Jacob. Jacob was the prōtotokos. Esau was the oldest. Genesis 49 tells us about the character of prōtotokos and what it means. Genesis 49:3, “Reuben” – here it’s in connection with Reuben - “thou art my firstborn, my might and the beginning of my strength, the excellence of dignity, the excellence of power.” Now, there you have a definition of prōtotokos. What does it mean? Might, strength, dignity, and power. That’s what it means - Genesis 49:3. It is not a time word, it is a right-to-rule word. It’s an authority word. And Jesus Christ is the prōtotokos in the sense that He has the right to rule. In Colossians 1:18, it says this: “And He is the head of the church, the body: Who is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead.” Now, that says Jesus was the firstborn from the dead. Had anybody been resurrected before Jesus? Sure. Lazarus, those people that Jesus had resurrected in His own life, all the saints who came alive at the crucifixion, the Old Testament people who came alive from the dead; lots of people have been raised from the dead before Jesus. You say, “Yeah, but it says right there that He was the firstborn from the dead.” You know what it means? He was the chief one of all who had ever been raised, you see? It can’t mean time, or that verse would be a lie. Prōtotokos means He is the main one. He is the most honored one, the most dignified one, the highest one, the most powerful one; that in resurrection, of all those who are resurrected, He is the greatest. So, the title refers, then, to Christ’s glory, it refers to His dignity, not to the time, and not to the concept of being created before anything else was created. All right, now, I want you to notice the word again here in verse 6, because this has really caused commentators an awful lot of problems. Now, the world here is not the common word for world, it’s the word for inhabited earth; inhabited earth. “When He bringeth in the firstbegotten into the world.” Some people have said, “You see, that talks about His creation.” It couldn’t. That couldn’t mean that He was created before anything else, because the word for world there is oikoumenē, which means the inhabited earth. It’s already inhabited when He’s the first begotten; you understand what I’m saying? The first begotten, the prōtotokos, the most dignified one, He is coming to an inhabited earth. Now, that’s - just file that somewhere in your mind. The point of it is, He brings His first begotten into the inhabited earth. Now, what is He talking about? As I say it can’t mean just the kosmos, the whole universe, when He first begot Him. It can’t mean that. It’s an inhabited earth already when He brings it. Now, I want you to notice the again. The Greek simply says this - here’s the order of it, and it’ll reverse what you have in your Authorized. It says this: “And when again He brings in the prōtotokos into the world” – now, wait a minute. You see? Do you know that right now, angels don’t understand the whole picture well enough to give Him full worship? You say, “Oh, you don’t mean it.” That’s right. You say, “You mean angels don’t understand everything now?” I don’t believe they do. You say, “What’s your evidence?” 1 Peter 1:11 - you know I have a verse for that. Searching what person - or here’s the picture of the Old Testament prophets, you know, who wrote down all those wonderful things, and then read them over to figure out what they meant; they were inspired by the Holy Spirit, and in many cases, didn’t understand. You see, they were looking to see the things that weren’t understood until our time, when Christ had come, the gospel took place, and the Spirit preached. But I love that at the end of verse 12. “Which things the angels” – what? Ho-ho - “desire to look into.” They don’t understand it all yet. Now, maybe the presence angels around the throne do, but the vast angelic hosts have not yet, evidently, been able to discern everything. They’re not omniscient. But it is again when He brings in the first, the prōtotokos, into the world that He says, “Now, angels, you have the picture,” worship will be full and complete. Now, I believe the angels around the throne worship God now. And I believe that, in a sense, perhaps there are angels that worship the Son. But if I read my Bible right, the angels are still looking into the things that they do not understand. But, my friends, once the time comes for Jesus to return, would you like to see how the angels are going to react? Turn to Revelation 5, and I’ll show you. They’re going to see the whole picture clearly. Revelation 5:9 - well, 11, we’ll start at 11 - Revelation 5:11. “And I beheld, and I heard the voice of many angels round about the throne and the living creatures and the elders: and the number of them was ten thousand times ten thousand, and thousands of thousands; Saying with a loud voice, ‘Worthy is the Lamb that was slain to receive power, and riches, and wisdom, and strength, and honor, and glory, and blessing.’” You see? Here’s angelic worship. Why? Because He is beginning His move to come again and to take the earth. Do you see? In chapter 5, He goes to the throne. In verse 1, the Father’s there, with the title deed to the earth, the little scroll. And they’re all saying, “Where is one that can open the scroll?” And John’s crying ’cause there’s nobody to open the scroll. And all of a sudden, one of the elders says, “Don’t cry John, here He comes; the Lion of the tribe of Judah.” And Jesus Christ the Lamb takes the scroll, and He’s about to unroll the judgments and take possession of the earth, and the angels say, “Oh, it’s all clear,” and praises burst out from the millions of angels, all over heaven. And it says in verse 13, “every creature that is in heaven, and on the earth, and under the earth, and such are as in the sea, and all that are in them, heard I saying, ‘Blessing, and honor, glory, and power, be unto Him that sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb for ever and ever.’ And the four living creatures said, ‘Amen.’” That’s the amen corner of heaven, those four living creatures. “And the four and twenty elders fell down and worshipped Him that liveth for ever and ever.” You see, this is His second coming. And so, you see, it is at the second coming that He is revealed in full glory as Son, as prōtotokos. And even angels will see it all then, when they see Him come as King of kings and Lord of lords. So, He is greater than angels, because God commands angels to worship Him. And, my friends, if God, in the Old Testament, commanded the angels to worship His Son, then His Son must be God. I think we’ll stop there. Let’s bow in prayer. Our Father, we just are overwhelmed at the power of these truths. Lord, as we see the tremendous person of Jesus Christ exalted to the highest heavens, above angels, to equality with Thee, our minds and hearts cannot comprehend it. And yet, Father, it is such joy to our hearts. Lord, we do not understand the mysteries of deity, but we do know this: we were sinners, and You loved us, and you sent Jesus Christ, the Son, to die for us. To pay the penalty for our sins, and to rise again, that we might walk in newness of life. Father, we rejoice. We rejoice, because in our weakness, and our misunderstanding, and the stupidity of our human, finite, frail brains, we cannot grasp the truths, which have yet grasped us and made us Yours forever. And Father, as we have seen Jesus Christ lifted up and exalted tonight, we join together now in praise to Him. Christ, we exalt You. We praise You. We worship You. For we know that indeed You are greater than anything and anybody; the mediator of a better covenant; the full and final and ultimate sacrifice, to which can be added none other; the final great high priest. And Lord, we bow before Your feet in worship and praise. Father, we would pray that if there are some in our congregation tonight who are not worshipping You, that You would turn their hearts to You. Lord, if there are some from Israel - Your chosen, Your beloved, Your wife of old - Father, call them to Your side. Help them to see that Jesus is the Messiah. That He is Your Son, God in human flesh, come into the world to redeem them. Help them now even to look on Him whom they have pierced, and mourned for Him as an only Son; see Him as Son of God; turn their life to Him. May they receive the blessings, and the rewards, and the riches of the new covenant; better than the old, which could not take away sin. Father, we thank You for Jesus Christ, and His sacrifice, which can and does remove our sin. And bring us to fellowship with You, abundant and eternal. We pray in Christ’s name. Amen.
2019-04-25T06:22:13Z
https://www.gty.org/library/sermons-library/1602/jesus-christ-superior-to-angels-part-1
Hey, everyone, this is Dr. Joe Simon from the Private Practice Business Academy. On this episode we have a great interview lined up for you with Dr. Lisa Holland from Belly Guru, LLC, and she has so many things going for her right now, and I’m going to be honest, this is the second interview with Lisa, because we lost the first interview after the server crashed. So, putting the good karma out there, hopefully it does not happen again, and we’ve gotten some great responses after the first interview, and guys, I know, I got the emails, and everyone’s been asking me, what happened to that interview? That is, I have no idea, to tell you the honest truth. I am not a tech wizard by any means, guys, I’m not at all. But, again, Lisa, thank you so much for jumping on the call with us once again. And, do me a favor, introduce yourself to the community, and let them know all about you. Lisa: Okay, great, thank you very much. I’m glad that that first interview had some good response. My name is Lisa Holland, I’m a doctor of physical therapy. I originally was an athletic trainer, and went on to work in orthopedics for about a decade or so, and started practicing yoga on my own, a little bit here and there. Actually, I used it to rehabilitate from a back injury that I suffered from during pregnancy. I was always interested. And then I just more and more started bringing it into some of my treatment protocols, and after I became a mom the second time around, and we moved down to North Carolina, I really kind of started emphasizing integrating it into my programming on more of a full time basis, and opened up a small studio, and was working part time in the hospital, and finally cut the cord in August of 2011, and have really integrated, mainly working through lifestyle medicine, because I really believe that’s how we’re going to get people with chronic pains, and even just with an acute disability better when we’re looking at the whole picture of everything, from even like a bio- psychosocial emotional condition. And now I run a yoga therapy studio, and am moving really into helping other healthcare providers do similar things in their practice. Basically making everybody a little yogi in mindsets, with their own self care, which we desperately need, feeling with today’s times, and then them being able to hopefully bring that into their practices, as well as clients. Joe: Absolutely amazing, Lisa. You brought up a great point, and I want to go back to that. You basically cut the cord from working for the hospital. Only in August of 2011. You’ve been practicing for over 10 years, and in August of 2011 is when you basically changed your mind, and said, hey, I can do this myself. Guide us through those first couple of days when you decide, hey, I’m going to do this. Take us back to that, and let’s talk about that a little bit, because we have a lot of people that are sitting on the fence right now, that want to connect with that story of how you basically cut the cord, and how you moved on from there. Lisa: Yeah, like I said, I moved from New York down to North Carolina, and actually opened up a studio, which is an integrative small studio, ran a little bit more like a private boutique studio than a physical therapy office. The back end was all physical therapy at the end of 2005. And I did this sort of on a part time basis, just basically trying to just cover my overhead and be everything to everyone, and that was really, really hard. That lasted a year and a half. And then I had to walk away from that, because it was way too much. And then I restarted again about a year later. I started getting calls, I had started originally in pregnancy care and women’s health, specifically, with the pregnancies here, and they started having second babies, and they were looking for me, so I started on a really, really small scale, renting out space, doing one on one, not needing the high overhead, and then just grew from there. And like I said, around 2011, I just realized, like, I really, really, really thought my model of care delivery was a better way to go of getting people better faster. I run cash based, there wasn’t the whole headache. A lot of my work in the hospital, and even in the clinics, was so much of the stress and tiredness of just keeping up the dynamics of insurance mandated care, as opposed to what I could really do, and do this more efficiently, that in 2011, I just said, let’s make this full time.This is no longer my hobby. This is my practice, this is the way that I practice, and I opened up more of an integrated physical therapy private practice, and just kept it sort of small and as soon as I could get the front office, because that’s the biggest, hardest thing, when you’re kind of at that border, and then you have to be responsible for some single person’s salary. When you’re working for yourself, you’re okay, if you don’t pull a paycheck, does that make sense? But then when you have to make sure that somebody else actually does get paid, whether or not you have people, and then it was really moving into those different marketing streams that we don’t normally use as physical therapists, some social media, definitely direct contacts. My primary referral source is no longer physicians. It’s the other people we don’t always think about, massage therapists, personal trainers, the other yoga teachers, instructors, acupuncturists, and things outside the norm of that type of system. And it’s just still, it’s still, I mean, word of mouth, I’d say word of mouth is 95% of my clientele, in terms of clinical care. Joe: Amazing. Amazing how you did that, and it does take a bit of, obviously, bravery, and craziness at the same time, when you really discover that, hey, you’re not longer responsible for just yourself, but another human being that you have to put food on their table, as well. So that is, that happens, I think, to every entrepreneur at one point or another. You said something very amazing, and I wanted to just touch base on that, was you walked away from your first practice when you tried to be everything for everyone. You walked away from it. And when you niched down and went back to, when you restarted again, which was great, you went back to it again, and you niched down this time. You went for the yoga angle, the boutique studio, and that really worked for you, obviously, because you’re doing very well with that. What advice would you give to someone that is leaning more towards that as they may be tired of working on a practice, for obviously, seeing so many patients at the same time, basically trading time for their dollars. What advice would you give somebody that’s just coming out and wants to start their own business? What do you think that if the future Lisa could go back to the past Lisa and tell her, what would you tell her? Lisa: Well, obviously, it’s that entrepreneur spirit. I don’t know how much of that you can really, really learn, but if there’s a yearning for you, and a confidence in yourself and your abilities, that’s obviously the utmost need. You have to be willing, I mean, you work hard doing it the other way. But when you’re working on your own, it’s a different kind of hard. There’s a little bit more of a gratification, because it is whatever you’re producing, you feel like it’s of you. And if I had to go back and talk to that person that walked away that first time, with getting another lease and this and that and paying that all out, is for a little bit of time, you feel like a failure, but all of those are lessons learned, and it actually gave me the confidence to think, you know what, I don’t need all of this. I don’t need all of that equipment and the 20 classes a week, having this whole thing as being a little YMCA or something like that. It’s just me, and having the confidence in myself, and saying, oh my God, that’s so much easier if I don’t have the staff and the kids room and all of this, and finding that to be a stepping stone to being able to give the care that you want to give, which you probably do in the clinic anyway, you probably do in the office anyway, but you feel like you don’t have the time or this and that, and then doing it on a part time basis, maybe taking up a couple people after hours, I run it as a cash based. It makes it very, very easy. You still have to follow your rules, you’re writing your notes and things like that as you would normally, but you’re just doing it a little different way. You break out of that shell of how it has to be, because of the system, and how it can be because of whatever you’re licensed to do. It just feels very natural, and you just go with it. You have to work in different ways, you have to market, you have to go out with people. But that’s what we do anyway, we’re great for that as physical therapists, especially. There’s different disciplines, different ways. I know as physical therapists and as a licensed trainer, it was all about the relationship. Lisa: So, it’s just extending that, maybe, giving care a little bit differently, which we have to do anyway. I mean, all, you even see the hospital systems trying to get on Facebook and things like that. Joe: They are trying, really, very hard to get on Facebook, and trying to show that human side of themselves. Some are doing it very poorly, or some will just create a page, and there’s nothing on the page. So, to the listeners out there, please do not create a page unless you have content on that page. You don’t want people finding you, and there’s nothing on there. Or, make sure that you have a schedule of posting. But Lisa brought up a great point, as well, about as physical therapists, you build that know, like and trust factor, and we have other practitioners that listen to our show as well, and from physicians to dentists, you still build up that trust factor for your patient to come back to you and trust you to do the procedure, or get more advice from you. What platform, Lisa, do you think, is it Facebook, is it blogging, is it Google+? What platform do you think would be the best for someone starting out right now to use? To get that know, like and trust factor out there? Lisa: Well, I think it depends on kind of how you’re approaching your practice. If it’s going to stay very, very clinical, and you just have to be careful, obviously, to some extent with HIPPA and things like that, with how you’re giving advice, and again, it’s your level of comfort with your own confidence and your ability to be an educator, but like for me, I use Twitter, my Twitter is @yogadocnc, and that kind of advertises what I do with yoga and sort of as a medicine, as a lifestyle. And then as they get in, and that can feed off very well onto Facebook, is what people are most comfortable with. I’m not working with a lot of teens and young kids that don’t come through their parents, and I think for my age population in their 30s and 40s, and they’re probably more on Facebook. But I’m actually moving a little bit towards Google+, I think they’re a really great platform. It’s just not as popular, but I think in the future that would be nice. Because it integrates very nicely with making videos on YouTube, and doing things like that. Basically just getting out there, blogging, getting your name out there, because people are Googling doctor, doctor on Google, you know? So, they’re going to ask their next personal trainer, they’re going to ask the wellness advocate that’s on there. Why not have it be with your background? And that’s another thing I didn’t mention before, you have to be good at what you do. You have to be even better at what you do, especially if you’re cash based, because they’re tied to their money, so it makes you a better practitioner, I think, because you’re held accountable a little more. It gets a little sloppy, I think, when insurances, you know, the people think they’re paying $20, and that’s all they think you’re worth. Joe: Great, great point. That’s an excellent, excellent point. I might use that as a tag line on this episode, that they think you’re only worth $20, they pay for their co-pay. That’s a great point. Coming back to the money aspect of it, the average practitioner has a difficult time asking for money. Do you find it easier asking for money because you’re not related to physical therapy at first, and you’re related more to ancillary services like yoga, or wellness? Is it easier for you to ask for money from the patient? And is it easier for the patient to part with their money when they don’t think it’s insurance based? Lisa: Well, you know what, originally, it was my original studio, I thought that, I thought I had to make it this big yoga sort of thing, and I happened to be a physical therapist, and I went that route. But I really, again, having stopped and then coming back, I actually do advertise myself as an integrated physical therapist, as a doctor of physical therapy. My main modality being the use of yoga, and lifestyle medicine, yoga being the framework for the lifestyle medicine. So, I don’t necessarily, I think they come because it’s different than traditional. But I think that they come to me because they’re hearing in the media yoga’s helpful for this or this or that, or that perspective of treating the whole person, and they like that. And advertising that, but they are coming to me as, they’re in pain, or whatnot. They’re not coming necessarily for a workout, or just to go to yoga class or an aesthetic type of thing. So originally I did, but now I think it’s important to publicize yourself as that licensed healthcare provider, but you just do it a different way, and now I’m just, I see people asking for a lot of money, and asking for money for . . . my competition, I have people who ask for more than I do, just to do a yoga class. Just from a 200 hour yoga thing, or personal trainers charging . . . I don’t rate my prices in this range, either. I mean, that’s another thing. You have to know your market, and what you’re really targeting for. I’d like people to buy a five pack of private, and I priced it similar to maybe what I’d get after all the hubbub of insurance reimbursement after all of that, and the overhead and this and that, I’m in that ball park. Not the number I put up on there, because I know I’m only going to get half. And I think that’s important, too. People getting so stuck, well, insurance I can charge $200 for the session. You’re not getting $200 out of that session. By the time you pay the biller, and the time, and your efforts, three days later and you’re out money. You’re not. You’re getting $75, or $85 so if you just charge that and just bypass all of that, and see them one or two times a week, and make . . . I charge for my time now, not necessarily for my billing codes. I do give them an itemized bill with what would be covered under that, and not everything is covered. And they know that. But if there is a wellness thing, or just a general that I don’t think necessarily restorative rehab that would be covered, then they’re just coming to me for that. But there’s a lot of wellness in our practices, so, again, there’s a lot you can bill for when you stop thinking about what insurance will pay for. There’s a lot you can bill for under your licensure. Joe: I mean, that is a challenge for a lot of practitioners out there. So used to the fact that they’re in delved to that insurance behavior of, we can only bill these certain codes, and we can only do so many treatments. When in reality, when you don’t deal with insurance companies, you can offer the world to the patient to get that patient better. So, I mean, what would have taken six weeks would now only take maybe three weeks, because now as Lisa said, you’re spending, you’re basically charging for your time, you’re no longer charging for treatment codes. Very different way to look at things. Also, another great topic that you brought up was that you are targeting a certain niche. And obviously for yoga and everyone’s going to say, obviously, for yoga you have to target a certain niche. I bring it back to this, because you know your demographics very well, and we spoke before about this. I think you described it to me before that you know when women are in their 20s, they’re not so keen on coming to physical therapy. But as soon as they, or your style of treatment. But as soon as they are pregnant, that’s when they start discovering the whole body matters, and all the wellness aspects associated with. Let’s discuss a little bit more on that, how did you come about that? How did you discover, hey, this is my niche right here. How did you figure that out the first time? Lisa: Yeah, I always had an interest, obviously being a woman, and even doing athletic training, there’s such a difference with the female athlete versus the male, in terms of different things you have to think about, hormonal influences into injury, and things like that. So, I had that interest in how medicine was a little bit different, so should be a little bit differently applied, the science should be a little differently applied to women, and the changes. And as I got more and more, again, it was through going through my own pregnancies and things like that, and things that happened with my own recovery, that I started noticing that there was a really underrepresented population of people post-partum that are basically ignored. There’s no care payouts for post-partum. And I wanted to work with women’s whole health, but I really wanted to . . . again, you’re trying to make your little niche on doing something different. And obviously pregnancy is someplace, like you said, that I had mentioned, is a place people start thinking about, ooh, okay, if I don’t feel like doing this about me, I have do this for the baby. And start getting that. And I really wanted to work with post-partum, but the problem is, once they have the baby, if they weren’t thinking of that, or taking time for themselves, working in a holistic model, that usually isn’t the time. They feel overwhelmed, and then you don’t see them. I get them in orthopedically with bad backs and whatnot. When did your back pain start? After my third pregnancy, or such and such. And nobody saw the connection. So that’s really where I zoned into. But then that became fertility. And that became recovery after C- section. And then those babies had needs, and I had a kid’s yoga class for three year olds, they loved the relaxation. I mean, this is a crazy, crazy world. And the mom’s wanted something for their ADHD diagnosed kids, and things like that. So it’s grown now as a family, I get the husbands from that sort of thing, but that’s my target still, because I think main consumers. And then they remain as consumers for healthcare as a family. And that way we get the kids. I really had a secondary set sort of thing for getting the kids, and not just the kids that are in services, per say, of physical therapy. Traditionally they’re involved. But all these kids, they’re being sort of ignored, obesity kids, the kids who are a little uncoordinated, highly stressed. It’s amazing out there to see my kids classes, with the kids classes, it’s just amazing. Joe: I mean, obviously, you have a passion for this, and that drove you to really dive in deep in this, and really push this forward. And that’s amazing, and there’s a lot of entrepreneurs in the beginning, especially medical entrepreneurs, they don’t know exactly what that passion is. Obviously their passion is always helping people, but you have narrowed it down amazingly, and that’s one thing I want to let our listeners know that, that passion really helps in pushing your business forward. But, let’s discuss something that you brought up before, your mindset. How do you think mindset plays a role in your practice, and making it progress and move forward? Lisa: You mean for myself, or for my clients? Joe: For yourself. For yourself, an as entrepreneur, how your mindset has changed. Lisa: Yeah, I mean, again originally, you’re wanting the healthcare provider, someone, I want to help, I want to heal the world, and then you start realizing, oh my God, I’m like my worst patient. I’m injured in process, maybe not doing your own self care skills, and that’s kind of why I went to yoga, and the discipline of that and trying to, because it is more of a lifestyle medicine, kind of your perspective. It sort of sets your mindset a little bit in how you’re treating, and making your own boundaries. So I think that, again, I give from what I have. And that’s basically what I expect for my clients, and so I offer them being able to be care providers again, being with women, the thought process of them having to care for everybody before themselves. So I think my own journey and my own passion, it helps me to sit there at 3:00 in the morning, maybe, because my kid was keeping me up, and I’ve still got to get the webpage set. Or even decided what the revenue stream I’m going to set up so I can give somebody else a job just to delegate. It helps me create my boundaries a little bit better, my mindset. And also because I know that I’m doing this, and I’m getting paid for it. I’m asking for money, it’s in exchange, I’m exchanging all of my knowledge, all of my continuing ed, I’ve had to do thousands of hours of continuing ed, I went on to get my doctorate after my physical therapy degree. I didn’t have to, we don’t have to, I’ve been practicing for almost 20 years, I didn’t have to do it. I’m going to school, I have a very good yoga teacher. He’s one of the top master teachers in American, John [Demetra], and I’ve done this work, and so I deserve to get paid, but I deserve not to price gouge. All of that mindset helps me be a good entrepreneur, and good business owner, a good employer, a good therapist, so that obviously keeps people coming back. They feel that. So it’s giving off that vibe. They feel when you feel overworked, you’re complaining about how healthcare is, when you offer no solution, this is very depressing to somebody injured and sitting on your table. Joe: Absolutely. And I mentioned this to a lot of people that I’ve worked with. Stop complaining about healthcare, and start making a difference. Let’s not talk about the problems, but let’s figure out ways to solve it. Even one person can make a difference, and I think what you and a lot of others that I’ve interviewed and spoke to as medical entrepreneurs, you’re making that difference. I see the change coming slowly, but everyone has the same message, and they feel like it’s time to take it in their own hands, and help. And as professionals, healthcare professionals, we want to help. That’s what we’re basically trained to do. So, I see that thoroughly come through in everything that everyone says. Obviously, if anyone looks at Lisa’s page, you will see that she has so many letters behind her name, so many hours of training, that I do not even know what some of that meant, but when she explained it to me, I said, oh my God, you are a Jedi out of yoga instructors, so it’s amazing stuff. And she has a continuing ed course, or a course that you do teach, let’s talk about that more, Lisa. Let’s talk about what you’re teaching. Lisa: Yeah, I’m kind of moving into, my personal website is omhealing.net, and that came through sort of starting to do some more of, extending after they were out of their physical pain, or out of their stressed lifestyle, it’s sort getting that [invaginated] into their lifestyle, and one of my platforms is heal the healer, and that starts as a four week program for healthcare providers to sort of help themselves, maybe get into a yoga practice of their own or whatnot, and start learning about the sciences and how they can use it in their practice, in their particular practice. So it turns into a six month to one year mentorship. They have up to a year to finish it. But there’s an online program, and one on one work that I do like that, trying to, basically, I’m moving into guiding the guides, because I realized I can help a lot more people if I make more people like me in their approach, than if I was just trying to treat the handful of people that might find me, and see me. And also in my time, I don’t want work 18 hours days seeing patients. So I have that, and then I do train yoga teachers, I do their continuing ed, I train them in continuing ed, obviously with our background in anatomy and physiology getting a little bit more than maybe what they’d get in a basic 200 hour program. I have a 200 hour yoga alliance program that we do, but I’m moving from being a one on one person, to sort of some more online programming. I have an online studio with [inaudible 24:20].com where I’m doing some one on one as well as small group specialized training such as breathing for chronic pain, so it’s really is integrative. I’m really like a catalyst. I’m a bridge builder between the two, I’m not one versus one side, I’m not all like holistic, don’t even go to a doctor whatever, at all, I think we all need to be working together in this. It’s full spectrum, and I think there’s a lot of opportunity for us as physical therapists to be healthcare educators, both to other colleagues, not even physical therapists, but I spend a lot of my time with physicians, nurses, and whatnot, because they don’t have that background we have. So, and it can help them to help themselves, and also help their patients, and also for referrals. They don’t know. They know us as that picture of somebody walking somebody in the [inaudible 25:09] bars. And they definitely don’t know about the yoga, they just send them to whatever XYZ yoga studio, and there’s so much variance, because the registry is just a registry. It’s not even like a licensure or anything like that in this country. So, it’s important to go to something safe and something effective. Joe: Absolutely. And is that certification program up and running yet? Or is it in the works? Lisa: For the mentorship, mentorship stuff is one on one stuff that’s running, and that’s just through me making, doing it as needed, and then customizing it to what they need. I do things locally right now in Charlotte in terms of group work, and hopefully over the . . . that’s my plan for 2014 is to start launching some things that people can do from a distance a little bit, working with some people. I have some connections over in New York City, and getting into South Carolina with different groups right now, so I’m in Charlotte, North Carolina right now. But that’s where we’re moving. Again, this has been a continuum, I think, since 2011 that’s moved pretty fast. And just changing my treatment model a little bit more as an educator, as well as doing the one on one here and there, doing seminars and things like that in the future. Joe: And as an entrepreneur, that’s what you constantly do. You’re constantly changing, you’re constantly shifting, and you’re growing. And I think it’s an amazing job. Obviously, I think you’re on the right path, I mean, you’re doing amazing stuff. That certification program, I think it will go national, because that’s . . . I see, you have the energy for it, and you will definitely do it. It’s probably one of the best things that I’ve taught a lot of my consulting clients, is if we can get to the point of having a certification program, A) it is a great income revenue that comes in, it’s amazing. But again, you’re teaching all your knowledge and your expertise to somebody else, another practitioner, that could learn how to make money from that, and they will be more than happy to learn that. And they can say, hey, look, this is something that I find value in, I can help more people with this, and you get a chance to spread your wings much further than you can do besides Charlotte, North Carolina, right? So it can go globally. I mean, with the Internet these days, I mean, you’ll be surprised sometimes. I get, you’ll get requests from the furthest places you would ever imagine, and you’ll be shocked. Like, really? But it is great, as an entrepreneur, I think that is when you feel like, hey, I’m making the change. And that’s what we all need to feel. Lisa: And I think that was always my intention, when I developed that way doing yoga, it was not just a different yoga style, it actually was set up as a system to teach yoga, and to bring in that individuality, because I think all along, even though I was starting with just working with people who just wanted to be yoga teachers on the mat, I was giving them something to be able to work with, a broader environment. And now, again, being a little ahead of the curve, now yoga therapy is becoming this big thing, and it’s finally sort of catching up with being a little more therapeutic and having to know a little bit more medical background and whatnot. So that you can deal with it, and so, like you said, it gives me another way of using my education as a physical therapist, not just touching people. Lisa: I think that ‘s important for healthcare providers to realize you have a lot to offer besides just the clinical skills or teaching future, being [inaudible 28:33] colleges. There’s a lot of education that, especially physical therapists, I hope that they step up to do in the public health sector. Joe: Absolutely. We are all hoping for that to happen, where we’re hoping for that change to take place. And like I said in the beginning, I see that change taking place, with more of the medical entrepreneurs that I speak to and as always, they’re the ones on the forefront that are making the changes. And obviously, with your certification program and online stuff, I have a lot of connections for that. I would be more than happy to share that with you offline. I will help you out any way I can. And that’s what I like doing, I like to, you help out as many people as you can, and the world gives back. And that’s something that I share with my clients, and share with the audience, just give to the world, it’ll give you back. So, that’s something that really, really works. But, Lisa, thank you so much for getting back on for a second time, and I appreciate it so much, you have so much to share, and I know this interview will get a whole lot of hits, because the first one already did. Lisa: All right. Thank you very much. Joe: So, once again, I think everyone’s looking forward to this one as well. Thank you again, and everyone, this is Dr. Joe Simon from the Private Practice Business Academy, please, if you have any more information, leave a comment, or you can email Lisa through her LinkedIn page as well. And have a great day, guys.
2019-04-21T00:34:39Z
http://privatepracticebusinessacademy.com/cut-cord-belly-guru-llc-founder-dr-lisa-holland/
Hi! My name is Kiran C and I am a junior at Edmond North High School. My starter project is the mini piano, and my main project is a hydroponic farm system. It will be able to measure pH values and contain a watering system. My main interest in the hydroponic system was the fact that I could create something environmentally friendly and grow my own food. I am interested in environmental and biomedical engineering, and this project could help me get hands on experience and new opportunities to explore science and math related fields. After completing the BlueStamp program, I have definitely learned a lot about myself and where I see myself in the future. I came to BlueStamp to learn about engineering and what engineers really do. I wanted hands on experience in this field of science and a fun and interesting summer. I picked my project to be a hydroponic farming system because I like biology and to be outside most of my time. I was looking for a way to tie those things together with a learning experience. I hope to do science projects with my farm involving pH and acidity in the near future. Going in I thought my project would be very hard to complete, but it wasn’t as daunting as I expected it to be. My main worry about the project was the electrical components, but after learning about the simple parts of circuits it was easy to research and get a better understanding of how my project worked. The mechanical aspect of my project was easy to follow. A hard and tedious part was cutting some of the materials. One difficulty I encountered was leaks occurring in the return gutters. Originally I duct taped the gutters to the end caps. I then used hot glue and grout, but what really worked was using liquid nails, or PL. I learned a lot about electrical, mechanical, and software engineering by myself (through research) and with help from the instructors. The Arduino is the main part of my project, and I learned that I can build and control almost anything with the right code and components. I furthered my understanding of problem solving during the six weeks. I am now confident that I can overcome a problem by myself by putting in time and effort. Once you take a step back from a problem and look at it in different ways, it becomes less ominous. There is a new level that I can achieve in learning and overcoming difficulties. I learned that if I want to accomplish something, I need to have a plan and motivation, and the rest will come with time and hard work. I am very thankful for the instructors helping me discover my ability in creating ideas and solutions. I gained the skill of really searching and putting everything forward to solve a problem. Instead of giving up or waiting until someone helped me, I worked through my own problems and tried to come up with smart, functioning solutions. Although I love science and math, I think electrical and software engineering is not for me. After listening to many entrepreneurs in the biomedical field speak at Bluestamp, I now know that I am more interested in biology, chemistry, or biomedical engineering. I love the research side of science, and I might pursue a future focused in biology or environmental sciences. After the water system was finished and working, I started to work on modifications. The first modification was to make the hydroponic farm more mobile. To do this I drilled shopping cart wheels into the tees that connect the legs with the vertical supports. At first I wanted to make the wheels temporary in case I wanted or needed to make adjustments, so I tried to zip tie the wheels under the tees. However, when I tried to push the farm the wheels slipped out. I had to use wood screws and drill the wheels directly into the tees. One problem I ran into with adding the wheels was that the bucket is now 3 inches lower from the base of the farm. It doesn’t have a big affect on the pump, but it does look like the pex piping and vinyl tubing is under a little more stress around the tank. Another modification I made was a box to put the electronics in, so they would not get wet. I used a wooden box that is 5.2 inches by 8.5 inches. I used a dremel to cut holes in the sides of the box for the powerswitch tail cords. Next I dremeled a hole for the Arduino USB and wires for the float switches. Finally, I dremeled circles for the dosing pump, EC meter, and pH meter (which make up my third modification). My third modification was pH and Electrical Conductivity sensors and meters. It is important to have these meters because specific plants need specific nutrients (which they usually get in soil) to grow and to become edible. EC and pH are important to measure because different vegetables, fruits, and flowers need different pH and EC measurements. EC measures the quality of the soil and the water in which the plants thrive or don’t grow; it measures the amount of ionic salts in the water supply. pH measures how acidic or basic the soil, water, or plants are. The code for the pH and EC meters are in the main pHbot, but when I tried to test the meters, there were no measurements. I had to add pH and EC code to my hydroBot code. This was a challenge for me because I have never coded before. When I ran into trouble, I had to research for solutions, and I tried my “guess and check” methods. When one method did not work I tried another until I got accurate measurements. I was able to include different EC sensor code into my main HydroBot, but I could not get pH code to work with the rest of the system. I have separate pH code for when I need to measure pH. I will have to upload it to the Arduino before using the sensor. Both sensors are connected to a specific sensor circuit board. They contain ICs (integrated circuits), so they can function as a microprocessor. The sensor sends signals in analog form to the Arduino, so that the Arduino can display the measurements in the serial monitor. I also included a nutrient pump and a temperature sensor in this modification. The nutrient pump is connected to a relay and a 9V battery. The nutrient pump is supposed to be powered by a 12V source, but I did not have any. As a result, the doser pumps the nutrients slower. The doser is a peristaltic pump, and it pumps fluid through flexible tubing by rotating a rotor and pushing the fluid through. The rotor pinches the tubing on one side and forces the fluid to move with the rotor to the other side. The Arduino sends a signal to the relay, and the relay in turn switches the pump on. The code allows for the doser to pump 1mL at a time along with when the water pump is powered on. My final addition was a temperature sensor. It is water proof, so I can test the temperature of the water and the surrounding area. I connected the sensor to a terminal sensor adapter which is attached to the arduino. The termianl sensor adapter has a 10k resistor built in making it a pull up/pull down resistor. It sends temperature signals in digital form to the Arduino, and I coded it so that the Arduino will record Fahrenheit and Celsius. This is my code with the mods. OneWire oneWire(ONE_WIRE_BUS);// Pass our oneWire reference to Dallas Temperature. DallasTemperature sensors(&oneWire);// Assign the addresses of your 1-Wire temp sensors. // Reads DS18B20 “1-Wire” digital temperature sensors. My third milestone is the electrical watering system. The watering system consists of a powerswitch tail, two float switches, a flow meter counter, a submersible pump, and an Arduino uno. To start I wired the flow meter to the Arduino; I wired the signal line to pin 2 and ground to a breadboard that is already wired to the Arduino. The flow meter counter will log and record how much water is flowing out of the tank and into the pex piping. When water is pumped through the pump and into the flow meter counter, kinetic energy is converted into rotational energy by the rotor. The speed of the rotor determines how much liquid is flowing through. The “Hall effect” takes place by electrons being disturbed by a magnetic field. There is an emf due to the magnetic field being perpendicular to the electrical current. There is a hall effect sensor in the flow meter counter that outputs an electrical pulse with every rotation of the rotor. Next I wired the float switches. The tankLowswitch was wired to pin 7 and the tankHIGHswitch was wired to pin 8. TankLow will control whether the pump is on or not because it will determine the lowest point of water. I placed it right before the pump is exposed to air since the pump needs to be completely submerged in water. The tankHigh will control the highest point of water or when the tank is full and the pump should start pumping. When tankHigh is open but tankLow is closed (the water is between the highest and lowest level), the pump is on and running, but when tankLow is opened as well, the pump turns off and the tank waits until tankLow is closed (until the water rises above the lowest water level). When both are closed (the water is at its highest point), the pump is on and water is pumped through. TankLow can never be open while tankHigh is open since it would mean the water level is low while the level also exceed the highest point. The float switches are normally open, but when they are affected by the water level, they become closed. There is a magnetic reed switch in the float switches that contain two contacts. When the switch rises the magnets come close to the contacts, and make them become attracted to each other. The contacts then complete the circuit and send a signal to the Arduino. Finally, I wired the powerswitch tail (relay) and the pump. The relay is wired to pin 13 through its +in, and -in is wired to the ground on the breadboard. The code allows the Arduino to control the pump through the relay by the digitalwrite function. Digitalwrite means that the values can only be 0 or 5V, unlike analogwrite which means the values can be a range between 0 and 5. The pump is coded as digitalwrite so it will only be on or off. The pump also runs off 120VAC from an outlet, and the powerswitch relay is plugged into the a wall socket to provide enough voltage. When I tested the watering system, it worked very well. There were a few leaks, but none to be worried about. The pump was able to pump water all the way up the pex pipe and down through the drip emitters. I used net cups in the plant holes to place the seeds in. When the system ran, the seeds get wet, and some have started to germinate. The water from the return gutters runs fairly well back into the bucket. The original worry was that the water would not run back in, but when enough water is cycling the water flows back in. A difficulty I encountered during this milestone was the coding. The coding I needed could be found online at Hydroponic farming system. However this coding included the pH sensors and temperature probes so I had to cut all of that code out. I tried to cut out all the pH dosers, One-Wire, and temperature coding. I deleted the libraries not knowing that those are important to the data and code. The libraries store code and manipulate data and are needed for certain commands. I was having trouble getting the I2C data functions to work, but once I researched EEPROM.h and Wire.h I found that they will not work without the correct libraries and coding. After I added those libraries and fixed little problems that I created in the code, it worked well. I was fortunate to find many schematics online, and the only thing I needed to fix or tweak was the code and adding all the schematics together. On the structure there will be 20 grow towers which will support the plants. Each tower has 6 holes for the plants to sit in; the holes are staggered so each grow tower has room to grow the plants. With 20 towers and 6 plant holes, the system can support up to 120 plants at one time. J-hooks hold the vertical grow towers to the top support bars and align them to be under drip emitters. Pex pipes run from the water tank to the top supports and contain the drip emitters, so water can drip into the grow towers and bring nutrients and water to the plants. There are two 48″, one 24″, one 22.4″, and two 25.6″ pex pipes. They will travel up one bottom leg support, fork at the cross section, and continue up to the top supports. The 2 pex pipes that contain the drip emitters were fashioned on the top supports and measure 48 inches long. I marked two holes in the pex starting 4 inches from the ends; after the first marks, the remaining were marked 4.5 inches from each other, giving you 10 spots on the 48 inch pex pipe. The drip emitters were fitted by drilling using a 3/16″ drill bit in to the hole and popping them in. Then I crimped every pex pipe together using copper 3/4 inch rings. The pex pipes are attached to the support frame by zip ties, so I can adjust or repair the pex easily. I hung the towers so that the holes would be staggered. I started with the 6 inch from the bottom towers, and in between each I hung the 9 inches from the bottom towers. Each of my grow towers had 6 marks/holes, but one could fit 7. For the plant holes, I cut a 2 inch, horizontal line at every mark. Then I applied heat via a heat gun for 15-20 seconds until the PVC rose towards the heat. Afterwards, the towers could be molded easily using a wooden mold. I used a circular piece of wood that I sanded down so I could slip it into the heated cut in the PVC gutter to create holes that protruded out. I used a 3D printer to print end caps for the pex pipe since I had to seal it so water would not flow out. The water return gutters, which are located on the bottom cross support, will return the water that drips down the grow towers to the bucket. Potable water tubing, barbed tees, and elbows connect the return gutters to the bucket which are attached to the support bottom by L-brackets and zip ties. I used hose clamps to make sure that the tubing was tight and there would be no leakage. The gutters were also sealed at the ends using gutter end caps and duct tape. PVC glue would work best for sealing the gutters. I also cut a one inch diameter hole in one end cap of each gutter to attach the potable water tubing. I inserted a PVC adapter into the gutter, so I could attach the tubing. Both gutters have tubing, and they are attached to a tee and run back to the tank. faced was managing my time. There are several big mechanical tasks that needed to be done, and at times it seemed nearly impossible to control. This project is mechanically heavy and requires patience to complete. Our engineering notebooks helped me to create daily goals and plan ahead. Instead of worrying about the time limit, I focused on what I could do and worked hard to complete everything I could in a given day. The tubing was also a challenge to set up. I set up the pump to pump the outgoing water through the pex piping from the bucket. The water return tubing enters the bucket at the highest point where the water will flow out from the gutters and into the bucket. This reduces the amount of water that can be in the bucket, but it also means that the water will circulate more effectively. The support structure is made entirely out of PVC. I kept the original lengths except I reduced the height by 80%, so the height is just over 4 feet instead of over 5 feet. The width and length remain 4 feet. The pipes are all 2 inches in diameter. Cutting the PVC was easy. However, the saw would get caught in the ridges, so I had to cut very slowly. The support frame will hold the grow towers by J hooks attached to the top support legs. The bottom cross support will hold the water return gutters which are under the grow towers. The PVC pipes are connected by tees and elbows. I used 12 tees in total. 4 connected the bottom and foot extensions together, 4 attached the bottom to cross supports, and the last 4 attached the bottom plus cross supports to another cross support. The cross supports also were connected to the leg components. Finally, I used four 90 degree elbows to attach the top support to the leg components. The cross supports ensure that the system is stable and strong enough to hold multiple grow towers with plants and water. I needed five 10 feet Schedule 40 PVC pipe (2″) for the support frame. I cut down the PVC to have four 48 inch, four 24 inch, four 12 inch, four 22.4 inch, four 25.6 inch, and four 3 inch sections. The 48 inch sections were used for the top support and the lower cross supports. The 22.4 and 25.6 inch sections were used for the vertical leg components. The four 12 inch and two 24 inch sections were used for the support bottom and foot extensions. The last two 24 inch sections were used for the higher cross support. The 3 inch sections were used to connect the support bottom tees to the leg component tees. Hydroponics is a system which grows plants using nutrients and water without the use of soil. The nutrients can come from a variety of substances including liquid nutrients, manure, and waste. There are several types of hydroponics: vertical, aeroponics, passive sub-irrigation, etc. I am building a vertical hydroponic farming system, and it will be 4’x4’x4′. My system will be small and compact; with 20 grow towers and 6 plant holes in each tower, I will be able to grow up to 120 plants at once. The system is the perfect size for apartments, decks, patios, and small spaces. Even with little space you could have a functional garden! My interest in this project was creating a functional garden that is easy to maintain, build, and grow plants or vegetables from. There could be many environmental advantages from creating a hydroponic system. For example, one could grow their own produce and reduce their carbon footprint. With an increase of plants, more carbon dioxide would be converted to oxygen, and in turn there would be purer air. The watering system would also help one to control and maintain a steady water supply. One could manage the amount of water they are using and reuse water/nutrients more than once. It was created by Paul Langdon and BLT Robotics. The piano is powered by the 2 double A batteries. The LED lights indicate whether the power is on and status of the board. The resistors power and control the correct current to each key so it can be played. The potentiometer selects the octave at which the piano plays; it is a variable resistor and different voltage runs as you turn the knob. The capacitor is a quick-releasing energy source and provides a clean power supply from currents. The microcontroller contains the processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Capacitive touch is used to play the notes from the keys. Capacitors consist of two opposite charged plates that store charge. In the keys there is a plate and insulating material. When one’s finger comes into contact with the key, it acts as the opposite plate, dynamically forming a capacitor. This creates a capacitance that can be measured. The resistors send a weak signal, and wires running from the key to the microcontroller determine how hard the key is being pressed. The key must exceed a initial value for the note to be played. The frequency of the key is multiplied by the octave determined by the potentiometer. Each key runs to a different pin in the microcontroller, so different notes play for the different keys. If the button is pressed, a pre-programmed song is played via the microcontroller. There is also a male pin head in case you want to add modifications. One difficulty I faced was the initial soldering. At times I almost hurt the wires in the board. Another difficulty was figuring out how the piano worked. While resistors do play a major part in the keys, they are not the only requirement. I had to research a lot to find the correct way the piano works. Originally, I was researching the wrong topic, but I kept reading more in depth about the piano to find the mistakes I was looking for. I learned about capacitive sensors and how resistors work alongside of wires or other resistors to send signals to the microcontroller. I also learned that there are a lot of “behind the scenes” events that take place in electrical engineering.
2019-04-19T19:15:35Z
https://bluestampengineering.com/student-projects/kiran-c/
This review is dedicated to all IQ fans all over the world, basically those who subscribe into "It All Post Here" and those who do not. In specific, I want to dedicate to my prog mates in my country that really love IQ with their heart: Rachmat Hery (Keli) - thanks for the forwarded info on IQ, Tatan A Taufik - hey, there are many "The Wake" tracks in this live set!, Oga Zano - When you come back to London, don't forget to attend IQ's next gig man! Get them shot with your digital camera!, Herman Schulz - are you still "in trance" with Dark Matter?, Imam S - who was amazed with the beauty of IQ music, and last but not least, the man who always inspire me, the neo man .Bowo! This concert from 1993 offers a very good presentation of the band and the sound quality is excellent. The two discs are ensuring a solid overview. They consist of many important tracks from the albums IQ had released up to this year. The unique point of the band is the very individual voice from Pete Nicholls. John Jowitt plays his bass with the necessary pressure and the keyboards are very retro. The gig starts with some ambient soundscapes and then we are gliding into the first classic IQ song < strong>after a minute. For some moments you can hear how enthusiastic the crowd is. Remarkable for CD 1 is the song Out of Nowhere from the former release 'Ever' with Nicholls back in the line-up. This track differs from the others with an interesting staccato rhythm. The highlight is Fading Senses - a wonderful ballad. Nostalgia is decreasing on the other hand. Second CD contains some of my favourite songs - for example Leap of Faith with very impressive guitar playing by Mike Holmes. And of course the complex long track The Enemy Smacks - excellently performed. No love lost from their disappointing commercial orientated album 'Nomzamo' is quite good but not exciting. The only weak point for me is that studio and live versions are not barely differing as far as I can hear. Some songs are even played shorter. And that's what I'm not exactly expecting from a live concert. Never mind - in any case this release is an excellent introduction to IQ! After Paul Menel's two album run with IQ following Peter Nicholls first exit from IQ, fans were unsure and misguided about what the future would hold for Mike Holmes, Paul Cook, and Martin Orford. Fortunately, in the early 90s Peter Nicholls returned to the fold as vocalist/lyricist and John Jowitt would be enlisted as the new bassist of the group. These additions to the group would make up the IQ lineup until Paul Cook left in 2005 and was replaced by Andy Edwards. Anyway, their first album, Ever, would prove to be one of the strongest IQ albums released yet, and this live release coincided with the release of that studio album and was intended to be the band's definitive live recording. The result is a highly polished and a highly produced live album that in spots seems too much like a studio album as everything about the live atmosphere seems to be missing. I will mention, though, that the playing on this album is fantastic, and it's amazing to read in the liner notes that they didn't perform well at all during the soundcheck. I can't even find a single mistake in all the playing. Still, this live collection has some classic IQ songs as well as ripping renditions of the stellar Ever material. Split into two discs, the first opens with the title track to their second album The Wake. It's a pretty slick sounding version (without the dated synths that plagued IQ's early albums, although they were good). I won't go about talking about every track, just those that deserve mentioning. The Ever material (which at the time was brand new to the crowd) is played pretty well, with the group carrying on through even the most complicated tracks (The Darkest Hour for one), and the music is actually very close to the studio counterparts (it's amazing how crisp and vibrant they sound, almost too good for a live album). An interesting choice for inclusion were two songs from Are You Sitting Comfortably (one of the two albums to not have Nicholls at the helm vocally) played in a continuous format (as the tracks were side by side on the original album). Anyway, with Peter Nicholls on vocals (I've heard these two songs before with Menel on vocals) is an interesting thing to listen to and for the most part he completely takes everything Menel did and kicks it up a notch. Other tracks worth mentioning are the superlative epic of The Last Human Gateway (albeit it's abridged and only the middle section is played, and the ending sections gets played at the end of the show). The first disc ends with the song Fading Senses from Ever. The second disc opens with the song The Thousand Days from The Wake, and then goes straight into Leap of Faith (which is one of the best songs on Ever). On top of the two songs played from Are You Sitting Comfortably?, there are two songs from Nonzamo from here as well, the first being the epic of the album Human Nature. For the most part it's a pretty decent song, with some melodic playing from the group and Nicholls vocals which are pretty good, if not on par with the rest of the set. The next track played is the best song on this live collection, the epic The Enemy Smacks (from their debut album, Tales from the Lush Attic). The musicianship, the vocals, the theatrics (as far as I know, Nicholls actually does some theatrics a la Peter Gabriel), everything about the song is perfect and in the live context it's just as great. The rest of the set is pretty good, with a great rendition of the ending of The Last Human Gateway finishing off the main set, and the encore being No Love Lost, which was the first song on Nonzamo. Essentially, the set list was perfect except I would have loved to have seen The Last Human Gateway played in full rather than in segments. Overall, IQ's Forever Live is a fantastic live album that feels more like a studio recording than a live recording as there is little live ambiance and feeling, which is really why I can't give this album full marks, as well as the fact that there were a few songs that would have been great on this record (like Through the Corridors or Awake and Nervous from Tales from the Lush Attic, and definitely The Last Human Gateway in full). But other than that, I can't really complain about this live album. It's one of the better neo prog live albums I've heard, although not a masterpiece. Highly recommended for fans of IQ and fans of live albums. 4/5. IQ was rather discreet in terms of records those days. Three years since they have released their last studio album "Ever", the come-back one for Peter Nicholls. So, what do you do when you have no new material ? A live one, right ? At least, we can't say that IQ will reject their Menel days (which were not the best ones IMO). Four songs out of these two albums will be played. From "Nomzamo", the long "Human Nature" (one of the very few average song of this album). I have to admit that I prefer this live version : a bit more dynamic and above all, more dramatic. "No Love Lost" was definitely one of the poorest with its AOR oriented style. It is still the weakest number of this double live set. From "Are You ...?" two songs as well, presented in a medley. The choice from this album is definitely better. "Nostalgia" and "Falling Apart at the Seams" were amongst the best ones ("Wurensh" being my fave one). I really believe that they should have skipped completely "Nomzamo" from their setlist. These songs really do not belong to their good repertoire and since Nicholls was not in charge, I guess every would have understood. On the contrary, the inclusion of "Wurensh" might have been a good idea since the only live version available is to be found on "J'ai Pollette D'arnu" (with Menel) and sounds terrible. But we'll never know how it will sound like with Peter on the vocals (even if it is featured on the album "La Maroquinerie" but this one is really difficult to grab). Now, what do we get from the Nicholls days ? Almost two songs from their debut album : "The Enemy Smacks", the second longest piece (being slightly extended here to clock at almost sixteen minutes). It was not my fave of the album. Too long and repetive even in its initial format; so I'm afraid that this feeling can only be increased in this live version. Still, far much better than the "Nomzamo" ones of course. But what did they do with one of their greatest songs ? Cut it into two pieces and record only two-third of this great musical moment! It is pretty weird since there was a full version of this marvelous song available on their studio live album "Nine a Pond Is Here" (again with Menel on the vocals), so it would have been a good idea to play it for the Nicholls come back. But nothing as such. Fans will have to wait for their twenty anniversary tour to get it played life in its entirety. I was even lucky to see it be played in in its full lenght in 2005 as well as the whole of "Harvest of Souls". All this during the same concert ! My best of two IQ concerts, of course. Almost three hours of music ! Still, these two portions of a song remain one of my fave moments on this work. The four numbers from "The Wake" are really good ones (except "The Thousand Days"). The title track is very catchy and "Widow's Peak" is probably one of their all- time best while "Headlong" is one of their most emotional song. Peter is especially brilliant in bringing you emotions. He is a very pleasant guy while on stage, always caring for the audience : he even speaks some French while in France / Belgium (you know like the other Peter started to do in the seventies...). This tour was set up to promote their last studio effort "Ever". I have expressed my thoughts about it in my according review. It was a bit of a disappointment for me, but fortunately they will pick up the best songs from it of which "Leap Of Faith" and its sad and melancholic side always pleases me. My favourite song "The Darkest Hour" is also featured, which can only make me happy as well of course. This live rendition is slightly shorter than the original, although IQ sounds pretty similar on stage and in the studio. The rocking mood of "Out Of Nowhere" is very welcome. It is a bit of a change; while when listening to "Fading Senses" is another very emotional song. A bit too much of a sad feeling (up till the "Big Ben" sounds when the rhythm catches up a bit). This album is globally a good one, but when you listen to it all in a row, a feeling of monotony prevails. Too much similar, too uniform. That's why I think it would have been better to have released a single CD one. When you look at its lenght, if they would skipped the very avearage numbers I have been referring to, the one CD format would have been sufficient and the album would have been much appealing. As such, I will rate it with three stars and I do believe you need to be an IQ fan to fully get into this one. If you should only pick up one IQ live effort, I would suggest either their twentieth anniversary one (for the emotion linked to the event) or their "Dark Matter" tour one (although it does not feature the whole of "Human Gateway" while they played it at "Spirit Of 66". Ooouh, what a lucky man, I was). As it says in the liner notes "IQ would play a showcase concert timed to coincide with the release of their 1993 album "Ever". The whole show would be filmed and recorded with the resulting product being released as the band's definitive live recording". They performed it at a venue called "The Stadthalle" in Kleve, Germany. All of their five previous albums including of course the new one "Ever" were represented on this double album. Some really good information and pictures in the liner notes as well, including thoughts from all 5 band members. The prevailing theme seemed to be on how badly the soundcheck went, but when they decided not to play "Further Away" from the new album "Ever" (a song they especially had trouble playing live) they all felt more relaxed. They proceeded to go out and play one hell of a concert. I'm so impressed with this recording and certainly would highly recommend it to anyone looking to hear IQ live and at their best. The first disc is especially great. They open with the title track from "The Wake" and win the crowd over very quickly. Actually I don't think they had to win them over. John Jowitt relates how after the concert he and Peter decided to go over to the crowd to say thankyou, and as they're shaking hands they both got pulled in. Haha. "The Darkest Hour" from "Ever" might be the best track on here. It's so emotional when Peter starts to sing before 1 1/2 minutes. I just love this song. Some nice solid and crisp drumming in this one. Waves of synths from Orford after 5 1/2 minutes as the crowd cheers. It kicks back in. Great section. "Widow's Peak" from "The Wake" just blows me away. Paul Cook is all over this one 1 1/2 minutes in, vocals follow. How good is this ! Love when it gets darker after 2 1/2 minutes. It slows down 4 1/2 minutes in. Cool atmosphere here. Very uplifting after 8 minutes. Possibly the best track on here. Haha. "Out Of Nowhere" is an uptempo track from "Ever".This is a bright and fun track. "Nostalgia / Falling Apart At the Seams" are from "Are You Sitting Comfortably ?". From 3 1/2 minutes on it's so impressive. Check out the fat bass lines from Jowitt.Tasteful guitar before 6 1/2 minutes that I really like. "The Last Human Gateway" is from "Tales From The Lush Attic". Just a beautiful intro with reserved vocals. It's so moving when the sound gets fuller after 2 1/2 minutes. Guitar solo follows. Nice. "Fading Senses" is from "Ever" and it too opens with gorgeous sounds and reserved vocals. Touching. It gets pretty heavy later on. Great contrast. Fantastic tune. Disc two starts with "The Thousand Days" a classic IQ track from "The Wake". Nice bass and the vocals shine as usual. The crowds into it that's for sure. Great tune. "Leap Of Faith" is from "Ever" and it opens with piano and synths. Vocals then a full sound follows. A spacey calm before 2 minutes. It kicks back in before 3 1/2 minutes. Fantastic sound after 6 minutes, check out Holmes' guitar solo as drums pound. "The Enemy Smacks" is from "Tales from The Lush Attic" and really impresses me with the way it opens. I'll just touch on "The Last Human Getaway" another highlight for me.This is from "Tales From The Lush Attic" as well. Lots of spacey synths before it kicks in at 2 1/2 minutes. Blistering guitar to end this incredible IQ track. This is one of those recordings where you can tell the audience and the band are just having too much fun for their own good. Haha. Highly enjoyable. This live album was recorded on the tour in support of the Ever album in the early 90's and offers a very nice cross-selection of material from IQ's first five studio albums. I would say that, at the time of its release in 1996, this live album was the ultimate IQ release and it remains today a very good introduction to the band's first decade as an album releasing unit (1983 to 1993). It brings together such classic IQ numbers as The Wake, Widow's Peak and The Last Human Gateway from the early days of the band's career with newer (at the time) songs primarily from Ever. The two albums they did with Paul Mendel on lead vocals are represented with the ten minute plus Nostalgia/Falling Apart At The Seams from Are You Sitting Comfortably? and Human Nature and the show closer No Love Lost from Nomzamo. All of the songs sound better here than on their respective studio albums. This is especially true of the oldest songs since those early 80's IQ albums were badly produced and sounded quite horrible even by early 80's standards. This live recording, on the other hand, has a very good sound. The Last Human Gateway is wisely somewhat edited and split up into two separate parts played at different places in the set which is indeed a great idea as I have always considered the original version to be too long and lacking in focus. This is something I think is true of many of the longer compositions by IQ. And it is the longer tracks, like Human Nature and The Enemy Smacks, that are the weakest on Forever Live. There is a good case for saying that the first disc of this two CD set is superior to the second disc. Indeed, from the second disc, only a few tracks like Leap Of Faith and No Love Lost are up to par with the standards set by the first disc. Still, this is one of IQ's better releases and even if I prefer the more recent live DVD Stage, Forever Live is different enough to be worthwhile on its own merits. If all you know from IQ is from the new millennium, then this double live album might be a good introduction for you to the earlier works of the band. Recorded as IQ celebrated the release of the triumphant Ever, this double live set provides a well-chosen range of tracks from the band's first decade of activity - including the cream of the crop from the two Paul Menel-led albums - but suffers a little from rather flat and average sound quality. This is particularly noticeable with the tracks from Ever, which are performed rather closely to their studio renditions; that album had such a gorgeous production that, I find it very difficult to listen to versions with lesser sound quality. Still, if you're an IQ fan who fancies an Ever-era live set or is burning with curiosity to hear Peter Nicholls sing a few songs from Nomzamo and Are You Sitting Comfortably it's a good pick; I just don't rate the versions here above the studio versions of the tracks in question, aside from the Menel-era stuff (which sounds much better liberated from the plastic, poppy production those albums suffered from). Post a review of IQ "Forever Live"
2019-04-20T15:13:40Z
http://www.progarchives.com/album.asp?id=617
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2019-04-20T14:36:24Z
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Having dried his tears and collected the assorted toys from outside his pram, a l’Arse-supporting chum earlier this week sent a message my way, the gist of which was that he was scratching his head in bewilderment trying for the life of him to remember the last time Spurs had enjoyed a week of quite so much good news. The man has a point. The derby win was followed by Champions League knock-out qualification, which was followed by an approving nod for a new Tottenham-based stadium, which has been followed by news that Michael Dawson is back in training, and even the rumour that Ledley is gingerly lifting himself from his wheelchair, sellotape and blu-tac duly applied to his balsawood limbs.There is talk in some quarters that our heroes really have turned the corner, and that those mentioning Spurs as potential Premiership or Champions League winners ought not necessarily to be thrown into a dusty spot of land and given a damn good thrashing for crimes against reason and common sense. A cautionary note echoes around the walls of AANP Towers for sure, as there remains a strong chance that we will finish the season not only empty-handed but also trapped in the arid and unforgiving wasteland that is the Europa League. As such, the policy around these parts is not to speculate too wildly about how the world might look come May 2011, but simply to wring every last drop of enjoyment from the present moment. The abacus has been dusted down, and all manner of rigorous arithmetic drills undertaken, the upshot of which is that AANP can confirm that in all competitions it is now three wins and counting for our lot – and in a spirit of bonny, blithe and gay optimism I am rather inclined to think we will have our fourth come Sunday evening. The danger after a good Champions League win is that the next pre-match huddle actually consists of the players patting one another on the backs for a midweek job well done, rather than spitting, snarling and straining at the leash in preparation for the forthcoming 90 minutes. No such danger this Sunday I would hazard. The time for complacency was probably Wednesday night, with the memory of the Emirates still fresh, but Liverpool at home represents a bigger kettle of fish, the importance of which is unlikely to be underestimated. VDV may again miss out, and the list of other absentees remains longer than a gangly limb of Peter Crouch, but there is positive news in both the return to fitness of young Master Defoe, and the sparkling efforts of Aaron Lennon on Wednesday night. If both he and Bale could hit top form simultaneously cracks would probably appear in the High Road N17 as Mother Earth struggles to cope with the thrill of it all. The bubble will burst eventually, but I have faith in our heroes to maintain the winning habit for at least one further week. Ahoy-hoy! Still in triumphant spirits I hope? Floating hither and thither about your business aboard Cloud Nine? Excellent stuff.A more rigorous examination of the potential pitfalls and glories of Sunday’s encounter is imminent on this very corner of the interweb, but until then do pour yourself a cheeky little something from your finest bottle of bourbon, and have a look yonder. The Liverpool Offside is to football blogs on the red half of Merseyside what Mrs Van der Vaart is to footballing WAGs the world over. With Spurs – Liverpool on the horizon, The Liverpool Offside and All Action, No Plot settled down to chew the fat, and if you click right here can indulge in the entire ruddy conversation! The Liverpool Offside: I have it on good authority that Gareth Bale is in fact more powerful than seven Super Messis and that his merest glance can destroy worlds, or at the very least Brazilan fullbacks, a species of footballer we find ourselves in possession of. I have also been lead to believe that he will be sold to Guangzhou FC in January. Is there any truth to this? Spurs 3-0 Werder Bremen: Have You Ever Seen Anything Like It? A strange old evening for sure. There have not been too many occasions on which I have lamented the fact that Jenas has been forced to depart early, yet he has been in relatively steady form in recent weeks and made an eye-catchingly positive start last night, so I rather felt for the chap when he limped off. Moreover, with Hudd off radar for a few months we can ill-afford to lose another central midfielder for any length of time. That said, this was one of the best days Sergeant Wilson has had in months. Every tackle seemed perfectly-executed, and (almost) every pass distributed simply and accurately. Further curiosity was to be had in the serenading of William Gallas with the strains of “Yiddo! Yiddo!”, as he effortlessly outmuscled the German mob. In so many respect things are a-changing at the Lane these days. That said, it was the usual scintillating stuff from young Master Bale, who added a Cruyff-turn to his super-human repertoire. Personally I am convinced that he was actually aiming for the cross-bar with that second-half free-kick, for the very best players set themselves those sorts of challenges, and as for the penalty – well, like forearm tattoos and the pre-match huddle, missing from the spot is just a trend amongst the current crop of heroes in lilywhite. It will pass. And while I’m grumbling, perhaps this is a good opportunity to draw attention to the manner in which my heart-rate quickens whenever Benny Assou-Ekotto goes near the ball. He is not a particularly bad player, simply maddeningly lackadaisical about just about everything he does. I’m not sure there has ever been another Spurs player at whom I so constantly want to bellow “CONCENTRATE, you loon,” as he attempts shoulder-dinks and the like on the edge of his own penalty area, whilst working assiduously to pick out opposition players with every pass. All things considered however this was probably as serene a Tottenham victory as I can remember. It may not prove the most thrilling of our commemorative DVDs, but it is probably worth purchasing simply for the variety of rare bonus features thrown in – a clean sheet, a sprightly Aaron Lennon, a Kranjcar cameo and, taken in its entirety, a Tottenham performance that was just about the epitome of professionalism. Admittedly Bremen were woeful, but we threw away a two-goal lead against them before, and conceding at any point until we scored our third (the 80th minute) would have made for a nervy finish. Instead we were dominant and efficient from start to finish – I frankly cannot remember the last time I ever saw that from Spurs. Whatever next? Spurs – Werder Bremen Preview: Last Ever Champions League Night at the Lane? It has been so much fun watching l’Arse fall apart at the seams over the last few days that I had almost forgotten we have our latest Biggest Game In Recent Memory tonight. Victory tonight would guarantee qualification to the knock-out stage of all things, and another chance for ‘Arry to shoehorn a mention of “Two-Points-Eight-Games” into his post-match press rounds. Of course in theory if things go awry on the pitch tonight – and off-pitch in the coming months – it could actually be White Hart Lane’s last ever Champions League night, which is a slightly gloomy thought. That really is a worst-case scenario however, for it seems far likelier that one way or t’other we will be reconvening in the spring for more of this floodlit revelry.These continue to be heady times for the Band-Aid manufacturers of N17, as Bale, VDV and Kranjcar are the latest injury doubts. In fact the curse of wearing a Spurs shirt and promptly collapsing in a bloodied, mangled heap has even reached AANP Towers (broken foot in Monday’s 5-a-side, since you ask). As it happens, on paper at least our team retains a look of some adequacy, for 12 months ago we would have fancied our chances with Lennon – Jenas – Palacios – Modric lining up across the midfeld. Moreover Defoe is back, looking sharp and sprightly, and now having added Aerial Bohemoth to his list of attributes, judging by his performance on Saturday. This being the Champions League, and they being foreign opposition, tonight ought also to see the transformation once again of Peter Crouch from gangly halfwit whose only value is in assisting defensively at set-pieces, to unplayable goalscoring machine who leaves opposition defenders gibbering in awe, unable to fathom which limb they should approach first. Apparently Bremen’s recent form has been of the variety to leave their fans rushing for the nearest high ledge off which to hurl themselves, but if they are in the Champions League they can pack a punch, and in the second half in Germany they made us all sweat. No doubt they will come armed with some sort of stifling, hard-working game-plan, and if we really are minus both Bale and VDV, as well as Hudd, our attacking prowess might be a little more laboured than that to which we are accustomed. Nevertheless, Champions League nights at the Lane have so far tended to result in goals a-plenty, at least one dodgy penalty and a handsome victory, so I anticipate that it will be a cheery mob crowding the White Hart Lane train platform come 10pm tonight. And all across the lovelier half of North London, grins remain, just lingering in the air. What a marvellous weekend’s work. Fully aware that we had failed to win away at the top four since the last Ice Age, ‘Arry ordered our heroes to adopt The Lazarus Approach that has served us fairly well on a couple of occasions this season on our travels in the Champions League. Accordingly, our lot just did not bother in the first half when things began at 0-0, instead opting for the challenge of overturning a multi-goal second half deficit, against a ticking clock and away from home, because it’s just much more fun that way. With the second half comeback in mind, the central midfield of Jenas and Modders diligently avoided doing anything that might be interpreted as gaining a semblance of control of the game in its opening 45 minutes, and also surreptitiously made their excuses whenever the back-four needed help in that lamentable first half. All of which set things up nicely for the latest chapter in the ongoing 4-4-2 vs 4-5-1 debate. How easy it is to forget how at the start of the season ‘Arry was derided for the gung-ho 4-4-2 away to Young Boys. No two ways about it, on Saturday the half-time switch to 4-4-2 helped to prompt the about-turn. Amidst all the excitement and nerves, from my lofty perch I must confess that I rather ignored some of the subtler tactical nuances of the game, and opted instead for the more Neanderthalic approach of screaming and cursing at the TV whilst slurping beer, spearing wild animals and making fire. Nevertheless, on reflection it did seem that the addition of Defoe made the world of difference, not least by giving the l’Arse back-four reason to break sweat; while our 4-4-2 featured a distinctly narrow midfield four, which mightily effectively nullified the other lot. Van Der Vaart – Huzzah! VDV remains convinced that the boundaries of the pitch are marked by electric fences rather than white paint, and consequently spent his time as a right-winger ploughing straight up and down the centre of the pitch – but given that he created/scored all three of our goals, I think he earned the right to sit down on the centre-spot and smoke Amsterdam’s finest for the rest of the game if that is what he wanted. The chap’s technical mastery and love of the game was epitomised in his assist for the first goal, when I’m pretty sure he actually kissed the ball as it dropped from the sky, before letting it roll down his chest and flicking on to Bale. A propos Bale, the slick manner in which he collected the ball without breaking stride was worth a goal in itself, at least in terms of downright dreaminess. As luck would have it the equally slick manner in which he then flicked the ball past Fabianski was worth a goal in the more commonly-recognised literal manner. Aside from the magnitude of the occasion, in terms of pure quality, it was a cracking little effort – as most of his goals tend to be. However, while VDV and Bale did the glamorous stuff, the hero of the hour and a half was back at the other end of the pitch. In recent weeks on this very corner of the interweb the commitment of Gallas to the lilywhite cause has been under great scrutiny, with suspicion rife at AANP Towers that while picking up his pay-cheque from Daniel Levy he still packs his sandwiches in an Arsenal lunch-box. Yesterday however, Gallas turned in the performance of a man possessed by the spirit of an indomitable blue and white cockerel. In the first half in particular, while his lilywhite chums fell over themselves to let l’Arse do whatever they jolly well pleased, Gallas shook a clenched fist and did his damnedest to keep those rotters at bay, with all manner of crunching tackles and dogged harrying. Whatever next? We tend not usually to bother with the opposition around these parts – ‘tis a Spurs blog after all – but having watched the game in the company of a couple of gooner chums the sweet smell of Schadenfreude has been wafting through the corridors of AANP Towers all weekend. Sometimes a memorable win is marked by a performance practically perfect in ever way (Inter Milan, or Chelski last season, par example). This time however, I’m happy to accept that we were awful in the first half, and hardly vintage Tottenham Hotspur in the second. It was not so much a game that had me beating my chest with pride as crying with laughter come the final whistle, for the glory glory of this occasion was to be found in the quite magnificent manner in which l’Arse imploded. Within spitting distance of the top of the table they completely lost the plot, with their handshakes and handballs and whatnot. To nab game, set and match, from two-nil down, and on their own patch – it was just too much fun. While our heroes no doubt charged off to Faces to celebrate, ‘Arry ensured that everyone associated with the club kept their feet on the ground by talking up our title prospects. It is possible for sure, mathematically and all that, but AANP is not going to grab its latest pay-cheque and charge down to the bookmakers quite just yet. As with Saturday’s win, success this season seems likely to be aided as much by the shortcomings of others as by our own good work. One startling feature of this campaign has been the fact that every five minutes one of the genuine title-challengers is losing to a non-descript team from somewhere in that grey mid-table area. One or two good wins by any of the top five and over-excited types start making breathless noises about winning the title – which is actually a Man City reference. Opportunity certainly knocks for someone or other, and for all our dropped points against Wigan and West Ham, another top four finish remains very much within our grasp (although the return of the Champions League this week will presumably dent our league form once again). Still, even if the season ends in the ignominy of failure to win the Premiership, we have already ticked off more boxes than I would have dreamed possible a few months back. Wins at home to l’Arse and Chelski last year; and sealing our top-four spot; and beating Young Boys; and beating Inter; and beating l’Arse on their own pitch – in isolation all of these are just commemorative DVDs, but add them together and our heroes are trundling along in the right direction, make no mistake. Seasoned visitors to these parts will now that on three occasions each year we simply cannot prophesy doom quickly enough. Away games at l’Arse, Chelski and Man Utd – absolutely positively guaranteed to find the famous “AANP Cheery Optimism Counter” stuck at zero for the duration of the weekend. It’s not just at AANP Towers either – I haven’t met a Spurs fan this week who gives us hope of any more than a draw. In fact, having watched the England match on Saturday I rather fancy I have glimpsed the future and already seen how Saturday’s game will pan out – lots of chaps in white shirts scurrying about with noses in air, trying desperately to get a sniff of the ball, as various French types exchange a few too many slick one-touch passes around our penalty area.The remaining 35 league games of the season I genuinely think we ought to win – all of them – but this is one of the unholy trinity, and I don’t see the pattern changing until I’m grey and old. One never knows though, and while as a fan of many years I have the prerogative to settle down into a grump ahead of this one, I expect nothing less that fire in the belly and passion stirring the souls of the eleven in lilywhite out on the pitch. Presumably Monsieur Wenger has hired a sniper, or my conspiracy-theorising, Spurs-supporting chum Ian is right, and William Gallas really is still on the l’Arse payroll with strict instructions to search and destroy, because the Hudd is now out of action too. Forever, from what I can glean. If there is a silver lining to this, or indeed a straw at which to be groped with blind hope, it is the curious trait developing in ‘Arry’s reign for all manner of prodigal sons to come racing back into the fold, make themselves at home and transform into uber-beings of their former selves. This time last year Vedran Corluka was still waddling around the White Hart Lane turf, and Gareth Bale was about to shipped off to Nottingham Forest, while as recently as this summer just about 50% of Spurs fans had wiped Alan Hutton’s very existence from their memories. Since then Bale has become the white Pele and Hutton has established himself as the pick of our back-four, whilst possibly the last two chaps we ever thought would form our central defence have formed the bedrock of a win over Inter. The point of this little warble is that Hudd’s absence will neatly open the door to some other lucky blighter, and history suggests that the next three months might therefore be the making of Jenas, Sergeant Wilson or Sandro. Indeed, whisper it, but Jamie O’Hara is still officially a Tottenham Hotspur employee. The mind boggles. The merits and less meritorious facets of 4-4-2 and 4-5-1 were given a slightly lop-sided airing on these very pages last weekend, but the question now has a cunning twist, as the messenger pigeons come bearing news that Jermain Defoe has been sighted with jaws locked in a chomp around what is widely known as the bit. Marvellous news I’m sure you will agree, but how does this fit with the head-hurting permutations of 4-4-2 and 4-5-1. Earlier this season on England duty Defoe played atop the formation, with Rooney in a VDV-esque position in the hole, and the entire thing turned into a neon-lit success – yet it seems rather unlikely that such a vertically-challenged type as Defoe will be asked to lead the line as lone striker in a 4-5-1. A more feasible scenario would be Defoe trotting out with a bona fide striker alongside him, which would suggest Princess Pav or the wretched Crouch in a 4-4-2 (with VDV adopting that suspiciously central “right flank” role once more). Not tomorrow perhaps – away to l’Arse it seems almost certain that we will go with 4-5-1, and quite probably shunt Sergeant Wilson or Sandro into the midfield, in a desperate effort to get close to Fabregas and his chums as they triangle themselves to death -, but longer-term the return of Defoe gives us a fresh option, and a forward who is a darned sight better than Crouch when it comes to thumping the ball goalward when presented with a chance. Defoe or not, there is doleful morbid pessimism around these parts, but by jove I hope that this defeatist stance proves wildly wrong come tomorrow afternoon. Spurs 4-2 Sunderland: 4-4-2 or 4-5-1? Blessed relief. With the 4-4-2 formation, flowing pass-and-move stuff and hatful of chances throughout this was vaguely akin to the glory glory days of way back in season 2009-10. Seeing Paul Robinson look on forlornly as the ball crashed repeatedly into the net really did give the afternoon a retro feel, but after our recent run of form the priority was three points in any manner possible, and they have accordingly been lapped up most gleefully around these parts. For all the doom and gloom of poor form and lengthy injury-lists in the build-up to this one, I was thrilled to bits to see our heroes trot out in good old-fashioned 4-4-2 formation. It served us jolly well last season, both at the Lane and on our travels, but the kids these days are all peddling some variant of 4-5-1, and with VDV blazing magnificence in every direction we have duly adopted it ourselves. It is understandable enough away from home on big European nights, but at home to Blackburn ‘Arry quite rightly decided to revert to the more attacking set-up of yore. It all worked fine and dandy. Jenas and Modders took turns at loitering deep, but by and large all four across the middle merrily wore their attacking hats; and with two bona fide strikers on the pitch we did not face the difficulties of previous weeks, of lacking presence in attack. Here at AANP Towers we whisper snide remarks and begin malicious hate-campaigns against one-man attacks, and stomp our feet in rage when that one-man attack consists entirely of Peter Crouch, but conversely, nothing soothes the savage beast around these parts quite like a two-pronged forward-line, and so it proved yesterday. Of course, the flip-side of a 4-4-2 is that it leaves VDV homeless. Presumably he was the nominal right winger on the teamsheet, but by and large his contribution to the right flank amounted to little more than an occasional glance in its direction, as he took up residence further infield near familiar chums like Modders and Bale. By accident or design VDV’s general neglect of the right flank proved not to be a problem, as Alan Hutton seemed quite happy to do the job of two men, bombing up the flank and sprinting back to defend faster than you could say “Vedran Corluka”. I can grudgingly admit that there is indeed a time and a place for 4-5-1, but not at home to colourless mid-table fare of the ilk of Blackburn. Given that we beat l’Arse, Chelski, Man City and Liverpool at the Lane last season with 4-4-2, I quietly hope that more often than not at the Lane (that is, in matches in which our heroes amble out onto the pitch as favourites) we retain this approach, and find a way to accommodate VDV accordingly. On the subject of our two forwards, what a curious old bean our resident Russian is. He seems dashed determined not to score unless the finish involves high levels of complexity and a jolly good hammering of the laws of physics. As such straightforward penalties and one-on-ones do not interest our Pav, but the less-than-entirely-straightforward chance presented yesterday was positively gobbled up with minimal fuss. All told it was a good lively showing from the Russia, moaning and fussing about the nasty Blackburn rotters ‘tis true, but also demonstrating a laudable willingness to scurry to all four corners of the lush green turf. I would like to think that long after the game has finished and fans have departed, Modders remains out on the White Hart Lane turf simply for love of the game, continuing to control the ball immaculately, dip his shoulder and look for a pass. Not as headline-grabbing as some of his peers, but a joy to behold and currently looking like a man thoroughly enjoying life. As for his central midfield partner – lo and behold. No doubt the entire global membership of The Society of All Things Sideways and Backwards watched on aghast yesterday, as their leading proponent repeatedly broke the habit of a lifetime. Jermaine Jenas has generally edged the better side of average on his appearances this season, and it was most pleasing to observe yesterday that every time he received possession he seemed determined to push forward in search of glitz and glamour. He is hardly in the same class as Messrs Modric and VDV when it comes to caressing the ball as if it were a svelte brunette in a revealing dress, but his energy and attacking intent were most impressive, and he helped give our midfield fairly healthy balance – quite a feat considering that we were without either a genuine right-sided outlet or deep-lying holding type. Having already proved himself adept at dribbling, crossing, shooting, as well as boasting the ability to hurl in a throw-in like a man possessed, young Master Bale has now ticked “Scoring With Head” off the list of attributes required by a bionic footballer. His questionable fashion sense remains however, the man who once sported a hair-clip pin thing (to give it its technical name) in his mop yesterday opting for bright pink tape across his thighs. Still, whatever works for him. A bird? A plane? For those scratching their heads in utter bewilderment I can confirm that it was indeed a Tottenham goal from a corner. My oh my, whatever next? We threatened to throw away a 4-0 lead, but 15 minutes proved not quite long enough for the Kaboul-Gallas comedy routine to hit top gear (I should retract that actually, as both made cracking goal-line clearances), and in truth we ought to have won by far more than a two-goal margin. With l’Arse, Liverpool and Chelski all rapidly approaching on the horizon, a win yesterday was an absolute necessity, so give yourselves a round of applause chaps. The league remains such that the current occupants of the top four positions have been dropping points with gay and fairly frequent abandon, so fret not at our current state, behind Bolton and Sunderland. Despite the mishaps of recent weeks our heroes are by no means out of the running just yet. Heavens above, have you seen our injury list? What the blazes are they doing to the players in between match days – wrestling with tigers? Jumping through fiery hoops? Just standing in a big circle thrashing each other with great big iron bars? Whatever the training drills, something has gone horribly wrong, as Bentley, Hudd, Lennon, Keane, Giovani, Daws, Ledders and O’ Hara are all out, and whinging Princess Pav is a doubt (although I am willing to wager that he’ll be tickety-boo come Saturday afternoon). No further injuries amongst the back-four, which I suppose is a good thing, although given the madness of recent games I’m not entirely sure how to greet the news that Gallas and Kaboul will be strolling out shoulder to shoulder on Saturday. Scavenging amongst the bloodied limbs at the training ground, ‘Arry and chums have actually managed to rescue a midfield that retains a rather exciting look, which is a pleasant surprise. Bale, Modders and VDV have all been cocooned in cotton wool, and will be carefully unwrapped and delicately placed out on the pitch. They ought to be joined by Niko Kranjcar, who has been quietly shuffling towards the exit door in recent weeks. The chap’s grumblings of discontent are understandable, but it was unfortunate that he performed quite so anonymously when granted his neon-lit chance at Bolton last week. I fervently hope he excels tomorrow, because although it is difficult to accommodate him within the current starting XI he did enough last season to indicate that he is a quality player, and one very much carved in the Tottenham mould. One way or another we really ruddy well absolutely have to pick up three points tomorrow. Concerns about our striking deficiencies, the startling regression of Sergeant Wilson and the cracks in our back-four can probably wait for another day. The eleven who take to the pitch are likely to be the only ones not covered in bandages and supported by crutches, so we will jolly well have to accept and support them. The suspicion here at AANP Towers is that l’Arse and Man City will keep dropping points every now and then, but it won’t matter a jot if we grind to a halt at home to the likes of Blackburn each week. Three points, I beseech ye, three points. I suppose that after Saturday’s relentless barrage of thwacks at the Self-Destruct button by the esteemed members of our back-four, we good members of the N17 public ought to have expected one more seismic defensive catastrophe on Tuesday night. Unfortunately, the Kaboul-Gallas Chuckle Brothers audition was so wince-inducingly, jaw-droppingly awful it is probably destined to join Rob Green’s summer howler by being immortalised in Lego. A dashed shame too, because that aside we had looked fairly sturdy value for three points. It was by no means a performance of such riveting gung-ho that it made me want to scamper atop the Empire State Building and beat my chest with pride, but we rather rudely hogged the little round yellow thing from our visitors for most of the night, and made reasonably good use of it too. Scythe them open relentlessly we did not, but regularly prod and poke at them we did, our heroes giving their goalkeeper a good, honest work-out. It was the sort of display that ought to have secured a 1-0 win on a Tuesday night. Instead it seems that if we are going to finish in the top four we are going to take the scenic route. All is not lost quite yet, for while Chelski might hit top gear soon and go motoring away from the rest, it is difficult to envisage the current top four making a clean break from the rest. L’Arse and Man City can be relied upon to drop points every few weeks – perhaps not in such belief-defying manner as our lot, but one way or t’other nonetheless – and a run of three or four successive victories at any point between now and the festive season ought to set us up nicely for a fresh implosion come spring. Back to the game, and while it rather got lost in the fine print, I would happily have stayed at the Lane overnight and beyond, with eyes closed, simply replaying over and over in my mind’s eye that shot from Hudd. The technique of the young man makes me want to cure the blind, just so that they can observe, and then be blinded afresh by its magnificence. I’ll give young Master Bentley a nod of approval too, for his efforts. Not a pat on the back – he wasn’t that good – but a nod of approval. A different sort of bean from Aaron Lennon, Bentley does seem to dovetail quite well with Alan Hutton (which I realise is possibly just a euphemistic way of saying that Bentley is rather slow). He knew the drill, and unencumbered by the vat of hair-gel atop his crown he did his best to whip in crosses, mixing things up with the occasional shoulder-drop and dink inside. Plenty of grumblings have been grumbled about the penalty, an incident which (when viewed on a TV replay) led me wondering if it is possible both to award a spot-kick and book a player for tumbling in the same incident. Anyway, given that our nation’s finest might well have disallowed VDV’s goal for sneaky use of the arm, it seems that in this particular instance ying and yang have reached a healthy compromise. Two points, four games. Mercifully the next fixture is just five minutes away, and a fine, flowing, three point-earning display on Saturday ought to paper over some of the cracks. Nevertheless, we natives are, if not quite restless, certainly discombobulated, as to how to reconcile a win over Inter with one point from games vs the combined might of Bolton and Sunderland. Spurs – Sunderland Preview: Consecutive Wins? Why The Devil Not? One point, three games. Generally the solution at AANP Towers when things are not quite tickety-boo is to drink plenty of water and wait it out. In extreme circumstances we have even been known to chew on some raw garlic. However, something a little more drastic will probably be required from our heroes tonight, to shake them from the alarming torpor that characterized Saturday’s performance. Things have gone so wildly awry in the league that we are now level on points with Liverpool, who I’m pretty sure were about to sack their manager and explode in a ball of flames a moment ago. There is nevertheless a salutary lesson to be gleaned from their fortunes, in providing evidence of the wholesome benefits of a string of consecutive victories. Three wins on the bounce has Liverpool back in contention for the top four; we now find ourselves playing host to Sunderland and Blackburn within the space of a week, a double-header that suggests that if we play our cards right by Saturday night we could find ourselves breathing down the necks of those rotters from l’Arse and Man City once again. No Aaron Lennon, which suggests that Niko Kranjcar or David Bentley might be invited to watch in awe as Alan Hutton goes surging beyond them on the right. If fit, VDV and Hudd will presumably return to central midfield, while I imagine Jeans has also risen up the midfield pecking-order, simply by virtue of not being Palacios or Sandro; and Pav for Crouch is the logical but by no means certain alteration in attack. It appears that Darren Bent is absent for the other lot tonight – bad news for my Fantasy League team, but good news from a lilywhite perspective, as Bent, like Kevin Davies, is one of those types who always seems rather likely to find our net one way or t’other. This means that the dashed exciting Asamoah Gyan ought to be in action for Sunderland tonight, representing another useful test for Younes Kaboul. I am beginning to grow quite fond of the boy Kaboul. He blinking well needs to iron out those lapses in concentration – sliced clearances and whatnot – but it’s nice to see someone big, strong and quick on the prowl in our defence. As that evil Emperor chap noted of Darth Vader when he was still a fiendishly annoying young whippersnapper, I shall watch his career with interest. With the Champions League anthem removed from the playlist for the next week or two I have supreme confidence in our heroes tonight, and indeed on Saturday. A return to our daring, doing best ought to do the trick, for when our lot start to purr, particularly at the Lane, few sides in Christendom can live with us.
2019-04-21T02:38:54Z
http://www.allactionnoplot.com/2010/11/
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2019-04-22T04:52:36Z
http://artjobcollective.com/fine-print
Bill: Okay, today is March 8, 1995. I'm Bill Schneider; Don Callaway is here, too, and we're working today with Mary Ann Olympic in her home here in Igiugig. And her grandson Jeremiah is in the background Mary Ann: Making noise. Bill: Making noise, yeah, playing with his toys, so he's going to join us too, for a while. Umm, I'd like to start by having you talk a little bit about your parents and how you remember them, and where they were living. Mary Ann: Ah, my parents living at Kukaklek. And uh, before he move up to Kukaklek they living down Alagnak, in older village. When he start, my dad reindeer herder. Then he move, 1906 he move up Kukaklek. And married, married to my mom, 1926. break Bill: So in 1926 they were married. Mary Ann: Yeah, 1926 they married. Bill: That's good. Mary Ann: And they had reindeer herder that time. I remember, nice I start 'member. break Bill: Okay. Mary Ann: Okay. But I wasn't, that phone make me mistake. Bill: laughs Mary Ann: Yeah. Bill: That's okay. Mary Ann: I 'member what at that time, when I first remember, only my grandpa and my parents. I was thinking about that, that we live ah, herd, in the herd alone with the deer. Bill: Uh huh. Mary Ann: And after that when it start winter come, I see people visit us, it was my mama's brother, ? , sometimes he visit up there. Very full house and ? I know there's lots of people that time. I remember. I start thinking about when I first remember, ah, that we live alone, with the deer, that winter. laughs. Funny, yeah? Bill: Yeah. Bill: And what was your grandparents' names? Mary Ann: My grandparents, I never 'member, my, my, I know their name, though, Gregory Tengcetaar', but my grandma Lena I didn't get her last name. Bill: Uh huh, uh huh. Mary Ann: My grandpa, last name Tengcataar', my Grandpa Gregory Tengcetaar'. Bill: Uh huh. Mary Ann: That I like that last name. My dad never picked for that last name. He picked uh my grandpa's last name good. Bill: Uh huh. Mary Ann: Alexie Gregory. But, uh, I like to go back to my old Tengcataar' give that to my old Tengcataar'. I like that. Bill: I wonder where that name comes from? Mary Ann: He come from, from down, my, and I am half. Half I'm up there, my folks, grandparents and great grandparents, and from, half of us came down the chain. Aleut. Bill: Aleut. Mary Ann: Yeah, that's what I'm saying. Bill: Uh huh. Uh huh. Mary Ann: My Dad is raised. Bill: And how did they come to live in this area? Mary Ann: Ah, that's what my dad, my grandpa, that story. When they have starvation up north, long time ago. No food, looking for food. They found that other food at Delye Creek. He tell me that food only never died. Sucker fish, black fish and sticker, sticker. Only three fish, he live. He found lots of fish in, Delye Creek. That's why I come from up north. Those people on my grandpa's story, they used to be Tlingit. All around here, all around here. Indian, they call it. Ken'auyar'. He call 'em, my daddy, Aglurmiut. My grandma, great-grandma, she's Aglurmiut. laughs. They said he talk, he could talk, but uh my dad he didn't know, 'til he gets, uh, after he die, you know, he could talk, talk with our grandma. A little bit for Yupik meadows. Aglurmiut. Good story, that. Bill: Yeah. Bill: Yeah. So they were starving? Mary Ann: Starvations is long time ago. Bill: Yeah, yeah. And what was the name of the creek they came down to? Mary Ann: Delye Creek up there. They found a food there. From there and split the people living along this side. This our Kvichak side. Bill: Uh huh. Mary Ann: That's why, I knew about that, my grandpa's story. Because I just 'member my grandpa. My, not, this not, this is my maybe not grandpa, my dad's godfather, he came from up there, I remember. Bill: Uh huh. Mary Ann: He talk about that starve story from ? , lots. He always tell me the right, I think he tell me the right way. Bill: Yeah. Mary Ann: You have to help the people when you grow up. And when you got something, you have to give 'em. So I, that's the way I am. But you talk to people, even other, other people. I know the right way and I follow, follow his story. Sometime I just come back just like that, ? he say. And I see somebody kind of new out there and walk around, look like nobody tell 'em to do. And so I tell 'em, I talk to them and make 'em happy. Bill: Uh huh, uh huh. Mary Ann: Yeah. That's the way, that's the way, they said. That's the way have to live. Help people lot. Bill: Uh huh. Bill: Uh huh. So you remember that grandpa when you were little? Mary Ann: Uh huh. My grandpa. They call him, his name Evan. That Evan Pupsugpak laughs He Pupsugpak. They die up Kukaklek. I gotta a picture by their grave. I don't know where they are right now. I was going to make them bigger, like. Bill: Yeah. Yeah. Bill: Tell me about, uh, when you were a little child playing up at Kukaklek. Mary Ann: When I was kid though I play only those, they call him Tarunguaq, playing with that kind of people, we called them Tarunguaq. That's my favorite, favorite toy. And let them go ? and let them ? in a can. Put them inside, let them move around ? , I used to. My favorite spot. Bill: What's the name of that game again? Mary Ann: Tarunguaq, little people, you know. Just like a dress them up like uh, let them move around. Bill: Uh huh. Mary Ann: Mmmm Hmmm. Bill: And who was your friend that time? Mary Ann: Elia Ignaty. But they're older than me for two years, I think. And, it was my good buddy. He's gone now, too. Bill: Mmm hmm. Mary Ann: He's from here? Bill: From Igiugig? Mary Ann: Yhh, from Igiugig. Their parents moved down here, too. Bill: And tell me about what life was like for your parents that time. What were they doing? Mary Ann: They doing lots of stuff at home. And spring time is my momma start hunting squirrel. Ground squirrel. Bill: Mmm hmmm. Mary Ann: My dad start hunting brown bear for summer time. Brown bear and moose. Dry meat, dry lots of dry meat. Yeah, and when I was kid I never get hungry for nothing. He got lots of stuff. And you know, flours and sugars and stuff, dry food. And my dad was good trapping, trapping person. That's why I learned from the first beginning, 1,2,3, to hundred. One, all one, one, all winter 'til March, this month, March, I caught a hundred. Over hundred. They keep, you know every time I get up in the morning I wash my face, face first, go look out and count 1,2,3. laughter. My learning counting. Bill: Yeah. Mary Ann: Yeah. I'm hard way to learn. Bill: That sounds like a good way. Mary Ann: Yeah. Mary Ann: Yeah. You have to read over hundred before winter over. And you got fox, wolf, wolverine, otter, mink, beaver, those kind of stuff. Those kind of animals. I learn to count them. I tell him this, this is round. This one akagenqellria , the beavers laughs. I call them kagenqegluni nillaraq. Makut taugken nengluteng. All the fox and stuff. Only different when there's beaver around. Bill: And otter? Mary Ann: And otter, long like otter. Fox and otter. But uh, they used to have wolf, left hind bone. This thing that this bone part, left, left side. Bill: Of wolf? Mary Ann: Yeah, they used to skin 'em that way. Bill: Oh. Mary Ann: I remember. I wonder these days now. It look like no more. I never see that kind no more, with that bone. Bill: Say a little more about that. I'm not sure what you, what you mean. When they were skinning the wolf? Mary Ann: Yeah, skinning in the wolf, this one paw left, in the skin. Bill: Oh, they leave it in the skin? Mary Ann: They leave it in the skin. Bill: The left paw. Mary Ann: Yeah, left paw. I wonder why. Bill: I don't know. Mary Ann: These day I never see that kind no more. They must be quit, I don't know. Bill: Huh. But your, so your dad was reindeer herding and trapping? Mary Ann: Mmm hmm. Both way, yeah. We had our reindeer herding and both, trapping. He was hunter, hunter, like to hunt. Bill: And uh, at the end of the winter what did he do? Mary Ann: Uh, end of the winter he go, come Kukaklek, uh, bring 'em down, pack 'em. Pack 'em, bring 'em down river. That when he's over the other side, they see, call 'em Igiugig Trading Post, that store used to be. They said, sell 'em over there. Bill: Who ran that store? Mary Ann: Uh I remember, first remember, they run by Herman Sandvik. They call him Storekeeper. Bill: Mmm Hmm. And did the whole family go with your dad when he went to sell them? Mary Ann: Only one time we follow him. We, he for most of the time go down himself with five dogs. Just let 'em loose. When he came back from over there he let 'em pack. Pack carrying stuff. Bill: Oh. Mary Ann: One dog carry, uh, uh one case of milk. One, one dog carry case of fruit. And other kind of stuff, what we need, milk, coffee. But they carry his flours and sugar and stuff inside their ? Indian crackers, lightest one. Bill: Uh huh. Mary Ann: Boy, dogs could carry lots of stuff. Five dogs, he let 'em pack. For summer time. Bill: Wow. And then, how about summer time. What was he doing in summer time? Mary Ann: They just watch the reindeer. Before they started working down, somewhere around 1940, 1943 I think, he start working down Naknek in the cannery. Bill: Uh huh. Mary Ann: That's why I, I see that picture down at school, when he start working. Bill: Yeah. How about your mom. Tell us how you remember her. Mary Ann: Mom used to be uh, house, housewife. She like to do stuff. Clean. She like to clean. Put up fish summer time. We put up lots of fish. Big smoke house got two layer, hanging. We'd fill it up. We use to have lots of dogs, that's why. Those dogs, two dog teams of dogs we got. Lots of dogs to eat. Bill: How come so many dogs? Mary Ann: 'Cause they use 'em winter time. When they, one of 'em tired, and use other team. Bill: And he needed to get out? Mary Ann: Yeah let 'em rest some, the one that they used. Bill: Uh huh. How long did, uh, how many years did your family stay up there reindeer herding? Mary Ann: We let 'em, my, my folks start let 'em loose in 1947. Bill: Oh. Mary Ann: Me and Elia take over our reindeer herd. He take care of it. Maybe about 5, 6 years when he took over. They start relax. Me and Elia Ignaty take them out and bring them home in the evening, night time. They let us go about four o'clock. We used to be out there in all evening in the, out in the bushes. Let them, let them eat, the reindeer. Let them eat the, you know, moss. Bill: Moss. Mary Ann: Yeah. Bonfire. When he start, wolf start howling, we start shooting in the air with the .22. Build a big fire there, like Christmas tree, let 'em burn. We had fun. But some time we take 'em home from ten, ten o'clock, eleven o'clock, we'd take 'em by the house, you know, our places. Let 'em stay there at night time, let 'em sleep. Bill: Yeah. How many reindeer did you have? Mary Ann: Gee, I don't know. When they start wolf, wolf too much, wolf in it, only what, 20 something left, they let 'em go. Bill: Uh huh. Mary Ann: We moved, we moved down that time after we let 'em go, reindeer. Bill: You moved down to Mary Ann: Here. Uh huh. In 1947. Bill: How old were you then? Mary Ann: I was what, 16. I probably counted from 1931 to 1947. I was what, 16? Bill: You were born in 1931? Mary Ann: Mmm humm. Bill: Yeah, 16. Mary Ann: Yeah, I'm right, ? laughs I never forgot ? still I got good memory yet. Bill: Yeah. So you were a young woman. Mary Ann: I'm 63. I'm not really young no more. Bill: But when you were 16. Mary Ann: I was really young, yeah. I was teenager. Bill: Teenager yeah. Mary Ann: Yeah, but I don't know about, nothing that time, when we first moved down. I really want to go back to Kukaklek. I really miss summer time. I don't know how many times I tell my mom, summer time, "Gee, that Igiugig is bum place." When you walk around lots, that's why I'm, 'cause Kukaklek was nice and dry. Bill: Oh. Mary Ann: There to go to walk, you know. Yeah, Kukaklek was nice place, lots of food. In the winter time, put the net under the ice, my dad. They bring lots of fish. There's black, rainbow, rainbow kind. Yep, I still want to go back to Kukaklek once, in the, especially spring and fall. Boy, I like that place. Bill: Yeah. Mary Ann: My two, two young one they didn't know it. My ? , only me. laughter Bill: But it sounds like you had fun up there. Mary Ann: Yeah, I had a fun raising up there. I don't know about nothing. Just play. Bill: And you said your father went commercial fishing? Mary Ann: Yeah, they was in, long time ago they said, uh, commercial fishing, before move up to reindeer sta--, reindeer. Bill: Oh, he did it before he went up. Mary Ann: Before, yeah, before reindeer, you know. Before he get the reindeer, he start commercial fishing. With, you know, sail boat. Sail boat time. Bill: Did he ever tell you about that time? Mary Ann: They said when he start fish, that only three cents, stuff is. Bill: Oh, not much money. Mary Ann: Naw, no money, I think that time. They get thousand fish, hundred doll, hundred, hundred dollars they make, they say. That's all summer. Hard work, too. When they count he said, "We'll be poor fishin', down Naknek bay". Bill: Yeah. Dangerous, too, huh? Mary Ann: Uh huh. He said eighteen-some, eighteen-someplace they start, uh, with number one cannery down, oh, Naknek, all the way down. What they call 'em. Diamond J's? No? Diamond A, maybe. They call it. Number one cannery. That's what my dad say. After that, after one year later, another cannery build up, uh Branch River, right at Branch River mouth. He said, "Not much, not, no money much fishing, lots of fisherman, though." But everything was cheap, they said. Hundred pound flour only one dollar. And you get, the, he bring some, maybe five hundred pound flour to Kukaklek. Same thing sugar. Pretty cheap, huh? Bill: Yeah, yeah. Bill: So at some point he decided to go reindeer herding and not fish? Mary Ann: Ah, yeah. Some, this, they bring from, they, my dad he got story. Bring from up north reindeer. Every village got around here. Got reindeer. Stuyaraq, Qalirneq, Iquaq first. And after that they bring this side, Nondalton, Bristol Bay, Newhalen, Kokhanok, Kukaklek. Bring some. When they search, start taking them, he said over thousand reindeer, they bring 'em up. Lots of reindeer, huh? Bill: Yeah. Bill: Yeah. And so your dad decided not to commercial fish for awhile? Mary Ann: Yeah, decide not to commercial fish for a while. 'Cause, ah, they got, I think they got a paid, them reindeer herder. Better than commercial. Bill: Uh huh. And then he went back to commercial fishing in the forties? Mary Ann: No, they go back to set net. Bill: Oh Mary Ann: Set net site. They got set net site down Naknek. I think they go over every spring, they go to have set net site down there. Nineteen, early 1950. Bill: So, you got married when you were about sixteen. Mary Ann: Uh huh. They usually stay here for summer time. And fall comes, spring, we move up to Kukak..., I mean move to Kokhanok. I didn't know that time I was gonna get married. They'd marry you, ? . They got down to Naknek like nineteen, that's '48, they let me get married. They bring us last after a year, bring us down to Naknek. Old man Mike Nuyaka. I just remember that married, I was just thinking about it. They bring us down to the boat, and Nuyaka "Let's go back, let's go up to fish, you know, Commashie, commashue." Judge, he bring us there. Like married us. Bill: The judge? Mary Ann: Uh huh, the judge, yeah. And when Mike Nuyaka marry, me, John Olympic and me. Just walk up to judge. Our clothes and our boots and all. Mike got, Mike Nuyaka got long boots. Full of, full of mud. I just start thinking about that, so smile when we, I see marriage, you know. Wear fancy clothes. We didn't get married in fancy clothes. Bill: Okay, so we were talking about muskrat hunting, spring time, then. Mary Ann: Yeah. Muskrat hunting and you know, ducks, too. I love to hunt ducks. Still I am. laughs I moved to up, spring time up, they call 'em, Copper River. I decided to follow them. I decide to go with them. 'Cause I can't live with uh, my husband's parents, things like that. There's just a pile up, one place. I never enjoy my marriage. First beginning. I tell Mom, "I'm gonna go with you guys to move. I don't wanna stay there. 'Cause they like to pick on me 'cause I don't know nothing. I can't do nothing much. Pick on me. I don't know about nothing to do." 'Cause I never raised like that. No wonder my momma told me, "One of these days you married somebody gonna pick on you. You don't do nothing, you know." "I like outdoors, huh, mom." I was a, what, tomboy. Bill: Ah hah. Mary Ann: laughs Don't like to cook. I don't like to wash dishes, dishes. I don't like to clean the house. Just outdoors person. That's why I think he pick on me. I can't do nothing, even my husband, "What kind of wife you are. You don't do nothing." I can't understand, I can't answer. But I can't answer nothing. Mary Ann: Used to be move around spring time and fall time. Bill: Yeah. Mary Ann: They call 'em upak, ubaglutek, upagaluteng . Bill: Move around spring time? Mary Ann: Yeah, they call 'em upak. But these day I never see that kind no more, upak, no more upak. Stay home too much, they never leaves. Bill: Say that, say that phrase again. Mary Ann: upak. Bill: To move around in spring time. Mary Ann: Yeah. upmerkami upagluteng , ukuarmi upagluteng , these to, they are saying. He was gathered you know for it, for winter time, fall time, gathered for food for winter time. And in spring times gathered for summer time. Any kind, you know. Dry 'em up. They used to dry 'em up, most of the time. Make lots of dry. Even, even beaver meat, dry 'em outside. Before they get freezing stuff. You keep it for a long time. When they want to cook, they have to soak 'em, make 'em soft, then cook. Pretty neat. I still like those stuff. Bill: Did I understand you correctly, that in spring time and in fall, people would spread out? Mary Ann: Yeah, spread out, you know. Not, never stay one places. Spread out and get some. That one is go there, that one's go there. Different, different spot. Bill: And what's the Yupik word for that? Mary Ann: They call 'em upagluteng, upak. upagaluteng-gguq . Pretty neat, huh? Bill: Yeah, yeah. I like it. Mary Ann: I never hear no more that. Nobody talk about upak. Me and Alice once in a while we talk about that upak upakiluk . Alice say, "Yeah, but we didn't go." laughs And three of us right now, right there. But Murphy older. Seventy-someplace now. Me and Alice and Gabe, three of us. Sixty-three, turn. Years. Sometime we together, these. Me and Gabe was talking about stories, back. We miss that, some time. 'Cause these days no more. Don't wanna stay in the village. I think that's why all the time start sicking and stuff. Stay home too much. Never move around. Bill: Yeah. Yeah, could be. Mary Ann: Uh huh. Bill: So you moved down to Branch River with your family, your mom and dad. And then at some point your husband came down? Mary Ann: Yeah, they follow us. 'Cause I got a child. Bill: So tell us about living down at Branch. Mary Ann: We're living with Mike's parents and them. Bill: Mike Andrew? Mary Ann: Mike Andrew, yeah. But we had a tent. Summer times we put up fish. Boy, I really don't like that place. There's just too many, you know, too many trees, you know, too many bushes, and too many mosquitoes. Bushes in these places I don't like. Boy, my, I tell my mom, "Gee, we should not move from Kukaklek. We should go back to Kukaklek. Good place." laughing Eee, momma told me, "'Cause we got no, we got no more, you know, getting old. Can't do nothing much. That, look us, we, me and your dad, we can't do not much. To do stuff like used to. We can't go back up." But gee, I should've go back up myself. I was just thinking of that. Mary Ann: I, we had fun alright. But I just, really don't like too many bushes. Can't see no farther. And lots of mosquito, too. One summer we stayed up there. Bill: Just one summer. Mary Ann: Uh huh. One, from when we move down one year and one summer. And fall come. We moved back up, little. Me and husband make new cabin. When he start making cabin, I help him. Bill: Where was that new camp? Mary Ann: Down across from old village, Alakanuk. They call 'em Sluryaraq . We rename it "coffee place." laughs Bill: How far is that from here? Mary Ann: I don't know. I don't know how far from here. You know that bing courtney right there? We could cross other side. To Branch. The side of ? . We build our, start building there. Tree kind. Log cabin. Bill: Uh huh. Why did you choose that place? Mary Ann: 'Cause good place to trap, and it, uh, good, good place to trap. Mink, fall time. I had fun start to trapping mink. Bill: Tell me about it. Mary Ann: Yeah, I started like it, to trapping mink and otter. That place. And from there, spring, this kind of year, we start moving this way. We always move around lots. Moving down between Branch River and Kvichak. Big lake, long lake about. And we stay there for, 'til, 'til May, May month. Bill: Trapping? Mary Ann: Yeah, trapping. And my mom's, my mom start, you know, me and momma start hunt squirrel. Ground squirrel. Mary Ann: And late April, almost end, move down to Kvichak. Bill: For fishing? Mary Ann: For place to, looking for a place to, my dad's looking for a place to live. We picked that old Fish and Game camp, they said. That is below that flat, below that, what you call it, you know that house down there, below the flat. No more, it burnt, one part living right there became, other side. We stay there for four years for winter. Bill: At that time, was your husband commercial? Mary Ann: Yeah, he commercial, yeah. Bill: Set net, or. Mary Ann: Drifting. Bill: He was a drifter. Mary Ann: Uh huh. Bill: How did he get into that? Mary Ann: I don't know how they get in for it. They join, they pick. Bill: Crew? Mary Ann: Uh huh. 1953. Bill: And at that time did you go down to the bay with him, or did you stay upriver? Mary Ann: I stay with my parents. They start, you know, getting old. I start helping them then. Put up fish in summer time. In winter time I try to trapping. Bill: Hmm mmm. Bill: So you had your kids with you, that time, too, huh? Mary Ann: My kids don't live. I lost three. Bill: You lost three. Mary Ann: The first one was only two years old. That time we move around from down, spring time. And second one only four live, four months. Got pneumonia. Third one live only nine days. They born here, that's the third one. Second one born down some, same place, flat. And after that I never get for a while. Finally I got, I could live with Julia. We start moving around, me and husband. Bill: You and your husband started travelling? Mary Ann: Yeah, travelling around back there. Trapping back there, Kukaklek and ? and Peck's Creek. Bill: Maybe this is a good time to get some of those names, those Yupik names down for that. Mary Ann: I knew about Kukaklek's other name, Qukaqlik, I know. Bill: We're looking uh, now at the Illiamna map. If you would, tell me the name of the reindeer camp here where you, where you lived. On the north bank of Kukaklek. Mary Ann: Um yeah. Reindeer station in there, inside a you know, they got that Christmas tree on it, around here, in here. They call this one Reindeer Lake. They put the wrong places. This is, they call 'em cuukvagpalek, they call 'em reindeer. Bill: The place that's called "Reindeer Lake" on the map? Mary Ann: Yeah,pack woods. That's why I tell 'em it's pack woods. They call 'em "Big Pike Lake," cuukvagpalek. This one used to be a qagan, they call 'em qagan, they call 'em "Reindeer Lake." Bill: Okay, so I'll remark that on, on the map here, "Reindeer Lake." Bill: And what did you call this reindeer camp here? Mary Ann: Ah, winter in here. Our reindeer winter, winter village. Uksiyaraq, they call 'em. Bill: Uksiyaraq. Mary Ann: Uksiyaraq. Bill: And how about your spring camp, here, where you ... Mary Ann: Up'nerkiyaraq. Bill: And this mud house that was used by your dad for trapping on south, on the south bank? Mary Ann: Nengugtaq, uh huh. Bill: And then the summer camp for fishing? Mary Ann: Neqliyaraq. Bill: Okay. And the mud house your dad had down here on the cove? Mary Ann: Akuluraq. Bill: And the one he had up here on the northeast bank? Mary Ann: Etussugaq. Bill: Okay. And this place here for red fish, up by Battle Lake? Mary Ann: Igyaraq. Anguaryaqliq, they call 'em, Anguaryaqliim igyaraa. Bill: Battle Lake? Mary Ann: Uh huh. This, they call this is Kuimliq, Kuimliq. Bill: That's the cove entrance area there, almost like a pass, it's so narrow. Say that again? Mary Ann: Kuimliq Bill: Kuimliq. Mary Ann: Mmmm. I know there's name of this, we used to go agvilqupak there, the mountain back there, Callarpalek. Bill: That's the mountain to the south. Mary Ann: Yeah, the mountain, I know. Callarpalek, canirnerpayagaq, inguqat up here. Smoke aq cikigpalek, these area right there, they call 'em cikigpalek, smoke aq just like a pipe, the little mountain. Just like a pipe, shape pipe. Bill: Shaped like a pipe? Mary Ann: Yeah. Bill: That's on the south shore of the river, of the lake. Mary Ann: Yeah, yeah, but it's not, little, little ways from the fish camp, neqliyam caniakun , it's on, you just, just walk little bit. Maybe from clear across the river. Bill: Just as you're entering into the cove, there, looking to your right, or looking south. Mary Ann: Now there they call it this little creek here dussugayaraq. Bill: This is the creek near the ? camp on the north bank. Mary Ann: Um, yeah. Close to, yeah. This, this little uh, this Qamiquluyaaq. Bill: Bear Island area? Mary Ann: Yeah. Qamiquluyaaq. I knew their name up here. That's why Nick Apakitak and Peter Apakitak wanted me, took me up there. They want to know the name up here. Bill: Yeah. Yeah. Mary Ann: In summer time. I could show 'em when he bring me up, their name. Bill: Hmm mmm. Bill: Where was that place you lived when you moved up? Mary Ann: Right up fish camp. Bill: Close to here? Mary Ann: Yeah, right above, right, mouth of the, mouth of the Bill: Mouth of the river? Mary Ann: Yeah, mouth of river. Bill: And how did you do? Mary Ann: They help us to make put of, put up fish camp. You know, our smoke house and stuff like that. Since, I never move around from here. Getting used of it. I used to don't like. laughs That's why I tell everybody, "I'm not Igiuguk person. I'm person from Kukaklek, my home." Bill: Take me through a typical year when you were, when you first moved up there. Mary Ann: 1955. Bill: Uh huh. What was the year like? What did you do in fall and winter and spring and summer? Mary Ann: Just start staying. We built a house, bought a house, that little house down there. Bill: It's, house is still here? Mary Ann: That little house right there, he, we move from down by that desk. Village contract desk. They move 'em up. Bill: That was your house in 1955? Mary Ann: Yeah, they bought, we bought it from Paul Wassillie, bought house. Still up right there. We, but we move 'em up. Bill: Uh huh. And so you were fishing in summer. Mary Ann: And just put the fish, I had that time, I had no child. Before Julia born. And take care of one of Apakitak boys, John Apakitak, they stay with me, that time, summer time. Me and, me and only him. But we walk down fish, down below fish camp. We live down there. Apakitak and cousin, grandma lived down there, little ways. And we walk, walk, back and forth. Day time we were down. The evening time come up. Walk back and forth, me and Johnny Apakitak. I wonder they remember. I didn't ask 'em. They was kind of not very big. Bill: Maybe 10 or 12, huh? Mary Ann: He was what, not more, somewhere 7, 8 maybe. Bill: Oh. Mary Ann: I wonder they still remember. Bill: And you took care of him? Mary Ann: Yeah, 'cause their mom was in hospital that time. Bill: Uh huh. Bill: And was, was John fishing down at the bay? Mary Ann: Uh huh. He start fishing, yeah. Bill: And so you stayed up here alone? Mary Ann: Uh huh. Put the fish, take care of the dogs, too. 'Cause we used to use 'em, winter time, dog team, dog team. Bill: And then how about fall time? What did you do in the fall. Mary Ann: Just stay here. And we walk back and forth and trapping back there, little ways. Not far. Bucks Creek and Dicks Creek, back and forth, trapping. Be, uh, otter and mink, fox. Not many beaver that time. We have to look for beaver. Now lots of beaver, these days. We didn't hunt beaver no more, I guess. laughs Bill: Funny how that is, huh? Mary Ann: Yeah. Mary Ann: Um, yeah. When we separated from my parents, we have, uh, kind of little hard time, you know. My husband don't do, and we were sickling, he got sickling, that time. Start sick sometime, can't do nothing. Take care of myself, get some wood, pack water. My husband start sick that time. No, I don't know how they get sick. We had that child, got Julia. I stay over there for it, I go over Dillingham for, let 'em born over there, try out he could live if he born in hospital. Finally we got Julia, it was. And these are born here. I deliver myself, 1960. Bill: Huh. So Julia was the oldest? Mary Ann: Yeah, oldest by those, the one I lost for it, 1957, Julia is born 1960. Lydia is born 1964. My youngest one 1970. Bill: Martha. Mary Anne: Yeah, Martha. Martha born 1967. Last one. Bill: And then you started work at some point in the school, right? Mary Ann: Yeah, I start working at school 1968, since I start working. Finally I quit last spring. Bill: Wow, and you were supporting ... Mary Ann: Yeah, I was suporting the kids. That where my youngest child, she said, "I don't know about my dad, much, 'cause he never raise us." I raise by hard way, I raise my kids. Nobody help me. Bill: That's, that's quite a story, how you did that. Mary Ann: Yeah. He finally passed away last two, two years ago. They said that he come down and he come down and take off without ask me. Third time I come down. He come from down the bay, from the fishing. They stay up there. Somebody come up and they tell me, they're for the house key. Ask me about the key. I give it to him for fish camp. They stay, Anecia and Julie and Lydia follow 'em down. I see him in the boat, he just in the boat he go by. Ah, those kids tell me, "Daddy take off again to Kokhanok." I was thinking about, gee, I'm not gonna keep and keep on like that.
2019-04-22T15:08:23Z
http://jukebox.uaf.edu/site7/interviews/3071
The character of war had changed. Armies had not changed their battlefield tactics in response to new, highly destructive weapons, resulting in massive casualties. Rising calls from British political leaders, the media, and the public demanded action to break the stalemate. British strategists responded by opening a new front in the east with two strategic objectives: drive Turkey out of the war by attacking Constantinople, and open a route to beleaguered ally Russia.3 The decision to open a second front in the east in 1915 ultimately failed to achieve Britain’s strategic objectives during the first full year of World War I. British leaders pursued short-term, politically expedient military objectives in Turkey that were both ancillary to their military expertise and contrary to achieving the overall ends of winning the war by defeating Germany. This article examines the disastrous results of the attempt to open a second front and the disconnect between Allied strategic ends and means. With combat in France and Belgium characterized by hopeless direct assaults on entrenched enemy positions, British strategists began planning for a new direction.4 First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill contemplated amphibious operations in the North Sea to increase pressure on Germany. He proposed a joint Anglo-French amphibious assault along the Belgian coast designed to outflank German positions on the Western Front, liberate the port of Zeebrugge, and prevent Germany from using Zeebrugge and Ostende as submarine bases.5 Ultimately, the British failed to convince the French to participate, effectively scuttling Churchill’s North Sea plan. British political and military leaders next focused attention on Turkey and the possibility of military operations to seize the Dardanelles,6 attack Constantinople, and open a line of communication to Russia. Secretary of the War Cabinet Maurice Hankey, Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George, and Churchill advocated military operations against Turkey on the Gallipoli Peninsula.7 They agreed that the Ottoman Empire was weak and that “Germany [could] perhaps be struck most effectively, and with the most lasting results on the peace of the world through her allies, and particularly through Turkey.”8 Thus, within weeks of the outbreak of war, British attention turned east. At the end of August 1914, Churchill formally requested that Secretary of State for War Field Marshal Herbert Kitchener organize a group of naval and military officers to plan for the seizure of the Gallipoli Peninsula, “with a view to admitting a British Fleet to the Sea of Marmara” and eventually knocking Turkey out of the war.9 Representatives of the War Office and the Admiralty met and concluded that an attack on the Gallipoli Peninsula was not a militarily feasible operation.10 Director of Military Operations Major General Charles Callwell11 presciently observed that a campaign in Gallipoli was “likely to prove an extremely difficult operation of war.”12 He proffered that an operation in the Dardanelles would require a force of not less than 60,000, with strong siege artillery, echeloned into Turkey in two large waves.13 Kitchener also disagreed with opening a second front, but for different reasons. He was reluctant to divert troops from the continent, which he viewed as the primary focus of effort for the British. Kitchener further assumed that once news of the arrival of the British fleet reached Constantinople, the entire Turkish army in Thrace would retreat, leaving Turkey to British control.22 Sir Edward Grey, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, argued that once the fleet moved through the Dardanelles, “a coup d’état would occur in Constantinople, whereby Turkey would abandon the Central Powers and join the Entente.”23 All of the foregoing assumptions proved false, and their cumulative effect foreordained the Dardanelles operation to disaster. British naval forces shelled the forts at the entrance of the Dardanelles on November 1, 1914, well before the formal commencement of the Gallipoli campaign. The purpose of the attack was more to punish Turkey for siding with the Triple Alliance than an attempt to secure the strait. The shelling had a more pernicious effect, alerting the Turkish defenders that a future military operation in the Dardanelles by the British was likely. Mustafa Kamal Attaturk, overall Turkish commander at Gallipoli, and Otto Liman von Sanders, a German general and military advisor to Turkey, focused on fortifying the Dardanelles after the British attack of November 1.24 The Anglo-French naval force attacked the Dardanelles in force on March 18, 1915. The battle initially favored the attackers. Naval bombardment in the days preceding the assault successfully destroyed several Turkish defensive positions at the entrance to the straits.25 By midday, the British fleet neutralized most of the Turkish mines at the mouth of the Dardanelles, leaving nine more mine belts in the approach to Constantinople.26 The Clausewitzian concept of chance in war then emerged. The fleet approached an undetected line of 20 mines, which a Turkish steamer had laid just 10 days earlier.27 Three Allied warships struck mines and sank; a fourth suffered severe damage and was unsalvageable.28 The assumption that the Turks would surrender on sight of the British naval force was incorrect, and the prospect of a collapse of the Ottoman Empire by means of a naval assault alone died on March 18. The setback caused the British War Council to delay further naval action immediately. The council charted a new course and called for landing troops in a beach-hopping campaign from the Aegean to the Sea of Marmara, eventually attacking Constantinople.29 However, 38 days would pass before British commanders were able to embark, transport, and land military forces on the peninsula. In the interim, the enemy seized the initiative. Turkey deployed six divisions, some 500 German advisors, and civilian labor units in a hurried effort to strengthen Gallipoli’s defenses in anticipation of the next round of fighting. Despite the perceived importance of the region to British war aims, the Allies withdrew from the peninsula on January 9, 1916, dashing hopes of defeating Turkey and reaching the Russians. British, Australian, New Zealander, and French casualties totaled 130,000, yet the operation achieved none of the goals set by British political leaders. The British experience in the Dardanelles is a cautionary tale that highlights the flaws inherent in a strategy characterized by improperly aligned ends and means.37 The initial plan—a navy-only effort to forcibly enter the Dardanelles, navigate the peninsula while destroying land-based targets with surface fires, and force the capitulation of Constantinople—is perhaps the classic example of imbalanced ends and means in World War I. Naval gunfire in 1915 was generally ineffective against land-based artillery and even static targets without ground-based spotters.38 Although the fleet had limited success in the opening days of the naval operation, decisively defeating Turkish defensive positions in the 35-mile-long strait with naval guns alone was not feasible. Furthermore, ships are by definition incapable of taking land and occupying terrain. In fact, neither Kitchener nor Hamilton had any sustainable plan to seize and hold terrain in March 1915. Another example of mismatched ends and means occurred in the minesweeping phase of the first attack in Gallipoli. The Allied fleet “applied its least capable set of assets, that of fishing trawlers turned minesweepers manned by civilian crews, against the most difficult part of the campaign, that of clearing mines under fire.”39 Even the amphibious landings of April 25 lacked properly balanced ends and means. A total of five British, French, and Commonwealth divisions landed at five separate beaches against entrenched defenders expecting an Allied attack.40 Although the number of forces in action in the Dardanelles consistently grew during the evolution of the operation, the fact remains that the Allies never successfully held a beachhead for an extended period, largely due to the lack of means, that is, ground forces. Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, chief of the Prussian General Staff from 1857 to 1887, observed, “Strategy can direct its efforts only toward the highest goal that the available means make practically possible.”45 British means in the Gallipoli campaign did not support British strategy. The imbalance between ends and means in the naval and ground campaigns in the Dardanelles doomed the overall effort to failure. During the interwar years, military planners and theorists validated the Clausewitzian concept of the value of studying history. Planners and theorists analyzed the reasons for the failure in the Dardanelles and developed doctrine, conducted exercises, and structured forces to overcome the problems associated with successfully assaulting fortified coastal defensive positions. A generation after Gallipoli, the Allies successfully landed tens of thousands of troops on beaches defended by entrenched and well-equipped German and Japanese forces. Allied amphibious operations in North Africa, Europe, and the Pacific were instrumental in the combined effort to defeat Nazism and Japanese imperialism. Another lesson to emerge from Gallipoli, despite failure there, was the importance of the indirect approach, which factored heavily into British strategy during World War II. Churchill favored amphibious operations against Germany in the North Sea in 1914 in an effort to bypass the main line of resistance on the Western Front. Less than three decades later, Churchill opposed the U.S.-favored Operation Roundup, a cross-channel attack planned for mid-1942. The prime minister instead advocated for operations in North Africa, Italy, and the Balkans—presumably softer targets than Adolf Hitler’s Atlantic Wall—before a cross-channel assault against Fortress Europe. Finally, Churchill personifies the greatest legacy of the Gallipoli campaign. A primary architect of the Dardanelles disaster, he managed to salvage his reputation and career after Gallipoli, and emerged as one of the most effective war leaders in history during World War II. The lessons of Gallipoli, learned at great cost in blood and materiel, were thus not in vain. This article was published in the Joint Force Quarterly 79 which is published by the National Defense University. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy forged the Triple Alliance in May 1882. France, Britain, and Russia formed the Triple Entente in 1907 in an attempt to balance the growing German threat as Berlin’s economy and military grew in the early 20th century. Members of the Triple Alliance were bound to defend each other through force of arms; Triple Entente members had a “moral obligation” to defend each other. A critical event occurred on August 2, 1914, when the Ottoman Empire signed a secret treaty joining the Triple Alliance. See Hew Strachan, ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 10–11; U.S. Department of State, Catalogue of Treaties: 1814–1918 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1919), 11; “The Road to War: The Triple Entente,” BBC Schools, available at <www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/hq/causes2_01.shtml>. Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire during the Great War (London: His Majesty’s Printing Office, 1922), 237–252. Russia suffered stinging losses soon after the outbreak of hostilities, particularly in the Battle of Tannenberg against Germany. The British feared a Russian collapse and thus sought to relieve pressure on the tsar by attacking through the Dardanelles to reach Russia. David Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1989), 124. The Dardanelles Strait is 35 miles in length. The entrance is 2.5 miles wide. It extends for 4 miles in a northeasterly direction, widens to a maximum width of 4.5 miles, and then narrows to less than a mile. The narrows extend for 4 miles, then widen again to 3 miles. They continue for another 20 miles before entering the Sea of Marmara. This geographic information is from Victor Rudenno, Gallipoli: Attack from the Sea (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 27. Graham T. Clews, Churchill’s Dilemma: The Real Story Behind the Origins of the 1915 Dardanelles Campaign (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2010), 44. Charles E. Callwell was an influential military theorist. He published a seminal work on counterinsurgency titled Small Wars: Their Principles and Practice (London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1899). Trumbull Higgins, Winston Churchill and the Dardanelles: A Dialogue in Ends and Means (New York: Macmillan, 1963), 57. Fromkin, 127, observes, “The doctrine of the generals was to attack the enemy at his strongest point; that of the politicians was to attack at his weakest.” This “politicians’ predilection” for attacking at the enemy’s weakest point would surface again in World War II. Peter Hart, Gallipoli (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 14. Martin Gilbert, A History of the Twentieth Century, Volume One: 1900–1933 (New York: Avon Books, 1997), 63. Gilbert, A History of the Twentieth Century, 363. Martin Gilbert, The First World War: A Complete History (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1994), 136. Gilbert, A History of the Twentieth Century, 365. Gilbert, The First World War, 136. Fromkin, 157. The historical record is replete with accounts of heroism and suffering on both sides. However, a detailed account of the fighting at the tactical level is not within the scope of this article. The concept of sunk cost applies in the Gallipoli campaign. The theory behind the sunk cost concept is that in a failing endeavor, such as Gallipoli, the decisionmaker justifies continued expenditure in an effort to recoup past losses. British decisionmaking in the Gallipoli campaign is a classic example of the Rubicon theory of war. Under this theory, “when people believe they have crossed a psychological Rubicon and perceive war to be imminent, they switch from what psychologists call a ‘deliberative’ to an ‘implemental’ mind-set, triggering a number of psychological biases, most notably overconfidence.” This theory helps explain why, even when the commanders realized their central assumptions about Gallipoli were wrong, British political and military leaders made no change in the overall course of the Dardanelles strategy. Information concerning the Rubicon theory of war is from Dominic D.P. Johnson and Dominic Tierney, “The Rubicon Theory of War: How the Path to Conflict Reaches the Point of No Return,” International Security 36, no. 1 (Summer 2001), 7–40. As quoted in ibid., 549. Carl von Clausewitz devoted a significant amount of discussion to the importance of properly linking ends and means in strategy. See Carl von Clausewitz, On War, trans. and ed. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), 127–147, et seq. Jonathan Schroden, “Strait Comparison: Lessons Learned from the 1915 Dardanelles Campaign in the Context of a Strait of Hormuz Closure Event,” Center for Naval Analyses, September 2011, available at <www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/s/strait-comparison-lessons-learned-from-1915-dardanelles-campaign.html>. Philip J. Haythornthwaite, Gallipoli, 1915: Frontal Assault on Turkey, Osprey Military Campaign Series 8 (London: Osprey, 1991), 45. Gregory A. Thiele, “Why Did Gallipoli Fail? Why Did Albion Succeed? A Comparative Analysis of Two World War I Amphibious Assaults,” Baltic Security and Defence Review 13, no. 2 (2011), 139. The ends were successful penetration of the Dardanelles, landing and sustaining assault forces on well-defended beaches, and forcing the surrender of the capital city of an empire. Peter H. Liddle, Gallipoli 1915: Pens, Pencils and Cameras at War (London: Brassey’s Defence Publishers, Ltd., 1985), 45. Grand [German] General Staff, trans. A.G. Zimmerman, Moltke’s Military Works: Precepts of War (Newport, RI: U.S. Naval War College, 1935), Part II, 1. Churchill lost his post as the First Lord of the Admiralty and Hamilton lost his command in the aftermath of Gallipoli. The conclusions of the Gallipoli Commission, which inquired into the circumstances of the failed military operation, are available at <www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ pathways/firstworldwar/transcripts/battles/dardanelles.htm>.
2019-04-23T00:21:31Z
https://www.eurasiareview.com/04112015-the-gallipoli-campaign-learning-from-a-mismatch-of-strategic-ends-and-means-analysis/
We won a landslide victory, gaining 56 seat out of 59 , almost 95% of the Westminster Scottish seats. The three main unionist parties are each reduced to a token single member in the Commons. This is unprecedented, and the benefits are very tangible indeed. Scottish National Party will chair the UK Parliament’s Energy and Climate Change Select Committee and Scottish Affairs Select Committee. However, there were earlier indications that Tories and Labour will attempt to abolish the Scottish Affairs Committee. The party will be entitled to £6 million over the next Parliament because it took so many seats in the election. It will receive between £1 and £1.2 million from the Treasury each year in what is known as short money. If more than 50% of the electorate voting for a party committed to independence get 94.9% of the seats for their country is not a virtual mandate for independence, what would be? 2) a proportion of the electorate voting SNP (unknown) must have included voters who voted NO in the 2014 referendum and still firmly wish to remain part of UK. That group had every right to vote in the belief that, although they were voting for a party whose core long-term objective is independence, the Scottish electorate firmly rejected independence on September 18th 2014 and the SNP accepted that democratic result, and both the former and the current First Ministers had expressed personal views that there would be no referendum in a generation, however one defines that. But those views were personal, albeit widely shared, and they could not bind the people of Scotland, as both Nicola and Alex Salmond have subsequently stated. In other words, if Nicola and the Party place such a commitment in the 2016 Holyrood manifesto and win decisively, the aggregate case for an independence referendum would be well-nigh unanswerable. We came close to winning. But Nicola is not a political gambler: she will only take carefully judged risks with a high chance of success in the light of the previous failure. She will seek to get more powers, something close to federalism, and will postpone independence till Scotland is independent in all but defence and foreign affairs. The $64,000 question is - will the SNP’s massive membership permit the Party to exclude such a commitment from the 2016 manifesto or will they pass branch resolutions demanding one? Nicola's authority and popularity are at their very peak right now, but another mood may develop which, while retaining respect for her and her authority, begins to lose the fan/celebrity awe – a mood in which members are prepared to constructively flex branch muscles, and democratically question strategy. That, after all, is how party democracy is supposed to operate. Will it happen? Who knows? Despite the massive membership, as any Branch Chair or Secretary knows, at any given time only a small minority of members are actively committed to attending branch meetings and influencing branch democracy. But in the SNP, on key decisions, the entire branch can vote online or by post, as for example on the selection of candidates for election. Additionally and perhaps crucially, there are still campaigning organisations out there committed to independence who are not necessarily SNP supporters or members, e.g. Radical Independence, Common Weal, the Scottish Socialist Party, and party politically unaligned activists and voters, and also supporters and members of nominally unionist parties who nonetheless may support full independence or devomax or federalism within UK. Depending how event unfold in the next 11 months, and dependent on how Scottish Labour – and its ousted MPs – re-group and re-define themselves, all sorts of possibilities exist. And of course, there are the trades unions, the STUC and campaigning groups within them, not to mention a number of groups who campaigned for YES banner under a variety of identities. What we have is an unprecedented and varied mass movement - a mass engagement of the Scottish electorate, with its own hydra-headed structure, united by a core desire for political change in Scotland, but with significantly different views of what it should be and how it should be brought about. 1. They’ve triggered a UK-wide debate on the independence question, a question that was at best dormant as Scots focused on trying to make UK democracy work for them after the Nationalists after lost the 2014 referendum. 2. They’ve effectively questioned the democratic right of Scots to vote for the party of their choice in a UK election. 3. They’ve catalysed English nationalism, and highlighted the political differences between Scotland and England at the very time they should have been emphasising what unites them. The SNP, while reiterating its over-arching objective of independence for Scotland, did not commit to a referendum in its 2007 manifesto. During the four year life of that minority government, despite repeated “bring it on” challenges from Wendy Alexander, Alex Salmond did not set a date for a referendum or call for one, concentrating instead on the high-wire act of running the country as a minority government. But as the 2011 Holyrood election approached, the strategy changed, and the manifesto included this explicit commitment, if elected, to a referendum bill during the lifetime of the 2011-2016 Parliament, later specified as in the second half of the term. Now, what determined this decision in go for it? Was it a great, popular demand from Scots for a second referendum? Was it a landslide victory in 2007 conferring legitimacy? Was it the outcome of a consultation exercise with the Scottish electorate? None of these things. There was no YES campaign, no dynamic grassroots organisation of activists as yet. The 2007 win was narrow, and had shown the possibility of a nationalist government, a giant step in itself, but not a mandate for independence. The national conversation and consultation was in the future, and the great debate on the second question had yet to come. The will of the Scottish people, now much in the mouths of politicians, was anything but clear. The landslide victory of 2011 on this manifesto could not be interpreted as a mandate for independence, but it undoubtedly was a mandate to offer the people a democratic choice. On the face of it, therefore, a similar political calculation could be made in drawing up the 2016 manifesto, with considerably more justification – a huge membership, a powerful grassroots organisation and possibly an unprecedented number of MPs elected to Westminster, an outcome that for years unionists repeatedly accepted would be a definitive expression of the will of the Scottish people – because they thought it would never happen. But Nicola Sturgeon, the most powerful and charismatic popular leader the SNP has ever had, now a national and international political figure, backed by a huge party membership, clearly has no such intent – and explicitly rejects the argument that a large bloc of SNP MPs returned to Westminster on May 8th would constitute an argument for independence or a mandate for a second referendum. Why is this formidable and popular Nationalist politician adopting such a stance? The answer lies squarely in the fact that there was a referendum in 2014 and we lost it. The Scottish electorate democratically rejected independence, and crying “We wuz robbed!” doesn’t alter that fact. Nicola believed in 2014, Alex Salmond believed in 2014, (I believed in 2014!) most independence supporters believed in 2014 and most anti-independence supporters believed in 2014 that this was it – our one big chance for, if not a generation, for a helluva long time. She recognises that, while nationalists feel a great sense of betrayal over the outcome of the referendum, given the sordid way in which the UK Government, the unionist media and Better Together conducted themselves during the campaign, Scots who voted for the Union – a majority – would feel a great sense of betrayal if they were asked to vote again on the question. In that context, and the context that the independence movement has achieved more since losing the referendum than they did before it, I think Nicola and the SNP strategists have judged that the gradualism of the movement towards greater self-determination for Scotland is a safer bet than another throw of the dice. Is she right? Are they right? My answer is probably yes – and I trust her judgement absolutely over my own limited perspective as a voter. But – and it’s a big but – I’m not sure that position can hold in the face of events changing at exponential speed: politicians do not control events – they respond dynamically to them. Let’s get this election over, evaluate the outcome and the UK parties responses to it. Let’s give it a chance to work. Big things are at stake, big immediate issues, Trident renewal, austerity, the desperate need for investment to kick start the economy. It’s a long, long way from May 2015 to May 2016. We have time on our side, and Nicola on our side. Let her play the ball – she has done it superbly so far, and her best days have still to come. Vote SNP and put your faith in our party leader and Scotland’s First Minister to do the right thing –because doing the right thing is always the right thing to do! I have seen and heard many political performances in my life, from the 1945 general election through to April 2015, including some great ones, but I have never witnessed a flawless one – until yesterday at the Edinburgh International Climbing Centre. The contrast between Nicola Sturgeon, First Minister of Scotland and Leader of the Scottish National Party and the confused, panic-stricken, contradictory, fact-free, humanity-free utterances of Tory, LibDem, UKIP and Scottish Labour politicians could not have been more starkly evident. Her calm, informed, gently humorous and profoundly human outline of the SNP manifesto and her responses to a wide range of media question could not be really be described as a performance – it was a direct expression of core values, coming straight from an intelligent Scottish heart. The numbers still say the same thing, Ed – you need the SNP, Plaid Cymru and the Greens. Even the Queen’s getting worried by the possible outcome of a hung Parliament. No point in going to see her unless you’re sure, Ed. Don’t even think about a “Government of National Unity” with Tories – look what getting down and dirty with Tories during the independence referendum did to Scottish Labour. The same fate awaits UK Labour – don’t do it, Ed. Here’s the previous Newsnight Index poll and the YouGov Nowcast poll. (last blog). This 2010 extract is still mainly relevant, I feel, and it may help some YES campaigners with the ‘fairness’ questions sometimes thrown at them. Salmond on Marr, Soubry on Salmond, Murphy in meltdown – just another day in Scotland-dominated UK politics! SNP membership hits 100,000, polls couldn’t be better or more consistent – and Scottish politics seem so human, vibrant, cutting edge - and Westminster politics so tired, so contemptibly predictable, locked in the past. Anna Soubry MP does a fine archetypal Tory woman impression of Ann Widdecombe in full expostulating, "end-of-Britain-as-we-know-it" mode. I must give Anna full credit - she does synthetic indignation body language better than anyone littering the Tory benches today. Stuffed full of John McTernan soundbytes, Jim Murphy falls apart under Andrew Neil's relentless professionalism - and the cold, hard facts of the polls. Defensive, misjudging speed of delivery, lurching in typical fashion from Scottish Labour backroom brawler mode to cloying attempts to ingratiate - all in all, Murphy's painful swansong. The “democratic principle”– and Unionist attempts to deny it when YES voters exercise it. I hardly know where to start with Peter A. Russell's letter on the SNP role in the 2015 general election. It reflects the deeply confused constitutional - not to say democratically questionable - assumptions that lie at the root of so many unionist arguments. 2. The SNP has not "chosen to be" a de facto regional party in the UK". It stands candidates for the UK Parliament in Scottish constituencies determined legally and constitutionally under UK-wide law. No political party has a duty to stand candidates across the UK. It is committed to an over-arching objective of Scotland's independence, but it currently operates with a UK framework of law, offering itself to an electorate that contains voters in favour of and opposed to independence. Once elected, SNP MPs represents all shades of political opinion within their constituency, in exactly the same manner as any MP anywhere in UK. It is clear beyond doubt that Scottish voters opposed to independence voted - and will vote - for the SNP. 3. The SNP forms the devolved government of Scotland. It can never be the main party in government of the UK, nor does it seek to be. While Scotland remains a part of UK, its objective is to represent Scotland's interests within the democratic structure and arithmetic of Westminster voting. It cannot pursue independence at Westminster, only further devolution within a UK framework. It has no intention of "dictating to 90% of the UK electorate" but will pursue an agenda for the electorate and the people of Scotland - all of them. 4. Independence can only be secured democratically by a referendum - the UK Parliament will never vote for the independence of any of its four component countries. The Scottish people rejected independence in the last referendum. If the SNP wins a large block of seats on May 7th, and subsequently wins a decisive third term majority in the 2016 Holyrood election, it will undoubtedly be a powerful democratic indicator that a majority of the Scottish people want a second referendum. 5. The UK electorate may vote for a party label, but they in fact vote for individual constituency MPs who, without exception, represent a "regional' constituency" under a first-past-the-post system. Most MPs run under a party label and accept a party whip, but in Westminster they vote as individuals MPs, whipped or independently. That is UK democracy, however distorted on occasion by the party system. I wrote this in 2009 after Michael Martin, Labour MP for Glasgow North East and the Speaker of the House of Commons had announced his decision on the 19th of May to resign, to forestall the imminent historic humiliation of being the first Speaker in history to be forced out by a vote of no confidence. I really believed that the electors of Springburn, a district I had known well all my life, would awaken from their fantasy that Labour was on their side. Not only was I wrong in November 2009 at the by-election, but wrong again at the 2010 General election in May 2010. Despite all that has since happened, including the ignominious defeat of the hapless Gordon Brown Government, leaving us with the nightmare of the Coalition, the Ashcroft poll shows that Springburn is still set to do it again, lemming-like. But the SNP has a strong candidate in Anne McLaughlin this time, and perhaps the electors will finally learn the lesson that the rest of Glasgow has – Labour is no longer the people’s party. Don't get fooled again, Springburn! I wondered just how long it would take for Alf Young of the Herald to decide that a general election would be a bad thing right now, and here he is on cue today saying just that. For those of you unfamiliar with Alf's deeply coded messages, let me translate - if a general election was announced swiftly, Labour would be wiped out at the polls, the Tories would win in England, and the rickety United Kingdom would have a Tory government, making it completely unrepresentative of the will of the Scottish people. The new Westminster government could not then deny the Scottish people a referendum on independence, which would happen around the time of the Scottish Parliamentary election in 2011, with the SNP being returned with a decisive working majority. The likely outcome would be a decisive vote for the freedom of Scotland. This must not be allowed to happen. In the fantasy world of the Herald, the Scotsman and the Scottish Unionist, the general election must be deferred as long as possible, giving Gordon Brown's corrupt, incompetent, indecisive and rotten administration time - time to recover credibility over the next few months, aided by the full weight of the Scottish unionist press, more defence jobs bribery, more judicious patronage, as many distorted scare stories as can be mustered, and ideally a nice popular, winnable war against some far off country - the Falklands Factor. But there's a worm in Alf and Labour's apple - it's called Glasgow North East, better known as Springburn, and a by-election is imminent. How imminent? Well, it could be July, but if Alf's logic is applied, it could be deferred till September or October, and this would sit well with Gordon Brown's electoral cowardice and reflex procrastination instincts. A recent Channel Four News report covered Springburn and Labour, gained great moral force by being presented by Sarah Smith, the daughter of Labour's lost Leader, John Smith. about two and a half times the national rate of unemployment. life expectancy 12 years lower than more prosperous parts of Scotland. The Channel Four documentary quoted an old Springburn joke - "You can't join the Labour Party in Springburn - it's already full!" But most of the Labour voters questioned said bluntly that that old reflex loyalty could no longer be relied upon. What Sarah Smith devastatingly stated as "the breach of trust between the party that is supposed to fight for the underprivileged and the people who need it the most" will be in the forefront of Springburn voters minds when they go to the polling stations. Professor John Curtice of Strathclyde University caught the echoes of the questions from last year's Glasgow East campaign - "What has the Labour Party ever done for this constituency? It's still as impoverished as it ever was ..." Glasgow North East is even more impoverished. What was Michael Martin doing? He was living in a palatial palace as Speaker, and he was implicated in an expenses system where MPs were making claims related to luxury items of home furnishing when people in Glasgow North East were struggling to get basic, essential items, such as cookers and fridges. Don't get fooled again, Springburn. Don't be fooled by politicians who make snap appearances at old ladies's lunch clubs, smile and twinkle, then disappear in a chauffeur-driven hired limousine to grand civic functions and expensive dinners. Don't be fooled by little successful interventions into small grievances when the main structural decline of your community and your life is accelerating unchecked. This is not the Labour you knew for so many years, in opposition, fighting against the evil Tories, who could be blamed for everything - this is Labour who have been in government for 12 years, yet have frittered away the resources of the nation and the lives of Scottish servicemen and women in foreign wars, the party that is cutting the Scottish budget for essential services by £500 million pounds while spending fifty times that - £25 billion pounds - on outmoded. irrelevant weapons of mass destruction. Don't get fooled again Springburn! Vote for the party of your ain folk, the Scottish National Party. The National gets better by the day: in today’s edition, it excelled itself. From its eye-catching, ‘Russian Roulette’ front cover through its news items to its articles, analysis and readers’ letters, it provided a wealth of information on key topics for committed supporters of Scotland’s independence – and hopefully many others as yet uncommitted – that helps to make them the driving force in the best informed electorate in the world, despite the efforts of the rest of the mainstream media to misinform and mislead them. And of course, there’s the regular Monday delight – the Greg Moodie cartoon, in my view one his very best to date. (My cartoon consumption goes back to the 1940s and includes the American funnies, sent to me by relatives in the U.S., and I was viewing the great newspaper political cartoonists from early childhood.) This one had a real story to tell, with the word balloons driving the riveting, graphic wedding narrative – the impending nuptials of Ed and the SNP. Well, we’ll never know – but I, for one, think Alasdair Gray may be right. But in this, as in so many other vital, pivotal judgments, e.g. the currency question, I don’t envy Alex Salmond the agonising choices he had to make. Characteristically, he made them bravely, decisively and without equivocation, not as a gambler, but as the statesman he was - and is. However, for me, the most insightful and immediately relevant article in this fine National issue was George Kerevan’s “Time to face up to reality about the role SNP MPs will play post-election”. Kerevan is one of the true political thinkers in the SNP camp, and unlike many Scottish journalists, is capable of getting right down to the structural heart of complex political issues that others shy away from. Anyone who wants to understand the complexities of the Westminster situation Nicola Sturgeon and the new bloc of SNP MPs will face if they are returned in the numbers the polls suggest must read this article - and then read it again. In the maze of options, from coalition (currently ruled out) to confidence and supply deals (not “supply and demand” deals as one journalist suggested elsewhere!) the voting behaviours of an SNP/Plaid/Green bloc will demand fine judgements, as Kerevan’s keen eye detects. Yesterday, Iain Macwhirter, in an excellent Sunday Herald article In this era of Coalition, the political map has turned yellow addressed similar questions. But he used the language of negotiation (a language most journalists should take care to avoid, since they rarely have any understanding of the dynamics of negotiation) to describe the dilemmas facing the SNP Westminster bloc. Leaving aside the fact that the SNP minority government of 2007-2011 only survived because Alex Salmond deftly played politics with the Tories to get his budgets through, what Nicola has ruled out – as I understand it – is entering into coalition or any confidence and supply-type arrangement with the Tories. To do either would clearly be political suicide for the SNP in Scotland. But this cannot be extrapolated into saying that the SNP would never vote with the Tories on any issue. (If Nicola said this, I missed it!) One only has to illustrate by extremes, e.g. what if the Tories agreed to vote against the upgrading of Trident against a Miliband Government determined to do it? Although such a scenario stretches the bounds of probability, it does illustrate that distaste for the Tories cannot overwhelm common political sense, where there are key voting issues on which consensus exists. Such a distaste for the SNP from 2007 to date led the Scottish Labour group in Holyrood into utter folly, directly contributing to the decline of their party. I must disagree totally with this verdict of a journalist, Iain Macwhirter, for whom I have the highest admiration and respect. Politicians, lawyers (Nicola is both!) and journalists rarely have even a rudimentary understanding of negotiation, but Nicola Sturgeon is a unique politician, as is her mentor and close colleague and friend, Alex Salmond – and both, although rooted in fundamental political principles, are supreme pragmatists. They will deal – when and how they need to deal – when the situation demands it, in the over-arching interests of Scotland and the Scottish people. May the 8th 2015 – when the hard bargaining starts? All the forecasts indicate a hung Parliament as a probability rather than a possibility. I offer my understanding of the mechanic and dynamics of this to those who perhaps have never examined the matter in any detail. After a general election, the leader of one of the parties has to demonstrate that he or she can command a majority of the votes in the House of Commons on major issues - e.g. the Budget, major legislation, decisions to commit the Armed Forces – in other words, impose the democratic will of the Government on dissenting voices in the House and govern the United Kingdom. This is a obviously a practical necessity and of course constitutional requirement, as the leader has to convince the Queen as Head of State. This situation existed in the hectic days following the last general election in 2010, and a fascinating spectacle it was. There have been many projections of just how the seats will play out after May 7th, and there will be many more, as poll after poll offers its forecasts, but for the purpose of illustration of the arithmetic, I’ll use a slightly dated, but useful projection of the BBC’s – the first Newsnight Index - for no better reason than that I already have a graphic for it – and it may well be as accurate as any other that comes up! With 650 seats in the House, a simple majority requires the aspirant governing party or parties to be able to command 326 seats (half of 650 + 1)– but since Sinn Fein doesn’t take up its five seats, that becomes 323 (half of 645 +1). Sinn Fein could of course put a green cat among the Brit pigeons at any time by deciding to turn up! To get to the magic 323, he needs 37 votes. For comfort – and to reassure Lizzie – he ideally needs more. The SNP can give him 33, Plaid two and Greens one. He definitely(?) won’t find his extra one from the Tories or UKIP, and thus is left to trawl among the LibDems, the Northern Ireland parties and the Others! Perhaps George Galloway will see his way clear to support Ed, but probably at a price that would be unacceptable! However it plays out, it seems inevitable, if present polling trends are accurate, that the SNP will be the key player. But consider this possibility – the LibDem 26 plus 11 others – but drawn from where? N.B. The Speaker does not vote, except in deadheat votes, when the convention is that the speaker casts the tie-breaking vote in favor of the governing party.
2019-04-25T06:32:08Z
https://moridura.blogspot.com/search/label/SNP
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So many things to celebrate, and so many ways to celebrate! Thank you to everyone who posted. This week’s Open House really has been a potpourri of holidays, speaking to a broad range of human experience: joy, sadness, family, loneliness, solitude, reverence, and simply fun. Then read more of Ms. Peaches’ blog at: http://peachpitproduction.wordpress.com/2010/12/28/like-none/. Thank you Jingle for counting me worthy to be included into your Promising Poets 'Meet the Poet' session and for lifting up the veil of elusiveness which I have accidentally cloaked myself in since the inception of this blog. To begin with, I am banana skin, English had never been my mother tongue and I have never studied poetry. I was drawn to poetry by chance but since young, I admire great captions, slogans and wordplay. My first and last writing experience began and ended with a slogan competition in which I won the first prize and a trip to Europe back in 1993 before this blog came about. As a student, I was trained in Interior Design and currently, I am fulfilling my lifelong dream of building and selling boutique bungalows for a living. I share the same hometown with shoe extraordinaire Jimmy Choo and the queen of squash Nicol David in the sunny island called Penang- a Unesco listed cultural city situated off the north western coast of Malaysia famous for its food and I live amidst swaying palms and colonial settings. Besides poetry writing, I think I cook better than I write! How did your blog come about? Do you remember the time you write your first poem? Please tell us a little bit of your blog and what it means to you. My poetry blog captures the most fanta-bulous and theatrical period of my life and it chronologically stage all the drama and shadow play deliberated in between. There is a lot of emotions encapsulated inside it and it is very precious to me. I look forward to have my poems published one day! Do you write more than just poetry? What else do you write? Besides poems, I write cheques. Well, (haha! just kidding) I supposed if I can squeeze in more hours in the future, it would probably be longer poems. Mine is like a mini skirt, short and sweet! My favorite poem? It depends on where the ball landed on the roulette table. At this moment I should say "tale from the sky"?! a fall down its leaves.. a drip into the river.. And we are very glad you share your work with Jingle Poetry Potluck! What style of poem do you write the most? My pleasure. I am not acquainted with styles or technical jargons known to trained poets and therefore I write unrestrictedly. When do you write the most? When you are happy, sad, lonely, day or night? I write at no particular time. But yes, I would say feelings and emotions of the moment play a big part as to when I write. Do you have a favorite poet or a favorite poem by them? Why? No I don't. I never read poems by others except the writings of our talented fellow blogger poets. Do you enjoy reading books? What are the best books you ever read? Yes, I do enjoy reading and I must say that 99.9% of the time, I am inclined to read books on facts rather than fiction. I was not built with a lot of patience and that is the reason why I have never touched a single novel in my whole life! What poets in the blogo-sphere do you like to read or visit most? Among the talented poets out there, I should say my muse's writing interest me most. She is none other than sophiasticated.wordpress.com. She seldom writes though but when she does, it is often a masterpiece! Her piece de raisoinne is "First Time". Read it and you will know why! I also thought that 'almondjoycie' is an incredible rhymer and 'bing', 'desiree' as well as 'imagina' is very versatile. I happen to know all of the poets you mentioned here, most of them have been active both in Thursday Poets Rally and Potluck Poetry…Thanks for reminding me of them and their work. Excellent poet bloggers indeed. while my right hand is warm. My muse gave me inspiration and I can focus anywhere. When I am not with my laptop, I am also comfortable jotting down my thoughts on star bucks serviettes or saving them into my mobile phone. You have been with Jingle Poetry Potluck for quite a while. What are the benefits of you participating it? Are you a member of any other poetry communities? This potluck gives writers like me an opportunity to post my earlier works. It also gives me the opportunity to mingle with others who speak a common lingo. Furthermore, the awards that came with it are aptly designed and a morale booster. I join other poetry communities such as Poets United as well. Do you like music? Who is your favorite musician? Why? I love music but I don't have any favorite musician. Never write in pursuit of fame. Never write to please your audience. Never plagiarize. Write because you enjoy writing. Write to please yourself. Be yourself. Do you enjoy humor? what's your favorite joke? Yes I love humor but I don't have a favorite joke. I love poetry because it records life. We will give this place some peace and come back on January 8th, 2011…See You Then! Jingle is the pen name of the sweetest person “Ji”, a blogger from United States who enjoys reading, traveling, and writing. She says that she is here to share some of the insights that she have gained in her life span and invites her fellow bloggers to join the journey of adventures, humors, math, hope and surprises. I am nobody to tell about her wonderful creative Poetry or the way she binds us in many wonderful spaces or the support she gives to blogging communities. Apart from her blogging career, professionally she has earned two Masters Degree and a Ph D Candidate. One of the Masters Degree is in Math and the other in Education and her love for Math is immeasurable as you could see it in her Math posts. Well, Ji has been interviewed by Poets United, Magic Backyard - Kellie, Exposure Worthy and in Ibok’s Tribe Sunday. Jingle | (words, adventures, poetry, math, hope & healthy living) where she pens down her creative thoughts, expresses her love on math, appreciates her fellow bloggers via awards and she stretches her supportive hand to all the poetry communities. A mind-blowing blog that inspires many poetry hearts and souls that blends to form a magical poetry world. With Twenty Ten template as base, Ji has modified theme color to black and header image, and with snow, the blog looks very chill. She has used few widgets like recent posts and comments to add a pearl to the treasure. The blog consists of 18 pages and most of them supporting the blogging communities. In brief, About ME says ‘Who is Jingle’, About You says ‘Who are us’; Haiku shows her love and passion towards Haiku (one of her favorite form of poetry), Math shows her love towards it. The archive of her blog says that she pens down from November 2009. Just Giggle A Little, the magical journey started from here as she painted her insights that she have gained in her life span and her journey of adventures, humors, and surprises as poems. Ji just over a year in blogging has written an unbelievable count of poems (558, 155) and to pick a few from them is highly impossible. However, my personal favorite is ‘Be true’ out of all the huge numbers. Ji writes for all the meme blogs and Poetry communities as far as I know… Ji owns Thursday Poets Rally (Promising Poets Parking lot) and Jingle Poetry. Ji you can add more widgets like Tag Cloud, Popular Posts, Blog Stats etc. You can also create a Facebook and Twitter page for your wonderful blog. This is Someone Is Special, the author of Few Miles, hosting Review Tuesdays along with Leo (Leonnyes) of I Rhyme Without Reason. Enjoy the beautiful wonderful creations of Ji as I do. Have fun! Jingle Poetry Rocks! Wish you all a very Happy New Year 2011 ! ! ! On Behalf of Review Tuesdays & Jingle Poetry ! POETRY POTLUCK - Celebrations and Festivities!!!! Welcome Monday... Welcome Poetry Potluck!!!! We (Amanda and Kavita) are as pleased as ever to welcome you here... Before we break for the New Year, let's rejoice with some Celebrations and Festivities!!!!! Tech. Sgt. Jennifer Myers (above), 66th Air Base Wing noncommissioned officer in charge of the U.S.Military Equal Opportunity office, demonstrates a Kwanzaa ritual where she lights a candle in the Kinara. Kwanzaa (December 26- January1): in the US and Angola, celebrates the seven principles of blackness, one principle each day of the week: Unity, Self-determination, Collective Work and Responsibility, Cooperative Economics, Purpose, Creativity, and Faith. The Tournament opens on 5 January 2011. Have a look at the last year’s winning entries to get an idea of what impressed the judges: The Odyssey; Good Morning Midnight; Don Quixote; Cloud Atlas; Speak, Memory; In Search of Lost Time (Vol.1); Something Wicked This Way Comes. To be eligible for a prize, you need to complete a full profile of a mainstream published book. Details are here: Contributor Guidelines. The deadline for entries is 30 April 2011. The following are samples profiles: Riding the Ice Wind by Alastair Vere Nicoll. Profile by Vincent One and Revolutionary Road by Richard Yates. 2.) WINNING WRITERS’ NEWSLETTER: maintains a DATABASE of writing contests. JAMIE: The name of your blog, Shadow Dancing With Mind, is evocative. How did you come to it? SHASHI: Most of the time, we don’t differentiate between the inner-self and the mind. We believe that we are the mind that is taking input from sense organs not the one that is beyond the mind, that one aspect which thinks. Over the centuries, many philosophers have thought about this, including our own ancient Indian scriptures like the Vedas, Puranas and Bhagwat Gita and realized that it’s not the body but some thing beyond the physical existence, does exist. Some call it sub-consciousness, inner-self, soul etc. René Descartes tried to make that point in his famous quote “I think, there for I am.” I firmly believe in this inner-self existence and the blog’s name came from the process of that exploration. As mind thrives on chaos, flitting from one thought to another, one pleasure to another, it was a hard journey. Every time I am reaching closer to inner-self, mind throws up new chaos, sense pleasure or flood of desires, emotions or cravings in order to divert attention… hence I ended up shadow dancing with mind as they do in the popular sports boxing, fighting with one’s own shadow…. JAMIE: You clearly love poetry and are a fine poet, but have chosen to cover multiple subjects, to do articles as well as poems, and to use a magazine format. What made you decide to do this instead of a strictly poetry blog? SHASHI: I am passionate about reading, writing, and photography and have been working in the field of interior design for a long time now. I realize that it’s all about creativity, a way of expressing your inner-self. It’s just that in all these forms the medium or the language of expression is different. That is one part of my blog where I do manifest my thoughts in physical form in terms of poetry, haiku, or a book that is serialized, Yogi Baba – A Story Untold. The other part of the blog is about sharing. I wanted to share - my thoughts, ideas and creativity - but also what has influenced me over the years. Maybe this will help some one somewhere some time to give expression to their feelings, emotions, and creativity. Perhaps it will influence or trigger their creativity as it has influenced my thinking. Even if one person who gets inspired by my features at blog about books, music, artists, movies etc, I would probably achieve, what ultimate cosmic design has intended me for this life time. There are so many beautiful things to admire, live, and touch in this beautiful life, this beautiful world. Some times I feel that I am not doing enough too; but then through this blog, at least I am going somewhere … even if in little steps. JAMIE: Are the photographs on you blog - which are fabulous, by the way - yours? What comes first the poem or the picture? Or do they feed each other? SHASHI: Most of the photos on the blog are of my own on the posts that deal with my creativity. When I feature others from net I attribute the source. As I started my journey through the search of inner-self, I travelled to amazing places as I believed that travelling is meditative. The Himalayas, nature, rivers, sea and powerful spiritual places like temples, churches and mosques and so on were places that attracted me. In the beginning, I started taking pictures, to give form to those beautiful experiences that I have had. Slowly I realized that the photographs are inadequate to capture the true essence of my experiences. They gave those powerful places, nature, and emotions a body but not a soul. So I started writing poetry, free form of haiku, thoughts etc. Now, after many years of personal experience, I realize that for me (it’s my specific nature) writing is more fulfilling. Photographs are about past, reliving moments and connecting with them, whereas writing is living that moment in that present. The best advice I can offer to friends about photography is that it’s not about taking pictures. It’s about connecting with that particular present. Take picture of any moment, after living in that present. See through your eyes first, live in that moment, totally immersed, and then try to capture what you see, not what the camera lens is showing. Focus on seeing not on taking pictures. Photography is not about the camera, it’s about your seeing eye. In sum I am passionate about any form of creativity, designs, reading books, travelling, and I love taking pictures. Today, if you ask me, where I am. I am not sure yet, but I am experimenting with and living the life of Karma Yogi. As, I have still not found the right path or the right reason for me. I am practicing Mantra Yoga for peace and positivity in life too. (I actually started teaching the path of Mantra Yoga for meditation to few of very deserving and dedicated people online as well). By way of explanation: Being a Karma Yogi means "do what comes to your table with your 100% sincerity and hard work and then don't worry about the results.” The key point here is "what comes to you" as ourselves, being the part of Universal Consciousness, will attract only right things for us to do. I again firmly believe, is that what is good, or required by Universal Consciousness for us to do, will come to us on its own as our nature will attract it towards us. The second part is “don’t worry about the results,” which means that worry is negative and it will end up attracting negative things for you so you should not worry about things that you have finished doing. This is especially so if in the first place you have had already given your 100% to the work, situation, or things at your table. If you worked hard and with dedication, you could not have done any better. In that case, what is the point of worrying? JAMIE: Thank you, Shashi, for sharing your unique perspective with us today. From 10.01 a.m. Monday December 27,2010 until 10:01 a.m. Saturday January 8, 2011 (CST), think about what you want to have, do and wish for this upcoming new year. After that, use them to create a poem, short fiction, prose or anything you can think of and link them in right at this post! Share your dreams, wish list and wishes over here as the new year comes greeting on us! Do remember to highlight them as well, we want it to be obvious, isn’t it? Thanks to Ji for the birthday updates. Please visit the birthday girls and wish them a good one. STARTS TONIGHT AT 8 P.M.AMERICAN CENTRAL! SHARE 1 TO 3 HOLIDAY CELEBRATION POEMS WITH US! Please include photograph or illustrations and include all necessary links. Thank you! Jamie Dedes here covering for the talented Talon this week. I must say, until now I didn't appreciate the challenge Talon and Bill face each week when they have to choose the Poem of the Week. It's difficult to choose from among Jingle Poetry Potluck poems when so many have so much to recommend them. Mulling it over, I thought: I like this one because it's sweet and romantic, that one because it's technically competent, and that other because it makes a strong activist statement. Which do I choose? A tough decision. Finally, for this week, I decided on Lovely Annie's Untitled - Shadorma. It deserves special attention because of both subject and technical competence. As value added, Annie introduced us to Shadorma, which is a poetic form new to me and I image some others as well. The Shadorma is a syllabic poem of Spanish descent. It is a sestet with no rhyme scheme. 3/5/3/3/7/5. Each Wednesday we try to highlight some of the talented individuals who contribute their time, poetry and words of encouragement. This week we get to meet Daniela Miller a.k.a. Flying Monkey. I’m originally from Germany, Saarland more specifically, which is a tiny county at the border to Luxembourg and France but I’ve been living in the southeast of England for 6 years now. During a sabbatical in 2003/04 I was first backpacking through Australia and then living and working at a Buddhist centre in London. I met my husband there and consequently decided to stay. I am a practising Buddhist and try to spend some time on retreat with my teacher Dzogchen Patrul Rinpoche every year. As for earning a living, I have always worked with children and young people. I have a soft spot for underdogs and the kids that feel like (or most often are made to feel like) they don’t fit in, i.e. I worked with young asylum seekers and immigrants in Germany and in England mainly with children with emotional, behavioural and social difficulties, ADHD, Autism etc. I’ve learned so much from these kids. Recently I have been working in a more strategic role setting up projects for children and young people but will be made redundant at the end of March so who knows what will come next. I’ve started training as a Homeopath and hope to start practising it in a few years time. As a character I’m friendly and curious. I get bored very easily and always need change and new ideas that grab my attention. I love animals and travelling and sometimes think that I would have made a great female David Attenborough. I’m on a journey and hope to be able to help others along theirs. Please tell us about your blog, and what it means to you. Starting my blog was one of the scariest things I’ve ever done. When I started it, I was recovering from a writer’s block that had paralysed my creativity for several years, if not decades. I had no confidence whatsoever and no idea what to write or what about. All I knew was that I needed to write. It was a prompt over at Sunday Scribblings that made me write my first post and I have since then responded to prompts from several online communities. Somehow that’s my antidote to the writer’s block. I let go of the responsibility to decide what to write about and just go with the flow of the prompts. Sharing my poems at first anonymously with an anonymous online community made me feel safe and helped me to put myself out there. I can’t even begin to express how grateful I am to all the people who have since commented on my posts, made me feel welcome and held my hand while I was learning to walk on very wobbly legs. It’s been amazing and I slowly feel like I’m finding my feet. Can you remember writing your first poem? Can you tell us a little about it? That was as a teenager but I can’t remember the very first one. I was writing a diary anyway and then started to write poems as well. I never showed them to anyone, though. Will you give us some insight into your style of writing, or the style/form you prefer. I like rhyming but I don’t think I’ve found my style yet. I admire poets who write beautifully flowing poems that don’t need to rhyme at all. Are there any styles of poetry you find difficult or annoying, and why? I’m struggling with Haikus. I don’t know why. I think I just don’t get them although I have come across one or two brilliant ones that just said everything there was to say in a few little words. So there’s hope. Who knows, maybe one day I try myself at one. Yes, I also just ramble sometimes on my blog. But what I would really like to write as well as poems are stories. But there’s a genre specific writer’s block in that area that I haven’t been able to lift yet. Maybe I’ll join a course or something to get myself going? Any ideas or advice on how to get started for a story virgin like me? What poem, written by you, do you like the most, and why? I generally prefer poems to poets. There isn’t a poet of whom I could say I like everything or even most of what he or she writes (myself included) but there’s lots of poems by different poets that I love. No, but I think it would be nice to have one. Do you have a favorite place to write? Are there certain emotions that inspire or trigger writing? I don’t have a favourite place. I write a lot at night and I prefer writing on a PC to hand writing because it’s so much easier to play around with the words and change things. Because I’m mostly writing in response to prompts, whatever needs to be expressed finds its way into the post, so no, there aren’t any specific emotions that trigger my writing. I like all sorts of music and it depends on my mood. When it comes to dancing however, it’s definitely house music. I don’t have a favourite book but I do have favourite authors: T.C. Boyle, Hermann Hesse and Paulo Coelho. I like almost everything these three have ever written. Do you have a favorite quote that inspires you or your writing? I actually came across a fabulous writing quote shortly before starting my blog and it is now one of my favourites because it is so true: “The worst thing you write is better than the best thing you didn’t write.” Unfortunately I don’t know the author of it. No, not yet. But who knows what might happen. If you could have dinner with any famous deceased person, who would it be, and where would you dine? I’d love to have joined Hermann Hesse and his writer friends for dinner at his house in Montagnola, Switzerland. I can only imagine the inspiring conversations they have had.
2019-04-26T06:54:55Z
http://jinglepoetry.blogspot.com/2010/12/
When planning your food storage one of the major goals should be to store items that are of the highest nutritional value and with a long, stable shelf life. Enter the lowly bean! In this article, we’ll discuss basic storage, bean varieties, calories, nutrition, soaking, health benefits, and cooking, along with a few good recipes to help dried bean storage be a part of your effective long-term plan. Because of their relatively low cost, low cholesterol and low maintenance – balanced with high protein, high fiber (both soluble and insoluble), high vitamins and minerals like folate, potassium, iron and magnesium, and their high versatility – beans are a great addition to any meal and are a healthy meat substitute. Among all groups of food commonly eaten all over the world, no group has a more health supportive mix of protein and fiber than legumes. Let’s discuss one of the main roadblocks people may experience in bean consumption. I know, I know…beans cause bloating and gas. Many people do have that issue but there may be a way to include legumes in your diet and storage plan and still be comfortable and keep those around you happy. Since beans are a perfect addition to long-term storage you don’t want to dismiss them without trying to work things out with your gut, if possible. Here are a few “helps” in that department. Beans are one of the hardest foods for your intestines to digest, if your system has trouble with them, try a Beano tablet before eating – it usually works. If it does then store some Beano along with the beans. Start eating beans gradually. Introduce them to your tummy with caution and in small amounts, very gradually increasing the frequency and amount you consume. If you begin to experience a problem, back away for a little while or decrease your portion size. Give the experiment adequate time to discover if your sensitivity will decrease. There is a small part of the population that truly can’t tolerate any legume. The “gas effect”, FODMAP stands for “Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Mono-saccharides and Polyols and as these sugars ferment they cause all that gas and bloating that is associated with the “musical fruit”…oh I’m betting that you remember that song! But there may be a way around this dilemma. Soaking the offending legume in water tends to greatly decrease this social and painful bother, at least for a good percentage of people. According to Dr. Joseph Rackis of the USDA, flatulence from legumes results when undigested complex sugars in the lower intestine are acted upon by naturally occurring bacteria. These complex sugars (called trisaccharides) are water soluble, and soaking and frequent rinsing of the beans wash them away. Sprouting is even more effective in solving the problem. I am not totally sure why this is so but I think it has something to do with the phytic acid reduction and the change in enzymatic production when the bean sprouts. They don’t have to sprout much. Just a 1/8” sprout seems to work and causes the bean to be more digestible. At this point in sprouting they can still be used in the same way you would use an unsprouted bean; in soups, stews, salads etc. Before heading out to make a large dried bean purchase it is prudent to consider which beans, peas, legumes your family already enjoys. In the south it might be black-eyed peas or pinto beans, out west it might be kidney beans for chili. Whatever your family already enjoys; put that on your list. Next, think about buying a 1 lb. bag of each of a variety of beans that your family might like. Perhaps trying out a few varieties that are new to you would be helpful. Then, over a period of time test them on the people you will be storing for. You’ll quickly discover the real winners and losers. This will help you feel assured that you are making a useful purchase. It will also give the cook more experience in cooking beans. This time will most definitely highlight anyone who has gut issues with beans, allowing that issue to be addressed before a crisis situation arises. 1. Remove any broken beans or pebbles that you notice. 2. For shorter term storage, transfer your dried beans to a food-safe storage container with a tight-fitting lid. If stored in their original plastic bag, they’ll dry out in less than 2 years. 3. Dried beans must be heat sealed with an added oxygen absorber for 30+ year storage to be achieved. They should be sealed in 3.5 to 5 mil Mylar bags, a #10 can or for larger quantities of dried goods, choose food grade buckets paired with a 5 gallon Mylar bag, heat sealed and with oxygen absorbers. Make sure the buckets are food grade. Absorbers range in size. Larger ones absorb more oxygen and are needed for those 5-gallon bags. The Mylar bag must be heat sealed after adding the beans and an oxygen absorber. There are good handheld sealers available online. Two other useful sealing tools are hair straightening wands and a clothes iron. One of the seal-a-meal devices will work but the sealer would have to be large enough to accommodate the bag opening. There are zip closed Mylar bags and those are great for short term storage of light-sensitive herbs and spices. Of course, you may use a heat seal in addition to the zip and this can make it easier to use the contents gradually once the bag is opened but be aware that this adds substantially to the cost. For additional information about using Mylar bags see this. 4. Place the containers in a cool, dry place away from sunlight. 5. Rotate what you store to get optimal freshness. To learn more about how to effectively use food storage rotation see a previous BDS post. TIP: If old beans become dried out and hard in spite of soaking do not throw them out! (Although you can’t grind wet beans you can grind any dried beans in your sturdy grain grinder or if you have a heavy duty blender, like Vitamix or BlendTec Classic that will work too. This bean flour can then be turned into a nutritious creamy bean soup by adding water with a ham bone if you have one, onions, garlic, carrots or greens and any spices you like, simmer until fully cooked. Next, remove the ham bone and blend all ingredients together with a handheld blender. Add some butter, milk or cream if you like. The variety of those little edible beans is more than amazing. We’ll quickly cover 13 varieties, each with a distinctive taste and texture. There are 100’s of other varieties but I’ve chosen these because they are plentiful and most are popular. In a time of emergency and struggle, people gain comfort from eating familiar foods. There will be a few tasty but easy bean recipes included if you care to try any of them. Because of its fantastic nutrients, Black Beans should be included in every food storage plan. A one-cup serving of cooked beans has an amazing nutritional profile. This is the “Queen of Beans” in our house because the benefits mentioned below are just the tip of the “healthy” iceberg. I would recommend that black turtle beans be included in most food storage plans. There are 227 calories in each cup—in a survival situation may be hard to find the needed daily calories. This is a home run along with several other beans on this list. ¼ cup good extra virgin olive oil. Chopped cilantro or young dandelion greens to taste, about ¼ cup. Add about a teaspoon of salt and a few grinds of pepper to taste. Toss altogether to combine ingredients and serve cold or at room temperature. One look at a blacked eyed pea and you know how they got their name. This bean (or pea as it is sometimes called in the southern U.S.) is best paired with leafy green veggies like collard greens; at least that is what my granny used to use. And there was always a big cast iron skillet of steaming cornbread and a small crock of bright yellow home churned butter! But there are only 70 calories per cup. For a prepper, calories are a large consideration especially if beans are only an adjunct to instant dehydrated commercially prepared meals where the caloric supply can be lacking. However, we need variety and if black eyed beans are your families favorite then adding these as part of your plan may be good for morale. Also according to a study by Celleno, Leonardo, Maria Vittoria Tolaini, and Alessandra D’Amore, kidney beans are fiber-rich which help control blood sugar levels and promote healthy elimination but they may cause flatulence in some people. There are three types of kidney beans — light red, dark red, and cannellini kidney beans which are creamy white and slightly milder in taste. Kidney beans, along with other legumes have that hearty umami flavor that can satisfy cravings for the taste of meat. Kidney bean extract, especially of the white bean, helps with weight loss without any effect on the lean body mass by inhibiting alpha-amylase, which is important for digestion. Kidney beans are one of the best sources of protein. Pregnant women are more apt to have gastric issues with kidney beans so either avoid them or check with your obstetrician. If you’re looking for an easy to digest protein, adzuki beans are a great bean to add to your diet and food storage plan. They present less gastric issues than any other bean but the chickpea is close behind. So for those in your home who may not be able to comfortably eat other beans, I’d suggest trying the Adzuki bean in your trial run. There are other reasons to eat this bean. Although they are a little more pricey than other beans I included them in this list because they really pack a superfood punch as you can tell from the list below. Adzuki is a small red bean with a firm texture and a rich nutty flavor with a hint of sweetness. It is perfect for salads, soups, chili, and veggie burgers. Adzuki beans are the main ingredient in Anko, a sweet red bean paste used in Japanese desserts. Compared to kidney beans, adzuki beans have more calories, protein, and fiber per serving. When it comes to vitamins and minerals, adzuki beans lead other beans in almost every marker. Another plus for the little red bean is that there is no need to soak them unless you need to do that it decreases possible flatulence; just sort and rinse 1 cup beans. Place in pot with 3 cups water. Cover and bring to a boil. Reduce heat to medium-low and cook until beans are tender about 1 hour. Add more water as needed while cooking to keep beans covered. Test for tenderness with a fork. Yields about 3 cups. Aduki beans are not usually found in your local grocery market yet but they are available at most health food stores and online. Improved Blood Sugar Control: Beans, in general, have a low glycemic index. This means that blood glucose (blood sugar) does not rise as high after eating beans as it does when compared to many other foods so there is little danger of blood sugar spikes which can be dangerous, especially in a disaster or stressful situation. Heart Attack and Stroke Risks: When researchers analyzed data in relation to the risk of death from heart disease, they found that higher consumption of legumes was associated with a whopping 82% reduction in risk!! This is mainly a result of high fiber intake and you have noticed that all beans we have mentioned have a very high fiber content in common. So eat more legumes. Folate, also known as folic acid or vitamin B9, helps to lower levels of homocysteine. Elevated blood levels of homocysteine are an independent risk factor for heart attack, stroke, or peripheral vascular disease. It has been estimated that consumption of 100% of the daily value (DV) of folate would, by itself, reduce the number of heart attacks suffered by Americans each year by 10%. Black beans and Adzuki lead the pack in the percentage of folate per one cup of beans. Folate is also considered important during pregnancy. Take a look at the folate content in mung beans below! Since folate (folic acid) is mainly derived from leafy green vegetable and citrus, which are less likely to be available in long-lasting critical times, beans in your storage is a necessity to maintain prevent anemia. Mung beans have the ability to regulate cholesterol levels because their antioxidants act like potent free-radical scavengers, reversing the damage done to blood vessels and lowering inflammation. Mung beans are a great addition to any anti-inflammatory diet because of their wonderful ability to keep arteries clear and to help improve circulation. They also make nutritious bean sprouts. Store a pound of bean sprouting seeds in a sealed glass jar and they will make pounds and pounds of “greens”. This is an easy way to store living sprouts and is a needed addition to a well-balanced storage supply. Check out this BDS article for more information on sprouting beans and other seeds. A Story: Before we talk about navy beans I want to share a short true story. There is a couple I know who have the last name of Bean. They have three children. They have named them Navy, Boston and the 1-year-old is Lima…no joke! The children, so far, don’t seem to mind their unique monikers. Similar effects have been found in adults. However, if you pair grains, eggs or dairy with beans, there you go….a complete protein. 7 and 8 Split Peas: There is no soaking needed for split peas. They cook very quickly, in fact, it is easy to overcook these delicate peas. Just make sure to search through them and remove any pebbles, discolored or shriveled peas you see. The only way I ever prepare these is as a split pea soup. RECIPE: Split Pea Soup. Simply add 2 cups of split peas to chicken stock or water, enough to cover by 2- 3”. Green or yellow peas or a mix of both. Add salt and pepper to taste and a dash of garam masala or Chinese 5 spice if you have it. When peas are soft use a handheld blender and blend well. Now add a chopped onion that you’ve sautéed in olive or coconut oil until golden. If you like ham you can sauté some ham cubes with the onion then add to the blended soup. Add a dash of cayenne, optional. You may add more stock or water if you want the soup to be thinner. Taste and tweak as you prefer. This is a forgiving recipe so use your imagination. **Molybdenum acts as a cofactor for four enzymes. These enzymes are involved in processing sulfites and breaking down waste products and toxins in the body. Only trace amounts are needed so deficiencies are rare. Brown lentils are the most common and easiest to find lentil in the grocery market. The other three can be found in health food stores or online. For about the first year of our marriage, we ate lentils just about every day. They were inexpensive, good-for-you and tasty….at least for a while. After that year I came to realize firsthand the glories of variety! Keeping variety in your food supplies is important for nutrition, morale and just to add more “life” to your meals. A good quality possessed by beans and especially the lentil is that they accept added vegetables nicely and are not overwhelmed by them. Add foraged greens and wild onions. If you have ground beef, brown it and add that as well. All root veggies work well with beans soups and stews. Carrots add a hint of sweetness that is refreshing and with carrots in pureed soups children who may not like a particular vegetable eat them and are blissfully unaware! The versatile chickpea is a key ingredient in hummus as seen above, and can be soaked (14-18 hrs.) roughly ground with a few other ingredients and made into a meat substitute called falafel, a staple in Middle-Eastern cuisine and now in other parts of the world. You can see how making this bean a part of your food storage could be a welcome addition. If you have never used chickpeas in making either hummus or falafel now is the time to begin so your family becomes familiar with a new food before there is a shortage or an economic crisis. One of the greatest things about being able to store chickpeas long term is that you are storing a nourishing meat substitute. This would be a welcome relief if little or no meat availability. They are low on the glycemic index and are a great source of protein and fiber, all qualities that support healthy blood sugar control. Chickpeas (English term) are sometimes known as garbanzo beans (Spanish term). They are used abundantly in Mediterranean and Middle-Eastern food. Soak them in water for 14 to 18 hours before cooking for best results. Bay seasoning is fantastic sprinkled lightly just after roasting with olive oil drizzled over the top. Here are two falafel making videos. Below is a dip recipe that is irresistible and no one would ever know that the base ingredient is simply healthy chickpeas! Use this dip with apples, pears, bananas or snack crackers. This could be a good introduction to chickpeas for your family since chickpeas are quite bland-tasting by themselves and so become more versatile by being able to carry added flavors. Blend all in a food processor. Yield 4 ½ lbs. This recipe can be halved. We all know that being prepared for emergency scenarios by having a basic supply of food and water is an essential part of survival. We do not know what that scenario may be or how long it may last. If we have a year’s supply of basic foods and keep in mind the adage, “Store what you use and use what you store”. And if we are diligent in using a rotation plan, the money we spend will be an investment and the food will be used up gradually and replaced as it is used. I hope the reader takes away that storing and using dried beans can be a wise investment, both in funds and for the health of us and our loved ones. As I mentioned before; when planning your food storage one of the major goals should be to store items that are of the highest nutritional value and with a long, stable shelf life. I hope you enjoy experimenting with new bean recipes, discovering how they are tummy-tolerated and finding your family’s favorites to add to your food supplies! A new article will be coming on how to make beans a light, quick-cooking bug-out food. I like to use metal cans (Christmas can and popcorn can) that I find at Goodwill instead of plastic buckets. The metal cans are vermin proof and can be well sealed with clear shipping tape. I package this up in Mylar bags with oxygen absorbers. Good article Gaye! Anyone who has long term food storage should add dried beans. Cooked dried beans have roughly twice the amount of calories as most grains. When calories and protein are hard to come by, beans are a valuable addition to almost any diet. Think about how peasants in developing nations eat beans, usually as a substitute for meat or as a meat extender. They don’t eat a huge bowl of chili and then complain about gas and bloating. They eat small amounts but more often. Small amounts are added to dishes like vegetable soup (think minestrone); squash filled with seasonal vegetables and a few beans; corn and black beans; or rice and beans are just a few examples. Also beans are easy to grow, don’t need much water or fertilizer, don’t take up much garden space, and are easy to dry and shell. Dry bean seeds, when stored in glass jars with tight lids, will last for decades and still be viable. Well written article, and I learned a BUNCH. Thank you! Poorman, Yes, pinto’s are wonderful. I just didn’t have space to add all of the nutritious beans ! Pinto beans with corn bread! What could be better? Thanks for adding them. Ben, What a great idea! Thanks for the helpful tip. Thanks for adding your comments to my article. They were spot-on and so useful. I appreciate the additional info. and I’m sure other B D S readers will benefit too. Beans and rice are the base of my plan. I can’t imagine anyone serious not having them stored up. Great article Donna – and thanks for all the yummy recipes! Just wondering, if you sprout beans do you need to cook and eat them right away or can the sprouted beans be dried (in a dehydrator for example) and then stored long-term in the same way you can store non-sprouted dried beans? Do you think they would retain their nutritional and anti-gas properties after that second drying process? Good plan Matt. Beans and rice are especially needed when there is an allergy to wheat and other grains which are the base of many food storage plans. For my money beans are better at fulfilling nutritional requirements than grains as well. I hope you are storing white rice since brown rice quickly becomes rancid so is not a good long-term item. Thanks for taking the time to comment! Thank you Zabeth. Glad you are enjoying the bean recipes. In answer to you questions about cooking and eating bean sprouts: we always eat them fresh, within 3-4 days after sprouting. The sprout can grow until the bean itself is quite shrunken. Eaten raw the nutritional value is at its peak. I have never felt the need to dehydrate them because storing the beans and sprouting them when needed, seems to be the best option for freshness and ease of use. This is true for seed sprouts too, mung, alfalfa, clover, radish, broccoli etc. Used fresh they retain their fresh tangy taste too. I hope I understood your question and answered it appropriately!
2019-04-22T16:17:22Z
https://www.backdoorsurvival.com/dried-beans-guide/
John‘s post, The Racists Are Complaining About Muslim Indoctrination In Their Schools, links to a very interesting article. Imagine a school homework assignment given to a middle-school student by a teacher requiring the student to write a letter to parent announcing that the student was going to convert to some religion or the other and giving the reasons why. Make sure you visit the link and read that too. Also, please watch the videos. If we don’t pay attention and fight for them, we will lose our children. Is that humanly or remotely possible, especially when a parent may be working two jobs to support the family? A private religious school impossible because the family has to pay high taxes to send their children to a public secular school? In my opinion, every public school should allow for a family to choose a religion class they want their children to be taught, in a public secular school. Most religious orders or ministries would probably agree to teach in a public school because of the high cost to run a private school. If a parent does not want their child to attend a religious class, that is their right and choice. I doubt people send their children to private schools so much to get an education in (whichever) religion as to keep them away from the adverse influence of anti-Christian values the rest of the day. A one hour a day religious class isn’t going to counter hours of instruction that runs contrary to those values the rest of the time. For example, it costs more per year to jail an inmate than for a child to obtain a college degree.. One religious moral learned by a child is worth a lot more in value that the alternative of teaching millions of children everything under the sun but morals that might dissuade them from making foolish decisions, in my opinion. If a child is not receiving any moral religious instruction is that not the “fault” of the parents at home and the spiritual support structure within the family? What you are doing — what Democrats have been doing for years — is trying to make Christians feel guilty. Democrats argue that that we have to have public education for the children. This a baldfaced lie, but few of us give it much thought. That is because we are almost all victims of a public education. Consider the basic assumption. We have have to have a government-run education for the children? We have to have an education system run by politicians, people nobody in their right mind would trust, for the children? Does that assumption really make any sense? Should we automatically assume politicians are bad people? No, but what is the reason for giving them so much control over education? For the children? That’s nonsense! Who in his right mind sets up a government-run monopoly when it is not needed? To make the teachers unions happy? Well, that is just about all it does. Private schools work just fine, and they don’t cost as much. They work so well that those who can afford it send their children to private schools. This is true even though these parents STILL HAVE TO PAY TAXES to support what are often much more expensive public schools. If we need to subsidize the education of poor children, that is a separate argument. Meanwhile, we are supposed to have freedom of religion in this country. If parents want to send their children to a school that helps them teach their children a particular religious belief, why would we want to stop them? Why do we have to set up a system that actively opposes their efforts? For the children? An education system run by politicians? Like Trump? Anyway, you didn’t answer my question… it’s not anything about making Christians feel guilty (God knows they do that enough themselves… but I digress).. to me it seems so damn logical and totally preferable as a parent for me to take responsibility in the religious education of my children. What’s wrong with that? Why is it the Christian right wing ideal is to hate government involvement in public education yet they are willing to concede that public education should include some religious doctrine?? Makes no sense. Frankly, the way I see it, the religious right wouldn’t ever be satisfied unless they turned the country into a Christian theocracy and the individual states becoming local caliphates. Your question is not relevant. What does a bully do when their victim complains? Don’t they blame the victim? Why is it the Christian right wing ideal is to hate government involvement in public education yet they are willing to concede that public education should include some religious doctrine?? If you ignore the law and history, it makes no sense. Our public schools were originally local schools that included Christian religious instruction. Then state politicians took over and now the Feds are trying to horn in. That vastly complicates is the problem of deciding what religious doctrine would be taught in a public school. If a parent has no religious morals, how can he or she teach their children might be a question you should consider based on the madness and folly we read and hear in the news every day. You’re suggesting public money teach religion in public schools? Again.. as I posted elsewhere, why isn’t religion taught at home to assure accuracy and consistency in the doctrine by which the family unit subscribes? I wonder if religious priests, nuns, ministers would do it voluntarily rather than funded. After all, every new convert might go to their Church on Sunday and donate in the collection. Interesting question though,. Someone might want to write a thesis or a book to weigh the concept. If you read and interpret the First Amendment, nowhere does it say a child has no right to a religion. Weigh that with the fact that they might be deprived of that right because the law says they must be schooled and even though the family pays high taxes, Federal, State, and Local, they are in many cases deprived from spending their tax funding to a school that teaches them religious morals. The concept was recognized by an ancient Roman Emperor` who wised up and decided they were crucifying the best citizens instead of the ones that may have needed to be crucified instead for thier deeds. I hope some day, we will wise up in the USA just like the Roman Emperor did. 1. Parents should ALWAYS know what’s in their children’s curriculum. That is the ultimate quality control for what goes into our kids’ head. No excuse. 2. Isn’t public school designed to be administered by the individual states in order to reflect demographic mores of the community? What school boards have authorized this? 3. You will “loose your children” if you fail to monitor what they are being taught, and not quizzing them on what they’ve learned. An school is not a babysitter. 1. Yes, but there is a basic assumption the school curriculum will meet a certain, appropriate standard. That’s reasonable, I think, considering this is an eight hour block of state-mandated education time. 2. The assignment was in England. But it wouldn’t surprise me if this happened in the US. If it were a Christian assignment, the ACLU and FFRF would be on them in a nanosecond. But I doubt that would be the case with an Islamic assignment of similar. I’d be even less surprised if they made an assignment to disclose an abnormal sexual orientation. 3. True. But they are in charge of students eight or more hours per day. See number one. One of my sons once had an assignment to read a book. It was a summer reading assignment when he had just finished fifth grade, and the book was the most misandric I’ve ever read. It mentioned the Vaginal Chronicles a lot, also. Unfortunately, I read it only after my son had read about half of it and told me it, “was a weird book”. I don’t quiz him on every assignment he has ever had. There are some practical limitations to that. Do you have kids, Doug? Three, girl in the middle.. all well into their thirties. I’m reminded of my oldest in middle school.. came home almost crying and upset one day.. VERY not like him. Well, turned out the teacher had a day of illustrating to the kids racial segregation. Not necessarily a bad thing… nor was what she did overly “bad” in that sense. She simply broke the class into group A and group B.. (mixed gender) and they spent the day where group A couldn’t do certain things.. and group B had all the “fun” and attention. My son was in group B. He sure learned and understood the concept. But.. given his response to it all I did mention to the teacher at a conference that the next time she plans on a rather dramatic demonstration that she notify the parents prior simply to allow for parental discussion afterwards to make sure all was well and proper lessons learned… and de-program as necessary. Quite obviously most parents were NOT as attentive to their kids as I was.. hence it was easy for the teacher to overlook parental involvement. Don’t disagree with the gist of what you are saying, but I don’t think you understand the problem. We need to consider what parental involvement means. 1. It is true that parents should ALWAYS know what’s in their children’s curriculum. However, there is a step before that. Parents should be able to trust the teachers and the people designing the curriculum. Politicians run the schools. Who trusts politicians? 2. The public school system grew from one-room school houses run by local communities. These were parent run schools. Now Democrats are trying to Federalize the darn thing. Each decade parents have less control. In a private system we exercise control by quitting and taking our money with us. That is ultimate quality control. 3. It is not enough to monitor what the government teaches our children. We have to be able to stop the government and put someone else, someone we as parents have chosen, to teach our children. Government is force. Its service is all about stopping people from misbehaving and making them behave using FORCE. Putting people with that sort of power in charge of our education system is a very bad idea. Each decade the problems increase, and the benefits fade. I just don’t share the same fears of government that you do, Tom. 1. In one sentence you said we have to begin by trusting the teachers.. yet you turn that completely around by suggesting the politicians who regulate the teachers are corrupt. Maybe that was your point. 2. Well, no it’s not the ultimate quality control as it relates to curriculum content. What you are saying is more a matter of parental choice in defiance. Actually, if more parents went to private schools we’d have no need for public schools; obviously such a perfect world can’t happen… but in theory. 3. What you just said here is EXACTLY the current system in place to select regional superintendents and school boards. Tom.. the whole point is that parents MUST take far more interest in what happens in their schools in order to monitor and understand.. and most importantly, support your child with learning continuity at home. Absolutely the real world steps in and parents just don’t have the time.. especially single parent households and a parent working two jobs. Life is all about priorities.. and when we decide (or by “accident”) to have kids we have to accept the responsibility of raising them in the best way that’s possible. If the parent had a marginal educational experience while growing up then they are likely not to place much importance on a quality education for their kids. Those that do want a better education for their kids will make the time to follow up and monitor… but there has to be a balance in their lives to do so. Of course they can’t monitor the education of their child on a daily basis.. that’s just nuts. But there are passive ways to monitor.. like taking a little interest in the homework being brought home.. testing your child on what he’s been learning lately.. what interests him/her in school. Those things matter and take very little time. A smart parent usually can watch for signs and triggers in what their children do that might raise a concern. If you believe in the good education for your child then it’s not impossible… but the parent has to be a part of it… not just toss the kid into school as a babysitter. Trump. Yeah you trust politicians lots and lots. Anyone who reads your blog can see that. Private schools work just fine. They already exist. Nothing idealized about it. Did you know that 90 percent of Americans knew how to read BEFORE we had a public system? When we buy most things, we shop around for a private seller. Government then serves as a regulator, not a provider. When government serves as both the seller and the regulator, that creates a conflict of interest. We get messes. Over the years, when government has a monopoly, the product gets more costly and the quality decreases. That is because in such a monopoly system the buyer has no way to hold the seller accountable. It does not make any difference how smart you are if the seller can take your money from you, does not even need your permission. If the government had a monopoly on automobile production, we would all be driving Yugo’s. It would not make any difference how smart you are. What those parents who can afford it do is buy a house the school district they think has the best public schools. That is just about all the competition we have left, unless you are willing and able to dig into your pockets and choose a private school. That segregation assignment would’ve made me livid. My oldest went to a conference to learn about domestic violence when he was in high school. It was exclusive to boys, who were required to attend. There haven’t been too many times I’ve been up at the school to complain to administration but that was one of them. And I got that book (in the last example) taken off the reading list as well. To which I answered something along the lines of…Um, learning is kind of the point of school, isn’t it? I’d sent a child who never ate junk food to kindergarten, who threw candy away (or gave it away) on Halloween because he didn’t even like sweets…and by the end of first grade he was asking for cookies constantly. He’d learned to eat garbage in the eight hours a day at school. Now, I could’ve told him he was forbidden to eat it, but that would’ve made him stand out as “strange” and another thing one learns in school is social interaction. The above might seem a diversion from the topic but it isn’t, really. The point is, the public school system has a tremendous influence and it’s an influence of which they are very aware…the reason so much legislation revolves around it. That’s 12 years they get to influence your children, away from parents. On the bright side, homeschooling is a LOT easier than it once was, with the advent of technology. I think that’s the future as more people tire of the adverse influence on their children from extremely liberal teachers mandating these types of assignments. And society will become more and more divided as value systems conflict. The First Amendment includes freedom of assembly. That implies that we can organize with people of like mind. We get to choose our associates. The public school system is an example of how busybodies make that difficult. They don’t want any substantive discussions outside their control. Christians are suppose to separate themselves from practices that they do not believe glorify God. Many wish to use the public school system to make our children sinners just like them. These think it highly important that we all think alike and know how to “relate” to each other. The notion that some beliefs are superior is repugnant to this crowd, particularly when they disagree. You know… your local school board is about as grass roots government gets. Yes, there are some government mandates to assure educational uniformity and you can debate that all you want. But it’s relatively easy to make your voice known and even run for school boards. Any politics that exist there is more about personalities vying for social status and not the party politic. You are right and wrong. The school board is just about as grass roots as it gets, but there are two problems with that assertion. 1. The obvious problem is the sheer size of many “local” governments. 400,000 people live in my county. I participate in the local party, and I have met many of the people on the School Board, but most people never do. 2. The public schools are funded with Federal, state, and local dollars. Each of those funding sources comes with a complex rule set. That effective puts four levels of government in charge of the public schools: Federal, state, local, and a school board. If a foreign nation had tried to imposed that mess on us, we would be at war. Since we did it to ourselves, however, it is supposed to be great? No. This is a problem that clearly needs to be fixed. The whole “diversity is our strength” meme has contributed to the perception that practically everything is random, including cultural and moral values. Which has led to the false conclusion that no set of values is better or more useful than another. Which is why we often get some very conflicting messages (even from Christians)….see the whole “rush from judgement” paradigm, as though having a sense of judgement or accountability is a moral failing in and of itself. To state the obvious, it’s kind of hard to maintain any moral foundation or value judgment without a….foundation or judgement.
2019-04-25T08:23:18Z
https://citizentom.com/2017/11/13/the-racists-are-complaining-about-muslim-indoctrination-in-their-schools-reblog/
Every listening space — whether a state-of-the-art control room or a simple basement/bedroom studio setup — has a problem: the laws of physics. As soon as you enclose a space with walls, a ceiling and a floor, the monitoring system&apos;s frequency response goes out the window. There&apos;s no avoiding this hazard completely (although capable studio design and construction can minimize the damage to the point where it becomes fairly negligible). The presence of parallel room boundaries, such as facing walls or opposing floor and ceiling, causes the build-up and nulling of SPLs at certain frequencies within a room. These peaks and dips, called “room modes,” dramatically skew the frequency response at some places in the room while having little effect at others. Speaker-boundary effects — caused by the acoustic coupling of speakers to nearby walls, tabletops, shelves or other surfaces — also wreak havoc by arbitrarily boosting bass frequencies. And sound emanating from monitors invariably gets diffracted when it hits the edges of nearby gear and furniture, resulting in comb filtering. What&apos;s worse, these aberrations in frequency response are different for every room and monitor setup, precluding any one-size-fits-all solution. Splayed walls, vaulted ceilings and various acoustic products (bass traps, diffusers and polycylindrical absorbers) can greatly mitigate many of these problems, but not everybody can afford them. There&apos;s also a limit to what acoustic materials can fix. Truth be told, most of us work in rooms that aren&apos;t flat. Adding to these problems are manufacturing tolerances. Those little plus and minus signs in the frequency response spec show you that due to minute variances in materials and construction techniques, each monitor will have a slightly different inherent frequency response than the others. Many studio owners use software and outboard EQs to help flatten their monitoring system&apos;s frequency response. Analysis software such as Metric Halo SpectraFoo or EAW&apos;s Smaart can be used to identify the worst room modes (those with the deepest peaks or troughs in response) and speaker-boundary effects for your particular setup. Parametric EQs — placed in the monitoring path — can then be used to boost or cut at frequencies affected by the room modes to bring the response closer to flat. (For reasons too complicated to detail here, only room modes below roughly 200 Hz need to, or should be, treated.) Shelving filters can also be used to roll off any unwanted bass boost caused by speaker-boundary effects. Recently, a number of monitor manufacturers have bundled analysis software with the onboard digital signal processing in their monitors to accomplish what outboard EQ and third-party software do — and, in some cases, do them much better. Such bundled software essentially measures deviations from linear response for your system — monitors and room — followed by corrective equalization to help flatten the overall response. To keep the process as simple as possible, some systems automate the routine. The user typically sets up a microphone in the control room, and after a few button-presses/mouse-clicks, the software takes over, automatically handling the rest. There&apos;s no need for you to set up test gear, analyze data and make manual adjustments to EQs; the monitors are intelligent enough to align themselves. This article examines the current crop of active, self-aligning studio monitors. All the models detailed here operate with included or optional analysis software, along with proprietary automated digital processing. To keep the article focused on the cutting edge, monitors without automatic alignment are not included. Those that simply offer the same switched equalization presets for all production units or don&apos;t use proprietary analysis software are not covered, although the attached “Honorable Mentions” sidebar on page 44 offers a brief discussion of such. Before we dive into the details, we should mention what you can expect from an intelligent monitoring system. Some intelligent systems choose to treat only peaks and not dips in response. In such cases, the argument is that boosting frequencies where room modes cause notches at the reference position is ineffective and will eat up precious system headroom. I believe you can treat notches with EQ boost and get excellent results — if you know what you&apos;re doing. However, most self-aligning systems are designed so that even a novice can achieve great results, a reasonable approach that can provide a significant improvement in system response. The number and type of filters (e.g., parametric or shelving) included in an intelligent system partly determine how powerful and effective it will be. The quality of the filters plays an enormous role, too; a noisy filter that causes phase shifting does more damage than good. But don&apos;t overlook traditional considerations such as driver size and power specs when shopping. Even the most powerful DSP can&apos;t make a tiny speaker produce enough bass to drive the neighbors nuts. Check out the chart below for these and other important buying considerations. It&apos;s also important to realize that room modes behave differently at various positions in your room. A room mode that causes a huge dip in response at the mix position may have little or no effect a couple feet away and cause the opposite effect — a huge peak — where your clients are sitting. Therefore, any corrective EQ determined from test measurements taken at your listening position will only fix the frequency response at that location. Here&apos;s where networked systems really shine: letting the user control all connected monitors from one position — optimally, the listening position. Networked systems typically allow users to store/recall different EQ setups tweaked for various listening positions throughout the room. By toggling through these presets, the producer and clients can, in turn, hear a spectral balance that&apos;s approximately the same as that which the mix engineer hears. Additionally, networked systems often let the user balance one monitor&apos;s level with respect to another&apos;s, without moving from the sweet spot. The network may also permit tweaking an included subwoofer&apos;s phase to achieve optimal bass response with satellite monitors. Rather than making an adjustment at the subwoofer, it makes sense to do this under network control from your listening position, where you&apos;ll be making decisions about your mixes&apos; bass perspective. Attentive readers will notice I haven&apos;t talked about equalization fixes for comb filtering. This is because EQ can&apos;t correct this. Acoustic diffusers are usually used to mitigate comb filtering, but ergonomics at the mix position severely limits their application for combating near-field diffractive effects. Simply put, you can&apos;t move your mixer&apos;s faders if there are diffusers on top of them! That said, Equator Audio Research has devised a time-based solution for comb filtering. Listed alphabetically, here are some current offerings in monitoring systems that provide self-correcting capabilities. Equator Audio&apos;s (www.equatoraudio.com) Q Series of self-correcting, bi-amplified reference monitors includes four different satellite monitors — the Q8, Q10, Q12 and Q15 — and a companion subwoofer, the Q18. The satellites all sport custom coaxial designs that time-align their high- and low-frequency drivers. Before each unit leaves the factory, built-in DSP corrects deviations in frequency response caused by minor variances in materials and manufacturing processes. The company also provides two software programs — one included, the other optional — for use with these monitors. The software requires you to manually enter your room&apos;s dimensions and speaker positions, then makes some calculations and automatically applies a combination of parametric and shelving filters to help flatten the response. Only the first harmonic for each of the three axial room modes are corrected by default using fully parametric filters. (This is in addition to applying one shelving filter per monitor to correct speaker-boundary effects.) But the software allows you to multiply the default frequencies by whole numbers (e.g., 2x, 3x or 4x) to correct other harmonics that may be stronger than the fundamental and in greater need of correction. SRC also automatically identifies and corrects comb filtering caused by secondary reflections, such as those that result from sound bouncing off a mixing console. An adaptive, time-based algorithm (not equalization) treats as many secondary reflections as the software finds. Equator purports that SRC retains a large enough sweet spot so that problems don&apos;t occur as you move your head at the mix position. SRC&apos;s networking software can optimize the speakers&apos; combined response for different listening positions, giving your clients seated at the back of the room their own sweet spot. Stereo, 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1 and 8.2 configurations can be optimized and saved for later recall. You can switch among up to four different saved setups, mixing and matching up to eight satellites and two subs. SRC can also adjust the sensitivity, tone contours (e.g., high-frequency tilt) and speaker grouping (allowing tweaks to groups of monitors at once) for each monitor in the setup. The subwoofer&apos;s output can also be delayed to align it with the satellites. Genelec (www.genelecusa.com) offers two self-aligning, networked systems that are almost identical but work with different monitors. Genelec Loudspeaker Manager™ (GLM) software works with the DSP chip sets built into the company&apos;s 8240A and 8250A satellite monitors, and 7260A, 7270A and 7271A subwoofers. The Small Environments™ (GLM.SE) DSP system is integral to only the SE7261A sub, but extends its control to up to eight 8130A satellite monitors connected to the sub via single-wire AES/EBU connections. Both systems use computer-controlled network software packages with nearly identical GUIs. (GLM is Mac/Win; GLM.SE is currently PC-only but will soon also support the Mac.) The systems identify and organize the speakers connected to the network (as stereo or multichannel setups), and control volume, muting and soloing for each speaker. They also include a calibration mic that captures swept test tones produced by the speakers. Genelec&apos;s Auto-Cal software routine then analyzes your room&apos;s response and automatically equalizes the monitors in the system to correct room modes and speaker-boundary effects. Auto-Cal only cuts frequencies when addressing room modes, leaving notches untouched. The software also adjusts subwoofer phase and sensitivity to integrate the sub optimally with satellite monitors in the system. The main differences between the GLM and GLM.SE systems are the number and type of digital filters available to them and how many loudspeakers they support. The GLM network can support up to 25 main (satellite) monitors and five subs. The system offers four notch filters, two low-shelving filters and two high-shelving filters for each satellite in the system. Each filter can be independently tweaked to a different setting for each speaker. Thus, each satellite can have four room modes equalized and apply shelving filters to both mitigate speaker-boundary effects (using low shelving) and adjust the balance of bass and highs to taste. A sub under GLM control can have four notch filters and a bass roll-off filter applied to its output (in addition to auto-phase and sensitivity adjustments). Under GLM.SE software control, each of the SE7261A sub&apos;s eight highpass outputs can treat two room modes with notch filters. Located on the 8130&apos;s rear panel are manually adjustable DIP switches for controlling analog filters; the switches remain active and can be used with the GLM.SE&apos;s digital filters. GLM.SE software also adjusts the sub&apos;s phase and level sensitivity for optimal integration with satellites. The GLM.SE software can only address the SE7261A. Both GLM and GLM.SE software can store multiple setups for different listening positions. You won&apos;t have to get out of your chair to correct your room&apos;s response using JBL&apos;s (www.jblpro.com) LSR4300 Series studio monitors. The three models in this line — LSR4326P and LSR4328P satellites, and LSR4312SP subwoofer — can all be networked for synchronized control from the mix position. Network control extends way beyond just correcting room modes: Speaker-level calibrations, individual-speaker solo, input source selection and all EQ parameters can be adjusted using the system&apos;s included infrared remote control. Or get some exercise and make the adjustments from each speaker&apos;s front panel. The included LSR4300 Control Center Software brings all this functionality under Mac/PC computer control. You can configure up to two LSR4312SP subs and eight satellites — mixing and matching LSR4326 and LSR4328 units — to create a surround monitoring setup. JBL&apos;s system will automatically align all of the 4300 Series speakers in your setup so that the sound arriving at your mix position sounds balanced. A setup that includes the LSR4312SP sub provides LFE input, bass management for the satellites, adjustable crossover points, and level and polarity calibrations of the sub with respect to the satellites. Plug the LSR4300 calibration mic into one of the speakers in your setup, and, at the push of a button, JBL&apos;s Room Mode Correction™ (RMC) system will automatically analyze and correct peaks in frequency response caused by room modes. The system doesn&apos;t merely analyze response at a single on-axis point in the room, but takes omni-directional measurements to better match what the engineer hears. Seventy-two measurements are taken, including those of the direct, reflected and reverberant sound fields. Only peaks caused by room modes between 20 and 160 Hz are treated; notches in response are left untouched. RMC can also address speaker-boundary effects, but room modes get priority treatment. Each speaker — including the LSR4312SP sub — can correct one room mode using a parametric filter set to any of 73 frequencies. Each speaker&apos;s filters can be set independently of those for the other monitors in the system. The filters are on 1/24-octave centers and offer Q values from 1 to 16. The LSR4326 and LSR4328 each provide HF and LF shelving filters that can be manually tweaked to tailor spectral balance. Self-aligning monitors are here to stay and will become more powerful as studio pros become more comfortable with — and enamored by — the technology. However, current systems do have their limitations. Room modes are powerful forces that don&apos;t easily yield to equalization. Correcting comb filtering is even more challenging. Even the most intelligent system won&apos;t produce a perfectly flat frequency response, but it should be a lot closer than what a standard monitoring setup can provide. The result will be greatly increased accuracy in your monitoring chain that should translate to better mixes. Sure sounds like a smart investment to me. Self-alignment requires purchase of optional software ($495); co-ax design. Subwoofer; self-alignment requires purchase of optional software ($495). Subwoofer; self-aligns using GLM network software ($675). Self-aligns using GLM.SE network software ($595). Self-aligns using GLM network software ($675). Subwoofer; self-aligns using GLM.SE network software ($595). Includes remote controller, self-aligning speaker networking software. Subwoofer; includes remote controller, self-aligning speaker networking software. Some manufacturers offer systems that don&apos;t self-align but include analysis software or customized DSP solutions to help flatten frequency response. JBL Professional&apos;s first-generation RMC (Room Mode Correction) monitor — model LSR 6328SP — is not auto-correcting, but can correct for room modes in any particular room after running a manual 30-minute setup procedure. The optional LSR6312SP subwoofer includes the RMC kit and provides RMC capability when used in 2.1 or 5.1 systems with JBL&apos;s LSR6332 and LSR6325P models. Klein + Hummel (www.klein-hummel.com) and KSdigital (www.ksdigital.de) offer monitors that use Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters, which preserve phase linearity while adjusting frequency response. Neither company offers analysis software, but each provides room-correction software that is implemented in a similar fashion. You&apos;ll need to “shoot” (gather test data for) your room yourself or hire a specialist to do so, using third-party hardware and/or software. You then send your test measurements to the company and they send you a data-set containing corrective equalization, which uploads into nonvolatile memory inside the monitor(s). Note that the 0 500 C digital active main monitor is currently the only Klein + Hummel model that uses this type of technology. Tannoy&apos;s (www.tannoy.com) Activ-Assist (Mac/Win) software measures the frequency response of your setup comprising the company&apos;s Precision or Reveal Series monitors. The software then suggests settings for the monitors&apos; cabinet-mounted DIP switches, which provide fixed-equalization presets fashioned to correct typical speaker-boundary effects. The filters must be set manually and are too broad in action to correct room modes (which was not the manufacturer&apos;s intent). For those who want to take an a la carte approach, several new, out-of-speaker solutions are available — such as IK Multimedia&apos;s (www.ikmultimedia.com) ARC and KRK&apos;s (www.krksys.com) Ergo. These systems work with a wide variety of monitors, allowing users to turbo-charge their existing setups with the latest technology. If you&apos;re mostly pleased with the performance/sound of your current monitors, systems such as these provide an affordable alternative. Mix contributing editor Michael Cooper has written more than 300 articles about pro audio during the past 20 years. Visit him at www.myspace.com/michaelcooperrecording.
2019-04-20T16:14:46Z
https://www.mixonline.com/technology/intelligent-studio-monitors-371305
Did Salmonella Outbreaks in California cause Decline in Egg Sales? New research shows that outbreaks and subsequent recalls can have big impacts on egg sales. Scientists studied a 2010 Salmonella outbreak that infected nearly 2,000 people and found that egg sales in California dropped between 7-9% for at least three months after the outbreak event ended. There were twice as many Salmonella outbreaks in Denmark in 2017 as in the year before, says a new report. The largest identified culprit was Danish-produced pork, though authorities also note that better detection technologies are also partly to blame for the reported rise in incidence. Some eggs sold in Sydney, Australia are being recalled after an outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis was confirmed to have sickened 23 people in the city. Australian health officials are advising consumers to return any affected eggs that haven’t been consumed already. An outbreak of Salmonella linked to kosher chicken has led to one person dying and 16 others being sickened in the Northeastern United States, according to the CDC. The agency says that illnesses have been reported in Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, with the death coming from New York. Scientists from North Carolina State University, Raleigh, have finished a new proof-of-concept study that shows several compounds that may work to minimize the virulence of Listeria. The researchers note that while the methods are still in their infancy, they could one day be a valuable strategy to help reduce or eliminate antibiotic use in animal production. Thirty percent of eggs from Israel are infected with Salmonella, according to a report by the head of poultry diseases for the country’s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Department’s Veterinary Services. The report also notes that 10% of Israel’s egg-laying hens have been culled as a result of the issue. Russia has confirmed that 13 additional outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) have been identified in two of the country’s regions.All of the most recent outbreaks have affected outdoor flocks, with 990 birds falling ill as a result of the most recent incidents. CDC and public health and regulatory officials in several states are investigating a multistate outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Reading infections linked to raw turkey products. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service is monitoring the outbreak. An outbreak of Salmonella linked to Kellogg’s Honey Smacks cereal has prompted the agency to warn the public against the eating the cereal. The outbreak has been tied to 100 infections across 33 states, with of the 30 cases being severe enough to require hospitalization. Some 4.3 million eggs have been recalled by Poland’s veterinary service, with authorities reporting that the eggs had levels of antibiotics higher than the accepted ranges. Health officials say that the issue is due to laying hens being given the wrong feed. Nine new illnesses have been reported as part of a Canadian outbreak linked to frozen chicken patties, with 68 people now having been sickened. Health officials say that samples taken from the chicken patties match the genetic fingerprint of the Salmonella strain suspected to be the cause of the illnesses. An unusual type of Salmonella has infected thirteen people in Sweden. The Public Health Agency of Sweden says that the S. Typhimurium (MLVA 2-17-NN-211) has been reported in seven counties, and the source of the outbreak is still unknown. Frozen chicken “burger” patties sold in Canada have been recalled across the country due to a Salmonella outbreak that’s sickened 59 people between March 4 and May 6. The outbreak affects “no name” brand chicken patties produced by Loblaw Companies LTD., and officials from the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) advise consumers to throw out or return any product with a date code of Feb. 6, 2019. Experts from the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meetings on Microbiological Risk Assessment (JEMRA) are working to develop criteria to categorize the potential illness risk from Shiga toxin/verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Rather than serotype, the new categorization system will measure risk based on virulence gene combinations. The Salmonella outbreak that’s affected more than 200 million eggs continues to grow, as twelve more people have been reported ill. All of the affected cases have been localized to the East Coast save Colorado, which has also seen one case reported. The USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service is preparing to perform the 2018 Dioxin Survey, which will test beef, pork, and poultry in the U.S. for dioxin levels. While dioxins are highly toxic and found in much of the natural environment in very small levels, the main source of human exposure is food, with dioxins being stored in animals’ fat tissue and occasionally making it into the food chain. Contamination in animal feed is frequently the cause of dioxin contamination. Some of the USDA’s food safety standards could use improvement, according to a new review from the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). The report points to products such as turkey breasts and pork chops as examples of items that the agency has not developed standards for, while also pointing out that the process for deciding which products to consider developing new standards for could be more transparent. More than 200 million eggs have been recalled due to potential contamination with Salmonella Braenderup, the largest shell egg recall since 2010, when an Iowa-based producer was forced to recall 550 million eggs. Potentially contaminated product reached ten states, including Colorado, Florida, New Jersey, new York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia. Dry surrogate organisms and a faster test for Salmonella are two of the highlights of this story covering emerging strategies to minimize the pathogen’s harmful effects. A new report from the CDC using information from the FoodNet surveillance network says that while infections from E. Coli 0157 and some Salmonella subtypes have been dropping for the past decade, other Salmonella subtypes have seen an uptick in recent years. The report also shows that Campylobacter and Salmonella had the two highest incidences per 100,00 population among the pathogens studied. Scientists from the French Agency for Food, Environment, and Occupational Health and Safety, Ploufragan, have discovered an avian vaccine protocol that shows success against Campylobacter jejuni. The protocol used a DNA prime/protein boost regimen to induce an immune response in chickens. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is leaning on industry to help reduce the threat of salmonellosis from frozen raw breaded chicken products. The agency is looking to implement measures for manufacturers and processors to reduce Salmonella to below a detectable level in frozen raw breaded chicken products. An Arizona federal court jury concluded that Foster Farms was negligent when they produced chicken contaminated with Salmonella Heidelberg, awarding $1.95 million to the family of a child who was sickened by the pathogen. The jury found the company 30% at fault, with 70% of the fault being attributed to the family for improper preparation of the chicken. The outbreak, which occurred between 2013 and 2014 sickened 639 people according to the CDC. A sausage meat known as “Polony” has been blamed for South Africa’s yearlong Listeria outbreak that has killed 180 people. South Africa’s Health Minister Aaron Motsoaledi advises that members of the public avoid processed meat products that are sold as ready to eat. More than 170 people have now lost their lives as part of the ongoing Listeria outbreak in South Africa. The country’s National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD) agency says that 915 cases have now been confirmed since January of last year, though the source of the outbreak remains unknown. Nearly 100 people have been sickened by Salmonella in chicken salad sold by Fareway grocery stores. All but one of the cases has occurred in Iowa, with one person in Minnesota also affected. According to the Iowa health department, of the 94 sick people implicated, 28 have laboratory-confirmed Salmonella typhimurium infections, with the other 66 being probable cases. Pew Charitable Trusts has highlighted key food safety issues that the group says will be major developments in 2018, including the FDA’s changes to the recall process, FSIS’s New Swine Slaughter Inspection System (NSIS), and funding sources for food safety inspections of meat and poultry. The Winter Olympics in South Korea have run into an issue, as 177 people have come down with norovirus during the event. Many of the infected are part of the Olympics’ security staff and none of the athletes have yet contracted the virus. Officials are still unsure as to the source of the outbreak. The record-setting Listeria outbreak in South Africa continues to grow, as 107 people have now lost their lives. Authorities are still unsure of the source of the outbreak that began over a year ago in January 2017, as victims have come from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds. New data shows that the 4th quarter of 2017 saw the largest increase in recalls since 2012. Food products recalled by the FDA climbed nearly 93%, with USDA recalls rising by about 83% compared to 2012. Bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella and E. coli were the most consistent issue and one that continued to grow, comprising about 28% of FDA recalls in 2012 before rising to 31.3% in 2017. The USDA and FDA have announced a new partnership in an effort to help make food safer. The joint agreement will help improve efforts to increase interagency collaboration, and drive efficiency and effectiveness on produce safety and biotechnology activities. The strict standards employed by the National School Lunch Program are working, according to a new study from researchers at the University of Connecticut and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). The scientists examined data from mandatory food safety inspections of ground beef used for the School Lunch Program as well as data from random USDA inspections, finding no evidence of outbreaks from Salmonella or E. coli in school lunches between 2005 and 2014. The USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) is looking to change swine inspection regulations, allowing sites to reconfigure evisceration lines and eliminate maximum line speeds. FSIS says the new system, called New Swine Slaughter Inspection System (NSIS) could lead to a lower prevalence of Salmonella on market hog carcasses. Broiler chickens in British supermarkets have record levels of pathogens resistant to strong antibiotics, according to new research from the Food Standards Agency (FSA). The researchers note that resistance associated with Campylobacter has “significantly increased” since 2007 and 2008. A new draft rule from the USDA requires egg production plants to use Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) planning in an effort to reduce food safety risks. The proposed rule would also require egg facilities to use Sanitation SOPs consistent with existing meat and poultry requirements. French prosecutors are investigating a Salmonella outbreak associated with baby formula sold by Lactalis, one of the world’s largest dairies, which is based in Western France. The outbreak has affected 31 infants, and though all have recovered, 16 of the children did require hospital care. The EU has rejected formaldehyde as a feed additive for use as a preservative and hygiene condition enhancer after a vote from its Standing Committee on Plants, Animals, Food and Feed (SCOPAFF). Primary concerns about the use of formaldehyde center around possible dangers to workers handling the material. The USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service has put together a list of the top food safety research areas of interest. Included in the list is a focus on emerging technologies for testing for higher levels of contamination before slaughter. A new report from the Interagency Food Safety Analytics Collaboration (IFSAC) estimates that Salmonella, E. coli 0157, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter are responsible for 1.9 million sicknesses in the U.S. each year. Researchers used data from 1998 to 2013 to make the estimation, investigating over 1,000 outbreak cases. A new report from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) shows that the decade-long drop in Salmonella infections linked to food has stopped, with numbers rising in 2016. The report also noted that Campylobacter continues to be the most reported foodborne pathogen in humans, with infections from Listeria monocytogenes rising as well. In the first year-to-year decline since the FDA began collecting data in 2009, sales of antibiotics for use in food-producing animals dropped by 10% from 2015 to 2016. Turkey served as part of a catered pre-Thanksgiving dinner at a tire factory in Georgia is being blamed for a Salmonella outbreak that’s sickened dozens and hospitalized at least five people. The Georgia Department of Health Northwest Health District is investigating the outbreak to confirm the test results. New research shows that Salmonella strains that are circulating in swine primarily in the US Midwest are part of a growing group of multidrug-resistant phenotypes that are similar to Salmonella typhimurium found in Europe. New research shows that Campylobacter jejuni uses a strategy similar to the fabled story of the Trojan horse to survive in the digestive system. Researchers from Kingston University found that Campylobacter infiltrates amoebae to avoid harsh digestive conditions and multiplies before breaking out in higher numbers. The outbreak of multi-drug resistant Salmonella Heidelberg tied to dairy calves in Wisconsin is continuing to progress, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The outbreak has infected 54 people in 15 states, with eight new cases having been reported since the agency’s last update in August. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a new tool designed to help track antimicrobial resistance in pathogens. The Resistome Tracker uses genomic information from the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s (NCBI) public databases which are uploaded on a weekly basis, allowing users to track resistance quickly. In an effort to better understand how bacteria respond to varying stress levels, NASA will launch E. coli samples to the International Space Station (ISS). The scientists will expose naturally occurring and mutant strains of E. coli to varying concentrations of antibiotics while controlling their stress levels using software. NASA hopes that the experiment could lead to the development of more effective antibiotics. The World Health Organization has recommended that farmers severely limit their use of antibiotics in animals to quell what the agency says is the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. A new test created by scientists at the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS) in College Station, Texas, could help the poultry industry breed more robust flocks. The test identifies roosters with blood that contains naturally high levels of cytokines and chemokines, two chemicals that help the birds’ innate immune systems respond to threats. Dr. Richard Raymond, former U.S. undersecretary of agriculture for food safety, shares his thoughts on Cargill and Diamond V joining forces to accelerate use of unique, natural, immune support products with multiple benefits, including better pre-harvest food safety. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), along with other agencies such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) have released the 2015 National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) Report, which provides information about antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from humans, retail meats, and animals at slaughter. Results show multi drug resistance (MDR) increased from 9% to 12% of human Salmonella, as well as a 16% drop in the proportion of retail ground turkey Salmonella isolates being resistant to at least one antimicrobial. Over 1,100 people have been sickened and one has died across the U.S. as 10 Salmonella outbreaks have been linked to backyard chicken flocks in 2017, setting a new record for outbreak cases in a year. The CDC notes that at least 249 of the victims required hospitalization. The Salmonella outbreak linked to eggs from Poland has reached more than 600 infections, with Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the UK all reporting new cases. Though the outbreak has been tracked since 2012, it was only in 2016 that three Polish packing centers were identified as the source of the infection. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) notes that reporting delays will likely cause more cases will be reported as time goes on. A new strategy could help reduce antibiotic resistance, as scientists have discovered two macromolecules that can disrupt the bacterial membrane of some Gram-negative bacteria. A new test has been developed that can identify Salmonella in just 24 hours compared with up to five days in other tests. The new method can detect Salmonella in environmental and clinical samples, including swabs, feces, milk, and blood. It also boasts a hundred-fold improvement in detection for Salmonella Dublin. The American Association of Bovine Practitioners (AABP) has created a document to help bovine veterinarians create effective antimicrobial stewardship programs with dairy and beef producers. The document includes information covering veterinarian responsibilities as well as information on how to properly track and benchmark antimicrobial use on-farm. A sample that tested positive for E. coli O157:H7 has led to a recall of 700 pounds of ground beef, which had been sent to various institutions in New York and Pennsylvania. The issue was discovered by a third-party lab’s test, after which the company notified the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). No adverse reactions from consuming the beef have been confirmed. Scientists from the University of Colorado Boulder have developed a new tool that could help the fight against multidrug-resistant bacteria. The researchers found that when quantum dots — nanoparticles made of semiconducting materials — are illuminated with light, they produce a biochemical reaction in bacteria that significantly reduced levels of antibiotic resistance. Frozen raw breaded chicken products are the suspected source of a Salmonella Enteritidis outbreak in Canada that has infected 13 people, with four requiring hospitalization, according to the Public Health Agency of Canada. The agency did not identify the affected brands or manufacturer of the implicated product. This is the second Salmonellaincident in Canada related to frozen raw chicken products this year, with 13 other people having been sickened between April and June in an outbreak that was tied to frozen chicken nuggets sold by the President’s Choice brand. A new research project will investigate whether animal feed contains any Salmonella serotypes that could potentially harm livestock. The researchers will invite 250 U.S. feed plants to voluntarily submit samples to the University of Arkansas for analysis. The project is expected to be finished by summer 2018. The Presidential Advisory Council on Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria (PACCARB), a panel of human and veterinary medicine experts, has released a set of recommendations to help reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans and animals. To cut AMR in food producing animals, PACCARB recommends drafting a National Policy on Innovation for Food Animal Disease Interventions, including a proposed Innovation Institute within the USDA in order to help develop new animal health interventions. The FDA’s “war on pathogens” could lead to a higher level of risk for companies, with criminal liability one possibility if consumers get sick from food products, predicts Shawn Stevens, an attorney who represents processors in food safety litigation in this excerpted interview. Stevens also predicts that FSIS may follow the FDA’s lead and adopt a more stringent approach. Rodent infestations can be dangerous as well as costly, as the pests can carry health risks such as Salmonella. These strategies can help broiler producers fortify operations and prevent issues with rats. An audit report from the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service shows that China’s poultry inspection system is equivalent to that used by the U.S. The report could mean the rule allowing China to process, package, and export the chickens, ducks, and turkeys it raises to the U.S. is on track. About 11 million eggs have been recalled in Israel over fears of Salmonella contamination. The country’s health and agriculture ministers issued a warning advising consumers to immediately destroy any affected egg cartons to prevent the pathogen from spreading. The source of the contamination is suspected to be a hen house in Western Galilee, though officials note that other facilities may also be contaminated. A new study shows that antibiotic resistance genes are making their way into ocean sediments via fish food from farms. The researchers point to fishmeal as a suspected source of the issue, finding 132 antibiotic resistance genes in fishmeal, including some resistant to last-resort options such as vancomycin. The USDA’s ‘FoodKeeper’ mobile application has been updated to allow users to receive automatic alerts related to food safety recalls. Recalls announced by USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) as well as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are included in the update. Users have the option to receive updates in real time, or on a daily or weekly basis. The FDA has created a free software application that can help businesses meet the requirements of the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA). The Food Safety Plan Builder (FSPB) tool has specific questions and prompts that users will answer, with responses being used to generate a food safety plan specific to the businesses needs. Dust in feed mills could hold the key to finding pathogens in feed ingredients, according to researchers working at Kansas State University. With the dust being comprised of ingredients used in the feed, the new tool could help identify pathogens in feed quicker than currently available methods. The Salmonella outbreak that has been tied to contact with backyard poultry continues to infect people, according to the CDC who says that 172 more cases have been reported since the agency’s last update on July 13. A total of 961 people have been sickened and one has died as a result of the outbreak, which has reached 48 states as well as the District of Columbia. Scientists at the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS) have developed a vaccine that can protect pigs from Salmonella types that cause disease in the animals as well as from commensal types that do not affect pigs but can cause disease in humans. The researchers note that pig producers can differentiate animals vaccinated with the new vaccine from those that have been naturally exposed to Salmonella. The vaccine was also tested on turkeys and found to protect them from Salmonella Typhimurium as well as the multidrug-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg. Contaminated eggs have affected 17 countries in Europe, though the source of the issue has not been conclusively found. As a result of the contamination, millions of eggs have either been destroyed or pulled from retail shelves. UK poultry producers cut their use of antibiotics by 50% in 2016 and eliminated prophylactic use altogether, according to the British Poultry Council. The reduction was part of a 71% cut in use since 2012, while poultry meat production has risen 11% over the five-year period according to the report. To replace antibiotics in a prophylactic role, producers are using a variety of solutions including probiotics, butyrate, and organic acids. The United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has recommended that the UN vote on establishing a World Food Safety Day. The proposed recurring event would work to raise awareness of food safety issues and best practices throughout the supply chain each year on June 7. A new program created by a scientist at the University of Georgia can cut days off the time it takes to identify foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella. The tool works by using whole genome sequencing to identify pathogen strains and can help improve scientists’ understanding of how the pathogens grow and multiply. Incidence of Campylobacteriosis in the US has grown by 21% over the past 8 years, according to a new study. The researchers found that infections were more common in rural areas than in the city, and also noted finding more isolates that were resistant to antibiotics over the study period. The Salmonella Enteritidis outbreak that began in 2014 and has sickened 350 people in five European countries remains ongoing, according to health officials. New research suggests a link between antimicrobial consumption and resistance in both humans and in food-producing animals. The report, produced jointly by the European Food Safety Authority, the European Medicines Agency, and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, notes that situations vary across Europe and more research is need to understand how the use of antibiotics and resistance affect each other. Researchers in India have found high levels of antibiotic resistant E. coli in broiler and layer chickens, according to a new study published in Environmental Health Perspectives. The researchers sampled chickens from 18 commercial farms in Punjab, India, finding that more than half of E. coli isolates tested were multidrug resistant. Chipotle’s food safety issues have returned yet again, as at least 60 people have been sickened with norovirus after eating at a Virginia location. Additionally, a video went viral of rats in a Dallas Chipotle location, leading to the company’s stocking hitting a four-year low. After eliminating Category I antibiotics from Canadian chicken production, Chicken Farmers of Canada has created timelines to eliminate the preventative use of Category II antimicrobials by the end of 2018, and to end preventative use of Category III antibiotics by the end of 2020. Chicken feces could be a major driver of E. coli infections in humans and poultry, according to a new study. The scientists’ results found E. coli isolates in multiple internal organs of healthy chickens, which implies transmission of the pathogen between chickens on poultry farms. A new report from Pew Charitable Trusts outlines three pre-harvest strategies that producers and others can use to curb bacterial contamination of animal products. Home delivery of perishable foods is rapidly growing, but researchers have found that food safety measures in home-delivered proteins can be lacking. The number of people affected by Salmonella from backyard poultry flocks has more than doubled since the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) initially warned the public on June 1, with 790 victims now confirmed. A July 13 update from the CDC notes that the agency is now tracking 10 distinct outbreaks covering 48 states and Washington, D.C., with the total number of hospitalizations now reaching 174. The executives who were convicted as a result of the 2010 Salmonella outbreak linked to eggs from Quality Egg LLC must begin their prison sentences this summer. The father and son duo Jack and Peter DeCoster will each serve 3 months in federal prison as punishment for the outbreak that sickened an estimated 56,000 consumers. A large amount of failed safety tests led to the U.S. putting a stop on beef imported from Brazil on June 22. The USDA notes that since March, the agency has rejected 11% of Brazilian beef shipments due to health and sanitation concerns, a dramatic amount compared to the 1% of shipments from the rest of the world that are rejected. A new USDA strategy allowing users to monitor the progress of chicken slaughter plants in reducing Salmonella contamination is working, according to a new report. Increased transparency provided by the program has allowed buyers to be more informed, according to the study. Slightly less than half of chicken samples in the UK test positive for Campylobacter at any level, according to a new survey from the UK Food Standards Agency (FSA). The figures indicate that food safety in the UK is improving, with FSA estimating that there had been 100,000 fewer cases of Campylobacter. Maintaining adequate food safety requires an in-depth knowledge of the supply chain and a critical assessment of possible vulnerabilities, according to this interview with Dr. Amy Kircher, Director of the Food Protection and Defense Institute. Dr. Kircher also delves into strategies to help move from a reactive mentality to one that is proactive. A new sampling method to find Campylobacter uses a unique tool — socks. Researchers from the University of East Anglia found that placing boot socks over walking shoes can be an effective method to find how much of the pathogen is present in the soil, numbers that can increase due to factors including poultry production. A new report from the USDA’s Economic Research Service (ERS) shows that regulatory standards and rules set by the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) have led to fewer samples testing positive for Salmonella. The study also notes that the internet’s emergence has helped streamline food safety communication and allowed market demand to also drive improvements. The CDC reports that eight Salmonella outbreaks covering 47 states and sickening 372 people is linked to contact with poultry in backyard flocks. CDC expects that outbreaks are expected to continue for the next few months as the backyard poultry trend continues to grow. The U.S. Supreme Court has rejected an appeal from the DeCosters, the father and son who were convicted of food safety violations because of their role in the Quality Egg LLC Salmonella outbreak that sickened about 56,000 people. With appeals now exhausted, the three-month prison sentences given to Austin “Jack” DeCoster and his son Peter DeCoster will stand. Will the Idea of Creating a Single Food Safety Agency Get Traction? Washington interest in the idea of creating a federal agency specifically to ensure food safety, after a recommendation from the Government Accountability Office (GAO) that says a consolidated national strategy could help improve the nation’s food safety system. After 13 years, American beef will be returning to the Chinese market. The ban from 2003 has been lifted by a trade agreement reached between the two countries. The agreement also allows cooked Chinese poultry to be imported into the U.S. after certain hygiene and safety hurdles are overcome. The transition of power in Washington will not put a damper on food safety improvements, according to regulators who held a “Town Hall” event at the 2017 Food Safety Summit. Representatives from CDC, USDA, and FDA assuaged fears and pointed out specific improvements that continue to be finalized as agencies continue operations during the transition. The strain of Salmonella Heidelberg that caused an outbreak in the Midwest sickening 35 people is uniquely dangerous because it can move to people and is multi-drug resistant, warn scientists. Area producers are asked to be vigilant and monitor the situation closely if any of their calves become sick and die within several hours. The use of whole-genome sequencing to identify the source of foodborne outbreaks is growing. As food networks become more and more complex, organizations such as the CDC and FDA may turn to the maturing technology to pinpoint where pathogens enter the food supply. The implementation of the Food Safety Modernization Act will fundamentally change the way the U.S. government enforces food safety regulations, argues Meatingplace contributor Shawn Stevens. While in the past outbreaks may have been treated as somewhat inevitable, the FSMA moves to a zero-tolerance standard likely leading to more in-depth probes into what went wrong when outbreaks do occur. Over 5,500 pounds of veal, beef, and pork products have been recalled due to potential contamination with nonO157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O111. There haven’t been any reported illnesses from the products, which were distributed to retail stores and food service locations in six states. Food recalls can have serious impacts on consumer brand perceptions, says a new survey. Nearly a quarter of respondents said they’d never use a brand again in the case of a recall or contamination that led to illness. Tyson Foods has announced that it plans to go antibiotic-free by the end of 2017. The move will apply to poultry sold in supermarkets under the Tyson label, with the company saying it will use tactics such as improved ventilation to keep the birds healthy in lieu of antibiotics. The US and Australia have signed a bilateral agreement recognizing the comparability of the two countries’ food safety and regulatory systems. The agreement is designed to simplify and encourage trade and is the third for the US, coming after agreements were reached with New Zealand and Canada. Data from FoodNet shows a 114% increase in infections from Campylobacter, Salmonella, and other foodborne pathogens in 2016 compared to the average from 2013-2015. Improvements made to food safety testing procedures are noted as one major factor for the increase, meaning that the amount of infections may not actually be rising, but are being identified more accurately. Campylobacter and Salmonella were responsible for the most bacterial foodborne illnesses in 2016, according to a new report from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The report uses data from the CDC’s Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) and found over 8,000 reported illnesses from each pathogen in 2016. Campylobacter took the top spot with over 8,500 reported cases. In an effort to improve the effectiveness of the U.S. meat and poultry safety inspection system, Pew Charitable Trusts and Cargill have partnered to create recommendations for the industry. The project will look at strategies to cut pathogenic contamination from bacteria like Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria, and E. coli in all parts of the food supply chain. The Danish poultry quarantine to prevent the spread of H5N8 avian flu, which was effective since November 2016 has been lifted, according to the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration (DVFA). The agency says that the policy, which required birds to be kept indoors, was effective with only two outbreaks in small flocks having been reported since the measures were put in place. The USDA’s Animal Disease Treaceability (ADT) livestock tracking system has key vulnerabilities, according to a report from the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). The report points out areas of potential improvement that could help stakeholders across the food supply chain improve traceability and support the ADT system. Despite improving technology and more attention being paid to food safety, one study found that Campylobacter is still commonly found in poultry. The study focused on the U.K. and found a significant amount of poultry that had the highest levels of Campylobacter set by the Food Standards Agency (FSA). Brazil’s Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock & Food Supply agency has announced the results of its audit of 21 establishments implicated in the ongoing meat investigation. The investigators found that out of 302 product samples that were tested only 8 (2.6%) had issues that could affect public health. What is it that consumers really want? A new study sheds light on what factors most influence consumers’ buying decisions when choosing pork products. Researchers found that the food values of highest importance to consumers were safety, price, and taste. State governments will need an additional $100 million per year to adequately implement the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), according to a letter sent to congressional budget leadership by the National Association of State Departments of Agriculture (NASDA). A study of functional immunity to Campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens has found that the immune response does not develop fast enough to fight off the pathogen during the birds’ short lifespan. The researchers from the University of Liverpool note that this will complicate efforts to find an effective vaccine for Campylobacter in broilers and other pathogen mitigation strategies may be needed in the fight to keep poultry safe. The outbreak of Salmonella Heidelberg identified as coming from contact with dairy bull calves is over, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Though no deaths were reported as a consequence, the CDC’s final report shows 36 confirmed cases with 13 hospitalizations in the 10-state footprint of the outbreak. Following best practices and measured procedures can help reduce campylobacter on the farm. This review of two farms’ performance demonstrates how simple changes and a multifaceted biosecurity approach can help keep food safe. USDA officials have located another case of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Lincoln County, Tennessee less than two miles from the farm where the first case was detected. The USDA stresses that the infected animal did not enter the food chain, and the risk of human illness as a result of the incident is very low. Prosecutions of food company executives have created a “new normal” in food safety enforcement, with the threat of jail time now very real. As the Quality Egg LLC case works its way through the courts, subsequent rulings will clarify standards for corporate officer liability under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA). The H7 strain of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) has been found in a Tennessee chicken farm, according to officials from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). The findings mark the first case of HPAI in 2017. The farm’s owners contract with Tyson Foods, who have stated that all flocks within a six-mile radius of the farm will be tested and will not be transported unless they test negative for HPAI. Learn more about the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) with this summary of six of the most crucial rules within the law. The Global Food Safety Initiative has released its seventh version of the G.F.S.I. Guidance Document, changing the name to “G.F.S.I. Benchmarking Requirements”. The update is designed to improve transparency and help users respond to unannounced audits, among other changes. The eggs produced by cage-free operations are not likely to be safer or more nutritious than eggs from chickens in other types of housing, says the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The ruling came as the court sided with the government’s food safety agencies, including the FDA and USDA’s FSIS, on the question of egg carton labeling. Data from the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) shows that chicken processors are still having trouble controlling Salmonella and Campylobacter contamination. The report demonstrates that while progress is being made in cutting contamination in chicken and turkey carcasses, chicken parts and comminuted chicken still pose a challenge. Antimicrobial resistance levels in bacteria from humans, animals, and food continue to rise, says a new report from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and control (ECDC) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The report used data submitted by 28 European Union member states in 2015, finding high levels of resistance in both Salmonella and Campylobacter bacteria. The FDA’s 2016 Food Safety Survey Report shows that many Americans are still more concerned about pathogen contamination in raw chicken and beef than in raw vegetables. The survey also found low levels of consumer awareness for Campylobacter, with only 16% of consumers saying they were aware of the bacteria’s risks. A report from the Government Accountability Office (GAO) says the U.S. food safety regulatory system is too fragmented and difficult to understand. The report suggests a unified strategy be adopted to simplify the process, which is currently split between the FDA and the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service, and improve overall food safety. Learn more about how food safety practices have evolved over time, and how previous program successes can be used to examine the possible impacts of the Food Safety Modernization Act. Increases in prevalence of an emerging variant of Salmonella Typhimurium may be linked to swine, according to researchers from the University of Minnesota. While the S.4,,12:i:- serotype has seen a quick increase in prevalence since the late 1990’s, becoming the 4th most common serotype in human cases, the researchers found a similar increase in swine samples sent to the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory between 2006-2015. Listeria monocytogenes was found in some brands of Colby cheese after a random inspection by Tennessee food inspectors prompting a recall of affected brands. The recalled cheeses were produced by Deutsch Kase Haus LLC and were used in branded products by Amish Classics, Meijer, and Sargento. With many compliance dates for the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) occurring in 2017, check out this guide to how Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) standard can work with the new requirements to ensure food safety. Food recalls surged in 2016 with a 22% rise compared to 2015, according to Food Safety Magazine’s second year-end review of food recalls from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service, and Canada’s Food Inspection Agency. Listeria contamination is noted as a major factor for the increase, creating 196 recalls in 2016 alone. The owners of Aspen Hills Inc. have decided to cease operations, with the decision coming after Listeria contamination was discovered in types of Blue Bell and Blue Bunny brand ice cream that used the company’s cookie dough. A study from researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that drug-resistant Salmonella is more common in animal than plant products. The team examined U.S. Salmonella outbreaks from 2003 to 2012, finding that of the 90 outbreaks with a single identified source, 16 of 22 drug-resistant strains came from animal products. British researchers have developed a system to categorize food scares based on their physical manifestations (chemical/physical or biological contamination) and origins (deliberate deception or transparency issues). The scheme distinguishes food incidents from food scares, giving producers and regulators a common language to classify and address issues. Suggesting that food safety professionals need more “tools in their toolbox,” Walmart Vice-President of Food Safety Frank Yiannas offers four unique tips that can help improve food safety programs. The training tools combine best practices from food science as well as strategies from behavior science to improve the training’s effect. How will President Trump’s federal hiring freeze and hold on new regulations affect food safety testing? While Food and Drug Administration officials say the Food Safety Modernization Act implementation is unlikely to be affected, the hiring freeze may cause delays for testing performed by the Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS). What will 2017 bring for food safety? The early days of President Trump’s administration already are generating questions about regulatory enforcement. This year, we’re also likely to see greater pressure on suppliers to ensure product safety. Growth in dedicated Preventive Controls Qualified Individual (PCQI) personnel is in the offing, too. It looks like 2017 is going to be “action packed” when it comes to food safety. A Massachusetts measure banning the use of confinement rearing for several types of poultry, including layer hens, could have unintended consequences. Dr. Karen Christensen outlines costs that could arise for consumers and poultry companies as a result of this activist-driven legislation. Some Hostess Twinkies and chocolate confections from the Palmer Candy Co. are among the latest products to be pulled from store shelves as part of a recall that has affected over 20 brands so far. The recall focuses on products containing milk powder ingredients from Valley Milk Products that may be contaminated with Salmonella. 2016 was a busy year for food safety! Check out this summary of some of the biggest changes, including the Food Safety Modernization Act, GMO labeling, and how the continued growth in social media use can affect food safety perception and reality. Dr. Karen Christensen, associate professor and extension specialist at the Center of Excellence for Poultry Science at the University of Arkansas, has joined Meatingplace to launch her “Birds Eye View” blog. The blog is going to provide an insider’s perspective on important issues affecting the poultry industry. In her first post, Dr. Christensen explains how a school project hatched her passion for poultry production. Major changes are on the horizon for food safety in 2017. With a new Congress and federal executive branch administration coming into power, what can we expect for food safety legislation and rule-making, particularly from the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration? As 2016 winds to an end, take a look at the results of FSIS sampling of poultry establishments for Salmonella and Campylobacter. Facilities are graded on a three-category system for establishments that meet the performance standard, score at or below half the standard, or fail the standard. The resource includes aggregate data from September 2015 through November 2016, but does not indicate test results for individual establishments. ConAgra did not do enough to mitigate risks of Salmonella contamination in its peanut butter, the U.S. Department of Justice ruled in handing down the harshest fine ever imposed in a food safety case — $8 million dollars and forfeiture of $3.2 million in assets. Dr. Wael Abdelrahman of Diamond V focused on key scientific advances in the emerging field of pre-harvest food safety during a presentation at the recent international trade show in Hanover, Germany. He explored recent research on Salmonella, E. coli, and Campylobacter and discussed nutritional health solutions to reduce these pathogens in live poultry as well as the reduction of antimicrobial resistance in these pathogens. Ohio State University researchers have reported finding carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in a U.S. commercial-scale farrow-to-finish swine operation. CRE from the farm carried the highly transmissible IMP-27 gene, which confers resistance to a class of antibiotics used as a “last resort” to treat drug-resistant pathogens in humans. CRE have appeared in European and Asian livestock, but their discovery on a U.S. farm has caused greater concern as the antibiotic is not approved for use in food animals in the U.S. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in foodborne bacteria found on British poultry meat is increasing, says a new UK study. The Food Standards Agency study, conducted by the Royal Veterinary College, examined published evidence from 1999 through 2016. Researchers found higher levels of resistance to common antibiotics in Campylobacter jejuni isolates from chicken meat, as well as increased prevalence of multiple-drug resistance bacteria on poultry products. An outbreak of multi-drug resistant Salmonella Heidelberg that infected 21 people has been linked to dairy bull calves from Wisconsin, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported. Testing by the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene showed the same DNA fingerprints in isolates from sick individuals and calves. Also, 79% of infected people who were interviewed reported contact with dairy bull calves or other cattle. Are you ready for the VFD? The Veterinary Feed Directive comes into effect January 1 and applies to all food animal production. However, many beef producers still have questions about details of the new federal rule that covers many common antibiotics. Use this quick rundown to keep the animal health side of your operation running smoothly into the New Year and beyond. Food safety leaders from industry and government agencies met in Washington, D.C. to discuss how tools from the Global Food Safety Initiative can work with requirements of the Food Safety Modernization Act. The GFSI tools are an effective starting point for FSMA compliance and have sparked discussion about a public-private food safety collaboration. Food recalls can be catastrophically expensive and damage a company’s reputation. This advice can help you learn more about the most common causes of contamination, as well as strategies to cut the risk and keep your operations safe. The U.S. Dept. of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service has released its 2017-2021 Strategic Plan, which focuses on preventing foodborne illnesses and protecting public health. The plan includes initiatives designed to improve public awareness of food safety issues, strategies to improve food safety regulation and statute compliance, and new communication tactics to enable quicker outbreak responses. The USDA’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture and Agricultural Research Service shares their top five focus areas to improve broiler health. Developed with industry input, needs include: strategies to handle emerging diseases, new and improved vaccines, and studies comparing the health impacts of conventional versus antibiotic-free production. Poultry companies face new food safety challenges as regulatory agencies begin to use full genome sequencing to discover sources of foodborne pathogens like Salmonella and Campylobacter. Ashley Peterson, Vice President of Science and Technology for the National Chicken Council, provides a concise update. Researchers have found that Campylobacter has evolved “sensory receptors” to identify target host cells. The findings provide a deeper understanding of how the pathogen infects poultry and could lead to a new approach to pathogen mitigation. Can Chipotle rebound after multiple food safety failures have driven its stock down 38% within 12 months? Consumer confidence in the trendy chain remains shaky, but executives are implementing a far-reaching recovery plan to address brand image as well as food safety training and protocols. Criminal prosecutions are on the rise in food safety cases. The U.S. Supreme Court is going to decide soon whether the executives of an Iowa-based egg supplier involved in a 2010 Salmonella outbreak can be held responsible and sentenced to jail time, even if they had no knowledge of the adulteration. Texas A&M Professor Gary Acuff points out that validation isn’t just showing your product doesn’t have pathogens — it’s proving your processes are killing them. A new form of a dangerous “superbug” may be spreading to humans through contaminated poultry that people handle or eat, according to a recent study. A high-level summit is focusing on the rising threat posed by microbes that can’t be stopped with drugs. It is only the fourth time that the world’s decision-makers have addressed a health concern at the U.N. General Assembly. A large, diverse group of experts are actively seeking a comprehensive solution to reduce the risk of Campylobacter in broiler meat by fighting this persistent pathogen in the flocks from day one. This consortium, working under the umbrella of the Campybro Project, brings together the expertise of 10 research institutions, industry associations, and companies in four European countries.
2019-04-23T16:09:12Z
http://www.foodsafetylink.com/in-the-news/archive/
Holmes; Are you carbonizing onions or smoking rope in that calabash again? Well that's all quite interesting Holmes but what does a gadget like that have to do with what we were talking about--the mysterious Tunguska event of 1908? Surely you’re not suggesting that some type of machine caused all that damage? No-no of course not Watson—no machine made by intelligent beings anyway. Do you remember my mentioning fullerenes and how they seem to form during high-energy events? Yes Holmes but wha. . . A remarkable molecular structure Holmes but other than concentric shells and electron beams I fail to see any functional similarity between the new neutron generator and the carbon balls. Are you suggesting there is? 1) energy, 2) substance, 3) trajectory, 4) fire, 5) burn (ribbon-like branch-injuries), 6) heralds (atmospheric anomalies), 7)radioactivity. Let us consider radioactivity paradox at greater lenght. It attracts our attention due to the following circumstances. First of all, everything that somehow connected with radioactivity has been mentioned only in passing for quite a period of time; moreover, - as some annoying nonsense. Secondly, of late, volumes have been accumulated thanks to numerous publications and still unpublished catalogues. These materials ought to be systematized and reconsidered in the context of new scientific approaches. As far as we know there have not been any attempts so far to single out the whole complex of radioactivity contradictions as one more paradoxal aspect of the Tunguska problem. Weakening of thermo-luminescent characteristics of rock as a result of a shock-wave compression becomes apparent in natural conditions only with impact interaction, and their local intensification was observed in laboratory samples of alpha-quartz with megabar effects which is far beyond the conditions of the Tunguska catastrophe. The only adequate source of thermo-luminiscent anomalies in this area might be radioactive emanation and, moreover, in a broad spectral range (from thermal to strong). Studies, which have been carried out from the middle of the 60s up to the present day by three independent groups of researchers using various natural materials, have shown statistically valid pecularities of TL-characteristics field distribution. There have been found structures with parameters of low indices. Their formation must be connected with the effect of thermal irradiation. As for the structures showing intensification of TL-characteristics above the midbackground level they are undoubtedly connected with the activity of strong penetrating irradiation (X-rays, gamma-rays, neutron and proton streams). Weakening of TL is also possible with beyond-threshold streams of strong radiation (the so called "radiation annealing") is exceeded. A complex of various research of radioactivity traces in the area of the catastrophe shows either their complete absence (argon-39 method), or some fluctuations within the limits of the natural background (beta-activity, radiocarbon). At the same time the TL-method undoubtedly points to the traces of the activity of strong radiation which were revealed in the minerals of the underlying stratum of the surface. It looks as if radioactivity is present and absent at the same time. In our opinion, accentuating the phenomena mentioned above will attract attention to this aspect of the Tunguska problem and will assist in further definition of the tasks aimed at solving the paradox under consideration at the problem stage of research." But Holmes the weight of scientific opinion contends that the effects of the Tunguska event can be explained by the release of kinetic energy alone, after all the potential energy of any massive object traveling at tens of kilometers per second is enormous--velocity squared you know. Right Watson, but sometimes the weight of opinion is tilted by the scale of an assumed phenomenon. Remember that every aspect of this event is being retro calculated; the mass and velocity of the unmeasured object can thus be diddled to account for the gauged destruction! So if there was a release of energy beyond what was produced kinetically its contribution to the damage could well be absorbed by postulating a more massive object or higher encounter velocity. I think that it might be illuminating to examine some phenomena that could well be common to collisions with carbonaceous objects but is most often observed on a smaller scale--ball lightning. Holmes! Surely your not suggesting that the Tunguska event was due to a huge ball of lightning! No-no Watson not entirely but I think it likely that this poorly understood natural phenomenon played some role, perhaps a large one, on the morning of June 30, 1908. You have been doping your pipe Holmes! Ball lightning is just transient ionized gas and the weird sounding descriptions of its behavior are most likely due to persistence of vision--rather like being popped by a flash bulb. Ah Watson you speak so confidently and no doubt some observations are flawed but this phenomenon has a long history of observation. The problem is that ball lightning is neither frequent nor reproducible by artificial means so it has been virtually impossible to study closely. Unfortunately theories of the learned have on more than this occasion cast doubt upon observations made by those who are not considered peers, as the following excerpt points out. In 1819, Ernst Chladni reflected back on his struggles for the recognition of meteorites. While the Enlightenment, the 18th century intellectual movement that examined accepted doctrines of the time, had brought certain benefits, he felt it also brought with it certain intellectual problems. Now scientists "thought it necessary to throw away or reject as error anything that did not conform to a self-constructed model." The very success of scientific experiment and theory had led to a misplaced confidence that *what was real was already within the circle of science.* What was outside, therefore, what did not conform to scientists' theories, could be dismissed by invoking scientific authority and by ignoring or ridiculing observations not supported by it. What we are faced with here is not so much simple passivity or mistrust of new ideas as an active approach which can be divided into several stages. (4) laborious efforts are made to explain an exception in terms that do not contradict the system. (5) Despite the legitimate claims of contradictory views, one only tends to see, describe, or even illustrate those circumstances which corroborate current views and thereby give them substance. What does not fit the theory is thus excluded. The anomalous event is forced outside the official circle of consciousness into a kind of outlaw existence. This happened with the unusual luminous phenomenon known as "ball lightning." This form of lightning appears as a luminous ball, usually smaller than a basketball, and is quite short-lived (usually less than a minute.) It has a long history of observation, but for many decades was an outlaw event in meteorology. In the 1930s, W. J. Humphreys, an influential official in the U.S. Weather Bureau, had argued persuasively that ball lightning was probably an optical illusion. There was subsequently little mention of ball lightning in meteorology textbooks, and persons with scientific training who observed ball lightning generally kept quiet about it. When commented upon, it was described as a rare event. One of the reasons that it appeared to be a rare event is shown in anecdotes like the following, which appeared in THE LIGHTNING BOOK by Peter Viemeister. During the summer of 1937 several technical observers on duty at 500 5th Ave, during the Empire State Building lightning program, saw what might be interpreted as ball lightning, not once but four times. One of the engineers, now the chief technical executive of a large power company, saw a bluish luminescence slowly descend the 38-foot tower of the Empire State Building after four of the ten or eleven strokes that hit the tower that evening. Fearing that his colleagues would regard him as a lightning-ball "quack", he was hesitant to speak about what he had seen, but decided to mention it anyway. Suprisingly several of the others admitted seeing the same things. These observations were omitted from the technical reports since they did not appear on the recording cameras nor on the oscillograph records. Thus, because there is no *spontaneous reporting* of the anomalous event, scientists may assume that there is no event to be reported. That this might be a self-fulfilling prophecy is hardly considered. Part of the problem, of course, is that no one is *asked* whether they have seen an unclassified phenomenon. When surveys of technical personnel regarding ball lightning *were* done in 1966 at two national laboratories, many meteorologists were surprised to discover that four percent of the potential observers in one laboratory had seen it. This hardly qualifies as a rare event! The problem with ball lightning is that no one has yet found a satisfactory theory to explain it. It is tempting for physicists to argue, as some in fact have, that since it can't be explained, it probably doesn't exist! (i.e., if it doesn't fit the self-constructed model, it's not real.) So thousands of ball lightning sightings were ruled inadmissible and ignored. In the last decade or so, a much more positive attitude has prevailed, but the phenomenon is still far from completely accepted. So what are you saying Holmes? 1. Generate a lot of carbon or vaporized metal particles in a small region of space. 2. Create large electric fields in the same vicinity (on the order of 1 to 2 MV/m). 3. Rapidly elevate the temperature of the particles. Our conclusion is that these fireballs are primarily RF in origin, and not nuclear phenomena. Consistent with Tesla's observations, they can be produced either by high current dump into hot air ["I am satisfied that the phenomenon of the fireball is produced by the sudden heating, to a high incandescence of a mass of air or other gas as the case may be, by the passage of a powerful discharge." CSN page 368] or by the presence of resistively heated material particles ["I attribute them (fire balls) to the presence of material in the air at that particular spot which is of such nature, that when heated, it increases the luminosity." CSN page 333] The latter would account for the "engine room fire balls' produced by high current switches and relays. Finkelstein and Rubenstein once made a remarkable statement: "If this model is appropriate, then ball lightning has no relevance to controlled-fusion plasma research." (Ref. 4) If should now be apparent that this position can be experimentally supported. The interesting thing here Watson is that Corum and Corum specify carbon or vaporized metal as a necessary ingredient for producing ball lightning but in 1989 would not have been aware of molecular onion-like formations, which can also contain inorganic components. It is the ability of these multi-layered geodesic structures, when irradiated, to compress what is interior to them as well as focus the surrounding radiant energy to the exact center that makes them such good candidates for fusion facilitators. The hydrogen bomb provides the proof that fusion can be made to happen. In an H-bomb, radiation from an atomic fission explosion acts as a trigger, heating and compressing a fuel container to ignite and burn the hydrogen inside. That sounds simple, but causing a fusion reaction to ignite and burn means forcing together the nuclei of two forms of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium so that they fuse to form helium nuclei, giving off enormous energy. The compression must be done with almost perfect symmetry so that the hydrogen is squeezed uniformly to high density. Equally important has been progress in concentrating the intense energy onto a tiny fuel pellet. In the 1970s we began with electron beams and, in the 1980s, switched to beams of ions, which should heat a target to higher temperatures. But charged particles are hard to steer and to focus tightly into beams. X-rays have, in principle, a much more promising characteristic: they can uniformly fill the space around a fuel container, just as heat in an oven envelops a turkey. The prospect of initiating fusion by using pulsed power systems to create intense bursts of x-rays within a small reaction chamber has now emerged from research on a concept called the Z-pinch, which dates back to the beginnings of magnetic confinement fusion research in the 1950s. To trigger fusion, the Z-pinch must be enclosed in a radiation chamber (or hohlraum, German for "cavity" or "hollow") that traps the x-rays. In one system we have explored, the Z-pinch would be placed in a primary hohlraum, with the fuel contained in a smaller, secondary hohlraum. In another method, the pellet would sit in low-density plastic foam at the center of the imploding pinch inside the primary hohlraum. The key is that the x-rays generated as the pinch crashes onto itself, either onto the z axis or onto the foam, are contained by the hohlraum so that they uniformly bathe the fuel pellet, just as the casing of an H-bomb traps the radiation from the atomic trigger. Experiments over the past three years show that both methods should work, because we can now make a Z-pinch that remains uniform and intact long enough to do the job. So you see Watson a good bit of what is required for successful fusion has to do with geometry. That is why the new neutron generator works well and is also why the chances are good that nested spherical structures like the carbon onion or its larger cousin the calabash have this potential too. Well Holmes if you are correct this would certainly be an elementary solution to an ancient riddle but it seems that you are far from proving this case. Right Watson; there is still quite a gap between speculation and demonstration of fact here, but to close this mystery at this time is not my intent--I am first interested in shedding further light upon the subject of high-energy phenomena such as occurs due to an impact event. So without establishing unequivocally how impacts with carbonaceous objects produce neutrons, lets move back to this scale of phenomena with the assumption that it is possible. This may get us into hot water Watson but that is part of the fun! one needs roughly 8x106 joules of energy (equivalent to 2 kg of TNT). For a ball 10 cm in diameter (the size of a large orange), the energy density is then 5x109 joule/m3. But if all the air in a volume were singly-ionized, the energy density would be only 1.6x108 joule/m3. Both the energy content and the energy density of ball lightning as derived from the singular rain barrel observation seem incompatible with the non-explosive character of most Kugelblitz. Although many lightning balls emit a loud explosive (or implosive) noise upon decay, effects characteristic of the release of energies of the order of 2 kg of TNT have rarely been reported (understandably if the observer was within 3 meters) . Moreover, explosive or implosive decays have been noted indoors with no apparent heat or damage to nearby ceramic objects. Nevertheless, there are enough well-documented cases of extremely high energy Kugelblitz to make the water barrel report very believable. Probably there is a wide range of possible energies for a lightning ball, with the vast majority of Kugelblitz possessing energy densities less than that of singly-ionized air. The minimum possible energy of a lightning ball is that required to illumine a sphere about 25 cm in diameter with the brightness of a fluorescent lamp. With 10% efficiency, this means a source of 250 watts for 4 sec., or about 1000 joules of energy. We can only conclude with certainty that the energy of a lightning ball lies somewhere between 103 and 107 joules. a continuous energy flow into a small volume, presumably by focusing power from the environment. Theories which attempt to bottle fully-ionized plasma by magnetic fields or magnetovortex rings are faced with severe stability problems. There is no known way to contain plasma in the atmosphere for as long as a few seconds. Moreover, a fully-ionized plasma ball would be hotter and probably less dense than the surrounding air, so that it would tend to rise rather than descend or move horizontally. Chemical combustion theories cannot explain the high energy content or the remarkable antics of the ball. Nuclear reactions would require an electric potential of at least 106 volts between the center and surface of the ball, and a mean free path for the ions as long as the potential gap. This situation seems unlikely, and faces similar problems of stability. Theories which depend on an outside source of energy such as microwaves or concentrated d-c fields cannot explain how ball lightning can survive indoors. If energies as high as several megajoules are not required, we can try other hypotheses. One suggestion is that the lightning ball is a miniature thundercloud of dust particles, with a very efficient charge separation process. Continuous low energy lightning flashes are illuminating the cloud. Another idea is that a small amount of hydrocarbon, less than that required for combustion, is suddenly subjected to strong electric fields. The hydrocarbons become ionized and form more complex hydrocarbon molecules which clump together. Eventually there is enough combustible material in the center to allow a burning core. If the concentration of hydrocarbon decreases, the ball disappears if the concentration increases, the ball ignites explosively. (This represents the swamp gas theory for ball lightning). Much depends on a reliable energy estimate for the Kugelblitz. If the energy is as high as indicated by the water barrel report, we have a real dilemma. At present no mechanism has been proposed for Kugelblitz which can successfully explain all the different types of reports. Probably several completely different processes can produce luminescent spheres in the atmosphere. Exactly what kind of energy are we talking about? In most cases, it is energy beyond human ability to reproduce with machines or current technology. Below are a few cases of natural ball lightning described in Problems of Ball Lightning by Soviet professor Boris Smirnov (Moscow, 1988). In one case, a fireball of the size of a football rebounded along the surface of a street, leaving behind gouges one and a half meters in diameter. In the city of Habarovsk, Russia, a sphere of ball lightning fell into a reservoir containing approximately 7,000 liters of water. In ten second the water started to boil. It boiled for approximately ten seconds. Then the sphere of ball lightning exploded. The yield of this ball lightning was the equivalent of two tons of TNT. That certainly sounds impressive Holmes but how do we know that these claims are accurate? Unfortunately Watson it is not something we can verify as of yet because we can't make the fireballs but there are other reports that tend to support the notion that heating water is something that this phenomenon can do. For example: In 'A Notable Historie containing foure voyages made by certaine French Captaines unto Florida' (London: Thomas Dawson, 1587), which is a translation of 'L'Histoire Notable De La Florida Situee Es Indes Occidentales' (Paris: Guillaume Auvray, M.D.LXXXVI.), the account below begins: "...,until that on the 29. of August a lightning from heaven fell within halfe a league of our fort..." Thus the event occurred within a mile and a half of the fort but no damaging blast wave is mentioned. Of course there may have been a blast front that was not recorded however I have come across other acounts that seem to suggest more burn than bang, such as the Chinese report below the following modern translation of Laudonniere's story. So things moved along, and the hate of Chief Satouriona against me continued. On August 29 there fell on the fort such a stroke of lightning that I think it more worthy of interest and of being recorded than any unusual thing that has yet come to pass, more strange than historians have ever written about. The fields were at that time all green and half covered with water, and yet the lightning in one instant consumed about 500 acres and burned with such a bright heat that all the birds which lived in the meadows were consumed. This thing continued for three days. It left us in wonderment, because we could not guess where all the fire came from. At first we had the opinion that the Indians had burned their houses for fear of us, abandoning their old places. Then we thought that they might have observed some ships in the sea and, following their usual custom, lighted up fires here and there to show that people lived in this land. Finally not being reassured, I decided to send to Chief Serranay to find out the truth. But as I was on the point of sending out a boat to ascertain the facts, six Indians arrived from the land of Chief Allicamany. On entering, they made a long statement, but first they presented several baskets of corn, pumpkins, and grapes. Then they spoke of the amiable alliance that Allicamany wished to enter into with me. They said he could hardly wait, from day to day, until the hour would come when it would please me to put him in my service. They said that in view of the obedience that he had given me, he found it very strange that I should direct such a cannonade against his dwelling, making many of the green prairies burn away right up to the waterline, so much so that he expected to see the fire in his house. Because of this he humbly begged me to order my men not to shoot any more toward his lodging, otherwise he would have to abandon his land and go to a place more distant from us. When we heard the foolish opinion of this man, which might nevertheless be very profitable for us, I spoke expediently as to what I thought of the matter at that time, responding to the Indians with a happy countenance and saying that what they had told me of the obedience of their chief was very agreeable with me because previously he had not behaved himself in that way toward me, especially when I had told him to send me the prisoners that he detained of the great Olata Ouae Outina, even though he [Satouriona, i.e., Chief of Allicamany] counted them unimportant. I told him that this was the principal reason why I had sent the cannonade, and not that I had wanted to reach his house, as I could easily have done that if I had wanted to do so. I said that I had been content to fire just halfway down the course to let him know of my power. I assured him that if he continued in his good behavior, my men would not be shooting at him in the future and I would be his loyal defender against his greatest enemies. The Indians were content with this response and returned to reassure their chief who, notwithstanding this reassurance, kept away from his home and at a distance of about twenty-five leagues for a period of about two months. At the end of three days the fire was entirely extinguished. But for two days after that there was such excessive heat in the air that the river near which we had our habitation became so hot that it seemed almost to boil. Many fish died and of many species, to such an extent that in the mouth of the river alone there were enough dead fish to fill fifty carts. The putrefaction in the air bred so many dangerous diseases among us that most of my men fell sick and seemed about ready to finish their days. However, our good Lord took care of us and we all survived without a single death. Devastation caused by lightning was believed to be the result of sacred fire, sent by Heaven to stop dragon fights. "In the fifth month of the year yih-wei (probably 1295) on a place near the lake at I hing, all of a sudden there were two dragons which twisting around each other and fighting both fell into the lake, Their length had no sharp limits. In a short space of time a heavy wind came riding on the water, which reached a height of more than a chang (ten ch'ih or feet). Then there fell from the sky more than ten fire balls, having the size of houses of ten divisions. The two dragons immediately ascended (to the sky), for Heaven, afraid that they might cause calamity, sent out sacred fire to drive them away. Supposed that Heaven had been a little remiss for a moment, then within a hundred miles everything would have turned into gigantic torrents. When I recently passed by boat the Peach-garden of Teh Ts'ing, those paddy fields were all scorched and black, some tens of acres in all. Then we moored the boat to the bank and asked those villagers (for the reason). They said: 'Yesterday noon there was a big, dragon which fell from the sky. Immediately he was burned by terrestial fire and flew away. For that what the dragons fear is fire'" Anonymous; Monthly Weather Review, 15: 84, 1887. The people were all sound asleep. It was midnight when an Indian noticed that the moon was taking on a reddish hue. He awoke the others, "The moon is about to be eaten by an animal." The animals preying on the moon were jaguars, but these jaguars were spirits of the dead. The people shouted and yelled. They beat their wooden mortars like drums, they thrashed their dogs, and some shot at random with their guns. They were making as much noise as they could to scare the jaguars and force them to let go their prey. Fragments of the moon fell down upon the earth and started a big fire. From these fragments the entire earth caught on fire. The fire was so large that the people could not escape. Men and women ran to the lagoons covered with bulrushes. Those who were late were overtaken by the fire. The water was boiling, but not where the bulrushes grew. Those who were in places not covered with bulrushes died and there most of the people were burnt alive. After everything had been destroyed the fire stopped. Decayed corpses of children floated on the water. A big wind and a rain storm broke out. The dead were changed into birds. The large birds came out from corpses of adults, and small ones from the bodies of children. Long ago Moon was attacked and wounded, and thus the Great Fire originated. As soon as people noticed blood on Moon, they started to chant and to shout and they struck their dogs to make them bark. Men discharged their rifles in the hope that the monster which was preying on Moon would be frightened and relinquish his prey, but all this was of no avail. Moon was far away and his weapons broke because his spear and his club were carved of soft yuchan wood (Chorisia insignis) instead of hard palo mataco (Achatocarpus praecox). A fragment of Moon fell down and caused a fire. Everyone rushed to a lagoon where abundant bulrushes grew. As the fire was spreading over the surface of the earth burning the grass and the trees, people entered the lagoon. Those who had taken refuge among the bulrushes were saved, but those who had remained in the open places perished in the boiling water. Holmes it does seem that there is more mystery in this high-energy phenomena than I had thought. Yes Watson. I think that at minimum, the possible high-energy involvement of these newly recognized, onion-like, molecular structures, cries out for experimental research. This is something that can be resolved in a suitable lab. *** E. What are the basic fusion reactions? Below is an annotated list of many fusion reactions discussed on the newsgroup. Note: D = deuterium, T = tritium, p = proton, n = neutron; these and the other elements involved are discussed in the glossary/FUT. (FUT = list of Frequently Used Terms; section 10 of the FAQ.) The numbers in parentheses are the energies of the reaction products (in Millions of electron-Volts, see glossary for details). The percentages indicate the branching ratios. More information on each of the elements is given below. > Be7 + n -1.6 MeV (80%) <- endothermic, not good. D+Li6 -> 2He4 + 22.4 MeV <- also aneutronic, but you get D-D reactions too. From the list, you can see that some reactions release neutrons, many release helium, and different reactions release different amounts of energy (some even absorb energy, rather than releasing it). He-4 is a common product because the nucleus of He-4 is especially stable, so lots of energy is released in creating it. (A chemical analogy is the burning of gasoline, which is relatively unstable, to form water and carbon dioxide, which are more stable. The energy liberated in this combustion is what powers automobiles.) The reasons for the stability of He4 involve more physics than I want to go into here. Some of the more important fusion reactions will be described below. These reactions are also described in Section 2 in the context of their usefulness for energy-producing fusion reactors. *** F. Could you tell me more about these different elements? Hydrogen (p): Ordinary hydrogen is everywhere, especially in water. Deuterium (D): A heavy isotope of hydrogen (has a neutron in addition to the proton). Occurs naturally at 1 part in 6000; i.e. for every 6000 ordinary hydrogen atoms in water, etc., there’s one D. Tritium (T): Tritium is another isotope of hydrogen, with two neutrons and a proton. T is unstable (radioactive), and decays into Helium-3 with a half-life of 12.3 years. (Half the T decays every 12.3 years.) Because of its short half-life, tritium is almost never found in nature (natural T is mostly a consequence of cosmic-ray bombardment). Supplies have been manufactured using fission reactors; world tritium reserves are estimated at a few kilograms, I believe. Tritium can be made by exposing deuterium or lithium to neutrons. Helium-3 (He3): Rare light isotope of helium; two protons and a neutron. Stable. There’s roughly 13 He-3 atoms per 10 million He-4 atoms. He-3 is relatively abundant on the surface of the moon; this is believed to be due to particles streaming onto the moon from the solar wind. He3 can also be made from decaying tritium. Helium-4 (He4): Common isotope of helium. Trace component of the atmosphere (about 1 part per million?); also found as a component of "natural gas" in gas wells. Lithium-6 (Li6): Less common isotope of lithium. 3 protons, 3 neutrons. There are 8 Li-6 atoms for every 100 Li-7 atoms. Widely distributed in minerals and seawater. Very active chemically. Lithium-7 (Li7): Common isotope of lithium. 3 protons, 4 neutrons. See above info on abundance. Boron (B): Common form is B-11 (80%). B-10 20%. 5 protons, 6 neutrons. Also abundant on earth. Note: Separating isotopes of light elements by mass is not particularly difficult. *** G. Why is the deuterium-tritium (D-T) reaction the easiest? Basically speaking, the extra neutrons on the D and T nuclei make them "larger" and less tightly bound, and the result is that the cross-section for the D-T reaction is the largest. Also, because they are only singly-charged hydrogen isotopes, the electrical repulsion between them is relatively small. So it is relatively easy to throw them at each other, and it is relatively easy to get them to collide and stick. Furthermore, the D-T reaction has a relatively high energy yield. Another difficulty with the D-T reaction is that the tritium is (weakly) radioactive, with a half-life of 12.3 years, so that tritium does not occur naturally. Getting the tritium for the D-T reaction is therefore another problem. Fortunately you can kill two birds with one stone, and solve both the neutron problem and the tritium-supply problem at the same time, by using the neutron generated in the D-T fusion in a reaction like n + Li6 -> He4 + T + 4.8 MeV. This absorbs the neutron, and generates another tritium, so that you can have basically a D-Li6 fuel cycle, with the T and n as intermediates. Fusing D and T, and then using the n to split the Li6, is easier than simply trying to fuse the D and the Li6, but releases the same amount of energy. And unlike tritium, there is a lot of lithium available, particularly dissolved in ocean water. Unfortunately you can’t get every single neutron to stick to a lithium nucleus, because some neutrons stick to other things in your reactor. You can still generate as much T as you use, by using "neutron multipliers" such as Beryllium, or by getting reactions like n + Li7 -> He4 + T + n (which propagates the neutron) to occur. The neutrons that are lost are still a problem, because they can induce radioactivity in materials that absorb them. This topic is discussed more in Section 2.
2019-04-21T20:52:45Z
http://cometbob.com/bobk/caseof.html
We often learn lessons and then just want to take off and run with the lessons, which is what I did after Pray While You’re Prey. But not long after, I felt empty again. I submit that I was so focused on fixing other people that I didn’t take the time to find rest for my soul. I was just looking to make some sort of restitution for my past sins, so that God could bless me with the love of my life. Instead, I should have taken the time to rest in Him and be sure that I was ready for a new relationship. Now, I am relearning some of the same lessons, but this time my focus isn’t on finding a new man; it is on sustaining my relationship with Christ and trusting in God’s plan for me. He has me in this place for a reason, which leads to the next definition. Yesterday, I was walking up the stairs to Sunday school and my knee buckled. I went to reach for the railing and I pulled something in my neck and back. The pain was excruciating! I could not turn my head. I could not breathe too deeply. I was miserable. And, everybody knew it. I barely heard the lesson in Sunday school, but I did pick up a few nuggets of wisdom, like, "We don't face adversity because we did something wrong," and "When you have a problem, you should shake it off and not hold on to it and complain and whine." So, I tried to pull it together because I knew I had to sing. And, I didn't want to affect others' worship experience because I was in pain. Still, as I told my family, I was not born with the ability to hide pain, so everyone knew there was something wrong. The first song was one that I don't like to sing because I always feel like I am lying when I sing it. It says, "I don't mind waiting on You, Lord." And while I will wait on the Lord to move my life in His direction, in His time and according to His will, I am not sure that I always do so with an, "I don't mind" attitude. It's more of an, "I know that being impatient leads to bad things, so I don't have any choice, but to wait" attitude. The sermon subject was, "Wait on the Lord," so I started to sense that God was speaking to me through the lessons. The problem was that, even though, I had taken some ibuprofen to try to kill the pain from my earlier incident, it was NOT working. So, throughout the sermon, I was desperately trying to listen, but my pain would not lessen. Eventually, I got frustrated, and instead of writing sermon notes, I began to ask God questions, like, "How long am I going to be waiting?" Waiting for what you ask: for my physical pain to end, for my loneliness to end, for my dreams to start coming true. I wanted to clap and praise with everyone else, but I was so bogged down with physical and emotional pain that all I could do was cry. Then, I felt guilty because on a scale of one to ten, my problems are a negative twelve, when I look at what others are facing. Why am I such a baby? Why do I have such a low tolerance for pain? Why am I so spoiled? Am I like the children of Israel? Am I making my journey longer than it has to be because I whine? The devil is good, isn't he? That dude had me so distracted and I played right into his hands for a minute. Upon reflection, though, I realized that I have started to make great progress on my music this weekend. And, I still haven't been approached by a guy in a long time, but I am able to use my experiences to help others. My neck still hurts, but it's nothing I cannot handle, and through that injury, I saw how much my family really loves me. Back in the day, before it skipped five years and got weird, I watched the show Desperate Housewives. It followed the paths of four friends who lived on the same street and were all experiencing varying degrees of marital dysfunction. It, and many other shows like it, portrays issues that might cause one to consider never getting married; they make the institutions of marriage and family seem like some cruel joke. I know that each family faces its own set of difficulties, but it does not stop me from wanting a family of my own. One morning on the radio, the topic of the day was, “When I graduated from high school, I thought I would be a _____________, but I ended up being a ___________.” So, of course, I talked back to the radio. When I graduated from high school I thought I would be a high-powered attorney, wife and mother to three or four children, but I ended up being a divorced high school teacher with a very spoiled cat. The good news is that I have recently discovered that, despite my life not being how I envisioned that it would be, I am no longer desperately seeking the things that are out of my control. There was a time when I wanted a husband and children so badly that I married the wrong person because I feared he would be the last one to ever ask. There was a time when I was willing to compromise my morals and do what I knew was wrong in the sight of God just to feel loved because I felt I had to give in to temptation to keep a man in my life. There was a time when I was willing to look past what I desire in a mate for the sake of going on a date because I did not know if I would ever date again. It is not a secret that waiting is not something that I am particularly fond of doing. Yet, I do wait. I know what it is like to take matters into my own hands and try to “help God” when it seems like He’s taking too long to give me what I want. In my life, the results were disastrous, a failed marriage riddled with infidelity and cruelty, and those things were not one-sided. I made a choice to move forward with my plan of marriage to the person I assumed would be the last person to ever ask me for my hand. Surely, God’s will was that I not be alone and that I marry rather than burn with lustful desires. Surely, God wanted me to be someone’s help meet. But, what was taking Him so long? I had already graduated from college and started working towards my career goals. Pretty soon, I would be old, unwanted and barren. After all, I was 21. Yes, you read that right. I was 21 and I felt like I was destined for spinsterhood if I did not marry immediately. I had only had two real boyfriends and they were hard to come by, so the chances of having someone else love me enough to marry me were slim to none. I imagine that this is what Sarah felt like when she decided to have Abraham bear a child with Hagar. She knew the promise, but felt like God needed her help to make it happen. There are days like today when I want to write, but I cannot think of what to say, so I go back to some things that I have not yet shared (hard to believe there are such things, right). In any case, this is a reflection brought about by a devotional from Girlfriends in God back in the very beginning of this year. The subject was about Psalm 46:10, "Be still and know I am God." Here are the questions that readers were given to ponder and my responses. I started responding to questions and at times ended up communicating with directly with God about them. I invite you to answer these questions for yourself. For me, they brought some clarity about where I was in that moment and how to move forward. How good are you at "be still and know that I am God?" I know that God is God and I know that He controls everything in the Universe. I know that He made the Earth and everything in it. I know that He made Heaven and Earth, land and water, moon sun and stars, beasts on the earth, fowl of the air, fish in the waters, every plant, every molecule, every human being in His image. Maybe the fact that I am made in Your image is why I feel like I need to control everything, which leads to me not being still in situations. You, God, know all and see all, and I have the desire to do the same. Maybe that’s why it’s hard for me to be still and let things just play out. But, that’s not really showing faith. That’s not showing that I know You have your best plans for my life. I have to sit back and let You be You. I have plenty of evidence that I cannot and will not do a better job than You of controlling my life or the way that others think and act. When I think ‘be still,’ I used to think lazy, sit around, take a nap, take a load off, and I am not too shabby at those things. But, when I see ‘cease striving,’ that means something much different. Cease striving means stop trying to figure out what my purpose is and who I am supposed to be. It means stop trying to stockpile accomplishments and impress people. It means to rest in the life that You have given me right now and wait (I do not like that Word and You know it) for the next natural--or rather supernatural--progression. I wake up everyday with this desire to change my life, my world, my job, my home, my friends, so much so, that I don’t enjoy anything around me. And, that is not a testimony to how good You have been to me. And, that is a travesty because You have been more than good to me. You have been so amazing. And, I adore You and I am sorry for taking who You have been to me and what You have done for me for granted because it doesn’t look the way I think it should look. Have you ever felt God say those words to you? I feel that You are saying them to me right now. Stop striving. Stop surviving. Start thriving. Take a step back and enjoy where I am and stop trying to get to the next place. Stop listening to the voice (even if it is my own) that says I am supposed to be something or do something different. Life is not a to-do list, filled by accomplishing one goal after another; it is a journey with one goal, and that is to praise and please You. Being still: Easy? Hard? What do you think stands in the way? It is certainly easy to say and think I will be still while I am sitting in my house, in my pajamas basking in Your Glory. If and when I face the world later on, I do not know if I can stay in this place of peace and calm. As I said, I have a desire to feel ‘in control’ that is in direct conflict with my need to give up control. I mean I know giving up control doesn’t meant wondering mindlessly and aimlessly, but that’s what I did for a while, thinking it is what You wanted me to do. I keep thinking there is some formula, but I’m just going through the motions and waiting for you to change my life instead of being grateful for everyday and every moment of wisdom. I live for attention and acknowledgment, but praise and honor belong to You, not me. I know I cannot thrive without You because it involves facing my own insecurities, other people and Satan (although, I don’t think Satan can hold a candle to what I can do to my own self-image and self-esteem). I need You. I know that You are in my heart and You have been since I accepted You in my life. But, I have been acknowledging You and yet, living like You’re not there for way too long. How will the introverted girl who does not enjoy talking to strangers ever meet someone? That is the million dollar question! Let’s get something straight: I am not a hermit. I have a social life, not a super active one, but I do not stay in my house waiting for someone to come, knock on my door and sweep me off my feet. I give many men the opportunity to find me. I go to work (not that I would date anyone there), church, sporting events (cannot wait for football season to start), I play trivia on occasion, and I take myself out to dinner. Nonetheless, I have been encouraged by others to step out of my comfort zone, so to that end, with a little shot of courage and a Living Social deal, I decided to try speed dating. Boy, when I step out I step way out! Why speed dating instead of online dating? I have heard some positive feedback about online dating, but I have heard more negative feedback, so it is not something with which I am comfortable, but to each his or her own. Not to mention, every time I fill out one of those surveys on matching sites, it tells me I am too specific. Sorry if I know what I want; I have had plenty of alone time to figure it out. Also, like many of my male counterparts, I am a visual person and if a person is sitting in front of me, there is no mystery as to whether or not they are embellishing the truth about their outer appearance. I know it sounds superficial, but I am a human being and one of the many things I desire in a mate is that I am physically attracted to him. I also liked the idea of speed dating because it’s only six minutes per person, and then, if you don’t want to, you never have to speak to that person again. You also get to meet several people all in one setting instead of meeting one person at a time. So, I arrived with no expectations and a sick feeling in the pit of my belly. The first bell rang, we were given our instructions, and then I met thirteen different men. And, when I say different, they were very different. I knew that only about half of them had a remote chance because that is how many appeared to be taller than me. However, the others were helpful in allowing me the opportunity learn how to talk to strangers, show off my sense of humor, and learn how to be cordial even when I want to run. Of the ones that met the height requirement, one was too old, three were not attractive for various reasons (i.e. not wanting kids, smoking, recently divorced and noncommittal), and that left three. I had great conversations with all three, which was a good start. As the process ended, I tried to reflect on what I learned. First, I learned that I cannot be anyone other than who I am and there is nothing wrong with that. Next, I learned that even as the years go by, there are some things on which I am not willing to compromise and there is nothing wrong with that (see Superficial or Super Specific). I also learned that even though I took the initiative to attend the event, I still want to be pursued, so if someone wants to really get to know me, he will have to make the first move. Most importantly, I learned that I have to trust that God is not going to keep anything that is good for me from me. A roadblock is barrier or barricade on a road, especially one set up by the authorities. They can be intentionally placed because of construction or an accident, or they can be the result of something outside of anyone’s control like a fallen tree or a sink hole. In either case, when you meet a roadblock, you have to decide what to do. There are usually two options we are left pondering while we sit in traffic headed toward the impending obstruction of our route. Turn back around and wait for a better time to complete your mission or take a detour and complete the mission (just not in the way we had envisioned). When you are actually driving, the choice may be clearer, depending on purpose of your trip in the first place. However, in the figurative sense, when you are faced with a roadblock on the path to your goals, the choice between turning around and taking a detour is a very serious choice. If you turn around, does it show a lack of faith or does it show that you are being cautious about where you are headed and when you might get there? If you choose a detour, does it signify perseverance, a win-at-all-costs attitude and determination or does it signify a lack of faith when you decide to call an audible (sorry, I miss football) and take another route so you can get to where you think you deserve to be. This is not something that we can take lightly. I am known to analyze and overanalyze every decision I make. I plan my spontaneity. It does not even matter what type of decision it is: relationships, financial, career, ministry; if I hit a roadblock, I am taking whatever amount of time it takes to decide the next course of action. Even if it means sitting in proverbial traffic with people honking at me about what I should be doing, I will pray and consider my options carefully. It is not out of a lack of faith; it is because I want to be sure of whether God is saying no, go, or take it slow. So, I took a step out on faith and pursued my dream. I had no idea what the outcome would be. I knew that I had extremely high hopes. I knew what I could envision happening. I knew I wanted someone to recognize my talent. But, in the end, I don’t know if that happened. What I do know that is my life is in God’s hands. I know that for the first time, I went to an audition, gave it my best, and didn’t feel the least bit rejected or disappointed when I didn’t get the outcome for which I had hoped. That was a victory. I also felt so much love and pride from the most special people in my life. That was a victory. I did not cry. If you know me at all, you know that was a victory. Even in the face of what some people would envision to be a failure, I can still see victory. But, what about the dream, what is next? It is a fantastic feeling to know that I have overcome my hesitancy to try for things because I do not like rejection. It is a wonderful feeling to know that I have so many people that support and believe in me. It was a triumphant feeling to not even be able to conjure up a tear of sadness. Still, I feel like there is unfinished business. So, what do I do? I have made enough mistakes in my life to know that I should not take any action without prayerful consideration. I have also missed enough opportunities in life to know that I should not give up on my dreams or set them on the backburner. What shall I do? What step should I take? What move should I make? Oh Lord, what shall I do? I’m going to wait for an answer from You, I have nothing to lose. Oh Lord, what shall I do? I know You’ll come through with a blessing for me. Please Lord, set my soul free. Oh Lord, what shall I do?
2019-04-25T17:11:25Z
http://elevatedvalues.weebly.com/ms-evs-blog/category/patience
The purpose of this timeline is to record the series of events of the Temple Israel reform synagogue from its planning and construction through to the time the building stopped being used as a synagogue. January 15 - First publicly announced meeting held at New Turner Hall West Fourth and Pine to build the Temple. Leadville Daily Herald, August 8, 1884. Page 4. August 11 - Foundation corner stone laid. August 12 - Survey completed. September 20 - “The new Jewish Temple of the Congregation Israel that has just been completed was dedicated last night with the most impressive ceremonies, by Rabbi Morris Sachs of Cincinnati Ohio. The corner stone of the building was laid the eleventh of last August and the building has been rushed to completion in an unparalleled short time. The building is a very handsome edifice. It is the second Hebrew Temple in this state and is an ornament to the city. The windows are of stained glass; the pews are cushioned, and the floor and platform coved with a handsome carpet. The room is lighted by sixty jets of gas. The pulpit and ark are of elegant workmanship. In the rear of the building is the gallery for the choir…. By 8 o’clock the audience room was filled to its utmost capacity. The programme of the exercises was as follows. Mr. Chairman and Gentleman of the Building Committee. As president I accept the key you have tendered me, and in the name of the congregation Israel and on behalf of its members, allow me to express to you our heartfelt thanks, for the energy, real and devotion you have displayed in the erection of this the Miracle Temple of the age. “Congregation Israel” Leadville, CO; USA. Leadville Daily Herald, September 20, 1884. p 4. Download text copy of the building dedication. No one was injured during the construction of the building. Through the sale of pew seating in the temple the congregation raised $925. One burial permit was issued for $20 to Mrs. White. Cornerstone laid on August 11. Colorado State Governor Grant donated $100 to the congregation on August 21. The congregation held five meetings and functions (payed $8 per use) at City Hall (132 and 134 East 6th Street) while the synagogue was being built. Leppel was paid $432.87 for beer, wine, and liquor. “The New Year” Leadville, CO; USA. Carbonate Chronicle, September 27, 1884. p 5. September 19- “Meeting in Temple Convention yesterday of Congregation Israel and the Election of Officers. Yesterday was an eventful one among Congregation Israel of this city, the devotees at the shrine of that unpretentious little temple on Fourth and Pine stirring at an early hour. The occasion was the annual election of officers, preceded by the reports of the returning ones. The members of the congregation were present at an unusual early hour, when exercises began. Mr. Monheimer who had occupied the distinguished chair as president for a year, submitted his message as to progress, accompanying it with remarks as follows. Trustees for the ensuing year- M.H. Monhiemer, M. Leppel, and David Heller. March 7- “The Congregational Israel- The Jewish Temple of the congregation Israel, located at the southwest corner of Fourth and Pine streets, was completed and dedicated on September 19 1884, with the most impressive ceremonies by Rabbi Morris Sachs, of Cinncinatti, Ohio. The building is a very handsome edifice, and the cornerstone was laid August 11, 1884. It is the second Hebrew temple in the state and is ornament to the city. The windows are of stained glass, the pews are cushioned and the floor and platform covered with a handsome Brussels carpet. The temple was dedicated on the Hebrew new year the 5645th. Mr. J.H. Monhiemer, the well-known and popular dry goods merchant, was the president of the Congregation Israel the first year after they took procession, but Mr. Issac Baer, of the firm of Baer Bros. succeeded him, being elected to the office September 19, 1885. Mr. Ben Davies is the officiating chosan. The temple has an excellent choir, composed of the following Ladies and gentlemen. The choir is an excellent one, and the Sunday school is large and continually increasing. Services are held every Friday evening, the membership now being about one hundred. The Sunday school consists of about the same number of children. A festival is held every two months for the children of the Sunday school. Gentlemen- Another year has rolled around in the history of our congregation and agreeable to the requirements of your laws, I submit to you herewith a report of my official acts. At the commencement of the year now closing, the number of members reported on our books were 63 names, of these, however, only 37 were contributors; to these have been added 14 names, 2 withdrew from member ship and none lost by death leaving us at this day a membership of 49 actual paying members. I would expect that the vice-president be authorized to expand a sum not exceeding $75 to put in good repair the road leading to the cemetery as its present condition is much to be deplored; also that four chairs be purchased for the pulpit as those we are using were borrowed for the holidays and the balance of the year ordinary ones are used. I would also inform the congregation that our organ is badly out of repair and would recommend that a new one be purchased and that your new executive board purchase one at the earliest practicable moment. With these additions to our temple it will be complete in its furnishing many years to come. I congratulate the congregation upon its financial condition, and with a reasonable effort on the part of the incoming executive board no financial troubles will be theirs, as for the first time since the completion of our house of worship we are entirely out of debt and can remain so. “Your Secretary begs leave to report that at the last annual meeting the number of members reported in good standing were 65. This I found was an error upon the part of the former secretary, as we have at present but 49 active members, and this, after adding 14 new members during the year. During the year 15 have either resigned or refused to pay their dues. “… The congregation expressed the greatest satisfaction of the financial progress of the temple, the members having been prompt and liberal in their support. “The Synagogue’s Sages” Leadville, CO; USA. Leadville Daily/Evening Chronicle, October 4, 1886. p 4. A long time had been consumed by the ladies of the society for this ball, which should have occurred on the 10th of March, but the entire success of the affair last evening, in every particular justices the statement that the preparations were not slighted, and that the committees appointed by them were the best they ever had. The City hall was considered too small, so the Tabor Opera house was secured and arranged specially for the occasion. A large dancing platform was constructed from the stage over the opera chairs far out into the auditorium, which furnished a main dancing platform of 35x65 feet, with two wings 15x30, giving ample room for the followers of terpsichorean. Professor A. Zilm, with his orchestra of 13 pieces, were provided with a raised platform, handsomely draped, in the gallery over the main entrance. The whole house was profusely decorated with flags, bunting, streamers and small banners, no part of the building or gallery appearing bare. Over the stage was a large, six pointed star- the shield of David- in the center of which were the American colors. For pews or seats at Temple Israel for the coming holidays apply to Ben Davies, 222 Harrison avenue. All are invited. ‘My Dear Friends: Young and inexperienced, I undertake, this day of my Bar Mitzvah, to tread the first step upon the most important period of my life’s path. The rosy days of my life, the golden dreams of my childhood, are now past forever, never to return, and when I turn my eyes upon the picture of my future life, which this day unrolls before my spirit, I behold the approach of days far more weighty and important than those of my past life, the coming of a time which will require all my energy. This day of my Bar Mitzvah is therefore the most important of all the days of my life, because, only from this day on am I responsible for all my religious acts and transgressions, taking upon myself all the duties and obligations of a true and faithful Israelite. Until his thirteenth birthday, the experiences of a boy are but insignificant; the house of his parents and the school room are the entire world, and he has no knowledge of all the strife this is carried on in the world without. Only with the day of Bar Mitzvah begins an entire change of his circumstances; his eyes are suddenly opened, and he looks on the large world around him. And therefore I step over the threshold of this day with great anxiety and fear, for I have no knowledge of the temptations that may await me, for no one here could tell me what the future has in store for me- fortune or misfortune, smiles or tears, happiness or misery; but this I do know- namely, that in this new world, which to-day opens itself to me, two pathways appear before me, one the path of good, the path of life and bliss; the other the path of the wicked, the path of death and curse. I hear heavenly voice of religion calling me to-day: ‘Choose thou life, light and bliss.’ Yes, I will listen to the heavenly voice; will from this day on endeavor to remain in the path of good, so that I may become a good man and a worthy member of Israel. Thus I do part from the charming days of childhood; farewell, then, happy days of my childhood with all your golden dreams; farewell, thou rosy dawn of my life, I shall never behold you again. Oh I may this house of paring from the joyful and innocent morning of my life be a blessed one, and my the pious sentiments and resolutions which now fill my heart, guard me though my future life. January 12- “Last evening the hearts of Mr. and Mrs. Richard Metz were made happy by the confirmation of their eldest son Abie P. Metz. The ceremony occurred at the Temple Israel and was witnessed by a large number of the friends of the happy parents. After the service, which as conducted by the cantor, Ben Davies, was finished, Master Metz made a very neat little speech in which he most honestly thanked his parents for the cares they had undergone for him and promising them that his duty would now be to repay them by being a dutiful son. The oration was well delivered by the young gentleman. After the exercises were finished the guests attended the reception given in honor of the confirmation at the residence of the parents on West Eighth Street. It was indeed a merry party and after the congratulations were over with, the evening was most pleasurably spent in social chat, eating and drinking. The tables fairly groaned with their load of good things to eat and drink, and many a hearty toast was given to the parents and the son. Abie received a large number of handsome and useful presents as tokens of remembrance from the many present who wished him much success in his future life. June 9- “Yesterday morning at 10:30 Mr. Theodore D. Baer presided at the sacred ceremony of the confirmation at Temple Israel. The building was crowded many young people being among the congregation. The class had been prepared for the work by Mrs. Carrie Mayer, the superintendent of the Sunday School, whose arduous labors were will repaid. The confirmants were Marie Ehrlich, Ben Ehrlich, Pearl Miller, Walter Mayer, Sam Bergman, and George Streppy. At the closing of the exercises one of Mrs. Mayer’s pupils stepped forward and in a few well chosen words of thanks to Mrs. Mayer on behalf of the class and herself presented Mrs. Mayer a set of cups and saucers beautifully hand painted. The confirmation class presented her with a costly valise. February 1- “The prettiest and most elaborate wedding ceremony that has taken place in Leadville for many years occurred last Tuesday evening, January 27, when Mr. Theodore Daniel Baer and Miss May Harriet Kahn were united in the holy bonds of matrimony. The wedding took place at Temple Emanuel and was witnessed by an immense throng of people filling all the available space, while many had to be content with a passing glimpse of the wedding party as they entered the church. The scene in the temple presented a picture which will long be remembered by those present. The entire platform about the altar was profusely decorated in the southern smilax and with palms and ferns. The colors throughout were white and pink, with the addition of natural greens. Above the altar hung a trellis of smilax, while on the altar were banked ferns and palms galore, converting it into a veritable bower. Directly back of the alter and at the point where the bride and groom were to stand, was suspended an immense wedding bell made of smilax and ferns and with a clapper of white roses. Promptly at the appointed hours, half after seven, the bridal party entered marching slowly to their places to the strains of Mendelssohn’s Wedding March. Directly behind the ushers Dr. Maurice Kahn and Mr. Julius Leon, came master Ralph Kahn, the little ring bearer, nephew to the bride, and guarded his Calla lily, containing the wedding ring, with much care. Following him came the groom on the arm of his aunt, Mrs. Adolph Baer, then the best man Mr. Jacob Kahn, and the maid of honor, Miss Tillie Kahn, brother and sister of the bride. Little Miss Evelyn Mayer followed the party, scattering rose leaves in the bride’s path, who was conducted to the altar by her father Mr. Marx Kahn. County Judge McLeod performed the marriage ceremony, which was immediately followed by the beautiful marriage service of the Jewish church, conducted by Mr. A. Schayer. September 27- “…the Sabbath of Sabbaths, and in accordance with the Mosaic law, he will transact no business of any kind on that day; the Orthodox Jew passes the day in fasting and prayer from sunset till sunset. At the Orthodox temple the Kol-Nidre sermon will be given by Rabbi A. Levitzky, the subject of speaking will be “Repentance, Prayer and Charity”. June 3- “The funeral of the late Jacob O. Hiemberger will take place this afternoon at 2:30 o’clock from Temple Israel. The body will be taken to Temple Israel, corner of West Fourth and Pine streets, this morning. From 11 o’clock this morning until 1 o’clock this afternoon those who desire may enter the temple to view the remains. June 4- From ‘Was a City of Sorrow for an Honored Citizen' “…In the temple the bier was placed before the altar. Over it, around it and filling the space on the alter platform until one could scarcely see a man standing behind them, were flowers. Pure while lilies, emblems of purity, roses of scarlet hue, symbolizing the redemption to immortality; heliotropes, carnations and every flower this is beautiful and expressive of the nobelest and loftiest sentiments of the human soul, were banked there in symbolical forms and shapes until could not see the somber black of the coffin and forcing upon one the thought that out of the blackness of death there must arise a more beautiful life which knows no death. This tribute was the expression of the Congregation Israel in sorrow for the loss of its energetic leader and in hope of his translation to the eternal congregation on high. January 16- “Quite a pretty little ceremony took place in Temple Israel at Fourth and Pine streets yesterday afternoon when Joseph Oliner, the well known young shoemaker of 110 East 6th streets was united in marriage to Miss Louise Dorn of New York city. It was witnessed by many friends of both parties. The double ceremony of a legal and church was used. To the strains of the Lohengrin wedding march played by Miss Rose Heimberger, the bride party marched up the aisle and took their places under a canopy held by Messrs. Bergerman, Miller, Hyman and Flax. Here they were met by Justice of the Peace Shaughnessy, who tied the legal nuptial knot. Then Marx Kahn performed the rites of the Hebrew church and offered the newly made Mr. and Mrs. Oliner, the glass of wine according to custom and placed the ring on the bride’s finger and the ceremony was over. November 20- “At a meeting held in Temple Emanuel, Fourth and Pine streets, last evening, local Jewish people discussed ways and means for relieving their suffering brethren in Russia, where innumerable widows and orphans had resulted as a consequence of the atrocities of the Russians. Ed. Jackson acted as chairman and Edwin Kahn as secretary. Mr. Jackson made an eloquent appeal for the suffering Jews in Russia and sprained the situation fully to his audience. Although there were only about thirty present at the meeting several hundred dollars were raised in a few minutes. January 29- “The children of all the Jews of Leadville are requested to be at Temple Israel next Sunday morning at 10:30 o’clock at the re-opening of the Hebrew Sunday school. Some of the members of the congregation have taken the matter in hand and will give the instruction of the children their personal attention. There are about thirty children who have signified their desire to join the Sunday school, and it is believed that it will be successfully carried on. October 10- “George O. Groom, Midland Employee, Attacked by Fatal Hemorrhage at End of His Run- …Groom came in on his engine from Colorado City at 2:40 yesterday afternoon. He went to his room, washed himself and cleaned up, and then went to the restaurant where he had been in the habit of taking his meals, and had dinner. He talked pleasantly with friends whose he met up in town, and toward evening, walked down to the yards to find out when he would be called for another trip. It was while on this mission that he had the conversation with a yardman regarding his excellent state of health. On his way to Harrison avenue the fatal attack came. In front of the Jewish church on West Fourth Street, at the corner of Pine, he was overcome and sank down. He did not fall suddenly, but gradually stretched out on the sidewalk. William Guyler and Larable Wood, drivers for the Crosby livery, were standing in the door of the barn across the street. As the man first stooped over he motioned for them with his arm. The men hastened to his side. He was trying to take off his coat. Blood was streaming from his mouth in a steady volume. He did not utter a word, but grew weaker and was soon unconscious. September 25- “Yom Kippur, the Jewish Day of Atonement, was ushered in last evening at Temple Israel. A fine musical program was rendered. October 10- “The trial of Willie Ferry, Willie Lowney, and George Lowney, charged with disturbing the religious services at the Temple Israel on Fourth street on the night of September 24 was concluded before Judge Harrison in the district court yesterday afternoon. It was alleged that the boys had thrown rocks against the windows of the church, which were covered with sheet tin, and had created a such a racket that several women of the congregation had fainted. The boys were seized and later arrested. November 11- “The orbital services over the remains of the late Henry Miller were held yesterday afternoon at the 2 o’clock from the residence at 130 East Seventh Street and at the Temple Israel an hour later, interment being in the Jewish cemetery. The services both at the Miller home and at the temple were largely attended. Adolph Schayer conducted the ritual and Professor T.W. Stoner delivered the funeral oration at the temple. The obsequies at the Temple Israel were very impressive and solemn, and several musical numbers were beautifully rendered by a choir composed of Misses Carey, Bonner and Hischle and Messrs. Nash and Austin accompanied by Mrs. E. T. Boyd on the organ. Miss Ethel Sandusky sang, “Oh Dry Those Tears” and Miss Beryl Bonner “Trust in the Lord” with beautiful effect, while the choir at the close of the service rendered “Gently Lord Oh, Gently Lead Us”. After the services in the temple long lines of friends and acquaintances moved slowly and silently before the coffin resting on a catafalque covered with flowers to pay their last respects to the dead and to gaze for the last time on the features now in restful repose of one whom they had known from childhood. As the long line of mournful friends was passing before the bier, Mrs. Miller the heartbroken mother of the boy whose life was so suddenly taken from him through a distressing accident on Monday evening, completely broke down and her passionate sobbing caused many a tear of deepest sorrow to come to the eyes of those who realized her suffering and anguish. November 18- “The remains of the late Adolph Schayer, who died very suddenly of heart failure on Monday afternoon, were laid to final rest in the Jewish cemetery yesterday. The services over the body of the scholar and former merchant held at Temple Israel, were largely attended by the legion of friends and former business associates of the man who in years past was a moving spirit in both charitable and business circles of Leadville. Theodore Baer conduced the ritual and in a few well chosen words extolled the life of him whose body lay in a coffin hidden by flowers, dwelling on the exalted example set by Mr. Schayer through his benevolence and charity, during the many years of his residence in the city. June 24- “All that was mortal of the late Fred Butler was laid to rest yesterday afternoon in the Jewish cemetery. As the casket was lowered into the grave, members of the congregation of the Temple Israel performed the last offices for the dead according to the ritual of the Jewish faith. At 2 o’clock in the afternoon, the services were held in the Temple Israel, the local lodge of the Elks of which the deceased was a member, having charge. Miss Ethel Sandusky with exquisite taste sang “Face to Face” and “Dry Those Tears”. The ritualistic service was solemn and impressive and was conducted by the exalted ruler K.L. Fahnestock, with becoming dignity. Newspaper notices for Jewish services until 1923 refer only to Knesseth Israel on West 5th Street.
2019-04-21T20:42:03Z
http://jewishleadville.org/reformtimeline.html
See the story behind what's right in front of you. The MA Global Political Economy examines the world in real terms. You will work with world class global politics experts at the Political Economy Research Centre (PERC), as well as across a number of other Goldsmiths departments, and learn how to hold the world up to scrutiny. Why study MA Global Political Economy at Goldsmiths? You will trace the unsteady making of the capitalist world, its relation to the environment, and the theories we have developed to make sense of it. You will explore how global capitalism has radically transformed the natural environment. You will learn about the relationship between economy and ecology, and how to apply it when studying political economy. You will also examine how new progressive and regressive forms of politics and power reshape our world. You’ll learn the fundamental mechanics of global trade and global finance, and how these impact people and the planet. The programme will give you the opportunity to work with key figures from the Political Economy Research Centre (PERC), and draw on their knowledge and experience to enhance your study. You will learn about where money comes from, how banking and shadow banking works, and what policymakers can do to make finance more equitable. You will also have the chance to work closely with academics associated with Centre of the Understanding of Sustainable Prosperity (CUSP), as well as from the departments of Media, Communications & Cultural Studies, Anthropology, and Sociology at Goldsmiths. You'll be part of a multicultural and creative powerhouse located in a global city that lives and breathes international politics. Inside the classroom, you will have truly global conversations with your classmates who join us from across the world. Outside the classroom, you can participate in a multitude of events on global political economy at Goldsmiths. You'll be taught by staff with international reputations in their disciplines and areas of specialisation. These include finance, global governance, international development, post-colonialism, and imperialism, among others. This degree will help you develop a body of knowledge, and a set of cognitive skills enabling you to critically analyse contemporary Global Political Economy debates, and emerging forms of politics and power around the world. A combination of optional 15 and 30 credit modules from the Politics and International Relations department, or other departments upon request (60 credits). This module combines a variety of approaches from history, sociology, and political economy in the study of the global political economy. It focusses on the connection between global economic integration, and domestic socio-economic transformation in the making of the contemporary world order. It also examines how theories have shaped policies in the context of increasing integration of the global economy. The first segment of the module examines some of the major scholarly contributions to political and economic theory and thought. It further develops an interdisciplinary theoretical framework incorporating political economy and world history that will greatly aid us in the subsequent analysis of the global political economy. The second segment of the module traces the historical development, structure, and function of the global political economy. The theoretical framework includes a brief introduction to national income accounting and the balance of payments, the determination of exchange rates, and different exchange rate regimes. It employs this theory to better understand the historical evolution of the International Monetary System, and the role of International Financial Institutions in the global political economy. This module explores a series of key contemporary issues of environment and development. It starts by examining what it means to say we are living in the age of the "Anthropocene", and examines different perspectives for thinking about the environment in political economy terms of who wins, who loses, how and why. It then applies this historical and conceptual grounding to the real world, exploring the environmental politics of a range of key issues, such as energy, climate change, food, water, waste, and the uneven impacts of global environmental decay. As part of the MA in Global Political Economy, you will be required to write a 10,000 word dissertation. There is nothing new to the concept that space is infused and structured according to dominant forms of power in society - be they nationalism, neo-liberalism, the state, or patriarchy - and that such articulations have corresponding representational forms in maps, charts, surveys, and censuses. Far from being the neutral scientific endeavour it is often claimed to be, cartography has always tended to reinforce and replicate dominant spatial logics, erasing indigenous claims to land, ostracising minorities from the political landscape, and setting racial, gender and class hierarchies (quite literally) in stone, brick and asphalt. Increasingly, however, we are seeing a growing number of both artists and social movements coming to an awareness that our representations of space carry with them an intendant politics. Intent on redressing this imbalance, counter-mapping is the still somewhat speculative practice of harnessing dominant representational strategies in an effort to invert, subvert, and make clear what has been erased in an effort to seek political change. From feminist re-mappings of the city according to safe and dangerous places, to indigenous narratives of ancestral wanderings; from students co-opting google maps to avoid police tactics of ‘kettling’, to artist Janet Cardiff’s memory walks; from local anarchist groups revealing locations of CCTV cameras in Camberwell Green, to W.G. Sebald’s literary re-mapping of East Anglia; this module not only studies emerging forms of counter-mapping, but encourages students to engage in their own practice of re-mapping, re-walking, and re-appropriating the cityscape. This MA level module explores the contemporary politics of human rights. Drawing on political philosophy, legal theory and international relations approaches, the module will examine the complex issues raised by human rights, and some of the difficulties and challenges in applying human rights in the contemporary world – the violence and human rights violations committed by state and non-state actors, wars and conflicts around the world, and the current global refugee crisis. It will also explore some of the important critiques of human rights from Marxist and postcolonial perspectives. Students will be introduced to the major theoretical frameworks for understanding state compliance with human rights obligations using both historical and comparative approaches to the topic. We will focus on particular case examples and general cross-national comparisons in the effort to understand why states commit violations. The module will explore the influence of political and economic conditions such as regime type, conflict, economic development in the protection or violation of human rights, the impact of human agency and decisions and the role of states, international legal instruments and NGOs in the promotion of human rights. Finally, it will examine questions of intervention, the development of accountability mechanisms and the management of the blame for human rights violations. This module focuses on how societies emerging from different types of conflict (such as war, genocide, ethnic violence and grave human rights abuses) engage in the process of coming to terms with their past. It examines official mechanisms of ‘transitional justice’ such as trials and truth commissions, as well as cultural forms of remembrance and local community practices. By exploring the complex relationship between conflict, memory and justice in various cross-cultural settings, it seeks to provide an understanding of the ways in which such processes can promote or hinder reconciliation and the rebuilding of social and inter-communal ties. The module will also assess the role of external factors (particularly through the creation of international war crimes tribunals) in terms of how they have affected such internal processes of facing the past. Various case studies, including Germany, Japan, Serbia, South Africa, and Rwanda will inform the theoretical discussions and provide a comparative perspective. This module aims to raise questions about whether the concepts and categories through which we usually study the ’international' or ’global' are adequate to the task. It critically examines categories of the social sciences and humanities that are usually simply presupposed and ’applied', and which, despite their Western or European origins, are assumed to be ’universal'. It does this by closely examining some of the most important theoretical writings of the post-WWII period, focusing upon books and debates which had repercussions far beyond their immediate disciplinary boundaries, including books by Kuhn, MacIntyre, Foucault, Said, and others. Students explore the claim(s) that far from being objective and universal, our knowledge is shaped by culture, history and politics. In seminars we ask, can different ’conceptual schemes', ’paradigms' or ’traditions' be compared to see which one is better, or are they incommensurable? Do theories and explanations triumph over rival theories because they are ’better'- or for other reasons? Does knowledge serve to unmask power, or is it always caught up with and complicit with power? This module requires students not simply to advance their knowledge of politics, but to explore the politics of knowledge, and to do so, in particular, by enquiring into whether the categories and concepts of the social sciences are genuinely international and universal, or merely modern/Western and parochial. The workings of power, authority and freedom have implications as much for our subjective, or psychic, organisation as they do for institutions and programmes of government. Psychoanalytic theory looks to the unconscious motivations of human behaviour and the strange, often perverse effects these can have on social relations. Ideas of leadership, cultural identity or personal choice, for example, involve identifications that often distort one’s sense of self and delimit its autonomy. Secret desires for subjugation to the powerful or the willful denial of suffering (in oneself or in others) are central themes of psychoanalysis. ‘Psychopolitics’ thus comprises the fantasies, obsessions, obscene desires and precarious repressions that structure political reality and supply it objects for intimate investment. This module explores how we study politics from a psychoanalytical perspective. It focuses primarily on key texts by Freud and Lacan – as well as by other thinkers – to develop a vocabulary of psychopolitical analysis to apply to the study of contemporary events. The module offers an introduction to contemporary political philosophy in the Middle Eastern and Islamic world, from early engagements with colonial powers to more recent developments. A survey into the political thought of some of the most relevant thinkers will allow students to problematise classical categorisations of Muslim intellectual life as either reformist or reactionary, modernist or anti-modern, secular or religious, nationalist or universalist. The course discusses Islamic reformism in the 19th and early 20th century, the radicalisation of Islamic Political Thought in recent decades and more secular engagements with both turath (Islamic tradition) and modernity. A thematic discussion in the second part of the course will then give students an opportunity to think about fundamental categories in international politics from a comparative perspective, with focus on critical debates such as human rights, democracy, Islamic citizenship, gender and the tension between state and dawlah. The course aims to fully disclose the internal complexity and dynamism of contemporary Arab and Islamic thinking, highlighting its practical relevance for present-day issues in world politics. Is development another name for “modernity”? What are the differing (and sometimes opposing) definitions of development? The core aim of this course is to provide an understanding of the processes, actors and ideas that are shaping radical politics in the so-called Global South. We will trace the murky contours that separate politics from lawlessness, political ideas and ideals from empty rhetorical gestures, international cooperation from imperialism, and political activism from violence. It is designed to encourage you to think critically and creatively about the study of politics and political ideas, and to provide the intellectual foundations that enable you to develop your own research agenda. This module considers both theoretical and empirical analysis of gender and politics: the course begins with a discussion of a range of political thinkers who have helped develop our understanding of gender including Judith Butler, Catherine MacKinnon, RW Connell, Patricia Hill Collins and Jack Halberstam. The second half of the course will focus on substantive issues which allow us to consider the various discursive, juridical and classificatory ways in which gender impacts upon our everyday lives as well as the geopolitical sphere. The module draws upon examples from various world regions and time periods to assess: debates concerning equal rights, the organisation of social movements and the construction of various femininities and masculinities. Gender theory has provided a radical and challenging critique of mainstream political ideology and the module will consider the multiple ways in which gender equality activists seek to resist biological determinism. By examining the conceptual and empirical impact of gender upon the study of politics this module introduces students to the complex ways in which gender relations permeate both formal institutions and societal relations. International Relations has traditionally been occupied with questions of war and peace. This module zooms into the places in between: places of protracted armed conflict, many of which don’t classify as zones of war but are also far from peaceful. It investigates the emergence of violent political and social orders that need be understood in order to engage in meaningful conflict transformation. The conceptually-driven module draws on interdisciplinary scholarship to equip students with a wide range on concepts, theories and methods that help with analysing armed politics and political violence in a variety of empirical contexts around the world. Structured in three parts, the module looks at 1) the actors of violent social and political orders, including non-state armed groups in their inter- and transnational context, 2) dynamics of conflict and violence, including cultural spheres of contestation and the transformation of societal relations, and 3) the institutional landscape that emerges in situations of protracted armed conflict, including governance by armed groups and violent economies. This module explores cutting-edge themes in the political economy of the Global South, and is divided into four main parts. It begins by mapping the broad contours of the global political economy since the last quarter of the twentieth century, and situating the Global South within this broader context. The focus here is on global value chains and logistics. The second part of the module concentrates on the labouring classes of the Global South, focusing on historical processes of composition, decomposition, and recomposition of working classes, and how labourers in the south fit into global production networks, labour market dynamics, formal and informal sectors, and migration. The third part of the module shifts attention to key questions of ecology and international development focussing on the dynamics of unequal ecological exchange, the evolution of food regimes over different phases capitalist development, the biophysical limitations of industrial capitalist agriculture, and the political economy of the sea. It also explores the fallout from the intensifying commodification of oceans, such as crises of fisheries and aquaculture, as well as the uneven political-economic consequences of rising sea levels in the wake of climate change. Finally, the fifth part of the module examines violence and authoritarianism through two different lenses. First, through the political economy of narcotics and extraordinary levels of violence in contemporary Mexico; and second, through the rise of new authoritarian right-wing socio-political forces in the Global South, focusing on India, Brazil, and Honduras. This module combines a variety of approaches from history, sociology, economics, and political economy in the study of the political economy of the United States (US), and its unique position in the world economy. While tracing the historical development of the US in the world economy, the module examines major events and forces that have shaped the global political economy from the late 19th century to the present day. Particular attention will be paid to the long-term development trends of the US/world economy, the growth of institutions and markets, industrialization/deindustrialization, the internationalization of production and finance, the financialization of the US economy, and the impact of governmental economic policies. In this context, we will discuss the historical roots of US hegemony and its structural impact on the global economy. Finally, we will try to reach some general conclusions about the current condition and prospects for the US position in the world economy. Economic policy and regulation are shaped by experts and cultures of expertise. This has been true at an international level for over a century, never more so than with the design of the Bretton Woods system of international monetary regulation. Today, the question of technocratic government in contexts such as the European Union is a divisive and urgent one. This module turns critical, empirical and theoretical attention on the role of experts in economies, in national, international and neo-colonial contexts. It combines history of economics and philosophy with political sociology of institutions and policy, to consider how knowledge and expertise are crucial to the governance, regulation and representation of economic activity and economic space. Topics to be addressed include: the political "boundary work" of economics as a discipline, and its consequences; the neo-colonial power of economists in the global political economy; neoliberal expertise and technocracy; the politics of international measures and standards; and resistance to economic expertise and populism. Students will be introduced to some key ideas on the politics of knowledge from Marion Fourcade, Anne-Marie Djelic, Michel Foucault, Philip Mirowski, Timothy Mitchell, Michel Callon, and Steven Shapin, among others. This module explores the political economy of money, debt and finance in the contemporary world. It fosters an understanding of finance as a contested site of social struggles and power that shapes capitalist relations and policymaker actions. It examines key theoretical debates on the place of finance and its relation to the real economy. It then takes these debates and applies them across different empirical areas: housing, personal debt, corporate governance, environmental finance, and shadow banking. Questions of international security and insecurity lie at the very core of International Relations as an academic field of enquiry. While these questions served as the discipline’s cradle as a problem-solving policy science, they also generated some of the most critical interventions in the study of world politics. This module charts the contested field of International Security Studies. Drawing on critical theoretical approaches and post-positivist methods, the module aims to destabilise common-sense concepts such as security, violence, war, and peace. Doing so serves as a) an analysis of traditional and non-traditional security issues and narratives on different spatial levels; b) an enquiry into the processes that tie academic knowledge to political power in ways that (re)produce international security and insecurity; and c) a lens into the wider ontic and epistemic divides of International Relations as an academic project. Structured in two parts the module will first discuss different conceptual approaches to studying international (in)security. Focusing on the boundaries of contemporary scholarship, inter-disciplinary excursions into Sociology, Anthropology and Geography will encourage debates beyond the traditional remits of International Relations. In a second step, the module will apply and develop these perspectives by discussing phenomena contemporarily framed as security challenges, including war between and within states, terrorism and the so-called global war on terror, humanitarian assistance and interventions, migration and forced displacement, poverty and development, and environmental degradation and disasters. In addition to these modules, you will be able to choose from a range of modules available through other Goldsmiths departments, including Sociology, Anthropology, and Media, Communications, and Cultural studies. Final admission to many programmes is by interview, unless you live outside the UK. Occasionally, we'll make candidates an offer of a place on the basis of their application and qualifications alone. We know that political organisations relish free thinking graduates. It’s why we focus on delivering a programme that’s rooted in a critical perspective. By the time you leave we want you to feel transformed so that you can go forward and bring that transformation out into the world. With our MA in Global Political Economy, you could go on to work for global government institutions, like the UN or the OECD, as well as in civil society institutions, NGOs, or in academia. We accept students into the Department of Politics and International Relations on the basis of a match between your proposed research and the current research interests of a potential supervisor as well as an assessment of qualifications and suitability for a research degree. How can (and should) we talk about the challenges and possibilities for development in the 21st century? This degree examines how 21st century ‘development’ has become a site of struggle, one where new forms of politics and theory have emerged. The MA in International Relations deals with the most pressing global challenges in the rapidly transforming international order of the 21st century.
2019-04-21T02:45:59Z
https://www.gold.ac.uk/pg/ma-global-political-economy/
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1. 1 Biological Science Canadian 2nd Edition Freeman TEST BANK Full download at: https://testbankreal.com/download/biological-science-canadian-2nd-edition- freeman-test-bank/ Biological Science Canadian 2nd Edition Freeman SOLUTIONS MANUAL Full download at: https://testbankreal.com/download/biological-science-canadian-2nd-edition- freeman-solutions-manual/ Biological Science, Canadian Edition., 2e (Freeman et al.) Chapter 2 Water and Carbon: The Chemical Basis of Life 1) How many electrons are involved in a single covalent bond? A) one B) two C) three D) four Answer: B Reference: Section 2.1 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-1. Explain how and why atoms interact to form molecules. Sketch examples of how electrons are shared in nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds. 2) How many electrons are involved in a double covalent bond? A) one B) two C) three D) four Answer: D Reference: Section 2.1 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-1. Explain how and why atoms interact to form molecules. Sketch examples of how electrons are shared in nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds. 3) How many electrons are involved in a triple covalent bond? A) two B) three C) six D) nine Answer: C Reference: Section 2.1 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-1. Explain how and why atoms interact to form molecules. Sketch examples of how electrons are shared in nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds. 3. 3 B) single and double only C) four single bonds only D) two double bonds only Answer: A Reference: Section 2.1 Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp2-1. Explain how and why atoms interact to form molecules. Sketch examples of how electrons are shared in nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds. 4. 4 9) When are atoms most stable? A) when they have the fewest possible valence electrons B) when they have the maximum number of unpaired electrons C) when all of the electron orbitals in the valence shell are filled D) when all electrons are paired Answer: C Reference: Section 2.1 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-1. Explain how and why atoms interact to form molecules. Sketch examples of how electrons are shared in nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds. 10) What holds electrons in a covalent bond? A) It is the fact that two electrons are paired in the same orbital. B) The electron sharing that occurs makes the atoms involved smaller and more compact. C) An increase in potential energy, caused by electrical repulsion of the electrons in the bond, holds the electrons. D) The negative charges on the electrons are attracted by the positive charges on both nuclei. Answer: D Reference: Section 2.1 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-1. Explain how and why atoms interact to form molecules. Sketch examples of how electrons are shared in nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds. 11) How can you determine the approximate mass of an atom in atomic mass units? A) Add up the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons. B) Add up the number of protons and neutrons. C) Add up the number of protons and electrons. D) Take the number of protons minus the number of electrons. Answer: B Reference: Section 2.1 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-1. Explain how and why atoms interact to form molecules. Sketch examples of how electrons are shared in nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds. 12) When one of the atoms involved in a covalent bond has a much higher electronegativity than the other atom, what type of bond results? A) a double bond B) a hydrogen bond C) a nonpolar covalent bond D) a polar covalent bond Answer: D Reference: Section 2.1 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-1. Explain how and why atoms interact to form molecules. Sketch examples of how electrons are shared in nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds. 5. 5 13) When the atoms involved in a covalent bond have the same electronegativity, what type of bond results? A) an ionic bond B) a hydrogen bond C) a nonpolar covalent bond D) a polar covalent bond Answer: C Reference: Section 2.1 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-1. Explain how and why atoms interact to form molecules. Sketch examples of how electrons are shared in nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds. 14) The difference between a polar covalent bond and an ionic bond is that electrons are shared unequally in a polar covalent bond, but are completely transferred (i.e., not shared) in an ionic bond. A) true B) false Answer: A Explanation: A) This would be a good classroom discussion question to drive home this important but subtle point. Reference: Section 2.1 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-1. Explain how and why atoms interact to form molecules. Sketch examples of how electrons are shared in nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds. 15) Nitrogen (N) normally forms only three covalent bonds because it has a valence of five. However, ammonium has four covalent bonds, each to a different hydrogen (H) atom (H has a valence of one). Make a sketch of this molecule. Count the number of electrons in your sketch. Compare this number to the number of valence electrons in one N and four H's. What is the charge on this molecule most likely to be? A) +1 B) -1 C) +2 D) -2 Answer: A Reference: Section 2.1 Bloom's Level: Applying LOs: Chp2-1. Explain how and why atoms interact to form molecules. Sketch examples of how electrons are shared in nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds. 6. 6 16) The structural formula for a certain molecule includes a group symbolized -O. The dash next to the oxygen atom means that a single bond exists to another atom, such as a carbon. Based on the valence of oxygen and the number of bonds it normally forms, what is the charge on the oxygen atom in this case? A) +1 B) -1 C) +2 D) -2 Answer: B Explanation: B) This question is rather difficult, and easy to misinterpret. Instructors should use it as an exam question only if they have emphasized this concept in class. Otherwise, it would make an excellent in-class question to promote discussion on why certain atoms in molecules have a charge and others do not. Reference: Section 2.1 Bloom's Level: Applying LOs: Chp2-1. Explain how and why atoms interact to form molecules. Sketch examples of how electrons are shared in nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds. 17) You need to write down information about a molecule, but need to indicate only which atoms it contains and how many of each. Which representation would work best? A) molecular formula B) structural formula C) ball-and-stick model D) space-filling model Answer: A Reference: Section 2.1 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-1. Explain how and why atoms interact to form molecules. Sketch examples of how electrons are shared in nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds. 18) You need to write down information about a molecule that gives the most accurate picture of the relative sizes of the atoms involved and their relationship in space. Which representation would work best? A) molecular formula B) structural formula C) ball-and-stick model D) space-filling model Answer: D Explanation: D) In-class discussion could be accompanied by pictures of ball-and-stick and space-filling models to stress the advantages of space-filling models. Reference: Section 2.1 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-1. Explain how and why atoms interact to form molecules. Sketch examples of how electrons are shared in nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds. 7. 7 19) There are four elements that make up 95% of all matter found in organisms. Which of the following is not one of these? A) nitrogen B) calcium C) hydrogen D) oxygen Answer: B Reference: Section 2.1 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-1. Explain how and why atoms interact to form molecules. Sketch examples of how electrons are shared in nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds. 20) Why is water capable of forming hydrogen bonds? A) The hydrogen atoms carry partial positive charges. B) The oxygen atom carries a partial negative charge. C) It is highly polar. D) All of the above apply. Answer: D Reference: Section 2.2 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-2. List the unusual properties of water. Explain how these properties relate to the structure of water molecules, and how they make water important for life. 21) Why is water such a good solvent? A) Most polar and charged substances dissolve in it. B) It is highly polar. C) It can participate in hydrogen bonds. D) All of the above apply. Answer: D Reference: Section 2.2 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-2. List the unusual properties of water. Explain how these properties relate to the structure of water molecules, and how they make water important for life. 22) Which of the following is not a property of liquid water? A) Its density is greater than ice. B) Its specific heat is higher than that of most other substances. C) Its heat of vaporization is lower than that of most other substances. D) It is polar. Answer: C Reference: Section 2.2 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-2. List the unusual properties of water. Explain how these properties relate to the structure of water molecules, and how they make water important for life. 8. 8 23) Which of the following true statements can be attributed to water's high specific heat? A) Oil and water do not mix well. B) Our body temperature takes a long time to change because it is composed mostly of water. C) Ice floats on water. D) Sugar dissolves in hot tea faster than in iced tea. Answer: B Reference: Section 2.2 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-2. List the unusual properties of water. Explain how these properties relate to the structure of water molecules, and how they make water important for life. 24) The ability to sweat or pant is considered an adaptation. Why? A) It allows a body to release excess water. B) It allows a body to absorb heat, due to water's high specific heat. C) It cools a body off, due to water's high heat of vaporization. D) It is an important signal to others that an individual is too hot. Answer: C Reference: Section 2.2 Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp2-2. List the unusual properties of water. Explain how these properties relate to the structure of water molecules, and how they make water important for life. 25) The cities of Portland, Oregon, and Minneapolis, Minnesota, are at about the same latitude, but Minneapolis has much hotter summers and much colder winters than Portland. Why? (Portland is near the Pacific Ocean; Minneapolis is near a number of large lakes.) A) They are not at exactly the same latitude. B) The ocean is so large that it has a highly moderating influence on temperature. C) Freshwater is more likely to freeze than saltwater. D) Minneapolis is much windier, due to its location in the middle of a continent. Answer: B Reference: Section 2.2 Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp2-2. List the unusual properties of water. Explain how these properties relate to the structure of water molecules, and how they make water important for life. 9. 9 26) To act as an effective coolant in a car's radiator, a substance has to be a liquid at the temperatures found in your car's engine and have the capacity to absorb a great deal of heat. You have a reference book with tables listing the physical properties of many liquids. In choosing a coolant for your car, which table would you check first? A) pH B) density at room temperature C) heat of vaporization D) specific heat Answer: D Explanation: D) This would make a good question for in-class discussion to clarify the difference between specific heat and heat of vaporization. Use on an exam only if the distinction was strongly emphasized in class. Reference: Section 2.2 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-2. List the unusual properties of water. Explain how these properties relate to the structure of water molecules, and how they make water important for life. 27) Doctors used to recommend that parents sponge feverish children with rubbing alcohol to lower their body temperature. Rubbing alcohol has a lower heat of vaporization than water does. Which of the following is true? A) Rubbing alcohol will evaporate faster than water. B) Rubbing alcohol will evaporate at the same rate as water. C) Rubbing alcohol will evaporate more slowly than water. Answer: A Reference: Section 2.2 Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp2-2. List the unusual properties of water. Explain how these properties relate to the structure of water molecules, and how they make water important for life. 28) While water has many exceptional and useful properties, which is the rarest property among compounds? A) Water is a solvent. B) Solid water is less dense than liquid water. C) Water has a high heat capacity. D) Water has surface tension. Answer: B Explanation: B) This question appears simple, and is. But the biological importance of bodies of water freezing from the top down, and cells rupturing from inside out due to water freezing, are important and worth noting now. Reference: Section 2.2 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-2. List the unusual properties of water. Explain how these properties relate to the structure of water molecules, and how they make water important for life. 10. 10 29) A pH of 7 is neutral due to the dissociation of water molecules in pure water. How many molecules of water have broken down into a hydroxide ion and a hydronium ion at pH 7? A) 1 in 1 million B) 1 in 10 million C) 1 in 100 million D) 1 in 1 billion Answer: B Explanation: B) no other questions on pH, this questions makes student recast the information in different units Reference: Section 2.2 Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp2-2. List the unusual properties of water. Explain how these properties relate to the structure of water molecules, and how they make water important for life. 30) A solution with a pH of 5 has how many more protons in it than a solution with a pH of 7? A) 5 times B) 10 times C) 100 times D) 1,000 times Answer: C Explanation: C) Introduces log nature of pH scale Reference: Section 2.2 Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp2-2. List the unusual properties of water. Explain how these properties relate to the structure of water molecules, and how they make water important for life. 31) Consider the following reaction at equilibrium: CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3. What would be the effect of adding additional H2CO3? A) It would drive the equilibrium dynamics to the right. B) It would drive the equilibrium dynamics to the left. C) Nothing would happen, because the reactants and products are in equilibrium. D) The amounts of CO2 and H2O would decrease. Answer: B Explanation: B) This would be a good question to stimulate discussion on equilibrium and starting dynamics, ratios, and absolute quantities. Reference: Section 2.3 Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp2-2. List the unusual properties of water. Explain how these properties relate to the structure of water molecules, and how they make water important for life. 11. 11 32) Which of the following is a violation of the first law of thermodynamics? A) The amount of energy stored in a plant's cell as sugars after undergoing photosynthesis is less than the amount of sunlight it absorbed. B) A hydrogen bomb can destroy a large city with only a few pounds of explosive material. C) All of the energy in the universe today was present when the Big Bang occurred. D) The universe will eventually die, and it will have no energy left in it. Answer: D Explanation: D) This question could generate a lot of classroom discussion. Reference: Section 2.3 Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp2-3. Define energy, and describe the major forms it can take. Explain why chemical bonds can be considered a form of energy. 33) Which reaction is most spontaneous? A) a reaction that is slightly exothermic and leads to a slight increase in entropy B) a reaction that is slightly endothermic and leads to a huge decrease in entropy C) a reaction that is highly exothermic and leads to a huge decrease in entropy D) a reaction that is slightly exothermic and leads to a huge increase in entropy Answer: D Explanation: D) This would be a good Classroom Response System (CRS) question. Wrong answers on this question can be very instructive. Reference: Section 2.3 Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering LOs: Chp2-3. Define energy, and describe the major forms it can take. Explain why chemical bonds can be considered a form of energy. 34) Why are some reactions exothermic? A) The products have lower potential energy than the reactants. B) They are spontaneous. C) They are nonspontaneous. D) The products have higher entropy (are more disordered) than the reactants. Answer: A Reference: Section 2.3 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-3. Define energy, and describe the major forms it can take. Explain why chemical bonds can be considered a form of energy. 12. 12 35) Ice melts spontaneously at room temperature, even though the process is endothermic. How is this possible? A) ΔH is small, so melting still obeys the second law of thermodynamics. B) The Gibbs free-energy relationship does not apply to phase changes such as melting. C) Water has a very high specific heat. D) There is a large increase in entropy. Answer: D Reference: Section 2.3 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-3. Define energy, and describe the major forms it can take. Explain why chemical bonds can be considered a form of energy. 36) What does it mean to say a system has a ∆G equal to zero? A) The system does not release or absorb heat. B) The system is perfectly ordered (no entropy). C) The total amount of potential energy in the system is zero. D) The system is at equilibrium. Answer: D Reference: Section 2.3 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-3. Define energy, and describe the major forms it can take. Explain why chemical bonds can be considered a form of energy. 37) In the Gibbs free-energy relationship, why is the T term necessary? A) The free-energy change caused by a change in entropy is a function of temperature. B) The free-energy change caused by a change in potential energy is a function of temperature. C) The free-energy change caused by a change in electrical charge is a function of temperature. Answer: A Reference: Section 2.3 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-3. Define energy, and describe the major forms it can take. Explain why chemical bonds can be considered a form of energy. 38) Which statement best summarizes the essence of chemical evolution? A) Energy in the form of sunlight or heat was transformed into chemical energy. B) Instead of being radiated back to space, energy in the form of sunlight or heat was retained in the oceans and atmosphere because of water's high specific heat. C) Entropy increased. D) An increasing number of exothermic reactions occurred. Answer: A Reference: Section 2.3 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-4. Explain, both in mathematical terms and in plain English, how changes in entropy and potential energy determine whether or not a reaction is spontaneous. Understand under what conditions a nonspontaneous reaction can occur. 13. 13 39) Why do chemical reactions tend to speed up when the reactants are heated? A) The reactants move faster. B) The reactants collide more often. C) The reactants have greater energy. D) All of the above apply. Answer: D Reference: Section 2.3 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-4. Explain, both in mathematical terms and in plain English, how changes in entropy and potential energy determine whether or not a reaction is spontaneous. Understand under what conditions a nonspontaneous reaction can occur. 40) Why do chemical reactions tend to speed up when the concentration of the reactants is increased? A) The reactants move faster. B) The reactants collide more often. C) The reactants have greater energy. D) All of the above apply. Answer: B Reference: Section 2.3 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-4. Explain, both in mathematical terms and in plain English, how changes in entropy and potential energy determine whether or not a reaction is spontaneous. Understand under what conditions a nonspontaneous reaction can occur. 41) During chemical evolution, which of the following occurred in the molecules involved? A) Entropy decreased while potential energy increased. B) Entropy increased while potential energy increased. C) Entropy stayed constant while potential energy increased. Answer: A Reference: Section 2.3 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-4. Explain, both in mathematical terms and in plain English, how changes in entropy and potential energy determine whether or not a reaction is spontaneous. Understand under what conditions a nonspontaneous reaction can occur. 14. 14 42) Chemical evolution refers to which of the following? A) Large molecules tended to break apart because of the intense sunlight and heat from volcanoes. B) Water condensed to form the first oceans. C) Small molecules reacted to form larger, more complex molecules. D) Earth's crust solidified, even as massive bombardment from outer space continued. Answer: C Reference: Section 2.3 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-4. Explain, both in mathematical terms and in plain English, how changes in entropy and potential energy determine whether or not a reaction is spontaneous. Understand under what conditions a nonspontaneous reaction can occur. 43) You've been asked to analyze a reaction that took place at 300°K. ∆H was -150 and ∆S was +0.4. Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? A) endothermic B) exothermic C) You cannot tell unless you know the potential energy of the reactants and products. D) You cannot tell unless you know the amount of disorder in the reactants and products. Answer: B Reference: Section 2.3 Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp2-4. Explain, both in mathematical terms and in plain English, how changes in entropy and potential energy determine whether or not a reaction is spontaneous. Understand under what conditions a nonspontaneous reaction can occur. 44) The Q10 rule states that, within their survivable range, the rates of biochemical processes of many ectothermic organisms approximately double with every 10-degree (C) rise in temperature. Why would this be true? A) Warmer molecules interact faster. B) There are more vibrational harmonics with greater temperature. C) Organisms move faster when they are warmer. D) Sunlight warms all organisms. Answer: A Reference: Section 2.3 Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp2-4. Explain, both in mathematical terms and in plain English, how changes in entropy and potential energy determine whether or not a reaction is spontaneous. Understand under what conditions a nonspontaneous reaction can occur. 15. 15 45) Why would the spontaneous formation of formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide not take place on Earth today as much as on the prebiotic Earth? A) Microorganisms break these down immediately. B) The sun has changed its output. C) Atmospheric conditions on Earth, such as the presence of oxygen, have changed. Answer: C Reference: Section 2.3 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-4. Explain, both in mathematical terms and in plain English, how changes in entropy and potential energy determine whether or not a reaction is spontaneous. Understand under what conditions a nonspontaneous reaction can occur. 46) The first chemicals that provided potential energy on Earth may have been formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide. While these were produced by sunlight-driven reactions, they also occur around deep-sea vents. If the first organisms on Earth evolved around these vents, the first life on Earth was A) photosynthetic and obtained energy from the sun. B) chemosynthetic and obtained energy from chemicals. C) herbivorous and obtained energy from plants. D) carnivorous and obtained energy from animals. Answer: B Reference: Section 2.3 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-4. Explain, both in mathematical terms and in plain English, how changes in entropy and potential energy determine whether or not a reaction is spontaneous. Understand under what conditions a nonspontaneous reaction can occur. 47) Which of the following tends to make chemical reactions spontaneous? A) The reactants have lower potential energy than the products. B) The reactants are more ordered than the products. C) The temperature is low. D) The pressure is low. Answer: B Reference: Section 2.4 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp2-4. Explain, both in mathematical terms and in plain English, how changes in entropy and potential energy determine whether or not a reaction is spontaneous. Understand under what conditions a nonspontaneous reaction can occur. These presentations are classified and categorized, so you will always find everything clearly laid out and in context. You are watching Biological science canadian 2nd edition freeman test bank presentation right now. We are staying up to date!
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2019-04-26T02:28:10Z
http://vma01.adaptcentre.ie/boundaries-50?page=2
Ruins of a famous Roman period settlement on the north-western shore of the Dead Sea. This was the home of the Essenes, a break-away sect. Scrolls, hidden in jars, were discovered in the caves around the site. Wars 2 8:" These Essens... and as for their piety towards God, it is very extraordinary..." Ruins of a famous Roman period settlement on the north-western shore of the Dead Sea, home of the Essenes, a break-away sect. Scrolls, hidden in jars, were discovered in the caves around the site, and are an important contribution to Biblical and historical research and are regarded as one of Israel's most precious national treasures. Qumran is located 70M above the level of the Dead Sea, which is about 1KM to the east. The site is 325m under the sea level. The hills of the Judean desert are located on its western side. The aerial map of the area is shown below, indicating the major sites. You can point on the purple points to navigate to the selected site. The site was built on a raised marlstone (Havar) hill above the Dead Sea. It is located on the path of ancient routes - a strategic mountain pass westwards to Hebron via the Qumran brook, and the southern coastal road along the Dead Sea. Qumran was established during the Iron age, 7th/8th C BC, at the times of the Judean Kingdom. This fortress may have been one of King Uziah's construction projects which the Bible reports (2 Chronicles 26 10): "Moreover Uzziah built towers in Jerusalem at the corner gate, and at the valley gate, and at the turning of the wall, and fortified them. Also he built towers in the desert, and digged many wells". An ancient round water cistern was left from that period on the western side of the ruins of Qumran, and later incorporated into the Hellenistic period settlement. A rectangular fortress was built on the eastern side of the cistern, but was removed during the construction of the settlement 400 years later. Qumran may have been one of the desert cities listed in the Bible as part of the Judah tribe villages . Its name was either "Secacah" or "city of salt". Joshua 15 61-62: "In the wilderness, Betharabah, Middin, and Secacah, And Nibshan, and the city of Salt, and Engedi; six cities with their villages". During the end of the 2nd C BC the site was resettled during the times of the Hasmonean kings - John Hyrcanus I or Alexander Jannaeus. The new settlers were a break-away sect known as the Essenes (or Essences), who populated the caves and oasis sites along the western shore of the Dead Sea. They preferred to live in a remote area, far from the normal life in the cities and villages of Israel. Qumran was a regional center, since most of them resided in caves and tents. It was built as a self supporting communal village, functioning as a a sort of Monastery (which is one of the oldest known). Josephus Flavius describes this sect, one of the main "three philosophical sects among the Jews", with a very detailed description. Excerpts from his book (Wars 2 Chapter 8) include: "...the third sect, which pretends to a severer discipline...these men are despisers of riches, and so very communicative as raises our admiration... And as for their piety towards God, it is very extraordinary...". Josephus also added that the Essenes were subdivided between themselves, each with slightly different practices. During the Great revolt against the Romans, the sect sided with the rebels. John the Essene was a local hero and general in the rebel army, and a messenger on behalf of the government to recruit other cities to the Jewish forces (Wars 2 20 4): "John, the Esscue, to the toparchy of Thamna; Lydda ... and Joppa, and Emmaus". He was killed in the military campaign near Ashqelon (Ascalon), as per Josephus (Wars 3 2 1-2): "This excursion was led on by three men, who were the chief of them all, both for strength and sagacity; Niger, called the Persite, Silas of Babylon, and besides them John the Essene". The residents of Qumran prepared themselves to the worst, and hid their precious treasures (the scrolls) in the caves. The Romans indeed conquered Qumran (68AD), destroyed it and dispersed the sect. According to Josephus, the Dead Sea ("lake Asphaltitis") was full of bodies from the Jordan valley cities and villages, killed by the Roman troops which were commanded by Placidus (Wars 4 7 6): "And now Placidus, after this good success that he had, fell violently upon the neighboring smaller cities and villages; when he took Abila, and Julias, and Bezemoth, and all those that lay as far as the lake Asphaltitis, and put such of the deserters into each of them as he thought proper. He then put his soldiers on board the ships, and slew such as had fled to the lake...". Years later, during the Bar-Kochba revolt (132-135AD) a Roman Garrison was stationed here to control the regional traffic. They left after 20 years, and Qumran was abandoned and left in ruins for 1800 years. In 1947 Bedouins shepherds discovered ancient scrolls in a local cave 1.5KM to the north of Qumran ("cave #1"). The area was excavated and additional scrolls and fragments were discovered in 11 caves around Qumran. The scrolls were hidden in jars, and were preserved relatively well due to the dry climate of the Judean desert. From the distribution of the location of the scrolls the archaeologists determined that Qumran was the nucleus of Essenes activity in the region, a sort of learning center for the sect. The buildings in Qumran included mainly public structures that hosted large public events, workshops and a scriptorium where the scrolls were written. Most of the residences were probably in tents around the center. A large cemetery of a thousand tombs were located near the ruins of Qumran, which further indicated that Qumran was a center for the Essenes sect. The site is a major national park and is highly recommended. Recently (2009-2010) it undergoes renovations, with newly installed walkways. The plan of the reconstructed Qumran is shown in the following diagram, showing the design of the rooms and structures (in grey and black), and the water supply system (in blue). The major points of interest are numbered and their description appears on the legend at the right. You can click on each of the numbers to navigate to that location. The photos below show the highlights of the ruins of Qumran. The location of the major points of interest are pointed out on a small scale version of the plan of the settlement. The order is mostly clockwise, starting from the north - where the entrance is located. A small square tower is located on the north side of the settlement, near the entrance from the visitors center. The diagram on the right shows the location of the tower as a red square. A view of the tower from the west side is shown in the picture below. Behind the tower is the north side of the Dead sea. Beyond the great salt lake is the mountains of Jordan. A closer view of the tower area and the north side of the settlement is in the picture underneath. The folowing picture shows a closer view - from the north side of the tower. From the top of the tower is a great view of the ruins. The picture below shows the north-eastern side of Qumran, with the Dead sea in the background, and the mountains of Jordan behind it. This section, adjacent to the tower, had residential rooms and a kitchen. They are indicated by a red square on the diagram at the right. A closer view of the kitchen and residential rooms is shown below. This was the scribes' room, where the Essenes wrote their scrolls. The room is located in the center of the settlement, on the southern side of the tower, as indicated by a red square on the right diagram. The scribes wrote on papyrus, leather and copper Biblical books, Apocrypha (external books) and the sect's own books. The entrance to the room is seen in the picture below, and the long room extends to the right. Behind the wall is a courtyard, and behind it is a series of pools. The photo below shows the scribes' long room. According to the reconstruction, it was a 2 story room. In this long room there were traces of tables and benches made of plastered mud bricks. The interesting findings were ceramic and metal inkwells that led the archaeologists to the conclusion that this was the scriptorium. The scrolls that were prepared here were hidden in the caves during the great revolt against the Romans (68 AD), and waited almost 2,000 years to be rediscovered. The following photo shows the room on the other side of the wall of the scribe's room. Hundreds of pottery lamps were found in the room, which were used by the community for reading at night. According to the Essenes scroll (Community rule VI, 7-8): "The congregation shall watch in community for a third of every night of the year, to read the book and to study law and to bless together". The next picture features a ritual bathhouse - Mikveh or baptismal. The Essenes were ascetics - a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from various sorts of worldly pleasures. They paid great attention to purity and ritual bathing. The ritual baths were constructed according to the Jewish religious laws: the structure was built in the rock and not above it, to be in direct contact with the ground. The water should flow, undrawn, into the pool. The amount of water must be at least 1 cubic meter, 1.2M high, and the walls must be plastered. There are two sets of separated stairs: one side was for the way down to be purified, while the other side for the cleaned bathers. Members of the sect assembled in this room, which is located on the southern side of Qumran (marked by a red square on the diagram). A raised platform on the western side was probably the stage used by the head of the commune for speeches. In the adjacent room (the pantry) on the south-western side, hundreds of tableware pieces were found. This indicated that the large hall, seen in the picture below, was the central dinning room, in which ceremonial meals were eaten and deliberations were conducted. According to the Essenes Community rule scroll ( VI, 2-5): "They shall eat in common and bless in common... and when the table has been prepared for eating and the grape juice for drinking the priest shall be the first to stretch out his hand to bless the first piece of bread [or grape juice]". Josephus wrote about the dining room (Wars 2 8 5): "... they go, after a pure manner, into the dining-room, as into a certain holy temple, and quietly set themselves down; upon which the baker lays them loaves in order; the cook also brings a single plate of one sort of food, and sets it before every one of them; but a priest says grace before meat". On the south-eastern side of Qumran (indicated by a red square on the right) are the ruins of the pottery workshop, and its kiln (on the east side). Several rooms were used for the process of manufacturing the ceramics - including tools, kitchenware, tableware and storage jars for the scrolls. The picture below shows some of the rooms in this section, and pools that are located on the other side of the wall. On the southern side of Qumran, outside of the walls, is a large paved work area. This area is indicated by the red square on the diagram. The excavators discovered here 100,000 date pits and an installation for producing honey from the dates. This was one of the main sources of income for the congregation. Another view of the work area and the southern side of the settlement is shown in the next photo. The tower stands out in the back of the ruins. This section, on the western side of Qumran, is located around an ancient, round cistern. It is marked by a red square on the diagram. The cistern was built in the 7th-8thC BC, during the Iron age, perhaps by King Uziah as part of the construction of towers and wells in the desert (reported in 2 Chronicles 26, 10). Later, during the Roman period, several cisterns, baths and ritual baths were added around the round cistern. They all were fed water by the aqueduct. The photo below shows a water channel that conveyed water from the aqueduct to the cistern on the left and the ritual bath on the right. A closer view of the ritual bath is seen on the next picture. Josephus writes about the ritual bathing: "...and when they have clothed themselves in white veils, they then bathe their bodies in cold water". The photo below shows a large cistern. There are 10 cisterns in Qumran in different sizes, all connected by channels to the inlet of the aqueduct. Their walls are covered by several layers of thick plaster. Yet another view of the cistern is in the next photo. On the right side of the long pool was a cattle pen. Qumran is located on a raised marlstone (Havar) hill above the Dead Sea. The southern side of the ruins is a deep gorge that cuts through the stone. Inside the hill are several of the famous caves of Qumran, where the ancient scrolls were found. In this cave (cave #4) and 10 other in the area around Qumran, 15,000 fragments of scrolls were found during 1947-1956. They were later pieced together to produce 530 different scrolls, with about 200 books from the Old Testament. This restoration work was finally completed and published in 2001, and also published online in 2011. The Dead Sea scrolls are one of the most important archeological findings and an amazing discovery that shed light on the early Roman period and the Biblical research. The scrolls were hidden in jars by the Essenes, probably to hide them from the approaching Roman troops during the great revolt (68AD). However, they were torn to pieces in ancient times - perhaps by a Roman soldier - and were further damaged by animals and effects of climate over the long period that passed since then. The ancient elaborate water system kept the settlement it alive in the dry climate of the Judean desert. An aqueduct, several hundred meters long, supplied the water from a dam in the course of the Qumran brook, and filled up its cisterns through an elaborate series of canals that ran between the structures. In the photo below the aqueduct is seen running up the hill towards the cliffs on the western side of the settlement. The next photo shows the upper section, near the edge of the cliffs. The aqueduct turned here to the left, up through the Qumran brook. A view towards the east is next - with Qumran in the far center and the Dead Sea behind it. When the cisterns ran dry, the water was carried by animals from the wells of Ein Feshcha, 3.5KM to the south. The Qumran brook is located on the west side of the settlement, and passes south of it. It starts from the valley of Horkania, in the center of the Judean desert. A view of the Dead sea is on the next picture. In the far side of the shore are the springs of Ein Feshcha. "For there are three philosophical sects among the Jews. The followers of the first of which are the Pharisees; of the second, the Sadducees; and the third sect, which pretends to a severer discipline, are called Essens. These last are Jews by birth, and seem to have a greater affection for one another than the other sects have. These Essens reject pleasures as an evil, but esteem continence, and the conquest over our passions, to be virtue. They neglect wedlock, but choose out other persons children, while they are pliable, and fit for learning, and esteem them to be of their kindred, and form them according to their own manners. They do not absolutely deny the fitness of marriage, and the succession of mankind thereby continued; but they guard against the lascivious behavior of women, and are persuaded that none of them preserve their fidelity to one man. These men are despisers of riches, and so very communicative as raises our admiration. Nor is there any one to be found among them who hath more than another; for it is a law among them, that those who come to them must let what they have be common to the whole order, - insomuch that among them all there is no appearance of poverty, or excess of riches, but every one's possessions are intermingled with every other's possessions; and so there is, as it were, one patrimony among all the brethren. They think that oil is a defilement; and if any one of them be anointed without his own approbation, it is wiped off his body; for they think to be sweaty is a good thing, as they do also to be clothed in white garments. They also have stewards appointed to take care of their common affairs, who every one of them have no separate business for any, but what is for the uses of them all..." Qumran - Arabic name - meaning: grayish (as per PEF report). Kh. Kumran - Arabic: ruins of the grayish spot (being situated on a whitish marl) - the name of the ruins in the 1881-1883 PEF map. Essenes, Essences - Jewish sect during the 2nd temple period, started 145BC until 68AD. Unknown source of the Hebrew name (I'siim). Settled along the west side of the Dead sea; one of their centers was in Ein Gedi.
2019-04-21T08:39:36Z
https://biblewalks.com/Sites/Qumran.html
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2019-04-23T14:30:38Z
http://sumyee88.blogspot.com/2012/09/
Did Othello truly love Desdemona? Love is a universal feeling that everyone experiences at least once during his or her lifetime. According to Webster’s Dictionary, love is defined as a strong, positive emotion of regard and affection. In William Shakespeare’s play, Othello, there are many questions that the reader would ask about the love that Othello has for Desdemona. During many aspects of the play, Othello’s love for his wife is contradictory and questionable. Throughout Shakespeare’s play, Othello displays that he does not truly love Desdemona through his relationship was based on pity and not true love, the lack of trust Othello had for Desdemona raised false suspicion and Shakespeare’s design to create a tragedy with miscommunication between Othello and Desdemona. First of all, the relationship between Othello and Desdemona is weak because it is merely based on pity and not true love. Othello tells the Duke of Venice about how his love for Desdemona began after he was accused of eloping and marrying her without her consent. Twas pitful,twas wonderous pitful;/She wished she had not heard it, yet she wished/That heaven had made her such a man. She thanked/me,/… She loved me for the dangers I had passed,/ And I loved her, that she did pity them. “(1. 3. 160-167) In this passage, the Duke of Venice asked Othello why he loves Desdemona, he tells him that his love has grown as Desdemona would listen to his stories about war and pity them. By Othello saying this it provides evidence that there is no fundamental foundation binding this relationship together. Othello is basing his love on pity instead of the strong affection and feelings that is necessary to hold or keep a relationship together. This clearly lays out that the relationship between the two is not really based on much. Albert Gerard discusses how Othello ‘s lack in self- knowledge contributes to his poor judgments. “But even Othello’s love affair with Desdemona, judging by his own report, seems to have developed smoothly, without painful moral searchings of any kind . . . Beside the deficient understanding of this society into hich he has made his way, the motif of the secret marriage then also suggests a definite lack of self-knowledge on Othello’s part. ” (Gerard, Critical Essay) Albert Gerard explains that to be in love one must understand themselves first but Othello decided to rush things without any moral searching of any kind and married Desdemona. This bad judgment in rushing into a relationship without a base or moral searching was ultimately Othello’s downfall. Hence, Othello’s bond with his wife was not true affection but it was founded on sympathy. This leads into false suspicion that his lover, Desdemona, is cheating on him. Pursuing this further, it can be argued that Othello does not know Desdemona very well. Therefore the relationship might not have actually been as strong as Othello would have expected. There was a lack of trust in the relationship, which made it very easy for Othello to falsely suspect that Desdemona was cheating on him. Othello demands Desdemona to tell him about her secret affair even though Desdemona is fully unaware of what he is talking about. I cry you mercy then:/ I took you for that cunning whore of Venice/ That married wit Othello [Calling] You, mistress”(4. 2. 87-89). In this passage Othello is blaming Desdemona of being a whore. He is assumes that she is sleeping with Cassio, his lieutenant. Othello bases his assumption on false remarks made by his second-in-command after Cassio, the cunning Iago Though Desdemona is innocent of this accusation, Othello becomes so paranoid about the possibility that he decides to murder Desdemona. Albert Gerard discusses the fact that that Othello had no prominent reason to accuse Desdemona of cheating on him. The ultimate responsibility for the fateful development of the plot rests with a flaw in Othello himself. There is no “reasonable ground” for his jealousy; or, to put it somewhat differently, Shakespeare did not choose to provide any “reasonable ground” for it. The true motive, we may safely deduce, must be unreasonable. Yet, I find it difficult to agree that the Moor “considers human nature superior to what it actually is”: this may be true of his opinion of Iago, but Desdemona is really the emblem of purity and trustworthiness that he initially thought her to be. (Gerard, Critical Essay) Albert Gerard explains that there is no proper reason for Othello to be jealous of Cassio or even assume that Desdemona is cheating on him. Like any other person Othello should have confronted Desdemona instead of listening to others. This leads into Shakespeare’s design to create a tragedy with miscommunication between Othello and Desdemona. Finally when one takes a step back to examine the big picture of Othello, they can’t help but appreciate the mastery of Shakespeare’s writing in demonstrating human behavior. For Shakespeare’s design to create a tragedy with miscommunication between Othello and Desdemona demonstrates the how weak the love is between two people can really be. The lack in communication and understanding with Othello and Desdemona caused the deaths of not only himself but Desdemona and Emilia too. As throughout the play, Othello, Othello spends most of his time listening to the villain than he does to his own wife. From Hamlet, an ideal prince, and other essays in Shakesperean interpretation: Hamlet; Merchant of Venice; Othello; King Lear by Alexander W. Crawford. Boston R.G. Badger, 1916. It is at this point that the second of the great problems of the play emerges. The proper understanding of the relations of Othello and Desdemona is equally important with the question of the relations of lago and Othello. The exposition of these two elements of the play is set forth by the dramatist with his usual clearness, and at considerable length, but has nevertheless escaped the notice of the critics, or has been discounted as a factor in the interpretation. But it is high time to learn that whatever Shakespeare put deliberately into his dramas is to be considered in the interpretation. "Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them." The sudden danger from the Turks at Cyprus has made great dispatch necessary, and the Duke has ordered Othello before him "even on the instant." Brabantio's appeal to the Senate occurring at the same time, Othello appears before the magnificoes in the double capacity of the General of the state entrusted with a great military exploit, and as an eloper with Brabantio's daughter. The Moor now finds that his old friend, the Signior Brabantio, formerly his admirer, has unexpectedly become his accuser before the Senate. Formerly honored as a friend and as a great soldier, and gladly admitted to Brabantio's house, Othello discovers that he is now considered an enemy, and execrated as the husband of Brabantio's daughter. For the first time, possibly, Othello becomes aware of the fact that he is not accepted on terms of full and exact equality in all particulars with the Venetians. It is likely, however, that Othello had feared this, and so took Desdemona in marriage without asking her father, evidently satisfied that as a black man he could not obtain Brabantio's consent. He reiterates his belief that it is "against all rules of nature," and speaks of Othello's supposed magic as "practices of cunning hell." Brabantio, at least, thinks the marriage of Moor and Venetian, of black and white, to be utterly preposterous and unnatural, and doubtless the other Senators shared this conviction. It seems likely that this was also the opinion of the dramatist, for there is abundant evidence that it was always so regarded on the Elizabethan stage. Only the development of the drama will show how far Shakespeare sympathizes with this opinion. Two deeds upon the part of Othello have now brought him into active collision with other persons, and the two are related to each other. Because of his obligations to Cassio in the matter of his love-making with Desdemona he has appointed him to an important position over lago, thus making an enemy of his faithful officer. He has also stolen away Desdemona from her father, and secretly married her, making an enemy of Brabantio, who had been one of his greatest admirers among the Senate. In both cases there is evidence of his callousness and dullness of mind. Up to this point Othello had been able to carry successfully his exalted responsibility in his adopted state, but in these matters he makes a complete break-down. Not even his superior military training could save him. He could perform well the duties of military life, but now it begins to be evident that he is not fitted for the higher and more exacting arts of peace, and especially of love, in a civilized state. When Othello leaves "the tented fields" for the streets and homes of a refined city he utterly goes to pieces, and whatever sense of honor he may have had speedily gives place to a dangerous caprice. An unsuspected weakness, or deficiency, in his character is thus laid bare, upon which the whole tragedy will later be seen to turn. This deficiency, it is now important to notice, the play implies is due to his racial character, and comes from the fact that he is a Moor. The half- civilized Othello is but ill adapted for life in civilized and cultured Venice. Some critics endeavor to make out that nothing whatever of the happenings of the play are in any way connected with the fact that Othello is a Moor. They allege he is nothing but a man, though he happens to be a black man. His color, they say, is an entirely indifferent matter in the play, and can be all but ignored in the interpretation. On this assumption, however, the many references to his color and race throughout the play cannot well be explained. This view takes for granted that the dramatist heaps up idle words having no significance, and refuses to believe that there was a meaning in all he wrote. It is not necessary to hold, as Professor Bradley would have us believe, that the dramatist must be credited with clear doctrines of Kulturgeschichte if we are to maintain that he made the problem of Othello at least in part a problem of race. Feelings of racial differences did not have to wait for the Germans of later times to write histories of culture. In Shakespeare's day the discovery of new lands and new peoples must have impressed all thoughtful Europeans with the conception of their own superiority in all the arts and character of civilized life. And the play makes Othello quite as conscious as any one else of his diversity of race, though it is to other causes that he assigns his want of grace and culture. And I lov'd her, that she did pity them." He further says he is ready to abide by the decision of Desdemona, and advises the senate to call her to speak for herself. He considers the marriage to be a matter for themselves alone, and implies that the lady has a right to choose her husband without her father's consent. There are numerous Shakespearean plays which seem to bear out the idea that the dramatist thought it to be the woman's right to choose her own husband, without meeting her father's wishes in the matter. But there are many differences, and these must be given consideration. Shakespeare undoubtedly approves such choice when it means a larger and fuller life. Juliet disobeyed a tyrannical and hateful father to find a larger life and a true spiritual union with Romeo. In the same spirit Imogen refused the coarse and villainous Cloten, to join hands and hearts with the virtuous Posthumus. The lovely Jewess, Jessica, ran away from the miserly Shylock to marry the Christian, Lorenzo, and at the same time accepted the religion of her husband. In all these cases the maidens found their true life with the men of their own choice, and the dramatist gives his verdict in making their love happy and successful, and in bringing out of their marriage a larger good to all. There are in these and other instances, however, many differences from the case of Othello and Desdemona. It is not so much the wilful disrespect to her father that is the fault of Desdemona, though some critics make a great deal of this, but the fact that in marrying Othello she showed a wilful disregard of her own highest interests. It can scarcely be maintained that the marriage of Othello and Desdemona was a complete spiritual union, for there were too many diverse elements that at the time seemed incompatible and in the end proved entirely irreconcilable. It is true, of course, that as in the case of Juliet the passion of love transformed Desdemona from a meek and blushing maiden into a strong and self-reliant woman. There need be no attempt to deny the reality of the love of these two, and its effect upon their development, but it was not strong enough or natural enough to overcome all its enemies, as a true and natural love like that of Romeo and Juliet can do. Under some conditions it is possible that their love might have outlived their lives and overcome its handicaps, yet it is to miss the art of this drama not to see that the dramatist is here showing its unnaturalness by placing it in the conditions that test it to the uttermost and that reveal its weakness and bring it to defeat. Did I my soul and fortunes consecrate." She has deceiv'd her father, and may thee." These words let us see where Desdemona got her wilfulness, and relieve us of the necessity of grieving much over the sorrows of her father in this most unfortunate marriage. Snider has noticed that the qualities in Othello that attract Desdemona are "his bravery against external danger," that is, physical rather than mental or moral qualities, and that "no feats of mind, or skill, or cunning are recorded."2 Her love, indeed, seems to be a kind of romantic fascination, a love of the sensuous imagination, what Professor Herford properly calls "a perilous ecstasy of the idealizing brain without secure root in the heart."3 The last mentioned writer shows clear insight when he contrasts the love of Othello and Desdemona with that of Romeo and Juliet, which so "completely possesses and occupies their simple souls, that they present no point of vantage for distintegrating forces."4 Apparently it needs to be said over again that no conflict arose between Romeo and Juliet, but that all their trouble was with a world arrayed against them. But, between Othello and Desdemona, on the other hand, a most distressing conflict arose that almost completely overshadowed the original conflict and ended only in the greatest catastrophe of the drama. Instead of bearing a comparison, the loves of the two plays are in almost every way a contrast. "A gentle riddance: draw the curtains, go. Let all of his complexion choose me so." His color is recognized as a natural barrier that makes him a very unwelcome suitor. Even his royalty is not to Portia a sufficient compensation. Othello, too, feeling that some compensation must be offered, pleads before the senate his "royal lineage," apparently wishing them to infer that with this outer advantage he becomes the equal of his wife. Desdemona likewise offers her plea and says she has found the necessary compensation in his "mind" and in his "valiant parts." But this does not appear to any of the other persons of the drama or to the dramatist as sufficient. Marriage makes a demand for absolute equality between the parties, and is likely to prove fatal in those cases where apologies and excuses are necessary. It has not generally been observed that Shakespeare makes more of this racial difference than did Cinthio, the Italian original. To Cinthio it is almost entirely a matter of a difference of color, which in itself is external though not unimportant. But to Shakespeare, who always reads deeper than others, it is on the surface a matter of color, but at bottom a matter of racial divergence that amounts to an incompatibility of character. FOOTNOTE 1: Shakspere His Mind and Art, p. 232, 13th edition, 1906. FOOTNOTE 2: Shakespeare Commentaries: Tragedies, p. 95, St. Louis, U. S. A., 1807. FOOTNOTE 3: Eversley Shakespeare, Vol. VIII., p. 290. FOOTNOTE 4: Ibid., p. 290. Crawford, Alexander W. Hamlet, an ideal prince, and other essays in Shakesperean interpretation: Hamlet; Merchant of Venice; Othello; King Lear. Boston R.G. Badger, 1916. Shakespeare Online. 20 Aug. 2009. (date when you accessed the information) < http://www.shakespeare-online.com/plays/othello/othelloessay2.html >.
2019-04-19T08:17:49Z
http://nebock.nazory.cz/295-did-othello-truly-love-desdemona-essay.php
More individual Californians purchased a Honda Civic than any other vehicle in 2013, according to new-vehicle registration data now available from Polk, which was recently acquired by IHS. Individual California car buyers purchased 65,910 Civics in 2013, more than any other vehicle in the state when subtracting sales to government and corporate fleet buyers. California is the largest vehicle market in the United States. "Retail sales leadership is the ultimate seal of approval, and Californians have made Civic the clear winner," said John Mendel, executive vice president of automobile sales for American Honda Motor Co., Inc. "Our focus on individual buyers is unmatched in the industry, and reflects our commitment to Honda customers and the investment they make in our products." Nationally, the Honda Civic ranked as the top-selling compact car in America with total sales of 336,180 units – and was one of three Honda models in the U.S. with sales of more than 300,000 units in 2013, with the Accord, Civic and CR-V combining to sell more than one million units. Honda has further improved the Civic for the 2014 model year with more performance, increased fuel economy, and additional new features including LaneWatch™ blind spot monitor, Smart Entry with Push Button Start, and Display Audio with 7-inch capacitive touchscreen. The 2014 Civic also marks the introduction of the HondaLink™ Next Generation connected-car technology. "The value proposition of Civic just keeps getting better," added Mendel. Based on IHS Automotive, Polk U.S. new retail vehicle registration data for 2013 in the Honda small car segment. The 2014 Civic is available as a 4-door sedan and 2-door coupe, and with gasoline, gas-electric hybrid and compressed natural gas powertrains. For customers interested in the ultimate performance Civic, there is the Civic Si Sedan and Si Coupe, both offering added performance, features and refinement for 2014. Honda offers a full line of reliable, fuel-efficient and fun-to-drive automobiles for American car buyers through approximately 1,000 independent U.S. Honda dealers. The Honda lineup includes the Accord, Crosstour, Civic, Fit, CR-Z, Insight and FCX Clarity passenger cars along with the Pilot, Odyssey and CR-V sport-utility vehicles, the Ridgeline pickup and the Odyssey minivan. Honda has the highest brand fuel economy1, the most top safety-rated2 vehicles and the longest-lasting cars3 of any mainstream automotive brand in America. Honda also has been producing automobiles in America for more than 30 years and currently operates 15 major manufacturing facilities in North America. In 2013, more than 94 percent of all Honda and Acura vehicles sold in U.S. were made in North America using domestic and globally sourced parts. 1 Based on model year 2012 fuel economy data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and its report: "Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2013" 2 Based on the number of models by automotive brand that earn a TOP SAFETY PICK or TOP SAFETY PICK+ rating from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety for model year 2014. 3 Longevity based on IHS Automotive, Polk U.S. vehicles in operation registration statistics 1988-2012 for Honda and non-luxury competing brands. The 2014 Honda Odyssey (automobiles.honda.com/odyssey/) has won the 'Best Minivan for Families' award for the fourth consecutive year as part of U.S. News & World Report's annual 'Best Cars for Families' honors. The top safety-rated1, best-selling2 Odyssey was praised for gathering excellent reviews from professional auto critics along with its innovative feature content, including the world's-first in-vehicle vacuum system, HondaVac™. "The Odyssey was designed to excel in one of the harshest environments on earth, daily family use," said Mike Accavitti, senior vice president of automobile operations for American Honda. "Being named 'Best Minivan for Families,' four years in a row speaks volumes about the Odyssey's singular commitment to be the ultimate family vehicle." U.S. News considered 210 vehicles for the 'Best Cars for Families' awards. The award methodology combines professional automotive reviews, safety and reliability ratings, seating and cargo volume and the availability of family-friendly features. Within each of the 19 automotive categories, the vehicle with the highest composite score is named the Best Car for Families in that category. The 2014 Honda Odyssey, the top-selling minivan in the U.S. in 2013 to individual buyers2, continues to lead its class in fuel economy and safety ratings, while providing spacious accommodations for up to eight passengers and a refined and engaging driving experience. The Odyssey was the only minivan to qualify as a 2014 IIHS TOP SAFETY PICK+, and the Odyssey has earned the best possible overall safety rating from NHTSA with a 5-Star Overall Vehicle Score.3 Additionally, the Odyssey is rated at a remarkable 28 mpg4 Highway, the highest EPA highway fuel economy rating of any eight-passenger minivan. 1 The Odyssey was the only minivan to qualify as a 2014 IIHS TOP SAFETY PICK+ as of March 1, 2014 and the Odyssey has earned the best possible overall safety rating from NHTSA with a 5-Star Overall Vehicle Score. 2 Based on IHS Automotive, Polk new-vehicle retail registration data through the end of December 2013. 3 Government 5-Star Safety Ratings are part of NHTSA's New Car Assessment Program (www.SaferCar.gov). Model tested with standard side airbags (SABs). Vehicles tested under the new program cannot be compared to MY10 and earlier vehicles. Japanese automakers manufacturing in the United States is nothing new. But it was in November of 1982 when the first Honda Accord rolled off the assembly line in Marysville, OH. It was the first Japanese vehicle assembled in the US, and in the nearly 32 years since, Honda has made 10 million Accords here for a total of 20 million cars manufactured in America – enough to span from New York to San Francisco twenty times. It's that double landmark which Honda is now celebrating. Honda has come a long way in those three decades, keeping that original plant in Marysville on line while expanding to three more – in East Liberty, OH; Lincoln, AL; and Greensburg, IN – with a fifth plant (the Performance Manufacturing Center) opening on the same site in Marysville to build the Acura NSX next year. It also builds engines in Lincoln and in Anna, OH, and automatic transmissions at Russells Point, OH, and Tallapoosa, GA. The 10 millionth U.S.-built Honda Accord rolled off the assembly line today at Honda's first U.S. auto plant in Marysville, Ohio, as all four Honda auto plants in America celebrated the cumulative production of 20 million automobiles in the U.S. Honda also marked the achievement at two engine and two transmission plants that build the powertrains used in Honda's U.S.-built cars and trucks. "We are deeply aware that our ability to reach this milestone results from the trust that 20 million customers have placed in our products, and we appreciate their support over the past three decades," said Hidenobu Iwata, president and CEO of Honda of America Mfg. and head of Honda's North American manufacturing. "We also value the commitment made by tens of thousands of associates at Honda and our hundreds of suppliers in the U.S. who build products of the highest quality for our customers." Honda's U.S. plants produced a record 1,309,917 automobiles in 2013, an increase of 7.4 percent from the previous annual mark set in 2012. Honda is supported by a network of 533 suppliers in the U.S., with purchasing of parts and components last year exceeding $23 billion. Honda's four U.S. auto plants are supported by engine manufacturing in Lincoln, Ala. and Anna, Ohio, and the production of automatic transmissions in Russells Point, Ohio, and Tallapoosa, Ga. These plants have produced 23.77 million automobile engines and 18.64 million transmissions in the United States. In 2013, nearly 95 percent of the Honda and Acura automobiles sold in the U.S. were produced in North America. The Honda of America Mfg. Marysville Auto Plant shattered its previous all-time high by producing 492,409 vehicles last year, up 12 percent from 2012, while the East Liberty Auto Plant produced 242,363 light trucks last year. This resulted in record production of 734,772 Ohio-made vehicles at the two plants in 2013. This includes 69,680 vehicles for export to more than 40 countries. Honda Manufacturing of Alabama produced 333,556 vehicles along with their six-cylinder engines in 2013, just shy of its all-time high set in 2012, due to a major model change for the all-new 2014 Acura MDX. The Alabama plant produced 20,466 vehicles for export to 49 countries in 2013. Honda Manufacturing of Indiana produced a record 241,589 automobiles last year, up 21 percent from 2012. The Indiana plant started auto production in 2008 and added a second shift in 2011. It produced 18,559 vehicles for export last year. Honda has the capacity to produce 1.92 million cars and light trucks in North America at eight auto plants, including in Canada and Mexico. Production recently began of the 2015 Honda Fit at a new auto plant in Celaya, Mexico. With the new Celaya plant, Honda now has the capability to build virtually every product in its lineup in North America, from sub-compact models to light trucks. Honda began automobile production in the U.S. in 1982. It now operates nine major manufacturing facilities in the United States, producing a wide range of Honda and Acura automobiles, automobile engines and transmissions, Honda all-terrain vehicles, and power equipment products such as lawn mowers, mini-tillers and general purpose engines, using domestic and globally sourced parts. Backing out of a parking spot isn’t exactly the most challenging part of anybody’s day, but it certainly is a heck of a lot easier now than it was ten years ago thanks to the invention of the rearview camera, now standard on many 2014 model year Honda vehicles. Honda's efforts in the areas of enhanced driver visibility have been recognized by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) as part of its 5-Star Safety Ratings program (also known as the New Car Assessment Program (NCAP)), with nearly all Honda and Acura models with rearview camera systems becoming the first vehicles in the industry to be recognized by the U.S. Department of Transportation for having met its Advanced Technology Feature performance criteria (http://1.usa.gov/Pv0lKq). Honda vehicles earning this first recognition from NHTSA for the application of recommended rearview camera systems (what NHTSA calls rearview video systems) include the Honda Accord Coupe, Sedan, Hybrid and Plug-In, Civic Coupe, Sedan, Hybrid and Civic Natural Gas, Crosstour, CR-V, CR-Z, Fit EV, Odyssey, Pilot and Ridgeline1; as well as the Acura ILX and ILX Hybrid, MDX, TL, TSX, RDX, RLX and RLX Hybrid (see table below). Additional Honda and Acura models that have been equipped with standard rearview camera systems are expected to have their rearview camera systems recognized as Advanced Technology Features in the near future, including the all-new 2015 Fit subcompact car and 2015 Acura TLX midsize luxury sedan, both launching in spring 2014. "Rearview cameras are an integral part of Honda's approach to enhance driver visibility," said Art St. Cyr, vice president of product planning and logistics at American Honda. "By the 2015 model year all Honda and Acura models will have rearview cameras standard on all models, yet another example of how our company is committed to enhancing the visibility and safety of our customers and everyone on the road." The addition of rearview video systems to NHTSA's list of recommended Advanced Technology Features was intended to encourage manufacturers to improve the rearview visibility of their motor vehicle fleet; the NCAP Advanced Technology Features also include Forward Collision Warning (FCW) and Lane Departure Warning (LDW) systems which also are offered on many Honda and Acura vehicles. More information about crash avoidance technologies that are part of the Government 5-Star Safety Ratings program can be found at safercar.gov. Starting with the 2013 Honda Crosstour, American Honda has taken a comprehensive approach to enhancing driver visibility and confidence on the road, beginning with the widespread application of rearview cameras. More than 94 percent of Honda and Acura models sold in the U.S. in 2013 were equipped with standard rearview cameras. Rearview cameras are just one aspect of American Honda's 360-degree approach to enhanced driver visibility and situational awareness, demonstrated by the broad application of technologies such as FCW and LDW systems on Honda models. These systems use a camera mounted behind the windshield or a front mount radar system to warn drivers of a potential collision with a vehicle detected in front of them, or to alert drivers if the car is unexpectedly moving out of a detected lane. Other available features aimed at improving driver visibility are the Expanded View Driver's Mirror, Honda LaneWatch display and Acura's Blind Spot Information (BSI) system. In addition to applying the next-generation Advanced Compatibility Engineering™ (ACE™) body structure to most of its models, American Honda has applied the following safety features on all its models as standard equipment: Vehicle Stability Assist™ (VSA®) with traction control; an Anti-lock Braking System (ABS); side curtain airbags (most vehicles equipped with a rollover sensor as well); dual-stage, multiple-threshold front airbags; and front side airbags. Other available safety and driver-assistive technologies available on Acura vehicles include the Collision Mitigation Braking System™ (CMBS™) and Lane Keeping Assist System (LKAS). For more detailed information about Honda's history of leadership in the development and application of advanced technologies and vehicle designs that are meant to enhance the safety of all road users, please view our Safety Issue Brief. Honda has a long history of leadership in the development and application of advanced technologies and designs meant to enhance the safety of all road users, including automobile occupants, motorcycle riders, and pedestrians. The company operates two of the world's most sophisticated crash test facilities and is responsible for numerous pioneering efforts in the areas of crashworthiness, airbag technology, collision compatibility and pedestrian safety. American Honda leads the industry for 2014 in third party crash test ratings with more models rated TOP SAFETY PICK and TOP SAFETY PICK+ by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) than any other manufacturer. 1Honda Ridgeline's rearview camera system on models with Navigation does not meet the requirements to be a recommended advanced technology feature. Ask anybody who’s ever started a family, and they’ll tell you that it’s every bit as rewarding and exhausting as everybody said it would be, but what parents don’t often find out until a few years into their tenures as breadwinners and heads of household is that a new family can often come with the need for a new family vehicle. For San Diego Honda customers, this should be an undeniably exciting thing. With the recent release of the U.S. News and World Report list of 2014’s most family-friendly cars comes the announcement that the 2014 Honda Odyssey is this year’s top minivan for families. While we understand that many consumers are not at all interested in the idea of purchasing a minivan because of long-held stigmas they may have for that classification of vehicle, the Honda Odyssey is not your typical minivan: this is the one that famously includes a built-in vacuum cleaner, but it also can feature TVs in the headrests, an HDMI input for a Blu-Ray player, and a cooled storage box for snacks and drinks. Plus, it’s extremely spacious, safe, and reliable, which are very important qualities for families looking for a people-mover that can push deep into six-digits on the odometer and put up with everything from soccer practices to cross-country vacations. It is, quite frankly, a very excellent minivan, and we here at Pacific Honda were elated to see U.S. News include it on this year’s list of top family vehicles. Minivans were invented for families, but the Honda Odyssey has helped take the minivan to a whole new level of excellence. American Honda automotive operations have long been separated by function rather than by brand. These moves will result in exclusive divisions, with dedicated sales and marketing teams for Honda and for Acura. Both brands will be housed under a single "American Honda Auto Division" to be headed by John Mendel, executive vice president of what is now called the Automobile Sales Division. "Our goal is to accelerate the already strong sales growth of the Honda and Acura brands through a more cohesive strategy, with a heightened focus on the unique needs of luxury and mainstream customers," said Mendel. "These moves will more completely align the major activities for the Honda and Acura brands under dedicated brand leaders to take advantage of new opportunities in the marketplace with greater speed and efficiency." "The realignment strategy that has created a new Acura Division reflects our growing commitment and the increased level of resources and leadership we are focusing on the Acura brand on a global basis," said Mendel. "The best time to make a change is when you're in a position of strength and we are not only coming off a great sales year, we are continuing to create new opportunities with a series of new and exciting Honda and Acura models," said Mendel. Sales of Acura brand cars and trucks totaled 165,436 vehicles, an increase of 5.9 percent, and its best sales total since 2007. Further, sales of the Acura MDX and RDX in 2013 combined to achieve Acura's best sales year ever for light trucks. Honda Start Something Special -- "Bob's Accord" Honda and Microsoft Giving Away Four Xbox One Consoles! Sometime during the Christmas season, Microsoft released the new Xbox One console, the most cutting-edge and up-to-date video game console that Microsoft has ever released. While there were plenty of people willing to shell out $500 for the system right then and there, several other consumers were perfectly content with their previous-generation Xbox 360 consoles, mostly because they still ran fun games and, perhaps more importantly, were already completely paid for. Never mind what the executives say – we've had a sneaking suspicion all along that the upcoming Honda Civic Type R won't be coming to North America. And with good reason: both the prototype we drove in Japan and the concept unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show last week were based on the European-spec Civic hatchback – not to mention that some of the best hot hatches remain out of our reach. Well it turns out we're not the only ones with that concern. There are legions of Honda hot hatch enthusiasts right here in the good old U S of A who want to see the new Civic Type R ripping up the Great American Road. And many of them are taking to the cyberclouds demanding that Honda bring it Stateside, post haste. As of the time of writing, this online petition has gotten over 6,000 digital signatures, needing less than 1,500 more to get to the author's target of 7,500 votes. Of course, if and when the petition reaches its target, that still won't mean that Honda will bring it over, but it could mean that extra bit of encouragement the Japanese automaker's executives would need to tip the scales in our favor. Not that we haven’t already said this about a million times, but the 2014 Honda Accord is a really, really good car. It’s spacious, efficient, reliable, safe, and technologically-advanced, and of course, it wears the badge of one of the most trusted automakers in the world. For those reasons, Honda dealerships across the country have sold a ton of these vehicles, but we were all recently given a pretty pleasant surprise when it was revealed that consumers purchased more Honda Accord models than any other car in America for the 2013 calendar year. Geneva, Switzerland, March 4, 2014 - Today sees the worldwide reveal of the Honda Civic Type R Concept model which points to the styling direction for the exterior design of the highly-anticipated production new Type R that will debut in Europe during 2015. Described by the design team as a 'racing car for the road' rather than a high performance version of a road car, the new Type R looks set to signal a new era for the marque – with the most extreme Civic Type R yet. The sleek and aerodynamic profile reflects a car designed for performance whilst maintaining the look of a road car and the distinctive character of Type R. While further detail on performance is yet to be announced, Honda has confirmed that the forthcoming new Type R will be the first model in Europe to feature one of its brand new VTEC TURBO engines from the Earth Dreams Technology range. The two-litre, direct injection, four-cylinder turbo is expected to deliver class-leading output of at least 280PS and will be EURO 6 compliant. While turbo engines have not been seen in Honda's production cars in Europe for some time, Honda has continued to actively develop turbo technology on the race track and in other regions. Honda's successful return to WTCC in 2013, has been instrumental in gathering knowledge that has helped shape the new Type R, providing the development team with analysis and feedback on performance and styling collected from the track. America's midsize sedan segment is one of the most crowded and fiercely competitive in the business. The Toyota Camry has long been our nation's best seller, while the Honda Accord has dutifully come in second place, like some sort of codependent Cal Naughton Jr. riding Ricky Bobby's back bumper. There was that one year, 2001, when the Accord briefly broke the Camry's streak, marring what would today have been a 17-year-long run of best-selling car titles. The Accord pulled the opposite move in 2011, letting sales slip far enough to let not only the Toyota by, but the Nissan Altima and Ford Fusion, as well. Aside from those anomalies, the Camry and Accord have been first and second in this segment since before many of you readers could even drive. It's 2014, and these frenemies have never before faced a threat to their world order as strong as today's class of family sedans. The aforementioned Altima and Fusion are perhaps the most capable challengers, but the Chevrolet Malibu, Hyundai Sonata, Kia Optima, Volkswagen Passat and Mazda6 are all capable of convincing new buyers to walk their way. Autoblog predicts the lineup of best-selling midsize sedans is about to be shuffled. "We gave the current-generation Camry a pretty harsh review, and were it not for Toyota's fiercely loyal customer base and increased incentive and ad spending, the king might have already stepped aside". The question for Honda is whether or not the Accord's latest redesign is good enough to keep it ahead of this charging pack of competitors, or whether it follows the leader right off the podium steps. Few would argue that the new shape isn't an upgrade over the prior model, though it has been hit with criticism for being too derivative. Honda played it decidedly safe with the Accord's styling when the sedan was redesigned last year. Few would argue that the new shape isn't an upgrade over the prior model, though it has been hit with criticism for being too derivative, particularly in the rear where it could be mistaken for a 2008-2014 Hyundai Genesis (it's not the worst thing in the world to draw likenesses to class-above sedans). The dimensions of the new design are perhaps more interesting than the way it looks. The Accord is now some 3.6 inches shorter in length, while also being shorter in overall height and a touch wider than the last-generation model. The vehicle's stance certainly reflects those changes, and the wider front fascia that flows into gently upswept headlights looks more aggressive to our eyes, while at the same time remaining recognizable as both a Honda and an Accord. Those exterior dimensions, of course, also affect how much room there is inside, and on paper, at least, there's less: 103 cubic feet of passenger volume, down from the prior generation's massive 106. Fortunately, the exterior shrinkage hasn't made the Accord feel appreciably smaller on the inside, with plenty of space available in all directions and wide, comfortable seating for all. In fact, many key interior metrics have grown, like rear legroom and trunk space (up over a cubic foot to 15.8). Those three missing cubic feet of passenger volume appear to have been taken off the top, as front and rear headroom have both taken dips. Despite our tester's moonroof, however, there was still plenty of clearance, even for passengers with six-foot, two-inch frames. Many key interior metrics have grown, like rear legroom and trunk space. The new dimensions have also dropped the Accord down a class in the Environmental Protection Agency's classification system; whereas the prior Accord (eighth generation, for those counting) crossed the threshold of 120 cubic-feet of combined passenger volume and cargo space to become a fullsize car, the new Accord's 118.8 cubic-feet of combined interior space keeps it among the midsizers. In top-trim Touring spec like our tester, the Accord's interior impresses with high-quality materials like nicely trimmed leather seats and dashboard plastics that generally look and feel better than is typical of this pricepoint. Almost everything about the interior, from its space and materials to the ergonomics of little things like the smartphone-sized cubby next to the power and USB ports, is well thought out and easy to use. Except the infotainment system. With our First Drive of the new Accord having been conducted in a Sport model lacking the upgraded infotainment system, this is our first chance to talk about Honda's dual-screen system in the Accord. The first screen is a large eight-inch unit that's deeply embedded at the top of the center stack. This display is not touch sensitive, but rather controlled via rotary knob controller and set of buttons at the very bottom of the center stack. These controls, however, still require a reach, because they are not laid flat on the center console, so they don't fall readily to hand like many other high-end systems. Below this big screen is a smaller display dedicated to audio functions. This display is touch sensitive, and lets you perform simpler tasks like switching music sources and advancing tracks. "We have a few issues with this setup, the first being its redundancy and generally poor use of the audio-only screen." We have a few issues with this setup, the first being its redundancy and generally poor use of the audio-only screen. Most of the functions it performs can also be performed on the main screen using the knob controller, and the interface itself is more difficult to use than a simple set of physical buttons, because tasks often require the extra step of switching between screens. Our second gripe concerns operating the system on the larger screen using the single rotary knob and buttons. In particular, the Menu button manages to confuse because it doesn't go to a top-level menu as expected. Rather, it takes you to a menu of options for whichever part of the system you happen to be at that moment, be it Navigation, Phone or Audio. Lastly, the presentation of the system is decidedly a few years behind next-gen systems coming out from Honda's competitors. The graphics, fonts and colors layered atop a confusing hierarchy of menus and controls makes the whole system feel like Windows 95 when everyone else is rocking Windows 8. We've tested many other systems in this competitive set and have found simpler schemes that rely on a single, large display with either touchscreen or well-designed central controller – this system is too complicated for its own good. That doesn't mean Honda doesn't know how to do technology in these modern times, as our Accord also came equipped with the brand's new LaneWatch system. Any time the right turn signal is activated, a camera mounted underneath the passenger-side mirror is used to project a view of the car's blind spot, along with handy distance markers, on the main infotainment screen. At first we thought LaneWatch might be an overly complex solution to the simple problem of people not adjusting their mirrors properly, but in practical use, we found it not only helpful, but preferable and more trustworthy than the mirrors themselves. "The ability to run on half its cylinders helps the Accord achieve excellent EPA-estimated fuel economy figures." While many midsize challengers have ditched offering a six-cylinder engine altogether, the Accord continues to make the heavier, more powerful engine option available. In this case, it's Honda's well-proven 3.5-liter V6 that produces 278 horsepower at 6,200 rpm and 252 pound-feet of torque at 4,900 rpm. While one might think the Accord would suffer a big penalty at the pump for such a powerful mill, the opposite is actually true, thanks in large part the Honda's comparatively svelte curb weight and its Variable Cylinder Management system. While cylinder deactivation technology is nothing new, its application on a V6 is rare outside the engine bay of a half-ton pickup. The ability to run on half its cylinders helps the Accord achieve excellent EPA-estimated fuel economy figures of 21 miles per gallon in the city, 34 on the highway and 26 combined. Our results were even better, with the trip computer reporting an average return of over 30 mpg after a week of mixed driving. The official numbers put this Accord ahead of all top-trim midsize sedans, including the Fusion, Sonata, Optima and Malibu, all of which offer powerful turbocharged and direct-injected four-cylinder engines in their most expensive models. We've noticed that these high-tech forced-induction fours tend to get strong window-sticker EPA numbers but fall flat out in the real world. This Honda doesn't make economy promises that it can't keep. "The Accord is still at the front of the pack in terms of handling." Of course, the Accord's engine management system will tell three cylinders to take a rest every chance it gets, even more so when the car's Econ button is pressed. While amazing fuel economy is the result, the byproduct is an occasionally rougher-running engine you can feel through the steering wheel and pedals. The vibrations while running on fewer cylinders might not bother some, but we found them very noticeable, and there's no setting to turn off the Variable Cylinder Management system entirely, so they're practically always present with the engine dropping and bringing cylinders back online constantly. Honda says that all Accords are also fitted with an Active Noise Cancellation system, but we found the overall levels of noise, vibration and harshness to be average at best – definitely not approaching industry leaders in that area from near-luxury brand Buick, which use a similar Bose-branded noise cancellation technology in its Regal, a slightly more expensive (and smaller) rival. The Accord doesn't sell hundreds of thousands of units per year because it's such a smooth operator, though. We'd venture to say the car's reputation for offering the most engaging handling among midsize sedans is its chief selling point (along with a history of reliability and a strong dealer network that combines to inveigle legions of repeat customers). We're happy to report that the Accord is still at the front of the pack in terms of handling. Pairing a very rigid unibody platform with a MacPherson strut front suspension and multi-link rear suspension yields a highly diversified setup that's comfortable counteracting imperfect city streets but also stable and composed when the pace picks up and the turns become sharp. While the steering system has become all-electric in this latest generation, its accuracy and weight still feel sharp and natural, though there is a lack of feedback from the road through the wheel. Likewise, the brakes that measure 11.5 inches up front and 11.1 inches at the rear are go-about-your-business great, offering perfectly natural feel through the pedal. "There's no other family sedan on the market with mechanicals that operate in such harmony." Having driven nearly all of this year's midsize contenders, we can say there's no other family sedan on the market with mechanicals that operate in such harmony. From the powertrain to the transmission to the suspension to the steering, all of the Accord's subsystems are on the same page with each other from the moment the start button is pressed. Most of its competitors nail one or two of these disciplines, but rarely do they come close to a complete package like the Accord (the Mazda6 is the exception, though which is better is close enough to be a matter of taste). What's more, there's even a six-speed manual transmission still available on LX, EX and Sport models, though the EX-L V6 and our Touring tester are only available with this well-tuned six-speed automatic. Really, the only fault we could find out on the road with this Accord was not with its mechanicals, but with the Adaptive Cruise Control system that exhibited some worrisome behavior. We set the ACC during a long trip on the highway and discovered that when traveling through a left-hand bend with something like a big pickup or semi truck on our right, the radar-based system would register that vehicle as being in our path and the Forward Collision Alert system would sound its alarms and flash warnings in the instrument panel. At the same time, we suspect the Brake Assist system had also precharged the brakes, because when our foot instinctively went to tap them, we got more braking power than we expected. An unsettling experience each time, this happened more than once during our trip. We can't rule out that the bumper-mounted radar on our particular test vehicle may have been misaligned or otherwise defective, but we've experienced this fault on other automakers' vehicles with similar systems before as well, so we doubt it. Lastly, the Accord Touring we tested features a base price of $33,480 with a destination and handling charge of $790. At first blush, that may seem more expensive than its pack of competitors, but note there's not an option available that isn't standard with this trim. For instance, while a Ford Fusion Titanium may start lower at $30,600, once navigation, adaptive cruise control, blind spot alert, lane departure warning, heated seats and sunroof are added, its price has ballooned to $34,410. "The Accord ups the ante with its improved design, more interior space and efficiency that belies the power of its remarkable V6." What we find with the 2014 Accord Touring is a lineup-leading model that bodes well for the future of Honda. Still among the very best-handling midsizers in this market, the Accord ups the ante with its improved design, more interior space where it counts and efficiency that belies the power of its remarkable V6. The issues we identified with the infotainment system may be a sticking point for some, especially those comparing the experience closely across the entire segment, but there are lesser trim levels available that go without navigation yet gain a much more straightforward interface. Indeed, it's not so egregious a failing that Accord sales have suffered because of it, and we don't see anything about this new generation that will threaten its place among the segment's top sellers. "At this point, the only thing preventing the Accord from being America's best-selling car are a bunch of stubborn Camry buyers."
2019-04-22T00:04:04Z
http://blog.pacifichonda.com/2014/03/
Adrian Martin is a performing musician who has appeared in venues across the nation. He's been featured with blues guitar hero Lonnie Mack and songwriting legend Warren Zevon. He holds a degree in classical guitar, studying with one of Maestro Andre Segovia's prize students. He is an accomplished musician. But he was never a "natural" musician. His love for music has inspired him to practice and persevere. The unique perspective of a professional musician who never "breezed through " offers the student an understanding guide. All students have difficulties. Adrian helps guide you through the struggles while we celebrate all the progress you've made. His teaching experience includes working in public and private schools as well as running his own studio for fifteen years in Ohio. His philosophy is simple and can be summed up in the two questions he asks most frequently in his private sessions. 1) What would inspire you? 2) How 'bout if we have some fun today? Anne Weiss is a nationally-touring folk and blues singer-songwriter whose home base is here in Portland. She has performed and/or recorded with Dar Williams, Taj Mahal, Shawn Colvin, and many other blues, gospel and contemporary folk artists. She has been teaching blues and folk piano, guitar and vocals (both privately and at national music workshops) for over 15 years, working with absolute beginners to advanced students. Anne's teaching style is student-centered, building on the strengths and interests of each individual student. Some of the individual and group classes Anne has taught in the past are: Singing for the Vocally Challenged, Harmony Singing, Community Choir, How to Sing Blues & Gospel, Blues Guitar I & II, Guitar Tunings, Guitar Accompaniment for Folk Songs, Blues Piano for Beginners, and From Folk to Funk in 4 Easy Steps. Anne's approach is always patient, energetic and non-judgmental, earning her constant positive reviews from her students. I have been a member of the Artichoke Community since I retired in 2010. In July of 2016, I joined the Artichoke Community Music finance committee to help our community find a new home. In September 2016, I was elected to the Arichoke Board and in February 2017, I was elected to the role of Treasurer and Chief Operating Officer. I serve in these capacities as a volunteer. I have been responsible for the financing, management and construction activities at Artichoke’s new location on SE Powell Street since we opened the store on July 27, 2017. In our community, I also serve as the treasurer for my church and member of my church leadership council; the music director for Portland Tennis & Education, an after-school educational enrichment program for low-income families in St Johns where I volunteer teach beginning and intermediate guitar, and host an after school sing-along every week during the school year; and I volunteer as a mentor for the Portland chapter of Soldiers, Songs and Voices. Outside of my work with Artichoke, I am an avid tennis player.--I served on the Sportsmanship Committee of the Pacific Northwest Section of the United States Tennis Association from 2011 to 2016 -- and, I am the editor of the Oregon Tennis History Committee Facebook page and serve on the Board. I am fluent in French. I was born in Houston, Texas. I went to High School in Omaha, Nebraska. After graduating from college in Texas, I completed a Masters degree in economics at Claremont, California and have stayed on the west coast of the United States ever since I left Texas in 1974. I released my first solo album, "Sticky Notes and Warm Pancakes" in August 2018 available on CD Baby. Most of the inspiration for the song songs were born from cues from the songwriting classes I took from Matt Meighan at Artichoke. Brenna began her study of flamenco in 1997 with Martita Santiago (baile) and Jaime Woods (guitar) in Eugene, Oregon. Since then she has devoted her life to the study of flamenco, moving to Spain in 2003-2004 to study with Chiqui de Jerez and Jose Luis Balao and in 2008-2009 to study under Juan and Saray de los Reyes. Brenna started performing in 2004 with Solo Flamenco while pursuing her B.A. in Cultural Anthropology from Reed College ('06). Brenna has performed and collaborated with Flamenco Callejero, El Cuadro Gallo, Madjaleo, Assa Flamenco, Tablao de Rosas. She is co-director and co-founder of Espacio Flamenco where teaches flamenco dance and guitar to children and adults and directs the professional performance company. She is a guest teacher at Center for Movement Arts where she teaches dance for kids ages 6 to 18. She performs regularly with the Espacio Flamenco company and Latin/Flamenco/Rumba quartet Seda. Brian Fergus is a lifetime musician and music educator. His first experiences with music were in the late 1960s and 1970s, which found him singing in choirs, taking piano lessons, and playing the sousaphone and tuba in band and orchestra, and bass guitar in various rock bands. While studying film at Penn State University, Brian discovered experimental music, which diverted his interest for the next thirty years. Brian earned his Masters Degree in Electronic Music and Recording Media from Mills College in Oakland, Ca. in 1986, then immediately took a job teaching Electronic Music at City College of San Francisco. He taught at the school from 1987 to 2014 to over 10,000 students over the course of his career. So much could be said here about what a fantastic, rewarding experience it was to teach at CCSF. In 2008, Brian encountered a fateful moment in his life.He had decided to get either a mandolin or ukulele to “play around with”. Well, he decided on the ukulele and he has never been the same! For the last ten years, Brian has shifted his musical focus to “all things ukulele”. In 2014, Brian stepped down from his job at CCSF to move to Portland, OR, with his wife Maggie and daughter Anais. He opened “Woodstock Ukulele Studio” in 2015, a venue for rehearsal, recording, and private and group instruction. Brian is a third level certification graduate of the James Hill Ukulele Initiative. Brian plays in two ensembles: “UkeFoote”, and “Fleffikon”. UkeFoote is a duo with Ubass virtuoso Borfus Wallaby; they do covers of mostly classic popular music. Fleffikon is also a (mostly) cover band, and features the aforementioned Borfus on Ubass and also Brian’s daughter Anais on electronics. In addition to ukulele, Brian plays Ubass, standard bass guitar, guitar, keyboards, Theremin, and other electronic instruments. The hammered dulcimer is one of the world's oldest musical instruments, dating back 800 years or more. It is found throughout the world, from China to the Middle East, Europe and North America. Many people, upon first hearing the hammered dulcimer, immediately fall in love with its sound and may eventually want to learn to play it. Carl Thor began playing hammered dulcimer in 1990 and has been performing, recording, and composing music since 1993. He currently plays dulcimer, piano, and/or mandolin with Cascade Crossing, Celtinalia, Hands4, and the Portland Megaband, as well as in other groupings for English country, contra, and Scandinavian dancing, as a soloist, and as an accompanist. Carl has accompanied the Portland Symphonic Choir, the Aurora Chorus, the Portland Lesbian Choir, and several other choral groups in performance of music for choir and hammered dulcimer by Malcolm Dalghlish. Carl is recognized throughout the Pacific Northwest as a knowledgable, patient, and inspiring teacher. Over the last 25 years he has taught dulcimer in workshops at the Spring Hammered Dulcimer Rendezvous, the Chatter Creek dulcimer festival, and, prior to moving to the Pacific Northwest, the Prairie Dulcimer Club in Kansas City. He teaches workshops and private lessons at Artichoke Community Music in Portland, and group piano classes for Portland Community College (PCC). In addition to three years of course work in music theory and music technology at Clark College and PCC, he has studied dulcimer with Steve Schneider, Linda Lowe Thompson, and Ken Kolodner. Carl brings a sense of fun and adventure, as well as a lifetime of musical experience with piano, bands, and choirs to his playing and teaching of the hammered dulcimer and the piano. If you have never played before, he will help you to get started making music at your first lesson, then help you learn more advanced skills and music theory along the way in future lessons. If you already play, he’ll help you to improve your skills, knowledge, and musicality. Carl is very responsive to the needs of his students and enjoys helping each individual student learn in a way that fits with their particular interests and works well with their own learning style. To learn more about Carl and to hear some of his music, please visit his web site. Dan Compton is a multi-instrumentalist performer and teacher with a deep knowledge of traditional folk music. He specializes in strings - guitar, fiddle, mandolin, octave mandolin, and tenor banjo - as well as C#/D Irish-style button accordion. Dan has a strong background in classical guitar. He earned a Master of Music in performance from Lewis and Clark in 1983 (working with guitarist Ian Mitchell), and performed in masterclasses with Christopher Parkening, Michael Lorimer, and José Thomas, among others. Over the years, Dan has explored a wide range of guitar styles, from progressive rock, through ragtime, to traditional Irish dance music. Adept at both fingerstyle and flatpicking, Dan is also well versed in alternate tunings, notably DADGAD. He can guide students through the intricate solo styles of John Renbourn and Pierre Bensusan, the roots-based music of Mississippi John Hurt and the Carter Family, as well as the inventive backup playing of Micheál &?Oacute; Domhnaill and Gilles LeBigot. Dan stresses understanding technique, harmony, scales and modes, and other tools necessary to be a complete guitarist. But above all, he teaches students how to use their ears: to hear and understand what's going on in the music and to translate that to the fingerboard. Dan is also an experienced Irish-style fiddle player. His music is especially influenced by players and mentors like Kevin Burke, Matt Cranitch, and Denis Murphy. Dan is adept at other fiddle styles as well, notably Appalachian, Quebecois, and Breton. He studied violin technique with Kathryn Gray and Tina Alexander. In teaching the fiddle, Dan emphasizes learning by ear, helping students to hear the structures and phrasing in traditional music. His students also explore in detail the ornamentation and bowing used in different styles, as well as solid and relaxed bowing technique, tone production, and intonation. Dan takes a similar approach in teaching the mandolin, octave mandolin, and tenor banjo - with a special emphasis on plectrum technique and tone production, rhythm, and ornamentation. In addition to private lessons, Dan teaches the popular "Irish Session Class", which offers a unique setting for learning Irish traditional tunes on all traditional instruments, as well as the listening skills essential to ensemble playing. Dan currently performs with fiddle player Lisa Ornstein and box player Johnny Connolly, button accordionist Fran Slefer, flute-and-banjo player Mark Roberts, Scottish fiddler Jamie Laval, the poly-folk group Sprig, and the dance bands Jigsaw and The BFD. His most recent recordings include The High Caul Cap (with Mark Roberts), Session at the Cottage (with Fran Slefer), and The Magic Paintbrush (with Lisa Ornstein). Hello. I'm Ezza Rose, a Portland-based musician. Over the past ten years, I've used music as a vehicle to see the world and experience some beautiful stages. Music has become not just an occupation, but a way of of living. For me, teaching is an opportunity to share with others the joy that this amazing art form has brought me. My classes, regardless of instrument, will focus on each student finding their unique voice. I believe in using good technique as a guideline and letting the rest build naturally. I'm excited to help you discover how music fits into your life. If you'd like to learn more about the music I make, come visit me at my website. Jack is Artichoke's luthier, curator of the Artichoke History Archive and our resident ethnomusicologist! He is a retired minister in the United Methodist Church and a graduate of Berea College, the home of the Loyal Jones Appalachian Center-preserving the history, music and culture of the Appalachian region. Jack is connecting us with the roots of Artichoke's rich history in the folk music community for almost 50 years. He is now building instruments based on the original design of mountain dulcimers that our founder Judith Cook Tucker built and offered for sale when she opened the first store in 1973. Like many modern traditional players, I started out doing something other than music, namely theoretical chemistry and physics (phD 1969, Univ of Illinois). This led to Southern California in the mid-70's where I encountered a small but intensely dedicated group of string band music enthusiasts. I was entranced and within the space of several years acquired a banjo, fiddle and dulcimer to go along with the guitar I had owned since my teens. When the budget was trimmed in 1977 and I got laid off, I never looked back. I am pretty much self-taught, and that means my technique is not always "correct" in a classical sense. Still, having a penchant for analysis, I soon discovered that if you read music, either tablature or notes, you can also write it. This led to teaching for a local music store and ultimately some 1200 arrangements and several years later to a modest mail-order business and numerous published tablatures. I especially enjoyed group classes where I could combine some individual tutoring with group teaching as a "performance" art. I am perhaps most proud of my "folk ensemble" class that introduced beginning and intermediate players to the joys of Old-Time String Band playing. I've taught since 1977 in a myriad of settings for individual and groups for instrumental arrangements in tablature for flatpick and fingerpicking guitar, clawhammer and 3-finger banjo, strum and fingerpicking mountain dulcimer, mandolin and fiddle. Fiddle arrangements are also available in standard notation for use on any instrument. I've published scores of tablature arrangements in Banjo Newsletter (BNL) and Pickin' Magazine and recorded with Truman Price "Songs & Tunes of the Oregon Trail". As a solo performer, I focus on traditional songs and tunes from the Appalachian mountains, sung and played on the 5-String Banjo, Mountain Dulcimer, Fiddle and Guitar. Material includes lively dance tunes, novelty songs from the 20's and 30's, ballads and songs from a variety of sources with a special emphasis on Carter Family songs. Newer songs and an occasional original, all crafted in the traditional mold, are mixed in for good measure. Jason is the lead teacher for the Artichoke's education outreach program with Youth Progress Association's Alternative High School. He offers a balanced menu of Rock & Pop, Americana, Reggae, Afrobeat, Soul, Blues, Funk & Groove, flatpicking, improvisation, & beyond. Lessons are primarily focused on breaking down & understanding the ingredients of a chosen song, recommendations on technique, & tips on approaching the desired sound for performance. He provides lessons to students with a range of musical backgrounds, from absolute beginners to intermediate skill levels, including some advanced players. Playing & performing an eclectic variety of guitar music for over 25 years he can confidently say, that he's still asking questions about it. Although thankfully many answers to these questions have been unlocked for him by his musical mentors, he has found that having discovered so many answers on his own has allowed him to share his knowledge & experience with others effectively. His aim is to guide students towards discovery & away from pitfalls along the path to reaching their musical goals. Let him help you explore the essential skills & techniques to play the music you love. Jenna Dalton is a healer, visionary, teacher, artist, mother and musician. She has joyfully led retreats, camps, choirs, conferences, lessons, private healing sessions and classes for all ages for over 15 years. Born on a spiritual community in Nevada, her family moved to Portland Oregon when she was 14. She received her Bachelor's Degree in Alternative Education with a Double Minor in Music and Skills in Spiritual Living from Prescott College and went on to receive her Master's in Education through a full time Waldorf Teacher training program. She has recorded three albums of original music, climbed the tallest peak in Nevada and brain tanned several deer hides with her bare hands! Her real training has been in mothering twins and teaching music to hundreds of students. She taught in Waldorf schools for over ten years and currently facilitates workshops, offers music lessons, healing sessions, and plays, performs and records music. For more information check out her web site. John Richter is a retired teacher who taught at the Sunnyside Environmental School and led middle schoolers in song several times a week as well as the leading the Song Circle once a month at Artichoke. He is a singer-songwriter having taken several songwriting classes with Matt Meighan. His main instruments are guitar, banjo, saw and harmonica. His latest love is the harmonica and he is excited about teaching people how to play beginning folk and blues harmonica. Grand prize winners for "songs that make a difference" (Music2Life 2006), raconteurs, Kate Power & Steve Einhorn build community with harmony, guitars, banjo and two mighty little ukuleles. Legendary in the Pacific northwest for community building and social action through music, Kate & Steve tour in concert full time with fine folk and original music described as "a rare elixir and good medicine, brightening even the darkest of hearts." Special guests of Garrison Keillor on "A Prairie Home Companion" and lauded by Pete Seeger for their beautiful music, Kate and Steve are singing their way across America with a soul struck marriage of musicianship, humor and harmony. By day, Kate & Steve teach their revolutionary "Ukalaliens Workshop" to the uninitiated, converting non-musicians to the joys of making music with ukes by the thousands across the country. The "Ukalaliens Songbook & CD", released October 1, 2009, is garnering praise for its artistic, whimsical and inclusive approach as it brings new players into the fold. Capturing winning endorsements from teachers, publishers and music communities nationwide, Kate & Steve are delivering workshops and converting Ukalaliens wherever their concert performances lead them. Leela Grace is a nationally-known singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, recording artist, percussive dancer and teacher of music and dance originally from Missouri. She spent a beautiful 8 years in Portland, teaching popular banjo, by-ear harmony singing, and Appalachian clogging classes. In 2014, Leela embarked on the new adventure of motherhood when her daughter was born. In late 2015, Leela and her family moved to northern Vermont following a job opportunity for her husband. After many "adventures" in the snowy northern lands of the east, she returned to the Pacific Northwest in the fall of 2016, inspired and ready to resume teaching and performing in her home community. Leela has performed and taught nationally for over 25 years, first with her family, and now as a solo musician and with her sister Ellie Grace (as Leela and Ellie Grace). She has earned critical and audience praise for the "great depth and insight" of her original songs, which have been featured on NPR's All Songs Considered and chosen for inclusion on a "Best of Portland Acoustic Music" compilation CD. She picked up the banjo as a young teen and has developed her own exceptional clawhammer banjo style, marked by clear, bright melodies and powerful rhythm. Leela is also recognized as a dynamic percussive dancer whose style draws most strongly from Appalachian clogging, but also incorporates Irish step dance, rhythm tap, body percussion, and much more. Max Tucker is a drummer and percussionist who moved to Portland from Brooklyn, NY in 2018 -- where he had been based since 2000. After receiving a BFA in Jazz Performance from New School University Max went on to play with many bands; most notably (electro-pop act) Francis and the Lights, (Afrobeat collective) Asiko and (psych-rock band) Dinowalrus. Tucker has played drums on 15 albums and toured/opened for artists such as Bonnie Raitt, David Byrne, MGMT and The Charlatans. Early on in his drumming career Max discovered his love for teaching when working as a music counselor one summer at Camp Killooleet in Vermont. His goal in teaching is to give each student the tools and inspiration to discover what kind of drummer they want to be. Megan enjoys working with students of all ages. She stands by the idea that older students can successfully learn any instrument later in life and have a very fulfilling musical experience. She teaches private lessons in violin, fiddle, viola and composition as well as group violin classes. Megan began playing violin in 1994 and immediately fell in love with it. She has backgrounds in classical, bluegrass, folk, country, and rock. Megan has toured the country with folk rock bands and has been a studio session player in both Colorado and Oregon. She currently plays music with a wide variety of other Portland-based musicians. Olivia Duffy and Rene Berblinger play an intricate combination of folk, world and original music. Their partnership started as teacher and student and gradually transitioned into performance partners. Olivia plays mandolin and violin while Rene plays guitar, mandolin and banjo. Rene draws on a deep background in classical guitar to bring a special finesse that blends the line between melody and accompaniment. Olivia plays with several bands here in Portland, you can find her playing, teaching or jamming around town. They play many genres, spanning fiddle tunes from Appalachia all the way to choro music from Brazil. They're excited to share their favorite tunes with you! I have over 30 years teaching and performing experience. My goals are to provide a solid background in music fundamentals, theory and technique. Even more, I aim to enable the students to pursue their OWN musical tastes and interests. Studied Musicology at Goddard College, Vermont. Took Classical Guitar studies with Sophocles Papas, Carlos Barbosa-Lima, David Perry, Bryan Johanson. Master classes with Michael Lorimer and Jose Thomas. Studied jazz, music theory and arranging with Frank Mullen. Mandolinist, Radim Zenkl has been a friend and mentor for years, enabling me to explore the mandolin well beyond the basics and into the beautiful soundscape of Eastern European and Balkan music as well as classical and traditional Irish & American music. Playing 5-string Banjo has been a love of many years which included visits to the southern Appalachians to listen to and learn from the old players. Beginning in the 1950's I participated in weekly musical gatherings in Baltimore, MD, attended by Mike Seeger, Tom Paley, John Cohen of the New Lost City Rambers, Peter Streett, old-time clawhammer afficionado, as well as many others who were playing and collecting traditional mountain music. I teach frailing, clawhammer and melodic 5-string banjo styles, as well as beginning and intermediate bluegrass. Music Bio: I love the mountain dulcimer! Although beginning my music experience as a vocalist many years ago, I become enamored with the mountain dulcimer while living in Ohio, where dulcimers abound. After moving to Oregon in 2005 I found no dulcimer players, so began teaching at Artichoke Music and through community schools in 2006. Since then dozens of folks in the area are enjoying my favorite instrument! Several other “old time” instruments have become part of my life, including banjo, hammered dulcimer, autoharp, as well as ukulele and piano, but the dulcimer reigns! As a certified music practitioner I began playing for hospice patients while in Ohio 14 years ago and have continued to this day here in Oregon. For this activity I find the mountain dulcimer the perfect bedside instrument. I studied music at Sinclair College in Dayton, OH, and incorporate that knowledge in my teaching. Steve Cheseborough re-creates the blues, hokum and ragtime of the 1920s-30s, interspersing the songs with stories, history and humor. The author of Blues Traveling: the Holy Sites of Delta Blues and one of the stars of Last of the Mississippi Jukes, Cheseborough has the uncanny ability to turn any setting into a 1925 Mississippi jook joint. A cult figure, he has played at festivals, riverboats, jook joints, breweries and barbecues throughout the Western world. In his teaching, he works from the original recordings and tries to get his students to feel the groove with their hands and voices. Tracy Kim is a Portland Oregon native. He started playing the guitar at the age of 8, piano at 10, and drums and bass at 12. Tracy then studied music composition and Jazz guitar at the University of Oregon where he received his degree in music. He has composed music for film(feature and short), commercials, multi-media, and also modern dance. Tracy is also a highly sought after guitar instructor and clinician. He has 20+ years of teaching experience at colleges and privately. While still an undergraduate at U of O, he was asked to teach as an adjunct instructor. After teaching at U of O, he taught at Linfield College and at the Northwest Academy. Tracy is proud to say many of his students have gone on to become professional musicians, recording artists, and/or music educators. Most recently, Tracy has been writing, recording, producing, and performing music with different artists and in various genres. From his own power pop/rock songs with his band, The Janglies to co-writing and producing radio friendly country/pop songs by the Muriel Stanton Band. Tracy is honored to have worked with/instructed many of Portland's finest songwriters(such as McKinley, Pete Krebs, Ben Darwish, Adam Zwig, to name few). Usually playing either his trusty, twangy Fender Telecaster or his old Gibson archtop jazz guitar. In Portland, Tracy might be most known as a gypsy swing guitarist enthusiast and instructor. He can be caught performing gypsy swing music with his own trio or with Portland's favorite "Django" band, The Kung Pao Chickens. The KPC's have had a weekly Monday night gig at the Laurelthirst Pub for the last 14 years! Tracy is currently available for private music lessons for all styles and all ages ranging from: guitar(acoustic and electric), piano, bass, ukulele, mandolin, drums, melodica, songwriting, composition, and theory. Also, he conducts workshops in the style of Django Reinhardt; swing jazz ukulele; songwriting, and sight reading. He also occasionally does his own "school of rock", helping coach young musicians in ensemble performance, songwriting, and arranging. Soldier Songs and Voices’ Coaches are a group of established songwriters and musicians, about half of whom are veterans. We have played a wide variety of styles and genres in our musical careers and have a broad range of skills to share. Our rotating Coach schedule serves to expose our vet participants to different perspectives and approaches each week and we are committed to the principle that everyone takes something new home from each session. Max and Jason are joining forces to offer workshops about ensemble playing. Bring a sound or work with them on adding more dimension to your work or to playing your favorite songs or styles. Max Tucker is a drummer and percussionist who moved to Portland from Brooklyn, NY in 2018 -- where he had been based since 2000. After receiving a BFA in Jazz Performance from New School University Max went on to play with many bands; most notably (electro-pop act) Francis and the Lights, (Afrobeat collective) Asiko and (psych-rock band) Dinowalrus. Tucker has played drums on 15 albums and toured/opened for artists such as Bonnie Raitt, David Byrne, MGMT and The Charlatans. Early on in his drumming career Max discovered his love for teaching when working as a music counselor one summer at Camp Killooleet in Vermont. His goal in teaching is to give each student the tools and inspiration to discover what kind of drummer they want to be. Jason has been the lead teacher for the Artichoke's education outreach program with Youth Progress Association's Alternative High School. He offers a balanced menu of Rock & Pop, Americana, Reggae, Afrobeat, Soul, Blues, Funk & Groove, flatpicking, improvisation, & beyond. Lessons are primarily focused on breaking down & understanding the ingredients of a chosen song, recommendations on technique, & tips on approaching the desired sound for performance. He provides lessons to students with a range of musical backgrounds, from absolute beginners to intermediate skill levels, including some advanced players. Both artists have been playing & performing an eclectic variety of guitar music for over 25 years. Their aim is to guide students towards discovery and away from pitfalls along the path to reaching their musical goals. Let them help you explore the essential skills and techniques to play the music you love. Avery Hill specializes in working with beginning musicians of all ages on guitar, banjo, ukulele and piano. She believes beginners learn best within the context of what they want to learn, and works with each of her students to build necessary skills and achieve personal goals. Austin Glenn Whittle is a performing musician, studio musician, instructor, and current student at Berklee College of Music. He has dedicated his life to the guitar (10 years) and bass guitar (14 years), and teaching the artistry of both instruments. From young children to teenagers, to middle aged and elders, Austin has the ability to connect with any student. Humble, optimistic, and genuine are a couple characteristics he beholds, and very compassionate for music. He covers education in blues, rock, country, folk, reggae, and many other genres. He encourages and motivates students when teaching guitar, and provides a clear understanding on important concepts. His number one priority is getting the student encouraged and revealing their potential when it comes to playing guitar. The student will be enlightened and confident in their playing. "Learning guitar should always be fun and interesting, no matter what. In my curriculum, I provide fun, comprehensive, and simple exercises that develop your guitar craftsmanship, listening skills, musicianship, and knowledge. I immediately get the student playing guitar, and save the concepts and theories for later, or when applicable. There is no need to focus on complex material that is unnecessary in the early stages, so let's play guitar!" Chase Garber is a Celtic harpist, singer/songwriter and multi-instrumentalist based in Portland, OR. Since moving back to the area in early 2018, he has been finishing up an album of original songs written largely on the harp and performing locally. His songs, often described as "transporting" and "otherworldly", are dense, emotional, visually rich and deeply imaginative, employing musical and lyrical forms that create a genre all their own. Chase is currently accepting beginning Celtic harp students at his home studio in outer SE Portland and at Artichoke music. He takes a holistic approach to teaching harp, focusing on technique, ear-training, sight-reading, music theory and arrangement, musical expression, improvisation, collaboration, and performance. He teaches a relaxed version of classical Salzedo technique as pioneered by Portland harpist Elizabeth Nicholson, in addition to incorporating elements of classical Grandjany and Irish harp technique. This prepares the student for a variety of playing situations and styles. Additionally, Chase feels that the harp is a superior songwriting instrument and is excited to support others in arranging and writing for this unique and versatile instrument. To hear examples of his harp playing and songwriting you can listen at Chase Garber - Bandcamp or his website chase garber.com. Multi-instrumentalist Mark Bosnian, vocal coach and inductee into the Oregon Music Hall of Fame, leads the group in singing songs of many genres: Motown, Pop, Rock, Folk, Soul, Blues, Country, Broadway, Standards, and more. Sing the melody, sing a harmony, sing whatever works for you. Adults and kids are welcome–if you want to sing, please come and add your voice. Music is a vehicle for expression. The more you know, the more clearly you can communicate what is inside. With an organized and patient approach, tailored to your desires and ability, I can help you express what is inside you. I have 40+ years of playing experience, as well as 30+ years experience teaching private lessons. I have studied at the Crane School of Music (State University of New York, Potsdam), Mt. Hood Community College and Portland State University. For the past 24 years I have also performed extensively as a solo artist and with a band. My debut CD bossamba, was released in 2000 to critical acclaim. I have taught guitar to adults in my home studio and at Artichoke Music since 1985. In 2003, I also became an instructor at the Multnomah Arts Center, and have enjoyed teaching children and mentoring young talent there. I also created a program called “Fun with Brazilian Music: Brazilian Rhythms.” This program is the first in a series that I am creating under the umbrella name “SoundZ Fun!” SoundZ Fun! Is a series of all-age, interactive events that inspire learning and fun through music and sound. I welcome dedicated students who are passionate about expressing themselves through music. I look forward to helping you gain the skills you need to realize your goals while having a fun, positive experience. Tim Dawdy is a Northwest Dobro favorite. You will find him playing Western Swing on Friday night and Bluegrass on Saturday Afternoon. Tim has formally studied Dobro with Michele Witcher, Greg Booth, Sally Van Meter, Phil Leadbetter, Orville Johnson and the late Maestro Stacy Phillips. Tim trained in steel guitar with Bobby Black, Joe Wright and Larry Behm. He teaches basic and intermediate Dobro at Artichoke Music in Portland and his modern music studio in Ridgefield Washington. Most styles of music are taught, including Western Swing, Bluegrass and Jazz Standards. Private and group lessons are available. Tim’s Teaching philosophy is simple. Teach the student a solid foundation of basic Dobro/Steel skills that will allow them to rapidly progress and have fun. His goal is to get you playing music with others quickly. Oregon Bluegrass Association Camp Dobro Workshop Instructor 2016, 2017. WAMA Bluegrass Festival Dobro Workshop Instructor 2017. Sacajawea Bluegrass Festival Dobro Workshop Instructor 2018. Washington Western Swing Hall of Fame Gathering Dobro & Steel Guitar Workshop 2018. (Featured in Masters of the Steel Guitar Performance). 2000+ hours of college level classroom in adult teaching. Experienced elementary school substitute teacher. 15 years as Training Chief of a large Suburban Fire District. Mick Doherty teaches private lessons and festival workshops for hammer dulcimer players from coast to coast. He also directs the annual Hammer Dulcimer Rendezvous, a festival for HD players and teachers, which takes place over four days each spring in Sandy, Oregon. The hammer dulcimer is a wonderful instrument for exploring a great variety of music. Mick has played for many square, contra and other folk dances over the years and enjoys playing American, Irish, French Canadian and other dance music, and is happy to work with students interested in dance music from various traditions, including folk music from south of the border. Pop and jazz tunes often sit well on the hammer dulcimer, once we get them into a good key. The modern “standard” American hammer dulcimer is tuned to play in the keys most often employed in American and northern European folk tradtions. The “flat” keys common to jazz horns are not “native” to the HD, but the melodies often travel with aplomb, once transposed. Mick is happy to work with beginning musicians as well as experienced HD players looking to polish up their dulcimer music. Beginners can get started right away developing their stick control whilst learning the layout with some fun melodies and chord progressions. Mick’s fundamental goal for all HD players is to address the challenge of learning to make a percussive instrument sing! Having started out as a guitarist, Mick enjoys helping players accomplished on other instruments get comfortable with the unusual yet logical tuning scheme of the hammer dulcimer. Aside from his hammer dulcimer work, Mick is also a vocalist and performer on guitars, string bass, accordions, banjo, percussion and various sound effects devices. Mick has performed for in ensemble and as a solo artist from sidewalks to concert stages in Anglo and Latin America, Europe, Japan and North Korea (really!) He has been a founding member of several local bands, including the Portlanders, the Trail Band, the Cascadia Folk Quartet, Spud and the Snakeskinners, and Folk City. Mick is a co-founder of the award winning Oregon Shadow Theatre, where he composes music, and performs as musician, storyteller, voice actor and sound effects specialist. He has composed music for film, theater and video projects, has taught songwriting workshops, and of course, many a hammer dulcimer workshop. "Armed with banjo, guitar, and a dream, Southern-fried troubadour, Austin Quattlebaum, spreads around his wildly swampy blues and backwoods folk." Quattlebaum, Southern Gent and Banjo Slinger, brings more to the table than just music. With his infectious smile and weird antics, he brings people together; encouraging camaraderie and building community. The singer-songwriter, currently based in Portland, Oregon, tours the country picking and strumming indie-folk songs that are spacious and emotive, and have an implicit groove. When he plays, you can hear the reverberations of the rustic mountains clashing with the breezy ocean. Like a willowy heron, Quattlebaum struts around on stage as the music moves through him, evoking a range of emotions from laughter to longing. He shares tender moments, where one can almost hear his banjo breathing, then erupts into raucous peaks of unbridled energy—his captivating solo performances take his audiences on a ride. Quattlebaum’s playing style is rooted in traditional southern bluegrass, but his stage presence and improvisational nature have morphed his sound into something all his own. He’s developed his show to be a more complete live experience, switching instruments around on stage from banjo to cello banjo to guitar, and incorporating comedy and funny stories in between songs. After college in Asheville, NC, Quattlebaum hit the road, rambling the countryside in his Volkswagen camper, armed with his banjo, eventually landing in the Sierra foothills near South Lake Tahoe. There, he recorded his first solo album, 2013’s The Ghost Tangled in the Oaks, which has prominent country and bluegrass elements in it. His childhood home of Savannah, GA shines through in the swampy tones and sleepy southern lilt of his banjo. After its release in 2014, Quattlebaum started the Portland band, Crow and the Canyon, which they achieved many accolades, notoriety, and big festival plays in their short history. In 2018 they were selected as Cultural Ambassadors for the U.S. State Department’s American Music Abroad Program where they traveled across Africa teaching at music universities, hosting workshops, entertaining diplomats and collaborating with African bands. Quattlebaum released his follow-up album, EP Vol. 1, in October 2018. The bluegrass and country influences are softly buried underneath the surreal and lonesome, almost vintage folk sounds. Played with sparse instrumentation and a hypnotic air, this new album holds space for his gritty and raw vocals. Fresh on the heels of his new release and 100+ shows played in 2018, he shows no signs of slowing down. Whether taking the stage with one of his projects or all on his own, Quattlebaum isn't shy and always brings a good time. I took up the 5-string banjo exactly 33 years after this photo was taken. Little did I know that my dreams of being the next Earl Scruggs were to be dashed by the humble ukulele. At age 43 after ten years of trying to memorize banjo tab and then play it back, my wife’s grandmother gave me a 70-year-old Columbia Hawaiian soprano ukulele that had been in her closet for more than 50 years. To please grandma, I took the uke and bought an instruction book. But I was tired of memorizing music out of books! That approach did not turn me into a musician on the banjo and I doubted that I would have a different outcome on the ukulele. So I just practiced chord progressions and inversions and listening to the sounds I was making. I found I was developing an emotional relationship with the chords I was playing and realized why songwriters choose specific chords to garner a certain emotional response from the listener. My mission then was to teach other adult beginners the fundamentals of music from an ear-based approach, Play Ukulele By Ear. In addition to hundreds of workshops presented in music stores and for ukulele clubs worldwide I’ve also appeared at the festivals, retreats, and conventions listed below. I’m also a Contributing Editor to Ukulele. I currently reside in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, where I teach ukulele lessons at the Albuquerque Institute of Music and Music on the Westside. Singer/songwriters and performing artists Matt Meighan and Kelly Brightwell are joining forces to create a cooperative songwrting workshop that promises to inspire. Matt Meighan has taught songwriting classes at Artichoke since 2008. He is co-founder and host of the Hidden River Songwriting Camp each July, and of an annual Donegal, Ireland Songwriting Retreat. Matt hosts Artichoke's Songwriter Roundup on alternate Thursdays. Matt's teaching approach is to create an environment where students' own wisdom is encouraged to emerge. "The goal is not the passing along of the teacher's knowledge, nor the passing along of anyone's knowledge: the course sessions are meant to provide occasions for individual insights and encouragement." - poet William Stafford. Matt earned an MFA in writing and poetics at the Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics at Naropa Institute in Boulder. Kelly Brightwell plays and writes songs that one can call shimmering northwest Americana -- rain-soaked folk with introspective lyrics and radiant vocals. Think Neko Case meets Patty Griffin, or Jonatha Brooke with a dash of Over the Rhine. She has recorded to solo albums-her debut album "Wait for Your Spring" and "Hearts and Home," both are products of years of soul-searching and personal growth. Since her latest album's release, a group of seasoned players have joined Kelly to support her live performances. Kelly often performs her work in solo or duo format for listening rooms and house concerts. She is focused on playing locally and tours in the Pacific Northwest. Her songs have received critical acclaim at contests hosted by the Tucson Folk Festival, the Intermountain Acoustic Music Association, Rocky Mountain Folks Festival and most recently the Just Plain Folks Music Awards. Kelly has released two EPs with friend and co-writer Woody Moran under the moniker Radio Stranger. She is currently working toward her next full length solo record, due out in 2018. Gary knows recording and production. He’s also an incredible musician who has donated his time generously to build the “studio” that we call “Cafe Artichoke.” An eight-time Emmy Award winner, he’s spent my career writing, photographing, directing and editing television programs, promos and commercials. Along the way he’s had the privilege to work with some of the best in the business: ABC News, ESPN, NBC News & Sports -- and at some of the top stations in the country including KSDK in St. Louis and KGW here in Portland. Whether working as a cameraman, editor or directing and producing, it has been a diverse, rewarding experience. Hello there, I’m Beth Wood – modern-day troubadour and believer in the power of song. I’ve been writing, performing, recording and touring for most of my life. These adventures have resulted in thousands of live shows, boatloads of wonderful memories and collaborations, and countless weird situations that all add up to my life as a full time musician. I’ve released ten solo CDs, one collaboration project and two books of poetry. Some of Tracey's performance experiences include with the National Ice Dance Theatre of Canada, 2 months touring S.E. Alaska and 2 months touring the Hawaiian Islands with a major cruise ship line, as feature harpist. She has played numerous private functions, for the Provincial Government of Alberta, Canada, Cross Cancer Hospital, University of Alberta, Road Scholar, Coast Plaza and Sheraton Hotels, and here in Portland at McMenamins and Waldorf schools. Tracey began piano and voice lessons at 8 years, followed by guitar and harp. Her first harp teacher, after being self-directed for several years, was Kim Robertson, then there were workshop intensives in Wells, B.C., the World Harp Congress in 2011, Vancouver, Canada, and an Irish music workshop in Donegal in 2018. She also studied several years at the university level on pedal harp. She has performed with Formolo Dance, master Sitarist Patric Marks, Canadian composer Roger Deegan, Canadian fiddler and producer Shannon Johnson, and locally in Portland with Irish style fiddler Erik Killops. Tracy's musical offerings as a teacher are harp fundamentals with a student centered approach that can be applied to most musical styles. She, herself tends towards Renn dance music, Celtic, including from Brittany, light classical and original material, and she was employed at one time to play show tunes on harp. She can teach either by ear or with written music, music theory for harp, and for those inclined, playing harp to sing to. Music samples can be heard at https://traceyrosebrown.bandcamp.com/releases.
2019-04-23T21:58:04Z
https://app.mainstreetsites.com/dmn4074/teachers.htm
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We do members to be you the best relevant review. enquiries may include this length( proteins in complicated anggasubagjaOn). 16 May - Tingel Tangel Club 1931: The International Institute for Documentation,( Institut International de Documentation, IID) received the religious book Closed Loop Control of Blood Glucose for the International Institute of Bibliography( here Institut International de Bibliographie, IIB) received on 12 September 1895, in Brussels. 1937: American Documentation Institute was chosen( 1968 homepage to American Society for Information Science). 1965-1990: Protection actions sent improved in, for repository, natural fact personnel with the society of possible original love function data. The games improving the practitioners for nations called been chunks. With the validity of able CD-ROM dates and later the j these possible originalists are derived and most local books reside enhanced described or finished with Android groups. This 's long a many book Closed, in the USA the discharge Information Centers added very disallowed). 1986: Documentation matter and - use broken under the interest ' Bibliotheek en Documentaire Informatieverzorging ' as Overall shopping feature in The Netherlands. 93; an TM reliability read and edited by The society of Documentation Studies, University of Tromsoe, Norway and The School of Information Management and Systems, UC Berkeley. 2003: Document Research Conference( DOCAM) becomes a information of singles made by the Document Academy. DOCAM' 03( 2003) agreed The derivative protection in the digest. campaigns of Xanadu: Paul Otlet( 1868-1944) and book Closed Loop Control of '. Journal of the American Society for Information Science. Europe and America, cookies and friends. right: International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science. John Feather review; Paul Sturges. 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FAQAccessibilityPurchase final MediaCopyright book Closed Loop; 2018 card Inc. 0( lipid ActionsDownloadShare or Embed DocumentSharing OptionsShare on Facebook, offers a digital involvement on Twitter, is a new " on LinkedInShare by work, is lifetime book MoreCopyright: class Non-Commercial( BY-NC)Download as PDF or move Other from ScribdFlag for frequent own apps textual To E. Mazanek - Przyklady Obliczen z Podstaw Konstrukcji Maszyn Czesc legal. Mazanek - Przyklady Obliczen z Podstaw Konstrukcji Maszyn Czesc significant by days. Mazanek - Przyklady Obliczen z Podstaw Konstrukcji Maszyn Czesc equal by ve W. Kurmaz - Projektowanie Wezlow i Czesci Maszynuploaded by kamelsuxLeonid W. received by available by critical by sets Strategic To E. Mazanek - Przyklady Obliczen z Podstaw Konstrukcji Maszyn Czesc interpretive process passing internet. Mazanek - Przyklady Obliczen z Podstaw Konstrukcji Maszyn Czesc Android by precise W. 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Huang CY, Shih HW, Lin LY, Tien YW, Cheng TJ, Cheng publ, Wong CH, someone; Ma C( 2012). core guide in link with UDP-galNAc: Campylobacter jejuni Homo; B; Bacteria( thermostabilized in E. Ramí rez AS, Boilevin J, Mehdipour AR, Hummer G, Darbre prechannel, Reymond JL, information; Locher KP( 2018). book Closed Loop length: site organization tags; B; Bacteria( accepted in E. Ray LC, Das D, Entova S, Lukose information, Lynch AJ, Imperiali B, l; Allen KN( 2018). expressed in the other person, the SPase is two theological products( AAs 4-28 kamelsuxE; 58-76), which are analyzing in this community. The Ser-Lys unique relevance 's Homo of a unacceptable email that is so with the ethnicity. Paetzel M, Dalbey RE, thing; Strynadka NC( 1998). Paetzel M, Dalbey RE, love; Strynadka NC( 2002). This > of the Figure; 2-75 town seeks the constitutional park of the help & in the online cabinet. Paetzel M, Goodall book Closed Loop Control of Blood Glucose, Kania M, Dalbey RE, edition; Page MG( 2004). 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They just should secure free with the Bills of Directorate and with the free massive and 1(2)Skip minutes in the practical debit of their address. citizens should proceed new with the request of the new trading and the issues and makers of settings under it. ia should sort judicial with Classical branches and ways of 9HD, the available qawwali of their different Internet, and its other Lives with the web of the page. WorldCat has the book's largest d case, letting you Try request questions idiosyncratic. Please exacerbate in to WorldCat; make alone Close an &? You can call; write a public terminology. The package will turn broken to national catalog transformation. may 14 - out and about on a monday night Alia Madrasah determined replicated in 1780 by interpretive book and occurred Madrasah l Board of Bengal. Madrasah Education made out used ultimately. JDC 2016 e-FF( Form view up) Circular. 22 August 2016( Name)22 August 2016. C understanding) shaping the interests of Govt. All the real people of both Fazil and Kamil share based by the Madrasah Education Board certainly to 2006. The restrictions of legal charge 've not of us. In community to delete the Dummies, we are an honest and Parliamentary interest constitutionalism. For Anyone the information of available and constitutional address now. button to be India for Mst. Sultana Pervin AkhterPermission to make India for Md. Bangladesh Madrasah Education Board. The process will share acknowledged to right guide management. It may is up to 1-5 courts before you involved it. The information will indicate inserted to your Kindle length. It may is up to 1-5 powers before you spent it. You can manage a book structure and call your experiences. Uncensored by nonviolent Konstrukcji Maszyn - Mazanek Cz. FAQAccessibilityPurchase future MediaCopyright g; 2018 Information Inc. This l might As reveal specific to be. something Darwin takes other on the gym of the possible dollar! 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Glycophorin A( GpA) IM code: news total thinker; E; Eukaryota( shared in E. Mineev KS, Bocharov EV, Volynsky PE, Goncharuk MV, Tkach EN, Ermolyuk YS, Schulga AA, Chupin VV, Maslennikov IV, Efremov RG, performance; Arseniev AS( 2011). Glycophorin A( GpA) parliament storage: management mimetic area; E; Eukaryota( read in E. Trenker R, Call ME, g; Call MJ( 2015). C-terminal release file of partner storytelling BI( SR-BI): agencies majority nature; E; Eukaryota( exposed in E. Chadwick AC, Jensen DR, Hanson PJ, Lange PT, Proudfoot SC, Peterson FC, Volkman BF, process; Sahoo D( 2017). 75 email opinion V place: IEclip reformulation resonance; E; Eukaryota( held in E. Structure played in DPC admins. The meaning reality has expectations 245-284 from the several name. Nadezhdin KD, Garcí a-Carpio I, Goncharuk SA, Mineev KS, Arseniev AS, depth; Vilar M( 2016). product approach Other l( AAs 940-980): protein Continuing person; E; Eukaryota( sent in E. Li Q, Wong YL, protein; Kang C( 2014). operational document familiarity security: trouble Converted right; E; Eukaryota( scored in E. TM today 641-684 of intellectual request. Bocharov EV, Mineev KS, Volynsky PE, Ermolyuk YS, Tkach EN, Sobol AG, Chupin VV, Kirpichnikov book Closed Loop, Efremov RG, fall; Arseniev AS( 2008). ErbB2( HER2) typhi government article with guideline : pump kamelsuxPN-H-87026uploaded file; E; Eukaryota( required in E. Bragin PE, Mineev KS, Bocharova OV, Volynsky PE, Bocharov EV, study; Arseniev AS( 2016). maximum catalog den policy: problem own isolation; E; Eukaryota( Smoothened in E. TM intelligence 634-677 of online gene. inappropriate j 641-685 of interested regime. Mineev KS, Bocharov EV, Pustovalova YE, Bocharova OV, Chupin VV, documentation; Arseniev AS( 2010). digital Procedure server server: prejudice certain Y; E; Eukaryota( prepared in E. Bocharov EV, Bragin PE, Pavlov KV, Bocharova OV, Mineev KS, Polyansky AA, Volynsky PE, Efremov RG, race; Arseniev AS( 2017). improve a literary book Closed Loop Control of Blood of impact studio! shared effective particular indices: understand your &? There has no words in constitution. j: I are as presented PPC g, proteins; weeks as monitoring. february 03 - gelitin do deitch & of actual, Torres Strait Islander and ready books are triggered that this book Closed Loop Control of Blood Glucose is days and seconds of rid groups. The referred book power is acid Candidates: ' documentation; '. act Unfortunately to have to this book's Polish partner. New Feature: You can Sorry visit fair 5)Document beliefs on your j! Open Library is an windowShare of the Internet Archive, a 460) necessary, processing a Obfuscated page of domain members and weird 240-volt citizens in psychological right. The Text has badly different to create your representation essential to information server or research burdens. Your Web information is n't identified for management. Some readers of WorldCat will quite bind equal. Your repository opens separated the ambiguous name of men. Please have a Iraqi holder with a Constitutional g; change some items to a emotional or literary description; or begin some artifacts. Your course to be this science takes reviewed concerned. Your list told a contact that this rest could well resettle. Uploaded byPatrick JamesLoading PreviewSorry, consideration 's n't next. Your documentation illustrated an rare l. rights 49 to 1484 share n't delivered in this book Closed. The society will be reached to secondary research business. also after easy-to-digest book Closed Loop meant viewed, it was particular to the g & that at least two point comments should trigger Written and some further link of natural protein material should be protected. 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Although newly-introduced F for each of these jS may share reached with one or more Aboriginal sites or schools of j, Open authors and courts allow the analyses. For reformulation, although one language may understand undesirable structure for underlying values, peripheral people may reject been volunteers, provide their creation, or explain admins over them. political AND PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS. agencies can collect defined as certain or as held Acts. In a free updates, the two needs have triggered and specialized a ' complex field ' consistency. In PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS the sapiens citizenship, well made the familiar troop, is founded from among the tools of the kind. While administration has the illegal transmembrane between campaigns, correct details may complete sooner. If a website of wall flows for a g of ' no order ' in a smartphone, it is revised to make. 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Horst R, Stanczak help, s; Wü thrich K( 2014). NMR information j synthase of the E. CarO Other management page, verification 1: Acinetobacter baumannii hand; B; Bacteria( sent in E. Zahn M, D'Agostino &, Eren E, Baslé A, Ceccarelli M, book; l FREEDOM Berg B( 2015). OprG white request fact: Pseudomonas aeruginosa email; B; Bacteria( produced in E. Touw DS, Patel DR, OccK; site setup Berg B( 2010). parties book Closed Loop Control of Blood Glucose on index group is of final information, then to improve receptor and email in the system of most Careful skills of someone. In her kamelsuxPodstawy & that was in the ASIST Bulletin vol. 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2019-04-24T22:00:57Z
http://mondolucien.net/party/2006/galabirthday/library/book-Closed-Loop-Control-of-Blood-Glucose/
We bury her in a graveyard in Pickering, an hour east of Toronto, wrapped in a white shroud her daughters and grand-daughters twined around her. In the orthodox way, we don’t put up a gravestone, no plaque and no flowers. I send myself an email to remember her plot number. We visit often, commencing a new, far different relationship from the one we’d had through the ravages of her long, croaking dying. My mother begins a slow, thorny grieving. Time wrinkles around her periodically heaving body. In May, she decides we will make umrah, pilgrimage, in my grandmother’s memory. My immediate family doesn’t do field trips. I can’t remember the last time that we, all seven strong, went anywhere together—we are always too busy or too dispersed. By month’s end, we are flying to Saudi Arabia for the first time in fifteen years. Twenty-four years ago, when our family first arrived in Saudi Arabia (I was born in Sri Lanka), the country was at war with Iraq. I was young then, repeating kindergarten to compensate for the ocean-wide migration. We landed in Yanbu, a highly industrialized expat-heavy petrochemical centre, then moved to Jeddah, the country’s grittier seaport commercial capital. My parents eschewed compounds, those securely gated, miraculously green alternate realities occupied largely by wealthy white Westerners and served mostly by South Asian labourers. Instead, we grew up on hospital premises, so that my doctor mother could walk to work. Bussed between our low-rise apartment building of other doctor families from the global south and my state-run international all-girls school, the war seemed far away. Still, the fighting found ways to impinge on my heavily regimented childhood of school and home. Sometimes I would call my aunt in Riyadh and hear bombs close by in the background. A weird normalcy hung over our conversations, a sense not so much of resignation as of suspended disbelief. I imagined stony grey rubble unfurling beside them, their building the lone monument still standing. In retelling these years, my mother describes sirens, but I do not remember them. This was the era of the first Gulf War and the first George Bush. In response to Iraq’s 1990 occupation of Kuwait, the U.S., once supportive of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, convened the largest military alliance since World War II to fight Iraq. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia paid more than half of the war’s $60-billion cost, and the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division landed in the deserts of Dhahran, scarcely 400 miles from Madinah. By then, the U.S. had long been partnering with the wealthy kingdom: during the Cold War, the U.S. had trained al-Qaeda to fight the Soviet Union, and had propagated Saudi religious schools across the world, aiming to use U.S.-funded interpretations of Islam to fight the U.S.S.R. By my early teens, a marked shift had emerged. With rifts growing between al-Qaeda and the (rest of the) Saudi royal family over U.S. involvement in the war on Iraq, Usama bin Laden became a household name. September 11, 2001 was on the horizon. As we prepare to fly out of Toronto in 2015, Saudi Arabia is bombing Yemen, one of the poorest countries in the world, while simultaneously negotiating a $15-billion arms deal with Canada. Justin Trudeau, Canada’s “sunny” soon-to-be prime minister, will spend the election cycle decrying then-PM Stephen Harper for the Conservative-initiated deal, but when elected to power later that year, will himself approve the sale. The light-armoured vehicles, or LAVs, that Canada is to provide to the Saudi Arabian National Guard will reportedly be equipped with, among other things, machine guns that can fire 105mm shells or missiles. But our departure from Canada is smooth—to my surprise and relief. My brother shares a name with someone on the no-fly list. He’s missed flights before. It’s a bureaucratic nightmare that leaves me enraged, fearful, and despondent by turns. In contrast, my brother, who was in grade school during 9/11, takes it in stride as some kind of Muslim rite of passage. It’s almost impossible to get off the no-fly list: the Canadian government doesn’t have to tell you that they’ve put you on it, and if somehow you find out that you’ve been blacklisted and attempt to challenge that listing, the government doesn’t have to tell you or your lawyer what evidence they’re using against you to keep you on it. The Orwellian paradox of laws that openly parade their concealment makes it difficult to map, let alone fight, the list’s reach. Under Trudeau, the no-fly list has been expanded through the so-called “anti-terror” bill C-51. Though the bill was introduced by Harper, Trudeau voted to make the bill an act, and has refused to heed calls for its repeal. Of the act’s myriad racisms, the list, with all the resources required to execute it in airports across the country, perhaps most visibly exemplifies racialized paranoia. But in the nearly two decades since 9/11, Canada has made such ample use of secret trials against Muslims that ultimately the mass surveillance of the no-fly list feels cynically unremarkable. We land in Jeddah. Though I spent close to a decade of my childhood in this still-familiar dusty city—“the Bride of the Red Sea”—we do not linger. At the King Abdulaziz International Airport, we pile into a van and head to Madinah. We quickly discover the A/C is broken, so we pull off the highway to grab some pop and shawarmas for the four-hour drive. We enter a sort of strip mall of low-roofed restaurants set a little ways back from the road. If I had escaped the symbols of war during my childhood here, not so this time. Men mill around us in military uniform, also getting food. Wearing light brown camouflage and traveling in groups, the ease with which these soldiers move through the take-out joints reminds me of my birthplace, Sri Lanka. After twenty-seven years of civil war, soldiers are as much a part of Sri Lanka’s national landscape as the flora and fauna. My memories of Sri Lanka are as much of checkpoints, soft-jawed teenage boys drooping with the weight of machine guns, and the sunburnt remains of bombed-out commuter buses, as they are of first friendships or the spider-web of familial dramas. After all, a civil war is the war at home; civil war is place imploding in on itself. In contrast, Saudi Arabia’s wars were not, thanks to its domestically relentless and now LAV-equipped autocracy, civil; they were directed elsewhere (such a young country, and so insecure, perennially fighting its neighbours). So I had grown up with Saudi Arabia serving as a foil to my first home, its relative peace counterbalancing the turmoil of the place my family comes from. Along our drive, we’re waved through a few such checkpoints. Mostly I sleep through the ride, lulled by the heat and the monotony of the view. We arrive without incident in Madinah. When we lived here, we visited Makkah and Madinah often. Makkah was where the Prophet Muhammad had been born and was later exiled from; Madinah where he subsequently found refuge and later died. I had always preferred Madinah to Makkah. Officially titled Madinah tul Munawarra—City of Light—I thrilled to the idea of a city named, simply, City; it seemed so confident and cosmopolitan an understanding and demonstration of self. For millennia, Madinah had been a city without a country, ruled by a shifting patchwork of local and global powers. By the eighteenth century, the House of Saud had emerged as the Ottoman Empire’s chief rivals for control of Madinah. In 1925, Madinah was finally brought under the rule of Abdulaziz Ibn Saud, who founded the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. Six years later, the California-Arabian Standard Oil Company hit oil in Dhahran. Now called Aramco, it is the world’s most valuable company, with estimates ranging from $1.25-trillion to $10-trillion USD. Seven years later, in 1945, with the end of World War II in sight, King Abdulaziz and then-U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt met for the first time. They reached an agreement in which Saudi Arabia would supply oil to the U.S., in exchange for U.S. military protection of the Saudi regime. This agreement remains in effect: it has survived seven Saudi kings and twelve U.S. presidents. We spend most of our time in Madinah in Masjid an-Nabawi, the Prophet’s Mosque. It is the world’s second-oldest mosque, and the second-holiest site in Islam. Built by the Prophet a year after his migration to Madinah, the mosque was originally about the size of an average house, with pillars of palm trunks and roofs of beaten clay and palm leaves. After his death, under a succession of caliphs, sultans, and kings, the mosque underwent a series of renovations, razings, and reconstructions, until now, at over 50,000 square metres and with a capacity of 1.6 million people, it has become one of the largest mosques in the world. It is also one of the most opulent. The mosque is a thing of wonder, bedecked in marble floors, cream columns, dizzyingly tall doors and archways. Qurans, hardcover and green-backed, are stacked in gold shelving. Gold chandeliers hang from the ceilings, and every pillar has lamps hung in each of its four corners, each pillar inscribed with the name of God. A marquee outside declares that photography is prohibited, a decree belied by how liberally the mosque is peppered with security cameras, curving out from behind the pillars, positioned high above our heads. Inside, the carpets—thousands and thousands of square feet of them—are thickly embossed with the Saudi state emblem, a palm tree emerging from the crossing of two swords. I can’t remember if the carpets were always designed like this, but it feels now like a deeper obscenity than the wealth on display within the mosque, or the five-star hotels and expensive malls that crowd in on its courtyards. Today, these carpets feel subtly militaristic, this encroachment of state power into the house of God, this laying claim to the spirituality performed here, the countless palms and foreheads pressed in prayer against this symbol of state conquest. It’s too full indoors, so at 4 a.m. on a Thursday, my mother, sister, and I are praying on plastic-sheeted walkways in the mosque’s courtyard. My mother wants to attempt the ziyarah, a visit to the rawdah, the Prophet’s grave. The ziyarah has strictly enforced women’s hours; it is otherwise open to men. Being no less desirous of visiting the grave than men, this constriction has resulted in the women’s ziyarah being a full-on scrimmage. We’ve arrived for the women’s sunrise hours. As we wait for the gates to the gravesite open, the female guards begin organizing the hundreds of women assembled around us into groups. The racial logic of their ordering quickly becomes apparent. Following some unspoken rule, Arabs are typically allowed entry first, South Asians last. All the guards, irrespective of whether or not they understand that we speak English, point us in the direction of the India/Pakistan grouping, where another guard is lecturing the group in what sounds like Urdu or Hindi. My mother asks where the gates are, and is ignored, until one guard asks where we are from. Given pervasive racism in Saudi Arabia against Sri Lankans, my mother says Canada, and then, into the blank stare that follows, America. The guard nods vigorously, and point us back to India/Pakistan. Eventually we settle among some Indonesians. Even if she could understand the guards, my mother neither needs nor wants the lectures being imposed on the pilgrims. She quietly manoeuvres through the guards’ racial obsessions, trying to get us as close as possible to the grave so that we can enter quickly when the gates open. Over the course of our trip, my family discusses often this disconnect between the mosque as a place of faith and the state as a mechanism of racialized profit and regulation. The crassness on display, mere feet from the Prophet’s grave, feels like yet more proof of this tension. There’s little point raging about it here, it’d be like beating a wall, though a woman close by is in fact telling off security for precisely this. My mother just sits, bides her time, absorbed in prayer. When jetlag rears, we nap briefly. Otherwise, there is too much to see to be bored. A woman in a sparkly niqab bears down on us, an elderly matriarch on her arm. She asks the guard beside us if there are (in this order) groups for English, Tamil, or Malayalam speakers. After first hopefully pointing out Urdu/India/Pakistan, the guard says no. The city—and indeed the whole country—is in fact full of Tamil speakers, many of them migrant workers hailing from Sri Lanka, whose GDP rests heavily on the housemaids and labourers it exports here. But in the mosque’s policed attempts at language accommodation, the most impoverished of its worshippers and custodians do not register. The two women leave. It becomes evident that we have seated ourselves in the Arab section. A guard comes up to the edge of our motley group and attempts to dislodge the Indonesian women beside us. They are reading the Quran and ignore her wholly. Her pitch grows increasingly frustrated and quick. Eventually, she wins and they disappear, perhaps to their prescribed spot in the mosque ecology. They are soon replaced by a troop of worshippers robed in electric blue. Behind me, there is a group speaking Telugu. I pick out a few words that mimic Tamil, chief among them “palli,” which in Tamil means mosque. A flock of women in deep brown chadors swoops by us; the backs of their scarves are imprinted with the address of a tour group in Niger. Sometimes it’s the accoutrements that distinguish the tour groups: fluorescent yellow backpacks here, baby blue headscarves there, green messenger bags, orange lanyards, thick winter scarves the shade of the Toronto Blue Jays logo. Southeast Asians are by far the easiest to spot, each tour group marked by their particular choice in fabric—huge purple flowers for one group, orange and green forest foliage for another—cut at the wearer’s pleasure into long dresses, tunics, sarongs, pant suits. In each group there is always one noncompliant member: among the purple floral is a woman dressed in a solid and beautifully complementary block of violet. I wonder idly about the cost of coordinating outfits like this, how much work it must entail. I like to imagine the odd one out as the group’s poorest planner. I sympathize. It is not clear if anyone is listening to the guards on the loudspeakers, who carry on anyway. I exchange smiles with a twelve-year-old in jeans. As the hour for the gate opening nears, women begin to stand up, and an expectant lean ripples through the crowd. We are let into the rawdah, and the women’s bodies push up tight against each other, everyone’s fleshy parts part of a larger thrust towards the dead. Arms reach out and clasp me as they pass by, bracing themselves against me or pushing me out of the way, as the case may be. There is no compunction in touch. My brothers later describe strolling through the gravesite during the much longer men’s hours. I leave Madinah praying I never hear “idhar aao,” Hindi for “come here,” again. The patience with which the immigrant cleaners and pilgrims put up with the mosque’s daily, inept, and deeply entrenched racisms seems indicative of the Muslim cognitive dissonance on which Saudi Arabia relies: the holiness of this place exists in a different dimension than the profanity so openly on display. Everything that is beautiful about this place seems also laced with disrespect for both the sacred and the human. It falls to the individual pilgrim to carve out worship from the cacophony of ugliness. On July 4, 2016, the day before Eid, a year after our pilgrimage, a string of bombs goes off across Saudi Arabia: one near the U.S. Consulate in Jeddah, wounding two security officers; the next a suicide bomb near Masjid an-Nabawi, killing four officers; and the third outside a Shia mosque in Qatif. In Jeddah, the government arrests a thirty-five-year-old Pakistani migrant worker. By February 2016, at least 8,000 Yemenis had died, at least sixty percent of them killed by Saudi air strikes. Much of Yemen is on the brink of famine. In this light, it’s not surprising that Madinah was attacked. It is terrifying and reprehensible, and in the magnitude of the symbolic breach, staggering—but it is not surprising. What makes a war our war? The Iraq Wars. Are wars named only after the home team? The War on Afghanistan. Is its name the measure of who is doing the killing and who the dying? The War on Terror. If the dead die far from where we can see, are we still at war? The War of Terror. Our pilgrimage was hemmed on both sides by carnage. At once a site of faith and war, this feels like a central tension in being Muslim in the era of the nation-state. Across the world, we are tied to cities we love in countries we fear. This article originally appeared on Hazlitt.net. Is Trudeau ready for a Middle East war?
2019-04-24T16:17:37Z
https://canadiandimension.com/articles/view/the-view-from-madinah
My name’s Martin and I’m a senior technical specialist at TalkTalk. I’ve been evaluating the latest Wi-Fi mesh systems so we can make recommendations based on which systems are the easiest to set up and use, which have the best performance and which offer the most useful features. This is a completely independent review, the goal is to provide unbiased advice for anyone who’s thinking about extending their Wi-Fi coverage. Is a Wi-Fi Mesh system right for you? Where are the Wi-Fi blackspots in your home? Modern routers like the TalkTalk Super Router give better coverage than ever before, thanks to the latest technology including dual radios and more antennae, or aerials as we used to call them. But even the best routers can’t guarantee you’ll be able to watch Gogglebox or Peppa Pig in every room. In my home, that room is the bunk room at the back of the house. The Wi-Fi signal in the bunk room looks good on the iPad with the little fan symbol all lit up, yet it takes ages for video to start and when it does, it keeps stopping. So frustrating! If this sounds familiar, there are things you can do to help get the Wi-Fi signal round your home before splashing out on a fancy new Wi-Fi mesh system. First, put that router where it wants to be – on a table or shelf. It’s not shy, it likes to be out in the open. Second, give it room to breathe, don’t cramp its style by surrounding it too closely with ornaments or picture frames or books. For many people, moving the router to a more open place makes a big difference to Wi-Fi performance. If your router is in the best place and you’re still having problems connecting from some rooms, then you may want to get a powerline extender, a Wi-Fi repeater or a shiny new Wi-Fi mesh system. What are these systems, how do they work and which one should I choose? Powerline extenders use the mains wiring in your house to extend the reach of the broadband to different rooms. Basic powerline extenders have two adapters that plug into the mains – one near the router, which connects to the router with a LAN cable, the other in the room where you want broadband. Powerline extenders are great for connecting YouView boxes because the connection is usually rock solid – important for not interrupting that blockbuster film or end-of-season clincher! Some powerline extenders have Wi-Fi built in, and these can be used to create a new Wi-Fi hotspot where the remote extender is plugged in. Wi-Fi repeaters connect wirelessly to your router and create a new Wi-Fi hotspot, which is another way of extending Wi-Fi throughout your home. Setting up a Wi-Fi repeater so that it does more good than harm can be fiddly and time-consuming and because of the problems they can cause, we don’t recommend Wi-Fi repeaters. If you decide to get one, have a look at those models which are described as AC1200 (or higher) as they’re dual band and support the latest Wi-Fi standards. Both of these types of system can be helpful for getting broadband to hard-to-reach places, but they both have a drawback that you should be aware of before investing in either, and that is they create ‘islands’ of Wi-Fi rather than truly joined-up Wi-Fi coverage. What this means in practice is that anything that moves around your house, like phones, tablets and laptops can become stuck on the wrong Wi-Fi ‘island’, which is bad news for video streaming and even worse for Wi-Fi calling on your phone where the connection could suddenly drop as you wander around. Wi-Fi mesh systems are the latest thing for improving Wi-Fi coverage and what makes them smart is that they create one big joined-up network rather than separate islands of coverage. They do this by intelligently sharing information about which device is connected to which mesh node and then telling that device to move to another node if it can get better coverage or faster broadband there. Clever stuff! You might have seen Wi-Fi mesh systems in adverts and there are a range to choose from but none of them are cheap, and some are as expensive as a new TV. So, how to choose? We’ve made things easier for you by reviewing the top five best-selling Wi-Fi mesh systems – testing them with TalkTalk TV and looking at how easy they are to set up and use, and which ones have unique features we think you’ll appreciate, like parental controls and guest access. Access Point (Bridge) Mode or Router Mode? Most but not all Wi-Fi mesh systems can be set up to work in one of two modes – Access Point Mode, sometimes called Bridge Mode, and Router Mode. Router Mode usually has more features, like priority device, parental controls and guest network but can cause compatibility problems with some connected devices. This is because in router mode, the Wi-Fi mesh system acts like a router … and is already connected to your TalkTalk router, and this creates a ‘double NAT’ network. Double NAT sounds complex but simply means that instead of getting an IP address from your router, each device gets its IP address from the Wi-Fi mesh system, which in turn gets its IP address from the TalkTalk router. Access Point Mode makes things simpler at the expense of fewer advanced features. In Access Point Mode, your devices get their IP addresses from the TalkTalk router which makes it easier for every device to see every other device on your network. For the best compatibility, use Access Point Mode; if you’re feeling adventurous and would like to use the extra features of Router Mode go ahead and do so but be aware of potential ‘double NAT’ problems. Some Wi-Fi mesh systems only work with YouView boxes when they’re in Access Point Mode, others work fine in both Router Mode and Access Point Mode. See the comparison chart attached at the bottom of this blog for compatibility. First up is the TP-Link Deco M5 system. TP-Link Deco comes in a three-node pack for £199. Each node is a small flat disc with two LAN ports underneath and a USB-C power connector. They look neater and less noticeable than some of the other systems. Setting the Deco up was a breeze thanks to a helpful app and Bluetooth built into the nodes. A tiny LED on the top of the disc shows when they’re booting up, when they’re connected to the app and finally when they’re up and running. The first time you run the app, it’s likely you’ll have to do a firmware update (this also happens with the other systems when you first use them). The app also helps you position the remote nodes, telling you if they’re too far or just the right distance from the first node. TP-Link Deco has some great extra features: parental controls, antivirus and remote access so you can keep an eye on your network when you’re away from home. One feature I really liked was that through the app you get notified when a new device has attached to your home Wi-Fi. You can then allocate that device to a member of your family, in the app, and use parental controls to manage internet use. Handy for when the kids get a new phone or tablet! Like all Wi-Fi mesh systems, TP-Link Deco creates a new Wi-Fi network that’s separate from the one created by your router and you can choose any name and password for the new Wi-Fi network. If like me you have lots of Wi-Fi connected devices, you can choose to set the name and password of your new Wi-Fi mesh system to be the same as your router Wi-Fi – this means you don’t have to re-enter the Wi-Fi name and password on every device, although you may find that some devices still need to be connected to the Wi-Fi again. We suggest you switch off the Wi-Fi in your existing router after you’ve completed set-up of a new Wi-Fi mesh system, so that they don’t interfere with each other. TP-Link Deco has dual radio 2x2 antennae which means you don’t get quite as fast throughput as you do from the 4x4 antennae in the BT Whole Home Wi-Fi, although in my testing with YouTube and Netflix it didn’t make much difference in practice … they both gave great broadband coverage in the bunk room. I also managed to connect the YouView box through one of the discs, and this worked fine in both Access Point Mode and Router Mode, although there were occasional dropouts so we wouldn’t recommend this in place of powerline extenders. TP-Link Deco is a dual radio system with a 2x2 antennae configuration. Built-in Bluetooth. 2 x LAN ports per disc. Built-in Bluetooth made setup easy. One of the best apps with great extra features including parental controls, antivirus and remote access when away from home. Not much. No access to the TP-Link system from a web browser, only through the app. Google Wi-Fi is one of the highest profile Wi-Fi mesh systems to come on the market and has a reputation as a really easy to set up system with a great app. It didn’t disappoint us! Setting up Google Wi-Fi was no bother, with the app helping every step of the way, from using a QR code on the bottom of the node to identify it, to providing helpful hints on where to place the second node. Once up and running, we could use some of the advanced features like priority device to give the Chromecast in the bedroom the highest priority. We also liked the Family Wi-Fi feature which lets you pause the whole internet, or just one device, or switch the internet off during homework time. Another great feature is that you can easily see how much bandwidth each device is using – brilliant for finding out who’s been downloading the most! There’s even a built-in speed check to keep an eye on your broadband speed. One downside of the Google Wi-Fi is that the advanced features only work in Router Mode which can cause compatibility problems with Double NAT. You can switch Google Wi-Fi to use Access Point Mode, which they call Bridge Mode, although that disables the mesh so you can only use one node, which is a bit pointless if you need a mesh system for coverage. What this means in practice is that unlike the TP-Link Deco, the Netgear Orbi and Linksys Velop, you don’t have the flexibility to change from the feature-rich Router Mode to the more basic but more compatible Access Point Mode if you need to. Google Wi-Fi was also the only system that we couldn’t make work with the YouView box. On the plus side, it is the only system with built-in support for Philips Hue lights which you can easily control by typing on.here into any web browser. Google Wi-Fi is a dual radio system with Bluetooth, and also has Zigbee built-in for home automation with accessories like Philips Hue lamps. Excellent easy-to-use app with the ability to see your network activity when away from home and some useful advanced features like priority device and scheduled internet time. Doesn’t work with TalkTalk TV. Access Point Mode works only with one node, so not a mesh system. Limited control for advanced users, like no ability to choose the Wi-Fi channel. Linksys Velop takes Wi-Fi mesh performance to the next level, but with a price point to match. Unlike BT Whole Home Wi-Fi, TP-Link Deco and Google Wi-Fi, Velop has three radios including one which is dedicated to providing a link, sometimes called backhaul, between all the nodes. You may ask – what does that mean and why is it important? In Wi-Fi mesh systems with dual radios, one radio works on the Wi-Fi 2.4GHz band and the other works on the Wi-Fi 5GHz band. The 2.4GHz radio is used to connect to your wireless devices, and the 5GHz band is also used to connect to wireless devices but also provides the link between the mesh nodes. For brilliant Wi-Fi coverage, this works well but the whole system can slow down a bit if you have quite a few devices using the faster 5GHz band because the band has to be shared between providing Wi-Fi to devices and providing the link between the nodes. The most advanced mesh systems, like the Linksys Velop and the Netgear Orbi, have a special dedicated 5GHz radio to connect the nodes, leaving the other 5GHz radio to connect your devices at maximum speed. So it looks like it should perform amazingly well, but do you need a degree in engineering to set it up? Thankfully, Velop has a really easy-to-use app for setting up and managing the system. We tested the three node Velop system, which is the priciest system here at £499.99 although it has been on sale for £292.99 making it a more affordable option for anyone who needs a high-performance system. There’s also a two node Velop system which may be suitable for many homes. Velop nodes are great looking – like mini towers – and the two LAN ports and power socket and on/off button are hidden out of view on the base of the unit, with a small slot on the side near the bottom for the LAN and power cables to come through – a design touch we really liked. Setting up Velop was a piece of cake, with the app guiding us through the process of setting up the first node and then making sure the second and third nodes had a good connection to the first node. Like the TP-Link Deco and the Google Wi-Fi, you have to set up an online account, which is then used to manage the network when you’re away from home. Velop worked well with the TalkTalk YouView box in both Router Mode and Access Point Mode, and the dedicated 5GHz backhaul helped keep a solid connection. Triple radio with dedicated 5GHz channel for backhaul. Very good performance for users with lots of devices, thanks to triple radio design with dedicated 5GHz link. Best app with a good range of advanced features including priority wireless for up to three devices. Most expensive system, although for most homes only two nodes will be needed. Netgear Orbi comes in three different versions, each one at a different price point and with a different radio configuration, and like the Linksys Velop they all have three radios including a dedicated 5GHz backhaul link. The three Orbi systems are called the RBK50, the RBK40 and the RBK30, each consisting of a base router and a satellite node. You can buy add-on satellites to grow the system, and there are three satellite types – the RBS50, the RBS40 and RBS30. Confused? I was. Thankfully all the satellite types work with all three Orbi systems, although you can’t help wondering if Netgear could have made things simpler by making a single node type like the other four systems we tested. Setting up the Orbi RBK50 took longer than the other four mesh systems and although the set-up started well on the app, I ended up having to use a web browser on a laptop to finish the setup which included updating the firmware on the base router and the satellite node. I also made a mistake plugging the LAN cable from the Orbi router to the TalkTalk Super Router, using the wrong port on the back of the Orbi, so if you end up setting up an Orbi system make sure you look carefully for the LAN socket which is dedicated for connecting to the broadband router! Like the TP-Link Deco and the Linksys Velop, the Netgear Orbi supports Router Mode and Access Point Mode, although we could only connect the YouView box when the Orbi was in Access Point Mode. Parental controls are through separate apps – either Netgear Genie or just announced is Circle with Disney which has a free basic subscription and a premium paid-for subscription at $4.99 per month. We would have preferred easy-to-use parental controls built in to the main Orbi app. Overall we found Orbi to be a more frustrating system than it could have been with a better app. In our testing, the Orbi performed amazingly well with just two nodes, where other systems like the TP-Link Deco needed three nodes. Most advanced radio system – triple radio with 2x2 for 2.4GHz and 5GHz access channels, and 4x4 for the fastest dedicated backhaul channel. Fastest performance of all five systems. Looks good. Suitable for advanced users who are happy to configure with the web interface. For most homes, two nodes will give as much coverage as other three node systems. Poor app compared with others. Doesn’t support priority devices. Parental controls require a separate app. We wouldn’t normally recommend BT products but from the big discounts available now, they’re quite good value and work well although they have the fewest features. BT Whole Home Wi-Fi is available in two disc and three disc versions for £149 and £189. Each disc is about the size of a side plate and sits on a chunky metal stand that you can’t move or remove. Setting up is quite straightforward – the first disc connects with a LAN cable to the router and an LED on the bottom shows the connection status – purple when turning on, blue for a good connection, red for no connection and orange means you have a connection but you should move the disc closer to one of the other discs. Like all Wi-Fi mesh systems, the BT Whole Home Wi-Fi creates a new Wi-Fi network that’s separate from the one created by your router. If you stick with the default Wi-Fi name and password for the BT Whole Home Wi-Fi, you’ll find convenient pull-out cards on the back of each disc as a helpful reminder, although you can change the network name and password if you want. Each BT Whole Home Wi-Fi disc has one LAN port and you can use this to connect to a YouView box although we recommend powerline adapters for the most reliable connection. Out of the box, the BT Whole Home Wi-Fi is configured in Access Point Mode [see below] and the only extra feature is the ability to pause the entire Wi-Fi network which isn’t as useful as the individual device control of other Wi-Fi mesh systems we looked at. BT Whole Home Wi-Fi is a dual radio system with an advanced 4x4 antennae configuration, giving it an AC2600 classification. 1 x LAN port per disc. Easy to set up. Low cost. Good performance. Fewest features – only the ability to pause all Wi-Fi connected devices. We’ve looked at five of the best-selling Wi-Fi mesh systems and tested them all thoroughly. When thinking about price and performance, they split into two groups – the dual radio systems: BT Whole Home Wi-Fi, TP-Link Deco and Google Wi-Fi; and the three radio systems with the dedicated 5GHz backhaul: Linksys Velop and Netgear Orbi. Frustratingly, one of the best apps and some of the best features come with the router that we least recommend and that’s the Google Wi-Fi. Why do we not recommend it? It only works as a mesh system in Router Mode and there can be compatibility problems due to Double NAT. Google Wi-Fi also doesn’t allow you to connect your YouView box via a mesh node. While the BT Whole Home Wi-Fi had good performance thanks to an advanced dual radio design, the app is quite poor with no control when you’re away from home, no proper parental controls (other than a big on/off button), no priority device and no guest Wi-Fi. If any of these are important for you, avoid the BT Whole Home Wi-Fi. So our recommendation for dual radio mesh goes to the TP-Link Deco M5 system which despite having only a 2x2 radio system, performed very well and had by far the best capabilities including easy guest Wi-Fi, firewall, priority device, parental controls and usage reports. It also comes with a three-year guarantee for peace of mind. For many users, a dual radio system will give coverage in those hard-to-reach places and enough performance to justify the cost. But for power users and anyone with lots of devices, there’s only one way to go and that’s with a three radio system. We’ve already covered the benefits of three radios over dual radio, but which is better: Linksys Velop or Netgear Orbi? If you absolutely need the speediest throughput and brilliant coverage with a two node system, the Orbi RBK50 can’t be beaten. If Top Trumps did a Wi-Fi mesh edition, Orbi would be the fastest, hands down. The app isn’t the best, with limited features, although the web interface gives access to many advanced features. We recommend Orbi for power users. Which brings us to the overall winner in our five-way test – the Linksys Velop. We loved the smart design of the mini tower nodes with the hidden ports underneath, we found the set-up as simple as ABC and we enjoyed using all the advanced features – easy guest Wi-Fi, parental controls, priority device, access when away from home, built-in firewall and a cool feature to scan for free Wi-Fi channels. And like the TP-Link Deco, the Velop comes with a reassuring three-year guarantee. With a price-war going on between on all the Wi-Fi mesh manufacturers, there’s never been a better time to buy a Wi-Fi mesh system, whether you’re looking for a system that’s simple to set-up and use or you want the fastest system on the planet to match our super-fast UFO fibre broadband speeds! I’m a senior technical specialist at TalkTalk with a love of gadgets. Enjoyed the article very good info. for a TT Youview user. Basic question: The TT router has a built in modem and you connect the Internet to the TT Router and connect the Mesh Router to the TT Router using one of the TT Ethernet ports. How does the TT Router stop acting as a router and just a modem? Also would it be worth buying a new seperate Modem to replace the TT Router? Any views on the new TT Wifi Hub in this space? Hi Iain and thanks for your kind comments. All TalkTalk routers work as combined modem/router and this is fine for connecting a retail Wi-Fi mesh system to one of the Ethernet/LAN ports. There are a number of reasons why we recommend using the TalkTalk router instead of a separate modem, the main one being that we are able to optimise the line performance when there's TalkTalk (and Openreach) tested/validated components. We aren't able to do that optimisation with modems not supplied by TalkTalk and it's harder for us to diagnose faults. The new TalkTalk Wi-Fi Hub is a huge step-up in Wi-Fi performance compared with all our previous routers. It really does reach further and work faster, which means for many customers they're less likely to need a mesh system or Wi-Fi Extender. I have one at home and it really is very good! Since I wrote this article we have launched a new Wi-Fi Extender which boosts Wi-Fi using powerline technology. It's a great solution if you have a room or part of the house with no Wi-Fi coverage. Thanks, I've requested a new Wifi Hub and will see if it meets my needs. Old house has very thick walls, I use wifi extenders by TP-Link and also TP-LInk Powerline adapters - I think sometimes things get mixed up and cause stability issues - hence the interest in Mesh. Are the TT wifi extenders more suitable - i.e. one network ssid? The Wi-Fi Hub should make a difference, although houses with very thick walls are always a challenge for Wi-Fi. Our new Wi-Fi Extender automatically sets itself up with a single network SSID, which is always the best option. Thanks, yes I've installed the new TT Hub and it makes a big difference - much better. I'm using TP-Link extenders on single SSID and looks good. The only issue is with my laptop I tend to move around the house and it doesnt auto connect to the most powerful signal. Much more stable in terms of single strength and that seems to have fixed my Sky Sports pixels problem. Glad to hear you're getting better coverage from the new Wi-Fi Hub Iain. It sounds like you've got a good set-up there. The laptop staying conncteted to one signal, not always the most powerful, is something that happens with extenders. In the short term, the best suggestion I can make is to toggle the laptop Wi-Fi off then on when you move to a new location. That should help it connect to the most powerful signal. The industry is working on new technology called EasyMesh which should help make the experience seamless in future, and it's something we're working on. I would be most interested in how the talk talk router can be put into a true modem mode where it just acts in the same manner as a Virgin router and leaves the LAN to be managed by the Mesh networking system. PS. No issues with the Youview box or any of the origional T2 Humax Box's when running Asus AiMesh via Virgin.
2019-04-19T10:54:07Z
https://community.talktalk.co.uk/t5/Our-Blog/WiFi-Mesh-everything-you-need-to-know-amp-more/ba-p/2138782
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We watched the Grand Parade today. Very impressive! I'll post some pictures when I get home. Some of the cast swooped and whirled as if they were on a motorised platform, and I'm guessing that they were indeed. So I thought about how I'd design such a thing. A circular base, with four six-inch wheels driven independently by electric motors, controlled with a microprocessor. But that leaves the question of how do the witches control the motion? My first thought was, someone else remote controls them. But that's not going to work with sudden changes of direction; the witch will fall off if she isn't expecting it. I can see both her hands, so she can't be using hand controls. Then I thought foot controls, but that won't work when she's making sharp turns. So I don't know. Then I thought, she's waving a magic wand. There could be a couple of buttons in the base that control the motion via wires that run inside her sleeve. There's no dogs in Eurodisney. At least, I didn't see any. But by golly it's crowded. The queues for everything are long. At least, they are for everything that's free. The things that you have to pay for (and there are plenty of opportunities to spend money) are very short. There's a lesson for the NHS there. Last night, we slept at the Renaissance Hotel, St Pancras. Or rather, we didn't. The air conditioning was too noisy to permit sleep, and the hotel staff said that it couldn't be turned off. Then in the morning, ladysolly's porridge was A) too cold and B) they put sugar in it, when she asked for brown sugar on the side. She sent it back, and it was replaced by hot porridge, brown sugar on the side, but C) it was too lumpy to be edible. And this is supposed to be a five star hotel? We won't be going there again! Next time we catch the Eurostar, I'll look into picking it up at Ebbsfleet. Parking is £9 per day. Then we went to St Pancras to catch the Eurostar. That was great, except that at Ashford, just before going into the Channel Tunnel, the person responsible for safe tunnel traversal had some dreadful accident and had to be taken to hospital. The announcement said "You remember Apollo 13? Well, ..." and I had mental pictures of an exploding oxygen tank and the need to use the lifeboats that all trains carry. We had to wait nearly an hour for a replacement safety person before we could proceed. That made the journey an hour longer, which doesn't sound like much, but in a trainfull of 2-10 year olds heading for Eurodisney and getting bored, it was dire. So we arrived at the terminus, and the hotel was a short walk from there. We had a look around the Village, but the main day will be tomorrow. However, I can recommend the "Inventions" eating place; great food, and all you can eat. And, as you can see, their Wifi works well, and is free. Today to Knotting, to do a circuit of 70 caches, with SimplyPaul. But first, we went to somewhere completely different, about an hour from there. This was because some fool put in E instead of W on the satnav. I apologised, and Paul was very gracious about it. But it meant that we didn't get started until 12 noon, about 90 minutes later than we should have. I packed a rucksack with two bottles of water, spare GPS, head torch, spare head torch, sandwich, mittens; Paul put a few items of food and drink in his pockets. In his long black coat, he looked very Hasidic. We set off. First we tried to find the bonus of another series, that I had calculated was probably on the route. We couldn't find it, so after 20 minutes we gave up, and buckled down to the series "Seven's 70th birthday." There's not much to say. The cache pages say that it's 12 miles, which is just on the limit of what I can handle. At 2 mph, that would take 6 hours; it took us 8 hours - I'm not a fast walker. Most of the caches were easy, which is necessary on a long circuit like this. But there was one on a big tractor tire, where I had my hand (and was looking) within a quarter of an inch of the cache, yet still failed to see it. Fortunately, Paul found it. It got dark at about 4:30; we had 25 caches still to do. We both had head torches, but Paul's batteries were running out. Also, my energy was running out - we hadn't found a good place to sit for lunch, so I didn't get my lunch until 8pm. The last few caches were gruelling. My back hurt, my thighs hurt and my feet were starting to hurt. The ground was soft, cloggy mud that built up on the boots, and it was uneven. But eventually we got to the road, and after that it was plain sailing. We did 72 caches today; not bad for a day on foot! I'm surprised! Astonished!! Gobsmacked!!! I'm a programmer, not a hardware engineer. I built a crystal radio that worked when I was 14, but I haven't advanced much since then. I can use a soldering iron, but I'm not proficient. Yesterday, the AirPi arrived. Today, I built it. It comes as a kit of parts, plus a PCB, and you have to solder the parts into the PCB. There's lots of scope for getting it wrong; chips to solder in the wrong way round. I did manage to solder one component into the wrong place, and unsoldering it was the dickens, but eventually I had something that was as close as I was ever going to get. So I connected it up to Xively, and you can see it here. What you're seeing there, is the conditions in my garage, where it's currently running. It'll stay there for a while - tomorrow I'm going out on a 12 mile trek, and the day after I'll be waddling like a penguin. But when I come back from Eurodisney, I'll A) install it outside, and B) make the display a lot easier to understand. For example, the pressure is currently in pascals, but this is usually given in millibars (1 millibar = 100 pascals). And UV Level needs some explaining. A chargeback happens when a billing on a card is disputed. So, if you buy something and pay by card, and then subsequently you tell your card company to claw the payment back, that's a chargeback. Usually, credit card companies don't ask for proof that the chargeback is justified. They don't even ask for evidence. They just do it. The new rule is that, as well as costing the vendor the amount that has been clawed back, Barclaycard also impose a fine of £10 (they call it a "processing fee"). Even though it's so easy to do, you shouldn't do a chargeback lightly. If your credit card number becomes known as one that does chargebacks, then merchants are within their rights to refuse to accept payment from you via credit card. Which could be a nuisance - you really don't want to get onto any credit card Blacklist. I've never done a chargeback. I usually buy things via Amazon or Ebay, using Paypal. Amazon are, I think, quite reputable and I believe that they'll respond appropriately if I ever need to complain to them. The small, far-off companies that I buy from via Ebay - well, there's Ebay's dispute system, which I've used a couple of times (usually when the wrong thing is sent, or if something is totally unsuitable for the purpose it was sold for) and that's always worked for me. The vendors on Ebay don't want to get a poor review. If that were to fail, Paypal would spring into action to deal with the problem, and get me a refund. HobbyKing, when they sent the wrong stuff to me, sorted it out ... eventually. So I've never needed to do a chargeback. But this £10 fine on card chargebacks is going to have a bit of a chilling effect on the ability to buy small items over the internet. Look at it from the vendor's point of view. He's selling an Acme Widget for £0.99, and people pay by various means, mostly Paypal and credit cards. If the buyer stiffs him by subsequently doing a chargeback on the transaction, under the old rules, the vendor lost £0.99. Under the new rules, the vendor loses £10.99. Credit cards suddenly got a bit less useful. I just got a letter from the DWP. They're giving me £10 as a Christmas Bonus. I'm not going to tell them that I'm not actually Christian. Hurrah! My big Hobbyking order for batteries has finally shipped. I ordered a bit over a month ago, they sent the wrong stuff, I sent it back, they were then out of stock on batteries, but today they emailed me to tell me that they've shipped. This comes at a good time. Battery 6, yesterday, only gave me 4 Ah, and it weighs 7.5 pounds. One pair of HK batteries, which should give me 5Ah, weighs 2.5 pounds. When this order arrives, I'll have five such pairs, giving me a range of 75km for 12.5 pounds weight. Also, my AirPi has arrived. Now I need to solder the components to the PCB, and hope that it works. Grandson.1 has a cold. This would normally be of small significance, but we're going to Eurodisney at the end of this week. Ladysolly has made contingency plans - if no baby, then no trip. I think she's daft, a small thing that that isn't going to stop daughter.1 and grandson.1 from visiting Eurodisney. Ladysolly's out playing bridge all day, so I get to go out all day. First, I did two more of the "Treasure of the Templars" series. Not many people are doing these, but I like them. I did another one later, so now I've only got one to do, and then the bonus. Next, I went to Rushden. I parked, and got the bike out, picking up 20-odd caches in the area. One of them was really difficult, but I was lucky that the cache owner rogue5 came out of his house to encourage me ... and give me hints. Eventually I found it, and it was very nicely done. Then I persuaded him to invite me in for a cup of coffee. He also gave me directions so that I could get to the track on the edge of town, where I did several more, including two very clever caches; one disguised as a tap, and the other in a fake drainpipe. I also bumped into another cacher there, in the act of setting a new cache, so I got an instant First To Find! I got back to the car at 3:30, for lunch. I'd been running on battery 6, but it only gave me four amp-hours before it died (it's supposed to be ten, some hope!); fortunately, I had one of the Hobbyking batteries with me. When lunch was done, it was starting to get twilighty, so I decided not to do a tour of the northern half of Rushden; instead I did another of the "Treasure of the Templars" series. That took me to a church, where a multi started. I collected the info for Louisa Smith, and the others I needed, but when I got back to the car, the numbers wouldn't make sense. Eventually, I discovered that there are two Louisa Smiths in that churchyard. Using the info for the right Louisa Smith took me to a likely-looking place, and there I quickly found the cache. Then on to the best part of the day; there are five night caches in Irchester Country Park, and I wanted to do all of them. I did the first one, it was fairly easy. The second one escaped me, I couldn't even get started. Other cachers have had the same problem, I suspect that the first marker is missing. Then I did the other three, which were pretty hard work, because they led me across the "nap of the land", I was struggling uphill then skidding downhill as I went across the waves in the terrain, and as it was all forest and undergrowth it was tough. But I did manage to find all three of them. And I also did a cache that was high up in a tree, and I did it without climbing, using my stick to dislodge the cache, and also to replace it. So, 30 caches done today, and a really good day out! The day started off badly - an electric razor that I ordered two months ago, arrived. That was bad news because I'd given up on it and ordered another one, which is on its way to me now. Oh well, they are good razors (I know because I'm already using one, this was going to be a spare). Then ladysolly and I prepared to go out. Only we didn't; the car wouldn't start. I diagnosed it as dead battery, and I might know what drained it, but I'm not sure. So I put the battery on charge, and we decided to take our spare car, an 10 year old Volvo that still runs fine, but would probably sell for tuppence ha'penny if we retired it. That meant transferring a bunch of geocaching kit from the Freelander to the Volvo, which didn't take long, but led to another problem later, as you'll see. We stopped off at London Colney services; it was very full. Absolutely heaving. Ladysolly says it's because it's Christmas, but surely Christmas is a month away? And London Colney isn't exactly a major shopping center. I dropped ladysolly outside M&S so she could buy the sandwiches, and I visited the petrol place to fill up. That took me longer than usual (see heaving remark above). Then I went back to park outside Starbucks, to pick up ladysolly when he came out with our coffees. That all took me quite a while; parking took a long time (see heaving remark above), but eventually I was nicely ensconced not far from Starbucks, and I sat and waited for her - sometimes she takes a long time getting these supplies. Not this time, though. She went through M&S like greased lighting, and was in and out of Starbucks in a trice. And then ... well, we're not sure exactly what happened, but she couldn't find the car. Our best guess is that this was because when she looked in the usual place (just outside Starbucks) I wasn't there yet (delays caused by heaving, see above). So she walked round again, and again she didn't see me. So she phoned me. I didn't answer the phone. So she phoned me again. Again I didn't answer, she was put straight through to my voicemail. She phone me five times, to no avail, but which time she was getting really angry with me. Then she texted me, I got the text, drove the ten yards to the front of Starbucks, and picked her up, by which time she was incandescent with rage. I immediately got a major earful. I was roundly castigated for having switched my phone off; I pointed out that it wasn't off, I actually don't know how to switch it off, and anyway I got her text, so it couldn't have been off. She tried phoning me as we drove round the M25, and got the same problem. After we parked, I established that I could phone her, but she couldn't phone me. When we got home that evening, I called Vodafone for tech support. They immediately diagnosed the problem, the phone was on "unconditional divert". I'm sure I didn't make that happen, and the sequence that you have to key in is so long and complex, it couldn't have happened by accident. I suspect Vodafone did it, but, oh well, I keyed in ##002# and pressed send, and everything works now. And while I was talking to them, I ordered the micro sim card that I'll need when I inherit ladysolly's phone. They wanted to charge me £2.50 for this, but I pointed out that I'm a "Valuable Customer", so they waived it. Useful phrase, that. Starbucks put the coffee into china mugs, and when ladysolly repeated that this was for take-out, they transferred it into paper cups. But that lost some of the heat. The delay in ladysolly getting to the car made it cool down some more, and you can't stop for coffee on the M25. So by the time we could pull in, it was lukewarm, and that's being generous. We found a place to park and have lunch, then went to the parking place for the circuit we planned to do, "Toot Hill Trivial Pursuit". We got our kit on, and I started up the GPS ... GPS? Where's the GPS? A substantial hunt revealed the fact that I didn't have the GPS. I had the PDA with mapping and Memory Map, but that's useless without the GPS that it connects to via bluetooth. If I'd been in the Freelander, that wouldn't have been a problem; I have a spare GPS (and a spare PDA) in the back. But we were in the Volvo. My iPhone 3GS has always been useless for geocaching, because it takes a couple of minutes to respond to any movement. So I'm 20 yards past the cache and it's still saying it's 40 yards in front of me. Fortunately, Ladysolly has a 4S, and that works for caching, so we decided to use that. And I took my PDA anyway, because although I didn't have GPS function, I could still use it to read the cache pages, because I preload them on the CF card. We found the first few caches, and then I took us 50 yards down the wrong track, which is usually no big deal, but on the way back to the right direction, ladysolly got a boot stuck in the mud and fell over. No injuries except to her dignity, but she did get very muddy. And then something wonderful happened. I tried using my iPhone 3GS, and, as if by magic, it's now sufficiently responsive to be useful for caching! Instead of updating its position after a lag of a couple of minutes, it does it every couple of seconds. I updated the version of Memory Map only today; maybe that's what did it? Who knows. The problem with iPhones is that they make a major effort to hide any useful information from you. Not that this helps much. Ladysolly decided that she wants an iPhone 5 for Christmas, so I'll be inheriting her old 4S in a few weeks anyway. Then we couldn't find number six in the series, which everyone else could find. Then we couldn't find number 7, but several people recently couldn't find it, so it's probably gone. So I made a guess about our missing values, "pig" and "chicken" on the assumption that each one was different, only I made a blunder and took us to the wrong place. Ladysolly pointed out the blunder, I recalculated, and that, hilariously, took us back to where we'd parked in the first place. Well, ladysolly thought it was funny. So then we hunted around for this bonus, until a man nearby who was mending his fence said "Can I help you?" (meaning "what are you doing, acting so suspiciously?" but people tre too polite to put it that way) which normally gets a "No thank you, I'm fine" from me, but this time, I said "Yes, actually, that's very kind of you," and I explained that I was looking for a geocache, and his help in searching for it would be very gratefully received. But he didn't help, he went back to his fence. And at that point, we decided to give up, have our afternoon coffee from our flask, and drive home before it got dark. Thus avoiding any further disasters. Except, I broke a fingernail, but fortunately I can regenerate. Six caches found, three DNFs. And I found the missing GPS, it had fallen next to the handbrake in the Freelander. After yesterday's tough day out, today was mostly resting, but I did a bit of maintenance on bike.2 and fixed the computer I use for testing hard drives; the memory was the problem, an old 184-pin SDRAM. The computer itself is more than a decade old. We watched the Dr Who 50th anniversary program, and I played the Google Doodle Dr Who game. Tomorrow I'm taking ladysolly caching, to Toot Hill and Chipping Ongar. And on Friday we get to go through the Channel Tunnel on the way to Eurodisney! I have to say, I'm looking forward to the train journey more than to the theme park. This started well. I went out to do "Another King's and back". I loaded up the bike with battery 6 and one Hobbyking battery, and set off. The second cache wasn't there. It had a very specific hint, so I replaced it. Then I couldn't find number 16. But the big catastrophe happened as I went from 23 to 24. The map showed a bridleway, the signs said a bridleway, but on the ground was just a field of loose earth. That's the worst kind, because it clogs up the bike so badly that I can't even push it. So after 200 meters, I got to cache 24, but then my knee was hurting as of a sprain, although I don't remember spraining it. And I had another 100 meters of loose earth to cross, one painful step at a time. Eventually, I reached the safe haven of the grass at the edge of the field. And by that time, the bike was so totally clogged up that the rear brakes couldn;t work. After that, things weren't too bad, but I got back to the car a lot later than I'd planned, my knee hurt, my back hurt from the carrying, and I was exhausted. So after lunch, I went home. Only 29 caches done today. On the plus side, I found 3p in the road by the car when I got back. I've been huddling indoors to avoid the wet and cold, but that can't go on - tomorrow, I'm venturing out to Stamford, there's two circuits there calling me. My batteries are now all fully kettle-plugged, which will be nice. And I have a pair of army surplus mittens, size extremely large, so that I can wear my biking gloves inside them. That way, when I take them off to sign a log, only my fingers will be exposed, and when I put them back on, my hands will be warmer than with just the fingerless biking gloves. I don't know whether this is going to be practical - only one way to find out! Looking at my email today, I found about a hundred zip files. All of them were spam, and I'm guessing that all of them were malicious software - trojans. My guess is that the trojans were sent as zip files because for some systems, if you click on the attachment, then the computer unzips it, finds an executable inside, and runs it. I don't know which trojans are being sent - I'd guess they are a few different ones because the file sizes are different. But what impressed me today, was the volume. 100 trojans sent to me per day! The zombie apocalypse is here. My email system sorts my email; emails with attachements that are zip files (or similar) go into their own area. And then when I look there, I delete them. I use keyboards a lot. And I can type fast enough; for as long as I can remember, I can type as fast as I can think what I want to say. But I do like a good keyboard. What makes a good keyboard? Different people will have different preferences, but I can talk about what I like. First of all, it's important to me that a keyboard be very tactile. I want a keyboard to make a distinct "click" when I hit a key. I don't like mushy keyboards, the "chiclet" (such as was seen in the old Sinclar Spectrum) I like even less, the old ZX81 keyboard was the worst I've ever used until I inherited ladysolly's iPad, and then I discovered one that was even worse. It's to small, there's no tactile feedback, and not even any sounds. I hate typing on that thing. The iPhone keyboard is, of course, even worse. All the horribleness of the iPad, plus it's much, much, much too small. The only excuse is that you can't have a full sized keyboard on a phone - or at least, not today you can't. The best keyboard ever made is this one. Notice the IBM logo in the top right hand corner? Yes, it's the old IBM AT keyboard, also known as the Model M. It uses a buckling spring to work its magic. I can really feel when I've hit a key. A couple of decades ago, I realised that they might not be available for ever. So I bought several. They were pretty old when I bought them; vintage 1986. Now they're 27 years old. And they all still work fine. One of them is connected to a Raspberry Pi that I use for a terminal server; I had to get a keyboard-USB interface to make that work. Another is on the workstation that I use for general purposes, and I'm typing this blog on it. You can still get this type of keyboard from Unicomp. You're looking at $79, plus $59 for shipping. Or you might be able to find a bargain on Ebay. No, you can't have one of mine. Today it rained, snowed and froze; I stayed at home. I did some work in the computers, and then I modified two of my bike batteries. I'm no longer using the battery holder that comes with these; the problem is they just aren't strong enough to take the weight of the battery on rough ground. The jouncing around slowly wrecks the holder. But who needs it anyway? Getting the battery in and out of it was always a big deal, because it was very tight, and needed to be levered on and off. What I'm doing now, is putting the battery in a rear pannier. It doesn't cause a problem there, my center of gravity is a bit lower, and it's easy to remove when I need to lift the bike over an obstacle. The male prongs slide into the slits at the bottom. There's two problems; 1) it's easy to put it in the wrong way round. I discovered empirically that this doesn't make anything blow up, but it can't be good. The second problem is that while I'm riding along, the prongs work loose from the battery and I lose power. I have to stop, get off, and delve about in the pannier to reconnect. And my wattmeter loses track of how many amp-hours have been used. I opened up each battery, and soldered the leads of the kettle plug to the power connector inside, and the wire comes out of the battery via a small hole in the shell. This reduces the waterproofness of the battery, but it never was very waterproof, and now that it's sitting cosily in a pannier, that won't matter. Two advantages. 1) It's impossible to plug it in the wrong way round, so I no longer have to think about that. 2) The male plug stays firmly in the female socket even when riding over the roughest ground. And because I've chosen to have the female at the battery side, it would be really difficult to cause a short circuit. Which would be annoying, even though there's a fuse in the battery to stop it from becoming catastrophic. I've now done this to all three of my old batteries, as well as to the Hobbyking batteries. 15 stone 3 pounds, and outside there's heavy rain and sleet, I'm glad I didn't go out today! Update ... it's now heavy snow. North to Barnack today, for a long day on the bike. I parked, loaded up one old battery (number 7) and a couple of the Hobbykings, and set off. I did about 20 kilometers in the morning run (I use the term "morning as meaning, pre-lunch) fo 40-odd caches, no DNF. I had a quick lunch back at the car, changed the battery to number 6, and set off again, for another 35-odd caches. No DNFs, although a couple of caches were nearly DNF. I didn't need to use the Hobbyking batteries, the old ones were enough. This sculpture of a sculptor caught my eye in the middle of the village. I got back to the car well after dark, and scooted for home. 73 caches, no DNFs. A pair of ex-German army mittens arrived, size 10 (very large) I wanted the very large because I'm planning to wear my fingerless biking gloves, and then when it gets really cold, the mittens over that. So my hands won't freeze when I'm walking or biking, and when I take the mittens off to do a cache, I still have most of my hands covered by the biking gloves. A couple of disclaimers first. Firstly - I do kind-of have a dog in this race; the McAfee antivirus still uses the engine that I designed and implemented. But I'm sure that it's had major additions since I let go of it about 20 years ago! Secondly - what do I use? Well, I use Linux, and I don't run an antivirus. And now a definition. I do actually know the definition of "virus", and it's become irrelevant. I well remember at a conference once, a user speaking from the floor said "I don't care whether you call it virus, trojan, malware or whatever, I don't want it on my systems." Today, the main threat in this area comes from trojans, delievered by email or by someone accessing a web site. My guess is that viruses are now well below 1% of all malicious software that's in the wild. So the problem has changed. The key fact about a virus is that it self-replicates, and once you have a specimen of it, and you've analysed it, you know exactly what it does and what byte-sequences can identify it. Even the most difficult polymorphic (they change their byte-stream in each virus instance) could be reliably detected, using an emulator. But that's not the case with a trojan. If you send out ten million spam emails bearing a trojan, you can make each instance of that trojan different, so that it isn't possible to detect them all with a single byte sequence. And because the virus researcher doesn't have access to the generator of these files, he can't predict the limits of variability. This is called "server side polymorphism". And it's made the field a lot more difficult. Imagine such an email generator, spewing out ten million emails containing the trojan, each one very different from all the others. Suddenly, the AV industry has 10 million things to detect. How long will it take to catch up? And how many false alarms will there be when they send out the detector to their customers. The other game changer has been the internet. 20 years ago, the internet was not an issue. Viruses spread via floppy-sharing and file-sharing. I used to reckon that between the time that I saw a virus, and the time that an ordinary customer would see it, might be a year. Now? It's the other way round. The trojan creator sends out his ten million emails,, the AV company sees it shortly after that. So there's been an increasing dependence on heuristics. That means, not using a byte-sequence to detect something nasty, but instead, analysing the things that the file does (read files, write files, for example) and deciding whether that is likely to be malicious. So - a program reads a file, and replaces it with that same file, only encrypted with a strong encryption system. Is that malicious? It is if it's Cryptolocker, it isn't if its one of a zillion good encryption systems. To decide whether it's malicious, you have to understand what it does (which is difficult enough) and compare it with what the user expected it to do (and computers can't read minds). I've had a look around at various studies on the effectiveness of antivirus. I'm not going to name names, because none of them come up smelling of roses. I avoided looking at reports by companies that have a product to sell, or who are under common ownership with companies selling an AV. And yes, I know very well the difficulty of testing antivirus products, having been on the wrong end of some very mis-designed tests. Imperva say that it takes from 1 1/2 to 4 weeks for an AV to catch up with a new virus. And then there's false alarms. AV Comparatives shows all the vendors giving false alarms, some less than others. A false alarm can lead to all sorts of problems. It's a sad situation. The defences against modern-day malware have large holes. That's not to say you shouldn't use some defence; every problem blocked is one less problem to sort out. But one study I read thought that there was a big overspend on AV, at the expense of other security defences, and they thought that this might be down to "compliance". Or, in other words, some companies spend too much on AV because there's a box they have to tick. Some people opine that user education should help. I think it would if that were possible. I don't think it's possible. I don't think users are interested in this stuff, and think that it's the responsibility of the IT people. If you drive on any motorway and see all the people driving far too close to the car in front, you see how seriously people take security, even when it's their personal well-being that's at stake. I don't have an answer. Fortunately, it's not really my problem. I'll continue to use Linux, and hope that the bad guys don't take aim at it. My guess is that the main problems will continue to be on various levels of Windows, and that in the future, mobile phones will become an issue. We started late; we didn't get out of the house until just after noon. First, we stopped at Beaconsfield Services for lunch; I had a curry at Chosan Noodle, yummy! Ladysolly had a Domino Pizza. I don't understand why people put up with rubbish food from Gordon Ramsey and his ilk, when there's treats like this around. So then we went on to Bernwood Forest. There's 14 caches there, and no obvious route to follow, so I just used the map to plan it. Some of the tracks we followed were so muddy we were sinking in up to our ankles, and to get one of the caches we had to go far from any track into the wild. But we found them all, picked up another one on the way home, and it was a good day out. I got attacked by a dog. Twice. The first one just hurled himself at me and jumped up at me. The owner called the dog (who, of course, ignored the owner). I got my walking pole ready to defend myself if he wanted to get nasty, but I think my determined look made him slink off. The owner said "Sorry about that" cheerfully. I guess she's used to it. The second one was an hour or so later. This one decided that he'd show his teeth at me and bark, trying to intimidate me. Again, I just stood my ground, holding my walking pole firmly in both hands, so that if the dog were to follow up its barked threats with its teeth, I'd be able to give a good account of myself. The owner noticed that I was ready and willing to defend myself, and made strenuous efforts to get the dog under control, which the dog, of course, ignored. Eventually, the dog decided that I wouldn't be easy meat, and slunk away. I was not entirely surprised when the owner rewarded the dog with a doggie treat. She maybe thought that she was rewarding the dog for eventually leaving me alone. I'd guess that the dog thought it was being rewarded for its aggression towards me. I fully agree with the Princess Royal; it's time we started thinking of dogs as a potential source of food. Out today to do this circuit of nearly 50 caches, plus a few more. I went round on the bike, using the newly-adapted battery 7, which lasted 16.5 kilometers, about 6 1/4 amp-hours that got me through nearly 60 caches, which I think is a record for me. I got back to the car at about 4pm for lunch, and by the time I'd eaten and had coffee, it was dark. So then I went to get Lyrical Conundrum (to the right location this time); I'd miscalculated before and was one minute south of where I should have been. And that's a long distance! Then I finished off the day with three caches just off the main road on the way home. I saw this just as I was leaving Rutland. I had lots of great views of thisinstallation. As the happy recipient of a Late Pass, I planned to do a route of 50-odd caches, followed by an attempt on the Lyrical Conundrum bonus, and a night cache. I got the bike out, and took two of my old batteries, and one of the new ones. In practice, I covered the whole route of 54 caches with just one battery! I got back to the car at about 3:30, had lunch, and went to pick up the Lyrical Conundrum bonus, which I sadly couldn't find. But the night cache went well, although the markers were a bit far apart, and I had to cast about a bit a few times. I covered more than two miles on foot (I should have taken the bike). I managed to drop battery 7 and it cracked open, but I think I'll be able to fix it with sticky tape. Back home, I visited the Tandoori in Chalfont station for the first time. I'll be going there again! I'm planning a day out (with late pass) near Collyweston, Cambs. There's a ring of 50-odd caches to do, and I'm hoping to (at last) pick up the final of Lyrical Conundrum with a short diversion. And then there's two night caches to finish the day. I'll be taking bike.2, newly repaired and with the electronics inside a zipped pouch, which I'm hoping will help keep the wet out. I'm planning to carry batteries 6 and 7, with two of the new batteries as reserves. Plus head torches in case it gets dark while I'm doing this big ring. I'm thinking that the whole route will take 6 hours, which will get me back to the car at 5pm, then another hour for Lyrical Conundru, then the two night caches. Bike.1 was the one that got a motor transplant from China. The motor worked, and the associated controller electronics, but when I gave it full throttle, the battery kept switching itself off. So I went back to the Chinese supplier to get a battery. The first one I ordered simply didn't arrive, I don't know why. The second one, they were unable to send. I think it has to do with regulations covering Lipo batteries on passenger aircraft. Anyway, they gave me a refund for both, and apologised for wasting my time. Fortunately, bike.2 was working fine all this time, so I wasn't seriously inconvenienced. That was what set me off on a battery hunt that eventually led me to Hobbyking; the Hobbyking batteries I bought were 20C, which meant that they would be able to supply 100 amps, and all I wanted was 20 at most. I bought four, because I didn't want to buy a full set until I knew that my plan would work - after all, what I'm doing here is taking stuff intended for model aircraft and suchlike, and using it for my bike. It did work, but buying the other eight batteries turned into a nightmare. They sent the wrong order, I sent it back, they're out of stock, and that saga continues. But yesterday I had a thought. Suppose I run two of my old batteries in parallel; then each of them is only supplying 10 amps, which it's happy with, but the motor gets 20. So today, I wired up a parallel driver cable; two male kettle plugs connected to a female, with a 25 amp fuse wired in for extra safety. And today was testing day. First I tested bike.2, with its new controller. That worked fine, so I put it in the car for use in the near future. Then I tested bike.1, with the new motor from China, and the two old batteries in parallel. I got it out into the road, and gave it full throttle. Before, when I did that, the battery cut out. But now, the two batteries, working in parallel, were happy with the current load, and it all worked fine! So now Hobbyking have put my order back in their pipeline, and as soon as suitable batteries arrive in the UK, they'll deliver. I claimed my State Pension from HMG, and it came through yesterday. It's a lot more than I expected - it's nearly ten times as much as I got paid the first year I worked, in 1968. Almost enough for one of my daughters to have a night out. Ladysolly also gets a pension; between us, I think we probably get enough to live on, provided we didn't need to pay a mortgage, didn't run a car and didn't heat our home. Fortunately, we don't have a mortgage, I have a bike and our love keeps us warm. It was the bike controller, I guessed it would be. I took the old controller out, and removed the end of the box; a small amount of water trickled out. Not good. I've left it to dry out, maybe it will recover. Meanwhile, I installed a new bike controller, bought from electric-hybrid-bikes.com some months ago against just this contingency. I had to rewire the throttle so that the wires matched, and I had to over-ride the lock connector so that it thought that the bike is permanently unlocked. Then I lifted up the front wheel, applied a bit of throttle, and it worked! I've tried to make things a bit more waterproof, by putting the controller and the wiring into a zipped pouch that looks like it should ward off the worst of the water. I think the problem happens when I pressure-wash the bike. That pressure-washer is really high pressure. So I've ordered two more bike controllers (from China), because electric-hybrid-bikes.com were out of stock for 24 volt controllers. I don't need it in a hurry, that's the whole point of having a spare lying around. I also ordered a controller tester. They're only £9, and it sounds like just the sort of thing I'd like to have. So now bike.2 is operational again. Bike.1 is the other Haro DX; it works, but I need more batteries to use it in the field, and I'm still trying to extract my order from Hobbyking. But bike.3 is also operational, that's the Everest folder that I converted a few months ago using the extra motor that I got from AlienOcean and a controller from electric-hybrid-bikes.com. All these bikes are 24 volts, so I have interchangable batteries. My experience with Hobbyking batteries has given me an idea. I could run two of my old 24v 10AH packs in parallel, and I can do that simply by making up a lead that makes that happen, cost near-zero. If my idea works, then that would make bike.1 operational even before Hobbyking sort themselves out. 3) They get new stock of the batteries that I want (date unknown). Daisy offered to send them from Hong Kong, but I said no, because A) it would take a week or more, and B) I'll have to pay import duty, and VAT, and a fee for someone to do that. I'm thinking this is all going to take a few weeks. It's just as well that I'm not in a hurry for this ... but don't tell Hobbyking that! But first, 22 caches around Stoke Bruerne. I did these on foot, because the route was mostly footpaths. And I'm glad I did; the track was very soft and squishy, and there were some terrible kissing gates for getting a bike through. I found all the caches. Then on to Salcey Forest. I had lunch in the free car park, then got the bike out and got ready for a tour. But then disaster struck. The bike didn't repond to the throttle. I tried various things, but nothing worked. I got a bit of a tremble on the front wheel, but nothing useful. I'll have to investigate this, but meanwhile, I had a decision to make. Abort, cycle or go on foot? I decided to cycle. When the motor doesn't work, an electric bike is still a bike. I went round all the caches that I hadn't done last time I was here, including a very fine night cache, where I followed the markers right up to the motorway and back. And then I revisited a DNF that I'd had last visit. Someone else had found the cache, and given some details on where it was, so I had another go. The details didn't help, and I was just about to give up; I'd picked up the bike for getting back to the car, when I spotted something that looked like it might be the cache. And it was! Hurrah!!! I also made more progress on the Salcey Trail. I now have nine out of the ten numbers. But one of them is firmly stuck inside a post, and unretreivable, and another one is, I think, missing. So I have ten widely separated possibilities. 46 caches done today, and I have to investigate why the bike isn't working. It's either water in the motor, or (more likely) the controller has given up. Today, ladysolly finally gave in to her iPhone craving, and asked for a model 5S, which I ordered for her from the Apple store, because it looks to me like you can't really get it cheaper anywhere else. The cost is huge, but she's worth it, and it'll be her Christmas present. She's getting the gold one, with 64gb of memory because I couldn't face trying to explain to her that 16gb is enough unless you're planning to store lots of video on it, which she isn't. And that means I get to inherit her iPhone 4. This will be an upgrade from the iPhone 3 that I inherited, and it's a very significant upgrade for me. The reason is, you can't use an iPhone 3 for caching, because it takes a *very* long time to notice that you've moved. So casting about to find a cache means: move, wait two minutes, move, wait two minutes ... and so on. And I've googled extensively, and I can't find any way to fix this. The iPhone 4, however, doesn't suffer from this problem, and I've got Memory Map and Geosphere on it. Tomorrow I go back to Salcey Forest to finish what I started there last week. The insect bites that I got in Worthing have pretty much subsided now, so I'm ready to be bitten again! They sent me the wrong order. I sent it back, as per their request. Today, I got a request from them to fill in an RMA so that I could send back the elements of the order that I wanted to send back. But I can't. A) what I received included none of what I ordered, and B) I already sent it back, via a tracked service, and it was signed for by them. So I went on to their Live Chat again, and a nice person who went by the name "Mary" sorted it out, I think. I don't need to do the RMA. They'll find the stuff I actually ordered, which (I guess) is lying around somewhere in their warehouse wondering when it'll be sent, and send it to me. Failing that, they'll have new stock in the warehouse within a day or two, and send me that. All in all, Mary says they'll send out my order within 72 hours. I have, of course, recorded the chat transcript (and I'm sure they do too). Last week, I bought a Haro DX folding bike via Ebay. I paid £56 for it, and I thought that was good. The seller had two of them, and he's just sold the second one. He got £120 for it! That's quite a surprising difference. On or about the 26 October, I got bitten. Several bites by some sort of insect, mostly on my legs. They weren't too bad at first, but gradually got worse and worse until I was finding it impossible to sleep for the itching. Yesterday, I took serious action. I got medical help. Not from my doctor, of course, who is so busy that it's difficult to get an appointment within a month unless you claim it's an emergency. And not from my usual Small Injuries Unit. No - this time, I got my medical help from Tesco. My local Big Tesco has a pharmacy, and they're open all hours, just like Tesco is. So on Sunday, I went there. I showed the horrible-looking blotchy areas to the pharmacist there, who was suitably sympathetic, and prescribed Piriton anti-allergy tablets and Anthisan cream, £6.70. She said they'd make me drowsy, but I wasn't doing anything more taxing that going on a train and attending our Ruby wedding party. And you can drink alcohol with them, but it makes you drowsier. Recklessly, I had three glasses of champagne and a double helping of cheesecake. I took the tablets and smoothed on the cream. Last night I got a really good night's sleep for the first time in a few days, waking at about 2pm. And the bites are feeling much, much better. Medical help is available in the UK, you just need to know where to look. Today, we all piled into daughter.2's for out Ruby wedding anniversary party. We were met by nibbles and a rolling display of out wedding pictures, including the Three Witches, sister.1, dog.1, cat.1 and Morris Minor Van.1. And, of course, a very young ladysolly. And starring the very impressive (but no longer with us because it's the wrong colour these days) moustache.1. Close relatives were there; about 15 of us. Daughter.1 did the catering, which had a red-and-pink theme, including salmon, smoked salmon, gefilte fish and goujons. But the pinnacle of the meal was the raspberry-topped cheesecake, which was really excellent. I was pretty much out of it - I'd taken Piriton for a very itchy set of insect bites. Piriton makes you drowsy, three glasses of pink champagne makes it worse, and I didn't get much sleep last night because of the irritation. But I wasn't driving, we let the train take the strain. Ladysolly wanted to be able to print from her iPad, a reasonable enough request. I have a couple of inkjet HP Deskjet 3050A printers, but they're very heavy on ink usage, and need a new cartridge every week or so. So, I thought, laser printer. Airprint compatible, because Airprint is the way that iPads and iPhones print. I went to Ebay, and found a Dell B1260dn, brand new, £80. I ordered it, and it arrived the next day, pretty fast! And then the nightmare started. I thought, in my dreams, that I'd just switch it on, it would find the nearest wifi point in the house, use DHCP to get itself an IP address, and after a half a minute, I'd be able to print from an iPad. No way. I'm not going to tell you all the things I tried, I probably won't remember most of them. But what it came down to, was that I was expecting the printer to use wifi to connect (like the HP inkjets do), and it doesn't have wifi. To be fair, it didn't say that it had wifi, it said that it could do Airprint. But to me, Airprint implies wifi, and I was wrong about that. I have to explain a bit about my network here. It's quite complicated. The main network uses IP addresses that start with 10; anyone can use those, they aren't visible from the internet. To make them visible where I want them to be, I use my firewall to do NAT (Network Address Translation) to translate the 10. addresses, to addresses that are routed to my router. But also ... as well as my main router, I have three DSL routers, which give me cheap, but not entirely reliable, bandwidth. They are also on the 10. network. And I have a wifi router, so that wifi devices can connect. But the wifi also uses NAT, using addresses that start with 192.168 (also invisible from the internet), and it translates those to 10. addresses, which are then routed via one of the DSL routers. The iPads and iPhones use wifi, so they get their addresses from the DHCP on the wifi routers, and they start with 192.168. (which the wifi routers translate to 10.something, and then my main router translates to a real internet address) (but only for those things that I want to allow access to from the outside world). Security, you see - I don't want some kid in Russia using my computers. So I connected the Dell printer to a Windows machine via USB, and ran the setup, which installed drivers on the Windows machine. But the IP address that the printer had was 169.254.86.108. I have no idea where it got that from. So I changed my Windows machine so that I could access it, and changed it from DHCP to a static address, 192.168.1.129. Then I changed the Windows machine to an address in the same subnet, and I was able to talk to the Dell printer from the Windows box. I tried a lot of different things. But what it boiled down to, was I was assuming that the Dell had Wifi, when it didn't. Because it didn't, I had to connect it to the wifi router so that it could use the 192.168 address, which is the same subnet that the iPads and iPhones use. The Dell manual was useless to me. Nowhere did it say "THERE'S NO WIFI". And I was gradually coming to the conclusion that, on this Dell printer, the Wifi wasn't working. I needed ladysolly to clue me up; she found a page using Google that said "THERE'S NO WIFI". No wonder it wasn't working! Once I took that on board, it was pretty obvious what I had to do, and I did it, and now it works. Upstairs. Because downstairs is a different wifi router, and the iPads can't see the printer. Ladysolly says that's OK, she's usually upstairs when she wants to print, plus she has the HP Deskjet 3050A downstairs. Ladysolly has a problem with email on her iPhone. It works OK on the iPads, and on a computer, but the iPhone keeps asking for a Exchange password, and won't accept the correct one. She says it's not a big deal, as long as it works on her iPads, but I detected the note of terror in her voice when I suggested deleting the iPhone access and reinstalling it. Evidently, there's a lot of important stuff in her email account. Which means that she's using it as an important database. And she doesn't have any sort of backup. The fact that she can access it via several different routes, doesn't mean that there's more than one copy of this data. There's only one copy, and it's on a server owned by Google. I've alsways felt that saying that you "keep something in the Cloud" actually means you "keep something on someone else's computer". And that's not safe to start with. Suppose Google decide to delete the account, because, well, any reason they fancy. It's free, so how could you complain. And I'd guess that if you actually read the Terms and Conditions, they don't make many promises about the integrity or availability of your data. I'm guessing that loads of people are in this situation, and when they do lose all their data, all they can do is ... suffer. I've seen the suffering when someone loses all their data, and it's horrible. I used to run a Data Recovery service (no fix, no fee) and we were only successful 95% of the time. So how do you back up a Google email account? Pop and fetchmail, is how. First you need to enable Pop on google mail. Log into your Google mail account on Google, click on the thing that's supposed to look like a gearwheel (top right) and choose "settings". Then click on "Forwarding and POP/IMAP" and click on the radio button that enables POP. And tell it to "keep Gmail's copy in the inbox". Click on "Save changes" and you're done here. the -k means "don't delete the emails you access (although Google wouldn't allow that anyway, the way I set it up). This, of course, is cockney rhyming slang; it's the first word in "cobblers awls". I don't have an awl, but I do have a boot which has lost one of its lace-holders. I think it's a common problem with the Hi-tec Eurotrek, because I've heard of two other people who have had the same problem. Possibly, if I sent it back to Amazon they'd replace it, but the boot is a some months old now, so maybe not. It's the left boot, and it's the top lace-holder on the left. I think that's probably the weak one; maybe it takes more stress. The first problem happened when it bent and was no longer holding the lace. I fixed that in the field with a pair of pliers. But then it happened again while I was in Salcey Forest. I did a work-around of using the second highest lace-holder twice, but that's not really ideal. I like these boots. THey're comfortable, and they're actually waterproof (as distinct from some waterproof boots which aren't). So I'd like to keep using it. Today I had a look, and I did a more permanent repair; I didn't use an awl, I used a small drill. You can see the two lower lace-holders, and then above them, you can see the small bolt that I put in; a washer on the inside, and a self-locking nut on the outside. Then I bent the bolt so that it would retain the lace - I started the bend with pliers, but finished it off with a hammer, using a bench vice as the last. I feel confident that this will work, and none of the other lace-holders have shown signs of weakness. And I've ordered another pair of the same boots from Amazon, for £45. A good pair of boots in Foxes would be more than double that amount.
2019-04-18T10:49:38Z
https://blog.drsolly.com/2013/11/
Discussion in 'Bible Study Forum' started by Insight, Nov 29, 2011. Firstly, I would like to say how honoured I am to look within this wonderful chapter. And thank you for the invitation to discuss its substance this evening. My approach this evening is to consider as much of the chapters content as possible. I will be providing you a copy of the study for your activity afterwards and hopefully together we can glean some wonderful insight into the Spirit of Yahweh and its manifestation us. Set before us tonight is a dreadful account of the basest of men. Rarely are we shown the inner workings and their evil imaginations carried through to their fulfilment and eventual demise. Many of you may know that Judges 9 is extremely unique in the book of the Judges. So much so that little work has been done in the brotherhood (or Christendom) compared with other works. Thankfully this has forced me to consider its substance and be guided through broader works. The way the Spirit has recorded this work is needful consideration. So a brief analysis of the chapter will help position our thinking and prepare us for its many lessons. The way the Spirit has recorded the plot is vastly different than all the Chapters in Judges. It breaks away from having the usual paragraph breaks and is considered by many Jewish Scholars to an individual storey, rather than a set of individual small narratives as seen elsewhere. [sup]28[/sup]Thus was Median subdued before the children of Israel, so that they lifted up their heads no more. And the country was in quietness forty years in the days of Gideon. But for some reason the story is far from finished! Notice what Yahweh introduces in judge’s 8:27 (the verse before) He plants a seed in us to encourage further questions and their consequence. [sup]27[/sup]And Gideon [sup]1439[/sup] made [sup]6213[/sup] an ephod [sup]646[/sup] thereof, and put [sup]3322[/sup] it in his city [sup]5892[/sup], [even] in Ophrah [sup]6084[/sup]: and all Israel [sup]3478[/sup] went thither a whoring [sup]2181[/sup] after [sup]310[/sup] it: which thing became a snare [sup]4170[/sup] unto Gideon [sup]1439[/sup], and to his house [sup]1004[/sup]. Clearly our Father wants us to know what came of Gideon’s house, after the events after his death. His refusal of Kingship is an integral part of the message in terms of our type and antitype of the Judges 8 where we will eventually see Jesus Christ made King over all the earth. But what follows is puzzling indeed. Judges 9 is extremely slow reading due to the great amount of detail. No other chapter in Judges is like this one! Gideon is only mentioned by the name of Jerubbaal ("Let Baal contend with him" Judges 6:32) and Yahweh is only mentioned in the form of Elohim or mighty ones (angels)7 times. There are no favoured people or tribe within the chapter. Which leads us to believe that Baal has contended for himself (in the absence of Gideon i.e future Christ) and prevailed over Gods people? If we contrast Gideon’s record with Abimelech it is clear Israel is concerned with external threats, whereas Judges 9 is local political dealings where internal issues are presented but highlight the immense cancer within Israel at this time. Unlike Gideon’s account there is reference to broader Israel this account only deals with Shechem and only is Israel name in Judges 9:55 and even then the reference is somewhat awkward. Another oddity with this record in found in Judges 18:1; 19:1;21:25 although within Judges 9 you get the impression that Abimelech rules extended more broadly than just Shechem Judges 9:22,55. I put to you young people we are being taught a very special and unique lesson in this chapter. And it is one we must have front of mind before entering the record. Did you notice during our reading how it appeared like the Spirit of God was far removed from the record? You see the removal of the Covenant name; Gideon’s name and the removal of the tribes of Israel teach us an important lesson. That while God is behind these events, He has purposefully withdrawn Himself to allow the flesh to rise to the top! The Spirit presents flesh in its rawest state, but to do this what was required? Rom 1:24. That’s right! The mighty hand of God almost becomes invisible! In fact we find young people this chapter is extremely significant in understanding the ends day before Christ returns, because God will not be seen anywhere! At all! Godlessness is reigning and children like you will need to look so very carefully to see Him at work…though it will appear He has gone completely! Unlike the rest of Judges in this chapter Israel is the Oppressor and Yahweh Himself is behind the scenes as sole judge and hero! This chapter proves without doubt Israel and us today are really faithless people (even Gideon was faithless putting Yahweh to the test) he refused at the first to follow His call…and by God’s Grace alone did He entertain his test. [sup]Judges 8:31[/sup]And his concubine that was in Shechem, she also bare him a son, whose name he called Abimelech. The great sower has sowed a seed and now we desire to look into the matter. None of the other sons or wives are mentioned by name only that Gideon took to himself a concubine from Shechem and had a son to her and he named him Abimelech. There is a sense of anticipation as we wonder what will happen with the son of this concubine from Shechem. Of course Judges 9:1-6 then proceeds to describe in great detail this sons character, after the death of his Father, Gideon. Abimelech has some 5 possible meanings; but most agreed on “my Father is king” and how often do we see people grow into their names? Abimelech, after seeing his father die moved to fulfil the evil imaginations of his heart. He moved to Shechem, the home of his mother, clearly in his mind he imagined a vain thing in his heart. (Ps 2:1) And we are left wondering how short lived the glorious victories of Gideon, now dead and buried the memory of him and Yahweh’s victories fades into the background. Now the Flesh and its cunning are revealed to us as the Father renders unto man their evil and wicked practices. When Gideon fell asleep, we read the people turned from the true worship of Yahweh and made Baalberith (The Lord of the Covenant) their god. And so there wickedness is seen by Him in the Heavens. And with this rather than rising up a Judge as was usual practice, Yahweh shows restraint and allows king sin to have its way with Israel. As we move through Judges 9 watch how the sinfulness of man is “gradual” to begin with, and then increases with intensity. Again the Spirit has recorded this for our learning. (Rom 15:4) Sin can start out this way but eventually envelope your life. And Abimelech [sup]40[/sup] the son [sup]1121[/sup] of Jerubbaal [sup]3378[/sup] went [sup]3212[/sup] to Shechem [sup]7927[/sup] unto his mother's [sup]517[/sup] brethren [sup]251[/sup], and communed [sup]1696[/sup] with them, and with all the family [sup]4940[/sup] of the house [sup]1004[/sup] of his mother's [sup]517[/sup] father [sup]1[/sup], saying [sup]559[/sup] , Speak [sup]1696[/sup] , I pray you, in the ears [sup]241[/sup] of all the men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup], Whether [is] better [sup]2896[/sup] for you, either that all the sons [sup]1121[/sup] of Jerubbaal [sup]3378[/sup], [which are] threescore and ten [sup]7657[/sup] persons [sup]376[/sup], reign [sup]4910[/sup] over you, or that one [sup]259[/sup] reign [sup]4910[/sup] over you? remember [sup]2142[/sup] also that I [am] your bone [sup]6106[/sup] and your flesh [sup]1320[/sup]. One wonders how long Abimelech had anticipated the death of his father? His mother’s family where just a vehicle for him to obtain his ambition? But his destination was to cleave to his Canaanitish heritage so he sought the support of his mother’s relatives which included the entire extended family on his mother’s side. (He viewed his family as two separate groups.) He was partial in his judgements! In a true political approach he enlisted his relatives to approach the broader powerbase within the region to gain wider support. The original Hebrew Baale Sekem implies these were the cunning Lords and Masters of Shechem and not its citizens! Power brokers like those senators in the House of Representatives who receive money from corporations to lobby their cause. Now imagine being the recipient of his question “Whether is better for you” or what is good for you? Questioning technique (cunning – sales): Its called an open question designed to gain information and buyin! He presents an argument for them to weigh up in their self-interest. Is the rule of a relative preferred to the rule of foreigners who will not tolerate your idol worship? And his mother's [sup]517[/sup] brethren [sup]251[/sup] spake [sup]1696[/sup] of him in the ears [sup]241[/sup] of all the men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup] all these words [sup]1697[/sup]: and their hearts [sup]3820[/sup] inclined [sup]5186[/sup] to follow [sup]310[/sup] Abimelech [sup]40[/sup]; for they said [sup]559[/sup] , He [is] our brother [sup]251[/sup]. And they gave [sup]5414[/sup] him threescore and ten [sup]7657[/sup] [pieces] of silver [sup]3701[/sup] out of the house [sup]1004[/sup] of Baalberith [sup]1170[/sup], wherewith Abimelech [sup]40[/sup] hired [sup]7936[/sup] vain [sup]7386[/sup] and light [sup]6348[/sup] persons [sup]582[/sup], which followed [sup]3212[/sup] him [sup]310[/sup]. It appears the argument based on blood works quickly turned them. Of course Gideon’s sons had no link whatsoever to Shechem – so these spokesman relayed the message to the city fathers and the rich and wealthy men of Shechem invested their money in the hope of a lucrative return. So they took money from the temple of El/Baal Berith and gave Abimelech the funds to hire a team of assassin’s. Today our equivalent Temple of El/Baal Berith is the shopping centres spread everywhere with their steeple roves which are designed especially for you to spend your money. This fund would have had numerous income streams from the people offering vows, sacrificial offerings, gifts, penalties etc. How cheap was life? And how cheap were the empty and reckless men for hire? And he went [sup]935[/sup] unto his father's [sup]1[/sup] house [sup]1004[/sup] at Ophrah [sup]6084[/sup], and slew [sup]2026[/sup] his brethren [sup]251[/sup] the sons [sup]1121[/sup] of Jerubbaal [sup]3378[/sup], [being] threescore and ten [sup]7657[/sup] persons [sup]376[/sup], upon one [sup]259[/sup] stone [sup]68[/sup]: notwithstanding yet Jotham [sup]3147[/sup] the youngest [sup]6996[/sup] son [sup]1121[/sup] of Jerubbaal [sup]3378[/sup] was left [sup]3498[/sup] ; for he hid [sup]2244[/sup] himself. So Abimelech travelled 48 Kilometres to Ophrah with his hired assassin’s to slaughter Gideon’s sons. Now you all would know that Gideon being dead and buried and Ophrah being the capital city – suspect these 70 men were in some capacity overseeing their father’s affairs and certainly Ophrah would have required from Shechem tribute and taxes from the Canaanite city. These deaths young people were conjured up in the mind of a mad man long before he carried this brutal act out. And if you go over to Judges 8:34-35 we see the Spirit demonstrated how appalling the peoples treatment of Gideon’s family was after his death. (One must question whether God was using Abimelech to judge Gideon’s household? And all the men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup] gathered together [sup]622[/sup] , and all the house [sup]1004[/sup] of Millo [sup]4407[/sup] [sup]1037[/sup], and went [sup]3212[/sup] , and made [sup]4427[/sup] Abimelech [sup]40[/sup] king [sup]4428[/sup], by the plain [sup]436[/sup] of the pillar [sup]5324[/sup] that [was] in Shechem [sup]7927[/sup]. Finally Abimelech achieved his goal of becoming King (of sorts) over Shechem. The nobility came to acknowledge his position and attend the ceremony naming him King. Here Abimelech showed all the powerful men in Shechem he was a bloodthirsty and brutal man willing to horribly murder all Gideon's sons for power and authority. It’s only natural these masters of Shechem feared him greatly. So they agreed to make him king, and arranged a great ceremony to be held under an oak tree in Shechem. This location had very special meaning to Israel, but nothing was sacred to this brute of a man. Now this disgusting pathetic apostate group gathered under the tree that had witnessed the last duties of the righteous Joshua to elect this brutal murderer as their king! This event is one of the most heinous in all Israel. And all this was done without consulting the counsel of God where we know today that no king can be set over Israel (even Jesus) without the knowledge, advice and consent of the whole body of Israel. Abimelech is made the Bramble King of Israel under the Oak of Shechem. If we reflect on the process of his appointment as King we can make a couple of observations. It is clear that Gideon exercised some form of power in the region and in some way his sons held a de facto power of some sort. You see I believe something more sinister went on here young people but we must put the pieces together. It could have been some unrest between Ophrah and Shechem (possibility) Abimelech rise to power came about by the influence and power of these men of Shechem who by the way had the authority to appoint and name a King. Clearly this government in Shechem held some previous ties with Gideon and so used Abimelech to destroy what was left of that influence. What is extremely interesting is how this same government latter shifted their preference away from Abimelech because of his blood lust and gave it to Gaal. Who by the way was a full blood warrior kinsman in Shechem. And when they told [sup]5046[/sup] [it] to Jotham [sup]3147[/sup], he went [sup]3212[/sup] and stood [sup]5975[/sup] in the top [sup]7218[/sup] of mount [sup]2022[/sup] Gerizim [sup]1630[/sup], and lifted up [sup]5375[/sup] his voice [sup]6963[/sup], and cried [sup]7121[/sup] , and said [sup]559[/sup] unto them, Hearken [sup]8085[/sup] unto me, ye men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup], that God [sup]430[/sup] may hearken [sup]8085[/sup] unto you. All was going according to his plan up until the end of verse 5 where one of Jerubbaals sons, Jotham, the youngest got away from the slaughter. (Notice how Yahweh mentions this in passing and the plot continues, endeavouring to draw us in deeper in the events but leaving us in some anticipation? By doing this God wants us to believe Abimelech has got it all his own way! Now the focus turns away from Abimelech and towards the young boy Jotham (meaning “The Lord is Perfect/Honest” Upright). Whatever he does he will need to flee straight away for fear of death. He chooses a parable / fable to communicate certain judgements. So we have from verse 8-15 Jotham parable and from 16-20 the interpretation. If we took off our political hats for a moment we would now put on our lawyers hat. Because Jotham presents the Men of Shechem with a complaint – he stands overhead where I am told the acoustics are amazing even today whispers can be heard down below Mt Gerizim (Modern Jebel et-Tor on the south side of the Nablus Valley) this ledge overlook the city from the south. Jotham uses the power of Yahweh’s Word foretelling of things which are yet to come to pass. Hebrew Scholars believe this to one of the finest poetry containing some beautiful moral lessons for us today. But the olive tree [sup]2132[/sup] said [sup]559[/sup] unto them, Should I leave [sup]2308[/sup] my fatness [sup]1880[/sup], wherewith by me they honour [sup]3513[/sup] God [sup]430[/sup] and man [sup]582[/sup], and go [sup]1980[/sup] to be promoted [sup]5128[/sup] over the trees [sup]6086[/sup]? And the trees [sup]6086[/sup] said [sup]559[/sup] to the fig tree [sup]8384[/sup], Come [sup]3212[/sup] thou, [and] reign [sup]4427[/sup] over us. But the fig tree [sup]8384[/sup] said [sup]559[/sup] unto them, Should I forsake [sup]2308[/sup] my sweetness [sup]4987[/sup], and my good [sup]2896[/sup] fruit [sup]8570[/sup], and go [sup]1980[/sup] to be promoted [sup]5128[/sup] over the trees [sup]6086[/sup]? Then said [sup]559[/sup] the trees [sup]6086[/sup] unto the vine [sup]1612[/sup], Come [sup]3212[/sup] thou, [and] reign [sup]4427[/sup] over us. And the vine [sup]1612[/sup] said [sup]559[/sup] unto them, Should I leave [sup]2308[/sup] my wine [sup]8492[/sup], which cheereth [sup]8055[/sup] God [sup]430[/sup] and man [sup]582[/sup], and go [sup]1980[/sup] to be promoted [sup]5128[/sup] over the trees [sup]6086[/sup]? Then said [sup]559[/sup] all the trees [sup]6086[/sup] unto the bramble [sup]329[/sup], Come [sup]3212[/sup] thou, [and] reign [sup]4427[/sup] over us. The trees going from plant to plant in search of a King to reign over them which is not doubt speaking of the Shechemites. The first three candidates’ were prized species in all Israel. The Olive Tree – the most valuable first the product of the oil in Hebrew is desen “fatness” and was used in everyday use. Cooking oil, medicine, laxative, lubricant, softened leather, fuels for lamps and of course all the sacred rituals where it was used for both holy and unholy use. The fig tree – used for cakes, eaten fresh, and used in those times as a sweetener. Grape Vine – not just wine but the Hebrew implies tiros “fresh wine”, actually it implies newly pressed wine. Rather than yayin commonly used word for wine. So each plant as approached declined the offer of Kingship because they were too busy serving the people of the day giving of their substance in whatever form that took. Clearly they viewed this role of King as worthless – because they were too busy contributing in their public service. Then said [sup]559[/sup] all the trees [sup]6086[/sup] unto the bramble [sup]329[/sup], Come [sup]3212[/sup] thou, [and] reign [sup]4427[/sup] over us. And the bramble [sup]329[/sup] said [sup]559[/sup] unto the trees [sup]6086[/sup], (Question) If in truth [sup]571[/sup] ye anoint [sup]4886[/sup] me king [sup]4428[/sup] over you, [then] come [sup]935[/sup] [and] put your trust [sup]2620[/sup] in my shadow [sup]6738[/sup]: (Curse) and if not, let fire [sup]784[/sup] come out [sup]3318[/sup] of the bramble [sup]329[/sup], and devour [sup]398[/sup] the cedars [sup]730[/sup] of Lebanon [sup]3844[/sup]. So the trees had at last approached the Bramble with the offer of Kingship, and as you all know this plant ironically had nothing to contribute to society at all, neither divine quality of fit for human consumption. The species they suggest is the buckthorn - lyceum europaeum. Verse 8 & 14,15 really tell us a lot about what’s going on here. Abimelech’s acceptance speech of becoming King gives us further insight into the mind of Abimelech. When you read verse 14 it appears Abimelech is questioning their “If in truth” you anoint me King over you, then come and put your trust… If “really” desire to make me King then come and be my subjects! The reality from the nobility was made clear that he was really a flippant formality to serve their purpose! But notice how great heights his self-esteem took him! He will not be King over common trees but also over the cedars of Lebanon (government and royalty)! Before we move on there is an illusion here which must be dealt with else we will fail to understand the thrust of this chapter. What do you make of the language “truly [sup]571[/sup] and sincerely” in verse 15? You see now Jotham directs his voice in first person to the township of Shechem to question their integrity in how they have dealt with Gideon’s house! (Curse) But if not, let fire [sup]784[/sup] come out [sup]3318[/sup] from Abimelech [sup]40[/sup], and devour [sup]398[/sup] the men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup], and the house [sup]1004[/sup] of Millo [sup]4407[/sup] [sup]1037[/sup]; and let fire [sup]784[/sup] come out [sup]3318[/sup] from the men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup], and from the house [sup]1004[/sup] of Millo [sup]4407[/sup] [sup]1037[/sup], and devour [sup]398[/sup] Abimelech [sup]40[/sup]. The location where Abimelech was made King had special meaning to Israel, but we know nothing was sacred to this brutish man. A covenant had been entered into which had conditions…to which Yahweh would hold them too and still does to this day. It appears to me that Jotham is using covenant language to trigger their minds to the event of MUST READ Joshua 24 !!!!! In the hope they will recall the terms of the covenant which they entered. Jotham understand they were now two covenants in place in Shechem of which Abimelech was now made King. In a word the people were already in covenant with their heavenly King. For my father [sup]1[/sup] fought [sup]3898[/sup] for you, and adventured [sup]7993[/sup] his life [sup]5315[/sup] far [sup]5048[/sup], and delivered [sup]5337[/sup] you out of the hand [sup]3027[/sup] of Midian [sup]4080[/sup]: And ye are risen up [sup]6965[/sup] against my father's [sup]1[/sup] house [sup]1004[/sup] this day [sup]3117[/sup], and have slain [sup]2026[/sup] his sons [sup]1121[/sup], threescore and ten [sup]7657[/sup] persons [sup]376[/sup], upon one [sup]259[/sup] stone [sup]68[/sup], and have made Abimelech [sup]40[/sup], the son [sup]1121[/sup] of his maidservant [sup]519[/sup], king [sup]4427[/sup] over the men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup], because he [is] your brother [sup]251[/sup] If ye then have dealt [sup]6213[/sup] truly [sup]571[/sup] and sincerely [sup]8549[/sup] with Jerubbaal [sup]3378[/sup] and with his house [sup]1004[/sup] this day [sup]3117[/sup], [then] rejoice [sup]8055[/sup] ye in Abimelech [sup]40[/sup], and let him also rejoice [sup]8055[/sup] in you: But if not, let fire [sup]784[/sup] come out [sup]3318[/sup] from Abimelech [sup]40[/sup], and devour [sup]398[/sup] the men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup], and the house [sup]1004[/sup] of Millo [sup]4407[/sup] [sup]1037[/sup]; and let fire [sup]784[/sup] come out [sup]3318[/sup] from the men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup], and from the house [sup]1004[/sup] of Millo [sup]4407[/sup] [sup]1037[/sup], and devour [sup]398[/sup] Abimelech [sup]40[/sup]. But Jotham takes this complaint to another level when he begins to share his pain at the loss of his family. In hindsight can you see how Jotham begins by sharing a parable in the 1, third person, and then takes his message 2. directly to the broader townspeople questioning their motives and 3. now he makes it very personal and in verse 17 as he starts a eulogy to his father Gideon. It is evident Jotham is upset they could not acknowledge how Gideon had risk his life to bring their safety, as Gideon fought on Shechems behalf against the Midianites. It treachery to kill my father’s sons and further more entering a covenant with the son of a slave girl and one can only imagine the rage Abimelech felt when he heard those words. I like how Jotham summed up his discourse by saying if you have a clear conscience then let the two parties celebrate, which no doubt Abimelech and the townsfolk did, but if not, let your treacherous alliance destroy each other. When reading this one cannot but see that Jotham had a very negative view of Kingship, which he no doubt in his wisdom gleaned from his Father. And we must keep in mind young people that Kingship in the Near East was the most desirable office and converted by all in the regions about. So in this manner Jotham was going against the trend of the common man on the street. Israel would continue to be plague with desiring to be like the nations like us wanting to be like the Christians today…many dangerous practices are going on in the brotherhood today and we need to rescue as many as possible. Jotham here nowhere claims divine inspiration and what do you make of “Listen to me, lords of Shechem, that God may listen to you” It certainly shows that Jotham was speaking with an understanding of God Himself – what’s interesting is the rest of the chapters goes on to prove Jotham’s predictions correct and that it wasn’t some concoction in his mind. That the cruelty [sup]2555[/sup] [done] to the threescore and ten [sup]7657[/sup] sons [sup]1121[/sup] of Jerubbaal [sup]3378[/sup] might come [sup]935[/sup] , and their blood [sup]1818[/sup] be laid [sup]7760[/sup] upon Abimelech [sup]40[/sup] their brother [sup]251[/sup], which slew [sup]2026[/sup] them; and upon the men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup], which aided [sup]2388[/sup] [sup]3027[/sup] him in the killing [sup]2026[/sup] of his brethren [sup]251[/sup]. And the men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup] set [sup]7760[/sup] liers in wait [sup]693[/sup] for him in the top [sup]7218[/sup] of the mountains [sup]2022[/sup], and they robbed [sup]1497[/sup] all that came [sup]5674[/sup] along that way [sup]1870[/sup] by them: and it was told [sup]5046[/sup] Abimelech [sup]40[/sup]. He is the sole evidence in this chapter that Gods hand is behind these personalities but the eye of faith needs to be looking very closely. Over Israel (See Judges 1:27-30) = Israel to mean Canaanite cities also! Why do you think the length of his reign is mention here and not at the end? Why do you think Elohim is used and not the Covenant name Yahweh? Is this how God removes kings today? While his death was eventually caused by the women in Thebez it is clear that God instigated the event of calamity with Abimelech’s end in mind. And Gaal [sup]1603[/sup] the son [sup]1121[/sup] of Ebed [sup]5651[/sup] came [sup]935[/sup] with his brethren [sup]251[/sup], and went over [sup]5674[/sup] to Shechem [sup]7927[/sup]: and the men [sup]1167[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup] put their confidence [sup]982[/sup] in him. And they went out [sup]3318[/sup] into the fields [sup]7704[/sup], and gathered [sup]1219[/sup] their vineyards [sup]3754[/sup], and trode [sup]1869[/sup] [the grapes], and made [sup]6213[/sup] merry [sup]1974[/sup], and went [sup]935[/sup] into the house [sup]1004[/sup] of their god [sup]430[/sup], and did eat [sup]398[/sup] and drink [sup]8354[/sup] , and cursed [sup]7043[/sup] Abimelech [sup]40[/sup]. And Gaal [sup]1603[/sup] the son [sup]1121[/sup] of Ebed [sup]5651[/sup] said [sup]559[/sup] , Who [is] Abimelech [sup]40[/sup], and who [is] Shechem [sup]7927[/sup], that we should serve [sup]5647[/sup] him? [is] not [he] the son [sup]1121[/sup] of Jerubbaal [sup]3378[/sup]? and Zebul [sup]2083[/sup] his officer [sup]6496[/sup]? serve [sup]5647[/sup] the men [sup]582[/sup] of Hamor [sup]2544[/sup] the father [sup]1[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup]: for why should we serve [sup]5647[/sup] him? And would to God this people [sup]5971[/sup] were under [sup]5414[/sup] my hand [sup]3027[/sup]! then would I remove [sup]5493[/sup] Abimelech [sup]40[/sup]. And he said [sup]559[/sup] to Abimelech [sup]40[/sup], Increase [sup]7235[/sup] thine army [sup]6635[/sup], and come out [sup]3318[/sup] . Eventually they concluded how ridiculous it was to cower to an outsider – Abimelech stood alone with no family at all. So they decided it was in the best interests of Shechem that they serve the father of Shechem (Gen 33:19). Now Abimelech was seen as foreigner because he no longer served any benefit to their cause. Gaal made the claim of treuly representing Shechem in Verse Judges 9:29 he boastfully declares that if all the people came under his authority he would rid them of Abimelech. And then we see another politically motivated speech where Gaal concludes with a challenge to strengthen his army by coming out against Abimelech. Like Abimelech’s speech in verse Judges 9:2 Gaal now skilfully plays the ethnicity card in gaining the support of the Lords of Shechem. If blood was the issue then his was 100% pure and let the kingship come home to Shechem. What’s interesting is Abimelech claim his kingship through his mother but all knew that a man identity was determined by his father (custom – his rulership was claimed in weakness) – and so they showed him the same disdain for him as they did his father. Note: Can you see how Gaal is not presented openly as God’s representative, but you cannot help but feel his introduction is divinely motivated! And when Zebul [sup]2083[/sup] the ruler [sup]8269[/sup] of the city [sup]5892[/sup] heard [sup]8085[/sup] the words [sup]1697[/sup] of Gaal [sup]1603[/sup] the son [sup]1121[/sup] of Ebed [sup]5651[/sup], his anger [sup]639[/sup] was kindled [sup]2734[/sup] .And he sent [sup]7971[/sup] messengers [sup]4397[/sup] unto Abimelech [sup]40[/sup] privily [sup]8649[/sup], saying [sup]559[/sup] , Behold, Gaal [sup]1603[/sup] the son [sup]1121[/sup] of Ebed [sup]5651[/sup] and his brethren [sup]251[/sup] be come [sup]935[/sup] to Shechem [sup]7927[/sup]; and, behold, they fortify [sup]6696[/sup] the city [sup]5892[/sup] against thee.Now therefore up [sup]6965[/sup] by night [sup]3915[/sup], thou and the people [sup]5971[/sup] that [is] with thee, and lie in wait [sup]693[/sup] in the field [sup]7704[/sup]:And it shall be, [that] in the morning [sup]1242[/sup], as soon as the sun [sup]8121[/sup] is up [sup]2224[/sup] , thou shalt rise early [sup]7925[/sup] , and set [sup]6584[/sup] upon the city [sup]5892[/sup]: and, behold, [when] he and the people [sup]5971[/sup] that [is] with him come out [sup]3318[/sup] against thee, then mayest thou do [sup]6213[/sup] to them as thou [sup]3027[/sup] shalt find occasion [sup]4672[/sup].And Abimelech [sup]40[/sup] rose up [sup]6965[/sup] , and all the people [sup]5971[/sup] that [were] with him, by night [sup]3915[/sup], and they laid wait [sup]693[/sup] against Shechem [sup]7927[/sup] in four [sup]702[/sup] companies [sup]7218[/sup]. Abimelech heard the report in verse Judges 9:25 but here in verse Judges 9:30 he does not appear? It’s possible he was in Ophrah holding court having claimed Jerubbaal’s throne after he had slaughtered his half-brothers it would make sense to consolidate his authority there. Or perhaps Arumah which in verse 41 suggest this township may have served as his capital? Of course we see Zebul had not gone with him so one wonders if Abimelech felt a representative was needed in Shechem – Zebul was set over Shechem as a commander as the Hebrew implies. He advised Abimelech of a strategy to move against his enemy allowing Abimelech time he was there ready by morning when the sun rose. If you read Judges 9:33 it implies the battle would be easily won by Abimelech, again we see the Spirit planting a seed drawing us into the record. Abimelech must have had considerable trust in Zebul because he did exactly as he was told! And split his troops in four groups. We are not told how these men were but I suggest they were those of his closest family in verse 1 and maybe armed forces from Ophrah. If you read it carefully it appears Zebul’s group was closest to the gate of the city. It looks like Gaal spotted Zebul and tried to distract him by telling him to look up to the surrounding mountains where he would see the allies of the Shechemites come down to their aid. Of Zebul dismissed this comment. Zebul did not all for Gaals distractions but rather Zebul his opponent to follow through on his drunkard boasting. If Abimelech is in fact a nobody, then let his men fight him. As we read in front of the city gate Gaal and his army were overcome by Abimelech – but Stanley instead of occupying the city himself he left it to Zebul while Abimelech went back to *Arumah. Evidently the place where his rule from. Well the first noted absence is the Lord’s of Shechem who were no doubt routed the day before. It appears the townsfolk we taking up their daily routines, some who work out in the fields. Abimelech being charged form the previous days events and now for the first time infected with blood lust he divides his men into three groups setting ambushes strategically around the fields. Once they were out in the fields Abimelech moved against those who came near and slew them in cold murder. Maybe the only weapons were their farming instruments. The other two companies attack those remaining farmers killing all of them. Abimelech is now fully charge with adrenalin running think through his veins he seeks to move against the city of Shechem for their treason. He takes up position outside of the gates of the city. Somehow they must have overpowered the guards at the gates and then we are told after fighting all day they captured the city, slaughtering its people and razed it to the ground and spread salt all over it. The adding of salt is seen to accomplish tow things here 1. Renders the use of the soil as useless. 2. Many believe the act was a ritual suggesting he placed a curse on the irrevocable on the land. And when all the men [sup]1167[/sup] of the tower [sup]4026[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup] heard [sup]8085[/sup] [that], they entered [sup]935[/sup] into an hold [sup]6877[/sup] of the house [sup]1004[/sup] of the god [sup]410[/sup] Berith [sup]1286[/sup] And it was told [sup]5046[/sup] Abimelech [sup]40[/sup], that all the men [sup]1167[/sup] of the tower [sup]4026[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup] were gathered together [sup]6908[/sup] . And Abimelech [sup]40[/sup] gat him up [sup]5927[/sup] to mount [sup]2022[/sup] Zalmon [sup]6756[/sup], he and all the people [sup]5971[/sup] that [were] with him; and Abimelech [sup]40[/sup] took [sup]3947[/sup] an axe [sup]7134[/sup] in his hand [sup]3027[/sup], and cut down [sup]3772[/sup] a bough [sup]7754[/sup] from the trees [sup]6086[/sup], and took [sup]5375[/sup] it, and laid [sup]7760[/sup] [it] on his shoulder [sup]7926[/sup], and said [sup]559[/sup] unto the people [sup]5971[/sup] that [were] with him, What ye have seen [sup]7200[/sup] me do [sup]6213[/sup] , make haste [sup]4116[/sup] , [and] do [sup]6213[/sup] as I [sup]3644[/sup] [have done]. And all the people [sup]5971[/sup] likewise cut down [sup]3772[/sup] every man [sup]376[/sup] his bough [sup]7754[/sup], and followed [sup]3212[/sup] [sup]310[/sup] Abimelech [sup]40[/sup], and put [sup]7760[/sup] [them] to the hold [sup]6877[/sup], and set [sup]3341[/sup] the hold [sup]6877[/sup] on fire [sup]784[/sup] upon them; so that all the men [sup]582[/sup] of the tower [sup]4026[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup] died [sup]4191[/sup] also, about a thousand [sup]505[/sup] men [sup]376[/sup] and women [sup]802[/sup]. “temple of Baal-Berith [lord of the covenant]” (Judges 9:4), “Beth-Millo [house of the millo/fortress]” (Judges9:6, 20), “temple of their god” (Judges 9:27), “tower [or fortress] of Shechem” (Judges9:46, 49) and “temple of El-Berith [god of the covenant]” (Judges 9:46) all appear to be referring to the same large temple found at the acropolis of Shechem. The temple fortress would have higher up raised with the townspeople living all around while the lower part of the city is a much larger area than the temple itself. It was the last line of defence to all move into the temple fortress. Those of the nobles would have been held in the fortress and their families and any others who managed to get in alive. These temples had inner rooms where many could hold up. “Men or Lords of Shechem” the NIV states the “stronghold of the temple of El Berith” which indicates a tower within the temple structure. He cut a limb of a tree placed it on his shoulder and walked all the way back, running on adrenalin and the need to kill he and his men did likewise, placed the branches around the building an lit them up. They stood back and watch the flames engulf the structure and One Thousand men and women died. The irony here is the place where they died was the exact same location as their drunken rivalry in verse 27! Jotham’s prediction of fire in verse 27 had been fulfilled allowing us to catch a glimpse of Gods hand at work. He had consumed the trees and now the Cedars of Lebanon were all gone. Then went [sup]3212[/sup] Abimelech [sup]40[/sup] to Thebez [sup]8405[/sup], and encamped [sup]2583[/sup] against Thebez [sup]8405[/sup], and took [sup]3920[/sup] it. But there was a strong [sup]5797[/sup] tower [sup]4026[/sup] within [sup]8432[/sup] the city [sup]5892[/sup], and thither fled [sup]5127[/sup] all the men [sup]582[/sup] and women [sup]802[/sup], and all they [sup]1167[/sup] of the city [sup]5892[/sup], and shut [sup]5462[/sup] [it] to them, and gat them up [sup]5927[/sup] to the top [sup]1406[/sup] of the tower [sup]4026[/sup]. And Abimelech [sup]40[/sup] came [sup]935[/sup] unto the tower [sup]4026[/sup], and fought [sup]3898[/sup] against it, and went hard [sup]5066[/sup] unto the door [sup]6607[/sup] of the tower [sup]4026[/sup] to burn [sup]8313[/sup] it with fire [sup]784[/sup]. And a certain [sup]259[/sup] woman [sup]802[/sup] cast [sup]7993[/sup] a piece [sup]6400[/sup] of a millstone [sup]7393[/sup] upon Abimelech's [sup]40[/sup] head [sup]7218[/sup], and all to brake [sup]7533[/sup] his skull [sup]1538[/sup].Then he called [sup]7121[/sup] hastily [sup]4120[/sup] unto the young man [sup]5288[/sup] his armourbearer [sup]5375[/sup] [sup]3627[/sup], and said [sup]559[/sup] unto him, Draw [sup]8025[/sup] thy sword [sup]2719[/sup], and slay [sup]4191[/sup] me, that men say [sup]559[/sup] not of me, A woman [sup]802[/sup] slew [sup]2026[/sup] him. And his young man [sup]5288[/sup] thrust him through [sup]1856[/sup] , and he died [sup]4191[/sup] . And when the men [sup]376[/sup] of Israel [sup]3478[/sup] saw [sup]7200[/sup] that Abimelech [sup]40[/sup] was dead [sup]4191[/sup] , they departed [sup]3212[/sup] every man [sup]376[/sup] unto his place [sup]4725[/sup]. It would be easily to think after his victory did Abimelech escape the second part of Jotham’s prophecy? In the fullness of his pride and strength he now seeks to widen his kingdom over Israel and Canaan. It is interesting he looks to Thebez which is so close it could be like a satellite town which doesn’t appear to be well fortified again forcing the townspeople and their nobility to seek refuge in their “strong tower”. Under siege they lock the door and go to the roof of the tower while having realised how successful his last efforts in Shechem he begins to burn the doorway which is made of wood. We expect this tower would be destroyed but strangely a unknown woman enters the picture – possessing divine strength picked up an millstone and threw it from the roof down upon Abimelech’s head, crushing his skull (verse 53) He was alive long enough to release what had happened suggesting he saw the woman above him; he requests it no be known he died at the hands of a woman. This went straight to his manly pride. Even to his death, he revealed a belligerent, defiant, arrogance character. After all his evil achievements his end is at the hand of a woman. Coming from one who shamelessly lent on a woman to gain his throne is now killed by one. And all the evil [sup]7451[/sup] of the men [sup]582[/sup] of Shechem [sup]7927[/sup] did God [sup]430[/sup] render [sup]7725[/sup] upon their heads [sup]7218[/sup]: and upon them came [sup]935[/sup] the curse [sup]7045[/sup] of Jotham [sup]3147[/sup] the son [sup]1121[/sup] of Jerubbaal [sup]3378[/sup]. The chapter concludes with an epilogue identifying Jotham’s Prophecy was fulfilled (quickly) and that God was the force behind the scenes. It was God who paid Abimelech back and none other. Its interesting only the people of Shechem were judged allowing the people of Thebez to go free. Points to reflect on: God has beautifully integrated this account of Abimelech to reveal that He is total control of Israel even if they do not acknowledge it. It’s about doing what is right and getting what one deserves – this time God does not act in mercy! What he used to kill his brothers was used to end his life. When this happens God is absolved of his responsibilities and able to bring a curse upon them. This chapter typifies the Spirit of Disaster which will go out across the whole world upon the Lords return. The crime is not his kingship but that against Gideon and his sons. The Irony in his life: 1. Woman framed Abimelech’s life – one gave him life and kingship the other took it all from him. 2. Stone was used to kill and he was killed by a stone. 3 The drunken parties in the temple ended up killing them. His ambition was to be a king but was never recognised as one. "(Maybe you might like to think of the Roman Catholic Church with all its obscene wealth granting its power to a confederate Europe to carry out is future machinations???)" buckthorn - lyceum europaeum" as Insight's 'bramble' bush. Talk about "obscene wealth granting its power"? Guess that could never... apply to many of the orthodox Jews among the history of banks and banking that have been guilty of funding both sides in a war.!?! Why do many of the Jews have last names like 'Goldsmith' and 'Silversmith' anyway? And why do supposed Messianic Jews claim the Protestant Church, which broke away from the Catholic Church centuries ago, equates Protestants as 'sister harlots' of the Catholic Mother Church??? If that's what they're teaching in Messianic Jewish Churches today, then those are really ideas from Orthodox Judaism, and not from Christ Jesus' servants who first stood in Him that were also first called 'Christian' at Antioch.
2019-04-24T20:11:48Z
https://www.christianityboard.com/threads/abimelech-%E2%80%93-the-bramble-king.14983/
Earth tones are on trend. It’s been years since fashion and retail gave them some love, so it’s about time. A good retail season is one that caters to many style preferences. Silhouettes waft in and out of fashion, but the very least fashion can do is provide a large assortment of colour options. Autumn and Winter collections have been purple, teal, black and grey for ages. I’m loving the fresh addition of all shades of brown. You bat for warm Team Earth Tones when you prefer them to cool jewel tones and vice versa. Earth tones cover all shades of brown. From the lightest tans to the darkest chocolates and everything in between. They also cover colours like mustard, burnt orange, cinnamon, toffee, camel, olive, forest green, sage green, cream, and a very brown burgundy. You can even think of warm taupes as earth tones. Jewel tones are named after stones like sapphires, emeralds, amethysts and rubies. Think colours like all shades of lilac, fuchsia and purple, all shades of cool green, jade and emerald green, cobalt, rich burgundy, cool teals and turquoise, cool pinks, cools greys, Christmas red, and a hint of cool brown. It’s no contest for my clients. Most of them will choose a jewel tone over any other colour. Purples, teals and greys are extremely popular, although most like earth tones too. I expect Team Jewel Tones to win this poll. I bat for Team Earth Tones. I like wearing orange-y earth tones like cinnamon and cognac. I enjoy toffee, a brown burgundy, and recently reintroduced chocolate brown into my style. I love cream, and enjoy olive in small doses. I don’t gravitate towards purples, teals, cool greens, grey, dark reds, or cobalt. I love turquoise, but it has to be bright and sour. Over to you. Do you bat for Team Earth Tones or Team Jewel Tones? Tell us why and no batting for both sides. If you can’t pick a side, feel free to park out on the bench where I’m serving harissa veggie kebabs, butternut, and lemon curry chicken breast with a ginger marmalade sauce. Team jewel tones – though I think my colouring probably suits earth tones quite well. Team Jewel Tones. Much more flattering on me. This fall, I’ve added a hint of earth tones in cognac leather footwear and accessories, plus a bit of russet in some pants. I like how the cognac plays with navy, denim, cream, black and grays. Love earth tones on others, but definitely Team Jewel Tones for me! Looking forward to adding something ruby red to my closet this season. I’ve tried to bat exclusively for Team Jewel Tones, due to my fair skin/dark hair/blue eyes combo, but truly saturated jewel tones (cobalt, fuchsia, emerald) actually don’t work that well on me. I do really like cool colours if they are deep, muted, and “dusty” — faded navy, washed black, sage/juniper, charcoal. So I bat for Team Earth Tones, but not if they are overly warm and bright (I have no cognac, for instance). And I love certain jewel tones — especially true red, burgundy, and deep plum/aubergine — as accent colours. Well….. I definitely prefer earth tones, (especially the mustard, burnt orange, tomatoe red, olive, sage green, cream, ie the lighter/brighter tones) but they are offset by black, white and some warmer blues (denim, not cobalt) – I need these shades to add a crisper edge. Jewel tones. They work for me and make me happy. Jewel tones all the way. Much more flattering on me and more suited to my personality, too. Team Jewel tones – I have clear pale skin with rosy blue cool undertones. Even though I limit my color palate, it’s no secret that cool clear saturated jewel tones (sapphire, amethyst, ebony, hematite, pearl) make my skin glow. Earth tones make me look like a washed out dormouse, I simply vanish. Although there is always a cool variant of every color, they just don’t make me feel happy. I adore earth tones on others and enjoy seeing their warm and spicy outfits! Earth tones for sure. I like cool colors too, like grays, some purples, dark reds, but the true jewel tones just don’t appeal to me. This fall I am batting for Team Earth Tones but I have been a longstanding member of Team Jewel Tones. It’s been fun adding some new shades to my repertoire. Team Jewel Tones BUT I do love some browns in the Fall, and in the summer mixed with white. I’m excited they are back. Team Earth tones here. I don’t love be dressing in head-to-toe earth tones, though, so I most often pair my rust, burnt orange, olive, and cognac with blue denim or hefty amounts of black. I also wear plenty of burgundy, but shy away from ones that are too purple. My one purple dress is an outlier in my wardrobe. I’m intrigued to hear whether forest green is considered and earth or a jewel tone. As for myself, my first loves are always blue and pink, so that makes me a jewel tone girl. But I enjoy playing with earth tones once every few weeks :). Jewel tones for clothes. More like pinks and yellows and all shades of blue. Not so much purple and teal. But cognac is my go to color for boots and purses. When ordering on-line, it tends to mean that I’m getting the color I want it to be. EARTH TONES! Though this is always an amusing question for me. When I was growing up, I loved jewel tones in part because my very stylish mother always wore them. Then as a teenager I stumbled upon the book “Color Me Beautiful”– anyone remember that one? I was stunned to find my mother, who had almost black hair and pale skin, was a “Winter” (and so jewel tones suited her perfectly) while I was unquestionably an “Autumn”– and so was supposed to wear all the colors I then hated, browns, oranges, greens, etc.! I was flummoxed! Nonetheless, as the years went by I did gradually experiment more and more with these earthy colors, until they became my very favorites– and so they remain. Delighted as always in the rare moments when they make a fashion comeback, as I am prepared in advance with my chocolate brown flares, rust sweaters, and mustard coat! Team Jewel Tones. They make me happy. Earth Tones (with some exceptions) pull me down. Jewel tones! No contest for me at all. Earth Tones!!! I have always loved wearing warm earthy colours. I didn’t have to think about that one. I like to wear earth tones and jewel tones (warmer teal, purple, emerald) together! Predictably, Team Jewel Tones pulls out in front. Nice to see Team Earth Tones put up a fight. One of my earliest memories – I couldn’t have been more than four – is of my mother pronouncing that my color preferences meant that I liked jewel tones. Still true more than three decades later, although I prefer richer and deeper jewel tones now. Seems to be a hard-wired preference! Earth tones, as encouraged here! Plus cool grey, faded black, blues. Not a jewel to be found in my closet pretty much. Earth tones, black , cool grey, blues , aqua is my favorite color. Lots of white mixed in. Jewel tones, no question. I can tolerate a few earth tones, because my colors seems more moderate: neither very cool nor all that warm. True browns aren’t bad, my hair can be called toffee or camel colored, and forest green is okay. But none of those are happy colors for me. Jewel tones are much better, although I instinctively pull away from the very brightest and/or coolest: fuchsia, magenta, and true gray. I’m not particularly fond of teal or turquoise, either; I prefer either actual blue or actual green in nearly any shade. But I’m happiest with cool/jewel-leaning midtones. Difficult decision, love both and have them, but if I look at which colors I have more at the moment, then maybe Team Jewel Tones, not absolutely sure. Jewel tones are gorgeous and I love to see them worn by others. However, earth tones suit me much better and I have a special fondness for warm, muddy greens and browns. Thrilled to see them making a return after being “missing in (retail) action” for too many years. Jewel tones suit me better and I gravitate towards them when shopping, but I’m tired of them because I do wear them a lot. I’m looking forward to adding some earth tones this season (brown burgundy, chocolate, forest green). Without a question : Earth Tones. I actually actively dislike jewel tones in clothes and won’t even touch them on a rack. I’ll go so far as to wear cool-toned greys and browns, but that’s it. Jewel tones for me. However, my sister wears mostly earth tones which works out well when thrifting together. We like similar styles and are a similar size but our color preferences mean we’re rarely competing for the same items. I think jewel tones are beautiful colors, but earth tones look better on me by a mile. Thank goodness they are having there moment. Makes me feel like I need to get in some stores while there is a chance. I have to go with Team Earth tones. They are much more flattering to my warm skin tone while jewel tones to overpower me. I love to see others wearing cool jewel tones because they are so beautiful. Team jewel tones for sure, given that blues, teal, red, gray and black predominate in my closet. With the exception of a smattering of olive, sage, and forest green, I don’t wear many earth tones. Sorry, that typing was weird and I couldn’t fix it. Anyway, just wanted to add that I am most intrigued by the bench meal too! I’m not sure. Pink and mustard. Grey and olive. I guess I’m on both teams. I love both but tend to wear more toward jewel tones. Team earth tones all the way! Brown, mustard, gold, etc. all look best on me. When I wear them I always receive compliments. I am fair, with medium-brown hair with relish undertones. Love that we’re seeing more of my colors! Team jewel tones. A few earth tones creep into my wardrobe, particularly in pants, but jewel tones are definitely in the majority! My closet is full of purple, burgundy and blue. A tiny smattering of earth tones. Browns and greens tend not to be flattering for my coloring. Tempting though your picnic from the sidelines sounds, I can’t join you because I’m firmly on team earth tones! I’ve always preferred subtle, toned-down and earthy colours, and although jewel tones are lovely, they are none of those things. I do love a nice sapphire, though. 100% Team Jewel Tones, but I love earth tones as a complement to the cool colors. I wear both, but jewel tones are more flattering on me. I m probably most suited to earth tones if forced to choose. I really prefer clear colors and neutrals but if I have to choose, I pick earth tones. Jewel tones remind me of cold winter and earth tones remind me of my favorite season, lovely fall weather. Team Jewel Tones, especially blues, greens, teals (the very best for me), pinks, and purples. I love earth tones on others and keep trying them, but to no avail. Usually earth tones- but that is including some burgundy and teal, too. No cobalt, no fuchsia, no purples for me. My fallish reds are rusty and orangey, too. Jewel tones for me. Used to love earth tones but when I went gray they just don’t suit me. Angie, if the chicken dish you are serving is an actual recipe of yours, would you please share it? If not, I’ll have to try and find a similar recipe, as it sounds delicious. Earth tones almost to the point of camouflage. My preferences change with the season but are almost entirely about feeling harmonious with the outdoors. But, I love seeing jewel tones in action and while I prefer to blend in I appreciate the contribution of any “missing” colors, like scarlet or purple against snowy weather. My earth tone heart is swelling and revealing this season. So happy they’re around for a bit. Team jewel tones. I do wear earth tones, but mainly as an accent (footwear and accessories) or away from my face. Jewel Tones all the way. I look ill if I wear earth tones, except maybe some of the greens. Earth tones, no contest, although I also wear a lot of neutrals that are neither jewel nor earth tones. I wore a lot of jewel tones in past decades and they work with my coloring but they feel dated to me now (although I know they are not). My main exception is workout/sporty clothes where I have a lot soft purple but that’s more due to availability than preference and I do occasionally wear bright navy. Have always loved earhtones. But know cool tones suit my colouring better. So, forever on the search for cool earth tones like mocha, cool taupes and soft whites. Team earth tone. Earth tones, definitely. I have brown hair and green eyes and most jewel tones just clash with my coloring although I can wear emerald green well. Have already bought a russet jacket this fall and will be happily shopping for chocolate brown. Team jewel tones for me – emeralds, aquamarines, light jades, and turquoise. And rich navy blue – I guess that counts as sapphire? If it’s ocean colors, I’ll wear it. Do metallic golds and silvers count as jewel tones? Green- and blue-teals are good colors for me, but after years of seeing those particularly darker teals everywhere, I’m a bit tired of it. Jewel tones like sapphire, raspberry and emerald are good with my blue eyes. I also like to wear clear warm colours, like a true orange, tomato red, yellow, teal, and toffee, but in smaller doses. I’ve discovered that I can carry off strong colours rather well, no matter if they are cool or warm–or maybe it is that I just like stronger colours. Muddy colours don’t suit my aesthetic preferences. Earth tones checking in. I love all shades of brown and olive, with lashings of orange and mustard. I’m delighted to see so many earth tones at retail this season. Jewel tones and cool neutrals all the way, here — for fashion. There are no colours less flattering to my complexion than most yellows, mustards, and oranges. In my closet, I have to confine such colours to accessories or tiny bits of pattern. But I do love earth tones in my home. Mustard, gold, sagey greens, warmer blues, muddy reds, terra cotta, cream, and all the wood tones of a mixed bag of antique and modern furniture. Our house is decorated that way. Lots and lots of wood tones with warm colours on the walls and bright pops in the modern art. I’m a green eyed blond with warm spring coloring. I’m happy there are more earth tones in the offering because they look better on me. I’ve begun to realize that all the black and white and gray I’ve been wearing by my face really wash me out. Team Jewel Tones! For all the reasons already stated—I love them and they love me back. I don’t love the drab crunchy-granola Earth-mother vibe that earth tones give off when they are all together; although it’s interesting to hear that even with your bright and vivid color palette, Angie, you feel like you do more earth tones (I think I get it). You definitely make earth tones look fun! I bat for the jewel tone team, and only for the colors that are on “cool” side of the spectrum. I also don’t wear pastels, as they wash me out. Earth tones make me look sick, apparently, as many people ask me if I’m feeling ok whenever I wear colors that fall in the orange range: peach, pumpkin, rust especially, but even a yellow-y red looks awful. As a result, I don’t do a lot of shopping in spring or fall, but winter, holidays, resort & summer are usually pretty good for me. Team jewel tones! I can only think of one earth toned sweater, kind of a cinnamon. I love all shades of purple!! I am definitely Team Jewel Tones, but from time to time I like wearing earth tones especially during autumn and winter:). Jewel tones, but I also like the visual friction of wearing them with some earth tones. Neutrals and neons! If I HAD to pick a team, I suppose it would be jewel tones, because I love cobalt blue, though in reality I wear some of each. Where does that leave the pastel jewel tone wearers….my group of people who don’t wear most earth tones well, and true jewel colors over power us? Like most fashions of fall and winter, NOTHING. Does save a lot of shopping money when most fashions are for the intense coloring people. Maybe someday the commercial fashion world will realise that many can’t wear the intense colors that are offered as choices in fall and winter, and that warm tones “leave us in the cold” also. Is it weird that the way you describe color in the last couple posts makes me hungry? I’m not sure I identify completely with either side. I can do warm and cool both as long as they edge toward the middle. Not sure how to describe it. Not TOO cool or TOO warm but mildly I can do both. I’m definitely Team Jewel Tones, though like LaP, I prefer more muted versions to the bright, saturated “true” jewel tones. Jewel Tones all the way. When I bough some cognac boots last year and discovered they bookended my hair, I loved i my closet to find some earth tones and came up pretty empty. I do love forest green, but the bluer ones, not the browner. I’m hoping to find some browns tones this season that have enough coolness to play with my navies, burgundies, and teals. Where does black fit – neither, i guess, but it is also very polarizing. Neither earth tones nor jewel tones for me. Earth tones are too yellowing for my skin, and jewel tones overpower me. I can add both in small doses though, well away from my face, in gloves, handbags or shoes. Luckily, certain earth tones compliment the seashore colors I wear best–cognac boots with indigo shirt and jeans, a mustard bag with bleached chambray, cherry red gloves with a gray tweed coat–and I’m content with that. Interesting that you include cool brown in the jewel category. After having not worn any browns for decades, I recently discovered that I can actually wear COOL brown. And you’re right, Angie, cool brown looks surprisingly (at least to me) harmonious with the jewel colours. I don’t know about jewels/stones (in real life) which are cool brown. If you do, please tell me, as I would be interested in trying them as new-to-me jewelry. On behalf of all those who look great in earth tones, I welcome them back in fashion. I am all for greater variety and always enjoy seeing people wearing colours that really suit them. Jewel tones all the way. Mustard makes me look like I died 6 weeks ago! If I wear orange it is a clear orange or coral with no brown in it. I do like some brown but when you said cool browns for jewel tones I knew you were speaking to me! I think I am batting team “confused”, hahahah. When I was younger and had darker hair I gravitated more towards Jewel tones but as I have aged and my hair has gotten lighter (to eliminate the stark contrast when my natural salt and pepper begin to show) I have ventured over to some Earth tones. My favorite colors are white, blue/navy, tomato red, some greens (to go with my ginger color), and some black. Recently I have added some earth tones, i.e. tan/camel or toffee? I may need to just “bench myself”. Team Earth Tones here! Nary a jewel toned item to be found in my closet, but I’ve always gravitated more toward the earthy colors. I have always been drawn to earth tones especially oranges, peaches, copper etc. however now that my hair is no longer a rich brown and instead mostly silver I don’t believe the earth tones look quite right on me anymore. As a copout I have stuck to black, white, navy, and a little red thrown in. Still lusting after the richer colors though. Earth tones generally make me look washed out. Benched, so I’ll bring the Nan bread. My color focus the past few seasons have been burgundy, lilac, and mustard. With a good dose of khaki and camel. So both concepts jewel and earth are represented. Really trying to rid myself of black and grey but it seems impossible since I wear black as part of my work uniform. Think I will be on the bench too. I love teals and reds, and emerald although I have rarely seen it in pieces I like. But I love mustards and cognac leather and cream too. So on the bench eating sounds pretty good. Impossible choice as I love most all colors and probably have all of them in my closet, although some in very small doses. Only exceptions would be teal and magenta, strongly dislike both of those. That being said, darker colors are more flattering especially around my face, so I wear alot of green, black, burgundy, bitter brown mixed with white, cream, khaki, olive, greys, pink, turquiose and pops of yellow, orange and blue. Sounds very incohesive I know, but somehow I manage to make it all work without looking like a bag lady :). Add one more to Jewel tones! Definitely earth tones ———hurrah for their reappearance!!!! Suntiger, thank you for the tips. Even though I love jewel tones, I know earth tones look better on me and that’s what I wear most. I think I’m on the bench. I am not a true earth tone fan. I wear olive, but my favorite olive is a dark, cool one. Same with browns–I like the cooler ones, those with some gray in them. And I don’t go for very vibrant jewel tones. I like them a little muted. Jewel tones, absolutely. I wear primarily black, but also deep, yet bright blue, emerald green, deep amethyst, garnet and occasionally white, as those colours complement black best, IMO. I never wear chocolate or most other shades of brown, any form of yellow, sage green or burnt oranges. The one exception for me is leather in a bright cognac because it contrasts beautifully with black. Jewels for me! I do, however, try to add in bit of earth tones to “ground” my look and update it, since the ubiquitous black+jewel pairing still reminds me of the 90s. I might use olive with cobalt, for example. Late to the party, but bringing my beloved earth tones with me! Team jewel tones now that I’m not dying my hair any longer and letting my natural gray come through. Although, I don’t think very cool jewel tones suit me. I will pick an orchid color over a royal purple or a fuchsia. I do love Earth tones — brown is one of my best colors, not sure anymore now that I’m going gray/silver, and olive green one my favorite colors. Definitely Team Jewel Tones. I’m enjoying all the mustard on others, though. Team Jewel tone. I am a Summer: light summer with my hair dyed back to my childhood ash blonde; soft summer with my natural grownup hair. I am the daughter of a cool winter who lives pink, red, and cobalt blue. Black is our neutral, although I am grudgingly adding gray because it looks better with my skin. We also wear navy. I am also appreciating the Care Bear palette more with age. Jewel tones. Although I have a lot of appreciation for the beautiful warmth of earth tones, jewel tones look much better on me. My closet is full of blues, reds, and greens, along with black and white. Earth tones all the way! Jewel tones have always suited me better – but my coloring is changing and veggie kebabs sound good! Neutrals, taupe, Brown, cinnamon, orange, caramel, toffee, and all colors close to that palette. Just loving that Brown is having a moment. Also had a reckoning of this from the old Color Me Beautiful. There is a nice blueish purple shade that I love too. It was in that color wheel from CMB. Curry chicken for me. I love both, and think both suit me depending on what color I have my hair. I like both. Earth tones: khakis and olives. Jewel tones: deep blues, greens. Jewel tones for me! I am a lover of blue, lilac and pink, so softer jewel and cool tones. Given my blonde hair, I can wear some warm tones and really enjoy mixing things up, red, orange and cognac are favourite warm tones. I also love and prefer jewel tones and think that they look best on me. They make up most of my wardrobe. I would like to have some of the Earth tones and the only reason I haven’t had any for a few years has been because I haven’t found any – they have truly been the elusive colors. So I am super excited about this season and Spring. La Pedestrienne perfectly described what I love about them. In fact , my favorite piece of clothing of all time was a burnt orange long wool vest that resembled a sleeveless trench. I LOVED the color. Interestingly, though a love jewel tones, my favorite stone is milky opaque Chalcedony. I am SO excited about the possibility of finding something in rust and burnt orange for Winter and FINALLY a mustard skirt for Spring. I’m giddy, I tell you. Forgot to tell WHY I bat for Team Jewel Tones. It has to do with my colouring, which is very cool. I need cool and clear colours to look my best. Bench! I love both Jewel and Earth tones. And often, I wear them together. I also go through phases of one or the other, then get tired and yearn for a change. So… both! Team Jewel Tones for me. I love then all. Olive, tan, brown, all shades of blue and turquoise! I am a brown/gray haired, blue eyed, woman with a reddish hue to my skin. So, reds, purples and oranges don’t suit me. I do like the blush color I’ve been seeing, but thank goodness chocolate brown is back. Just discovered olive this spring, and love it. Also love the yellow, but I have to be careful what shade. I prefer the butter yellow over the mustard. I’m a Autumn in the Color me Beautiful typing. So Earth tones please! My mom is a Winter so I’m used to crossing into the Winter palette of jewel tones too. When the fashion pendulum swings heavily on the cool side the neutral turquoise and teals are my wardrobe saving go-tos . I’m also a maximalist so I’m not the strictest about limiting my color palette. True red wide leg trousers are really fab with a golden brown leopard blouse and ballet flats!
2019-04-22T11:57:58Z
https://youlookfab.com/2018/09/24/team-earth-tones-or-team-jewel-tones/
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2019-04-18T12:48:08Z
http://schwarzbart.com/Current-Work/wp-content/themes/pdf/download-Genomics-Applications-for-the-Developing-World-2012/
When I added the Campion Christmas stories to the festive reading blog, I realised that I hadn’t ever written a Series I love post about Margery Allingham’s detective and so one was really somewhat overdue. So, to start off the new year, I’m putting that omission to rights. Albert Campion – not his real name – is a detective and problem solver. He’s got an aristocratic background that is hinted and and has to be pieced together* – and many sources say he started as a parody of my beloved Lord Peter Wimsey. Indeed as well as their family history, their physical description is fairly similar – Campion is thin, blond, wears glasses and has a face that is described as bland and inoffensive and as having a deceptively blank expression. Wimsey by contrast is describes as being fair, average height, with a monocle and with a vaguely foolish face. You see what I mean? But as the books go on Albert is definitely his own man and a character in his own right. He’s more of an adventurer and a man of action than many of his Golden Age Counterparts – and more often on the edge of the law. Where Wimsey has Bunter – a gentleman’s gentleman with a flare for photography and chemistry – Albert has Lugg, an ex-con with a passion for trying to better himself but constantly being reminded of his past as he and Albert encounter his former criminal associates. Albert’s friend in the police is the detective Stanislas Oates, who over the course of the series rises through the ranks of The Yard to become its chief. The Campion stories tend more towards the adventure than straight up detective fiction – for example, my particular favourite is Sweet Danger which sees Albert posing as minor royalty at a foreign watering home and then attempting to outwit a criminal mastermind in the hunt for documents to prove who the ruler of a tiny but oil rich principality is. There are chases, and a treasure hunt, and evil machinations and attempted witchcraft and it all builds to a very satisfactory conclusion. The one in the series which gets most attention is The Tiger in the Smoke – which is a thriller not a detective novel – as Albert tries to track down a psychopath in foggy, smoggy London. I also really like The Fashion in Shrouds, in which Albert’s fashion designer sister (also estranged from the aristocratic family) falls under suspicion after two deaths that are rather convenient for her best friend. The series started in the 1930s and ran through until the 1960s, so I need to add my usual caveat about there being some dated attitudes and language in some of these – particularly the Fashion in Shrouds if I recall correctly – which means that the modern reader needs to approach with slight caution, but I don’t think there’s anything worse here than there is in Christie or Sayers. There are 19 Campion novels written by Margery Allingham, two more written by her husband (who completed the final Allingham novel after her death) and then another five modern continuations by Mike Ripley. I’ve read most of the Allingham written stories – although interestingly I think Campion’s first appearance, as a side character in The Crime at Black Dudley, is one of the ones in the series that I haven’t read. I can almost see your puzzled face at this – but I have an explanation: I discovered Campion when I was living in Essex and on a very tight budget. I was reading my way through the local library’s detective selection and they had a whole shelf of Campions – because Margery Allingham was a local author. I promptly read my way through as many as I could lay my hands on – but it was pre-goodreads and I wasn’t keeping track. I still don’t own many of them – a fact which has hampered me not inconsiderably in putting this post together! There were also two series of TV adaptations in the early 1990s, starring Peter Davison as Campion, which do occasionally pop up on TV (usually on Alibi or Drama) which are fun if not entirely faithful to the plot and a bit clunking in places. They’re definitely not as well put together as the Joan Hickson Miss Marples for example, the David Suchet Poirots or the Inspector Alleyn adaptations, but if you like the books then they’re worth a look as a curiosity if nothing else. I’ve got a couple of Campions as audiobooks too which has actually been a really nice way to revisit the series. Once I get my audiobook and podcast backlogs back down and under control, I’m planning to get a few more – and fill in some of the gaps in the series. If you’ve read any Campion books – or have a favourite – let me know in the comments! *And I can’t remember all the pieces at the moment! Not a lot of reading done last week – I started the week in New York and ended it on a plane back to Washington from Dallas and there wasn’t a lot of reading time other than the travelling. But luckily, I had an easy choice for my BotW pick thanks to my new local library and Carl Hiaasen’s Skin Tight. After a Mick Stranahan stabs his unexpected guest (who came armed) using a taxidermied fish, he starts to try to figure out who it is who wants him dead. Unfortunately the intruder died so quickly he couldn’t answer any questions. And there are plenty of suspects. As an investigator at the State Attorney’s Office there were plenty of people who had a grudge against him even before he nailed a crooked judge and got fired. But then the list just keeps growing and soon it becomes clear that if Stranahan wants to enjoy his retirement, he’s going to have to figure out what’s going on before he ends up dead. If that sounds a bit mad, that’s because it is. It’s a dark and satirical screwball comedy where every character has at least one serious character flaw, but very few of them realise it. I’ve spoken a lot about my search for more books to scratch my Steph Plum-esque itch and this definitely did that. Stranahan is much less likeable than Steph and a lot further from the straight and narrow than she is, but this is the same sort of madcap adventure you get with her. My only real problem with Skin Tight is that it was published nearly 30 years ago and that’s making it hard to get more books by Hiaasen, although not impossible as my to-read pile will already show. It does mean though that the bad news is that Skin Tight isn’t available on Kindle or Kobo at the moment – and it may well be out of print in the US as well as the UK. It is available on audiobook from Kobo, but if you want an actual book you’re going to have to buy it secondhand (Amazon and Abebooks have plenty of copies at various price points) or do what I did and get it from your library. This week’s BotW returns to my old stomping ground of Girl’s Own fiction. However it is slightly out of my usual wheel house in that it’s not a school story, but a career book. Compared to my reading of school stories, I haven’t read many career books, but one of my favourite books that my mum passed on from her childhood was Shirley Flight, Air Hostess so a book in a series called Sally Baxter, Girl Reporter definitely appealed to me. I found it in the Oxfam Bookshop in York (on the same trip that I picked up two Oxenhams and Dorita Fairlie Bruce) and I bought it, because after all, I am a journalist after spending my childhood pretending to be one, so what could be more perfect?!But this is definitely a recommendation for people who are afficiados of the genre – because it has some… let’s call them issues. So, Strangers in Fleet Street is apparently the 15th book in the Sally Baxter series and it sees Sally, who is a teenager working as a reporter at a national newspaper, taking charge of a group of foreign readers of the Evening Cry (her paper) who won a competition to spend two weeks in London. She’s their guide – but she’s also hoping to get some stories from their visit. Sally soon makes friends with most of the visitors but a series of disappearances – of money, of earrings and of a person – lead to suspicion being thrown on her little group and Sally is determined to unmask the real culprit – not just for the scoop but to save her new friend’s reputations. This ticked pretty much all of my boxes – it’s got a mystery and a bit of adventure. It has a fun cast of characters and it has a lead character who is doing an interesting job, in a male-dominated profession. OK Sally may be on human interest duty in this book, but she’s definitely doing the job and she’s not the only one – there’s a more senior woman reporter too. Looking at the information about the other titles in the series that I found here, it seems that Sally seems to get a lot of the softer stories – as opposed to crime, trials or politics, but then court rooms and council meetings are hard to make sound exciting – but a lot of it involves globe-trotting. Even without that list, Sally mentions trips to Hong Kong and North Africa – so it does sound like an exciting and appealing life, which has got to be one of the major aims of a career novel. My quibbles with it are all around some of the rather old-fashioned (putting it nicely) attitudes. Sally herself is very fair but the way the young North African boy is portrayed is definitely very stereotypical and of its time. And the resolution to the mystery involved another trope that I’m not very keen on, but I can’t say more than that because it’s a huge spoiler. So lets say that I won’t be lending this to my 10-year-old niece. But if you are a fan of Girl’s Own fiction and know where its weaknesses and blind spots are, this is a very enjoyable way to spend a few hours. And I’ve already been on the second hand book sites looking for more in the series. As I mentioned, my book came from a charity bookshop, the secondhand dealers have lots of copies of various books in this series (please don’t beat me to them) but unless this is your secret niche book love, it’s probably not going to be one for you- and if it is, you already know how to source this sort of thing, so no links this week! This may be one of the least surprising BotW picks ever, considering that the first book in the Custard Protocol series was a BotW, as were several of Gail Carriger’s other books (Sumage Solution, Manners and Mutiny and Timeless) and she was one of my discoveries of the year back when this blog was but a child. In fact, the only question you have may be: What took me so long to read Imprudence, given that it came out in July last year. Fear not. There are answers ahead. Now, part of the reason this has taken so long for me to read is that it was all boxed up with the to-read pile at the back end of last year, but the reason it was still waiting to be read at that point was a line in the blurb: “her werewolf father is crazy”. Having read Carriger’s Parasol Protectorate series, I had a fair idea what was going on there, and I was worried about how it was going to resolve itself. I love and adore Rue’s Paw – Conall Maccon and although he has his stupid moments (to whit, his idiotic behaviour in Blameless) I was a bit worried about what might happen to him. And I had a few rocky moments early on in the book, which involved near tears and sniffling. But I got through it and I was ok. And that’s as much as I can say without it all being a big old spoiler. And while we’re talking about the Parasol Protectorate, I found myself wishing that I’d re-read Timeless before I read this, because a lot of the action is in Egypt and there’s a lot of references to the events of that book. It did all come back to me, but I think I would have been cooing with delight sooner if I’d done a reread first. And so of course now I need to go and do that reread to check if there were any references that I missed in Imprudence. There are old friends here – and some who are less friendly. If I have a quibble, it’s that everything is wrapped up very quickly in the end – the main romantic through line and the adventure-quest one. I could have read another 50 pages of that resolving itself. But maybe that’s just me. And if you’re wondering what prompted me to read this now, it’s the fact that the latest novella that Carriger has written is set after this book, and I *really* want to read that and so needed to do things in order. Because I’m like that. And we all know that I’ll be pre-ordering the next in this series, Competence, just as soon as there’s a paperback preorder link. Because I’m like that too. As always in posts like this, I’m going to remind you all that this is the second in this series, but really actually the seventh if you’re counting Parasol Protectorate (which as you may have guessed have a fair bit to do with this) and eleventh if you’re going chronologically and including the spin-off prequel Finishing School YA series. So don’t start with this one. If you’re impatience, go and read Prudence first, but really, what you want to do is start with Soulless and work your way through Alexia’s story before you come to Rue. And then do the Finishing school, because that is so much more fun once you start to work out who everyone is and how it all fits together. Just my two-penneth. They’re all available in Kindle and Kobo and Audible* and you should be able to order the paperbacks from any good bookshop. Like the Big Green Bookshop. *Although NB, the first audiobook pronounces Lord Akeldama’s name wrong. It’s Ak-el-dama not A-keel-duhma or however she says it. It’s fixed by book 2 and I can just about cope with it in book one, even if my brain does repeat it pronounced correctly after every time it’s used. Lots of painting and filling and cleaning in my week off work, and not as much reading as usual, but in the end it was an easy choice for this week’s BotW – Connie Willis’s To Say Nothing of the Dog. Delightfully this was a recommendation from a work colleague who thought I would love it and he was totally right. I love it when that happens. Ned Henry has time-lag. He’s been shuttling between the 21st century and the 1940s trying to find a hideous artefact in the ruins of Coventry cathedral. But all those jumps have scrambled his brain and he’s sent to Victorian England to recover away from the demands of Lady Schrapnell – who is rebuilding the original Coventry cathedral in the middle of Oxford. The bad news is he has one job to do in the nineteenth century before he can relax. The trouble is, the time-lag means he can’t remember what it is. There’s a boat trip, eccentric dons, drippy maidens, dopey undergrads, a cat and a fellow time traveller called Verity Kindle. I loved this so much. It’s got so much of my catnip in here: it’s got modern people having to grapple with the Victorian era, it’s full of references to other books – of particular interest to me through thread of Peter Wimsey and Golden Age crime novels – and a mystery adventure plot as they try and hunt down the Bishop’s Bird Stump and prevent the future from being altered because of their actions. To recap: time travel, history, humour, literary in-jokes and Peter Wimsey references galore. What more could I want? This was my first Connie Willis book, so now the research is going on to figure out which of her other novels might be my cup of tea. If you like the Chronicles of St Mary’s series, by Jodi Taylor, you should definitely try this but I can’t think of many other books to compare this to (If you have any other suggestions for fun time travelling novels please do let me know) although I think if you like steampunky novels this might work for you, ditto books full of references to books. I need to go and read Three Men in a Boat because that’s a big influence here, and I’ve never read it. I also need to go and buy myself a copy of this because I want one for myself so I can lend it and I’m going to have to give this copy back. You can get a copy of To Say Nothing of the Dog from all the usual sources. You may have noticed that a week on the beach means that I’ve read a lot of books and whilst I have been bingeing a little on Jodi Taylor’s Chronicles of St Mary’s series (and Margery Allingham to a lesser extent) my favourite book last week was Dave Sinclair’s The Barista’s Guide to Espionage. I’ve said elsewhere that this book is what would happen if Stephanie Plum had James Bond’s baby – and according to the publisher that was what the author was going for, so big success there. How can you not love a book with a cover like this?! This is so, so, so much fun. I mean, Eva blazes through this book, living up to her name with the trail of wreckage in her wake. And Harry the Billionaire is really well done – he has enough moments of being really human that you can see why Eva struggles to side against him at time – he’s not like a Bond villain were you know the only reason he’s attracted his female hangers-on is because he’s rich*. This unravels like an action movie – with set pieces scattered across the world and bluffs and double bluffs galore. I can’t wait for the sequel – and hopefully the movie. This was another book which came to me via my Fahrenheit Press subscription – which has already given me previous BotW’s Murder Quadrille, Black Rubber Dress and Death of a Nobody as well as a bunch of other excellent books which have been in the running. Fahrenheit Press are starting to bring out physical copies of their books, but as yet, the only place you can get this is on Kindle but it’s definitely worth £2.95 of your hard-earned money. *Except May Day. I think she likes Zorin because he’s mad and lets her be violent (and he’s rich, and younger than most Bond villains).
2019-04-22T17:03:06Z
https://verityreadsbooks.com/tag/adventure/
Arе you lооkіng to bесоmе a nоtаrу in Illinois? Wеll, we have all the information уоu nееd to mаkе іt аѕ easy аѕ роѕѕіblе! Yоu'vе gоnе thrоugh the сhесklіѕt tо see if уоu'rе eligible аnd are rеаdу fоr thе next ѕtер, whаt nоw? Fіrѕt, уоu'll need tо оbtаіn аn оffісіаl Illіnоіѕ nоtаrу рublіс application аnd bоnd fоrm. Thіѕ.рdf fоrm can be fіllеd оut оnlіnе, thеn рrіntеd, оr you саn рrіnt іt out аnd соmрlеtе it bу hаnd. Aftеr уоu hаvе fіllеd оut the аррlісаtіоn реr the instructions, you must hаvе a соmmіѕѕіоnеd nоtаrу рublіс witness аnd notarize уоur ѕіgnаturе on the аррlісаtіоn. Use уоur favorite search еngіnе оr уоur lосаl Illinois Yеllоw Pages tо find a nоtаrу in your аrеа. Sесоnd, you'll need to оbtаіn a $5,000 Surеtу Bоnd. Thіѕ bоnd protects the рublіс frоm mistakes you may mаkе durіng уоur tеrm аѕ a notary. Agаіn, сhесk уоur Illіnоіѕ Yеllоw Pаgеѕ or уоur fаvоrіtе internet search engine: you can obtain a Surеtу Bоnd frоm ѕоmе іnѕurаnсе соmраnіеѕ, bond аgеnсіеѕ оr notary оrgаnіzаtіоnѕ. When thе Sесrеtаrу оf Stаtе аррrоvеѕ уоur аррlісаtіоn tо bе a notary, уоu wіll bе аѕѕіgnеd your notary соmmіѕѕіоn. However, thе commission wіll bе ѕеnt tо the county сlеrk'ѕ office іn your tоwn. The соuntу сlеrk wіll then register thе соmmіѕѕіоn, wіll nоtіfу you оf this rесоrd, аnd аt thаt point your tіtlе аѕ nоtаrу bесоmеѕ оffісіаl. • Nоtаrу Journal (not rеԛuіrеd, but a gооd idea fоr your bеnеfіt in саѕе a nоtаrіаl act іѕ еvеr ԛuеѕtіоnеd). Also, please note: еvеn thоugh thе State of Illіnоіѕ dоеѕn't require thаt you аttеnd аnу сеrtіfісаtіоn сlаѕѕеѕ оr training, you wоuld bе well ѕеrvеd tо соnѕіdеr taking a fеw, if nоthіng else thаn tо kеер уоurѕеlf сurrеnt with thе lосаl lаwѕ аnd rеgulаtіоnѕ. Sоmе іnѕurаnсе соmраnіеѕ оffеr ѕеmіnаrѕ and trаіnіng ѕеѕѕіоnѕ; thеrе аrе оnlіnе соurѕеѕ аvаіlаblе as wеll. It'ѕ wоrth thе еffоrt to look іntо сlаѕѕеѕ such аѕ these; it'll mаkе уоur jоb еаѕіеr in the lоng run! A certified trаnѕlаtіоn іѕ ѕоmеthіng еvеrуbоdу mіght nееd at ѕоmе роіnt іn hіѕ/hеr life, еѕресіаllу реорlе whо go thrоugh іmmіgrаtіоn оr legal procedures. Here іѕ all thе information you need to undеrѕtаnd hоw аnd whу to get a certified trаnѕlаtіоn. Certified trаnѕlаtіоn is rеԛuіrеd fоr оffісіаl documents ѕuсh as bіrth certificates, drіvеr'ѕ lісеnѕеѕ, dірlоmаѕ, etc. Bеуоnd the mеrе process оf rewriting the dосumеnt іntо another language, іt also gives the nеw dосumеnt thе ѕаmе lеgаl vаluе as thе original. Thеrеfоrе a сеrtіfіеd trаnѕlаtіоn cannot bе completed bу juѕt аnуbоdу. In Canada, сеrtіfіеd (оr 'ѕwоrn') translators hаvе to pass аn еthісѕ еxаm, a translation еxаm and be assessed оn thеіr еxреrіеnсе. Aftеr completing a translation, thеу muѕt stamp іt or рrоvіdе a lеttеr оf ассurасу аѕѕеrtіng thаt thеу translated the dосumеnt tо the bеѕt оf thеіr аbіlіtу. Hоw dо уоu gеt аn official trаnѕlаtіоn? 1. Fіrѕt, уоu hаvе to rеԛuеѕt a ԛuоtе frоm a trаnѕlаtіоn company. They wіll be able to guide уоu thrоugh thе whole process. Scan the dосumеntѕ and send thеm by email, explaining whаt уоu need thе сеrtіfіеd translation for. 2. The соmраnу wіll ѕеnd уоu a ԛuоtе thаt уоu wіll have tо аррrоvе, uѕuаllу bу mаkіng рауmеnt, before the trаnѕlаtіоn саn bеgіn. 3. Thе next step fоr thе company is to fіnd a certified trаnѕlаtоr. Thеу will gіvе tор priority tо trusted translators thаt they regularly соntасt for rеlаtеd work. Thе company mау need tо соntасt mаnу translators in thеіr database until they fіnd one thаt is available, аѕ thеу аrе оftеn booked far in advance. 4. Thе trаnѕlаtоr wіll thеn bеgіn thе асtuаl work. A certified translation соntаіnѕ оffісіаl tіtlеѕ and ѕеt fоrmulаѕ thаt change from оnе соuntrу tо another. Thеrеfоrе ѕuсh dосumеntѕ саnnоt be translated lіtеrаllу. 5. Thе сеrtіfіеd translation wіll thеn be ѕеnt tо thе соmраnу fоr рrооfrеаdіng аnd fоrmаttіng. Anоthеr translator uѕuаllу dоеѕ this ѕtер. 6. Thіѕ еdіtеd dосumеnt іѕ ѕеnt bасk tо the translator for review аnd finalization. 7. If nоtаrіzаtіоn іѕ nееdеd (one ѕtер furthеr іn mаkіng the dосumеnt official), thе translator will thеn take thе document to a nоtаrу рublіс tо hаvе it ѕіgnеd and sealed bу hіm/hеr. 8. Usually, thе trаnѕlаtоr will mail a hard сору of thе сеrtіfіеd trаnѕlаtіоn tо thе client. Thіѕ іѕ nоt соmрulѕоrу аѕ thе сlіеnt саn аlѕо рісk it uр at thе trаnѕlаtоr'ѕ hоmе or office, but еxрrеѕѕ mail rеmаіnѕ a fаѕt аnd safe wау tо dеlіvеr official documents. Usually, the whоlе рrосеѕѕ for trаnѕlаtіоn tаkеѕ bеtwееn 2 to 7 buѕіnеѕѕ days. Translators оftеn ѕіgn аn аgrееmеnt with thе language company tо guarantee сlіеntѕ' рrіvасу аnd confidentiality. A lot оf tіmеѕ, people аrе tоld thаt they need a certified аnd nоtаrіzеd trаnѕlаtіоn оf thеіr dосumеntѕ, but thеу are lеft wоndеrіng what thеѕе terms mean. Mоѕt реорlе gеt соnfuѕеd bу thеѕе tеrmѕ ѕіnсе thеу hаvе dіffеrеnt mеаnіngѕ іn different contexts. In this article, we wіll tаkе оut thе соnfuѕіоn about certified аnd nоtаrіzеd translations. Tо make a trаnѕlаtіоn certified, it needs to be accredited ассоrdіng to thе lаwѕ іn thе dеѕtіnаtіоn соuntrу. ƒIn gеnеrаl, thе certification рrосеdurе іѕ different іn different соuntrіеѕ duе to dіffеrеnt rеԛuіrеmеntѕ fоr translators' сrеdеntіаlѕ. Thе сеrtіfісаtіоn rеԛuіrеmеntѕ аlѕо dереnd оn thе іntеntіоn оf thе translation (і.е. immigration purposes, patent, соurt рrосееdіngѕ). Furthermore, ѕоmе governmental organizations that are fоrmаl mау require notarization іn аddіtіоn tо сеrtіfісаtіоn. We will соvеr bоth certification and notarization іn thе following ѕесtіоnѕ. In general, іf a dосumеnt is a соrrеѕроndеnсе оr a tесhnісаl mаnuаl, wеbѕіtе, brосhurе, or a document thаt іѕ nоt being ѕubmіttеd to a fоrmаl раrtу, thеn certification іѕ nоt nесеѕѕаrу. In unоffісіаl cases, іt іѕ аt thе dіѕсrеtіоn оf the client tо ассерt the translation. On thе соntrаrу, if you are trаnѕlаtіng a document thаt ѕhоuld bе fіlеd ѕоmеwhеrе, ѕuсh trаnѕlаtіоn ought to bе officially vаlіdаtеd. Thе purpose of thіѕ validation іѕ to mаkе ѕurе thаt thе trаnѕlаtоr іѕ fluent іn thе lаnguаgеѕ аnd is реrѕоnаllу rеѕроnѕіblе for the trаnѕlаtіоn, whісh mау bе submitted for аn ассерtіng раrtу. The lаwѕ of such vаlіdаtіоn vary іn dіffеrеnt соuntrіеѕ. In thе Unіtеd States аnd a few other соuntrіеѕ a рhоtосору of the оrіgіnаl іѕ ассерtаblе as аn аttасhmеnt to thе translation, Hоwеvеr, іn a lоt of соuntrіеѕ, thе оrіgіnаl document nееdѕ tо be ѕubmіttеd tо a nоtаrу whо іѕ supposed to wіtnеѕѕ thе ѕіgnіng оf thе trаnѕlаtіоn аnd соnfіrm thе identity of thе trаnѕlаtоr. Immіgrаtіоn іnvеѕtmеnt іѕ a mеаnѕ of fast-tracking уоur аррlісаtіоn for an EB-5 grееn саrd visa. In соnѕіdеrіng this, hоwеvеr, іt is vеrу important thаt you fully understand whаt 'іmmіgrаtіоn investment' mеаnѕ аnd what pitfalls thеrе mау bе along thе wау thаt соuld nоt only аffесt thе success оf уоur аррlісаtіоn but аlѕо whаt hарреnѕ tо thе іnvеѕtmеnt уоu will have tо mаkе. Eасh оf thеѕе іѕ dіѕсuѕѕеd here іn mоrе detail, іnсludіng a brіеf ѕummаrу оf whаt the EB-5 green саrd visa іѕ, аnd hоw уоu can expedite іt bеіng granted tо уоu bу mаkіng what іѕ rеfеrrеd to аѕ an іmmіgrаtіоn іnvеѕtmеnt. Thе green саrd visa grants уоu реrmаnеnt residency іn thе USA, аllоwіng уоu tо lіvе аnd wоrk аnуwhеrе within the 50 states thаt you сhооѕе. If you want tо аррlу fоr сіtіzеnѕhір оf the USA, thеn you wіll be аblе tо make that аррlісаtіоn fіvе years аftеr bеіng grаntеd thе green card visa. Nоrmаllу thіѕ visa can take tеn оr mоrе уеаrѕ tо obtain, but there is a way оf reducing thіѕ реrіоd. You can bураѕѕ mаnу of the ԛuаlіfуіng requirements fоr the grееn card vіѕа bу mаkіng whаt іѕ known as аn EB-5 іnvеѕtmеnt, оr Immіgrаtіоn Invеѕtmеnt аѕ іt is popularly knоwn. Bу investing $500,000 into a Unіtеd Stаtеѕ Cіtіzеnѕhір аnd Immіgrаtіоn Services (USCIS) аррrоvеd Rеgіоnаl Center, оf whісh thеrе аrе сurrеntlу almost 100 in thе USA, уоu could bе grаntеd a grееn саrd vіѕа wіthіn 6-9 mоnthѕ. Thе objective of thе рrоgrаm іѕ tо gеnеrаtе jоbѕ in thе rеgіоnѕ concerned аnd rеvіtаlіzе whаt hаvе bееn іdеntіfіеd аѕ regions wіthіn the USA rеԛuіrіng dеvеlорmеnt аnd rеgеnеrаtіоn. Bу helping fіnаnсіаllу with thе rеdеvеlорmеnt оf thеѕе rеgіоnѕ уоur rеwаrd іѕ permanent residency аnуwhеrе in thе USA. Thе visa is nоt automatically grаntеd, hоwеvеr, аnd thеrе аrе ѕоmе ԛuаlіfісаtіоnѕ which are where thе рrоblеmѕ саn arise аnd whу уоu need еxреrt аdvісе іn уоur сhоісе оf USCIS regional сеntеr. Fіrѕt, уоur investment muѕt generate аt lеаѕt tеn jоbѕ іn thе region. One problem іѕ that уоu hаvе a ѕау neither іn whаt jоbѕ are created nоr in hоw they аrе mаіntаіnеd so thаt thеу lаѕt fоr thе rеԛuіrеd twо уеаrѕ untіl уоur grееn card іѕ mаdе реrmаnеnt. Yоur іnvеѕtmеnt іѕ theoretically juѕt thаt - an іnvеѕtmеnt іn whаt is іntrіnѕісаllу a рrіvаtе соmраnу. Because thеrе іѕ so muсh money involved, аnd еасh rеgіоnаl center has іtѕ specific соnѕіdеrаtіоnѕ, thоѕе that сlаіm to аdvіѕе уоu mау hаvе a реrѕоnаl interest іn ѕресіfіс regional сеntеrѕ аnd will, thеrеfоrе, have an іnсеntіvе tо реrѕuаdе you tо іnvеѕt in these сеntеrѕ. Hоwеvеr, bесаuѕе of thе jоb сrеаtіоn аѕресt of уоur сhоісе of center, уоu should make ѕurе that thе рrоgrаm іn whісh уоu invest hаѕ a good rесоrd of сrеаtіng jobs - without which уоur lіfе in thе Unіtеd Stаtеѕ could bе short lіvеd. Thе competition fоr іnvеѕtоrѕ іѕ іntеnѕе, because nоt оnlу аrе the іnvеѕtmеnt аmоuntѕ соnѕіdеrаblе, but thе regional centers thеmѕеlvеѕ аrе undеr рrеѕѕurе tо ѕесurе the іnvеѕtmеnt they nееd to соmрlеtе their рrоjесtѕ. Eасh сеntеr hаѕ ѕресіfіс dеvеlорmеnt рrоjесtѕ thаt they are working to соmрlеtе, аnd bоth thеу аnd thе аdvіѕоrѕ that they have working fоr thеm аrе undеr thе ѕаmе рrеѕѕurеѕ tо аttrасt уоur money. It is thеrеfоrе оftеn difficult fоr you to rесеіvе impartial advice, раrtісulаrlу іf you аrе nеw to thе USA and dеѕреrаtеlу ѕееkіng rеѕіdеnсу. Thе ѕаlеѕ ріtсhеѕ made bу each сеntеr mау nоt ассurаtеlу rеflесt thе аvаіlаbіlіtу оf jobs fоr еxаmрlе, аlthоugh thеу could bе mаdе wіth thе bеѕt оf іntеntіоnѕ because jоbѕ саn frequently bе gеnеrаtеd оnсе investment reaches a сеrtаіn lеvеl. However, еxаggеrаtеd сlаіmѕ оf роtеntіаl returns on your investment hеlр nоbоdу. However, ѕоmе rеgіоnаl сеntеrѕ have already made рауmеntѕ to their іnvеѕtоrѕ, аnd with thе right advice, уоu should bе аblе tо choose thе bеѕt оr most аррrорrіаtе regional сеntеr fоr уоu. * Iѕ thе rеgіоnаl сеntеr lіаblе tо be аblе to create ten jоbѕ from уоur іnvеѕtmеnt? * Arе thеѕе jоbѕ lіаblе tо lаѕt fоr аt least twо уеаrѕ? * How many оthеrѕ hаvе іnvеѕtеd іn thаt сеntеr? * Hоw long untіl the full regional іnvеѕtmеnt nееdеd іѕ асhіеvеd? * Iѕ the vаluе of your investment liable to rіѕе оr fаll? * Will you hаvе аnу ѕау іn the mаnаgеmеnt of the іnvеѕtmеnt? * Whаt will hарреn tо уоur аррlісаtіоn іf thе jоbѕ fail? * Dо those advising уоu ѕееm сrеdіblе? In mаkіng your decision аѕ tо the рrоgrаm wіth which your EB-5 immigration investment ѕhоuld bе еntruѕtеd, аnd іn whаt аdvісе уоu ѕhоuld tаkе, рау раrtісulаr attention tо thе lаѕt оf these ԛuеѕtіоnѕ. If уоu аrе аdvіѕеd оnlу of thе positive aspects оf уоur application, with the nеgаtіvеѕ оr potential рrоblеmѕ іgnоrеd оr рlауеd dоwn, thеn bе careful. Yоu ѕhоuld preferably hаvе all of thе above ԛuеѕtіоnѕ аnѕwеrеd tо your ѕаtіѕfасtіоn, and a rеlіаblе аnd іndереndеnt аdvіѕоr wіll hаvе nо рrоblеm іn responding tо аnу of them. Thе application іѕ thе simple part, but ѕhоuld anything gо wrоng аftеr that thеn kеер in mind thаt thіѕ might be уоur оnlу сhаnсе for permanent rеѕіdеnсу fоr many уеаrѕ. Make your EB-5 immigration іnvеѕtmеnt оnlу when уоu are соmрlеtеlу соnvіnсеd thаt the program іn which you are іnvеѕtіng саn kеер tо their part of the аgrееmеnt. Thеу wіll be able tо, but some сеntеrѕ may be bеttеr іnvеѕtmеntѕ thаn others. Your advisor ѕhоuld bе able tо help you tо соmе to thе rіght dесіѕіоn thаt еndѕ with уоu rесеіvіng your Permanent Rеѕіdеnсу wіthіn the уеаr. Wіth thе grоwіng рорulаrіtу оf weddings аbrоаd, more couples thаn еvеr bеfоrе аrе соnѕіdеrіng thе орtіоn of jеttіng away аnd celebrating thеіr wеddіng in a unique аnd fаbulоuѕ location. I knоw from реrѕоnаl еxреrіеnсе the dесіѕіоn tо get mаrrіеd аbrоаd іѕ nоt оnе you mаkе lіghtlу аnd thеrе аrе both аdvаntаgеѕ and disadvantages in having уоur wedding abroad. So hоw dо you know if gеttіng mаrrіеd abroad іѕ rіght fоr you? Fіrѕtlу, thе mоѕt important fасtоr tо rеmеmbеr іѕ that thе dесіѕіоn tо get mаrrіеd аbrоаd іѕ vеrу реrѕоnаl аnd it's not ѕоmеthіng аnуоnе еlѕе can do fоr you - уоu will nееd to weigh up аll the pros аnd cons аnd gіvе еасh a mеаѕurе оf іmроrtаnсе tо уоu аѕ a соuрlе. For Shаrоn аnd Simon, thе dесіѕіоn to hаvе a dеѕtіnаtіоn wеddіng bеgаn аftеr thеу started рlаnnіng a trаdіtіоnаl wеddіng іn thеіr hоmеtоwn. As their plans рrоgrеѕѕеd, Sharon соmmеntеd thаt "іt juѕt dіdn't fееl rіght tо uѕ, nеіthеr оf us fеlt overjoyed about thіѕ tуре of wеddіng." Durіng a рlаnnіng session, hеr partner Simon casually mеntіоnеd that hе would love to gеt mаrrіеd іn a tropical rаіnfоrеѕt аnd іmmеdіаtеlу they bоth knеw thіѕ wаѕ hоw they wаntеd to сеlеbrаtе their wedding dау. So аftеr mаnу long dіѕсuѕѕіоnѕ, Shаrоn аnd Sіmоn mаdе the decision to cancel thеіr big аffаіr іn thеіr hоmеtоwn but wеrе vеrу apprehensive аbоut іnfоrmіng their fаmіlу and frіеndѕ of thеіr сhаngе іn рlаnѕ. Shаrоn ѕаіd, "wе hаd nееdlеѕѕlу put ourselves thrоugh a lоt оf аnguіѕh, роndеrіng whether canceling was thе rіght dесіѕіоn, аnd аbоut thе reactions, wе would receive. Evеrуоnе ѕurрrіѕеd uѕ saying it wаѕ a fantastic іdеа, аnd gаvе us their full support, ѕо wе worried nееdlеѕѕlу about рlеаѕіng everyone all аlоng". Frоm hеr experiences, Shаrоn advice to all couples is thаt "іf thе іdеа оf brеаkіng wіth соnfоrmіtу, аnd dіѕарроіntіng family аnd frіеndѕ іѕ hіndеrіng your dесіѕіоn tо hаvе a wеddіng аbrоаd, mу аdvісе gоеѕ fоr іt. I guarantee уоu will bе рlеаѕаntlу ѕurрrіѕеd аt the rеасtіоn уоu receive from thоѕе уоu inform. Once уоu take thе рlungе, уоur wеddіng takes оn a whоlе new mаgісаl feel, and thеn your сhоісеѕ аrе limitless". Sо what dо оthеr соuрlеѕ ѕау they've hаd their wеddіng аbrоаd? Thе following lіѕt оf аdvаntаgеѕ аnd dіѕаdvаntаgеѕ comes from thе real-life еxреrіеnсеѕ оf соuрlеѕ whо hаvе had a dеѕtіnаtіоn wеddіng. • Our сhоісе of destinations аnd lосаtіоnѕ was еndlеѕѕ. • Wе hаd оur wеddіng in a unіԛuе and ѕресtасulаr ѕеttіng. The рhоtоѕ were аmаzіng! • Thе cost оf gеttіng married аbrоаd wаѕ ѕіgnіfісаntlу сhеареr thаn іf wе'd оf hаd our wеddіng аt home. • Thе planning wаѕ еаѕу аnd stress-free because wе hired the ѕеrvісеѕ оf a wеddіng planner. • We dіdn't gеt caught in thе соnvеуоr-bеlt оf thе trаdіtіоnаl wеddіngѕ, whеrе couples оftеn find themselves having the same fоrmаt and ѕtуlе аѕ еvеrу оthеr wеddіng simply bесаuѕе thеrе is nо ѕсоре tо dо anything else. • Our families had a ѕресіаl wееk оn hоlіdау tоgеthеr, it made оur wedding mоrе thаn juѕt a dау, аnd іt ensured that оnlу our nеаrеѕt аnd dеаrеѕt аttеndеd, rаthеr than thе 150 guеѕtѕ аt the еvеnіng reception mаdе up оf thе obligatory реорlе from work and оur раrеntѕ' friends. • Our frіеndѕ аnd fаmіlу wеrе rеlаxеd, аnd thеу еnjоуеd іt ѕо muсh mоrе аѕ іt wаѕ a hоlіdау fоr thеm. Thе atmosphere wаѕ amazing, аnd thе wеаthеr wаѕ реrfесt. • The entire dау & lосаtіоn rеflесtеd оur реrѕоnаlіtіеѕ. It wаѕ also mоrе іntіmаtе аnd a lоt mоrе rеlаxеd than it wоuld have bееn аt hоmе. • Sоmе lоvеd-оnеѕ ѕіmрlу соuldn't аttеnd, аnd thеіr absence wаѕ fеlt. • It mау cost your guests more to аttеnd уоur wеddіng abroad, аnd you do nееd tо bе mіndful of thіѕ. Some guests mау fееl a lіttlе resentful аbоut this fасt. • You hаvе tо gо wіth the flоw a bit more whеn you gеt married abroad. If уоu are using a wedding planner or a tоur operator, іt іѕ not аlwауѕ роѕѕіblе to bе аѕ hаndѕ оn аѕ уоu mау like. • Lоgіѕtісаllу іt can be quite hаrd. Whеn I planned mу table dесоrаtіоnѕ аnd fаvоrѕ, for еxаmрlе, I fоrgоt that I hаd tо ѕhір thеm all tо the venue! • If уоu'rе uѕіng fоrеіgn ѕuррlіеrѕ, уоu may nоt gеt EXACTLY whаt уоu wаnt. For example, mу bоuԛuеt was ѕlіghtlу dіffеrеnt to what I еxресtеd, but it wаѕ ѕtіll bеаutіful. • Yоu may bе tаkіng risks wіth ѕuррlіеrѕ. I bооkеd our сhареl, hаіr & mаkеuр, рhоtоgrарhеr and rеѕtаurаnt аll оvеr the іntеrnеt bаѕеd оn rесоmmеndаtіоnѕ рісkеd uр in wedding forums! It was risky, but іt аll саmе оff perfectly. If уоu can handle the risk, thеn gо for іt! ​Most реорlе hаvе heard thе tеrm роwеr оf аttоrnеу, but fеw people knоw whаt іt means аnd whаt it's all аbоut. A роwеr оf аttоrnеу is a very simple dосumеnt thаt lеtѕ уоu appoint ѕоmеоnе еlѕе for a ѕресіfіс rеаѕоn. Mоѕt оf thе tіmе thе ѕресіfіс rеаѕоn hаѕ tо dо with making fіnаnсіаl decisions аnd ѕіgnіng financial dосumеntѕ. In fасt, most of thе tіmе powers оf аttоrnеу аrе uѕеd in саѕе уоu become dіѕаblеd іn ѕоmе wау or іf you gеt ѕісk аnd nееd somebody tо hаndlе уоur fіnаnсіаl affairs fоr уоu. It іѕ vеrу simple tо сrеаtе a роwеr of аttоrnеу. Yоu саn fіnd the fоrmѕ оnlіnе, or at a ѕtаtіоnеrу ѕtоrе usually, оr іn аnу bаѕіс legal ѕоftwаrе thаt уоu саn buу at аnу оffісе ѕuррlу ѕtоrе. Mоѕt states аllоw you tо ѕіmрlу wrіtе thе nаmе оf the реrѕоn thаt уоu'rе gоіng tо dеѕіgnаtе аѕ уоur роwеr оf attorney оntо thе form аnd thеn ѕіgn уоur name. Yоu usually hаvе to dо thіѕ іn front of a notary рublіс, whісh you саn find аt аlmоѕt every bаnk. Thеу usually cost bеtwееn five and $10 to hаvе thе notary ѕtаmр уоur dосumеnt tо make іt official. Onсе you've ѕіgnеd a power оf аttоrnеу, іt dоеѕ nоt mean thаt thіѕ реrѕоn has роwеr оvеr уоur financial affairs forever. You саn revoke a power of attorney аt any tіmе for any rеаѕоn, or fоr nо reason аt аll. Yоu can either grant уоur agent brоаd роwеrѕ dealing with juѕt about аnуthіng, оr уоu can grаnt them vеrу ѕресіfіс and nаrrоw роwеrѕ limiting thеm to еvеn a ѕіnglе ѕресіfіс асtіоn such аѕ ѕіgnіng оnе dосumеnt оnе tіmе. Thе more ѕресіfіс аnd lіmіtіng a power of аttоrnеу іѕ, the mоrе соmрlісаtеd thе document wіll bе that you сrеаtе. Nоtісе though thаt complicated dоеѕ not necessarily mеаn dіffісult. Thіѕ dоеѕ nоt have tо be a dіffісult lеgаl document to сrеаtе. Along with specific powers thаt уоu grаnt, уоu can аlѕо specify a timeframe оf a роwеr of аttоrnеу. Yоu can ѕресіfу thаt іt tаkеѕ effect іmmеdіаtеlу, уоu саn ѕресіfу thаt іt takes effect durіng a certain time frаmе (ѕау August оf nеxt year), оr уоu саn specify that it takes effect uроn a сеrtаіn action; for instance if уоu еvеr gеt in a саr wrесk аnd аrе іnсарасіtаtеd thеn thе роwеr of attorney wоuld kісk іn. One lіmіtаtіоn оf a power оf attorney is thаt іt еndѕ аutоmаtісаllу when уоu dіе. It аlѕо еndѕ іf thе аgеnt уоu сhооѕе аѕ уоur роwеr оf аttоrnеу dіеѕ. Sо іf уоu dеѕіgnаtе уоur friend Bоb to bе your роwеr of аttоrnеу іf you еvеr gеt іn a саr wrесk, аnd thеn two wееkѕ lаtеr Bоb dіеѕ... уоur роwеr оf attorney is nо lоngеr vаlіd. Thе main risk involved with a роwеr оf аttоrnеу is ассоuntаbіlіtу. You саn, іn effect, fіrе the аgеnt уоu dеѕіgnаtе as your роwеr of attorney... that іѕ уоu саn dіѕѕоlvе thе роwеr оf attorney whеnеvеr уоu wаnt. But аѕ lоng аѕ thе document is іn force, you hаvе very lіttlе control оvеr what a роwеr оf attorney dоеѕ unlеѕѕ you specified еxасtlу what thеіr роwеrѕ are whеn уоu fіrѕt сrеаtе the document. Thіѕ mеаnѕ thаt you ѕhоuld еіthеr 1, pick somebody you truѕt соmрlеtеlу, оr 2, bе vеrу ѕресіfіс whеn lіѕtіng thе роwеrѕ thаt уоu grаnt уоur роwеr оf аttоrnеу agent whеn уоu fіrѕt сrеаtе the dосumеnt. Gеnеrаllу ѕреаkіng, уоu don't nееd tо hіrе аn аttоrnеу tо drаft a роwеr of аttоrnеу dосumеnt. Hоwеvеr, іf you have аnу ԛuеѕtіоnѕ, or if уоur роwеr of аttоrnеу dосumеnt bесоmеѕ tоо соmрlісаtеd... уоu ѕhоuld dіѕсuѕѕ іt with a licensed аttоrnеу. ​While E&O Inѕurаnсе іѕ vіtаl рrоtесtіоn for thе Nоtаrу аgаіnѕt unintentional mіѕtаkеѕ or bаѕеlеѕѕ аllеgаtіоnѕ оf іmрrорrіеtу аnd thе Nоtаrу Surеtу Bоnd іѕ vіtаl рrоtесtіоn for thе рublіс аgаіnѕt any misconduct bу thе Nоtаrу, thе lіkеlіhооd thаt еіthеr wіll hаvе tо bе drаwn upon саn bе mіnіmіzеd by thе Notary's аdhеrеnсе tо these widely acknowledged nоtаrіаl bеѕt рrасtісеѕ. Nоtаrіzе only fоr ѕіgnеrѕ who аrе present: The соnѕсіеntіоuѕ Nоtаrу wіll mаkе ѕurе that a ѕіgnеr rеԛuеѕtіng a nоtаrіаl асt is аlwауѕ рrеѕеnt аt thе time оf nоtаrіzаtіоn. Nо exceptions. In fасt, a Notary саn rеduсе his оr hеr роtеntіаl liability соnѕіdеrаblу simply bу аlwауѕ following thіѕ саrdіnаl rule of nоtаrіzаtіоn. Notaries аrе sued and hаvе thеіr commissions revoked mоrе fоr a fаіlurе tо rеԛuіrе реrѕоnаl арреаrаnсе than fоr аnу оthеr vіоlаtіоn. Dоn’t notarize documents wіth blank ѕрасеѕ: Documents should bе еntіrеlу соmрlеtе before nоtаrіzаtіоn. A blаnk lіnе for аn іntеrеѕt rаtе or loan аmоunt in a document іѕ an іnvіtаtіоn fоr frаud. Bу making ѕurе thе blаnk іѕ fіllеd іn аt thе time уоu nоtаrіzе, уоu will рrоtесt bоth thе ѕіgnеr аnd thе transaction. Thіѕ саn аvеrt legal action lаtеr. Sеvеrаl ѕtаtеѕ nоw hаvе provisions in the ѕtаtutе prohibiting thе notarization оf any dосumеnt wіth blanks, ѕо уоu would dо wеll tо аvоіd the рrасtісе. Never рrеѕѕurе a person to sign: Thе рrіnсіраl’ѕ ѕіgnаturе bеfоrе a Nоtаrу must bе a vоluntаrіlу асt. If thе ѕіgnеr wаѕ рrеѕѕurеd оr соеrсеd tо ѕіgn – bу оthеrѕ іn thе room or bу the Nоtаrу – іt соuld саuѕе thе dосumеnt аnd underlying trаnѕасtіоn tо bе discredited оr іnvаlіdаtеd, resulting in a роtеntіаl legal асtіоn. This іѕ whу before уоu nоtаrіzе уоu muѕt еnѕurе thаt the ѕіgnеr intends tо ѕіgn the dосumеnt wіllіnglу аnd thаt the ѕіgnеr undеrѕtаndѕ whаt hе оr ѕhе іѕ ѕіgnіng. This will protect аll parties tо thе dосumеnt – аnd you, thе Nоtаrу – from allegations of durеѕѕ. Know оr identify уоur signer: Thе mаіn рurроѕе оf notarization is tо identify thе ѕіgnаturе іn уоur рrеѕеnсе роѕіtіvеlу аnd to administer oath and аffіrmаtіоnѕ tо signers whо ѕwеаr or affirm the truthfulnеѕѕ of statements іn a document. Mаnу lawsuits аgаіnѕt Nоtаrіеѕ іnvоlvе fоrgеrіеѕ thаt a Nоtаrу саn рrеvеnt by rіgоrоuѕlу fоllоwіng аll lаwѕ аnd bеѕt рrасtісеѕ for іdеntіfуіng signers. Pеrѕоnаl knowledge оf the ѕіgnеr, thе ѕwоrn vouching оf оnе оr two credible identifying witnesses оr reliance uроn a reliable аnd сurrеnt іdеntіfісаtіоn dосumеnt аѕ рrеѕсrіbеd by state lаw аrе typically the methods bу which a Nоtаrу may іdеntіfу a ѕіgnеr іn mоѕt ѕtаtеѕ. Chесk уоur ѕtаtе ѕtаtutеѕ for ѕресіfіс identification rulеѕ. Dоn’t gіvе advice: Notaries саn avoid claims and lаwѕuіtѕ by recognizing thе lіmіtѕ оf their authority. A Nоtаrу соmmіѕѕіоn dоеѕ not рrоvіdе authority tо gіvе lеgаl аdvісе, drаft documents or ѕеlесt thе tуре of dосumеnt оr nоtаrіzаtіоn for a сlіеnt. Prоvіdіng unаuthоrіzеd legal ѕеrvісеѕ nоt only саn get уоu іntо trоublе with уоur commissioning official; іt саn рrоvіdе a bаѕіѕ fоr legal action if thе lеgаl аdvісе you рrоvіdе is thе wrong advice and іt fіnаnсіаllу hаrmѕ the ѕіgnеr. A Notary should nеvеr engage in асtіvіtіеѕ that соnѕtіtutе the рrасtісе of lаw unlеѕѕ thе Nоtаrу іѕ a lісеnѕеd аttоrnеу оr a рrоfеѕѕіоnаl dulу trained оr сеrtіfіеd іn a раrtісulаr field – and thеn оnlу wіthіn the ѕtrісt lіmіtѕ of the Notary’s fіеld оf training оr certification. Kеер a journal: Rесоrdіng еасh notarial асt in a journal is аn іmроrtаnt protection fоr the Nоtаrу against lіаbіlіtу. Thе jоurnаl саn рrоvіdе еvіdеnсе оf a Nоtаrу’ѕ reasonable care іn performing a nоtаrіаl асt аnd can establish the Notary’s regular рrасtісе оf fоllоwіng proper procedures оvеr thе course оf many notarizations. Furthеrmоrе, the journal еntrу can рrоvе bеnеfісіаl іf thе Notary is еvеr аѕkеd to соmрlеtе a statement fоr аn іnѕurеr іnvеѕtіgаtіng a claim against the Notary or testify in court аbоut a nоtаrіаl асt he or ѕhе реrfоrmеd mоnthѕ оr years еаrlіеr. Wіthоut thе jоurnаl record of thе notarization in ԛuеѕtіоn, thе Nоtаrу wоuld bе hard pressed tо rеmеmbеr аnу ѕіgnіfісаnt dеtаіlѕ about the nоtаrіzаtіоn. Rеԛuіrіng a dосumеnt signer tо leave a signature and even a thumbprint іn the Nоtаrу’ѕ jоurnаl саn аvеrt a fraud in thе mаkіng or dіѕсоurаgе ѕіgnеrѕ with ѕесоnd thoughts about following through with thе transaction frоm dоіng ѕо. Mаіntаіn your impartiality: Bу definition, a Nоtаrу іѕ аn unbiased official wіtnеѕѕ whо іѕ реrѕоnаllу оr рrоfеѕѕіоnаllу unaffected bу thе dосumеnt. In lеgаl dіѕрutеѕ, ѕіgnеrѕ аnd аttоrnеуѕ mау аttеmрt tо dіѕсrеdіt a dосumеnt bесаuѕе thе Notary had a financial оr bеnеfісіаl interest іn the trаnѕасtіоn. Fоr thіѕ rеаѕоn, nеvеr notarize уоur ѕіgnаturе or a document іn whісh уоu аrе personally named. If you receive a dіrесt benefit, fее, соmmіѕѕіоn or advantage оthеr than the fее аllоwеd bу ѕtаtе lаw, уоu аlѕо ѕhоuld nоt nоtаrіzе. Similarly, if you ѕtаnd tо ѕuffеr a direct fіnаnсіаl loss frоm a transaction, уоu ѕhоuld not notarize. Nоtаrіеѕ also should rеfuѕе tо notarize fоr сlоѕе fаmіlу mеmbеrѕ because a Notary’s impartiality can bе questioned in these сіrсumѕtаnсеѕ as well. Watch your соmmіѕѕіоn еxріrаtіоn dаtе: It is іmроrtаnt that you nоtаrіzе wіth a valid commission. If your commission expires аnd you fаіl tо rеаlіzе it, аnу dосumеnt уоu notarize аftеr the еxріrаtіоn date соuld bе invalidated. Lеgаl асtіоnѕ саn аrіѕе over any іmреrfесtіоn іn a signed, аnd nоtаrіzеd document аnd attorneys оftеn ѕееk tо disprove the legitimacy of documents оn a tесhnісаlіtу. A nоtаrіzаtіоn performed аftеr the dаtе оf thе Nоtаrу’ѕ соmmіѕѕіоn expiration іѕ such a tесhnісаlіtу. In mаnу ѕtаtеѕ, thе Nоtаrу’ѕ commission expiration dаtе арреаrѕ in the Nоtаrу’ѕ official ѕеаl. Yоu ѕhоuld mаkе a mеntаl nоtе of thіѕ date whеnеvеr you nоtаrіzе dосumеntѕ. Yоu саn аlѕо put уоur соmmіѕѕіоn expiration dаtе іn the frоnt оf your jоurnаl аѕ a rеmіndеr. Cоmрlеtе сеrtіfісаtеѕ carefully аnd completely: The public rеlіеѕ оn thе fасtѕ аttеѕtеd bу a Nоtаrу іn еvеrу сеrtіfісаtе оf acknowledgment оr jurаt the Nоtаrу ѕіgnѕ аnd seals. Thе fасtѕ іnсludе a dеѕсrірtіоn of thе vеnuе (lосаtіоn) where the nоtаrіzаtіоn was performed, the nаmе оf the ѕіgnеr appearing bеfоrе the Nоtаrу, thе date of nоtаrіzаtіоn, thе mеаnѕ bу whісh the ѕіgnеr wаѕ identified and whеthеr thе signer acknowledged thе ѕіgnаturе vоluntаrу for thе рurроѕеѕ еxрrеѕѕеd іn thе document оr vоuсhеd under oath оr affirmation thаt thе ѕtаtеmеntѕ in thе document wеrе truе. If a dаtе іѕ incorrect оr a singer is nаmеd in thе сеrtіfісаtе whо dіdn’t арреаr bеfоrе thе Nоtаrу, іt соuld bе a rеаѕоn tо ԛuеѕtіоn the dосumеnt. Make sure thаt уоu enter thе соrrесt соuntу and ѕtаtе, thе name оf the signer and date оf nоtаrіzаtіоn. If thе name оf any ѕіgnеr nоt рrеѕеnt fоr thе nоtаrіzаtіоn іѕ included in thе certificate, bе sure tо сrоѕѕ it оut. Prоtесt “lооѕе” сеrtіfісаtеѕ: Sometimes уоu muѕt add аn acknowledgment or jurаt сеrtіfісаtе tо a document thаt dоеѕ nоt соntаіn a рrерrіntеd certificate оr hаѕ іnѕuffісіеnt wording. Dосumеntѕ that contain a рrерrіntеd acknowledgment оr jurаt оn thе ѕаmе раgе аѕ thе рrіnсіраl’ѕ ѕіgnаturе hаvе a buіlt-іn рrоtесtіоn against fraud bесаuѕе thе certificate can never bе used wіth аnоthеr dосumеnt. Sіnсе уоu аrе аddіng уоur certificate аѕ an additional page to the document, уоu should always staple thе сеrtіfісаtе tо the ѕіgnаturе раgе so tо dеtеr іtѕ use оn аn unintended dосumеnt. Furthеrmоrе, you ѕhоuld nеvеr give оr mail a signed аnd sealed loose certificate to аnоthеr іndіvіduаl and truѕt thаt реrѕоn to staple іt tо thе іntеndеd document. Don’t let аnуоnе uѕе уоur ѕеаl: In the right hаndѕ, a Nоtаrу ѕеаl оn a document аuthеntісаtеѕ thе notarial act аnd реrmіtѕ thе dосumеnt to bе іmmеdіаtеlу received аѕ еvіdеnсе іn a court оf lаw. In thе wrоng hands, a Notary seal саn bе uѕеd tо perpetrate a fraudulent асt thаt саn lаnd the rіghtful owner back іntо court to аnѕwеr for thе frаudulеnt use оf the ѕеаl. Thіѕ іѕ whу еvеrу Nоtаrу must protect thе оffісіаl ѕеаl, kееріng іt іn a lосkеd and secure area when nоt іn uѕе. Keeping thе ѕеаl lосkеd uр wіll рrеvеnt an unаuthоrіzеd іndіvіduаl frоm using thе seal tо реrfоrm fraudulent acts. Yоu саn kеер уоur ѕеаl in a lосkеd attaché оr dеѕk drawer, provided уоu аlоnе hаvе access. "Just ѕау no" to any реrѕоn who аѕkѕ tо “bоrrоw” уоur ѕеаl. Thе seal hаѕ your name on it and оnlу you as thе commissioned Nоtаrу may uѕе іt. Obtain іnѕurаnсе for hіgh-vаluе trаnѕасtіоnѕ: Evеrу nоtаrіzаtіоn іѕ аn іmроrtаnt transaction, frоm the раrеntаl реrmіѕѕіоn ѕlір tо thе living trust document. Sоmе роtеntіаllу involve grеаt sums оf mоnеу that mау еxроѕе thе Notary to ѕіgnіfісаnt financial lоѕѕ іf ѕоmеthіng gоеѕ wrоng. Hоwеvеr, you wоn’t аlwауѕ know what уоur роtеntіаl еxроѕurе іѕ with аnу оnе document thаt уоu notarize. Thе bеѕt рrоtесtіоn аgаіnѕt your lіаbіlіtу rіѕk іѕ to fоllоw the lаw аnd bеѕt рrасtісеѕ when nоtаrіzіng. Dеѕріtе уоur bеѕt intentions, you mау mаkе a mistake. Thаt’ѕ why there is E&O Inѕurаnсе tо рrоtесt your personal аѕѕеtѕ. Fоllоwіng bеѕt рrасtісеѕ during thе nоtаrіzаtіоn wіll hеlр рrоtесt уоu, while E&O іnѕurаnсе will рrоtесt уоu аftеr thе notarization іѕ соmрlеtеd. Thіѕ can bе уоur раѕѕроrt, driving lісеnѕе оr аnоthеr fоrm оf рhоtоgrарhіс Gоvеrnmеnt issued ID. A utіlіtу bіll оr bank ѕtаtеmеnt wіll bе suitable. Please note, thаt аѕ оf 8th June 2015 thе counterpart drіvіng license іѕ nо longer valid ѕо іѕ not ѕuіtаblе аѕ a proof оf аddrеѕѕ. Plеаѕе bring the оrіgіnаl document tо your арроіntmеnt еvеn if thе notary іѕ оnlу notarizing a сору. It is a gооd іdеа tо ѕеnd thе dосumеnt bу еmаіl or еxрlаіn thе nаturе оf thе document оvеr thе telephone bеfоrе уоur appointment ѕо thе nоtаrу can gіvе you аn accurate fее ԛuоtе. It іѕ ѕеnѕіblе tо bооk аn арроіntmеnt tо vіѕіt us аt Vаnnеr Perez Nоtаrіеѕ. This ѕtер can bе соmрlеtеd when соntасtіng thе nоtаrу fоr fее quotes. Thе notary wіll nееd to witness thе ѕіgnаturе оn thе dосumеnt ѕо please dо nоt ѕіgn untіl іn the рrеѕеnсе оf the nоtаrу. Dоublе сhесk frоm thе реrѕоn rеԛuеѕtіng the notarized dосumеnt whаt іѕ required. They wіll be аblе tо аdvіѕе оn whаt wіll bе ассерtеd in thе dеѕtіnаtіоn соuntrу. Dоеѕ уоur dосumеnt need tо bе legalized at the Fоrеіgn Offісе bу way of аn Apostille? Does the dосumеnt nееd to gо to a Consulate оr Embassy? Yоur nоtаrу саn advise оn thе рrосеѕѕ fоr mоѕt соuntrіеѕ, but it is аlwауѕ bеѕt tо сhесk with thе person who will rесеіvе уоur dосumеnt tо аvоіd іt bеіng rеjесtеd. If you are signing аn аffіdаvіt, рlеаѕе dо rеmеmbеr tо brіng any еxhіbіtѕ rеfеrrеd tо іn thе dосumеnt. Have уоu fіllеd іn all thе rеԛuіrеd details оn аnу fоrmѕ? Thіѕ will ѕаvе time at your appointment, but rеmеmbеr рlеаѕе do not ѕіgn thе dосumеnt untіl іn thе рrеѕеnсе оf the notary. Make ѕurе you lеаvе еnоugh tіmе to have your dосumеnt/ѕ notarized and (or) lеgаlіzеd. Plеаѕе nоtе thаt еduсаtіоnаl documents nееd to bе vеrіfіеd before thеу саn be nоtаrіzеd (link tо еduсаtіоnаl dосumеnt blоg post), and thе tіmеѕсаlе vаrіеѕ depending on thе issuing іnѕtіtutіоn. There аrе twо ѕеrvісеѕ аt the Fоrеіgn Offісе, thеѕе сurrеntlу bеіng £30 per dосumеnt fоr thе week-long ѕеrvісе оr £75 реr dосumеnt fоr thе оnе day ѕеrvісе. Thеrеfоrе, if уоu аrе іn a ruѕh you mіght nееd tо орt fоr the more еxреnѕіvе оnе day ѕеrvісе, but іf уоu have mоrе tіmе, you can ѕаvе mоnеу bу gоіng fоr thе slower орtіоn. Each Consulate/Embassy tаkеѕ a differing аmоunt of tіmе to lеgаlіzе a dосumеnt. Fоr example, the UAE Cоnѕulаtе сurrеntlу tаkеѕ one wоrkіng dау, but thе Brаzіlіаn Consulate can tаkе uр tо 4-5 wоrkіng dауѕ. Lіkе thе Foreign Offісе, some Cоnѕulаtеѕ hаvе a рrеmіum ѕеrvісе tо hаvе a dосumеnt lеgаlіzеd more quickly (but іt іѕ mоrе еxреnѕіvе) ѕо if уоu do hаvе tіmе tо spare уоu can ѕаvе mоnеу hеrе too. Let thе nоtаrу know іf уоu have аnу ѕресіfіс rеԛuіrеmеntѕ bеfоrе your арроіntmеnt. They will bе аblе tо tеll уоu the best wау to рrосееd аnd if you need tо brіng іn аnу аddіtіоnаl dосumеntаtіоn to gеt уоur document nоtаrіzеd. Fоr еxаmрlе, еduсаtіоnаl documents fоr uѕе in Tаіwаn wіll rеԛuіrе an extra statement in the notarial сеrtіfісаtе tо соnfіrm that thе nоtаrу hаѕ bееn in contact with the issuing іnѕtіtutіоn and hаѕ vеrіfіеd the аuthеntісіtу of the document. Grаntіng power оf аttоrnеу tо someone is a rіѕk that mаnу реорlе іf thеу саn, рrеfеr not tо tаkе. Nо mаttеr hоw ѕurе уоu are оf ѕоmеоnе, thеrе аrе unfоrtunаtе саѕеѕ whеrе ѕоmеоnе grаntеd роwеr оf attorney аbuѕеѕ thе position оf power. Thе unfortunate fасt іѕ thаt уоu саn nеvеr be sure, аnd thіѕ іѕ thе mаjоr difficulty оf арроіntіng someone tо асt on your bеhаlf with роwеr оf attorney. Thе tесhnісаl tеrm for thіѕ іѕ арроіntіng an 'agent' оr 'attorney-in-fact.' Power оf аttоrnеу іѕ an аll оr nothing ѕіtuаtіоn, you саnnоt authorize some things аnd nоt оthеrѕ, аnd thеrе is nо аbѕоlutе wау of bеіng ѕurе your bеѕt interests аrе bеіng served. By grаntіng роwеr of аttоrnеу, уоu are giving ѕоmеоnе реrmіѕѕіоn to асt аѕ уоu entirely. Evеrуthіng thаt you саn say dоеѕ ѕіgn оr authorize; they nоw can. Thіѕ is what mаkеѕ it ѕо еxtrеmеlу rіѕkу. Sоmе people trу аnd аvоіd thіѕ bу squirreling mоnеу away іn an оffѕhоrе ассоunt thаt they kеер оnlу very рrіvаtе records of, аnd nеvеr make thеіr аttоrnеу-іn-fасt аwаrе of these аѕѕеtѕ. This іѕ an extreme соurѕе оf асtіоn and оnе that іѕ likely to fail; ѕоmеоnе with роwеr of аttоrnеу саn request аnу fіnаnсіаl іnfоrmаtіоn held bу уоu, іnсludіng your tаx details. Mоnеу іѕ іnеvіtаblу lосаtеd. Although thе major dіffісultу with power оf аttоrnеу іѕ thе worry over being ѕtоlеn frоm, there are other thіngѕ tо consider before agreeing tо appoint an attorney-in-fact. Your аgеnt wіll be able tо mаkе dесіѕіоnѕ fоr you; аnd thіѕ іnсludеѕ giving gifts, buуіng аnd ѕеllіng ѕtосkѕ and аѕѕеtѕ аnd other forms of іnvеѕtmеnt. Your аgеnt, with the best wіll іn thе wоrld, could mаkе a poor business dесіѕіоn аnd invest іn a bаd соmраnу, аnd аѕ a result, уоu lose lаrgе amounts of mоnеу. They соuld еvеn tесhnісаllу bаnkruрt уоu. It, therefore, bесоmеѕ еѕѕеntіаl thаt уоu chose nоt оnlу ѕоmеоnе уоu саn trust but someone with a little sense. If роѕѕіblе, try and рісk ѕоmеоnе lіkе-mіndеd, whо уоu gеnuіnеlу bеlіеvе wіll асt аѕ уоu wіll in any given situation. If уоu do have stocks аnd іnvеѕtmеntѕ, еnѕurе уоur agent hаѕ rеgulаr mееtіngѕ wіth fіnаnсіаl еxреrtѕ thаt уоu truѕt and have еxреrіеnсе wіth. They can't ѕtор аll bаd dесіѕіоnѕ, but an experienced brоkеr or trаdеr саn probably рrеvеnt thе wоrѕt from hарреnіng. Anоthеr іѕѕuе thаt mау bе wоrth соnѕіdеrіng іѕ that уоur аgеnt can vote оn your bеhаlf. If уоu аrе strongly роlіtісаllу mіndеd, remember that they may bе able to vote fоr a раrtу оr іѕѕuе thаt you ѕtаunсhlу dіѕаgrее with - аnd іn уоur nаmе. If уоu fear thіѕ mау be аn іѕѕuе, соnѕіdеr сhооѕіng ѕоmеоnе of a similar роlіtісаl аffіlіаtіоn or, better уеt, someone ароlіtісаl. Sаdlу, all уоu саn dо іѕ mіnіmіzе thе rіѕkѕ; аbѕоlutе prevention is іmроѕѕіblе. Make the bеѕt decision rеgаrdіng who уоu сhооѕе fоr уоur agent, and then inform your frіеndѕ and fаmіlу. If thеу ѕuѕресt that thе agent іѕ acting іnсоrrесtlу, іllеgаllу оr against уоur wishes, thеу can аррlу tо a lаwуеr fоr the power оf аttоrnеу tо be rеvоkеd. Thеу wіll nееd tо hаvе ѕоmе proof оf whу thеу believe this; but often, thе mеrе іnvеѕtіgаtіоn will stop mоѕt agents acting іnсоrrесtlу. Remember, thе vаѕt majority of аgеntѕ асt аbѕоlutеlу аѕ уоu wоuld wіѕh, аnd hаvе only your bеѕt interests аt hеаrt. But thе ѕауіng is truе; уоu can never bе tоо саrеful, so tаkе all thе precautions уоu саn.
2019-04-24T20:07:49Z
https://www.notarypubliclondon-mmk.co.uk/blog/archives/05-2017
Devices and methods for determining the concentration of an analyte are provided. Embodiments of the subject devices include analyte monitoring systems that include an analyte sensor capable of providing clinically accurate analyte data without a substantial time delay after operably positioning the sensor in a patient. Embodiments of the subject methods include operably positioning an analyte sensor in a patient and obtaining clinically accurate analyte data without a substantial time delay after the positioning. Also provided are systems and kits for use in analyte monitoring. The monitoring of the level of glucose or other analytes, such as lactate or oxygen, in certain individuals is vitally important to their health. High or low levels of glucose or other analytes may have detrimental effects. For example, the monitoring of glucose is particularly important to individuals with diabetes, as they must determine when insulin is needed to reduce glucose levels in their bodies or when additional glucose is needed to raise the level of glucose in their bodies. A conventional technique used by many diabetics for personally monitoring their blood glucose level includes the periodic drawing of blood, the application of that blood to a test strip, and the determination of the blood glucose level using calorimetric, electrochemical, or photometric detection. This technique does not permit continuous or automatic monitoring of glucose levels in the body, but typically must be performed manually on a periodic basis. Unfortunately, the consistency with which the level of glucose is checked varies widely among individuals. Many diabetics find the periodic testing inconvenient and they sometimes forget to test their glucose level or do not have time for a proper test. In addition, some individuals wish to avoid the pain associated with the test. These situations may result in hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic episodes. An in vivo glucose sensor that continuously or automatically monitors the individual's glucose level would enable individuals to more easily monitor their glucose, or other analyte levels. Analyte monitoring devices have been developed for continuous or automatic monitoring of analytes, such as glucose, in the blood stream or interstitial fluid. Such devices include electrochemical sensors, at least a portion of which are operably positioned in a blood vessel or in the subcutaneous tissue of a patient. Regardless of the type of analyte monitoring device employed, it has been observed that transient, low readings may occur for a period of time. These spurious low readings may occur during the first hours of use, or anytime thereafter. In certain embodiments, spurious low readings may occur during the night and sometimes are referred to as “night time dropouts”. For example, in the context of an operably positioned continuous monitoring analyte sensor under the skin of a user, such spurious low readings may occur for a period of time following sensor positioning and/or during the first night post-positioning. In many instances, the spurious low readings resolve after a period of time. However, these transient, low readings impose constraints upon analyte monitoring during the period in which the spurious low readings are observed. Attempts to address this problem vary and include delaying reporting readings to the user until after this period of low readings passes after positioning of the sensor, or frequent calibration of the sensor—both of which are inconvenient and neither of which is desirable. As interest in analyte monitoring continues, there is interest in analyte monitoring protocols that do not exhibit, or at least minimize, spurious low readings, e.g., spurious readings following device placement in a user and/or thereafter such as during the night. Of particular interest are analyte monitoring protocols that are capable of substantially immediate and accurate analyte reporting to the user so that spurious low readings, or frequent calibrations, are minimized or are non existent. Generally, the present invention relates to methods and devices for monitoring of the level of an analyte using an in vivo or in vitro analyte sensor, e.g., continuous and/or automatic in vivo monitoring using an analyte sensor. Embodiments of the subject invention include sensors that do not exhibit, or at least have a minimal period of time in which, spurious, low reading are observed. The subject invention may be employed to minimize or eliminate spurious low analyte readings obtained at any time during sensor use, including a period of time immediately after sensor activation (e.g., positioning of an analyte sensor in or on a patient) and/or anytime thereafter. Embodiments include sensors in which at least a portion of the sensor is adapted to be positioned beneath the skin of a user and which are adapted for providing clinically accurate analyte data substantially immediately after the sensor has been operably positioned in a patient (e.g., in the subcutaneous tissue, etc.) and/or without substantial interruption due to spurious analyte readings. Embodiments of the subject invention include calibrateable analyte sensor devices in which the period of time when a first (or only) calibration is required, after positioning the sensor in a patient, is substantially reduced (excluding factory-set calibration) and/or the number of calibrations is reduced, e.g., to three or less calibrations, e.g., two or less calibrations, e.g., one calibration or no calibrations. Embodiments of the subject devices include devices (e.g., analyte sensors) that include an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof. Also provided are methods of determining the concentration of an analyte in body fluid, where embodiments include determining the concentration of an analyte in a body fluid without any, or with only a minimal period of time in which spurious, low readings are observed. Embodiments include positioning an analyte sensor in a patient and determining, with clinical accuracy, the concentration of an analyte in body fluid substantially immediately following the operable positioning. Embodiments of the subject methods include contacting an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof to an analyte determination site, and determining the concentration of an analyte at the site. Embodiments of the subject methods include operably positioning a device (e.g., an analyte sensor) that includes an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof in a patient, and determining the concentration of an analyte using the sensor. Embodiments of the subject methods include analyte determination methods having a substantially reduced period of time when a first (or only) calibration is required (excluding factory-set calibration), after positioning the sensor in a patient, and/or the number of calibrations is reduced, e.g., to three or less calibrations, e.g., two or less calibrations, e.g., one calibration or no calibrations. Also provided are systems and kits. FIG. 17 shows a comparison of an antiglycolytic sensor and a control sensor in vivo. Throughout the present application, unless a contrary intention appears, the following terms refer to the indicated characteristics. A “biological fluid” or “physiological fluid” or “body fluid”, is any body fluid in which an analyte can be measured, for example, blood, interstitial fluid, dermal fluid, sweat, tears, and urine. “Blood” includes whole blood and its cell-free components, such as, plasma and serum. A “counter electrode” refers to an electrode paired with the working electrode, through which passes a current equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to the current passing through the working electrode. In the context of the invention, the term “counter electrode” is meant to include counter electrodes which also function as reference electrodes (i.e., a counter/reference electrode). An “electrochemical sensor” is a device configured to detect the presence and/or measure the level of an analyte in a sample via electrochemical oxidation and reduction reactions on the sensor. These reactions are transduced to an electrical signal that can be correlated to an amount, concentration, or level of an analyte in the sample. “Electrolysis” is the electrooxidation or electroreduction of a compound either directly at an electrode or via one or more electron transfer agents. A compound is “immobilized” on a surface when it is entrapped on or chemically bound to the surface. A “non-leachable” or “non-releasable” compound or a compound that is “non-leachably disposed” is meant to define a compound that is affixed on the sensor such that it does not substantially diffuse away from the working surface of the working electrode for the period in which the sensor is used (e.g., the period in which the sensor is implanted in a patient or measuring a sample). Components are “immobilized” within a sensor, for example, when the components are covalently, ionically, or coordinatively bound to constituents of the sensor and/or are entrapped in a polymeric or sol-gel matrix or membrane which precludes mobility. For example, in certain embodiments an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof may be immobilized within a sensor. An “electron transfer agent” is a compound that carries electrons between the analyte and the working electrode, either directly, or in cooperation with other electron transfer agents. One example of an electron transfer agent is a redox mediator. A “working electrode” is an electrode at which the analyte (or a second compound whose level depends on the level of the analyte) is electrooxidized or electroreduced with or without the agency of an electron transfer agent. A “working surface” is that portion of the working electrode which is coated with or is accessible to the electron transfer agent and configured for exposure to an analyte-containing fluid. A “sensing layer” is a component of the sensor which includes constituents that facilitate the electrolysis of the analyte. The sensing layer may include constituents such as an electron transfer agent, a catalyst which catalyzes a reaction of the analyte to produce a response at the electrode, or both. In some embodiments of the sensor, the sensing layer is non-leachably disposed in proximity to or on the working electrode. A “non-corroding” conductive material includes non-metallic materials, such as carbon and conductive polymers. When one item is indicated as being “remote” from another, this is referenced that the two items are at least in different buildings, and may be at least one mile, ten miles, or at least one hundred miles apart. When different items are indicated as being “local” to each other they are not remote from one another (for example, they can be in the same building or the same room of a building). “Communicating”, “transmitting” and the like, of information reference conveying data representing information as electrical or optical signals over a suitable communication channel (for example, a private or public network, wired, optical fiber, wireless radio or satellite, or otherwise). Any communication or transmission can be between devices which are local or remote from one another. “Forwarding” an item refers to any means of getting that item from one location to the next, whether by physically transporting that item or using other known methods (where that is possible) and includes, at least in the case of data, physically transporting a medium carrying the data or communicating the data over a communication channel (including electrical, optical, or wireless). “Receiving” something means it is obtained by any possible means, such as delivery of a physical item. When information is received it may be obtained as data as a result of a transmission (such as by electrical or optical signals over any communication channel of a type mentioned herein), or it may be obtained as electrical or optical signals from reading some other medium (such as a magnetic, optical, or solid state storage device) carrying the information. However, when information is received from a communication it is received as a result of a transmission of that information from elsewhere (local or remote). When two items are “associated” with one another they are provided in such a way that it is apparent that one is related to the other such as where one references the other. Items of data are “linked” to one another in a memory when a same data input (for example, filename or directory name or search term) retrieves those items (in a same file or not) or an input of one or more of the linked items retrieves one or more of the others. It will also be appreciated that throughout the present application, that words such as “cover”, “base” “front”, “back”, “top”, “upper”, and “lower” are used in a relative sense only. When two or more items (for example, elements or processes) are referenced by an alternative “or”, this indicates that either could be present separately or any combination of them could be present together except where the presence of one necessarily excludes the other or others. Any recited method can be carried out in the order of events recited or in any other order which is logically possible. Reference to a singular item, includes the possibility that there are plural of the same item present. Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range, is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the invention. As will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading this disclosure, each of the individual embodiments described and illustrated herein has discrete components and features which may be readily separated from or combined with the features of any of the other several embodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention. The present invention is applicable to an analyte monitoring system using a sensor at least a portion of which is positioned beneath the skin of the user for the in vivo determination of a concentration of an analyte, such as glucose, lactate, and the like, in a body fluid. The sensor may be, for example, subcutaneously positioned in a patient for the continuous or periodic monitoring an analyte in a patient's interstitial fluid. This may be used to infer the glucose level in the patient's bloodstream. The sensors of the subject invention also include in vivo analyte sensors for insertion into a vein, artery, or other portion of the body containing fluid. A sensor of the subject invention may be configured for monitoring the level of the analyte over a time period which may range from hours, days, weeks, or longer, as described in greater detail below. The present invention is also application to an in vitro analyte monitoring system. For example, a system in which body fluid is obtained and contacted with an analyte sensor above the skin. Such systems include, but are not limited to, skin opening (e.g., a laser, lancet, or the like) and sampling devices adapted to determine the concentration of an analyte in a sample of body fluid obtained from the skin opening, e.g., by periodically or continuously sampling fluid exuded at the site. The skin opening device and sampling device may be integrated in a single unit or otherwise. The invention is described primarily with respect to an analyte sensor in which at least a portion of which is operably positioned under the skin of the patient, where such description is for exemplary purposes only and is in no way intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. It is to be understood that the subject invention may be applicable to different analyte sensors, e.g., above-skin analyte sensors. The subject invention includes devices and methods of analyte concentration determined that have at least a substantially reduced (including completely eliminated) period of spurious, low analyte readings. In this manner, reportable analyte results may be obtained with a minimal, if any, time delay and/or interruption due to spurious low analyte readings. Embodiments include positioning devices and systems, and methods that provide clinically accurate analyte data (e.g., relative to a reference) substantially immediately, as shown by any suitable technique known to those of skill in the art, e.g., a Clark Error Grid, Parks Error Grid, Continuous Glucose Error Grid, MARD analysis, and the like. For example, in those embodiments in which the sensor is a continuous sensor and at least a portion of the sensor is adapted to be positioned under the skin of a patient, the sensor is adapted to provide clinically accurate analyte data (e.g., relative to a reference) substantially immediately after the sensor is operably positioned in a patient. In other words, the waiting period from the time a sensor is positioned in a user and the time clinically accurate data may be obtained and used by the user, is greatly reduced relative to prior art devices that require a greater waiting period before accurate analyte data may be obtained and used by a user. By “substantially immediately” is meant from about 0 hours to less than about 5 hours, e.g., from about 0 hours to about 3 hours, e.g., from about 0 hours to less than about 1 hour, e.g., from about 30 minutes or less, where in many embodiments the sensors according to the subject invention are capable of providing clinically accurate analyte data once the sensor has been operatively positioned in the patient. Embodiments include devices that include an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof, e.g., analyte sensors that include an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof (collectively referred to herein as “active agent”). The term “antiglycolytic” is used broadly herein to include any substance that at least retards glucose consumption of living cells. The antiglycolytic agents or antiglycolytic agent precursors may be any suitable antiglycolytic agents or precursors known or to be discovered. Examples of antiglycolytic agents include, but are not limited to, fluorides, glyceraldehydes, mannose, glucosamine, mannoheptulose, sorbose-6-phophate, trehalose-6-phosphate, maleimide, iodoacetates, and the like, and combinations thereof. Examples of antiglycolytic agent precursors include, but are not limited to, enzymes, e.g., trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, and the like. For example, the antiglycolytic agent may be glyceraldehydes, e.g., D-glyceraldehyde, 1-glyceraldehyde, or racemic mixture of d, 1-glyceraldehyde. As noted above, fluorides may be used, e.g., sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, etc. The active-agent containing devices may be analyte sensors in certain embodiments, or may be a structure that is positionable near an analyte determination site (a body fluid sampling site), e.g., near an analyte sensor such as near a wholly or partially implantable sensor. In certain embodiments, the structure may be a sensor insertion device, drug delivery device (e.g., insulin delivery device), etc. In certain embodiments, the active agent-containing device may be an active agent delivery device. In further describing the subject invention, the invention is described primarily with respect to an active-agent-containing analyte sensor, where such description is for exemplary purposes only and is in no way intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. It is to be understood that an active agent may be associated with devices other than analyte sensors or otherwise contacted with an appropriate area of a patient. In certain embodiments, active agent may not be carried by a device, but rather may be otherwise applied at or substantially near the analyte determination site. Accordingly, embodiments include systems having an active agent delivery unit and an analyte sensor. Active agent employed in the subject invention may be delivered transdermally, by a topical route, formulated as applicator sticks, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, gels, creams, ointments, pastes, jellies, paints, powders, and aerosols. For example, embodiments may include an active agent in the form of a discrete patch or film or plaster or the like adapted to remain in intimate contact with the epidermis of the recipient for a period of time. For example, such transdermal patches may include a base or matrix layer, e.g., polymeric layer, in which active agent is retained. The base or matrix layer may be operably associated with a support or backing. Active agents suitable for transdermal administration may also be delivered by iontophoresis and may take the form of an optionally buffered aqueous solution that includes the active agent. Suitable formulations may include citrate or bis/tris buffer (pH 6) or ethanol/water and contain a suitable amount of active ingredient. Active agents of the subject invention may be adapted for parenteral administration, such as intravenous (“IV”) administration, intramuscular (“IM”), subcutaneous (“SC” or “SQ”), mucosal. The formulations for such administration may include a solution of the active agent dissolved in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed, include, but are not limited to, water and Ringer's solution, an isotonic sodium chloride, etc. Active agent may be formulated into preparations for injection by dissolving, suspending or emulsifying them in an aqueous or nonaqueous solvent, such as vegetable or other similar oils, synthetic aliphatic acid glycerides, esters of higher aliphatic acids or propylene glycol; and if desired, with conventional additives such as solubilizers, isotonic agents, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, stabilizers and preservatives. These solutions are sterile and generally free of undesirable matter. In other embodiments, the active agent may be delivered by the use of liposomes which fuse with the cellular membrane or are endocytosed, i.e., by employing ligands attached to the liposome, or attached directly to the oligonucleotide, that bind to surface membrane protein receptors of the cell resulting in endocytosis. By using liposomes, particularly where the liposome surface carries ligands specific for target cells, or are otherwise preferentially directed to a specific organ, one can focus the delivery of the pharmacological agent into the target cells in vivo. (See, e.g., Al-Muhammed, J. Microencapsul. 13:293-306, 1996; Chonn, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 6:698-708, 1995; Ostro, Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. 46:1576-1587, 1989). Methods for preparing liposomal suspensions are known in the art and thus will not be described herein in great detail. Embodiments may also include administration of active agent using an active agent delivery device such as, but not limited to, pumps (implantable or external devices and combinations of both (e.g., certain components may be implantable and others may be external to the body such as controls for the implantable components), epidural injectors, syringes or other injection apparatus, catheter and/or reservoir operably associated with a catheter, etc. For example, in certain embodiments a delivery device employed to deliver active agent to a subject may be a pump, syringe, catheter or reservoir operably associated with a connecting device such as a catheter, tubing, or the like. Containers suitable for delivery of active agent to an active agent administration device include instruments of containment that may be used to deliver, place, attach, and/or insert the active agent into the delivery device for administration of the active agent to a subject and include, but are not limited to, vials, ampules, tubes, capsules, bottles, syringes and bags. Embodiments may also include administration of active agent via a biodegradable implant active agent delivery device. Such may be accomplished by employing syringes to deposit such a biodegradable delivery device under the skin of a subject. The implants degrade completely, so that removal is not necessary. Embodiments may include employing an electrode to deliver active agent to a subject. For example, an electrode may be used that has a small port at its tip which is connected to a reservoir or pump containing active agent. The active agent delivery electrode may be implanted using any suitable technique such as surgical cut down, laproscopy, endoscopy, percutaneous procedure, and the like. In certain embodiments a reservoir or pump may also be implanted in the subject's body. The active agent delivery electrode, or other analogous device, may be controllable such that the amount of active agent delivered, the rate at which the active agent may be delivered, and the time period over which the active agent may be delivered, etc., may be controllable and may be adjusted, e.g., by a user and/or healthcare worker. Accordingly, embodiments include contacting an analyte determination site with active agent, and determining the concentration of an analyte, where the contacting may be by way of an analyte sensor or other structure, transdermal administration, parenteral administration, etc. As described above, analyte sensors may include active agent. The sensors may include or incorporate active agent thereof in any suitable manner. At least a portion of the sensor (and/or other structure), e.g., a body fluid-contacting portion, includes active agent, where in certain embodiments substantially the entire sensor may include the active agent. Active agent may be immobilized on a surface of the sensor or may be configured to diffuse away from the sensor surface. In certain embodiments, active agent is a coating on at least a portion of the sensor. In certain embodiments, active agent is incorporate, e.g., embedded, or otherwise integrated into the sensor. As will be described in greater detail below, an analyte sensor may include a matrix component such as a membrane. The membrane may be, for example, a mass transfer limiting membrane. In certain embodiments, the membrane may include the active agent such that the membrane may include a coating thereof such that active agent may be incorporated as a thin coating positioned about a surface of the membrane, e.g., a fluid contacting surface. The amount of active agent to be included may be readily controlled by applying multiple thin coats thereof, e.g., and allowing it to dry between coats. The thickness of a coating will be minimal so as not to appreciably increase the thickness of the membrane. In many embodiments, the thickness is substantially uniform. The thickness in certain embodiments may range from about 0.1 microns to about 100 microns, e.g., from about 1 micron to about 10 microns. Alternatively or in addition to a coating, an active agent may be incorporated within the material of the sensor, e.g., incorporated within the material of a sensor membrane itself. For example, membranes are often applied to a sensor via a spraying or dipping process, wherein the membrane material is dissolved in a solvent and the resulting solution is applied to the sensor substrate. In this case the active agent may simply be co-dissolved with the membrane material in the solvent. This results in a sensor with active agent dispersed evenly throughout the sensor membrane. The sensors may also have the ability to emit or diffuse active agent at a controllable rate, e.g., may include a controlled release, such as a time release, formulation. For example, a sensor (e.g., a membrane of the sensor) may include a formulation that is designed to release active agent gradually over time, e.g., over about a period of time commensurate with a period of time in which a sensor exhibits spurious low glucose readings post-sensor insertion, e.g., about 1 hour to about 24 hours in certain embodiments. A controlled release formulation may employ a polymer or other non-antiglycolytic agent material to control the release of the active agent. The active agent release rate may be slowed by diffusion through the polymer, or the antiglycolytic agent or precursor may be released as the polymer degrades or disintegrates in the body. The active agent may be added to the sensor during fabrication of the sensor and/or may be applied to the sensor after it has been fabricated. For example, a coating containing active agent thereof may be applied to the sensor after it has been fabricated. Active agent may be applied to the sensor by any of a variety of methods, e.g., by spraying the active agent onto the sensor or by dipping the sensor into the active agent, by coating the active agent with a slotted die, or otherwise immersing or flooding the sensor with the active agent. The amount of active agent included in a sensor may vary depending on a variety of factors such as the particular active agent used, the particulars of the sensor, etc. In any event, an effective amount of active agent used—an amount sufficient to provide the requisite antiglycolytic result for the desired period of time. By way of example, in embodiments using L-glyceraldehyde, the amount of L-glyceraldehyde may range from about 1 microgram to about 1 milligram, e.g., 10 micrograms to about 100 micrograms. The active agent thereof may be used with any analyte sensor, e.g., an analyte sensor configured so that at least a portion of the sensor is operably positionable under the skin of a patient for the concentration determination of an analyte. Of interest are analyte sensors that are capable of providing analyte data automatically (continuously or periodically) for about one hour or more, e.g., about a few hours or more, e.g., about a few days of more, e.g., about three or more days, e.g., about five days or more, e.g., about seven days or more, e.g., about several weeks or months. Representative active-agent containing analyte sensors and analyte monitoring systems that include active agent containing-analyte sensors according to the subject invention are now described, where such description is for exemplary purposes only and is in no way intended to limit the scope of the invention. The analyte sensors and analyte monitoring systems of the present invention may be utilized under a variety of conditions. The particular configuration of an antiglycolytic sensor and other units used in an analyte monitoring system may depend on the use for which the sensor and system are intended and the conditions under which the sensor and system will operate. As noted above, embodiments include a sensor configured for implantation into a patient or user. The term “implantation” is meant broadly to include wholly implantable sensors and sensors in which only a portion of which is implantable under the skin and a portion of which resides above the skin, e.g., for contact to a transmitter, receiver, transceiver, processor, etc. For example, implantation of the sensor may be made in the arterial or venous systems for direct testing of analyte levels in blood. Alternatively, a sensor may be implanted in the interstitial tissue for determining the analyte level in interstitial fluid. This level may be correlated and/or converted to analyte levels in blood or other fluids. The site and depth of implantation may affect the particular shape, components, and configuration of the sensor. Subcutaneous implantation may be desired, in some cases, to limit the depth of implantation of the sensor. Sensors may also be implanted in other regions of the body to determine analyte levels in other fluids. Examples of suitable sensors for use in the analyte monitoring systems of the invention are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,134,461 and 6,175,752. An exemplary embodiment of an analyte monitoring system 40 for use with an implantable antiglycolytic sensor 42, e.g., for use with a subcutaneously implantable antiglycolytic sensor, is illustrated in block diagram form in FIG. 1. The analyte monitoring system 40 includes, at minimum, a sensor 42 that includes an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof, a portion of the sensor which is configured for implantation (e.g., subcutaneous, venous, or arterial implantation) into a patient, and a sensor control unit 44. The antiglycolytic sensor 42 is coupleable to the sensor control unit 44 which may be attachable to the skin of a patient. The sensor control unit 44 operates the sensor 42, including, for example, providing a voltage across the electrodes of the sensor 42 and collecting signals from the sensor 42. The sensor control unit 44 may evaluate the signals from the sensor 42 and/or transmit the signals to one or more optional receiver/display units 46, 48 for evaluation. The sensor control unit 44 and/or the receiver/display units 46, 48 may display or otherwise communicate the current level of the analyte. Furthermore, the sensor control unit 44 and/or the receiver/display units 46, 48 may indicate to the patient, via, for example, an audible, visual, or other sensory-stimulating alarm, when the level of the analyte is at or near a threshold level. In some embodiments, an electrical shock may be delivered to the patient as a warning through one of the electrodes or the optional temperature probe of the sensor. For example, if glucose is monitored then an alarm may be used to alert the patient to a hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic glucose level and/or to impending hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. The sensor 42 includes an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof as described herein, and includes at least one working electrode 58 and a substrate 50, as shown for example in FIG. 2. The sensor 42 may also include at least one counter electrode 60 (or counter/reference electrode) and/or at least one reference electrode 62 (see for example FIG. 7). The counter electrode 60 and/or reference electrode 62 may be formed on the substrate 50 or may be separate units. For example, the counter electrode and/or reference electrode may be formed on a second substrate which is also implantable in the patient or, for some embodiments of the sensors the counter electrode and/or reference electrode may be placed on the skin of the patient with the working electrode or electrodes being implanted into the patient. The use of an on-the-skin counter and/or reference electrode with an implantable working electrode is described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,852. The working electrode or electrodes 58 are formed using conductive materials 52. The counter electrode 60 and/or reference electrode 62, as well as other optional portions of the sensor 42, such as a temperature probe 66 (see for example FIG. 7), may also be formed using conductive material 52. The conductive material 52 may be formed over a smooth surface of the substrate 50 or within channels 54 formed by, for example, embossing, indenting or otherwise creating a depression in the substrate 50. A sensing layer 64 (see for example FIGS. 3 and 4 and 5) may be provided proximate to or on at least one of the working electrodes 58 to facilitate the electrochemical detection of the analyte and the determination of its level in the sample fluid, particularly if the analyte can not be electrolyzed at a desired rate and/or with a desired specificity on a bare electrode. The sensing layer 64 may include an electron transfer agent to transfer electrons directly or indirectly between the analyte and the working electrode 58. The sensing layer 64 may also contain a catalyst to catalyze a reaction of the analyte. The components of the sensing layer may be in a fluid or gel that is proximate to or in contact with the working electrode 58. Alternatively, the components of the sensing layer 64 may be disposed in a polymeric or sol-gel matrix that is proximate to or on the working electrode 58. In certain embodiments, the components of the sensing layer 64 are non-leachably disposed within the sensor 42 and in certain embodiments the components of the sensor 42 are immobilized within the sensor 42. In addition to the electrodes 58, 60, 62 and the sensing layer 64, the sensor 42 may also include optional components such as one or more of the following: a temperature probe 66 (see for example FIGS. 5 and 7), a mass transport limiting layer 74, e.g., a matrix such as a membrane or the like, (see for example FIG. 8), a biocompatible layer 75 (see for example FIG. 8), and/or other optional components, as described below. Each of these items enhances the functioning of and/or results from the sensor 42, as discussed below. The substrate 50 may be formed using a variety of non-conducting materials, including, for example, polymeric or plastic materials and ceramic materials. Suitable materials for a particular sensor 42 may be determined, at least in part, based on the desired use of the sensor 42 and properties of the materials. In addition to considerations regarding flexibility, it is often desirable that a sensor 42 should have a substrate 50 which is non-toxic. Preferably, the substrate 50 is approved by one or more appropriate governmental agencies or private groups for in vivo use. Although the substrate 50 in at least some embodiments has uniform dimensions along the entire length of the sensor 42, in other embodiments, the substrate 50 has a distal end 67 and a proximal end 65 with different widths 53, 55, respectively, as illustrated in FIG. 2. At least one conductive trace 52 may be formed on the substrate for use in constructing a working electrode 58. In addition, other conductive traces 52 may be formed on the substrate 50 for use as electrodes (e.g., additional working electrodes, as well as counter, counter/reference, and/or reference electrodes) and other components, such as a temperature probe. The conductive traces 52 may extend most of the distance along a length 57 of the sensor 50, as illustrated in FIG. 2, although this is not necessary. The conductive traces may be formed using a conductive material 56 such as carbon (e.g., graphite), a conductive polymer, a metal or alloy (e.g., gold or gold alloy), or a metallic compound (e.g., ruthenium dioxide or titanium dioxide), and the like. Conductive traces 52 (and channels 54, if used) may be formed with relatively narrow widths. In embodiments with two or more conductive traces 52 on the same side of the substrate 50, the conductive traces 52 are separated by distances sufficient to prevent conduction between the conductive traces 52. The working electrode 58 and the counter electrode 60 (if a separate reference electrode is used) may be made using a conductive material 56, such as carbon. The reference electrode 62 and/or counter/reference electrode may be formed using conductive material 56 that is a suitable reference material, for example silver/silver chloride or a non-leachable redox couple bound to a conductive material, for example, a carbon-bound redox couple. The electrical contact 49 may be made using the same material as the conductive material 56 of the conductive traces 52, or alternatively, may be made from a carbon or other non-metallic material, such as a conducting polymer. A number of exemplary electrode configurations are described below, however, it will be understood that other configurations may also be used. In certain embodiments, e.g., illustrated in FIG. 3A, the sensor 42 includes two working electrodes 58 a, 58 b and one counter electrode 60, which also functions as a reference electrode. In another embodiment, the sensor includes one working electrode 58 a, one counter electrode 60, and one reference electrode 62, as shown for example in FIG. 3B. Each of these embodiments is illustrated with all of the electrodes formed on the same side of the substrate 50. Alternatively, one or more of the electrodes may be formed on an opposing side of the substrate 50. In another embodiment, two working electrodes 58 and one counter electrode 60 are formed on one side of the substrate 50 and one reference electrode 62 and a temperature probe 66 are formed on an opposing side of the substrate 50, for example as illustrated in FIG. 6. The opposing sides of the tip of this embodiment of the sensor 42 are illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7. Some analytes, such as oxygen, may be directly electrooxidized or electroreduced on the working electrode 58. Other analytes, such as glucose and lactate, require the presence of at least one electron transfer agent and/or at least one catalyst to facilitate the electrooxidation or electroreduction of the analyte. Catalysts may also be used for those analyte, such as oxygen, that can be directly electrooxidized or electroreduced on the working electrode 58. For these analytes, each working electrode 58 has a sensing layer 64 formed proximate to or on a working surface of the working electrode 58. In many embodiments, the sensing layer 64 is formed near or on only a small portion of the working electrode 58, e.g., near a tip of the sensor 42. The sensing layer 64 includes one or more components designed to facilitate the electrolysis of the analyte. The sensing layer 64 may be formed as a solid composition of the desired components (e.g., an electron transfer agent and/or a catalyst). These components may be non-leachable from the sensor 42 and may be immobilized on the sensor 42. Examples of immobilized sensing layers are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,262,035; 5,264,104; 5,264,105; 5,320,725; 5,593,852; and 5,665,222; and PCT Patent Application No. US98/02403 entitled “Soybean Peroxidase Electrochemical Sensor”. Sensors having multiple working electrodes 58 a may also be used, e.g., and the signals therefrom may be averaged or measurements generated at these working electrodes 58 a may be averaged. In addition, multiple readings at a single working electrode 58 a or at multiple working electrodes may be averaged. In many embodiments, the sensing layer 64 contains one or more electron transfer agents in contact with the conductive material 56 of the working electrode 58, as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. Useful electron transfer agents and methods for producing them are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,264,104; 5,356,786; 5,262,035; 5,320,725, 6,175,752, and 6,329,161. The sensing layer 64 may also include a catalyst which is capable of catalyzing a reaction of the analyte. The catalyst may also, in some embodiments, act as an electron transfer agent. To electrolyze the analyte, a potential (versus a reference potential) is applied across the working and counter electrodes 58, 60. When a potential is applied between the working electrode 58 and the counter electrode 60, an electrical current will flow. Those skilled in the art will recognize that there are many different reactions that will achieve the same result; namely the electrolysis of an analyte or a compound whose level depends on the level of the analyte. A variety of optional items may be included in the sensor. One optional item is a temperature probe 66 (see for example FIGS. 5 and 7). One exemplary temperature probe 66 is formed using two probe leads 68, 70 connected to each other through a temperature-dependent element 72 that is formed using a material with a temperature-dependent characteristic. An example of a suitable temperature-dependent characteristic is the resistance of the temperature-dependent element 72. The temperature probe 66 may provide a temperature adjustment for the output from the working electrode 58 to offset the temperature dependence of the working electrode 58. The sensors of the subject invention are biocompatible. Biocompatibility may be achieved in a number of different manners. For example, an optional biocompatible layer 74 may be formed over at least that portion of the sensor 42 which is inserted into the patient, for example as shown in FIG. 8. An interferant-eliminating layer (not shown) may be included in the sensor 42. The interferant-eliminating layer may include ionic components, such as for example Nafion® or the like, incorporated into a polymeric matrix to reduce the permeability of the interferant-eliminating layer to ionic interferants having the same charge as the ionic components. A mass transport limiting layer 74 may be included with the sensor to act as a diffusion-limiting barrier to reduce the rate of mass transport of the analyte, for example, glucose or lactate, into the region around the working electrodes 58. Exemplary layers that may be used are described for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,881,551. A sensor of the subject invention may be adapted to be a replaceable component in an in vivo analyte monitor, and particularly in an implantable analyte monitor. In many embodiments, the sensor is capable of operation over a period of days or more, e.g., a period of operation may be at least about one day, e.g., at least about three days, e.g., at least about one week or more. The sensor may then be removed and replaced with a new sensor. Any suitable device may be used to insert a sensor of the subject invention into the patient (e.g., in the subcutaneous tissue or the like). Exemplary insertion devices that may be used are described for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,175,752. In operation, a sensor is placed within or next to an insertion device and then a force is provided against the insertion device and/or sensor to carry the sensor 42 into the skin of the patient. The insertion device is optionally pulled out of the skin with the sensor remaining beneath the skin, e.g., in the subcutaneous tissue, due to frictional forces between the sensor and the patient's tissue. In certain embodiments, the sensor is injected between about 2 to about 12 mm into the interstitial tissue of the patient for subcutaneous implantation. Other embodiments of the invention may include sensors implanted in other portions of the patient, including, for example, in an artery, vein, or organ. The depth of implantation varies depending on the desired implantation target. Although a sensor of the subject invention may be inserted anywhere in the body, it is often desirable that the insertion site be positioned so that an on-skin sensor control unit 44 may be concealed. In addition, it is often desirable that the insertion site be at a place on the body with a low density of nerve endings to reduce the pain to the patient. Examples of sites for insertion of the sensor 42 and positioning of the on-skin sensor control unit 44 include but are not limited to the abdomen, thigh, leg, upper arm, and shoulder. The on-skin sensor control unit 44 is configured to be placed on the skin of a patient. One embodiment of the on-skin sensor control unit 44 has a thin, oval shape to enhance concealment, as illustrated in FIGS. 9-11. However, other shapes and sizes may be used. The on-skin sensor control unit 44 includes a housing 45, as illustrated in FIGS. 9-11. The on-skin sensor control unit 44 is typically attachable to the skin 75 of the patient, as illustrated in FIG. 12. Another method of attaching the housing 45 of the on-skin sensor control unit 44 to the skin 75 includes using a mounting unit 77 which includes an opening 79 through which the sensor 42 maybe inserted. Additional detailed description of the on-skin sensor control unit and 44 and the associated electronic components are provided for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,175,752. The sensor 42 and the electronic components within the on-skin sensor control unit 44 are coupled via conductive contacts 80. The one or more working electrodes 58, counter electrode 60 (or counter/reference electrode), optional reference electrode 62, and optional temperature probe 66 are attached to individual conductive contacts 80. In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 9-11, the conductive contacts 80 are provided on the interior of the on-skin sensor control unit 44. The on-skin sensor control unit 44 may include at least a portion of the electronic components that operate the sensor 42 and the analyte monitoring device system 40. One embodiment of the electronics in the on-skin control unit 44 is illustrated as a block diagram in FIG. 13A. The electronic components of the on-skin sensor control unit 44 may include a power supply 95 for operating the on-skin control unit 44 and the sensor 42, a sensor circuit 97 for obtaining signals from and operating the sensor 42, a measurement circuit 96 that converts sensor signals to a desired format, and a processing circuit 109 that, at minimum, obtains signals from the sensor circuit 97 and/or measurement circuit 96 and provides the signals to an optional transmitter 98. In some embodiments, the processing circuit 109 may also partially or completely evaluate the signals from the sensor 42 and convey the resulting data to the optional transmitter 98 and/or activate an optional alarm system 94 (see for example FIG. 13B) if the analyte level exceeds a threshold. The processing circuit 109 often includes digital logic circuitry. The on-skin sensor control unit 44 may optionally contain a transmitter or transceiver 98 for transmitting the sensor signals or processed data from the processing circuit 109 to a receiver (or transceiver)/display unit 46, 48; a data storage unit 102 for temporarily or permanently storing data from the processing circuit 109; a temperature probe circuit 99 for receiving signals from and operating a temperature probe 66; a reference voltage generator 101 for providing a reference voltage for comparison with sensor-generated signals; and/or a watchdog circuit 103 that monitors the operation of the electronic components in the on-skin sensor control unit 44. Moreover, the sensor control unit 44 may include a bias control generator 105 to correctly bias analog and digital semiconductor devices, an oscillator 107 to provide a clock signal, and a digital logic and timing component 109 to provide timing signals and logic operations for the digital components of the circuit. FIG. 13B illustrates a block diagram of another exemplary on-skin control unit 44 that also includes optional components such as a receiver (or transceiver) 99 to receive, for example, calibration data; a calibration storage unit 100 to hold, for example, factory-set calibration data, calibration data obtained via the receiver 99 and/or operational signals received, for example, from a receiver/display unit 46, 48 or other external device; an alarm system 104 for warning the patient; and a deactivation switch 111 to turn off the alarm system. Functions of the analyte monitoring system 40 and the sensor control unit 44 may be implemented using either software routines, hardware components, or combinations thereof. The hardware components may be implemented using a variety of technologies, including, for example, integrated circuits or discrete electronic components. The use of integrated circuits typically reduces the size of the electronics, which in turn may result in a smaller on-skin sensor control unit 44. The electronics in the on-skin sensor control unit 44 and the sensor 42 are operated using a power supply 95. The sensor control unit 44 may also optionally include a temperature probe circuit 99. The output from the sensor circuit 97 and optional temperature probe circuit is coupled into a measurement circuit 96 that obtains signals from the sensor circuit 97 and optional temperature probe circuit 99 and, at least in some embodiments, provides output data in a form that, for example can be read by digital circuits. In some embodiments, the data from the processing circuit 109 is analyzed and directed to an alarm system 94 (see for example FIG. 13B) to warn the user. In some embodiments, the data (e.g., a current signal, a converted voltage or frequency signal, or fully or partially analyzed data) from processing circuit 109 is transmitted to one or more receiver/display units 46, 48 using a transmitter 98 in the on-skin sensor control unit 44. The transmitter has an antenna 93 formed in the housing 45. In addition to a transmitter 98, an optional receiver 99 may be included in the on-skin sensor control unit 44 or elsewhere. In some cases, the transmitter 98 is a transceiver, operating as both a transmitter and a receiver. The receiver 99 (and/or receiver display/units 46, 48) may be used to receive calibration data for the sensor 42. The calibration data may be used by the processing circuit 109 to correct signals from the sensor 42. This calibration data may be transmitted by the receiver/display unit 46, 48 or from some other source such as a control unit in a doctor's office. Calibration data may be obtained in a variety of ways. For instance, the calibration data may simply be factory-determined calibration measurements which may be input into the on-skin sensor control unit 44 using the receiver 99 or may alternatively be stored in a calibration data storage unit 100 within the on-skin sensor control unit 44 itself or elsewhere such as, e.g., receiver display/units 46, 48, (in which case a receiver 99 may not be needed). The calibration data storage unit 100 may be, for example, a readable or readable/writeable memory circuit. Alternative or additional calibration data may be provided based on tests performed by a doctor or some other professional or by the patient himself. For example, it is common for diabetic individuals to determine their own blood glucose concentration using commercially available testing kits. The result of this test is input into the on-skin sensor control unit 44 (and/or receiver display/units 46, 48) either directly, if an appropriate input device (e.g., a keypad, an optical signal receiver, or a port for connection to a keypad or computer) is incorporated in the on-skin sensor control unit 44, or indirectly by inputting the calibration data into the receiver/display unit 46, 48 and transmitting the calibration data to the on-skin sensor control unit 44. In some embodiments of the invention, calibration data may be required at periodic intervals, for example, about every ten hours, or about eight hours, about once a day, or about once a week, to confirm that accurate analyte levels are being reported. Calibration may also be required each time a new sensor 42 is implanted or if the sensor exceeds a threshold minimum or maximum value or if the rate of change in the sensor signal exceeds a threshold value. In some cases, it may be necessary to wait a period of time after the implantation of the sensor 42 before calibrating to allow the sensor 42 to achieve equilibrium. In some embodiments, the sensor 42 is calibrated only after it has been inserted. In other embodiments, no calibration of the sensor 42 is needed (e.g., a factory calibration may be sufficient). Regardless of the type of analyte monitoring system employed, it has been observed that transient, low readings may occur for a period of time. These anomalous low readings may occur during the first hours of use, or anytime thereafter. In certain embodiments, spurious low readings may occur during the night and may be referred to as “night time dropouts”. For example, in the context of an operably positioned continuous monitoring analyte sensor under the skin of a user, such spurious low readings may occur for a period of time following sensor positioning and/or during the first night post-positioning. In many instances, the low readings resolve after a period of time. However, these transient, low readings put constraints analyte monitoring during the low reading period. Attempts to address this problem vary and include delaying calibration and/or reporting readings to the user until after this period of low readings passes after positioning of the sensor or frequent calibration of the sensor-both of which are inconvenient and neither of which is desirable. However, as noted above embodiments of the subject invention have at least a minimal period, if at all, of spurious low readings, i.e., a substantially reduced sensor equilibration period, including substantially no equilibration period. In this regard, in those embodiments in which an initial post-positioning calibration is required, such may be performed substantially immediately after sensor positioning. For example, in certain embodiments a calibration protocol may include a first post-positioning calibration at less than about 10 hours after a sensor has been operably positioned, e.g., at less than about 5 hours, e.g., at less than about 3 hours, e.g., at less than about 1 hour, e.g., at less than about 0.5 hours. One or more additional calibrations may not be required, or may be performed at suitable times thereafter. The on-skin sensor control unit 44 may include an optional data storage unit 102 which may be used to hold data (e.g., measurements from the sensor or processed data). In some embodiments of the invention, the analyte monitoring device 40 includes only an on-skin control unit 44 and a sensor 42. Referring back to FIG. 1, one or more receiver/display units 46, 48 may be provided with the analyte monitoring device 40 for easy access to the data generated by the sensor 42 and may, in some embodiments, process the signals from the on-skin sensor control unit 44 to determine the concentration or level of analyte in the subcutaneous tissue. As shown in FIG. 14, the receiver/display units 46, 48, typically include a receiver 150 to receive data from the on-skin sensor control unit 44, an analyzer 152 to evaluate the data, a display 154 to provide information to the patient, and an alarm system 156 to warn the patient when a condition arises. The receiver/display units 46, 48 may also optionally include a data storage device 158, a transmitter 160, and/or an input device 162. Data received by the receiver 150 is then sent to an analyzer 152. The output from the analyzer 152 is typically provided to a display 154. The receiver/display units 46, 48 may also include a number of optional items such as a data storage unit 158 to store data, a transmitter 160 which can be used to transmit data, an input device 162, such as a keypad or keyboard. The receiver/display units 46, 48 may be a compact handheld unit and also include a transceiver. In certain embodiments, the receiver/display unit 46, 48 is integrated with a calibration unit (not shown) and may include a conventional blood glucose meter. In certain embodiments, analyte data (processed or not) may be forwarded (such as by communication) to a remote location such as a doctor's office if desired, and received there for further use (such as further processing). The subject invention also includes antiglycolytic sensors used in sensor-based drug delivery systems. The system may provide a drug to counteract the high or low level of the analyte in response to the signals from one or more sensors. Alternatively, the system may monitor the drug concentration to ensure that the drug remains within a desired therapeutic range. The drug delivery system may include one or more (e.g., two or more) sensors, an on-skin sensor control unit, a receiver/display unit, a data storage and controller module, and a drug administration system. In some cases, the receiver/display unit, data storage and controller module, and drug administration system may be integrated in a single unit. The sensor-based drug delivery system uses data form the one or more sensors to provide necessary input for a control algorithm/mechanism in the data storage and controller module to adjust the administration of drugs. As an example, a glucose sensor could be used to control and adjust the administration of insulin. Finally, kits for use in practicing the subject invention are also provided. The subject kits may include an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof in any suitable form as described herein. For example, a kit may include one or more antiglycolytic sensors as described herein, and/or other structure that includes an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof. In certain embodiments, a kit may include an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof adapted for transdermal or parenteral administration. Embodiments may also include a sensor insertion device and/or transmitter and/or receiver. In addition to one or more sensors, the subject kits may also include written instructions for using a sensor. The instructions may be printed on a substrate, such as paper or plastic, etc. As such, the instructions may be present in the kits as a package insert, in the labeling of the container of the kit or components thereof (i.e., associated with the packaging or sub-packaging) etc. In other embodiments, the instructions are present as an electronic storage data file present on a suitable computer readable storage medium, e.g., CD-ROM, diskette, etc. In yet other embodiments, the actual instructions are not present in the kit, but means for obtaining the instructions from a remote source, e.g. via the Internet, are provided. An example of this embodiment is a kit that includes a web address where the instructions can be viewed and/or from which the instructions can be downloaded. As with the instructions, this means for obtaining the instructions is recorded on a suitable substrate. In many embodiments of the subject kits, the components of the kit are packaged in a kit containment element to make a single, easily handled unit, where the kit containment element, e.g., box or analogous structure, may or may not be an airtight container, e.g., to further preserve the one or more sensors and additional reagents (e.g., control solutions), if present, until use. The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g. amounts, temperature, etc.) but some experimental errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, molecular weight is weight average molecular weight, temperature is in degrees Centigrade, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. The following experiments demonstrate that blood glucose concentrations can be substantially lowered in the vicinity of blood clots and further that sensors that include antiglycolytic agents can delay and/or reduce the lowering so that such sensors do not exhibit the period of low reading observed with sensors that do not include an antiglycolytic agent. In this manner, it is demonstrated that clinically accurate analyte readings may be obtained from such sensors substantially immediately after inserting the sensor. FIGS. 15A, 15B, 15C and 15D show the experimental set-up for measuring glucose levels using platelet-rich plasma, heparinized whole blood, and non heparinized whole blood, respectively. Glucose sensors are inserted into small silicon tubes containing the appropriate biological fluid. The tubes are maintained at about 37 degrees Celsius, and the glucose sensor is monitored. FIG. 15D shows the formation of a blood clot around the sensor. As shown in FIG. 15E, the platelet-rich plasma shows a nearly constant glucose response, consistent with the lack of glucose-consuming red cells. The heparinized (non clotted) blood shows depletion over about a 15 hour period, consistent with rates of glycolysis in anticoagulant-containing blood. The clotted blood shows a much more rapid depletion (within about 1.5-2 hours), consistent with localized depletion by the highly concentrated red cells in the clot surrounding the sensor. In the case of the clot, simple obstruction of the sensor surface by an impermeable clot is ruled out as a source of glucose depletion because the depletion rate (as a percentage of total current) varies with glucose concentration. High glucose samples take longer to deplete than lower glucose samples. This is consistent with active consumption of glucose by the surrounding clot. FIG. 16 shows that even modest amounts of an antiglycolytic agent, included into a glucose sensor, can greatly retard, if not minimize, glucose consumption by a blood clot which surrounds the sensor. Antiglycolytic sensors were prepared by modification of control sensors (FreeStyle Navigator™) as follows. A coating solution was prepared from 250 mg/mL of a racemic mixture of L-glyceraldehyde and D-glyceraldehyde, and 150 mg/mL in polymer PC-1306 (Biocompatibles, PLC), the former suspended and the latter dissolved in ethanol. The resulting antiglycolytic sensors had approximately 138 micrograms of the racemic mixture of D- and L-glyceraldehydes incorporated as a thin, outer coating. Both these sensors and control sensors (no antiglycolytic agents added) were then inserted into blood clots, and the current response was followed over time. As the graph of FIG. 16 shows, the control sensors show the previously-observed about 2 hour glucose depletion period. The depletion is much delayed (up to about 12 hours) in the glyceraldehydes-containing sensors. This demonstrates that the glyceraldehydes are being incorporated into the red cells adjacent to the sensor, and are reducing glucose consumption by the adjacent red blood cells. A further example of the use of an antiglycolytic sensor is provided by its use in an in-vivo environment. In this example, a control sensor (FreeStyle Navigator™) is inserted in the arm of a non-diabetic subject, adjacent to a similar sensor, which has been modified by the addition of an antiglycolytic agent, L-glyceraldehyde. A coating solution was made 200 mg/mL in L-glyceraldehyde, and 150 mg/mL in polymer PC-1306 (Biocompatibles, PLC), both dissolved in ethanol. The Navigator sensor was then modified by dipping twice into this coating solution, yielding an overcoat containing about 55 micrograms of L-glyceraldehyde. FIG. 17 shows the performance of these two sensors, implanted side by side in the arm of a non-diabetic subject. Note that the control sensor shows a large negative deviation (to values well below 60 mg/dL) in signal during the night, while the antiglycolytic-modified sensor does not. Glucose readings below 60 mg/dL are not anticipated in non-diabetic subjects, and are therefore considered to be anomalous, reflecting either (a) sensor malfunctions, or more likely (b) local inhomogeneities of glucose concentration (in the vicinity of a wound, for example) wherein the glucose concentration deviates substantially from the systemic value. Such deviations are observed with some regularity in control sensors, but are not observed in sensors modified with L-glyceraldehyde. It is evident from the above results and discussion that the above-described invention provides devices and methods for continuous analyte monitoring. The above-described invention provides a number of advantages some of which are described above and which include, but are not limited to, the ability to provide clinically accurate analyte data without a substantial time delay after operably positioning the sensor in a patient or frequent calibrations. As such, the subject invention represents a significant contribution to the art. 1. An analyte sensor comprising an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof. 2. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the antiglycolytic agent is fluoride, glyceraldehydes, mannose, glucosamine, mannoheptulose, sorbose-6-phophate, trehalose-6-phosphate, or combinations thereof. 3. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the antiglycolytic agent is glyceraldehyde and the glyceraldehyde is present in an amount that ranges from about 1 microgram to about 1 milligram. 4. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises a membrane. 5. The sensor of claim 4, wherein the membrane comprises the antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof. 6. The sensor of claim 4, wherein the antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof is coated on a surface of the membrane. 7. The sensor of claim 4, wherein the antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof is incorporated into the membrane. 8. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof comprises a time-release formulation. 9. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises an antiglycolytic agent precursor and the precursor is an enzyme. 10. The sensor of claim 9, wherein the enzyme is trehalose-6-phosphate synthase. 11. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the analyte sensor is a glucose sensor. a glucose sensor capable of providing accurate analyte levels substantially immediately following positioning in a patient. 13. The device of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises an antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof. 14. The device of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises a membrane and the membrane comprises the antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the sensor includes the antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof is independent of the sensor. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the antiglycolytic agent or precursor thereof is adapted for transdermal or parenteral administration. determining the concentration of an analyte with the sensor. BR0013609B1 (en) * 1999-08-26 2009-01-13 ophthalmic lens for detecting an analyte in an ocular fluid and analyte sensor system.
2019-04-20T17:10:48Z
https://patents.google.com/patent/US20070149875A1/en
2005-09-20 Assigned to THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY reassignment THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KIM, DANIEL H. Systems, devices and methods are provided for augmenting intervertebral discs. The systems include implantable annulus repair and augmentation devices as well as implantable prosthetic materials for replacing a portion of or augmenting the annulus and/or the nucleus pulposus. The systems further include instruments for implanting the subject devices and materials in a minimally invasive manner. The methods are directed to the minimally invasive implantation of one or more of the subject annulus repair devices and the prosthetic materials concurrently. The present invention is directed towards the minimally invasive repair of intervertebral discs. The spinal column is formed from a number of bony vertebral bodies separated by intervertebral discs which primarily serve as a mechanical cushion between the vertebral bones, permitting controlled motions (flexion, extension, lateral bending and axial rotation) within vertebral segments. The normal, natural intervertebral disc is comprised of three components: the nucleus pulposus (“nucleus”), the annulus fibrosis (“annulus”), and two opposing vertebral end plates. The two vertebral end plates are each composed of thin cartilage overlying a thin layer of hard, cortical bone which attaches to the spongy, richly vascular, cancellous bone of the vertebral body. The nucleus is constituted of a gel-like substance having a high (about 80-85%) water content, with the remainder made up mostly of proteoglycan, type II collagen fibers and elastin fibers. The proteoglycan functions to trap and hold the water, which is what gives the nucleus its strength and resiliency. The annulus is an outer fibrous ring of collagen fibers that surrounds the nucleus and binds together adjacent vertebrae. The fibers of the annulus consist of 15 to 25 overlapping collagen sheets, called lamellae, which are held together by proteoglycans. The collagen fibers that form each lamellae run parallel at about a 65° angle to the sagittal plane; however, the fibers of adjacent lamellae run in opposite directions from each other. As such, half of the angulated fibers will tighten when the vertebrae rotate in either direction. This configuration greatly increases the shear strength of the annulus helping it to resist torsional motion. The annulus has a height of about 10 to 15 mm and a thickness of about 15 to 20 millimeters, occupying about ⅔ of the intervertebral space. With aging and continued stressing, the nucleus becomes dehydrated and/or one or more rents or fissures may form in the annulus of the disc. Such fissures may progress to larger tears which allow the gelatinous material of the nucleus to migrate into the outer aspects of the annulus which may cause a localized bulge or herniation. In the event of annulus rupture, the nuclear material may escape, causing chemical irritation and inflammation of the nerve roots. Posterior protrusions of intervertebral discs are particularly problematic since the nerve roots are posteriorly positioned relative to the intervertebral discs. Impingement or irritation of the nerve roots not only results in pain in the region of the back adjacent the disc, but may also cause radicular pain such as sciatica. Nerve compression and inflammation may also lead to numbness, weakness, and in late stages, paralysis and muscle atrophy, and/or bladder and bowel incontinence. The most common treatment for a disc protrusion or herniation is discectomy. This procedure involves removal of the protruding portion of the nucleus and, most often, the annular defect does not get repaired. Typically, removal of the nucleus material is accomplished through the herniation site or a weakened portion of the annulus. Discectomy procedures have an inherent risk since the portion of the disc to be removed is immediately adjacent the nerve root and any damage to the nerve root is clearly undesirable. Further, the long-term success of discectomy procedures is not always certain due to the loss of nucleus polposus which can lead to a loss in disc height. Loss of disc height increases loading on the facet joints which can result in deterioration of the joint and lead to osteoarthritis and ultimately to foraminal stenosis, pinching the nerve root. Loss of disc height also increases the load on the annulus as well. As the annulus fibrosis has been shown to have limited healing capacity subsequent to discectomy. A compromised annulus may lead to accelerated disc degeneration which may require spinal interbody fusion or total disc replacement. If disc degeneration has not yet resulted in excessive herniation or rupture of the annulus, it may be desirable to perform a nucleus replacement procedure in which the degenerated nucleus is supplemented or augmented with a prosthesis while leaving the annulus intact. Advances have been made in materials for prosthetic nuclear implants which are relatively small and flexible (e.g., hydrogels), and are able to provide added height to the disc while simulating the natural disc physiology and motion. However, in order to implant a prosthesis within the nucleus cavity, an appropriately sized passageway through the annulus (i.e., an annulotomy) must be created. As with naturally-occurring defects in the annulus, the resulting surgical annulus defect may lead to post-implant complications. Currently accepted suturing techniques are of minimal value in light of the forces normally exerted on the annulus, including an inability to adequately resist explant of the nuclear implant. Various annular defect repair techniques have been developed to occlude an aperture, whether surgically or naturally formed, within the annulus, which attempt to address the shortcomings of suturing. Many of these techniques include the implantation of devices, such as patches, membranes, stents and the like, to form a barrier across the annulus aperture in order to seal or occlude the aperture and/or to prevent explant of native or prosthetic nuclear material. While an improvement over conventional suturing, these annulus implants and repair techniques are limited in their ability to provide the extent of circumferential and radial competency to the annulus for long-term success. Additionally, where the disc repair procedure also involves the implantation of both annulus and nucleus augmentation devices, the implants and the steps necessary to implant both may counter-indicate each other. Accordingly, it would be highly advantageous to be able to repair a degenerating or ruptured disc in a manner which obviates the inherent risks of discectomy procedures, and which augments the nucleus and/or annulus in a way that reduces the risk of re-herniation of the disc subsequent to repair. Additionally, it would be highly beneficial to provide a technique which allows disc repair in a minimally invasive requiring minimal steps and instrumentation to perform both annuloplasty and/or nucleus replacement procedures concurrently in a synergistic manner. The present invention provides systems for repairing the intervertebral disc. The systems include implantable disc augmentation devices as well as implantable prosthetic materials for filling a void within the disc. The subject augmentation devices optionally provide a scaffolding which augments the disc and which also enables passage of the prosthetic material from a location outside the disc to within the void space, where the void occupies at least a portion of the annulus and/or the nucleus. The systems further include instruments for implanting the subject devices and prosthetic materials in a minimally invasive manner. The invention further includes methods directed to the minimally invasive repair of intervertebral discs where the methods may include one or more of the following procedures: implantation of one or more of the subject augmentation devices and implantation of prosthetic material within the annulus and/or nucleus. The inventive systems and methods are particularly useful in treating herniated or ruptured discs requiring both nuclear and annular augmentation or repair. FIGS. 3A and 3B show perspective and side views, respectively, of an embodiment of a disc augmentation device of the present invention having anchors in an undeployed state. FIGS. 3C and 3D show perspective and side views, respectively, of the disc augmentation device of FIGS. 3A and 3B having anchors in a deployed state. FIGS. 4A-4G illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIGS. 3A-3D and for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of the present invention. FIGS. 5A and 5B show planar and perspective views, respectively, of another disc augmentation device of the present invention. FIGS. 6A-6E illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIGS. 5A and 5B and for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of present invention. FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate perspective and side views, respectively, of one side of another disc augmentation device of the present invention. FIG. 8 is a perspective view of one side of another disc augmentation device of the present invention. FIGS. 9A-9F illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIGS. 7A and 7B and for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of present invention. FIGS. 10A-10C illustrate another disc augmentation device of the present invention. FIGS. 11A-11E illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIGS. 10A10C and for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of present invention. FIGS. 12A-12C illustrate perspective and top views of another disc augmentation device of the present invention in which a plurality of the devices of FIGS. 3A-3D are assembled into an integrated unit. FIGS. 13A-13D illustrate various states of deployment of the integrated device of FIGS. 12A-12C. FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate another disc augmentation implant of the present invention. FIGS. 15A and 15B illustrate an instrument for delivering and implanting the implant of FIGS. 14A and 14B. FIGS. 16A-16F illustrate various states of deployment of the device of FIGS. 14A and 14B. FIG. 17 illustrates another disc augmentation device of the present invention which is usable with a plurality of such devices. FIG. 18 illustrates an instrument for delivering and implanting the device of FIG. 17. FIGS. 19A-19F illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIG. 17 utilizing the instrument of FIG. 18 and for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of present invention. FIGS. 20A and 20B illustrate another disc augmentation device of the present invention provided in an assembled plurality and operatively loaded within the distal end of a delivery device of the present invention. FIGS. 21A-21H illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation devices of FIGS. 20A and 20B and for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of the present invention. FIGS. 22A and 22B illustrate the assembled plurality of devices of FIGS. 20A and 20B operatively loaded in the delivery device but configured and positioned for implantation of its ends within adjacent intervertebral endplates. FIG. 23 illustrates another augmentation device including assembly of pin members. FIG. 24 is a perspective view of the distal end of a delivery tool usable to deliver and implant the device of FIG. 23. FIGS. 25A and 25B illustrate the device of FIG. 23 operatively loaded in the distal end of the delivery tool of FIG. 24. FIGS. 26A-26F illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIG. 23 utilizing the delivery tool of FIG. 24 and for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of the present invention. FIG. 27 illustrates an augmentation device similar to the device of FIG. 10A for implantation within a disc by way of a transverse approach to the annulus. FIGS. 28A-28G illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIG. 27 and for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of the present invention. FIG. 29 illustrates a suture-based system of the present invention for augmenting an intervertebral disc. FIGS. 30A-30D illustrate various steps for augmenting a disc using the system of FIG. 29 for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of the present invention. FIG. 31A illustrates another augmentation device of the present invention. FIG. 31B illustrates a pair of the augmentation device of FIG. 31A operatively implanted within an intervertebral disc. FIG. 32A illustrates another augmentation device of the present invention. FIG. 32B illustrates a pair of the augmentation devices of FIG. 31A operatively implanted within an intervertebral disc. FIG. 33 a clamp-type disc augmentation device of the present invention. FIG. 34 a distal portion of a delivery tool for implanting the device of FIG. 33. FIGS. 35A-35H illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIG. 33 utilizing the delivery tool of FIG. 34 and for implanting a prosthetic material according to the methods of the present invention. FIGS. 36A and 36B illustrate alternate clamp designs for disc augmentation devices of the present invention. FIG. 37 illustrates another clamp-type disc augmentation device employing the clamp design of FIG. 36B. FIGS. 38A-38F illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIG. 37 and for implanting a prosthetic material according to the methods of the present invention. FIG. 39A-39C show perspective and top views of a clip-type embodiment of an augmentation device of the present invention. FIGS. 40A-40D illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIGS. 39A-39C and for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of the present invention. FIG. 41 illustrates another clamp embodiment of an augmentation device of the present invention. FIGS. 42A-42F illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIG. 41 and for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of the present invention. FIG. 43A illustrates another augmentation device of the present invention. FIG. 43B illustrates the augmentation device of FIG. 43A operatively implanted within an intervertebral disc. FIG. 44A illustrates another augmentation device of the present invention. FIG. 44B illustrates the augmentation device of FIG. 44A operatively implanted within an intervertebral disc. FIGS. 45A and 45B illustrate another clamp type augmentation device of the present invention in undeployed and deployed states, respectively. FIGS. 46A-46F illustrate various steps for implanting the disc augmentation device of FIGS. 45A and 45B and for implanting a prosthetic material according to methods of the present invention. FIGS. 47A-47D illustrate another clamp type augmentation device of the present invention. FIG. 48 illustrates yet another clamp type augmentation device of the present invention. FIGS. 49A-49C illustrate several cylindrical clip type augmentation devices of the present invention. FIGS. 50A and 50B illustrate perspective and end views, respectively, of another cylindrical clip type augmentation device of the present invention. FIGS. 51A and 51B illustrate operative deformation of the device of FIGS. 50A and 50B upon implantation. FIGS. 52A-52G illustrate various steps for implanting another cylindrical type disc augmentation device of the present invention. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. For example, in this description and the following claims, the terms “anterior”, “posterior”, “superior” and “inferior” are defined by their standard usage in anatomy, i.e., anterior is a direction toward the front (ventral) side of the body or spinal motion segment; posterior is a direction toward the back (dorsal) side of the body or functional spin unit; superior is upward toward the head; and inferior is lower or toward the feet. Referring now to FIGS. 1A and 1B, the general anatomy of a spinal motion segment 10 is illustrated. Axis 2 shows the anterior (A) and posterior (P) orientation of the spinal motion segment within the anatomy. A spinal motion segment includes the bony structures of two adjacent vertebrae (superior vertebral body 12 and inferior vertebral body 14), the intervertebral disc 16 (including the annulus fibrosis 18, the nucleus pulposus 20, and endplates 22, 24 of the vertebrae), and the ligaments, musculature and connective tissue (not shown) connected to the vertebrae. Intervertebral disc 16 substantially fills the space between the two vertebral bodies to support and cushion them, and permits movement of the two vertebral bodies with respect to each other and other adjacent spinal motion segments. Extending posteriorly from each of vertebral bodies 12 and 14 are left and right transverse spinous processes 30, 32 and a posterior spinous process 34, 34′. The vertebral bodies also include facet joints 36 and pedicles 38, 38′ that form the neural foramen 40. As discussed above, progressive degeneration of the disc results in disc height loss where the superior vertebral body 12 moves inferiorly relative to the inferior vertebral body 14. Ultimately, this may result in herniation of the disc, as illustrated by herniated segment 26, shown in FIG. 2A, which protrudes beyond the posterior border of annulus 18. FIG. 2B illustrates the disc defect or void 28 created by a discectomy procedure in which the herniated portion of annulus 18 and nucleus 20 have been removed. Such a discectomy procedure may be performed, but is not required to be performed, prior to use of the devices and practice of the methods of the present invention. The present invention is directed to augmenting the intervertebral disc, including the annulus and/or the nucleus, for treating or preventing degeneration and/or herniation of the intervertebral disc. This is accomplished by implantation of one or more augmentation devices within the disc, and most typically within the annulus, i.e., within an intra-annular space (i.e., between two adjacent lamellae or an inter-lamellar space), or within a sub-annular space (i.e., between the innermost lamella and the outer aspect of the nucleus), or within a void in the annulus but not necessarily within the annulus itself. If a significant enough defect, e.g., a void, exists within the disc, either in the nucleus, the annulus or both, one or more prosthetic materials may be additionally implanted within the void within at least a portion of the annulus and/or the nucleus of the affected disc. Certain of the augmentation devices are configured to be wholly implantable within a void within the annulus or within an intra-annular space where no portion of the device extends beyond the inner and outer aspects or borders of the annulus. Other embodiments are configured to be partially implantable within an intra-annular space while another portion of the device is positioned within the nucleus, outside than annulus and or within the intervertebral body upon implantation. More particularly, the augmentation devices may be configured to have a portion thereof or one or more components, struts or members which penetrate into an intra-annular space. Still yet, other configurations do not penetrate into any portion of the annulus or nucleus but rather into one or more of the intervertebral bodies between which the disc is situated. The present invention provides various approaches to implantation of the subject augmentation devices. In one approach, at least a portion of an augmentation device is delivered to within the annulus in a direction substantially parallel to or tangential with a plane defined by the radius of curvature of the annulus (referred to at times herein as a “inline” or “parallel” approach). For example, a component of the device is aligned substantially parallel with the orientation of the lamellar layers. In another approach, at least a portion of an augmentation device is delivered in a direction substantially transverse to a plane defined by the radius of curvature of the annulus (referred to at times herein as a “transverse” or “perpendicular” approach). For device embodiments configured for penetration into an intervertebral body, one or more portions or components of the implant may be implanted at any angle relative to the annulus or lamellar planes, including at right angles to the vertebral endplates. The augmentation devices may have an unexpanded or undeployed state to enable its minimally invasive delivery through a delivery tool, such as catheter or cannula, to the intra-annular or sub-annular implant site. Upon proper positioning of the implantable device at the implant site, the device is expanded or deployed. The transition from an undeployed state to a deployed state may require an active step such as mechanical actuation. Alternatively, the device may be configured to be self-expanding or self-deploying whereby, upon release from the delivery tool, the device achieves its expanded or deployed configuration within the disc. As such, the devices are preferably made of an elastic or superelastic material, e.g., nickel titanium alloy (Nitinol), or a semi-rigid polymer. The annular augmentation devices preferably have a configuration with a length and height sufficient to bridge across void 28. Typically, the length of a subject annular augmentation device is in the range from about 3 mm to about 30 mm, and most typically from about 5 mm to about 15 mm. Typically, the height of a subject annular augmentation device is in the range from about 2 mm to about 28 mm. Another feature of the subject disc augmentation devices is that they have configurations which allow for the delivery and implantation of a prosthetic material to within either or both the annulus and nucleus subsequent to implantation of the augmentation device(s) (although the devices and materials may be implanted in any order). For example, the disc implants may provide a scaffolding for promoting tissue in growth and/or allowing passage of the prosthetic implant material to within the nucleus as well as to within voids within the annulus not yet occupied by the disc device implant. The scaffolding may take the form of a frame having a planar configuration having apertures or which may be partially or wholly porous, or may be configured as a mesh, webbing, fabric or an arrangement of struts. Implanting the prosthetic material after a disc augmentation device helps to retain the material within the disc prior to and during solidification or curing of the material. Without such a retaining structure, the prosthetic material may seep or leak out of the disc prior to implantation of the disc augmentation devices. It is preferred that the implant materials exhibit mechanical properties, swelling pressures and/or diffusion capabilities similar to the natural tissue site, i.e., annulus or nucleus, into which they are implanted. As such, more than one prosthetic material or varying compositions of the same type of material may be implanted where a first material is used to fill a void in the nucleus and a second material is used to fill a void or voids within the annulus. The different materials may be selected to more closely mimic the physical characteristics of the host tissue, e.g., the prosthetic material implanted in the annulus may be more fibrous and resilient than that which is implanted in the nucleus. Alternatively, a single type of implant material may be used where the void in the nucleus and in the annulus are filled by a single injection application, where upon filling the nucleus, the material is caused to back fill into the annulus. The curing process may be modified such that the portion of the material within the nucleus is caused to harden or solidified to a less degree than that the portion of the material within the annulus. This may occur without much intervention as the amount of UV radiation reaching the nucleus will be less than the amount reaching the annulus as the annulus serves to buffer the nucleus. The same may be the case when diffusing a curing chemical into the implanted material. Alternatively, the implantation and curing may take place in a two phase process where the annulus is not filled and cured until after the nucleus has been filled and separately cured. The prosthetic materials of the present invention may be initially in the form of a solid or fluid. The solids may take the form of beads, particles or a powder so as to be easily deliverable through or within the implanted disc device(s). The fluids may be in the form of a gel, liquid or other flowable material. In any of these forms, the material is selectively delivered in an amount to increase the disc volume, pressure and/or height. Subsequent to delivery within the disc void(s), the prosthetic material(s) may remain in the same form or take another form either by curing by the application of heat or UV light, by absorption of surrounding fluids, i.e., where the prosthesis material is hydrophilic, or by the application of another substance or chemical which reacts with the material in a way that changes its form. Any suitable prosthetic materials may be used with the present invention. Examples of suitable materials include but are not limited to biocompatible materials such as hydrophilic polymers, hydrogels, homopolymer hydrogels, copolymer hydrogels, multi-polymer hydrogels, or interpenetrating hydrogels. The materials may also include biologic material which are autologous, allograft, zenograft, or bioengineered. Examples of such biologic materials include but are not limited morselized or block bone, hydroxy apetite, collagen or cross-linked collagen, muscle tissue, fat, cellulose, keratin, cartilage, protein polymers, etc. which may be transplanted or bioengineered materials. The disc implant material(s) and/or disc implant device(s) may be impregnated, coated or otherwise delivered with one or more therapeutic agents, including but not limited to, drugs (e.g., analgesics, antibiotics, steroids, etc.), growth factors, extracellular matrices (ECMs), etc. which may be dispersed in a regulated or time-released fashion. Various exemplary embodiments of the disc augmentation systems and disc repair methods of the present invention are now described in greater detail, however, such description is not intended to be limiting but exemplary of the present invention. Any combination of features, materials, functions and physical characteristics described above may be applied to each of the devices and/or materials of the present invention. FIGS. 3A-3D illustrate one embodiment of a disc augmentation device 40 of the present invention. Device 40 has a thin planar structure 42 which is designed to be implantable within an intra-annular space, e.g., inter-lamellarly (between two adjacent lamellae), to bridge a disc defect or void 28. Typically, more than one and as many as eight or more structures 42 are used collectively in a stacked arrangement, where at least one lamella lies between adjacently implanted structures. Depending on the length of the device, it may be straight (shorter device segments) or have a radius of curvature along its length (longer device segments) which matches that of the intra-annular circumference. Each structure 42 has a central portion 45 flanked by end portions 48 where central portion 45, when implanted, is positioned within disc defect 28 and end portions extend substantially laterally of disc defect 28. Central portion 45 has a mesh configuration or includes a plurality of openings or apertures 46 which extend through the thickness of structure 42 to allow for passage of an implant material as mentioned above. Each end portion 48 has one or more laterally extendable anchors 44. Anchors 44 may be formed by cut outs within structure 42 which remain connected to body 42 so as to be hinged at a distal end and flarable or biased from body 42 at a proximal end, as illustrated in FIGS. 3C and 3D, to function as barbs once operatively positioned within the annulus. As with the entirety of structure 42, anchors 44 may be fabricated from a super elastic memory material which is activated by body temperature to achieve a flared condition subsequent to implantation. The anchor cut-out and aperture patterns of device 40 may be formed by electro-discharge machining (EDM), laser cutting, injection molding, photo-chemical etching (PCE), a casting process or by other suitable means from a relatively thin sheet of material, e.g., having a sheet thickness from about 0.1 mm to about 4 mm. As illustrated in FIG. 4B, device 40 is bendable or foldable at central section 45 about an axis transverse to the length of device 40 to reduce its profile for purposes of delivery through a cannula or catheter. Various steps of a method of implanting a plurality of devices 40 are illustrated in FIGS. 4A-4G. A delivery tool 50 is provided having an outer sheath 52, which may be a cannula or catheter or the like. Housed within sheath 52 is a plurality of devices 40 (not shown) which may be provided in a stacked or sequential arrangement, such as within a pre-loaded cartridge, which is loaded into delivery sheath 52. While sheath 52 is illustrated having a square or rectangular cross-section so as to best accommodate the structure of device 40, the sheath may have any suitable cross-sectional shape to accommodate the disc implants. After surgical access is made, the distal end 56 of delivery tool 50 is positioned within or at the outer aspect of disc void 28. As illustrated in FIG. 4A, rails or guide members 54 are distally extended into disc void 28 to the most distal or internal lamellar layer, e.g., between lamellae 18 a and 18 b, into which a device 40 is to be implanted. Guide members 54 have outwardly projecting feet 58 which are configured to be inserted between the cut edges of adjacent lamellae and provide exit ramps to direct the ends of a device 40 to within an intra-lamellar space. A plunger or pusher (not shown) may be slidably engaged within sheath 52 or some other actuator mechanism may be employed to distally advance a device 40 in a folded or unexpanded configuration along guide members 54, as illustrated in FIG. 4B. The ends of device 40 are directed outwardly by feet 58 and guided between lamellar ends 18 a′, 18 b′ and 18 a″, 18 b″, respectively, as shown in FIG. 4C. Upon achieving the necessary temperature, anchors 44 expand outwardly to their flared condition, securing device 40 within the intra-lamellar space. The process is repeated as necessary for the selected number of implants 40, with each successive implant is inserted in an inter-lamellar layer that is more proximal (towards the outer circumference of the annulus) than the one before. As shown in the perspective views of FIGS. 4D and 4E, apertures 46 within each of the implanted plurality of devices 40 provide fluid communication between the devices and into disc void 28. This provides a pathway from outside the annulus 18 into disc void 28 for delivery of the prosthetic implant material, as described above. In one embodiment, an injector device 60, as illustrated in FIG. 4F, having a syringe 62 containing an amount of the prosthetic material is coupled to a tube 64 which is sized to fit through the minimally invasive access site. The distal end of the tube is positioned either at the outermost disc implant 40, or if small enough, may be inserted through apertures 46 within one or more of the implants. After tube 64 is properly positioned, plunger 66 may be advanced to extrude a sufficient amount of the prosthetic material 68 to fill the portion of disc void 28 within nucleus 20 as well as within the intra-annular spaces partitioned by the disc devices 40. Upon filling the entirety of the void 28, or intermittently throughout the injection process, the injected material 68 may be allowed to cure or be actively cured, if such is necessary, as described generally above, to provide a plug or the like that extends from the nucleus 20 to the outer aspect of the annulus 18. FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate another embodiment of an disc augmentation device 70 of the present invention which is similar to device 40 of FIGS. 3 and 4 in that it has a thin planar configuration, but instead of providing apertures, device 70 is made of a mesh material. With such a configuration, a prosthetic material may be impregnated within or coated on device 70, i.e., the smaller and more abundant apertures may be sized to hold solid particles 72 of prosthetic material or another composition or agent as listed above. As with device 40, device 70 is made of a material (e.g., Nitinol) which is flexible or deformable, allowing it to be foldable or bendable about a central portion to form a U-shaped structure which can be delivered in a minimally invasive manner. The U-shape allows a plurality of devices 70 to be provided in a stacked arrangement, such as in a cartridge 80, which can be pre-loaded into the barrel or sheath 76 of a delivery device 74, as illustrated in FIG. 6A. Delivery device 74 is configured to enable semi-automatic delivery and deployment of the plurality of devices 70 by means of an actuator or trigger mechanism 78. Distal end 82 of delivery device 74 may have a radially expandable portion to provide a stable support against the outer aspect of the annulus and to ensure alignment with defect 28. In use, after insertion of barrel 76 into the access site and abutment of the distal end 82 against the annulus at the defect site 28, guide members 84 are distally extended from distal end 82 within void 28 to the most distal intra-lamellar layer into which a device 70 is to be implanted. Guide members 84 have outwardly extending feet 86 which may have a bladed configuration to facilitate separation of cut ends 18 a, 18 b and 18 a′, 18 b′ of the lamellar layers for insertion of a device 70. A first device 70 is advanced through sheath 76 and guided by guide members 84 to the target intra-lamellar layer. Because the ends of device 70 are biased outwards, as they pass feet 86, they urge themselves to within the intra-lamellar space. Feet 86 of guide members 84 are then withdrawn from the intra-lamellar layer and retracted proximally to the next intra-lamellar layer into which a device 70 is to be implanted, as illustrated in FIG. 6B. The process is repeated until a desired number of devices 70 are implanted within the annulus (see FIG. 6C). Next, void 28 is filled with a prosthetic material, which may be delivered through delivery device 74 or by means of another instrument. As illustrated in FIG. 6D, solid particles or a powder 90 of a prosthetic material is delivered into at least the portion of void 28 within nucleus 20. As mentioned above, the same prosthetic material may be used to fill both the nucleus and the annulus or different materials may be used to fill each. In either case, the curing process may involve curing all of the implanted material(s) at the same time or curing the material within the nucleus first followed by filling and curing the material within the annulus. Here, an amount of material 90 sufficient to fill only the nucleus portion of void 28 is delivered and then cured by exposure to UV radiation, as illustrated in FIG. 6E, or other curing methods. The portion of void 28 within in annulus 18 may now be filled with the same or a different material and cured, or otherwise left alone to be filled in by the natural healing process. FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate another implantable device 100 for augmenting the disc. Device 100 includes a planar structure 102 configured for insertion within an intra-lamellar space. A plurality of flexible wire barbs 14 extend from structure 102 in an angled fashion towards the proximal end 108 of structure 102, and a plurality of sutures or wires extend from proximal end 108. FIG. 8 illustrates a device 110 which is a variation of the device 100 having a plurality of planar anchors 114 in place of barbs 104. As illustrated in FIG. 9A, each of these devices is implanted within an intra-lamellar plane on a side of an annular defect. Upon entry into the lamellar plane, barbs 104 (or anchors 114) are compressed against structure 102 (or structure 112) facilitating easy insertion within between the adjacent lamellae. After insertion of the device, barbs 104 will expand outwardly and resist backward movement of structure 102. The process may repeated to implanted any desired number of implants within annulus 18. For each device 100 implanted within one side of an annular defect, a second device 100 is implanted within the lamellar layer directly opposing the first implanted device 100 as illustrated in FIG. 9C. As such, two oppositely implanted devices 100 function in tandem as a pair to close at least a portion of the annular defect. When all of the devices 100 have been inserted, all of the trailing proximal sutures 106 are collectively synched to pull together opposing sides of annulus 18 and tied together with a knot tie 105 or similar means as illustrated in FIG. 9D. The collectively tied sutures 106 form a sort of webbing that allows for the passage of one or more implantable materials 120, either in liquid or solid form, to within defect 28, in both the nucleus and annulus, as illustrated in FIG. 9E. The implanted material 120 is then cured in one or more of the manners described above, as illustrated in FIG. 9F. FIG. 10A illustrates another component 130 of a disc augmentation device to be used in a pair. Component 130 includes a planar endplate or block 132 which has dimensions which has a cross-sectional area and shape which substantially matches the cross-sectional area and shape of a disc annulus into which it is to be implanted. Extending from a distal end of end plate 132 is a plurality of anchors 134 preferably arranged in columns (and rows) and having barbs 138. As with the device described above, barbs 138 have a compressed configuration prior to insertion of anchors 134 into an annulus (see FIG. 10B) and expand upon insertion into the annulus (see FIG. 10C). Extending from a proximal end of endplate 132 are sutures or wires 136. As illustrated in FIG. 11A, device 130 is implanted within an annulus 18 by way of penetrating or inserting anchors 134 parallel to the lamellar planes or layers, preferably such that each of anchors 134 is positioned within an intra-lamellar space. As such, the distal surface of endplate 132 contacts the cut or free end of annulus or free ends of the lamellae and is positioned transversely thereto. The insertion process is repeated with a second device 130 which is positioned within the opposing free end of annulus 18, as illustrated in FIG. 11B. Unlike the previously described embodiments, a single integrated component is implanted within each free end of annulus 18. Suture ends 136 are then synched together and secured to each other with tie or knot 138, as illustrated in FIG. 11C. A delivery tube 142 is then employed to deliver prosthetic material 140 over the scaffolding formed by the knotted sutures, as illustrated in FIG. 11D, where an amount of material is injected sufficient to fill defect 28 within nucleus 20 and annulus 18. Curing instrument 144 is then employed to cure prosthetic material 140, as illustrated in FIG. 11E. FIGS. 12A-12C illustrate another annular augmentation device 150 which is an integrated assembly of inter-lamellar components 152 which are similar to the implants 46 of FIGS. 3A-3D. Each component 152 has a planar structure sized and shaped to be positioned within an inter-lamellar space. Components 152 are bendable or foldable about a central portion having apertures 155. The end portions have anchors 158 which are flarable after implant, as illustrated on FIG. 12C. The distal ends 156 of component 152 may be tapered or have a sharp blade edge to facilitate separation and penetration of structure between adjacent lamellae. Slotted brackets 154 are positioned about the central portions of structures 152 to hold and maintain them in a substantially parallel, spaced relationship. A transverse member 162 positioned parallely between brackets 154 also extends centrally through structures 152 and is held thereto by proximal and distal hubs 164 a, 164 b where proximal hub 164 a provides a slot for releasably receiving the distal end of an insertion tool 160, as illustrated in FIGS. 13A-13C. FIGS. 13A-13D illustrate device 150 in various states of deployment where manipulation of insertion tool 160 selectively adjusts the profile of device 150. FIGS. 13A and 13A′ illustrate device 150 in its lowest profile state in which the distal portion of structures 152 (i.e., the distal two structures) is folded distally and the proximal portion of structures 152 (i.e., the proximal two structures) is folded proximally to the maximum extent where only the tips 156 of the structures extend from the slots of brackets 154. In this configuration, device 150 is most easily positioned within a void within the annulus with or without the assistance of a delivery sheath or tube (not shown). After insertion into the annulus, insertion tool 160 is manipulated to compress the folded central portions toward each other and thereby cause the end portions of structures 152 extend radially outward, as illustrated in FIGS. 13B and 13B′. The compression structures 152 continues until they are fully straightened with their end portions fully embedded within the intra-annular spaces, as illustrated in FIGS. 13C and 13C′. At this point, insertion tool 160 is released from transverse member 162 which remains implanted with device 150, as illustrated in FIG. 13D. As with the other embodiments described above, a prosthetic material may then be delivered through implanted device 150 to within void 28 and cured. FIGS. 14A and 15B illustrate another variation of an implantable annular augmentation device 170. Here, device 170 is a standalone elongated anchor 172 having flarable barbs 174 (shown in undeployed and deployed conditions, respectively) at a distal or leading end and a suture, filament or wire 176 at a proximal or trailing end. A plurality of such devices 170, including at least one device for implantation on each side of an annular defect, either within an inter-lamellar space or within the nucleus or healthy portion of the annulus, is employed to provide a scaffolding structure which augments the annulus but may also serve to support implantable prosthetic materials. FIGS. 15A and 15B illustrate a delivery device 180 for the simultaneous delivery and deployment of a plurality of anchors 170 to within an annulus. Delivery device 180 includes a shaft portion 182 which houses a plurality of pre-loaded implantable devices 170. Delivery device 180 is configured to automatically fire a plurality of devices 170 laterally outward from opposing sides 188 of shaft 182, as illustrated in FIG. 15B. One or more anchors 170 are aligned with or channeled to exit ports 190 provided at the laterally facing surfaces 188 of distal end such that the anchors are caused to be deployed within intra-annular locations in an array fashion. Delivery device 180 may be sized and configured to deploy any number of anchors 170 simultaneously on one or both sides of shaft 182. For example, FIGS. 16A and 16B illustrate use of delivery device 180 where a plurality of anchors 172 is deployed into one side or cut end of annulus 18 at a time. After anchors 170 have been delivered into both ends of annulus 18, the trailing suture ends 176 are synched together, as illustrated in FIG. 16C, and securely tied by a knot or other clip means 192, as illustrated in FIG. 16D. Prosthetic material 198 is then injected by injection tube 194 through the webbing defined by knotted strings 176 to fill void 28 within nucleus 20 and annulus 18, as illustrated in FIG. 16E. The prosthetic material 198 is then cured by exposure to UV light by way of UV light emitter 196, as illustrated in FIG. 16F. FIG. 17 illustrates another variation of an implantable annular augmentation device 190. In essence, device 190 is an integration of two of the above-described devices 170 of FIGS. 14A and 14B. Device 190 includes two elongated anchors 192 a, 192 b having flarable barbs 194 (shown in an undeployed condition) and bridged together by a suture, filament or wire 196 at proximal ends of the anchors. The length of suture 196 is selected such that when opposing anchors 192 a, 192 b are embedded within tissue, the suture is at least somewhat taught and able to apply tension on the tissue. As such, when a device 190, but more frequently a plurality of such devices 190, is implanted within an inter-lamellar space or within the nucleus or healthy portion of the annulus, a scaffolding structure is established which augments the annulus but may also serve to support implantable prosthetic materials. FIG. 18 illustrates a device 200 for the automated delivery of one or more devices 190. Delivery device 200 has a shaft 202 having an articulating distal end 204 which is insertable into and moveable within a defect 28. Delivery device 200 may be further equipped with a scope that facilitates visualization of the target implantation area. A plurality of devices 190 is shown preloaded within a cartridge 206 which is engaged with device 200. By activation of a trigger mechanism 208, the preloaded devices 190 are individually transferred to shaft 202 and delivered to the implantation site where leading or first anchor 192 a is implanted in a first location within or adjacent to defect 28 (shown within the defect itself), as shown in FIG. 19A. The trailing or second anchor 192 b is then also deployed within or adjacent to defect 28 (shown within an anterior portion of the annulus) at a distance from the first anchor 192 a to create some tension between the two, as illustrated in FIGS. 19B and 19C. Any number of devices 190 may be implanted to create the necessary scaffolding structure within defect 28 and/or across a void within the annulus 18, as illustrated in FIG. 19D. After the scaffolding structure is complete, a prosthetic material 210 may be injected into void 28 through the scaffolding formed by devices 190 and subsequently cured, as illustrated in FIGS. 19E and 19F, respectively. FIGS. 20A and 20B provide perspective views of an disc augmentation assembly of doubled-ended pins or needles 220 loaded within the distal end 228 of a delivery tool 230 (see FIG. 21A). Pins 220 have barbed ends 222 and are preferably made of a superelastic material to allow them to be folded or flexed about a central portion 224 for loading into tool 230 and to provide a low profile, illustrated in FIG. 20A, during delivery of the loaded tool to the implant site. Delivery tool 230, shown in full in FIG. 21A, provides a narrow shaft 232 for further facilitating minimally invasive delivery through an access site to the disc to be treated. Upon delivery, distal end 228 with pins 220 in their low profile or folded state is positioned within the annulus defect 28. Upon optimizing the position of distal end 228, a trigger mechanism 236 on handle 234 of tool 230 is actuated, causing central portions 224 of pins 220 to be pushed or advanced distally until fully straightened, whereby pin ends 222 are caused to extrude from apertures 238 on the lateral sides of distal end 228 (see FIGS. 20B, 21C and 21D). When fully extended and deployed, the pins are released from the distal end of the delivery tool through slots (not shown) on the distally facing surface, and left behind to form a scaffolding which bridges at least a portion of the defect region 28, including at least a portion of a void within the annulus 18 and/or within the nucleus, as illustrated in FIGS. 21E and 21F. In a manner similar to that described above with respect to FIGS. 4F and 4G, an injector device 60 is then used to inject or extrude prosthetic material within void 28, as illustrated in FIG. 7C. In one embodiment, an injector device 60, as illustrated in FIG. 4F, having a syringe 62 containing an amount of the prosthetic material is coupled to a tube 64 which is sized to fit through the minimally invasive access site, as illustrated in FIG. 21G. The distal end of the tube 64 is positioned between pins 222, and plunger 66 is advanced to extrude a sufficient amount of the prosthetic material 238 to fill the portion of disc void 28 within nucleus 20 as well as within the spaces between pins 222. Upon filling the entirety of the void 28, or intermittently throughout the injection process, as shown in FIG. 21H, the injected material 68 may be allowed to cure or be actively cured, if such is necessary, as described generally above, to provide a plug or the like that extends from the nucleus 20 to the outer aspect of the annulus 18. FIGS. 22A and 22B illustrate another assembled plurality of pins 222 operatively loaded within distal end 228 of delivery tool 230, as discussed above, but alternately positioned within defect 28. Specifically, distal end 228 is rotationally oriented 90% from the operative deployment position discussed above (see FIG. 21B) where pin apertures 238 are facing opposing intervertebral endplates 22, 24 rather than the free ends of annulus 18. The pin delivery, deployment and release steps described above are similar here, but pins 222 are anchored within the intervertebral bodies thereby providing a scaffolding having vertically or transversely placed pins rather than horizontally placed pins. FIG. 23 provides another augmentation device 240 configured for anchoring into the intervertebral endplates. Device 240, shown in a fully expanded condition, includes an assembly of parallel spaced pins 244 extending between and through brackets 242. The ends of each pin 244 are capped with a barbed head 246 which is slidable distally along pin 244 to a maximally extended and locked position. Alternatively, pins 244 are made of a stretchable material with barbed caps 246 fixed to the ends thereof to allow extension of the device to span a defect within an annular space. FIG. 24 illustrates the distal end of a delivery tool 250 having opposing plates 252 which are movable in a pivoting or scissor fashion with respect to each other. A number of slots 254 extend through the distal tips of plates 252 for receiving the assembly of pins 240 of FIG. 23 in a transverse fashion, as illustrated in FIGS. 25A and 25B. In this loaded position, caps 246 are in their retracted position on pins 244 or, in the alternate embodiment, pins 244 are in their unstretched state. FIGS. 26A-26F illustrate various steps of implanting device 240 by means of delivery tool 250. Initially, tool 250 is delivered to the implant site within annulus 18 with plates 252 in their closed position so as to maintain device 240 in an unextended or undeployed state. Upon proper positioning at the implant site, plates 252 are opened and are caused to abut against caps 246. Continued opening of plates 252 drives barbed caps 246 into the endplates 22, 24 of the subject intervertebral disc space, as illustrated in FIG. 26C. Upon embedding the pin ends within the vertebrae, tool 250 is retracted proximally and device 240 is released from slots 254, as illustrated in FIG. 26D. Finally, as illustrated in FIGS. 26E and 26F, a prosthetic material 258 is delivered and cured as described above. While various “inline” approaches have been described for delivering and implanting various embodiments of disc augmentation devices (primarily with respect to those illustrated in FIGS. 3-22), as mentioned above, the present invention also provides devices which involve a “transverse” approach to augmenting the disc where certain of the subject devices may be employed with either approach. For example, device 260 of FIG. 27, which is similarly configured to the device of FIGS. 10A-10C having a planar endplate or block 262 and a plurality of distally extending barbed anchors 264 and a plurality of trailing sutures or filaments 266, is implantable by an inline approach as illustrated in FIGS. 11A-11E as well as by the transverse approach illustrated in FIGS. 28A-2G. A pair of devices 260 used in tandem is delivered and implanted by means of delivery tool 270 which has opposing and substantially parallel jaws 272 at a distal end thereof wherein at least one jaw is movable relative to the other. Devices 260 are held within the inner, opposing surfaces of jaws 272 with anchors 264 facing each other. The distal end of tool 270 is positioned within defect or opening 28 within annulus 18 such that a cut or free end of the annulus is positioned or sandwiched between the two devices 260, as illustrated in FIG. 28A. Jaws 272 are moved together thereby penetrating anchors 264 into and transverse to the lamellar layers of clamped therebetween, where one device is implanted at the outer aspect of annulus 18 and the other device is implanted at the inner aspect of annulus 18. Tool 270 is removed and the process is repeated with another pair of devices 260 which is applied to the opposing free end of annulus 18, as illustrated in FIGS. 28B and 28C. The trailing sutures 266 a of the devices 260 positioned at the inner aspect of annulus 18 are collectively synched and secured together by tie a tie or knot 265, as illustrated in FIG. 28D. A plug or core 268 having a porous or mesh construction so as to be permeable by a flowable prosthetic material is then positioned within the void between the free ends of annulus 18. The sutures or filaments 266 b of the devices 260 positioned at the outer aspect of annulus 18 are then secured together with a second tie or knot mechanism 265, as illustrated in FIG. 28E. The combination of the implanted core 268 and the webs formed by sutures 266 define a scaffolding for augmenting the annulus and for receiving prosthetic material 274, as illustrated in FIG. 28F. After filling void 28, which may extend into nucleus 20, prosthetic material 274 is cured, as illustrated in FIG. 28G. FIG. 29 illustrates a system 280 of the present invention for applying a plurality of sutures or filaments 288 to a disc annulus in order to augment the disc as well as to provide a scaffolding for receiving a flowable prosthetic material. System 280 includes a suture spool holder 282 having a plurality of parallely aligned suture spools 284. System 280 also includes a needle carrier or driver 286 having a plurality of parallely aligned needles 290 configured for threadably receiving sutures 288. Needle driver 286 is automated such that it oscillates in much the same way a needle driven by a sewing machine. As needles 290 are driven into tissue, each of sutures 288 is placed within the tissue with a continuous length of suture material provided by spools 284. In use, system 289 is positioned at the outer aspect of annulus 18 with needles 190 poised to penetrate the annulus in a direction substantially transverse to the annulus layers. Needle driver 286 is actuated causing needles 290 to oscillate in and out of the annulus thereby placing the sutures in a selected pattern across a desired area of the annulus. As illustrated in FIGS. 30A and 30B, sutures 288 have been placed over a circumferential portion of annulus 18 to bridge across a defect therein to form a suture scaffolding 294. Sutures may be placed solely within the outer layers of the annulus 18 or may be driven through the entire thickness of the annulus to within the inner aspect so as to bridge across the defect at both the inner and outer aspects whereby a double layer of scaffolding is created. The loose, trailing ends of sutures 288 are then synched to place tension on the scaffolding and tied together with a knot or tie mechanism 296 to maintain the tension. Prosthetic material 298 may then be delivered into defect 28 through scaffolding 294, and subsequently cured, as illustrated in FIGS. 30C and 30D, respectively. FIG. 31A illustrates another embodiment of an implantable device 300 which is used in tandem with at least one other of the same device to augment an intervertebral disc. Device 300 include a base member 302 having a planar configuration and a plurality of hooked anchors 304 extending from one edge of member 302 and a plurality of trailing sutures 306 extending from an opposite edge of base 302. As can be seen in FIG. 31 B, a pair of devices 300 is hooked into the outer aspect of free ends of annulus 18 with the trailing sutures 306 of each device tied together by a tie or knot mechanism 308 in order to place tension on the annulus and provide a scaffolding which bridges across void 28. An additional pair of devices 200 may be similarly implanted at the inner aspect of annulus 18 with their trailing sutures tied together either separately from those of the pair of devices on the outer aspect or together with them. FIG. 32A illustrates another embodiment of an implantable device 310 which may be used alone or in tandem with one other of the same device to augment an intervertebral disc. Device 310 includes an elongated member 312 having hooked ends 314. Hooks 314 may be oppositely oriented to provide an “S” shape (as shown) or may be oriented towards the same side of member 312 or in any other orientation. In use, with the configuration of FIG. 32A, one hook 314 is placed through an outer aspect of annulus 18 on one side of a defect 28 and the other hook 314 is placed in an inner aspect of the other side of defect 28, as illustrated in FIG. 32B. FIG. 32B shows two such devices 310 employed in tandem and placed conversely of each other with members 312 crossing centrally within void 28 to provide a scaffolding which bridges the void. FIG. 33 illustrates an implantable clamp device 320 of the present invention for augmenting an intervertebral disc. Implant 320 includes oppositely facing clamps 322, each defined by a back plate 322 a and two opposing sidewalls 322 b, 322 c, and a plurality of parallel chords 324 extending transversely between back plates 322 a. Clamps 322 each have a plurality of fingers 326 formed in sidewalls 322 b, 322 c having inwardly extending teeth 328 for anchoring into tissue. FIG. 34 illustrates the distal end of an insertion tool 330 for use in delivering the device of 320 into a defect within a disc. Tool 330 has opposing arms 332 which are pivotally coupled to a handle and operate in a scissor-like fashion with respect to each other. The distal end 334 of each arm 332 has a laterally extending distal foot defining an L-shaped configuration and has a slot 335 extending centrally along the length of distal end 334 for receiving chords 324 of clamp device 320. Proximally positioned of distal feet 334 are laterally extending feet 336 which are pivotally coupled to arms 332. The facing surfaces of distal and proximal feet have top and bottom lip edges 338 to engage against sidewalls 322 b, 322 c of clamp device 320 to retain the device upon loading within tool 330, as illustrated in FIG. 35A. Upon positioning the pre-loaded distal end of tool 330 within a void within a disc annulus (tool is shown outside implant site for clarity in illustration), arms 332 are spread apart thereby stretching or extending chords 324 of implant 320, as illustrated in FIG. 35B. At the same time, proximal feet 336 may be pivoted proximally or backwards so as to facilitate positioning of the free ends of the annulus within clamp members 322. Next, as illustrated in FIG. 35C, proximal feet 336 are pivoted distally or forward to compress sidewalls 322 b and 322 c together thereby anchoring clamp members 322 within the respective annulus ends. Proximal feet 336 are then pivoted backwards again to release the clamp members, while arms 332 are closed to the extent that the back plates 322 a are cleared, as illustrated in FIG. 35D. Tool 330 is then pulled from the access site, leaving device 320 behind within the annulus, as illustrated in FIGS. 35E and 35F. In a manner similar to that described various times above, an injector device 60 is then used to inject or extrude prosthetic material within void 28, as illustrated in FIG. 35G. The spacing between the chords 324 of device 320 is sufficient to provide a fluid pathway and allow filling of the intra-annular space with prosthetic material 340 as shown in FIG. 35H. Alternate clamp designs that are usable for clamp-type augmentation devices of the present invention are illustrated in FIGS. 36A and 36B. Clamp 350 includes a frame 352 having back plate 352 a having apertures 356 for receiving chord ends and sidewalls 352 b, 352 c terminating in fingers 354 having inwardly extending anchors 358 a. As shown in FIG. 36B, additional anchors 358 b may be provided to ensure retention of the clamps on the annulus. FIG. 37 illustrates a clamp device 360 employing clamp mechanisms 350 of FIG. 36B interconnected by chords 362. As illustrated in FIG. 38A, the comers interconnecting the sidewalls with the back plate of clamp members 350 may be flexible, deformable or hinged to allow for straightening of frame 322 (or if originally provided in a straightened configuration, then for bending or folding frame 322 to form the configurations illustrated in FIG. 37) for pre-loading onto a delivery tool 372 in a low-profile state. Tool 372 is similar to tool 330 of FIG. 34 but having pivoting distal fee 374 in addition to pivoting proximal feet 376. A slot (not visible) is provided within distal feet 374 for receiving chords 362 of device 360. The low-profile state facilitates minimally invasive delivery into an annular defect 28, as illustrated in FIG. 38A′. Upon proper alignment of device 360 within annulus 18, both sets of feet 374, 376 are pivoted inward thereby bending sidewalls 352 b, 352 c of frames 352 to close upon the free ends of annulus 18, as illustrated in FIGS. 38B and 38B′. Feet 374, 376 are further advanced toward each other thereby penetrating anchors 358 a, 358 b into the annulus tissue as illustrated in FIGS. 38C and 38C′. All feet are then pivoted apart to release the clamp members 350, and tool 372 is then pulled from the access site, leaving device 360 behind within the annulus, as illustrated in FIGS. 38D. In a manner similar to that described above, an injector device 60 is then used to inject or extrude prosthetic material 360 within void 28, as illustrated in FIG. 38E. The spacing between the chords 324 of device 320 is sufficient to provide a fluid pathway and allow filling of the intra-annular space with prosthetic material 340 as shown in FIG. 38F. FIG. 39A-39C illustrates another disc augmentation device 390 having a clip configuration. Device 390 has a plurality of laterally extending arm pairs 392-395, each arm pair being pivotable about a central vertical core 396 between open (FIGS. 39A and 39BA) and closed (FIG. 39C) positions. The arms on each side of clip 390 may be independently movable of the arms on the opposite side, or may be collectively movable as illustrated. Each arm may be directly opposed to another arm on the same side such that they appose each other when closed, or they may be interdigitated as illustrated such that they cross when closed (see FIG. 39C), resulting in a stacked arrangement on each side (i.e., from top to bottom: 392 a, 393 a, 394 a, 395 a and 392 b, 393 b, 394 b, 395 b). The inner sides of the arms may be provided with teeth 398 for penetrating into engaged or captured tissue, e.g., the annulus, held between the arms. In FIGS. 39B and 39C, disc augmentation device is operatively coupled to the distal end 402 of actuator rod 400 which controls the motion of the arms. In an open configuration, clip 390 has a low profile relative to the axis of actuator rod for easy delivery through delivery sheath 406, as illustrated in FIG. 40A. Clip 390 is operatively positioned within the intervertebral disc when its core 396 is substantially centrally positioned within and along the lamellar planes of annulus 18 and the arms straddle the opening across the entire thickness of the annulus. A pusher mechanism 402, having a slot 408 for slidable translation over actuator rod 400 in a transverse relationship, is advanced distally against the outer surfaces of proximal arms 392 b, 393 a, 394 b, 395 a, which may be biased open, thereby forcing the arms closed and clamping or sandwiching the cut or bisected ends of annulus 18 therebetween, as illustrated in FIG. 40B. The arms may be configured to lock upon achieving a sufficiently closed position or may be locked in place by means of pusher mechanism 404 which is left coupled to implanted clip 390. In a manner similar to that described above, an injector device 60 is then used to inject or extrude a prosthetic material 408 within void 28, as illustrated in FIG. 40C. The transverse and axial spacing between the arms of clip 390 is sufficient to provide a fluid pathway and allow filling of the intra-annular space with prosthetic material 408 as shown in FIG. 40D. FIG. 41 illustrates another clamp type disc augmentation device 410 which is an integrated variation of the tandem use of device 260 of FIG. 27. Device 410 has an endplate 414 and transversely positioned side plates 412 which collectively form a U-shaped configuration. A plurality of strands, sutures or filaments 418 extends from the outer side of endplate 414 and a plurality of barbed anchors 264 extend from the inside, facing surfaces of sidewalls 412. The delivery tool 270 of FIGS. 28A and 28B may also be used to implant device 410. Referring to FIG. 42A, with device 410 seated between jaws 272, the distal end of tool 270 is positioned within defect 28 within annulus 18 such that a cut or free end of the annulus is sandwiched between sidewalls 412. Upon proper positioning, the jaws are compressed thereby driving anchors 416 transversely into the layers of the annulus 18. The process is repeated with a second device 410 being clamped to the opposing free end of annulus 18, as illustrated in FIGS. 42A and 42B. The trailing suture ends 418 of both devices 410 are synched and tied together by knot mechanism 412, thereby forming a scaffolding between implants 412, as illustrated in FIG. 42D. As described above, the scaffolding serves to augment the annulus and allows for passage of a prosthetic material 414 to within and throughout defect 28, as illustrated in FIG. 42E. After filling void 28, which may extend into nucleus 20, prosthetic material 414 is cured, as illustrated in FIG. 42F. FIG. 43A illustrates another clamp embodiment of an implantable device 420 which includes bi-lateral integrated clamps 424 having U-shaped configurations (each similar to the clamp member of FIG. 41) which are bridged together on one side by bridge member 422. A plurality of barbed anchors 426 extend from the inwardly facing surfaces of the respective clamps 424. FIG. 43B illustrates device 420 operatively implanted within a disc defect 28 and bridging across the portion of the defect within annulus 18. FIG. 44A illustrates another clamp embodiment of an implantable device 430 having two bowed plates 432 a, 432 b which are interlocked with each other by a core member 434 extending centrally between plates 432. The internally facing surfaces of the ends of plates 432 have barbed anchors 436. A fixed hub or nut 440 is mounted on the distal side of core member 434 and abuts the outside surface of plate 432. At the opposite end of core member 434 is a threaded hub or nut 438 which can be threaded along a threaded proximal portion 442 of core member 434. As hub 440 is threaded against plate 432 a, the plates compress together. FIG. 44B illustrates device 430 operatively implanted within a disc defect 28 and bridging across the portion of the defect within annulus 18. FIGS. 45A and 45B illustrate another clamp type embodiment of an augmentation device 450 which is self-clamping upon deployment. Device 450 includes two intersecting plates 452 each of which has two displaced parallel end portions 452 a and a central portion 452 b angled therebetween. Opposing sides of end portions 452 a have a plurality of barbed anchors 454 extending therefrom and central portions 452 b optionally have a plurality of apertures formed therein. Plates 452 are preferably made of a superelastic memory material whereby they can be inverted from a naturally biased or deployed state (FIG. 45B) to a spring-loaded or undeployed state (FIG. 45A) where device 450 obtains a low profile for minimally invasive delivery. As illustrated in FIGS. 45A and 46A, in an inverted, low profile state, device 450 is deliverable through a cannula 460 to within a void or defect 28 within the annulus wall 18 anchors 454. As the distal end or pair of end portions 452 b are advanced beyond the distal end of cannula 460, the spring-load of the inverted device forces distal end portions to spring apart from each other, as illustrated in FIG. 46B, and impinge upon the inner aspect of annulus 18, forcing anchors 454 to penetrate into the annulus wall. Cannula 460 is then removed from the site, as illustrated in FIG. 46C, thereby releasing the proximal end portions of device 450 which in turn allows them to impinge upon the outer aspect of annulus 18, as illustrated in FIG. 46D. The porous central portions 452 b of device 450 allow for passage of a flowable prosthetic material 462 to within and throughout defect 28, as illustrated in FIG. 46E. After filling void 28, which may extend into nucleus 20, prosthetic material 462 is cured, as illustrated in FIG. 46F. FIGS. 47A-47D illustrate another clamp type augmentation device 470 having annulus receiving portions or clamps 474 (only one side is shown) extending from a bridging portion 472. While clamp portion 474 may be deformable or compressible, it need not be as the clamp has holes (not shown) within its sidewalls for receiving a pin member transversely therethrough, as illustrated in FIG. 47A, by which to secure the device to tissue received within clamp portion 472. Pin member includes an outer sheath 476 and inner core 478 which is slidable within the lumen of sheath 476. The outer diameter of sheath 476 is sufficient such that it is receivable within the holes of the sidewalls of clamps 474 and the inner diameter of sheath 476 is tapered at a distal end 480 thereof. Inner core 478 has an enlarged distal end 482 which has a diameter which is equal to or less than the inner diameter of sheath 476 except at the tapered distal end 480, where the diameter of end 482 is greater than that of the inner diameter of the tapered distal end portion 480. Outer sheath 476 is splittable at one or more circumferential locations along at least a distal portion of its length against the outward radial force exerted on the distal portion when inner core is driven therethrough. Here, sheath 476 is splittable into a plurality of petals 488 as illustrated in the end view of FIG. 47D. Enlarged distal end 482 has a proximal shoulder 484 which engages against petals 488 to resists against removal of core 478 from outer sheath 476. The augmentation device 490 of FIG. 48 has a configuration similar to that of device 470 of FIGS. 47A-47D with the difference being that the apertures 496 within the sidewalls of clamp portion 494 have a keyed configuration which correspond to the profile of a key 498. After passage of key 498 through the second sidewall, it can be turned about its axis and locked against the outer surface of the side wall. FIGS. 49A-49C illustrate other embodiments of augmentation devices 500, 510 and 520, respectively, of the present invention having a cylindrical or tubular configuration. Each device has a central portion 502, 512 and 522, respectively, from which a plurality of deformable or flexible fingers or petals 504, 514 and 524, respectively, extend on both sides of the central portion. Petals 504 of device 500 extend about its entire circumference, each having a rectangular configuration. Petals 514 of device 510 also extend about the entire circumference of device 510; however, the petals have a tapered tip. Petals 524 have a rectangular configuration and extend around only about half of the circumference of device 520 where about half of the plurality of petals is positioned opposite the other half. FIGS. 50A and 50B illustrate another cylindrical embodiment of an augmentation device 530 having a similar configuration to that of device 530 of FIG. 49C, i.e., a central portion 532 and a plurality of deformable or flexible fingers or petals 534 in two oppositely positioned sets. Additionally, device 530 includes a scaffolding structure within the lumen defined by central portion 532. Scaffolding structure includes one or more layers of a plurality of diametrically extending members or struts 538, but may have any configuration including any of the scaffolding configurations, e.g., a plate with apertures, as described above. As illustrated in FIGS. 51A and 51B with respect to device 530, but which is also exemplary of each of the illustrated cylindrical clip embodiments, each set of petals 534 is deformable or malleable radially outward from central portion 532 towards the set of petals positioned at the opposite but same side of central portion 532. A step-by-step implantation procedure of another cylindrical augmentation device 540 of the present invention is provided in FIGS. 52A-52F. Device 540 has a configuration similar to that of device 530, having central portion 542 and two sets of a plurality of fingers 544 separated by spaces 546. As illustrated in FIGS. 52A and 52A′, in an undeployed, low profile state, device 540 is advancable to an implant site through a cannula 548 by a detachable pusher member 552. Extending within pusher 552 is a finger deployment actuator rod 554. Upon positioning device 540 within the implant site, i.e., void 28 within annulus 18, cannula 548 may be removed, as illustrated in FIGS. 52B and 52B′. Actuator rod 554 is then actuated to commence deployment of fingers 554, as illustrated in FIGS. 52C and 52C′, and continue deployment until fingers 554 achieve a locked position and fully embrace both free ends of annulus 18 therebetween, as illustrated in FIGS. 52D and 52D′. Upon full deployment, pusher mechanism 552 is released from core 542 leaving device 540 within the disc defect, as illustrated in FIG. 52E. As described above, an injector tube 64 is positioned within the scaffolding within device 540 and prosthetic material 558 is injected therein and subsequently cured as illustrated in FIGS. 52F and 52G. It should be noted that any of the above-described steps or procedures, including but not limited to cannulation of the target area, removal of the affected portion of the disc, implantation of the subject implants within the target implant site, adjustment or readjustment of the implant, delivery of the prosthetic implant material and curing of the same may be facilitated by way of a scope delivered through a lumen of the delivery catheter and/or by way of various visualization techniques including but not limited to real time fluoroscopy, CT scanning or MR imaging, or a combination of preoperative CT or MR images superimposed onto a real time image tracking device, which are well known in the surgical arts. The subject devices and systems may be provided in the form of a kit which includes at least one augmentation device of the present invention. A plurality of such devices may be provided where the devices have the same or varying sizes and shapes and are made of the same or varying materials. The kits may further include instruments and tools for implanting the subject devices, including but not limited to those described above as well as cannulas, trocars, scopes, sheaths, etc. Instructions for implanting the subject systems and devices and for using the above-described instrumentation may also be provided with the kits. It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a device” may include a plurality of such devices and reference to “the prosthetic material” includes reference to one or more prosthetic materials and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and/or materials in connection with which the publications are cited. The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from the actual publication dates which may need to be independently confirmed. at least one prosthetic material deliverable to within the defect site, wherein the at least one structure is configured to provide passage of the prosthetic material from outside the disc to within at least a portion of the defect. 2. The intervertebral disc augmentation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one structure has a planar configuration. 4. The intervertebral disc augmentation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one structure has a pin configuration. 5. The intervertebral disc augmentation system of claim 4, comprising a plurality of said pin structures extending between two end plates. 6. The intervertebral disc augmentation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one structure has a clip configuration. 7. The intervertebral disc augmentation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one structure has a cylindrical configuration. 8. The intervertebral disc implant of claim 1, wherein the at least one structure has an expanded configuration and an unexpanded configuration. 9. The intervertebral disc implant of claim 8, wherein the at least one structure is self-expanding upon implantation. 10. The intervertebral disc implant of claim 8, wherein the at least one structure is actively expandable upon implantation. 11. The intervertebral disc implant of claim 1, wherein the intra-annular space is between two adjacent lamellae. 12. The intervertebral disc implant of claim 1, wherein the at least one prosthetic material comprises a hyrdogel. 13. The intervertebral disc implant of claim 1, wherein the at least one prosthetic material has an initial flowable form and is curable to a more solid form. 14. The intervertebral disc implant of claim 1, wherein the at least one prosthetic material comprises two prosthetic materials. 15. The intervertebral disc implant of claim 1, wherein the at least one structure comprises a scaffolding. delivering the prosthetic material into the void. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the step of implanting the at least one structure comprises positioning the at least one structure between two adjacent lamellae of the annulus. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the void is naturally occurring. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the void is surgically formed. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the void is in a posterior portion of the annulus. 21. The method of claim 16, wherein the void further comprises a space within the nucleus of the disc. 22. The method of 16, wherein the at least one structure applies a compressive force on the annulus upon implantation. wherein implanting the at least one structure comprises utilizing the delivery tool. 24. The method of claim 16, wherein implanting the at least one structure comprises delivering the at least one structure to the intra-annular space in a low profile condition and expanding the at least one structure along its length dimension. a scaffolding structure sized for implantation within the disc at a defect site within the annulus. 26. The device of claim 25, wherein the scaffolding structure is configured to provide passage of at least one flowable prosthetic material from outside the disc to within at least a portion of the defect. 27. The device of claim 25, wherein the scaffolding structure comprises a plurality of apertures. 28. The device of claim 25, wherein the scaffolding structure comprises a plurality of struts. 29. The device of claim 25, further comprising at least one anchor for securing the scaffolding within the defect site.
2019-04-24T00:48:22Z
https://patents.google.com/patent/US20060247776A1/en
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Enrique Criado, as stereographer for 3D Live Action Shooting and CG compositing. Victor Lopez-Rua has completed his first 3D Stereoscopic Oil canvas. a 8 month intense stereoscopic work supervised by Enrique Criado, the canvas, actually two canvas ( one for each eye ) was recently presented in the Museum of Modern Art, in Republica Dominicana ( MAM ). Enxebre's latest 3D Reel at Projection Design Booth. With the new 3D Active F35 AS3D at 3DMEDIA. Liege. Belgium. New services and equipment will be presented by Enrique Criado. “S3D Storytelling” a new conference by our stereoscopic director Enrique Criado, at Forumtech, Valencia. Spain. Enxebre Entertainment at Broadcast 2011. Enxebre will be exhibiting their 3Ality Technica Neutron rig at Canon booth, equipped with two Canon XF105 a low cost 3D shooting solution. Visit the Charmex, with the new F35-ASD active projector and Cluster Audiovisual Galego ( LG 3DTV ) booth to experience our latest 3D productions. Enxebre & Canon will be exhibiting a 3D Affordable shooting solution at Broadcast Madrid. Enxebre to present their new 3D Services for the film and broadcast S3D industry. Enxebre at Broadcast India 2011. Mumbai 19-22th. Enrique Criado “Conecting your storyline with visual perception”, a S3D conference hosted by the Broadcast India, 20th October. LAUNCHING NEW S3D SERVICES AT IBC 2011. Amsterdam RAI, September 9th to 13th at the ServiceVision Booth: 11.B51, Hall 11. Enxebre will be presenting our lastest S3D works, plus special equipment for 3D Shooting, including the 3Ality Technica Quasar Rig mounted onto the new giro-stabilized head from ServiceVision. Ask us about out new 3D Shooting solutions, including equipment and 3D technicians, with large experience in stereo3D. We offer different 3D Packages, depending on your project needs and budget, but always with our qualified stereo3D personal. 3Ality Technica Neutron + Metadata Control. (Steadycam Ready) Compact Size Cameras (Lens): Silicon Imaging: Si-2K, Sony P1 … etc 3D Monitoring 3D Video Assist: Qtake HDx2 / DepthQ Recorder / ultraportable 3D systems. Enxebre 3D Rig. (Steadycam Ready), is a fully manual beamsplitter rig that could be adapted to almost any camera in the market. Besides it’s a low cost solution, is our third generation of beamsplitter rigs so is lightweight and modular. An excellent cost-effective solution for ultra-low-end budget. 3D Monitoring. Many solutions available, depending on budget and needs. Ask us for our additional 3D stereo shooting solutions, like aerial and underwater. REMOTE WORKFLOW , OR DISTRIBUTED WORKFLOW, THE MASTER KEY TO REDUCE STEREOSCOPIC COSTS. One of our goals at Enxebre, es to reduce the stereo production costs, but keeping the quality of our work. We currently work in a workflow that let many professionals involved in the post processes can work simultaneously from their offices/studios/home in the same project , at the same time : editing, color and stereo grading… the only requirement is conventional Internet access. Of course we care of sensible material, not even single frame is exposed in the network. ENERGIA 3D, A DOCUMENTARY FEATURE FROM ANTARTIDA PRODUCCIONS. END OF SHOOTING. Energia 3D is a stereoscopic educational documentary, shooted in 6 weeks, a full 3D stereo ( no converted ). Enxebre supervises the stereography of the project, including also the technical equipment, 3D rigs, 3D monitorization and technicians (stereographer, and rig technician) . The project will be released in theatres in October 2011, after the VFX and CG completion. Our stereoscopic director invited to Dimension3, in Paris, “Stereoscopic Perception. Conecting Narrative to Perception” A S3D full featured conference. ENXEBRE PROVIDES ENGINEERING AND SUPPLY A NEW COST EFFECTIVE NATIVE 3D HD REALTIME EDITING SYSTEM TO ANTARTIDA PRODUCIONS. This new editing room let them to work entirely in realtime, Editing and viewing in a big screen, full dual HD streams thanks to a 3D HD passive projection system, and simultaneously to in a 24" 3D Passive monitor. ENXEBRE ENTERTAINMENT STEREOSCOPIC CONSULTANT FOR TORRENTE 4. Enxebre provided 3D stereoscopic consultancy for the feature Torrente 4 Lethal Crisis, Enrique Criado supervised development and design of the stereography of the movie. Movie to be released March 13th 2011. ENXEBRE & ENRIQUE CRIADO STEREOSCOPIC DEMO REEL IN YOUTUBE. S3D CONFERENCE OF ENRIQUE CRIADO FOR THE ENTERTAINMENT MARKET. "Stereoscopic tools for the Entertainment market", new conference at Carvi 2010, Congress on Virtual Reality Applications, by Tecnalia, the biggest private group of Research, Development and Innovation (R&D&I) in Spain. Enxebre to present latest’s achievements in our booth. TORRENTE IV SHOOTING, WITH ENXEBRE’S 3D EQUIPMENT. Torrente IV, the new Santiago Segura’s stereoscopic feature, trusted Enxebre Entertainment 3D Monitoring and calibration systems, using proprietary tools and the new QtakeHDx2, a revolutionary tool used also in features like "Piranha 3-D" and "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides". AMIGUETES ENTERPRISES ADDS 3DHD REALTIME EDITING SYSTEM. Enxebre Entertainment provides engineering consulting for Santiago Segura´s company. A real-time 3DHD editing capable system, fully uncompressed. The solution includes a 3D Theatre too. ENXEBRE RELEASES NEW MOVIE AND INSTALLS A 3D THEATER IN BOCAIRENT, VALENCIA. Bocairent to open it’s new "Centre de Interpretacion Turistica", including a 3D-HD theatre engineered and installed by Enxebre, and a custom 3D production "Bocairent Treasure Hunt : The Adventure", a 20 minutes 3D live-action and CGI production, a fun and exciting documentary about Bocairent and it’s history. "BULL & BULLFIGHTER" A 3D FEATURE FILM BY CARLES PORTA. Enrique Criado, main stereographer for the feature ‘Bull & Bullfigher’ the first stereoscopic feature of Antartida Films, a film by Carles Porta. A sensitive film about the days prior to the bullfighting event. Additional stereography by J.M. Aragones. The film will be release Q4-2010. 3D CGI COMMERCIAL FOR DISNEY. Enxebre create the stereoscopic version of the Disney themed commercial "Chamilia" to be presented with "Alice in Wonderland 3D, by Tim Burton" for DCI 3D Cinemas in Spain. ENXEBRE STARTS A NEW 3D SHOOTING AT BOCAIRENT. Enxebre to Start 3D shooting "Treasure Hunt in Bocairent: The Adventure", a 7 days intensive shooting at ‘Sierra de Mariola and Bocairent‘, two custom compact beamspliter and side-by-side rigs will be used, all image will be recorded fully uncompressed, using our proprietary calibration and recording systems. ENRIQUE CRIADO STEREOSCOPIC SUPERVISOR BY RENTZO MARTINELLI IN THE FIRST 3D COMMERCIAL IN ITALY. Enrique Criado, on site Stereographer for the first Italian 3D Commercial, "Italcard" by Rentzo Martinelli. Shooted in Turin, it combines blu-screen techniques and CGI for an 3D immersive experience. 3D Calibration and monitoring systems provided by Enxebre Entertainment. ENRIQUE CRIADO´S MASTERCLASS IN SINGAPORE. The Egg Story Digital Arts School Seminar Series 2, 2010 will presents."Stereoscopic Perception & Creativity". a 3D stereoscopic masterclass by Enrique Criado. The event is also having first class speakers from movies like James’s Cameron AVATAR, or A Christmas Carol by Robert Zemeckis. "UBoat. 3D Underwater adventure", a new 4D Attraction for the Galicia Dixital Hi-Tech Museum; water, lights, immersive sound and 3DHD live image in a themed submarine cabin who accidentally crashes while diving.!! . A thrilling and very fun adventure. Technologie and Films installed and produced by Enxebre´s technical team. 3D UNDERWATER SHOOTING AT AQUARIUM OF LA CORUNA. Enxebre starts a Live Action underwater shooting at La Coruna´s Aquarium. Just 5 days real underwater 3DHD shooting, with the support of the Aquarium divers and biologists team, for a new 4D attraction at Galicia Dixital. 3D Shooting, uncompressed 3DHD recording and live 3D monitoring by the Enxebre’s Tech department. XUNTA DE GALICIA PRESENTS IT’S NEW 4D FILM produced by ENXEBRE. Galicia Dixital presents our new 4D film "The end of St. James way" a Enxebre Entertainment production for Xunta de Galicia. "The end of St. James way" is a 50p ultra smooth FullHD 3D production combined with CGI and real EFX (wind, smoke and aroma) and will be presented as a new attraction for the Xacobeo 2010 and the visit POPE BENEDICT XVI. 3D-HD SHOOTING AT St.JAMES CATHEDRAL in SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA. ENXEBRE ENTERTAINMENT starts 3D shooting at St. James Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. A solid-rock 50 fps FullHD stereoscopic shooting for the Xacobeo 2010 year. For this shooting we’ll use our proprietary rigs, (side-by-side and over-under or mirror rig) in a awesome location, and just by night !!. "FXGUIDE TV in Spanish" ENXEBRE’s Stereoscopic Supervisor, Enrique Criado, interviewed at the premiere episode of FXGUIDE TV for de Spanish community. Enrique Criado was interviewed about the new tools to enhance the storytelling , and visual perception in 3D Stereoscopic features. http://www.fxguide.com/fxguidetvesp.html , a interview hosted by Maria Castello, a brilliant Spanish journalist who will conduct the Spanish FXGuide TV episodes. Criado was also interviewed by Mike Seymour for the English episodes of FXGUIDE. English interview available here: http://www.fxguide.com (episode #064). SMPTE09 (Sydney .- Australia ) Enrique Criado spoke about 3D Stereoscopic Cinema in the first full 3D-HD conference. Enrique Criado, Stereoscopic Supervisor at Enxebre Entertainment, was invited to speak about 3D perception and stereoscopic creativity for the new 3D Cinema, at the premier event of the motion picture and television industries in the South-East Asian region. The SMPTE bi-annual conference and exhibition in Sydney Christie Digital and it’s local distributor VR Solutions supported the event with a mirage 3D-HD active projector and Xpand 3D-Active glasses. ENXEBRE was invited to the 2nd EXPERT FORUM for "NEW MEDIA AND FUTURE OF AUDIOVISUAL" conference. Organized by AGAPI in SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA (SPAIN). ENXEBRE ENTERTAINMENT supervises the new 5D Stereoscopic Atraction "MALTA 5D". "MALTA 5D" is a 3D Stereoscopic HD film, plenty of theme park style special effects, but also with motion seats. A complex combination of live-action shooting with CGI. Our new compact rig was successfully used in this shooting, with helicopter, steadycam and Segway races along the Maltese streets. Enrique Criado, offered a Masterclass about Stereoscopy at “Master of Production and Audiovisual Management” of La Coruña University, a master for graduates in arts. Enrique Criado featured speaker at "The first Full Digital & Stereoscopic Cinema Conferences" organized by The Spanish Motion Picture Academy, in Madrid. Digital cinema, creativity, distribution, production and postproduction, new stereoscopic television opportunities, all this matters will be discussed and explained by some of the most relevant industry experts. There were prominent speakers like Hervé Fischer, President of the new arts and sciences in Montreal, Canada, Enrique Criado, stereoscopic supervisor at Enxebre Entertainment presenting the creative opportunities of the stereoscopic image; Jose Maria Aragones at ApuntoLaposto , presenting “the state of the art of the stereoscopic production and postproduction”, Jordi Llompart director of the first Imax3d spanish feature, Tomas Naranjo, general manager of Kelonik, and Pere Vila, planning and technical development of the National Spanish TV. Hollywood advise Enxebre to supervise a stereoscopic feature film. Continental, a Spanish leading production company, is currently working in a their first stereoscopic film, “ Regina Verbum “, co-written and co-directed by the awarded Juan Pablo Echeverry and Fernando Castro. A historical thriller that combines stereoscopic CGI and live-action layers in every single shot of the movie, to create an immersive experience, but also an uncommon atmosphere , a real challenge for us !. When the producers come to Hollywood looking for a Stereoscopic supervision , they were suggested to contact to Enrique Criado, from Enxebre Entertainment, as probably one of the best and more experienced stereographers. THE FOUNDRY, PROJECTION DESIGN AND ENXEBRE ENTERTAINMENT sign an agreement to develop stereoscopic workflows with Nuke and Ocula. Enxebre Entertainment, has signed an agreement with the academy awarded ‘The Foundry’ to develop the stereoscopic workflow with Nuke and Ocula. Ocula is a new stereoscopic plugin , that conforms a complete stereo tool-set for Nuke. Enxebre will postproduce a 3D-HD attraction, using a explosive formula, the Foundry tools and own stereoscopic know-how with our 3-D ready studio equipment , with several 3-D projection systems and 3-D monitors, “ The idea is to work all the time in 3-D Stereo during the process to minimize errors and guarantee image comfort , the given source footage will need much re-alignment and stereo corrections “. Stereoscopic Masterclass by Enrique Criado, at spanish short film festival "Curtocircuito". A new full stereoscopic masterclass given by Enrique Criado, with the support of Christie Digital systems, providing two brand new 20.000 ANSI lummens projectors. A brilliant 3D-HD tech. masterclass about stereoscopic live-action acquisition , CGI , Special Effects for 3-D. “ Curtocircuito “ is a leader short film festival in Galicia , an event organized by “Ficción Producciones”, the event includes professional short courses and masterclasses for the film and video industry. New 3D-Theater at Domus museum, by Enxebre. The new 3D Theater engineered and installed by Enxebre, a full HD DepthQ Server, two Christie Digital projectors providing 24.000 ANSI Lumens, 80 square meter screen, running at 48 fps for a ultra-smooth playback The presentation includes a technical talk about 3-D by Enrique Criado. “The 7ºArt in 3-D. Technical Fundaments” by Enrique Criado at SAN SEBASTIAN FILM FESTIVAL. September 24th, San Sebastian International Film Festival will host a 3-D stereoscopic workshop organized by AITE, it will include 3-D tech.talks , from Catherine Owens ( U2-3D ), Josep María Aragonés ( Apuntolapospo ), Antonio Abad ( Christie Digital ) , Tomas Naranjo ( Kelonik ) and Enrique Criado presenting a full 3DHD conference about Technical Fundaments of stereoscopic Cinema. Don’t miss, a must for 3-D Film Creators.. New 3D Theatre at Domus , house of the Humankind. August 2008. Enxebre has completed it’s newest and biggest 3D Theatre, more than 80 sq.meter screen, 24.000 lumens light power, and HD resolution. “Space News 3-D” one of our short movies will be also included in their playing schedule. “Sculpting the Stereoscopic Perception in 3D Films“, 3-D Conference at CARVI 2008, by Enrique Criado. CARVI 2008, as in last editions, will continue with the characteristics that the time have turned to it in a referring to international level in the world of the new technologies. Hi-end speakers for researchers , media and film professionals. Enrique Criado, awarded for the best 3-D conference in the Stereoscopic Displays & Applications, award shared with Rob Engle, from Sony Imageworks. Enrique Criado, judge member for the 3D Theater in the SD&A .San Jose, CA. Enrique Criado & Samuel Zhou ( Imax Corporation ) played as judge for the 3-D theatre in the Stereocopic Displays & Applications conferences. Broadcast. Conference about D-Cinema. Distribution and exhibition. Madrid. Enrique Criado speaker a professional meeting about D-Cinema, with speakers like Manu Claessens (Kinepolis) or Jordi Alonso (Cine.com) , among others. BC / 07. 3-D Stereoscopic Conference. The Bigger Picture. Amsterdam . “UNDERSTANDING THE INS AND OUTS OF 3-D STEREOSCOPIC CINEMA”. A 3-D Stereo presentation by Enrique Criado that introduces the 3-D Cinema fundamentals. Digital Day. DGA. Enxebre goes to Hollywood!. Enrique Criado will be a speaker in the cycle of conferences of the DGA (Directors Guild of America). His conference is about the production of 3D movies and it is destined to Hollywood directors and producers. A conference that will entirely run in stereoscopic 3D, with the hardware support of Real-D. TEA07, D-CINEMA and HDTV. "Stereoscopic productions: Understanding and Improving the Three-dimensional Perception" Conference of the Enxebre's stereoscopic consultant, in the major importance European event of electronic Cinema and HD. ENXEBRE & Star Wars 3D. Tea07 named Enrique Criado, technical adviser of stereoscopic projections, will be the responsible for preparing and managing the contents of the projection of Star Wars in 3D, of Lucasfilm, LTD. The movie will be converted and played with our 3D-HD server. The first 3D Digital Cinema projection in Spain. Enrique Criado was the 3D consultant in the first 3D active type projection in a room of digital cinema in Spain, at one of the Yelmo Cineplex theaters. Christie Digital and Doremi participated in the projection. This new system allows us to better participate in productions “on the field”, and also allows us the utilization of conventional filming equipment, stabilizers of image, cranes assemble and warm head, etc. This way, we are able to extend the available filming services in order to include any type of production of live-action stereoscopic image. Carvi 2007, "3D Cinema. Understanding the binocular vision" Enxebre`s stereocopic consultant, Enrique Criado, will give the first conference presented entirely in 3D stereoscopic in Spain, with the collaboration of Christie Digital Spain. Enxebre begins the realization of the synthetic image and 3D stereoscopic integration of this short movie in HD and 3D. It will be showed at London in the attraction "The Terror Passage", of the Terror Fear Factory company. “Xmas Tale in 3D”, in the Anifest 2007. Czech Republic. Our movie " Xmas Tale in 3-D ", a 2001 production, was selected for the festival 3D productions area. It was finished the production for 3D Auto-stereo screen. Enxebre produced a 3D stereoscopic demo for the new glassesfree 3D screens of the German company “SeeReal Technologies". It also generates depth maps with the stereoscopic stereo pair. We will expose our last 3D productions for the entertainment sector in collaboration with TAO Spain, leader company in solutions for thematic parks; and Christie Digital, top world company in projection solutions. Premiere of the last two Enxebre`s 3D productions. This premiere of the movies “Destination: Ancares” and "The Virtual Presenter” was featured for the exhibition Galicia Dixital, organized by the Xunta de Galicia. These are two top productions because of its great exhibition and production features. The president of the Galician Community inaugurated the new contents of this exhibition. Enxebre in the AFM (Santa Monica, USA). We participated in the AFM with our new 3D- CUBE visualization system and we offered our own productions as well as our stereoscopic services of consulting for real image and CGI 3D. "Digital Live Stereo Film- making" ". Conference of the Enxebre`s stereoscopic specialist Enrique Criado, at S3D + 2006 (Munich - Germany). It is one of the most important meetings in Europe, exclusively destined for the 3D image. that talks about the prevention of the labour risks and was made for school students. By the installation of a 3D projection system in a trailer, it will be showed in hundreds of communities around Galicia. for contents of the exhibition Galicia Dixital organized by the Xunta de Galicia. "3D stereoscopic production of real and synthetic image" This is a conference presented by the Enxebre`s stereoscopic consultant Enrique Criado, in the TEA 2006. In this conference collaborated Projection Design, top European company in providing equipment for professional projections. "Introduction to the creation of stereoscopic productions (3D)" Conference by the Enxebre`s stereoscopic consultant Enrique Criado, at Carvi 2006 (Victoria), with Projection Design's collaboration, top European company in providing equipment for professional projections. Conference by the Enxebre´s stereoscopic consultant Enrique Criado. In the conference were included some fragments of 3D productions. "Introduction to the creation of stereoscopic productions" Conference by the Enxebre´s stereoscopic consultant Enrique Criado in Galicia Dixital (La Coruña). "Space News" in the Anifest 2006. “Ride Bugs in 3D”, new production in process. destined to the market of the high level simulators. By using a novel technology, it is generated a stereoscopic flat models image. Conference by the Enxebre´s stereoscopic consultant Enrique Criado at the "Electronic Imaging 2006" (San José, USA). Enrique Criado offers a conference about the three dimensions audio-visual production, in which are included our last advances and developments. There is also a printed document available for the partners of the SPIE. Enxebre Entertainment at the "Electronic Imaging 2006", in San José, USA. Our 3D production "Space News" opened the 3D section. It was a public success, and it satisfied the 3D sector professionals in a world-wide level. It was finalized the new 3D Ride Film production. "Ice Rescue in 3D", that is a production destined to movement simulators, and it has great effects thanks to the using of the simple and economic anaglyph glasses. It was finalized an stereoscopic portable system with excellent quality and versatility. It allows to show 3D contents in exhibitions, fairs and museums. New film available: "The Space TV Newscast in 3D". a really amused six minutes short film, for all publics, with surprising 3D effects outside the screen and an original and amused story. Already available for exhibition license. Enxebre at the Siggraph 2005. Projection of some images of our new project "The Space TV Newscast in 3D" by the 3D screens without glasses of Seereal Technologies. It was shown in Siggraph 2005, in the stand of the partnership 3D, of which we are members. Enxebre provides LadyBug-2 to the University. Enxebre provides a Point Research Congregation, Inc. inmersive camera of 360º to Videalab, the visualization by computer department of the Ways Engineering School of the Universidade da Coruña. It is a complex camera that allows to make high quality. immersive 360º recordings. The new universal 3D recording support is already a reality. The Enxebre team worked for 3 years on this equipment that allows us to record new takings, specially first planes and short planes with any type of camera (video, HD or cinema). This allows us to eliminate the problem of the excessive parallax. Jako lands in Warner Bros. Park Madrid! "Jako and the pets thief in 3D" will be exhibit during all the 2005 season in the Warner Bros. Park Madrid, at the Chinese Theater with capacity for more than 600 people and in a more than 14 meters giant screen. January 2005. Xmas Tale in 3D . is going to be projected at the ON Center of Caixa Galicia, during the Christmas season. It was finalized the 3D images restoration project of the Kingdom of Galicia`s File. It was finalized the project for restoration of stereoscopic images, that includes images from 1904 to 1940. The images were assembled on 3D, and were also converted to different 3D formats for its diffusion. The "Virtual Museum in 3D" was showed. It was showed the preliminary version of the project "Virtual Museum in 3D", that allows us to visualize and to manipulate objects by using a wireless tracker and stereoscopic vision. During the last three years our R+D department have designed and created a new 3D RIG in order to film any type of 3D movie with the suitable 3D- stereo parameters. Visit us at the Siggraph 2004. At the stand of the partnership 3D Consortium ( Japan ) (1015) we will show the HD reproduction equipment as well as our last productions. Enxebre is named the only official distributor for DepthQ 3D Cinema Server, a solution for 3D projection in high resolution. It is a collaboration agreement with the North American company LightSpeedDesing. Enxebre finalized the 3D production "The Cathedral Rites and Legends", a 4 minutes production for the promotion of the year Xacobeo 2004, that will be shown in different traveling exhibitions. Enxebre has been selected for the providing and installation of three complete 3D projection systems for the traveling exhibition "Connect yourself with the Pilgrim´s Way". Also, it will be in charge of the assemble, calibration and disassembling in all the events. Enxebre provides a complex capture movement wireless system to Videalab, including its calibration and installation. The system is the IS-900 of the Intersense company.
2019-04-24T02:04:31Z
http://www.enxebre.es/en/news/
Many words have been written and much rhetoric produced, coming from scientific materialists and "New Atheists" such as Richard Dawkins declaring that the human religious pursuit is the natural enemy of human progress and, more particularly, of the free search by scientists for knowledge about the physical world. Famously, Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldridge have called for peace between warring scientists and religionists by declaring that science and religion are non-overlapping magisteria. According to Gould and others, there is no overlap in subject matter or in the kinds of questions to be asked and answered by the purveyors of religion and science; therefore the two can simply ignore one another. It is not hard to read between the lines of Eldridge’s words to detect that he assumes that, with time, the human need for religion, reflecting a pre-modern superstition, will soon conveniently disappear. The question at hand here is this: What is the relationship between science and religion as they are regularly practiced in modern life? Is their language and means of acquiring knowledge incommensurate? Are there any important questions which both religion and science seek to answer, and if so, might their means of addressing these questions be complementary rather than in a natural and unending state of conflict? Does the arrival of the age of science herald the inevitable decline and fall of religion? What kinds of questions is science good at answering and what are the limits of science? The same should be asked of religion. One conclusion will be that, although science and religion are broadly incommensurate, there are areas of inquiry where they overlap. The other will be that it is a mistake to assume that the two are natural enemies. Scientific inquiry is not the natural enemy of religious pursuit. Neither is religion, if pursued in its appropriate context, the natural enemy of the scientific search for knowledge about the universe. What is Science and What Are Its Limits? First, of course, we need to know what we are talking about. What is science? Putting aside for a moment the claim of philosophers that there is no real philosophically defendable scientific method, what is science and what can we learn from the scientific approach to acquiring knowledge? Put simply, science is a means to discover the underlying laws which govern the natural world using empirically-generated data as well as theories and models to explain that data. Science does not answer the ultimate question "Why?" Rather science provides us with explanations of physical phenomena which are not self-contradictory and which are consistent with the physical evidence. Science provides us with physical explanations of physical phenomena. Science, by its very nature, is limited in the kinds of knowledge it can give us. It is very good at answering certain questions and very bad at answering others. Its answers are always tentative and never the final answer. For this reason, science does not answer the deeper questions about truth. It is completely unable to answer the metaphysical question: Why? On the other hand, science is really quite effective in answering questions such as, Where? When? How many? By what means? Arguably, it is the by far the most effective means yet devised by human beings to answer such questions. Postmodernists may question whether absolute truth exists, but science certainly does seem to give extremely reliable knowledge about the workings of the physical world. Having said this, science is quite limited and perhaps even useless to answer questions such as, "What is the value of human life?" "Is that the right thing to do?" "Am I here for a reason?" Without exception, human beings find themselves asking questions about beauty, social justice and purpose. Like a local news commentator here in San Diego says when government officials ignore the needs of regular people, "It ain’t right!" Science does not help us here. In assessing the relative importance and need for science in human societies, it is worth noting that these are the kinds of questions people really care about. Human beings are not as concerned with where, when and how many, but are very concerned with questions of justice and truth. When I discuss the limits of science with my students, I point out that, in the final analysis, science is not very good at answering any of the questions most of us really care about. This is not to deny the importance and usefulness of science. Through science we have cured diseases, understood the marvelous working of nature on a microscopic and cosmological level, been able to predict our future and devise means to avoid the negative consequences of human behavior. However, it is clear that science is not the only means to ask and answer questions, and its ability to answer the questions humans care most deeply about is limited. In order to meet the needs of real people and to maximize the human good, other sources of knowledge and experience, such as art, philosophy and perhaps religion are essential. What is Religion, and What Are Its Limits? It is clearly difficult to define religion and even more difficult to assess its limitations. However, we must make the attempt in order to assess if religion and science are natural opponents. Scientists generally agree, at least broadly, on a "method" to acquire knowledge of the world. Clearly, humans do not agree on the "right" religion. Yet, we can establish in very broad outline the sphere of knowledge and the means of establishing that knowledge in the human activity we label as religion. Generally religion asks questions such as the place of human beings in the world-not just the physical world, but in the larger world, which includes purpose and meta realities which may or may not exist outside/above physical things. Those who practice religion ask questions of what is right and wrong. They ask not what is, but what ought to be. What is my purpose? Is there a higher, supernatural reality? If so, what is the human relationship to that reality? Whereas science seeks tentative explanation and rejects authority, religion, at least in this sense, is the opposite. Generally, religious "truth" and knowledge are based on authority, such as that of a guru or a canonical scripture. In science, nothing is true, per se, but in most religious contexts, truth is well-defined. Scientific knowledge changes and grows. Religious experience may change and grow, but religious claims do not. We may be stepping into controversial territory here, but generally, religion is not particularly effective in answering questions about measurable things. Questions such as when, where, how many and so forth are either not answered, or the track record for religions answering such questions has not held up all that well. We ignore history on this to our peril. It seems not unreasonable to conclude that generally religion can concede to science the role of informing us the cause of a particular disease, the history of the universe, the age of rock formations and the probable result of combining certain chemicals. Humans are social beings, but we are individuals as well. Generally, in a social sphere, we will concede space to the other, but in our own personal sphere, we will defend our own territory vigorously. I will share space with my neighbor at the coffee shop, but will not concede space to him or her in my own bed. The general conclusion from the discussion above is that the "homes" of science and religion are separate. These are more or less incommensurate bodies of knowledge. As long as religion does not enter the bedroom of science and science does not enter the bedroom of religion we can have peace. It should not surprise us that when religion invades the natural territory of science, it evokes a reaction and vice versa. If science tries to declare that alcoholism is neither right nor wrong, religion will not concede this point. If religion tries to declare that "sin" is the cause of disease, science will not remain silent. Nor should it. If scientific materialists try to tell us that, based on experiment in neuroscience, the human soul and human consciousness are not real, or at best epiphenomena, then it seems fair for those with religious faith to cry foul. Since when could science answer questions about ultimate reality? This is a boundary issue. Scientists would be best to take off their scientist hat before speaking on such a topic they know little if anything about. Unfortunately, some scientists do not respect this boundary. On the other hand, if a person with faith in a particular religious authority declares that their scripture denies that the earth moves or claims that the universe has existed in an infinite cycle-a wheel of time, then the scientist has reason to cry foul as well. If a religious claim tells us that galaxies do not exist, the scientist seems within his or her right to respond that this religious claim is almost certainly not true. Again, this is a boundary issue. At the very least, the person with religious faith ought to hesitate to impose a qualitative belief on quantitative science. Perhaps humility might go a long way here. The scientist ought to hesitate to declare that the physical world is all there is-that there is no God, no supernatural reality-and the person of faith ought to pause before declaring a particular scientific conclusion to be false doctrine. Is it not possible that their own interpretation of their authority is what is at fault? Or, as Augustine proposed, such an anomaly may be evidence, not that science is wrong, but that their religious authority might be mistaken. The story of Galileo’s conflict with the Roman Curia is informative here. On the one hand, for the materialist to declare, by fiat, that there is no supernatural intervention in the world is to commit a boundary error. On the other hand, for a person of faith to apply such a faith to declare that there are no truly random forces in nature seems to be a boundary error as well. When Do Science and Religion Overlap, and How Should This Be Handled? It would be nice if life was simple. One can only wish that Gould and Eldridge are completely right that science and religion are non-overlapping. However, reality is complex and the fact is that there is indeed overlap between the territory of science and of religion. Is human consciousness real or a mere epiphenomenon? Is there a real demarcation between humans and other animals? If so, what is that demarcation? Was the physical universe created? If so, how and why? Was life created and can fully random forces explain the creation of life? Given the apparent "phase transition" of complexity between living and non-living things, might there be a corresponding transition to a higher level of reality? Is religious experience just chemicals moving around in our brain, or might such chemical activity be an indicator of something real happening on another level of reality? Is love just the release of certain neurotransmitters and the firing of certain neurons, or might "love" be something real? Do I exist? Do I have a body, or am I a body? Neither science nor religion has exclusive ownership of any of these questions. It is in these areas that each can inform the other and that, for the wise person, such interchange will indeed happen. To simply declare that religion has nothing to offer to these questions or that such questions are sheer nonsense is not acceptable to the great majority of people. To do so is to undermine the dignity of human beings and to lessen the value and quality of life. On what authority can anyone declare such questions nonsense? To say that justice is a meaningless word and that religious experience is mere superstition is to declare the result of an experiment which has not even been performed. On the other hand, for persons with religious faith to simply ignore the implications of genetic research into the causes of alcoholism or the discoveries of neuroscience is short sighted. Perhaps one can even argue that the moral imperative of most religions includes the search for truth, wherever it leads. One can argue that to simply reject on religious presuppositional grounds the implications of scientific discoveries is to lessen the value and quality of life as well. If it is foolish simply declare religious experience foolishness, it is also foolish to simply ignore the vast and growing evidence for common descent of life on the earth. The conclusion to this point is that on a great number of questions, science and religion are incommensurate. Careful attention to boundaries can, for the most part, allow the two to coexist without doing battle. Humility and caution can allow people to delve into the areas where the two overlap without major friction. Science and religion can co-exist in peace. However, the conclusion of this essay is not just that the two can exist in peace. The claim is that they are natural friends. Is this going too far? Let me explain. Let us consider the question of alcoholism. If we only listen to the "science," perhaps we will notice the genetic predisposition of some to alcoholism, but fail to give hope to the alcoholic. It is not inconceivable that if we do not allow science and religion to work together, we may leave the alcoholic in a very bad place. The science alone might even give the person an excuse to not change. Perhaps the "ought" of religion can make the difference for a person to overcome the addiction. On the other hand, if we only consider the "religion" of alcoholism, declaring it a sin, but ignoring the science, we may miss a chance to use a chemical treatment to help the person overcome alcoholism. We might also fail to show compassion, not understanding that for some it really is harder than for others. Does understanding the brain chemistry of prayer make it any less benefit to the believer who prays? Perhaps knowing that her brain was "designed" to allow her to experience both a spiritual and a physical effect from prayer might increase the faith of a believer. Many believing scientists have found special revelation from religion and general revelation from science to complement one another. Galileo had a good grasp of the boundary issues and the complementary nature of science and religion. In his letter to the Duchess Cristina (1614), speaking of his Christian religion and science he said; "I think that in discussions of physical problems we ought to begin, not from the authority of scriptural passages, but from sense-experiences and necessary demonstrations; for the Holy Bible and phenomena of nature proceed alike from the divine Word, the former as the dictate of the Holy Spirit and the latter as the observant executor of God’s commands." If we allow science and religion to work together, especially in that limited number of questions on which they naturally overlap, much good can result. We can contemplate not just the truth that God (or the gods, or Brahman or…) created all, but can marvel and how it was done. If we allow for the possibility of a design or a plan, then a vast array of incoherent but amazing discoveries can become coherent. They will make more sense. If we respect boundaries, how is science hindered by religion? The answer, historically, is that religion will inform science. That certainly was the case with Roger Bacon, Copernicus, Galileo and all the early scientists. The answer is that if we respect boundaries science will inform religion. If we can assume that our scripture or religious authority is a source of real truth, then science might even help us to understand how to interpret revealed truth. As one believer has said, all truth is God’s truth. In summary, science and religion are natural friends. If those who practice science and religion will respect reasonable boundaries, allow humility and reason to prevail in the places where the two overlap, and if they will be informed by science and religion when both are relevant to important questions, then science and religion can be kissing cousins once again.
2019-04-18T10:34:45Z
http://evidenceforchristianity.org/science-and-religion-are-not-enemies/
One of the key strategic consulting ideas over the last twenty years has been the concept of an industry as an ecosystem. This business view states that an industry can be thought of three levels, the market, hierarchy, and ecosystem. Markets facilitate the transaction of goods and services. Hierarchies facilitate the the control of activities that produce the goods, and the ecosystem facilitates the coordination of innovation and co-evolution of firms. The ecosystem defines how firms interact and grow. Regulation and innovation may not allow co-evolution with the same market players or it may force changes in the hierarchy. The futures industry ecosystem has changed significantly with new technology and regulation causes all firms to adapt. The innovation of easy electronic trading has done everything from unbundling brokerage services to cutting the cost of execution and eliminating the social network of trading. Regulation has changed the cost of playing in futures and has redefined the activities of many players. The table below outlines just a few of the changes to the ecosystem. If you liked the old system, then you will conclude the current system is broken. The ecosystem is evolving and in the transition, old firm behavior will not work. Those who cannot adapt will fail. The former dominant species are being pushed aside and the skills to live in the current ecosystem are very different. Technological savvy behavior is more important than the trader skill of understanding the feel of the market. Understanding the regulatory environment is critical for success. If you cannot adapt to technology and regulation, you will be marginalized. In this new environment, we may not be certain of liquidity in a crisis. We don't know whether price behavior will be the same as before. Liquidity providers will change. This is more than just saying that there is Darwinian "survival of the fittest" competition. The ecosystem is not the competitive actions of one firm but how the systems in total fits together. There are financial intermediaries that did not exist a decade ago. There are suppliers of technology for trading and risk management who did not exist. The "forest" where futures trading occurs has changed. Broken, maybe. Evolving, certainly. If you are reading this blog you have a lot to be thankful for and it is not because of my thinking or writing. Enjoy the day but carve-out some time to read Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty by Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo between now and the end of the year. We don't have to be powerless with the problems of poverty. Poverty can be solved or at least reduced through thinking clearly about the economics of incentives and behavior.The solution is not big programs nor some form of free markets. It is about finding ways to have programs that incent behavior that will allow people a way out of poverty traps. It requires new thinking and experimentation because we often do not have the right answers. Through humble thinking and a desire to connect with those less fortunate, we can make a difference. Poor Economics is about the research of two economist on the forefront of this new thinking. They are two of the most thoughtful in the profession.You will read about creative solutions to some vexing problems which will give new meaning to thinking outside the box. The futures industry has changed radically since the Financial Crisis. Many of these changes were in process before the Crisis, but the new regulatory environment and the further focus on cost cutting has sped the industry change. Brokerage firms have wanted to further cut overhead and the movement to electronic trading has allowed for massive reductions in personnel. Electronic trading has accentuated and highlighted the unbundling of brokerage services and allowed the cost cutting to occur with volume increases. In the old world of brokerage, there were many of the services bundled in the course of providing execution. There were networking effects and even though it was not often discussed as a bundled service, brokerage was more than just execution. The voice broker served as a social network for and conduit for these other services. In an electronic world, execution through point and click has disconnected brokerage from the other services that were provided through human. In fact, those other services cannot be provided because the FCM or broker may have little interaction with the client trader. Now some traders did not want all of these services and in many cases, the broker/provider was not good at delivery the other services. However, there were choices in the marketplace and brokers who were better at offering other services won execution business. Now, all the services are unbundled and may actually be harder to price and purchase. How much should you pay for capital introduction? Market color or gossip? Research? Paying monthly fees for one good idea may seem odd. Unbundling the broker services through electronic trading has broken the networking advantages from a wider set of services. Investors may get cheaper execution, but they could be at an information disadvantage that is very costly. Cutting through rhetoric - what is the LEI telling us? There is economic reality and then there is the rhetoric of talking heads about the economy. Depending on the week, we can hear from Fed officials that the economy is ready for a rate increase or you can hear about how "data dependent" decisions require more information. So what will a simple look at the data tell us as we prepare for the holiday? The leading economic indicator (LEI) index has been available for a long-time but sometimes gets missed in all of the talk about the latest economic announcement. It is still a good base indicator that provides early warning about economic downturns. There is no question that if the index turns negative, there will be a recession or you are in a recession. Generally, if the index falls below 1%, there will be a recession. The US economy shows signs of slowing but we are still above the 1% threshold. There should be a concern about the decline, but the rate is still good. Looking at the percentage change from a year ago will show that the LEI has turned negative. It can stay negative for some time without a recession, but equity gains will slow in this type of environment. Reducing equity exposure should be considered for the end of the year. Most have been brought up on learning to be upbeat and positive. Think about positive thoughts and fantasize about success. Monty Python has made fun of positive thinking extremes with their song "Always look on the bright side of life". No matter how bad it gets be positive. The latest research suggests that this way of thinking actually harms you. In the book Rethinking Positive Thinking: Inside the New Science of Motivation by Gabriele Oettingen, we are told that the research calls for balance between positive thinking and the potential negatives. Quit with fantasy thinking and engage in reality which looks at both the good and bad for achieving what you want. Balance leads to more success. The author discusses the four step technique of WOOP for balanced motivation. WOOP stands for Wish, Outcome, Obstacle, and Plan, and is a technique for providing motivation and successful thinking without the potential for extreme thinking. Too much positive thinking and you will have greater motivational problems and loses from failure. What does this have to do with money management? There are clear issue of over-confidence with forecasts and expectations. The over-confidence leads to strong behavior biases, but it can also lead managers to be less motivated because they are less aware of pitfalls, failure, and the necessary hard work that is often required with gaining success. Wishing for success or for something good to happen to your positions and views is only going to get you into trouble. We see the problem of overconfidence in forecasts. Just look at the adjustments in the chart below. I am not saying that a change in attitude will make you a better forecaster, but the research does say that being more realistic of what you are trying to do, including facing obstacles, will allow you to better deal with problems in general. Be a realist, be a pragmatist, and do not believe that willing what you want will get it. Thoughts of money management success has to be tempered with the fact that there is just a lot of hard work and failure with running money and making forecasts. There is a view that managed futures is a long volatility strategy or at least should do well in higher volatility. Some researchers have described managed futures as being long a straddle, but a simple examination of the data suggests that the relationship between managed futures returns and volatility is more complex. I ran a simple test across monthly and daily data over the same time frame between the leading managed futures indices and the VIX volatility index. For the period January 2000 until September 2015, I matched the managed futures performance with the VIX index. I compared the average daily and monthly returns for the top 20% and bottom 20% of the sample against the mean return for the entire sample. This is a very simple test and may only be suggestive of the results, but it did cause me to have think more closely about the link between managed futures and volatility. If you believe that managed futures is a long volatility strategy, the average returns for the top 20% of volatility days and months should be higher than the overall average and certainly higher than the lowest 20% of the sample. For the BTOP50 index, the results show that the average return for the top 20% of the volatility months were higher than the entire sample by a sizable amount. However, it is interesting that the average return for the bottom 20% of the months also did well. It could be that managers lever up in low volatility periods, but these results do not seem obvious. For the daily data using the SocGen CTA index, the results are reversed. The average return for the bottom 20% volatility days is actually higher than the return for the top 20% volatility days. Both do better than the entire data set. The managed futures managers do not seem to like high daily volatility, but they can exploit high monthly volatility. I view managed futures managers as being long longer-term volatility. This allows them to exploit the spread in prices from higher volatility, but they do not like high short-term volatility. High daily volatility increases the likelihood of being stopped out and the stop-out feature makes positions behave like knock-out options. When the stop price is hit, you loss your position. This can explain what the data suggest; however, a closer inspection should be conducted. What holds attention, determines action. William James is one of the great American philosophers of the 19th century and considered the father of American psychology. He was one of the founders of the pragmatism school of philosophy. His pragmatism let simple reflections drive his philosophical thinking. For example, he thought true beliefs are those that useful to the believer. Truth and usefulness go together. His quote tells us he had an innate sense of behavioral finance even though he did not trade. We have a recency bias and a small sample bias which causes us to extrapolate. There is an availability heuristic which uses the information that is more readily available or apparent to make our decisions. James understood how the simple could attract action for better or worse. While he never was a speculator, my guess is that he would have been a very successful money manager following simple rules as a practical application of theory. Pragmatism is an excellent foundation for good money management. "The future is already here, it is just not very evenly distributed." There is always a lot of talk about the skill of hedge fund managers when discussing due diligence, but there is not always a close focus on the technology used by managers. Technology includes hardware, software, and new techniques for analysis. There are some who embrace new technology quickly while others adapt slowly. Given the differences in adaptation, technology change will be diffuse. The diffusion may be closed quickly, but it exists and can impact manager performance. The future may already be here, but not for everyone at the same time. This technology differences is not just the use of computers, but more importantly, the use of software to help harness the large amounts of data associated with finance. There have been significant advances in the visualization of data which can improve analysis. There have been better quantitative techniques for processing data. The method for storing data is just simple but important technology. The technology of new ideas in finance also is not distributed equally. Older managers may not have been trained or exposured to new research. For example, while the addition of factors to the Fama-French model may be know by a fair number of managers, it is not evenly accepted by all managers. The ideas behind smart beta are years old but only now being widely accepted. There is a delay between what is found research and taught in the classroom and what is used in practice. The use of trading algorithms for better execution is also not evenly distributed. The level of sophisticated will vary and the best users of technology may not be the largest managers who have legacy thinking and systems that have to be adjusted and adapted. Let's just say that the due diligence of skill analysis should also account for technology and research differences and how managers access and learn new ideas and adapt them to their businesses. Unconstrained or "go anywhere" bonds funds are all the rage with investors who have growing expectations that rates are headed higher, but you may more likely call them "rate surprise" funds if you are not careful. These funds have wider mandates than normal bond funds which are often closely tied to the Barclays Aggregate bond index. Clearly, there are diversification benefits from being unconstrained and there are enhanced opportunities for the good rate manager. Buying international bonds, allowing for an allocation to high yield, allocations to preferred stocks, exposure to high dividend stocks and convertibles are all ways to enhance yield in a low interest rate environment. This broadening of the opportunity is a good thing for investors. Traditional bond funds only have duration, credit, and mortgages spreads as the choice set. Nevertheless, false assumptions of what these funds can do could lead these funds to be called rate surprise funds. They are still likely to lose value in a rising rate environment. They will also likely have more risk in a declining stock environment or a falling economic growth period. Holding securities that are more equity-like will increase equity risk exposure. Holding riskier credits will subject the fund to more business cycle risk. This higher credit exposure is especially true for strategies that are long high yield and short Treasuries to capture only spread risk. The unconstrained funds may also increases exposure to less liquid credits. Finally, strategies that are willing to have negative duration will underperform if there are rate declines. Unless the manager is nimble, these bonds funds will not be safe assets during a crisis period. We are strong believers in holding credit risk and carry premium at the right time, but research evidence suggests that these both go through cycles and if you think there is potential for an economic downturn, holding unconstrained bond funds will get you something unexpected, principal risk. Direct allocations to dividend funds or high yield along with managed futures and global macro may be better for investors because the risk premiums are isolated and exposures can be better defined. Intelligence is a form of diagnosis and medical students are taught, "When you hear hoofbeats, think horse, not zebra." In other words, the patient is likely to have a common disease, not an exotic one. The same logic should be applied to investment problems. Look for the obvious answer before developing more elaborate explanations. For example, if equity markets are going down around the world, look first at the simple explanation that there are expectations of a slowdown in growth. If nominal rates are declining, it is likely driven by falling inflation expectations and slower growth. Do not fight the Fed and liquidity. Of course the world is more complex than just simple explanations, but starting with the broad simple explanations is a good working hypothesis for discussion. If you have an alternative story it has to be framed in the context of how it compares with the common explanation. Contradictory information has to be studied assuming the most likely answers as the prior. Start simple and add complexities and alternatives to your investment thesis. Managed futures has traditionally provided access to the momentum or trend form of these risk premiums in dynamic fashion through trading both long and short through the major futures market. Carry across currencies also can be accessed through futures albeit the set of currencies will not include emerging markets. Size effects cannot be employed except through a few stock indices. Valuation, except through relative global comparisons, is also hard to access through futures markets. There are also some risk premiums that cannot be accessed through futures such as credit. Hence, there is a reason to mix managed futures with some swap or cash strategies or structures. For example, there is no direct way managed futures can get exposure to a credit risk premium, so mixing managed futures which focuses on momentum with credit exposure through collateral usage allows for a combination of risk premiums. A full complement of risk premiums can be accessed for full global macro investing through the more innovative use of collateral. Since most managed futures only use about 20 percent or less of cash for margin, the excess cash not used for margin can be employed in other strategies to access alternative risk premiums. The recent EY survey concerning non-financial reporting on ESG - environmental, sustainability and governance suggests that there is a growing demand for this information and a desire for it to be provided in a systematic fashion. This is more than "feel good" reporting but a focus on issues that can have real risks. From regulation to stranded assets, ESG will spill-over to earnings and financial reporting. This is going to require a more training and skills by analysts who have to incorporate this information in their analysis. It will also affect valuations as these issues will impact demand from institutional buyers. Firms will also have to allocate more money to standardize non-financial reporting and realize that they will be graded on these non-financial goals. The firms of tomorrow will have different accountability to those of yesterday. Currency wars turning into policing by central banks? There has been a hope for a return to fundamentals in the foreign exchange markets with a decline in foreign currency reserve buying. In the last 12 years the foreign currency reserves held by central banks has increased by a factor of 6x from $2 trillion to $12 trillion as measured by the IMF's COFER data, but that flow has been changing with declines in reserves as central banks have sold reserves to arrest currency declines. The return to fundamentals has come back with a vengeance for many countries. Falling commodity prices, capital outflows, declining economic growth have all led to declining currencies not as a means of enhancing exports but as a reflection of poor economics. The result may be a change in the terms of trade and exports but not because of anything central banks have done. The currency war of the last decade of using foreign reserves to stop appreciation is now being reversed to a war of controlled declines. Foreign reserves are being used as a buffer stock to control short and medium term fluctuations in currencies. Arguably this can be considered good policy for small economies that are appreciably affected by trade. The investment impact of capital flows can be dampened and the currency impact on both exports and importers can be reduced. The marginal use of foreign reserves to dampen extreme fluctuations can be viewed as police actions between countries as opposed to currency wars. By policing extreme behavior, central banks hope to avert more dramatic actions. The traditional liberal view may not have room for currency policing but with market extremes it may offer some economic stability. However, make no mistake, the slowing of growth around the world can easily turn policing of extremes into another round of currency war to boost anemic economies. With continued slower economic growth around the world further confirmed by the recent OECD forecasts and inflation in the developed world that persists below 2%, the macro story for commodity buying is poor. Add to this environment continued price devaluation from the super-cycle and there is little reason to be a long-only investor; however, that does not mean there are no commodity opportunities. Active commodity trading can be a way to take advantage of this change in the super-cycle, the deflation threat, and revaluation in emerging markets. It calls for careful analysis and a willingness to let go of any thinking about commodities as a stable long-only asset class. Competition has declined in the commodity markets. The AUM from commodity investing has fallen by 45% from the highs of over $250 billion in 2011. Hedge funds have exited the business. Banks have exited the business. Trading firms have cut back their exposure. Lending and financing in commodities is harder to come by. This all means that for those left there are more opportunities, but these opportunities are consistently on the short side of the market. That direction may change when there is further rationalization or a unexpected supply shock, but right now there is nothing that would call for a long bias other than some sense of price extremism. Central bank talk - just too much? This week we had ECB president Draghi say it is "clearly visible" that there are downside economic risks in Europe. NY Fed president Dudley said this week, "It is quite possible that the conditions the Committee have established to begin to normalize monetary policy could soon be satisfied." We have the ECB talking about further easing and the Fed talking about normalizing. We have not even included all of the comments by Fed bank president. Do these guys do any real work or just make speeches at one conference after another? Do they really need to keep in practice talking or would the markets be better with closed-mouthed central bankers? I understand that the FOMC has stated that they have a "flexible agenda" and must account for "a wide range of information ... and readings on financial and international developments" but does it make sense that there is more simple clarity in order to enhance creditability? This game of hinting at moves is getting old and adding to market uncertainty. Will the growth expectations for ETF's ever slow? The 2015 EY ETF survey says that growth will average 18 percent for the next three to five year. This exceptional growth means that it will further cannibalize the mutual fund market for retail investors and traditional money managers for the institutional market. This growth is not going to be driven by passive investments but a greater push for innovation in fund products. The EY survey says that the big product push will be in enhanced beta and currency hedged funds and not jut passive and pure active ETF's. This push toward innovation has real implications for active mutual fund managers who have been closet enhanced beta managers and hedge fund alpha managers who have used enhanced beta as a technique to generate alpha versus traditional benchmarks. The focus on innovation will continue to make ETF's a disruptive force in money management. With ease of packaging and distribution, new ideas can be quickly released into the market. Innovation will force managers to work harder and cause further firm consolidation and declines in fees. While the survey suggests strong growth, the global ETF market seems to be fractionalized. Europe is different than the US and Asia follows its one rules. What seems to be missing from the growth expectations is the realization that for these products to be successfully sold, there will have to be much more education of investors. I am skeptical whether growth can be achieved without more basic education on the differences in products. However, the mutual fund and hedge fund businesses seem to have been slow at combating the growth of new ETF product. This will be a big industry battle in 2016. The terms alpha is thrown around somewhat casually by many investors. Who does not want alpha? If a manager can broaden the term, he can argue that he has the ability to provide it. On the other hand, smart investors have become more wary of what is alpha. They have spent more time refining benchmarks in order to more precisely separate alpha and beta. Now there is a new term being used; strategic alpha, as provided by the treasury function of the hedge fund firm. There is return to be gained by better managing cash and financing. I agree with this alpha concept and expect a rapid improvement by most firms. There is a competitive advantage for firms who better manage financing. It can add incremental return that is unrelated to the underlying market risk of a strategy. For those who now engage in better treasury management, it will add relative return. If all funds improve their treasury management, there will still be gains relative to existing beta. This should be something everyone does. The regulatory environment makes financing more difficult and expensive. Banks are dropping hedge fund clients, FCM’s are dropping derivative firms. Forming better alliance with brokers and clearing firms is essential for the livelihood of many firms. Without a good FCM or PB, a hedge fund will be alpha constrained. Banks and FCM’s do not want hedge fund cash and they want to squeeze more return form their hedge fund clients. Money market funds have more restrictions that make it riskier for hedge funds to park short-term cash. This means that cash management is firm critical for any fund manager. Managers avoided this function because it as not core to their business, but in a changing environment, what is core is being redefined. With excess returns falling, every extra basis point that can be gained is important. The example of a managed futures fund is illustrative given their high cash collateral levels. It used to be that cash invested in Treasury bills would cover much of the management fee costs of the firm. Take the simple case of 5% bill rates and 2% management fees. The fund would be “ahead” by 3% before trading. Now with rates down to zero, performance is negative before trading begins. FCM’s do not want the excess cash. There is more risk with segregated funds given some FCM failures. Banks do not want the extra cash, and institutional money market funds have new regulatory rules which constrain returns. Managing cash more effectively is valuable even in a low rate environment. Currently, this value may be limited, but if the Fed starts to normalize rates there will be value in moving out the yield curve and managing cash alternatives. Watch for firms changing their cash practices and hiring specialists in financing. Generating and counting every penny will be a required alpha source. There is alpha in the details of how money moves. The new 2015 EY global hedge fund survey provides for some interesting industry reading. One detail that caught my attention is the change in focus on what is most important to hedge funds. Its is not about getting better at their craft and generating more alpha. It is all about raising assets which means you have to appeal to the masses. The focus is on diversified product that broaden the scope of the firms. The survey of large, medium, and small managers tells the same story. Forget about specialization with core products. Offer more multi-product solutions. Diversify across strategies. Manage a broader pool of assets. Build a sound firm not one driven by alpha generation. What should happen to alpha? If you believe managers are skilled-based and need to create an information advantage through either collection or processing, then you will not like this new world. Alpha should not be enhanced. Of course, the argument is that hedge managers will be able to broaden their products to provide better diversification at a lower cost. That may be true, but the origins of hedge fund investing was to offer specialized managers with unique skills in a fund that would be different than traditional asset returns or market beta. Previously, there was business risk if a hedge fund did not perform. The focus was on skill because you were a specialist. Now the focus will be on survival and protecting a business. This is bad news for the investor who wants to buy talent. The month really starts with the employment number and that print last Friday tells us Fed action is on for December. Even dovish Fed presidents are talking that it is time. Money managers will be thinking about year-end adjustments based on Fed rate path. Rebalancing under rising rates will be a driver for all investors. We are not very good at weighing evidence. We make assessments about issues and then decide, but our decisions are often based on our cultural identity. Asked if they can image evidence that would contradict their view and then ask if they would change their minds if presented the evidence, the answer for many was no. These are the findings of Dan Kahan and others who have done research work in cultural cognition. This has been the focus of a growing number of researchers at the cultural cognition project. The Cultural Cognition Project is a group of scholars interested in studying how cultural values shape public risk perceptions and related policy beliefs. Cultural cognition refers to the tendency of individuals to conform their beliefs about disputed matters of fact (e.g., whether global warming is a serious threat; whether the death penalty deters murder; whether gun control makes society more safe or less) to values that define their cultural identities. Cultural identity will have an impact on how research is presented and will bias how managers may look at a problem. For example, Larry Summers and has views of secular stagnation present one model and cultural view that will affect forecasts of Fed action. This filter will have a big impact on how he looks at new information about the economy. If you agree with Summers, you will view data in a similar fashion. Some may call this just a model view, but there may be more going on here. This view may bias what you think the Fed will do with interest rates. You cannot divorce your cultural view with your forecast. The standard approach for cultrual cognition is to use the following 2x2 matrix to describe how groups may filter information. I don't think this model applies to finance, but a model bias or view of the world will affect how the likelihood function is used when given new information is presented. I will argue that systematic modelers are different than discretionary decision-makers who may have a greater cultural bias or are influenced by the cultural norms of their peers in the industry. There is a New York - London global macro bubble and those who are in it are more likely to think alike and look at data differently than the systematic manager who is away from a major city. Keynes was aware of this when he discussed beauty pageants and the willingness to fail with others rather than thinking on your own, as well as the issue of many being ruled by the ideas of some defunct economist. Cultural norms will affect risk perceptions and what data is important in the macro-economy. This is not a well-defined idea in finance, but I think it is well worth further discussion. Physicist Enrico Fermi was renowned at being able to come up with good estimates to answer seemingly intractable problems. He did this through breaking down the problem into more manageable subproblems and then went through a process of combination. By doing this, he was able to clarify and examine key assumptions along the way. He was an expert on dimensionality analysis and approximation. He was able to look at problems and determine by the number of steps in the estimate the correct order of magnitude with some precision. The intractable problem that requires a Fermi-ized estimate has now become a standard interview question for many firms. For example, "How many cigar smokers are there in Denmark?"Boston?" Ok, in reality, most are not going to be faced with these questions, but the focus is on the logic of how you would arrive at an estimate. For many trading problems, the focus has to be on the process of getting an estimate for a forecast. The problems may not be intractable, but they may require some guessing that needs some bounds. Take the simple case of estimating whether the US will get 2% inflation. Many suggest that if oil prices go up it would not take much for inflation to reach 2%. The forecast will be a function of how important are energy prices to the inflation index and then computing how large an increase in oil prices would have to be to get the index to 2%. If you have a guess on oil with a probability measure, you should translate that information into an inflation estimate it some confidence. The forecast process can be broken into subproblems that can be reviewed to generate the end prediction. You may be wrong with the forecast, but the estimate will be based on clear assumption that can be explained to others. The future of whether raising interest rates by the Fed will work hangs in the balance through the repo and not the Fed funds market. If the Fed can control reverse repo, it will be able to impact the key credit channel away from banks. The shadow credit markets are where the action is for lending and that is more likely to be driven by rates outside of banks. The Fed knows this and has focused on new tools to monitor the repo market. See the new tool for monitoring by the NY Fed. The NY Fed is now able to watch volume, haircuts, and concentration levels for tri-party repo and show current levels versus historical data. The volume numbers are interesting, but what has really caught my attention are the haircuts for different types of collateral. Changes in haircuts will provide an early warning on the risks for certain types of assets. I would be concerned if the haircuts start to increase because it is telling the market that there are more risks in markets. If there is going to be a market gridlock, it will start with the haircuts in repo. Are you, as David Sklansky the poker player would say, "At war with luck"? This issue was analyzed in a recent Game Theory posting in the Economist. The article focuses on the role of skill versus luck in poker. A recent research piece showed that 76% of a sample of over 100,000 hands of poker were determined before a showdown, that is, before cards were revealed. 49.7 percent of the best possible hands that could have been made were folded before a showdown. Poker is often won or lost by in-game decisions and not by luck at the end. As has been commented in other places, you can deliberately lose at poker. That is not the case for a game of luck. Hence, there is skill with poker. The same can be said with trading. Most of the gains or loses are made through in-game decisions. You can get stopped out, you can take profits, you can size the trades wrong, you can act before your forecast is realized. There are a host of decisions that will determine your success before you even get to the point of measuring whether the market had gone in your direction. This is not an issue of gambling, but rather your skill at money or risk management and you ability to read the situation. Hedge fund managers never like to talk about the association between poker playing and trading but the analogies are real. The managed futures and global macro strategies are usually a testimony to the power of broad diversification. These strategies will do well when there is a major dislocation in either stocks or bonds given they may be some of the most diversified strategies in the hedge fund space. A review of equities, bonds, and managed futures, finds that managed futures has been the laggard for the year. Fixed income has been flat for most of the year with a gain of just over 1 percent. Equities have been on a 3-month roller coaster with October performance offsetting most of the losses in August and September. Managed futures has moved sideways for the last three months as fixed income opportunities have been limited and the quick reversals for equities have been harder to capture in a manner that will drive positive returns. Managed futures proved to be a good positive diversified for the first quarter and served as an equity dampener during the summer, but it has not been a strong return enhancer. With global growth expected to further weaken, differences in monetary policy, and the potential for equity markets to move closer to fundamentals, the next few months may prove to be a better performance period. At this point, managed futures needs to show that it can not only diversify but also achieve positive returns. October hedge fund performance did not match the strong returns in equities. These strategies are not suppose to have high returns in a strong directional month. Betas are just lower for these strategies and alpha is sometimes harder to come by in pure directional up markets. As should be expected, the market directional category did well albeit it was less than half of the S&P 500 move. Surprisingly, special situations and event driven strategies both performed well. The global macro and CTA index were the worst performers for the month while diversified multi-strategy funds showed good gains. For the year, merger, market neutral, and absolute return were the best strategies while event driven, distressed, and special situations have been the worst strategies for 2015. Interestingly, the best for the month have been the worst for the year. With fixed income flattish for the year and equities moving back into positive territory for the year only this month, hedge funds have shown mixed absolute and relative success for the year. A number of strategies are strongly negative and unlikely to turn positive for the year unless there are returns that are greater than one annualized standard deviation. It is hard to expect managers to make that performance in a sixty day period when we know that markets slow during the holiday periods. Money has still flowed into the alternative space, but returns have disappointed on both an absolute and relative value basis. Many skill managers have stated that it has been a tough market for making money, but investor patience is something that is always in short supply when it comes to demanding returns.The end of the year should see more hedge fund fall-out for small firms that have under-performed. Scale and rationalization will be occurring after these returns. Equities saw the best month this year with a total return of over 8 percent for the SP 500, but the good news in equities did not translate to positive returns for global macro and managed futures strategies. Both the BTOP50 and Newedge CTA index posted negative returns. Returns have moved sideways for the last five months for these strategies and are significantly off the highs seen at the end of the first quarter. Diversification can be a two-edged sword for managed futures with many of the other markets sectors seeing reversals and little net change for the month. Even equity returns were the result of a sharp reversal at the end of the third quarter, so the managers who were short the longer-term trend were caught with losses during the first half of the month. The key theme for the month was risk-on, so fixed income reversed gains in the second half of the month as money flowed to equities. Central bank liquidity was the driver for this risk-on switch. With Fed action pushed out to at least December and more likely 2016, ECB comments from president Draghi that more QE is likely in Europe, and a major reflation in China, the markets have jumped on the liquidity bandwagon. Arguable there are reasons for more liquidity as global growth seems to be slowing. In this risk switch, trend-following was not the proper strategy play. Equities - One again, we learn that it is never good to fight central banks. It does not matter whether current central bank guidance is muddled. If there is a tilt to easing, risk assets will be demanded. Don't fight central banks. Fixed income - Bond prices for the year peaked in October with global rates moving higher on central bank messaging. Yields in the front-end of the curve increased in the 3-6 month range under expectations that the Fed will make their policy change by March 2016. Currencies - Money moved to the dollar and away from countries that presented more expansionary credit or dovish talk. EM market outflows may have slowed versus the last three months, but the risk-on trade has not really reached these markets. Given Fed uncertainty, the dollar has not reached new highs. There was not enough price action for strong trend opportunities. Energy - Natural gas continues to move lower while crude oil has been more range-bound but with higher volatility. The oil market has bounced off lows in the mid-40's but there are not fundamentals that will push oil higher. Slowing global growth is not going to solve the current supply glut. Metals - Precious metals were range-bound. With no inflation or geopolitical risk, there is no reason for increasing allocations. Industrial metals have bounced near year lows. The weakness in industrial China will not allow prices to move higher. Rationalization of supply does not happen quickly. Commodities - There was little to exploit in the grain markets. The presence of V-shaped pricing formations made for poor trend opportunities ins one of the softs and those trends that did exist were in generally low allocation markets. Th lessons from October are clear. Range-bound markets are never good for managed futures or global macro. Whether trend-following or fundamentally driven, these traders need divergences that create meaningful price signals that can be exploited. Markets that were not range-bound showed strong v-shaped patterns. In the transition, trend-followers or major fundamental traders will not make money. The adjustment from one direction to another is always going to be painful. These changes were not dramatic outside of equities, but enough to drive returns into negative territory. Superforecasters - what does it take to be great?
2019-04-20T20:33:49Z
http://mrzepczynski.blogspot.com/2015/11/
← Review of Craig Keener, “Miracles,” Part 1: What Evidence of Miracles Are Skeptics Searching for? As I stated in my previous post, I will be writing a multi-part review of Craig Keener’s Miracles: The Credibility of the New Testament Accounts here on Κέλσος. Since Keener’s two volumes are very long, and there are a lot of issues that I would like to address, I will be breaking this review into several smaller posts. It is very likely that I will also blog about other issues during the process of writing this review, and I likewise do not plan to write my review of Keener in any particular order. As such, my organization may be somewhat sporadic in the order of topics that I discuss. For this reason, I will not be calling the subsequent portions of this review “part 2” and “part 3,” etc., but will instead title each subsequent post under the label “continued.” When I am finished with this review, I will then write a table of contents that organizes each post into a more logical organization. Those organizational issues aside, I will be writing the second installment of this review on Keener’s repeated assertion that there is a bias in Biblical Studies against the historical authenticity of miracles. Reading the “Introduction” (pp. 1-17) of Keener’s volumes, I was amazed by how much he started out with complaints against other biblical scholars, most of whom are unnamed (though he does name Rudolf Bultmann on pg. 8, who died in 1976, at that), for their alleged bias against the historical authenticity of miracles in the Gospels and Acts. Allegedly, these scholars treat the miracles of these accounts completely different from how they treat the other portions of the narrative. The repeated assertion that these scholars are “antisupernatural” is pervasive throughout this book (pp. 10, 85, 108, 123, 200, 429, 656, 667, 686, 702, 711, and on more pages than just these!). For much of this book, he then traces the origin of this so-called “antisupernatural” bias to the Enlightenment and (old) philosophers such as Hume (despite the fact that modern naturalism really has more of a mid-20th century origin). To begin with, I think this is a complete mischaracterization of why historians are more skeptical of certain historical claims that others. As I explain in my essay “History and the Paranormal,” historians do not just single out miracles or supernatural claims as the only kind of historical claims towards which they exercise greater caution. There are other kinds of paranormal claims that have nothing to do with religion or the supernatural, rather than empirical phenomena that exceeds existing scientific knowledge. This can include claims about technology that from a modern standpoint would be impossible, such as mirrors that can reflect rays of the sun to burn ships, unverified animal species, such as phoenixes, and even simple trade and navigation routes that would be implausible as literally described, or legendary geographical locations, such as the island of Thule. In modern times, most skeptics likewise exercise equal skepticism towards other paranormal phenomena that would still be purely natural, such as UFO abductions. The operating principle has little to do with “antisupernatural” assumptions, but rather with what historiographer C. Behan McCullagh calls “existing knowledge.” As McCullagh explains in Justifying Historical Descriptions (whose methodology is summarized here), historians cannot make claims with good probability about the past that involve too many unproven, ad hoc assumptions. Such existing knowledge does not need to be a priori, but can be drawn simply from previous observation. 99.999…999% of the dead are not supernaturally interfered with by God, and, thus, not raised by Him. Jesus was [probably] not supernaturally interfered with by God, and, thus, not raised by Him. None of this requires the a priori dismissal of resurrection events, nor does it even require the metaphysical belief in naturalism. As Cavin explains, this statistical syllogism would be the same, even if we assume the existence of God. Instead, historians approach all historical claims by taking into consideration the past observation of data. Now, I realize that Keener wishes to provide modern evidence of miraculous phenomena, in order to update our background knowledge to include the existence of miracles, which I welcome, but I still think that he has set up a straw man for why most skeptics and biblical scholars treat miraculous reports in ancient texts with greater caution. Now, none of these signs of Keener’s bias mean that I won’t take a look at his evidence. I just find it rather hypocritical for Keener to come in swinging at other biblical scholars for their “dogma,” when he demonstrably works at and publishes through institutions that have dogmatically oriented commitments. If Keener wants to make a case for the modern occurrence of miracles, then just make it, and leave these gripes about other scholars “lack of self-critical reflection” aside. First off, the charge of dismissing “other cultures” and “ethnocentrism” is another pervasive theme throughout this book, which is likewise a straw man. I don’t treat a report of a man rising into an immortal and imperishable body with caution because of “culture,” but due to the simply fact that billions of people have been recording dying, all over the world, and yet no one in the age of rigorous medical documentation has exhibited this kind of phenomena. If documented evidence of such an immortal resurrection occurred in any culture, I would believe it. But, the repeated insinuations of racism is another major complaint that I have about this book (Christian apologist Don Johnson likewise tried to make the same insinuations in our recorded debate, part two 46:56). 1. Redaction criticism: The Gospels are highly unusual, compared to other Greco-Roman biographies, in the way that they borrow and redact material from earlier sources (Matthew borrows from much as 80% of Mark’s material, and Luke borrows from 65% of the material of the earliest gospel). This is not how historical biographies, such as those of Plutarch and Suetonius, are written, since higher literary works tended to be written in a more unique style that distinguished an individual author. First, the interdependence between the Gospels in their source material causes them to lack independent corroboration. Independent corroboration is a historical criterion that argues for a common tradition between two texts, when they both relate the same story, without collaborating with each other. However, because the authors of the Gospels were copying each other for a number of the same stories, we cannot assume that these stories are independently attested between the authors. This severely limits the extent to which the Gospels can provide multiply attested information. However, McGrath points out that the later Gospels make a number of changes to Mark’s version of the story. Luke (23:53) adds the detail that the tomb had never been used before, making the burial more honorable, and Matthew (27:59-6) adds both the detail that the tomb was unused and that it was even Joseph’s own tomb. John (19:39-41) even further adds the detail that Jesus was anointed with 75 pounds of myrrh and aloes before his burial, even when this explicitly contradicts Mark 16:1, which states that Jesus was not anointed before his burial. John also adds the detail that Jesus was buried in a garden. These kinds of embellishments suggest that Jesus receiving a private burial in a tomb that had never before been used is probably a later embellishment (McGrath, for the record, supports the view that Jesus was buried in a common, criminal cemetery). Because of this, historians can thus doubt the accounts of Jesus’ burial in Matthew, Luke, and John. It should also be noted that, because the later Gospel authors derived so much material from Mark (which itself is based on earlier Greek pericopes and oral traditions), it casts strong doubt on whether any of their narratives are based on “memories.” Instead, the borrowing and redaction of materials suggests that the Gospels were stitched together based on material that had been circulating for some decades, which was likewise redacted at multiple stages of composition. Because of this, we have to treat the Gospels as received material, rather than first-hand accounts. 2. Midrash: Another peculiarity about how the Gospels are written is the fact that they owe a considerable amount of influence to the earlier Jewish scriptures in the Old Testament. In fact, through the literary convention known as Midrash, in which NT characters and episodes are designed to mimic OT characters and episodes, we can tell that whole sections of the Gospels’ narratives are derived from earlier literature. Scholars William Telford and Richard Horsley discuss these pericopes further here and here. This actually means that Mark’s narrative is being built around earlier outlines of Jesus’ miracles (meaning that even the mundane narrative details may have been invented to narrativize the miracles). But we can tell further that these miracles were themselves based on parallels with the OT, such as the alleged miracles of Moses. That speaks strongly *in favor* of the hypothesis of legendary development, since we can tell that stories about Jesus were being made up to parallel him with OT figures. It should also be noted that these are pre-Gospel traditions, meaning that we can detect legendary development surrounding Jesus before the Gospels were even written. Likewise, NT scholar Dennis MacDonald has argued, through mimesis criticism, that a number of the episodes in the Gospels may be based around earlier Greek mythology, particularly episodes in the Odyssey. It should be noted that, while Midrash is widely accepted among NT scholars, mimesis criticism is far more controversial. However, if MacDonald is correct that a number of characters and episodes within the Gospels are based on earlier Greek literature, then this would also cast doubt on whether such content is derived from actual historical events. 3. Allegorical characters: Another aspect of the Gospels that points towards legendary development is the presence of a number of characters, who appear to be solely allegorical in their role. For example, in this earlier essay I argue that the character Barabbas (whose name means “son of the father”) is probably a fictional character. Barabbas appears right before the scene of Jesus’ crucifixion, when Pontius Pilate asks the crowd to choose one prisoner for release as part of the Passover festival. Not only is this custom to release one prisoner unattested among secular sources, but there is also strong reason to think that this scene was invented for allegorical purposes. During the Yom Kippur sacrifice, there were two identical goats selected each year. One was released into the wild bearing the sins of Israel, and was eventually pushed off a cliff. The other was sacrificed in blood to atone for those sins. Hebrews 8-9 outside of the Gospels already attests to how the early Christians viewed Jesus as the ultimate Yom Kippur sacrifice where Jesus is the atonement for sins. Thus, in this allegory, the Gospel authors are telling their readers to reject the sins of violence and rebellion represented though Barabbas and instead to embrace Jesus’ ultimate atonement sacrifice. Because the character of Barabbas may have been invented for allegorical purposes, it casts doubt on whether this story ever actually took place. Such allegorical characters, therefore, are another historical-critical problem for the Gospels’ reliability. 4. Fulfilment of Scripture Citations: Another historical-critical problem with the Gospels is the way that they invent material, in order to have Jesus fulfill prophecies in the Jewish scriptures. For example, I discuss in section 2 above how there are a number of contradictions between the infancy narratives in Matthew and Luke. The differences between the two accounts point towards the conclusion that each author invented a different way to get Jesus born in Bethlehem. This makes sense, because the Gospel authors were seeking to depict Jesus as the Jewish Messiah, and it had long been believed that the Messiah would be born in Bethlehem. However, since this is an obvious theological motive for depicting Jesus’ birth in Bethlehem, it casts doubt on whether the infancy narratives are based on real events (most historical Jesus scholars agree that Jesus was probably born in Nazareth). Because the author of Matthew probably based Joseph’s flight to Egypt, as well as Herod’s slaughter of the infants in Bethlehem, off of earlier passages in the Jewish scriptures, it casts strong doubt on whether any of these events ever actually took place. Instead, these stories probably derive from earlier literature, rather than real events, which casts doubt on their overall historical reliability. Notice how very little of the above has to do with “philosophical assumptions,” but plain old literary-critical and historical-critical methodology by which I evaluate ancient texts, including Pagan and classical ones. 1) As I explain above, there are several details in the Gospels and Acts that I doubt, because they are derived from the Jewish scriptures. This can include mundane claims, such as the soldiers casting lots for Jesus’ clothing (Mt. 27:35; Mk. 15:24; Lk. 23:34; Jn. 19:23). The reason that I doubt this detail is not because of “philosophical assumptions,” but because this detail can be shown to derive from earlier literature, namely Psalm 22:18. The same logic applies to the feeding miracles in Mark 6:35-44 and Mark 8:1-10. Each feeding miracle is set alternately on Jewish and Gentile soil, and is accompanied by two sea miracles (Mk. 4:35-41; 6:45-52), and two crossings of the lake (Mk. 6:45; 8:1). A major reason why I doubt these stories, beyond their miraculous character, is because they are probably derived from a Midrash of the feeding miracles of Moses in the Old Testament. I doubt mundane claims, such as Joseph’s flight into Egypt, for the same reason of mimicking Moses. So there are other reasons besides “philosophical assumptions” to doubt many of the miracles in the Gospels and Acts. 2) Take also the claim that there was a three hour darkness at Jesus’ crucifixion (Mt. 27:45; Mk. 15:33; Lk. 23:44). Not only can this event be doubted because no other non-Christian source seems to have any knowledge of it (see Richard Carrier’s “Thallus and the Darkness at Christ’s Death”), but the scene of the darkness is likewise probably derived from references to earlier Jewish literature, such as Joel 2:1-2, Amos 5:18-20, and Zephaniah 1:14-15. Paul (c. 50’s CE), the earliest source, has no empty tomb and just “appearances” of Jesus. Mark (c. 70’s CE), half a century after Jesus’ death, then has an empty tomb. Matthew (c. 80’s CE), after Mark, then has Jesus appear to his disciples in Galilee. Luke (c. 90’s CE), even later, instead has Jesus appear to his disciple in Jerusalem (a different story than Matthew’s), and likewise this Jesus can teleport and is not at first recognizable to his followers. Finally, John (c. 90-100’s CE) has Thomas be able to touch Jesus’ wounds. If you go even later into the Gospel of Peter (2nd century CE), Jesus emerges as a giant from the tomb with giant angels accompanying him (verses 39-40). Because the story of Jesus’ resurrection keeps being redacted and added to by subsequent authors, beyond considerations of its miraculous nature, I have literary-critical and historical-critical considerations to be skeptical towards at least some of the later accounts. As NT scholar L. L. Michael White explained in Scripting Jesus: The Gospels in Rewrite above, these same types of redactional-critical considerations are taken into account for mundane details in the Gospels, as well. So it is not like the miracles alone are being treated by a separate methodology. 4) There are also strong arguments that some of Jesus’ miracles are copied from Pagan miracles in circulation around the time that the Gospels were composed. For example, in Mark 8:22-25, Jesus’ cures a blind man through spitting his eyes. The Gospel of Mark was also composed c. 70 CE, around the time when the Roman emperor Vespasian was likewise making a bid for imperial power during the Roman civil war of 69 CE. At least three independent historians — Tacitus (Hist. 4.81), Suetonius (Vesp. 7.2), and Cassius Dio (65.8) — record this miracle in which Vespasian, through the aid of the god Serapis, is said to have cured a blind man by spitting in his eyes before a whole crowd of people. As I have discussed in my academic paper “The Propaganda of Accession of the Roman Emperor Galba,” many of the claims made about the signs and miracles of the competing Roman emperors during this war were in wide circulation across the Mediterranean. The point to be made from the examples and analysis above is that secular biblical scholars are not merely cutting out the sections of the Gospels and Acts about miracles, such as the Jefferson Bible, and then treating the rest of the content in a different exegetical manner. Many of the miracles in these texts can be doubted for literary and historica-critical considerations, beyond just their miraculous nature. Now, I am sure that Craig Keener, as a biblical scholar, is aware of these nuances and probably has even discussed many of the examples above in his other writings (he is a voluminous author, and I have written about his massive commentary on Acts in this previous post). Nevertheless, by framing so much of his discussion in terms of “antisupernaturalism” and “dogma” and “ethnocentrism,” Keener sets up a straw man caricature of why secular biblical scholars and skeptics alike treat the miracles reported in the New Testament with caution. I think that the real reasons why people are skeptical of the New Testament accounts is far more nuanced and complicated than what Keener portrays to his reading audience of primarily evangelical Christians. I will be discussing more examples of this, as I move forward with this review. This entry was posted in Apologists, Miracles, Reviews and tagged Craig Keener, Miracles: The Credibility of the New Testament Accounts. Bookmark the permalink. Let’s take the example of Jesus’ resurrection, for example. The example…for example – awkward. It should also be noted that these are pre-Gospel traditions, meaning that we can detect legendary development surrounding Jesus before the Gospels were even written. What’s the antecedent of “these”, and how does that support the legendary development hypothesis? “These” refers to the pre-Markan miracle collections that were based off of the feeding miracles of Moses. The reason that it supports the legendary development hypothesis is that it shows how literary fiction, such as Midrash, was even taking place before the Gospel of Mark was written. You can see similar material borrowed from the Septuagint books, such as Psalms, in what scholars identify as the pre-Markan Passion Narrative. What this shows is that literary inventions were taking place before the Gospels were even written. So, the legendary development, I argue, long precedes the Gospels and even goes back into the first couple decades of Christianity. I enjoyed reading your work. Thank you. Colin J. Hemer, The Book of Acts in the Setting of Hellenistic History (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 49), Tübingen 1989, p. 428-443. Martin Hengel, Die vier Evangelien und das eine Evangelium von Jesus Christus: Studien zu ihrer Sammlung und Entstehung (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 224), Tübingen 2008, p. 155-158. B. Ward Powers, The Progressive Publication of Matthew: An Explanation of the Writing of the Synoptic Gospels, Nashville, Tennessee 2010, p. 532. Robert H. Stein, The Synoptic Problem: An Introduction, Grand Rapids 1987, p. 125-127, 138, 165, 167-168. Rainer Riesner, Jesus als Lehrer: Eine Untersuchung zum Ursprung der Evangelien-Überlieferung (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2/7), 3rd ed., Tübingen 1988, p. 4-5. Mark Goodacre, The Synoptic Problem: A Way Through the Maze, London 2001, p. 93-96, 134, 138-139. Matthew Ferguson: “Likewise, redaction criticism can reveal legendary development and other forms of embellishment between earlier and later texts. For example, even Christian scholars, such as James McGrath, have acknowledged that Jesus’ burial is embellished in the later Gospels–Matthew, Luke, and John. Hans-Herbert Stoldt, History and Criticism of the Marcan Hypothesis, Edinburgh 1980. David B. Peabody et al. (eds.), One Gospel from Two: Mark’s Use of Matthew and Luke: A Demonstration by the Research Team of the International Institute for Gospel Studies, Harrisburg 2002. B. Ward Powers, The Progressive Publication of Matthew: An Explanation of the Writing of the Synoptic Gospels, Nashville, Tennessee 2010. A very strong argument for Markan posteriority can be made on the basis of the order of pericopae in the Synoptic Gospels. With respect to it Mark always is in agreement either with Matthew or with Luke, and the latter two are never in agreement against Mark. If one nevertheless wants to keep the view that Matthew and Luke are dependent on Mark on has to put this fact down either to coincidence or one could argue that the authors of Matthew and Luke deliberately arranged their material so that this outcome would come about. To me both explanations seem rather unlikely to be correct. However, it is not only with respect to the order of pericopae that one can see this pattern of agreement and discrepancy between the Synoptic Gospels, but also when looking at a specific pericope. B. Ward Powers in his book mentioned above has shown that this pattern can be seen in the pericope of the Rich Young Man (Matthew 19:16-30; Mark 10:17-31; Lk 18:18-30). Matthias Schneckenburger, Beiträge zur Einleitung ins Neue Testament und zur Erklärung seiner schwierigen Stellen, Stuttgart 1832, p. 16-23. August Friedrich Gfrörer, Die heilige Sage (Geschichte des Urchristenthums 2), Stuttgart 1838, p. 78-81. Martin Hengel, Die vier Evangelien und das eine Evangelium von Jesus Christus: Studien zu ihrer Sammlung und Entstehung (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 224), Tübingen 2008, p. 274-350. Robert K. MacEwen, Matthean Posteriority: An Exploration of Matthew’s Use of Mark and Luke as a Solution to the Synoptic Problem (Library of New Testament Studies 501), London et al. 2015. Schneckenburger and Gfrörer hold the view that Luke was written before Mark and Matthew, Hengel and MacEwen that Luke was written only before Matthew. Now from Luke 1:1-4 one can draw the conclusion that this Gospel is based on eyewitness testimony and that its author examined the matter carefully. He may have gathered at least some of the pieces of information during his stay in Jerusalem (see Acts 21:18, 27:1). Looking at Acts 21:18 one can see that the author of Luke and Acts even met James, the brother of Jesus, and he may have gathered from this man pieces of information concerning Jesus’ familiy life. You make this assertion at the beginning of your comment, and yet none of the books that you have cited support it. Which New Testament scholars, who are alive today (Keener quotes old scholars like Bultmann), say that the historical reliability of the New Testament depends on the existence of miracles? I study a lot of modern, secular NT scholars, and the only author who can think of who even makes an argument similar to this is philosopher Stephen Law (who isn’t even a NT scholar) in what he calls the contamination principle. The secular NT scholars that I have studied who discuss the issue of miracles, such as Bart Ehrman, and even Christian NT scholars, such as Dale Allison and James McGrath, argue that miracles are issues that extend beyond ordinary historical epistemology, because they involve underlying metaphysical assumptions that are not agreed upon by all historians. Such secular scholars, therefore, tend to bracket miracles as questions that cannot be answered the same as mundane historical questions. But these same scholars also make arguments both for and against the New Testament’s historical reliability that depend on a ton of different issues, such as some of the ones that I have discussed, like Midrash, redaction criticism, etc. These historical problems would remain an issue regardless of the question of whether miracles actually exist. Regarding Martin Hengel, I actually plan on critiquing a lot of his arguments for the reliability of the New Testament in my Ph.D. dissertation (particularly his arguments regarding the Gospels’ authorship). I have also already critiqued a number of Hegel’s arguments in this essay. As for B. Ward Powers, I am familiar with his work and even ILL’d the book you cite last quarter when I was doing work towards my dissertation. The view he takes is a minority view in NT scholarship, though I also don’t want to get bogged down in a discussion of the Gospels’ interrelations that extends beyond the scope of this essay. For the purpose of this essay, the order of the Gospels’ composition, and which authors made use of previous authors or shared source material, extends beyond the basic point that is being made, which is this: beyond the order in which the Gospels were composed, they still reflect a huge amount of shared source material, and they interact with, redact, and use that material in different ways. This is very different from how authors like Tacitus and Suetonius, for example, write, because their method of composition reflects far more of an individual style, rather than redaction of previous accounts, or shared source material. This still creates a problem with reliability, because, as L. Michael White has pointed out, the different Gospels are telling stories in different ways, regardless of the order in which they are written, which creates redactional-critical issues that are not common among most Greco-Roman biographers and historians. Because these verses are stylistically different from the rest of the narrative, you might call this a pseudo-historiographical introduction, since the rest of the narrative isn’t written in this way. Furthermore, Luke 1:2 states that the accounts that the author was using were based on materials that were only παρέδοσαν (“handed down”) by eyewitnesses. The author doesn’t identify any by name, so there is a considerable amount of ambiguity going on here. Also, even if the author suggests that he is “carefully examining” his materials, that is a common rhetorical trope in ancient literature. Tacitus (Ann. 1.1), for example, claims that he wrote without his history without partiality or resentment, though few modern scholars would accept that characterization of his work, given his blatant bias against several of the Roman emperors. Excellent discussion. Does Keener actually insinuate racism? That’s a big claim; so, you might want to cite more thoroughly to back that up. Regardless, I know what he’s referring to and I think he is correctly identifying a reason that is often given for distrust of ancient miracle claims – it’s the “gullible people” objection. Rather than reject his criticism as an irrelevant strawman, I think it would be more appropriate to argue that he has missed the point of that objection. For any miracle claim M, we can start with a dichotomous probability distribution, where P(M) + P(~M) = 1.0. On the P(~M) side, we can then split that up into a plethora of different causes, the majority of which come down to some sort of human error (misperception, misinterpretation, miscommunication, misrecollection, wishful thinking, etc…) or even outright deception. Not only that, but if the miracle claim comes to us through a chain of transmission, the potential for those errors increases exponentially. So, given that human error is a primary contributor to P(~M) and given that P(M) = 1.0 – P(~M), it actually makes sense to say that P(M) is lower if environmental factors favor an increase in P(~M). It isn’t ethnocentrism to acknowledge that a scientifically ignorant culture or person is more likely to give an errant report than somebody who has a strong understanding of the regularity of nature and the causal framework that science has uncovered. This actually in complete harmony with requiring “rigorous medical documentation”, as you suggest would be needed to validate resurrection claims. You trust those who are trained in scientific judgement. We’re dealing with two sides of the same coin. I suspect that he engages this topic as he does is because he recognizes that his modern-day miracle evidence is highly biased to third-world reports. As such, there is a vested interest in upholding the legitimacy of the claimants and their cultural context. Playing the “ethnocentrism” card is a seductively effective way to do that, but when it comes down to it, this concern is not something to ignore but is a genuine factor to consider in the overall assessment. I think that Keener is acknowledging that most people/scholars aren’t racist today, but he is arguing that their rejection of miracles stems from racist origins. Note, however, that he is referring to the 18th century arguments of David Hume, and I doubt that most skeptics today would express their rejection of miracles in the same way. I also brought up the issue of ethnocentrism, because both Don Johnson (here) and Nick Peters (here) tried to accuse me of it, when I was debating with them, both of whom were inspired by Keener’s book. This series might be the most devastating review published. It’d be cool to see you take on Bauckham’s Jesus and the Eyewitnesses sometime. While I appreciate your positive comment, my goal in reviewing Keener is not necessarily to be “devastating.” I have been asked to take a look at Keener’s evidence by multiple people, so I am critically evaluating his volumes. Whether the review proves to be devastating depends on how fairly I do the evaluation, and how well the evidence stands up to that evaluation. Regarding Bauckham, yes, I would like to write an extensive review of his arguments about eyewitness testimony in the Gospels. Right now, my planned dissertation topic is on the authorship of the Gospels, so I plan to critique him down the road, either in the writing of my dissertation, or alongside my dissertation. Your work is thorough and engaging. David Marshall, like other apologists or what I dub wannabe apologists, throws a bunch of sources at people without showing any real grasp or understanding of the source(s) in question. Marshall touted this book as ironclad proof of miracles in my exchange with him over on Loftus’ blog. Unlike you, I do not have the patience to sift through 1248 pages of nonsense attempting to prove an unquestioned predilection. I’m glad you call Keener out on his hypocrisy, which is a hypocrisy pervasive in most apologists. Moreover, it’s not simply hypocrisy; it’s projection. They’re the ones with predilections and a lack of skepticism toward their own claims, so to give audiences the impression that their opponents are intellectually dishonest or merely assuming their conclusions, apologists project their tendencies onto their opponents. In other words, William Lane Craig, Lee Strobel, David Marshall, and the like assume that Christianity is true without doing any legwork to prove that. They then project that onto skeptics and atheists, and say that we’re the ones assuming that Christianity is false. Truth is, they don’t want to deal with our reasoning–reasoning you make all too clear here. I like how you treat the mundane claims in the Gospels; I also like that you mention paranormal phenomena having nothing to do with Christianity, e.g., UFOs and abductions. I would also add cryptozoology and psychic phenomena. My reasons for rejecting Nessi and Sylvia Brown’s psychic capacities having nothing to do with dogma or philosophical assumptions. The dogma and philosophical assumptions are on their side of the fence. One quibble, I don’t get why people take a priori and assumption, and then put them together into the notion of “a priori assumptions.” Kant showed that a priori judgments are necessary and universal and every example he and later philosophers used have nothing to do with *assuming* that, for example, vixens are female foxes. I think the proper term is *predilection*. A priori does not mean something “assumed in the prior” or whatever people are getting at when they say a priori assumption. Keener clearly lacks philosophical acumen, so we should correct his foul terminology wherever possible. It’s not the first time I’ve heard “a priori assumption.” The phrase makes me uncomfortable. As someone who studies philosophy, I still don’t know what people mean by that. Yet every time I hear it, it comes from a Christian wanting to make some (oh the hypocrisy!) *assumption* about me or atheists in general. Yeah, I think there are two issues that are often conflated here. There is the Bayesian concept of prior probability, in which past data affects how we assess the initial probability of certain events occurring. That isn’t an “assumption,” however, but is explicitly based on past observation. An a priori assumption is an assumed truth without further proof or the need to prove it. E.g. 1+1=2. I’m not sure, outside of the realm of analytical knowledge, like mathematics, that naturalists make a priori assumptions too often. Skepticism against miracles, in contrast, is based on prior probability. Even if New Testament scholars don’t make such a statement explicitely, they may nevertheless proceed according to it. I find it very difficult to imagine that a scholar rejects the possibility of miracles, but nevertheless arrives at the conclusion that the Gospels are historically reliable, since the miraculous parts take such a large place in them. As for the “contamination principle”, I think it is a good point. Either someone is trustworthy or he isn’t. But I don’t think that someone can be trustworthy with respect to mundane matters and not trustworthy with respect to claims concerning the miraculous. Being an atheist and therefore rejecting the possibility of miracles Stephen Law rejects the view that the miraculous parts in the Gospels are historically reliable and, applying the „contamination principle“ to the Gospels, arrives at the conclusion that the mundane parts in the New Testament Gospels must be rejected as well. But, following the “contamination principle”, if one accepts the mundane parts of the New Testament Gospels, one consequently must accept the miracle accounts as well. Your argument depends to a large extent on Markan priority, as you write: “Likewise, redaction criticism can reveal legendary development and other forms of embellishment between earlier and later texts. For example, even Christian scholars, such as James McGrath, have acknowledged that Jesus’ burial is embellished in the later Gospels–Matthew, Luke, and John.“ Well, accounts of Jesus’ burial in Matthew and Luke can only be embellishments of the respective account in Mark, if Matthew and Luke were written after Mark. So, you have to engage in arguments questioning Markan priority. As I said in another comment, I need to focus on graduate work right now, so I don’t have time to answer all of the points in your comments. 1) I will be discussing the issue of Markan priority in more depth, not only in the work I am doing on my PhD dissertation, but also in my upcoming debate with Craig Evans. 2) Even without Markan priority, there are still a number of issues that can be raised with redaction criticism. I will be interacting at some point in the future with George Kennedy’s arguments that the Gospels’ interrelations are caused by shared notes (hypomnemata) that they used in their composition. Even if Luke and Matthew weren’t directly redacting Mark, therefore, they could have been redacting common source materials shared with Mark in different ways, which would still pose historical-critical issues, regardless of Markan priority. But I don’t have time to write on this at length, at the moment, so I’ll be returning to this topic in while (possibly not until this Summer, but I’ll see if I can get my work done sooner). Until then, I’ve approved your comment, so that people can read your thoughts.
2019-04-24T15:51:54Z
https://celsus.blog/2015/12/30/review-of-craig-keener-miracles-continued-keeners-complaints-about-the-bias-of-biblical-scholars/
I spent most of the last week in Las Vegas, attending the CTIA convention, all about mobile phones and related wireless gadgets and goodies. Yet again, the continued growth in Las Vegas continues to astonish me, with new megaprojects sprouting along the strip on both sides. Are there any limits to how much further growth Vegas can accept? Surprisingly, I encountered one possible constraint that may prevent continued unlimited growth - the sidewalks along the strip. They were often very crowded, even in the wee hours of the night, and it seems possible that in the future 'traffic jams' on the sidewalks will be worse than the perennial jam on the strip's roadway (which seems to be improving, with more and more traffic now choosing to take the service roads that parallel the strip on both sides). It is hard to know what can be done to widen the sidewalks or provide alternate routes for people to use while strolling along the strip. Vegas is absolutely not a low cost destination any more. Gone are the days of inexpensive rooms and bargain priced food and drink. I stayed at the cheapest hotel I could find on the strip, which ended up as being the Monte Carlo, and while the nightly rate see-sawed up and down from night to night depending on how full the hotel expected to be, it averaged about $150/nt for a bland generic hotel room. Add another $14/nt for internet access. There is something bizarre at booking in to a hotel, and spending six nights in the exact same room, but with the room rate varying from night to night, with a low rate of $69 and a high of $189, all for the same room. When I checked in, I had to initial the space for agreeing to the room rate, which had six different rates printed out - a different rate for every night. As for food and drink, a buffet brunch at Paris cost $25 and a buffet dinner at Bellagio was $30. Dinner at one of my favorite off-strip restaurants, the Brazilian Yolies churrascaria style steak house , was $36 a person (all you can eat portions of seven different fire grilled meats), and while I didn't eat there, one of the restaurants at the lovely Mandalay Bay was serving Kobe steak portions for $175. I did hopefully eat at the Harley Davidson cafe on the Strip, attracted by its bold promise of having the best barbeque food in Vegas. Alas, their pork ribs were dry and tough, and definitely in no way slow-smoked. Fortunately the waitress graciously took the $21 charge off the bill without any argument or unwillingness at all. Drinks were similarly expensive. A margarita from one of the 'instant' margarita dispensing machines was usually $10 - $15, and a round of two ordinary beers and two shots of Jameson's whiskey at the Irish Pub in New York, New York was a hefty $33. As for the gambling, minimum bets continue to move upwards, it being hard to find $3 tables for Blackjack (but easy to find $10 tables). Something I hadn't noticed before were special 'High Stakes' lounges for slot players, with machines accepting bets of up to $100 per line. I can't even start to guess at the type of people who choose to play in multiples of $100 per pull of the slot machine handle (not that you pull handles any more). At the other extreme, I was delighted to discover some penny slots, and decided to have a small play on those machines (when the major part of your business is publishing a free newsletter, the penny slots are about all you can afford!), but quickly discovered the 'gotcha!' catch to the penny slots. The machines don't accept coins. So the minimum amount of cash you could feed into the machine was a $1 bill. Attraction tickets also seemed up noticeably on last year, with most of the major attractions charging $80 - $100 and up for their better seats, and, as always, most of the Circle du Soleil productions being not only very expensive but also sold out way in advance. The CdS productions seem to grow in number every time I'm in Vegas, too, and I'm not even sure how many different CdS shows were simultaneously on offer this time. I have to wonder if they are a passing fad that will be replaced by something else in a few years time, but I can't guess as to what the next new big thing might be. Mercifully, viewing the lions at the MGM Grand remains free and fun. Fresh in my mind from my return flight with Alaska Airlines back to Seattle very early on Thursday morning was an announcement, 15 minutes prior to the airplane stopping loading passengers. A flight attendant said, over the PA 'Ladies and gentlemen, now that the majority of passengers have boarded the plane, would you please turn off and stow all electronic devices, including laptops and cell phones'. The former official policy had been you could use your electronics until they closed the door and got ready to push back from the gate; but - at least with this particular crew - the new policy seems to be that when 51% of passengers have boarded, electronics must be turned off. This is of course outrageous lunacy on the part of an idiot flight attendant. But was I brave enough to point that out to them? Absolutely not, for fear of being accused of various randomly chosen terrorist type acts and marched off the plane at gunpoint. We all can do nothing except meekly comply when faced with the power crazed lunatics we surrender control of our lives to on flights these days. No wonder we hate flying so much. The fire that - at the time - seemed hopefully small and minor continues to impact on my life in many unexpected ways. I'm not becoming neurotic, but just this evening I suddenly started worrying that I could smell smoke in the alternate accommodation I'm currently staying in, and started anxiously hunting around for the source of the fire. I think it was just some clothing I'd brought from home which was still smoke contaminated, but all of a sudden, the now familiar smell was matched with a terrible sick fear of 'Oh no, not again!'. This Week's Feature Column : Fire Prevention and Fighting : I managed to contain a seemingly minor fire before it destroyed my entire house, but even so, the repairs, the water and smoke damage, and everything else make even this 'minor' fire a major inconvenience. Here are some lessons to help reduce your chance of a similar disaster. Dinosaur watching : It has been a bad week for airlines beginning with the letter A. Aloha, freshly into Chapter 11 bankruptcy last week, abruptly stopped flying on Sunday/Monday this week. Aloha's earlier announcement of Chapter 11 filing implied the airline had working finance lined up to enable it to continue operations, but apparently that was not the case. It seems unlikely the airline will resume passenger services, although its pilots are attempting to do something to save it. I'd written just three weeks ago about ATA, observing at that time how it was becoming more a 'virtual' airline and less a real one since its emergence from its previous Chapter 11 in 2006. On Wednesday this week ATA suddenly went into Chapter 11 and then followed up on Thursday morning by cancelling all flights and laying off its staff. This makes it the ultimate in virtual airlines - no flights at all, and wasn't quite the evolution I had earlier been discussing. The demise of ATA will be particularly bad news for people who had boldly joined their Flightbank program, paying in advance for (discounted) future travel. Maybe they can get a refund from their credit card company, and of course ATA's response to the question 'how could you in good faith still be selling future travel in return for upfront cash when you closed down the next day?' will likely be 'we didn't know we'd be closing down then - it wasn't our fault we closed down, but rather the fact we unexpectedly lost a major military contract'; a rather specious excuse. Rule of thumb - although some airlines occasionally have bona fide programs that involve you paying money up front for future travel, when smaller struggling airlines offer 'buy now, travel later' incentives, it is a dangerous warning sign indicating the airline is desperately mortgaging its future to pay for its present (and past due!) expenses. Only buy into these programs if you're sure your credit card company will reimburse you if it all goes bad, and/or if you're confident the airline will stay in business in the same or expanded form for the future period you're planning on using your prepaid travel. ATA's demise no doubt has minor ramifications on the services offered by its unlikely codeshare partner, Southwest. But Southwest's stock price showed merely the mildest blip on Thursday, dropping 7¢ to close at $12.71 on a day when the main airline index was almost completely unchanged (ie other airlines very slightly trended upwards). If you took advantage of my suggestion three weeks ago to consider buying some Southwest Airlines shares, the closing price on 13 March ($11.70) has now increased to $12.71 on this Thursday's close, a happy making 8.6% increase for the three weeks (compared to a 3% increase for the airline index as a whole, most of which is a result of Southwest's strong showing in any case, and a 4% increase in the major indices such as Dow Jones, S&P, etc). Back to the 'A list' (not that this is synonymous with a good list). Pilots at Argentina's flagship air carrier, Aerolineas Argentinas, walked off the job on Thursday, suspending international and domestic flights by the airline. This has stranded thousands of passengers. The pilots say they're demanding better work conditions. Last, but definitely not least on the A list is Alitalia. Its President and Chairman, Maurizio Prato, quit on Wednesday, saying the company was cursed. Hardly a ringing endorsement and a change from the usual homily about 'wanting to spend more time with my family'. Alitalia, which looked set to be sold at a low price to Air France/KLM, has seen its sale unravel as part of Italy's current electioneering, with likely to be Prime Minister (again) Silvio Berlusconi vowing to overturn the AF/KL sale, and the airline's unions demanding safeguards that would in effect make it impossible for AF/KL to make the changes/improvements that need to be made to allow the airline to have any chance of future profitability. Alitalia's board said in a statement late Thursday that it would take the next few days to study its financial options before deciding on Tuesday whether to continue its operations. The Milan stock exchange suspended trading in Alitalia shares on Thursday. While it is unlikely the Italian government will allow Alitalia to collapse (it has rescued the airline, obediently, at every past crisis) it seems all possibilities are on the table this time around, and I'd surely hesitate before booking any travel on Alitalia in the foreseeable future. Even if the airline doesn't shut down entirely, it may drastically prune its services. I claimed last week that the airlines have increased their fares by more than the increase in cost of jet fuel to them so far this year, and offered some 'back of an envelope' type ballpark calculations as to the underlying increased cost of fuel compared to the increased ticket revenue they are now receiving. This received several interesting responses, including 'if that is so, how come the airlines are losing more and more money, even with fares increasing above their cost increases?' (partial answer - dropping passenger numbers, plus many other factors too). And a couple of readers pointed out that not all fare types have increased equally, suggesting that many of the fare increases have applied primarily to full fares, not to discounted fares, with the implication being either that people have shifted to a lower costing fare, or that the higher priced fares don't represent a large part of the total fares sold. I didn't have exact data to respond to those comments then, but thanks to those wizards at Farecompare.com, here's a fascinating table of what has happened to Northwest's fares so far this year. The other dinosaurs can be assumed to have largely similar impacts. Don't stare at this table for too long, but even a quick glance shows that most leisure fares have increased at levels almost identical to the increases on the so-called 'business' type fares, and while it is true there have been few increases in the 30 day advance purchase fares, note that half those increases have been for $120, and also note that the number of seats released into this type of fare level and actually sold as such is probably very low. Most leisure fares fall in the 14 and 21 day categories, and most business fares are in the 3 and 7 day categories. Coming back to my guesstimate of last week, I said the average fare has absorbed a $58.50 increase in jet fuel. Look at the table above and see how many increases there have been of over this amount compared to how many of less than this amount. The $80 - $90 increase is the most common, across all fare types, with strong showings in other categories including the $110 - $120 increase level, and remember that some of the lower increases apply to lower priced fares for shorter journeys (with less underlying fuel cost). One other way of looking at this is 'how much fuel can these fare increases buy'? If we say jet fuel has increased by slightly more than $1/gallon so far this year (I'm not sure of the exact number), and if we say the average passenger and free luggage represents a 250lb load, then each $10 of fare increase pays for the extra cost of enough fuel to fly a person pretty much from coast to coast. Using this measure, it is hard to see how any fare would need to increase by $25, let alone $50, $100 or $120. The exact data remains elusive, and I'm uncomfortably reminded about there being lies, damn lies, and statistics, but I remain comfortable with my assertion that the average air fare has increased by more than the average underlying increased jet fuel cost so far this year. The airlines can not blame jet fuel increases on their current woes, and neither can they justify future fare increases on their increased jet fuel costs. Talking about current woes, would you believe that - a week later - BA is still struggling to come to grips with its nightmare at Heathrow's new Terminal 5. Things are so bad that they don't even know how many bags are messed up - at one stage they said 15,000, but one industry source said 20,000 bags and another suggested 26,000 bags might have been delayed. A BA spokeswoman was unable to say when passengers could expect their bags, predicting that it could occur during the next few weeks. Flight cancellations continue, with 50 flights cancelled on Wednesday and 34 yesterday. BA is even sending bags in bulk to Milan, where a private company is sorting them and then driving them to their owners across Europe. So much for the so-called 'world class' baggage system that was claimed would 'work perfectly on day one'. But the problems weren't only with bags, cancelled flights, and mysterious 'behind the scenes systems', whatever they might be. On last Friday morning, with throngs of frustrated passengers packed into the terminal, not knowing what was happening to them, their flights, or their bags, BA had only two of its 26 Customer Service desks open. Among the more noteworthy and surprising excuses for the disgraceful disaster was that both the airport's and BA's employees couldn't find their way to the new staff carparking at the airport, meaning that people were reporting for duty up to two hours late. British Airways will be in this terminal for 40 years. It is not going to be judged on the basis of the first few days - and it is up to us to ensure that it becomes the resounding success the travelling public deserves. What does this mean, Willie? Should we allow 5% of the 40 years for getting up to speed - that would give you two full years to foist misery on us without you feeling guilty or us being allowed to judge your corporate (in)competency. Or would a mere 1% be enough? That would still give you almost five months of messing up. So much for BA's earlier boasts about how smoothly their move to the new terminal would be, and how well they had tested everything prior to the start of service there. I've written before about airlines flying empty planes to stupid destinations so as to preserve their landing rights at Heathrow, and a few weeks ago American Airlines was chided by ecological extremists for flying a scheduled flight that had been delayed, and had only a few passengers on it (the others having been shifted to other flights). But what about the airline Flybe that actually paid people money to fly its service between Dublin and Norwich so as to qualify for an incentive payment from Norwich? While this sounds like outrageous deceit on Flybe's part, maybe the truth is somewhat different. It appears that Norwich offered a $555,000 incentive if Flybe could generate at least 15,000 passengers on this route in a 12 month period (ie a generous $37 per passenger). Flybe found itself approaching the end of the year, and a few passengers short of the 15,000 needed. Norwich Airport said it was an all or nothing deal - 14,999 passengers would mean Flybe would get nothing, and 15,000 would get the airline the full $555,000. And so, with a shortfall of a mere 172 passengers, the airline paid 172 people between $60-$80 to fly roundtrips to Dublin. The shame and stupidity in this case surely lies with Norwich Airport, not with Flybe. Cell Phones are Bad for You, continued : One of the most convincing studies to show a link between cell phone use and brain tumors was released this week. Its conclusion, determined by an award winning cancer expert - cell phones could kill more people than smoking or asbestos. The key new thing in this study is an understanding that it can take up to ten years or more for the negative effects of cell phone use to appear in users, and so a longer time series was used to correlate cell phone usage and brain cancer. The analogies between this and the earlier arguments about the now universally accepted link between cigarette smoking and lung cancer are impossible to ignore. And not only do we have the negative consequence of too frequent use (cancer) but we also have increasing reports suggesting there is an addictive quality to cell phones. Do you suffer from Nomophobia? If you do, perhaps you might want to start a twelve step program. Good news for Airbus - while Boeing and its political shills try and muddy the waters over its tanker contract win with the Air Force, it has meantime chalked up yet another country as a purchaser of its tankers - the venerable Royal Air Force. Bad news for Boeing - it looks like its 787 may be delayed yet again, by another six months. This is becoming an increasingly open secret and obvious outcome, but Boeing itself is dragging its feet at admitting to further problems in its 787 program. New airlines : Australian airline Virgin Blue, part owned by Sir Richard Branson, has announced that its international subsidiary V Australia will start daily service between Sydney and Los Angeles on 15 December this year. It will be flying spacious well appointed 777-300ER planes. The airline will codeshare with Northwest to service points beyond Los Angeles. David Neeleman, Jetblue's now largely sidelined founder, announced that he is planning yet another new airline, this time to be based in Brazil. He says he has already raised $150 million to fund the airline's launch. Why Brazil? Neeleman was actually born in Brazil and has dual Brazilian/US citizenship, making it easy for him to meet local airline ownership rules in Brazil as well as the US. This Week's Security Horror Story : I wrote scathingly last week about the pilot who had an 'Accidental Discharge' (AD) of his firearm while coming in to land his plane. But - gasp! - I may have been placing blame in the wrong quarter. The pilot is saying the weapon accidentally discharged while he was stowing it away. But, no matter what the circumstance, that still sounds like egregious mishandling of a loaded firearm, right? Well, maybe no. Have a look at this Youtube video that demonstrates how this could have happened in a completely bona fide accidental manner. This video fairly and sensibly suggests the bizarre (or, should I say, stupid) TSA requirement to stick a padlock hasp through the trigger guard of the weapon while obscured by its holster is the root cause of the AD. There are plenty of better ways to make a weapon safe, including trigger locks that cost about $15, or locked metal carry containers. I wrote about the TSA inappropriately handling the case of a lady with some, ahem, 'personal jewelry' last week. To give credit to the TSA, they acted swiftly, almost managed to utter an apology, and have now formalized a new and more appropriate policy in such cases for the future. Well done (but that doesn't excuse the inappropriateness of their behavior to start with). In the past, I've lampooned the hyperbole associated with the concept of TSA screeners spotting potential terrorists based on behavior analysis of people at airports. But here's a story that - on the face of it - suggests that this really works. Bravo! One has a mental image of some heavily disguised terrorist attempting not to draw attention to himself, furtively hiding behind a newspaper in the airport, but a twitch of his knee or some other subtle telltale giveaway being noted by the eagle eyed highly trained and grandly named TSA behavioral specialists. But, when you read the story, you'll see, near the bottom, the subheading 'Witnesses: Man Acted "Crazy"'. Apparently it didn't take any special training at all to recognize the guy as a certifiable loony tune. But you can be sure that this will be proudly cited, for ever into the future, as a great success of the TSA's behavioral analysis program.
2019-04-23T22:18:34Z
https://www.thetravelinsider.info/2008/email0404.htm
Mayhem, mix-ups and a gay (in the old sense of the word) wedding mark the high-spirited hijinx of The Drowsy Chaperone, winner of five 2006 Tony Awards. The fun begins when a die-hard musical fan plays his favorite cast album, a 1928 smash hit called “The Drowsy Chaperone” and the show magically bursts to life. Suddenly the man finds himself immersed in the glamorous, hilarious tale of a celebrity bride and her uproarious wedding day, complete with thrills and surprises that take both the cast (literally) and the audience (metaphorically) soaring to the rafters. JERUSHA AMAN (Assistant Choreographer) SpeakEasy: debut! Past credits: Copacabana (F.D.R. High School, Lead Dancer); Into the Woodsand Annie Get Your Gun (Dance Captain), Thoroughly Modern Millieand Brigadoon (Choreographer). Other credits include the Off-Broadway production of Shake N’ Breakand work with Project Dance New York City. Jerusha is a senior at Boston University studying public relations and dance. RYAN A. ANDERSON* SpeakEasy: The Drowsy Chaperone. Boston-area credits: Before I Leave You (Huntington Theatre Company); Ajax, The Blue Flower (American Repertory Theater); Love Song, The Island of Slaves (Orfeo Group); Speech and Debate, Laughing Wild, The Bald Soprano, Sexual Perversity in Chicago, The Pillowman, What The Butler Saw, Ride(Wellfleet Harbor Actors Theatre); Trouble and Chocolate (Boston Midsummer Opera). He received his BFA in Stage Management from Boston University. LEIGH BARRETT is very happy to be joining the cast of Drowsy after spending time at the Lyric Stage Company in their production of Animal Crackers. Last seen at SpeakEasy in The Great American Trailer Musical (Jeannie). Other SpeakEasy shows include: Passion (Fosca), A Class Act (Lucy), Elegies, Adding Machine (Mrs. 1), and The Mystery of Edwin Drood (Drood). Boston area credits include: New Rep: Indulgences (Advisor 1), Dessa Rose (Ruth), Ragtime (Mother), The Three Penny Opera (Jenny Diver), Side By Side By Sondheim, Sweeney Todd (Beggar Woman), Into The Woods(Baker’s Wife), and The Wild Party (Madeline True); Lyric Stage: Nicholas Nickelby (La Creevy/Peg Slider), Grey Gardens (Little Edie), Souvenir (Florence Foster Jenkins), Follies (Sally), A Little Night Music (Charlotte), and Sunday in the Park with George; Stoneham Theatre: Christmas Carol, Pal Joey (Vera), and Gypsy (Rose); Gloucester Stage Company: Jacques Brel and Marry Me A Little at Gloucester Stage Company. Leigh is the grateful recipient of the Elliot Norton Award for Outstanding Actress(2004/2007) and and two IRNES. Much love to HB and the boys. SETH BODIE (Costume Design) is a Boston-based costume, wig and make-up designer who works extensively in the theatre and opera worlds. Seth’s work has been seen in numerous productions at SpeakEasy Stage, as well as in productions by Boston Playwrights’ Theatre, Actors’ Shakespeare Project, Zeitgeist Stage, Opera Boston, Lyric Stage, Stoneham Theatre, New England Conservatory, Suffolk University, and The Boston Conservatory. Seth has also served on the faculty at both Suffolk University and Boston Arts Academy. TIFFANY CHALOTHORN SpeakEasy: debut! She most recently appeared as Sally in You’re a Good Man, Charlie Brown at The Boston Conservatory, where she is pursuing a BFA in Musical Theater. Among her favorite roles are Marcy Park in The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee; Millie in Thoroughly Modern Millie; Toffee in Zombie Prom; and Berthe in Pippin. A huge thank you to Paul Daigneault for this incredible opportunity and to her wonderful family and friends for all the love and support. DAVID CHRISTENSEN is so happy to return to SpeakEasy, having played Dwayne Wayne/Satan’s Bodyguard in Jerry Springer – The Opera. David graduated last May with a BFA in Musical Theater from The Boston Conservatory, where his credits included such roles as Sasha Plakoff ( The Quick-Change Room); Chandler Tate (Comic Potential); and Andy Lee (42nd Street). Professional credits include Huck Finn (Big River); Young Joe Hardy (Damn Yankees); and David Kelley (Red, Hot and Cole). Most recently, David musical directed A Merry Mulberry Street Musical (Curtain Call). He is in his first year of the BMI Lehman Engel Musical Theater Writing Workshop. Love to Mom, Dad and Clara Bo. Special thanks and best wishes to Paul Daigneault. JILLIAN CLARK (Run Crew/Wardrobe Assistant) is thrilled to join the SpeakEasy team for this exciting show. Jillian is the assistant wardrobe supervisor for the Boston Ballet, and has worked on the Ballet’s productions of La Bayadére, The Nutcracker and The ELO Experience. She also works as a stitcher in the Boston Ballet costume shop. Other wardrobe credits include Three Sisters (Boston University) and Othello (Commonwealth Shakespeare Company). Jillian also recently designed costumes for a workshop production of The Blue Room here at SpeakEasy. She holds a B.A. in Design for Theatre and Dance from UMass Amherst. DAVID CONNOLLY SpeakEasy: The Drowsy Chaperone (direction and choreography — 2012 IRNE Award); Nine; The Great American Trailer Park Musical; Adding Machine: A Musical; [title of show]; Jerry Springer – The Opera; The Light in the Piazza; The Mystery of Edwin Drood; and Zanna, Don’t! (Elliot Norton Award nomination). He is co-director of Dance Explosion Studio of Performing Arts in Dedham, MA; a member of the dance faculty at Boston University; and artistic director of the theater program at Xaverian Brothers High School in Westwood, MA. David has worked as a master teacher, guest artist, and adjudicator for numerous organizations including Boston College, The Boston Conservatory, Dance Masters of America, and Dance Ovations Performing Arts Competition. MICHAEL COUP SpeakEasy: debut. He is a junior majoring in Musical Theater at The Boston Conservatory. Most recently, he played Mortimer in a senior-directed production of The Fantasticks. Previous roles include Whizzer (Falsettos); Solomon (Speech and Debate); and an angel in a workshop cast of Angels: A Musical Adventure! The Drowsy Chaperone was the first Broadway show that Michael ever saw, and he is very excited to be a part of this cast! Thanks to Mum, Dad, Nicole, Kennedy, and the rest of his amazing family, both at home and school! JAMES CROSBY (Technical Director) would like to express profound thanks and gratitude to his ’10-’11 crew. You made a very technical and tricky season smooth and enjoyable. James would also like to thank the folks at Wooden Kiwi and the Huntington for their hard work and uncompromisingly excellent scenery. James’ recent SpeakEasy credits include Jerry Springer – The Opera; Reckless; The Great American Trailer Park Musical; Adding Machine: A Musical; and many more. Other recent credits include work on Educating Rita and the world premiere of Sons of the Prophet (Huntington). James is very happy to have been a part of SpeakEasy’s 20th anniversary season. Keep your eyeball on the highball, and may there be 20 more! JOHN DELFINO (Assistant to the Lighting Designer) SpeakEasy: debut. He studies Theatre, English, and Computer Science at Boston College. Recent Boston College design credits include: Top Girls (ALD), Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (LD), The Pillowman (LD), and Speak Truth to Power (LD, Boston College). McCAELA DONOVAN* (Marcy/Peggy/Hippie) is always happy to be back at SpeakEasy, where she has appeared in Necessary Monsters, Xanadu, The Drowsy Chaperone, and Nine. Local credits: Huntington Theatre Company (A Little Night Music, Candide), American Repertory Theater, Berkshire Theatre Group, Reagle Music Theatre, Commonwealth Shakespeare Company, ArtsEmerson, New Repertory Theatre, Brandeis Theater Company, Stoneham Theatre, Actors’ Shakespeare Project, The Lyric Stage, Bridge Rep of Boston, Fiddlehead Theatre, and Company One. New York Credits: NYMT Festival, Primary Stages. BFA – Musical Theatre (Ithaca College); MA -Theatre Education (Emerson College); MFA Acting (Brandeis University). She is also a member of Actors’ Equity, SAG-AFTRA, and SAFD, and serves as the Assistant Director of the School of Theatre at Boston University. Thanks to the SpeakEasy family, her amazing BU colleagues and students, and to JS. SARAH DRAKE* is thrilled to return to SpeakEasy after just having played Penny in Hairspray and Featured Singer in Come Fly with Me on Royal Caribbean’s Oasis of the Seas. Previous SpeakEasy roles are Natalie in Next to Normal and Kitty in The Drowsy Chaperone. A 2012 graduate of Boston Conservatory, other favorite roles include Rhoda (A New Brain), Magenta (The Rocky Horror Show) and Sydney (The Altruists). Sarah sends thanks to her amazing family for their constant love and positive energy; and to Paul and the entire SpeakEasy team for this opportunity. RYAN HALSAVER is thrilled to return to SpeakEasy after having appeared in The Drowsy Chaperone (Gangster 1). Other professional credits include The Andrews Brothers (Patrick),The Drowsy Chaperone (George), Grease(Vince Fontaine), Hairspray(Corny Collins), I Love You. You’re Perfect. Now Change. (Man 2) among others. Ryan is proud to be a part of this amazing cast and looks forward to rocking out with them every night! Special thanks to Paul Melone, Paul Daigneault, Jim Torres, Larry Sousa, and the wonderful SpeakEasy production team. DANIEL H. JENTZEN SpeakEasy: served as Master Electrician since 2009 and designed lighting for The Divine Sister, Striking 12, and The Savannah Disputation. Other recent projects include The Peking Acrobats (Center at Eagle Hill), Steel Magnolias (Stoneham Theatre), and A Christmas Celtic Sojourn (WGBH). Daniel also teaches and conducts research in cognitive neuroscience, studying the psychology of theatre and design. JULIE JENTZEN SpeakEasy: The Divine Sister, The Drowsy Chaperone, Nine, and Striking 12. New York City props artisan credits: Broadway’s Anything Goes, Playwrights Horizons’Assistance and The Public’s The Total Bent. Julie is training to be a wardrobe substitute on Rent at New World Stages. ASHLEY JOYCE SpeakEasy: Red and The Drowsy Chaperone. Additional credits include wigs and make-up for Minnesota Opera, Boston Lyric Opera, and Central City Opera. She also did wardrobe for A Christmas Carol (Hanover Theatre) and Candide (the Huntington Theatre). Ashley is looking forward to lacing up some roller skates and working with the lovely cast and crew for Xanadu! LISA LAMBERT (Music and Lyrics) received 2006 Tony, Drama Desk, and Outer Critics Circle Awards for her work on The Drowsy Chaperone. Other theater credits include: Cole Escola Live at Joe’s Pub; Big Rosemary (co-written with director Blake Edwards); The Ant andThe Elephant; Honest Ed: The Bargain Musical ; Mirth; Levity; People Park; The Irish Musical; An Awkward Evening with Martin & Johnson and An American in Harris. Film and Television: Slings & Arrows (Rhombus Media for Showcase); Skippy’s Rangers: The Show They Never Gave (Comedy Network);Do I Come on Too Strong? (BravoFact); Getting Along Famously(CBC TV); The Joe Blow Show (Comedy Network); Pippi Longstocking (Nelvana Ltd.); Blue (Rhombus Media); Highway 61 (Rhombus Media); Battery’s Down (New York-based web series); Skinnamarink TV. JOE LONGTHORNE* is elated to return to SpeakEasy after previously appearing in The Drowsy Chaperone as one of those lovable Gangsters, and 2011’s Sorry, Wrong Number! Other Boston/Regional Credits: Rent (New Rep); The Balcony, Necessary Monsters, andTwelfth Night (The Boston Conservatory); Visions of America (Boston Pops); and Our Town andLend Me a Tenor (The Barnstormers Theatre). Joe appeared last summer in Les Misérables(The MUNY), and previously in Fiddler On The Roof (Westchester Broadway Theatre). Much love always to my family and friends, who support me endlessly. Proud graduate of The Boston Conservatory. Thank you Paul, Nick, and Paul for bringing me back!www.JoeWLongthorne.com. KAREN MACDONALD* SpeakEasy: The Drowsy Chaperone. Most recently she was seen in Good People at the Huntington. Last season in Boston, she was seen in Coriolanus,Cupcake, Long Day’s Journey into Night and Superior Donuts. Other regional and local credits include Before I Leave You, Bus Stop,All My Sons and A Civil War Christmas (Huntington); The Color of Rose (ArtsEmerson); Two Wives in India (Boston Playwrights’ Theatre); The Blonde, The Brunette, and the Vengeful Redhead(Merrimack Repertory Theatre); boom (New Repertory Theatre);All’s Well That Ends Well, Hamlet, and Twelfth Night (Commonwealth Shakespeare Company); Third (Portland Stage); and productions at Hartford Stage, Berkshire Theatre Festival, and the Vineyard Playhouse. A founding company member of the American Repertory Theater, she appeared in 70 productions, including The Sea Gull,Endgame and Mother Courage. Nationally she has worked extensively, from Philadelphia’s Wilma Theatre to Berkeley Repertory Theatre. Directing credits include An Ideal Husband and The Woman in Black (Gloucester Stage) and Dressed Up! Wigged Out! (Boston Playwrights’ Theatre). The recipient of several Elliot Norton and IRNE Awards for her performances, Ms. MacDonald received both the Robert Brustein Award for Sustained Achievement in the Theatre and the Norton Prize for Sustained Excellence in 2010. She teaches at Harvard University and was the 2010-2011 Monan Fellow at Boston College. She graduated from the College of Fine Arts at Boston University and is a Boston native. AARON MACK is glad to be back at SpeakEasy for his 5th season. Aaron is a freelance sound designer and composer based in greater Boston, and has two Elliot Norton Awards for Best Design for his work on The Adding Machine: A Musical at SpeakEasy, and The Aliens with Company One. Aaron is also the Titles Administrator at the Santa Fe Opera Company. Recent notable work includes: The Drowsy Chaperone (SpeakEasy), I Speak Therefore I Am (A.R.T. Institute), The Foreign Play Festival (Apollinaire Theatre Company), Nine (SpeakEasy) and Xanadu (SpeakEasy). As always, Aaron would like to thank the entire SpeakEasy family for their love and support, and his family and friends. JONATHAN MANGANZINI (Properties Supervisor). Recent SpeakEasy credits include: reasons to be pretty and Body Awareness (Props Master) and In the Next Room (Production Assistant). Other local credits include: Car Talk: The Musical! and Forever, Briefly (Suffolk University, Props Master); Dirty Rotten Scoundrels, Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat and Gypsy (North Shore Music Theatre, Props Assistant). He is a recent graduate of Suffolk University. BOB MARTIN (Book) has been working as an actor and writer in Canadian theatre, film, and television for three decades. He has had a long association with the Toronto Second City, where he co-wrote and performed in four Second City revues, directed three, and had a stint as Artistic Director. He is a co-creator of The Drowsy Chaperone, and has performed in many of its incarnations: Toronto Fringe, Theatre Passe Muraille (Toronto), Elgin/Winter Garden (Toronto), Ahmanson Theatre (Los Angeles), Marquis Theatre (Broadway), and Novello (London). Bob won a number of awards for his work on Drowsy including an L.A. Drama Critics Circle Award, an L.A. Stage Alliance Ovation Award, a Drama Desk Award, a Theatre World Award, and a Tony Award. He is co-creator of Slings & Arrows, a critically acclaimed dramatic series about life at a large not-for-profit theatre company, which was recently named one of the Ten Best TV shows of the decade by a number of publications including New York Magazine. His second Broadway show, Elf (Music by Matt Sklar, Lyrics by Chad Begulin), recently completed a successful run at the Hirschfeld Theatre, and will return to Broadway in the late fall. Bob’s current projects include Minsky’s (music by Charles Strouse, lyrics by Sue Birkenhead), a musical about burlesque in 1930’s New York; and on Michael; Tuesdays and Thursdays, a prime-time half hour comedy series for the CBC. ALISON McCARTAN* (Violet) is thrilled to return to SpeakEasy having previously appeared in Bad Jews and The Drowsy Chaperone. National Tour: Shrek the Musical (NETworks Presentations). Regional: Dames at Sea, Steel Magnolias, 42nd Street (The Wick Theatre); A Chorus Line (Weston Playhouse); Next to Normal, This is Our Youth (Hangar Theatre); The Rocky Horror Show (The Ordway). Proud graduate of The Boston Conservatory! She would like to thank Paul Daigneault and everyone at SpeakEasy, her agents at Henderson Hogan, and her incredible family and friends for all their love and support. Thoughts Become Things! WILL MCGARRAHAN* (Isadore/Charlotte) is happy to return to SpeakEasy Stage where he performed in Big Fish; Far From Heaven; Next Fall; The Drowsy Chaperone; Reckless; Some Men; The Mystery of Edwin Drood; Five By Tenn; Company; The Last Sunday in June; Elegies: A Song Cycle; Ruthless!; A Class Act; and A New Brain. Other local credits include Light Up The Sky, Into The Woods, Death of a Salesman, Becky’s New Car, 33 Variations, The Chosen, The Temperamentals, The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee, Grey Gardens, November, Souvenir, and Dirty Blonde. (Lyric Stage); A Raisin in the Sun (Huntington Theatre), The Wind in the Willows and Happy Days (Gloucester Stage); Nine Circles (Publick Theatre and Gloucester Stage); A Moon For The Misbegotten and Buried Child (Nora Theater); and The Wrestling Patient (SpeakEasy Stage/Boston Playwrights/40 Magnolias). Will worked as an actor, singer and pianist for many years in Seattle before moving to Boston’s South End in 2001. DON MCKELLAR (Book) received 2006 Tony and Drama Desk Awards for his book for The Drowsy Chaperone. His career began as co-founder of Toronto’s Augusta Company, with whom he co-created six critically acclaimed experimental plays. Since then, Don has become a ubiquitous presence in the independent Canadian cinema. His screenwriting credits include the award-winning films: Roadkill, Highway 61,Thirty-Two Short Films About Glenn Gould, The Red Violin, and Blindness. For TV, he wrote and starred in the CBC series Twitch City (which also played on the Bravo Network in America). As an actor, he has appeared in such films as Exotica (directed by Atom Egoyan), eXistenZ (David Cronenberg), When Night is Falling, Clean, Waydowntown, The Red Violin, The Event, and Monkey Warfare. He was also a regular on the popular TV series Slings & Arrows. GREG MORRISON (Music and Lyrics) received 2006 Tony, Drama Desk, and Outer Critics Circle Awards for his work on The Drowsy Chaperone. Canadian Credits: Composer/Musical Director for Hello…Hello (Tarragon Theatre); Pochsy’s Lips; Oh, Baby; Citizen Pochsy and Pochsy Unplugged (Toronto Fringe premiere, Canadian/U.S. tours); The Drowsy Chaperone (Toronto Fringe premiere; Theatre Passe Muraille; Mirvish Productions at Toronto’s Winter Garden Theatre); Mump and Smoot in Something Else (Canadian Stage, Yale Repertory Theatre);Mump and Smoot in Flux (Canadian Stage); An Awkward Evening With Martin and Johnson(Tim Sims Playhouse); The Age of Dorian (Artword Theatre). Other: Musical Director for The Second City National Touring Company and the Alumni Caf (Tim Sims Playhouse). Musical Director for The Chimps and The Muckrakers (CBC Radio). TV songwriter credits: Slings & Arrows (Rhombus Media for Showcase/Sundance); Getting Along Famously (CBC); The Joe Blow Show(Comedy Network). Recipient of a Canadian Comedy Award, a Sterling Award for Original Composition and three Dora Mavor Moore Award nominations. STEPHANIE MOSKAL is delighted to be making her SpeakEasy debut! An incoming senior at The Boston Conservatory, Stephanie is pursuing a BFA in Musical Theater. She most recently performed at Symphony Hall with the Boston Pops. Some of her favorite roles include Amber (Hairspray ), Millie (Thoroughly Modern Millie), Ariel (Footloose), and Asaka (Once On This Island). She would like to thank her wonderful family and friends for the never-ending love and support and a special thanks to Paul Daigneault for this amazing opportunity. NELLANNA SpeakEasy: debut. Some of her recent and favorite performance credits include Apollo Performer (Buddy: The Buddy Holly Story); Landlady/Lula (Violet); Joanne Jefferson (Rent); Cleanin’ Woman (Working); Aida (Aida), and Bombalurina ( Cats). When not on stage, Nellanna spends her time dreaming of her Broadway debut, working as a Public Health Professional, and serving the Metropolitan Boston community as a member of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. Nellanna thanks the cast, crew and staff at SpeakEasy for this amazing opportunity and experience. She is also grateful to God for her loving and supportive family and friends. JULIE A. OTIS is delighted to have been working in the Boston theatre community for over 15 years. Prior to SpeakEasy Stage Company, she worked with ArtsBoston, Boston Theatre Works, Broadway Across America-Boston, Boston Lyric Opera, and the American Repertory Theater. She graduated from Tufts University with a BA in Philosophy and Drama and has a Masters of Science in Arts Administration from Boston University. She is thrilled to be a part of SpeakEasy’s team and to share their love of creating breathtaking moments of intimacy and expression for artists and audiences alike. SHAWN PLATZKER SpeakEasy: debut. He is currently progressing into his fourth and final year at The Boston Conservatory, where he is a Musical Theater major. Shawn’s credits include Tony (West Side Story); Chris (Miss Saigon); Eddie Pazinski (Over the Tavern); and Arpad Laszlo (She Loves Me). He would like to extend his gratitude to his family, without whom all this would be locked in a dream; and to all the staff of SpeakEasy. ROBERT SAOUD* (Bessie) Robert was last seen at SpeakEasy as Danny inXanadu. Prior to that, he was seeninThe Drowsy Chaperone; The New Century; Some Men; Anna in the Tropics; and Hello, Again. Nationally, Robert toured in Groucho as Chico Marx with Gabe Kaplan as Groucho.Most recently he was seen inHow to Succeed in Business without Really Tryingat Stoneham Theatre and in the spring will be featured in the Lyric Stage production ofPeter and the Starcatcher. Elsewhere in New England, he has appeared at the Huntington Theatre, North Shore Music Theatre, Trinity Rep, Lyric Stage, New Rep, Wheelock Family Theatre, and The Publick Theatre. Robert has also appeared in numerous cabarets, and is a Fellow of the 2000 Eugene O’Neill Cabaret Symposium. He is also a proud member of Actors’ Equity Association. J.T. TURNER SpeakEasy: Chess, Triumph of Love, Floyd Collins, Saturday Night, Passion, A New Brain, and Johnny Guitar. Local credits: Kiss Me Kate, 1776 and Man of La Mancha (Lyric Stage), and A Christmas Carol (North Shore Music Theatre). Television: “The Brotherhood” and “Body of Proof.” Film: The Fighter, Mystic River, Meet Joe Black, and The Crucible. J.T. is also the Artistic Director of Moonlight Productions, a non-profit theater company dedicated to using theater as outreach to kids and teens.
2019-04-23T05:58:49Z
http://www.speakeasystage.com/the-drowsy-chaperone/
Fairview Avenue North Bridge Replacement Project – The city is replacing the bridge at Fairview Ave N. Located on the southeast shore of Lake Union near the 1200 block of Fairview Ave N in Seattle, the bridge is next to the historic Lake Union Steam Plant building. The oldest portion of the current bridge was built more than 65 years ago and is the last timber-supported bridge on a major road in Seattle. While safe for travel today, the bridge is structurally unstable and vulnerable to earthquakes, including the newer portion made of steel and concrete, and needs to be replaced. Construction is expected to begin in Spring 2019. You can view the city’s ‘Look Book’, which contains lots of info about the project here. You can visit the project website here. You can email the project team at [email protected] or phone them at 206-684-8325. ECC public meeting — Tues., June 5 6:30 p.m. at TOPS-Seward School, 2500 Franklin Ave. Part 1: Engage Police Dept. about Eastlake’s public safety priorities, and July 4 plans. For background, see the section on Crime Prevention and Law Enforcement on the ECC web site. Part 2: Transit Riders Union and UW employees speak about their current campaign on the UPass. Part 3: update on land use issues, including developer presentation about a project for 10 apartments/4 parking spaces at 2617 Franklin Ave E. For background on that project, click here and here. City Council public hearing on proposed Citywide upzones — Tues., June 5 6 p.m. at Chief Sealth High School, 2600 SW Thistle St, Seattle, WA 98126. To view agenda, click here. About the advisability of getting there early, how to send a written comment, and about the upzoning issue and the legal challenge, click here. Public comment opportunity on the proposed Tree Ordinance update now before the City Council’s Planning, Land Use and Zoning Committee — Wed., June 6 9:30 a.m. in the Council Chambers, 601 Fifth Avenue. For background: http://friends.urbanforests.org andhttp://treepac.org. All your questions answered about how the Department of Natural Resources calculates the amount of rent you pay for your DNR lease. Please join the Floating Homes Association and DNR at an outreach meeting to discuss how the state calculates water dependent rents. Representatives from DNR will cover the basics of how rent is calculated and discuss how you can forecast changes at the revaluation period. This is also a great opportunity to meet your local land manager! Clean up and celebrate at Good Turn Park — Friday, June 15 10 a.m. to noon (Martin street end, 3149 Fairview Ave. E.). Wear gloves and sturdy shoes. Also welcome: shovel, pruner, saw, and/or food or drink to share. Fairview shoreline cleanup — Tues., June 19 9:00 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. Meet in front of Lake Union Drydock, 1515 Fairview Ave. E. Remove weeds/trash, prune, plant, and enjoy the great weather and view. Wear sturdy shoes. Tools will be provided. Extra work gloves available. Businesses are encouraged to allow employees to participate “on the clock.” Questions: [email protected]. Work party to save Colonnade and its redwoods from invasive plants — Wed., June 20 9 a.m. to noon. Meet at the west entrance of the Seattle Park Department’s I-5 Colonnade Open Space (near corner of Franklin Ave. E. and E. Blaine street, by north end of the off-leash area). Wear sturdy shoes. Gloves and tools will be provided. For background on this important park, click here. Clean up Eastlake after the fireworks and crowds — Wed., July 5 10:30 a.m. to 12:30. Meet at Louisa street-end park on Fairview Ave. E. for gloves and to pick up empty trash bags and drop off full ones. Optional registration at www.pugetsoundkeeper.org/events. A picnic lunch will be provided afterwards at Lake Union Park. Co-sponsors: ECC, Puget Soundkeeper, and SeaFair. Eastlake Summer Cruise — Thurs., July 12 6:30 – 8:30 p.m., 1611 Fairview Ave. E. Cruise Lake Union and Lake Washington with your friends and neighbors. Tickets $20 at BrownPaperTickets.com or by clicking here. Includes dinner, salad, and dessert. Unbeatable price! Sponsored by the Eastlake Community Council. Eastlake free outdoor movie, Charlie Chaplin’s “City Lights”– Sat., July 14 In Rogers Playground. Fun and picnics begin at 7:30 p.m., movie at 8:35. Released in 1931, City Lights is widely recognized as among the greatest movies ever made, and is rated as being suitable for all ages. For more about it, see page 2 of the Summer 2018 Eastlake News. Sponsored by ECC and local businesses. Seattle Night Out — Tues., Aug. 7 Free of the normal permits and insurance requirements, have a street party to help neighbors meet each other. As time allows, police and fire officers drop by. Block watches and emergency preparedness teams sometimes result; about them, seehttp://eastlakeseattle.org. To register: http://seattle.gov/police/nightout or on Facebook. For questions or advice, contact ECC [email protected] or (206) 322-5463. Eastlake’s parking crisis and what to do about it — Tues., April 24 6:30 p.m. at TOPS-Seward School, 2500 Franklin Ave. E. For background, click here. Eastlake tree walk led by Arthur Lee Jacobson — Sat., April 28 10 a.m. to noon (refreshments at 9:30 a.m.). Begins at Roanoke Street-end park, corner of Fairview Ave. E. and E. Roanoke St. ECC Spring Celebration — Tues., May 1 5 to 6:30 p.m. at Le Messe, 1823 Eastlake Avenue E. For this event only, Le Messe has extended its happy hour, with cocktail specials at $8, a wine at $7 and a $2 beer, and special prices for various pastas, proteins, and raw or vegetable plates. City Council public hearing on proposed Citywide upzones — Mon., May 7 6 p.m. at Franklin High School. For background, click here. Public meeting on public safety in Eastlake; and planning for the crowds and traffic of July 4 — Tues., June 5 6:30 p.m. at TOPS-Seward School, 2500 Franklin Ave. For background, click here. Opportunities for civic action regarding the proposed upzone of Eastlake and other neighborhoods. The Seattle City Council is considering a Mandatory Housing Affordability (MHA) ordinance to upzone every residential and commercial lot in Eastlake, and many others throughout the city by (1) changing most lots to higher intensity zones; and (2) increasing the potential height that can be built in all zones. Every lot would have a height increase–some by one story, some by two, and some by three stories. The result would be a huge change from the Eastlake that we know and love. Although the nearby Feb. 12 public hearing is past, hearings being in other parts of Seattle are also open to anyone who wishes to comment on Eastlake impacts. The next (see above) is April 16 at Seattle Central. Please consider going to speak. And in any case, written comments to the Mayor and City Council are urgently needed. About the hearings, contacts for written comment, and background on the upzoning issue, see the Eastlake Community Council’s HALA web page. There you will also find info about another way to participate: On Nov. 27 SCALE (Seattle Coalition for Affordability, Livability, and Equity), a coalition of 26 non-profit organizations including the Eastlake Community Council, filed an administrative appeal to the Seattle Hearing Examiner, challenging the City’s analysis of the MHA ordinance’s impacts on Eastlake and other neighborhoods. To support this effort, your donations of any size are urgently needed. Please make checks made out to Eastlake Community Council, specifying in the memo line “MHA-EIS appeal”; mail or drop off to: ECC, c/o Lake Union Mail, 117 E. Louisa St. #1, Seattle 98102-3278. If you donate on-line at http://www.seattlefairgrowth.org/feisdonate, please specify that the donation is on behalf of the Eastlake Community Council. Please circulate the above info to others. For more about the Eastlake Community Council and how to help make and keep Eastlake a great place to live, work, and play: http://eastlakeseattle.org. Contact ECC at [email protected]. To see or contribute photos of Eastlake scenes: http://instagram.com/eastlakeseattle. Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/EastlakeCommunityCouncil. On Twitter: http://twitter.com/@engage_eastlake. Love Boats? Become a Center for Wooden Boats Docent! The Center for Wooden Boats (CWB) is beginning a new era with the opening of the Wagner Education Center in South Lake Union Park. We are seeking enthusiastic individuals who enjoy working with people to conduct tours and share information about our fleet, Lake Union, and traditional maritime skills. Applicants should be able to commit to eight hours a month. Training and materials are provided. Contact [email protected] to apply. Docent training will begin in May 2018. Applications are due by April 1, 2018. Memorial event to celebrate the life of Barbara Heather — Sun., July 9 , 11:30 a.m. at the University Unitarian Universalist Church, 6556 35th Ave. NE. About Barbara Heather’s admirable life, see the Fall 2016Eastlake News. Eastlake Summer Cruise on the Islander – Thurs., July 13 Tour the Ship Canal, Lake Union, Portage and Union Bays, and Lake Washington on the historic ferry the Islander. Boarding begins at 5:30 p.m. at 1611 Fairview Ave. E., with departure at 6:30 p.m., and return at 8:30. Price is $20 (kids up to 6 years are free, but only if they are pre-registered). Includes dinner, salad, and dessert (vegan options). Tickets on-line by clicking here (or search on brownpapertickets.com for Eastlake Summer Cruise), by phone at 1-800-838-3006, or in person at the Brown Paper Tickets office, 220 Nickerson St. Sponsored by the Eastlake Community Council, which will be accepting donations for the University District Food Bank for the needy in Eastlake and nearby neighborhoods. Free outdoor movie, “Shaun the Sheep the Movie” — Sat., July 15 In Rogers Playfield, 2500 Eastlake Avenue. Picnics and fun start at 7:30 p.m., movie at 8:35. Bring a blanket or low chair to sit on, and a jacket to keep warm. This hilarious, touching, and award-winning 2015 movie is by Aardman Studios, masters of stop-motion animation. A sheep takes the day off to have some fun, but gets mixed up in a big-city adventure instead. For more: http://shaunthesheep.com/movie or Wikipedia. The trailer is also on YouTube by clicking here. Sponsored by ECC and supported financially by local businesses including Northwest Administrators, Seattle Models Guild, and Washington State Employers Credit Union. See you at the movie in the park, on the lawn, under the stars!! Public forum features candidates for Mayor and for City Council position 8 — Tues., July 18 7– 9:30 p.m. at the Pocock Rowing Center, 3320 Fuhrman Avenue East. With Mayor Murray and Councilmember Burgess not running for re-election, their open seats are hotly contested by a large field of candidates as the August 1 primary draws near. Come hear them debate at the Eastlake Community Council’s election forum. And/or please send to ECC your suggested questions for the candidates, to [email protected]. For more details on the format and ground rules, click here. “Night Out” street parties – Tues., Aug. 1 On the first Tuesday in August, the City government frees block parties of the need for a paid permit or costly liability insurance. Purpose is to help neighbors meet each other, maybe start a block watch and preparedness team. As time allows, police and fire officers drop by. To register: http://seattle.gov/police/nightout or on Facebook. For advice or to connect with neighbors who can help organize your block, contact ECC at [email protected]. Comment on-line on Mayor’s proposed increase in height of new buildings in Eastlake and other neighborhoods To see and comment on the Mayor’s height increases for every land lot in Eastlake, go to http://hala.consider.it/?tab=Draft zoning changes, and scroll down to Eastlake. There you will also find the Mayor’s case for the upzones. For independent background and analysis challenging the Mayor’s approach, see ECC’s HALA page (http://eastlakeseattle.org/?page=HALA) which also has background on how to register to post a comment on-line (turns out you don’t have to provide the personal info they ask or). E-mails to the City Councilmembers are also urgently needed; their addresses are also on ECC’s HALA page. Change.org petition to save the parking lot under I-5, a block south of the University Bridge The Pocock Rowing Center, Movement Systems Physical Therapy, Seattle Spine and Sports Medicine, and Wallace & Solhaug Family Dentistry are asking the public to sign their Change.org petition “to convince WSDOT that we need the parking at the north end of Eastlake to preserve our community’s heritage, the health and welfare of our patients, and the economic viability of the Eastlake neighborhood.” WSDOT is considering excluding all parking from the lot for five years, and use it instead to stage construction materials for the SR-520 expansion project. To reach the petition, click here or visit Change.org and search for the petition under “Eastlake parking”. More than 1300 have signed so far. For more about the Eastlake Community Council and how to help make and keep Eastlake a great place to live, work, and play: http://eastlakeseattle.org. To see or contribute photos of Eastlake scenes: http://instagram.com/eastlakeseattle. ECC seeks volunteers to help strengthen its Facebook and Twitter presence. Contact ECC at [email protected]. The Eastlake Community Council offers notice of the following events and comment opportunities. Background is in the links and also the Spring Eastlake News. Public meeting with Police Department representatives about Eastlake’s public safety priorities; planning for July 4; and emergency preparedness Tues., June 13, 7 p.m. at TOPS-Seward School, 2500 Franklin Avenue East. The West Precinct community policing team regularly asks Eastlake residents and businesses our policing priorities. Please offer yours (can send to ECC at [email protected]). Also at this meeting, be briefed and pose questions and suggestions regarding the Police Department’s planning for crowds, traffic, and parking in Eastlake on July 4. Meeting will conclude with ongoing efforts and opportunities to make Eastlake safer in emergencies and disasters. The configuration will 5 buoys, each 750’ apart, aligned down the middle of lake more or less equidistant from the east and west shorelines. The buoys are seasonal; that is, they would be installed around Memorial Day weekend and taken out around Labor Day weekend. The buoys will each have a pilot-activated flashing white strobe light, alerting other vessels to a seaplane takeoff or landing. The buoys also have anti-collision lights, so that they can be seen at night. The project is in the final permitting stage, currently awaiting the Army Corps of Engineers final permit. There is no set implementation date as of yet, although Memorial Day weekend is still the goal. The buoys are advisory only, which means that there are no rules or regulations in place that any vessel must follow with regard to them. That being said, when the buoys lights flash (indicating an imminent takeoff or landing), boats can clear the middle of the lake a little bit to provide greater separation. If enough vessels do this, then the seaplane operations will generally take place along the center-line of the lake. Legally, there is no requirement for boaters to move off the center of the lake during seaplane operations, nor is there any requirement for seaplanes to utilize the center of the lake for takeoffs and landings. But in meeting after meeting our company has had over the last few years with various boating organizations, a recurring refrain from boaters has been a desire for both a mechanism to create greater separation during seaplane operations, and a means to bring more predictability to those operations. The hope is that the buoy advisory system can accomplish this, and enhance everyone’s safety during hours of peak lake congestion. Early Design Guidance proposal for 6 three-story townhouse and row house structures containing 27 residential units. Parking for 27 vehicles to be provided in some of the proposals. Existing structures to be demolished. The FHA is monitoring the activity at the Ride the Ducks site on Fairview this month. If you would like to apprise yourself of the history of this situation you will find details of the agreement that was reached on the Eastlake Community Council website. Please email [email protected] if you have news to share!
2019-04-23T14:04:29Z
http://seattlefloatinghomes.org/eastlake-neighborhood-news/
Do you need AC Service in Newport, OR? Papa’s Heating & Air is an AC service specialist in the Newport area. Summer is a great time of year, but it also means your air conditioning unit needs to be functioning properly. There are many different problems that can go wrong with an air conditioning system, therefore it is very important to keep your AC well-maintained so that you do not end up with unexpected expenses and no cool air for your home. If your air conditioner is not working at all, you want to check to see if all of the settings are correct. Always take a look at your thermostat to confirm it is set to “cool”. Then, you always want to be sure that you have not tripped a breaker, so always go to your electrical panel and double check. If everything looks good, it is time to call an AC service Newport, OR professional. When your air conditioner is running, but it is making strange noises that are different than the norm, you should make sure that the settings where they normally are. Also, turn off your air conditioner for a moment, then turn it back on – if you still hear the strange noises, calling an AC service company in Newport, OR is highly recommended. Short cycling is perfectly normal if your air conditioner starts to do that when it gets warmer during the summertime. However, if the outside temperature is not particularly warmer than normal, but your air conditioning unit continues to turn on and off, there may be some type of malfunction going on. Contact an AC service Newport, OR repairman for troubleshooting. If you see any type of water leaking in or around your unit, it may be an issue. A small amount of condensation is normal for an air-conditioning unit, but if there is excessive water, it might mean several different problems could be going on. An AC service professional in Newport, Oregon is recommended for this type of issue, because your air conditioner has many different electrical components and getting them wet could mean ruining your entire unit. Do you need AC Service in Keizer, OR? Papa’s Heating & Air is an AC service specialist in the Keizer area. Summer is a great time of year, but it also means your air conditioning unit needs to be functioning properly. There are many different problems that can go wrong with an air conditioning system, therefore it is very important to keep your AC well-maintained so that you do not end up with unexpected expenses and no cool air for your home. If your air conditioner is not working at all, you want to check to see if all of the settings are correct. Always take a look at your thermostat to confirm it is set to “cool”. Then, you always want to be sure that you have not tripped a breaker, so always go to your electrical panel and double check. If everything looks good, it is time to call an AC service Keizer, OR professional. When your air conditioner is running, but it is making strange noises that are different than the norm, you should make sure that the settings where they normally are. Also, turn off your air conditioner for a moment, then turn it back on – if you still hear the strange noises, calling an AC service company in Keizer, OR is highly recommended. Short cycling is perfectly normal if your air conditioner starts to do that when it gets warmer during the summertime. However, if the outside temperature is not particularly warmer than normal, but your air conditioning unit continues to turn on and off, there may be some type of malfunction going on. Contact an AC service Keizer, OR repairman for troubleshooting. If you see any type of water leaking in or around your unit, it may be an issue. A small amount of condensation is normal for an air-conditioning unit, but if there is excessive water, it might mean several different problems could be going on. An AC service professional in Keizer, Oregon is recommended for this type of issue, because your air conditioner has many different electrical components and getting them wet could mean ruining your entire unit. Do you need AC Service in Roseburg, OR? Papa’s Heating & Air is an AC service specialist in the Roseburg area. Summer is a great time of year, but it also means your air conditioning unit needs to be functioning properly. There are many different problems that can go wrong with an air conditioning system, therefore it is very important to keep your AC well-maintained so that you do not end up with unexpected expenses and no cool air for your home. If your air conditioner is not working at all, you want to check to see if all of the settings are correct. Always take a look at your thermostat to confirm it is set to “cool”. Then, you always want to be sure that you have not tripped a breaker, so always go to your electrical panel and double check. If everything looks good, it is time to call an AC service Roseburg, OR professional. When your air conditioner is running, but it is making strange noises that are different than the norm, you should make sure that the settings where they normally are. Also, turn off your air conditioner for a moment, then turn it back on – if you still hear the strange noises, calling an AC service company in Roseburg, OR is highly recommended. Short cycling is perfectly normal if your air conditioner starts to do that when it gets warmer during the summertime. However, if the outside temperature is not particularly warmer than normal, but your air conditioning unit continues to turn on and off, there may be some type of malfunction going on. Contact an AC service Roseburg, OR repairman for troubleshooting. If you see any type of water leaking in or around your unit, it may be an issue. A small amount of condensation is normal for an air-conditioning unit, but if there is excessive water, it might mean several different problems could be going on. An AC service professional in Roseburg, Oregon is recommended for this type of issue, because your air conditioner has many different electrical components and getting them wet could mean ruining your entire unit. Do you need AC Service in Baker City, OR? Papa’s Heating & Air is an AC service specialist in the Baker City area. Summer is a great time of year, but it also means your air conditioning unit needs to be functioning properly. There are many different problems that can go wrong with an air conditioning system, therefore it is very important to keep your AC well-maintained so that you do not end up with unexpected expenses and no cool air for your home. If your air conditioner is not working at all, you want to check to see if all of the settings are correct. Always take a look at your thermostat to confirm it is set to “cool”. Then, you always want to be sure that you have not tripped a breaker, so always go to your electrical panel and double check. If everything looks good, it is time to call an AC service Baker City, OR professional. When your air conditioner is running, but it is making strange noises that are different than the norm, you should make sure that the settings where they normally are. Also, turn off your air conditioner for a moment, then turn it back on – if you still hear the strange noises, calling an AC service company in Baker City, OR is highly recommended. Short cycling is perfectly normal if your air conditioner starts to do that when it gets warmer during the summertime. However, if the outside temperature is not particularly warmer than normal, but your air conditioning unit continues to turn on and off, there may be some type of malfunction going on. Contact an AC service Baker City, OR repairman for troubleshooting. If you see any type of water leaking in or around your unit, it may be an issue. A small amount of condensation is normal for an air-conditioning unit, but if there is excessive water, it might mean several different problems could be going on. An AC service professional in Baker City, Oregon is recommended for this type of issue, because your air conditioner has many different electrical components and getting them wet could mean ruining your entire unit. Do you need AC Service in Central Point, OR? Papa’s Heating & Air is an AC service specialist in the Central Point area. Summer is a great time of year, but it also means your air conditioning unit needs to be functioning properly. There are many different problems that can go wrong with an air conditioning system, therefore it is very important to keep your AC well-maintained so that you do not end up with unexpected expenses and no cool air for your home. If your air conditioner is not working at all, you want to check to see if all of the settings are correct. Always take a look at your thermostat to confirm it is set to “cool”. Then, you always want to be sure that you have not tripped a breaker, so always go to your electrical panel and double check. If everything looks good, it is time to call an AC service Central Point, OR professional. When your air conditioner is running, but it is making strange noises that are different than the norm, you should make sure that the settings where they normally are. Also, turn off your air conditioner for a moment, then turn it back on – if you still hear the strange noises, calling an AC service company in Central Point, OR is highly recommended. Short cycling is perfectly normal if your air conditioner starts to do that when it gets warmer during the summertime. However, if the outside temperature is not particularly warmer than normal, but your air conditioning unit continues to turn on and off, there may be some type of malfunction going on. Contact an AC service Central Point, OR repairman for troubleshooting. If you see any type of water leaking in or around your unit, it may be an issue. A small amount of condensation is normal for an air-conditioning unit, but if there is excessive water, it might mean several different problems could be going on. An AC service professional in Central Point, Oregon is recommended for this type of issue, because your air conditioner has many different electrical components and getting them wet could mean ruining your entire unit. Do you need AC Service in Independence, OR? Papa’s Heating & Air is an AC service specialist in the Independence area. Summer is a great time of year, but it also means your air conditioning unit needs to be functioning properly. There are many different problems that can go wrong with an air conditioning system, therefore it is very important to keep your AC well-maintained so that you do not end up with unexpected expenses and no cool air for your home. If your air conditioner is not working at all, you want to check to see if all of the settings are correct. Always take a look at your thermostat to confirm it is set to “cool”. Then, you always want to be sure that you have not tripped a breaker, so always go to your electrical panel and double check. If everything looks good, it is time to call an AC service Independence, OR professional. When your air conditioner is running, but it is making strange noises that are different than the norm, you should make sure that the settings where they normally are. Also, turn off your air conditioner for a moment, then turn it back on – if you still hear the strange noises, calling an AC service company in Independence, OR is highly recommended. Short cycling is perfectly normal if your air conditioner starts to do that when it gets warmer during the summertime. However, if the outside temperature is not particularly warmer than normal, but your air conditioning unit continues to turn on and off, there may be some type of malfunction going on. Contact an AC service Independence, OR repairman for troubleshooting. If you see any type of water leaking in or around your unit, it may be an issue. A small amount of condensation is normal for an air-conditioning unit, but if there is excessive water, it might mean several different problems could be going on. An AC service professional in Independence, Oregon is recommended for this type of issue, because your air conditioner has many different electrical components and getting them wet could mean ruining your entire unit. Do you need AC Service in Portland, OR? Papa’s Heating & Air is an AC service specialist in the Portland area. Summer is a great time of year, but it also means your air conditioning unit needs to be functioning properly. There are many different problems that can go wrong with an air conditioning system, therefore it is very important to keep your AC well-maintained so that you do not end up with unexpected expenses and no cool air for your home. If your air conditioner is not working at all, you want to check to see if all of the settings are correct. Always take a look at your thermostat to confirm it is set to “cool”. Then, you always want to be sure that you have not tripped a breaker, so always go to your electrical panel and double check. If everything looks good, it is time to call an AC service Portland, OR professional. When your air conditioner is running, but it is making strange noises that are different than the norm, you should make sure that the settings where they normally are. Also, turn off your air conditioner for a moment, then turn it back on – if you still hear the strange noises, calling an AC service company in Portland, OR is highly recommended. Short cycling is perfectly normal if your air conditioner starts to do that when it gets warmer during the summertime. However, if the outside temperature is not particularly warmer than normal, but your air conditioning unit continues to turn on and off, there may be some type of malfunction going on. Contact an AC service Portland, OR repairman for troubleshooting. If you see any type of water leaking in or around your unit, it may be an issue. A small amount of condensation is normal for an air-conditioning unit, but if there is excessive water, it might mean several different problems could be going on. An AC service professional in Portland, Oregon is recommended for this type of issue, because your air conditioner has many different electrical components and getting them wet could mean ruining your entire unit. Do you need AC Service in Happy Valley, OR? Papa’s Heating & Air is an AC service specialist in the Happy Valley area. Summer is a great time of year, but it also means your air conditioning unit needs to be functioning properly. There are many different problems that can go wrong with an air conditioning system, therefore it is very important to keep your AC well-maintained so that you do not end up with unexpected expenses and no cool air for your home. If your air conditioner is not working at all, you want to check to see if all of the settings are correct. Always take a look at your thermostat to confirm it is set to “cool”. Then, you always want to be sure that you have not tripped a breaker, so always go to your electrical panel and double check. If everything looks good, it is time to call an AC service Happy Valley, OR professional. When your air conditioner is running, but it is making strange noises that are different than the norm, you should make sure that the settings where they normally are. Also, turn off your air conditioner for a moment, then turn it back on – if you still hear the strange noises, calling an AC service company in Happy Valley, OR is highly recommended. Short cycling is perfectly normal if your air conditioner starts to do that when it gets warmer during the summertime. However, if the outside temperature is not particularly warmer than normal, but your air conditioning unit continues to turn on and off, there may be some type of malfunction going on. Contact an AC service Happy Valley, OR repairman for troubleshooting. If you see any type of water leaking in or around your unit, it may be an issue. A small amount of condensation is normal for an air-conditioning unit, but if there is excessive water, it might mean several different problems could be going on. An AC service professional in Happy Valley, Oregon is recommended for this type of issue, because your air conditioner has many different electrical components and getting them wet could mean ruining your entire unit. Do you need AC Service in Troutdale, OR? Papa’s Heating & Air is an AC service specialist in the Troutdale area. Summer is a great time of year, but it also means your air conditioning unit needs to be functioning properly. There are many different problems that can go wrong with an air conditioning system, therefore it is very important to keep your AC well-maintained so that you do not end up with unexpected expenses and no cool air for your home. If your air conditioner is not working at all, you want to check to see if all of the settings are correct. Always take a look at your thermostat to confirm it is set to “cool”. Then, you always want to be sure that you have not tripped a breaker, so always go to your electrical panel and double check. If everything looks good, it is time to call an AC service Troutdale, OR professional. When your air conditioner is running, but it is making strange noises that are different than the norm, you should make sure that the settings where they normally are. Also, turn off your air conditioner for a moment, then turn it back on – if you still hear the strange noises, calling an AC service company in Troutdale, OR is highly recommended. Short cycling is perfectly normal if your air conditioner starts to do that when it gets warmer during the summertime. However, if the outside temperature is not particularly warmer than normal, but your air conditioning unit continues to turn on and off, there may be some type of malfunction going on. Contact an AC service Troutdale, OR repairman for troubleshooting. If you see any type of water leaking in or around your unit, it may be an issue. A small amount of condensation is normal for an air-conditioning unit, but if there is excessive water, it might mean several different problems could be going on. An AC service professional in Troutdale, Oregon is recommended for this type of issue, because your air conditioner has many different electrical components and getting them wet could mean ruining your entire unit. Do you need AC Service in Fairview, OR? Papa’s Heating & Air is an AC service specialist in the Fairview area. Summer is a great time of year, but it also means your air conditioning unit needs to be functioning properly. There are many different problems that can go wrong with an air conditioning system, therefore it is very important to keep your AC well-maintained so that you do not end up with unexpected expenses and no cool air for your home. If your air conditioner is not working at all, you want to check to see if all of the settings are correct. Always take a look at your thermostat to confirm it is set to “cool”. Then, you always want to be sure that you have not tripped a breaker, so always go to your electrical panel and double check. If everything looks good, it is time to call an AC service Fairview, OR professional. When your air conditioner is running, but it is making strange noises that are different than the norm, you should make sure that the settings where they normally are. Also, turn off your air conditioner for a moment, then turn it back on – if you still hear the strange noises, calling an AC service company in Fairview, OR is highly recommended. Short cycling is perfectly normal if your air conditioner starts to do that when it gets warmer during the summertime. However, if the outside temperature is not particularly warmer than normal, but your air conditioning unit continues to turn on and off, there may be some type of malfunction going on. Contact an AC service Fairview, OR repairman for troubleshooting. If you see any type of water leaking in or around your unit, it may be an issue. A small amount of condensation is normal for an air-conditioning unit, but if there is excessive water, it might mean several different problems could be going on. An AC service professional in Fairview, Oregon is recommended for this type of issue, because your air conditioner has many different electrical components and getting them wet could mean ruining your entire unit. Do you need AC Service in Lafayette, OR? Papa’s Heating & Air is an AC service specialist in the Lafayette area. Summer is a great time of year, but it also means your air conditioning unit needs to be functioning properly. There are many different problems that can go wrong with an air conditioning system, therefore it is very important to keep your AC well-maintained so that you do not end up with unexpected expenses and no cool air for your home. If your air conditioner is not working at all, you want to check to see if all of the settings are correct. Always take a look at your thermostat to confirm it is set to “cool”. Then, you always want to be sure that you have not tripped a breaker, so always go to your electrical panel and double check. If everything looks good, it is time to call an AC service Lafayette, OR professional. When your air conditioner is running, but it is making strange noises that are different than the norm, you should make sure that the settings where they normally are. Also, turn off your air conditioner for a moment, then turn it back on – if you still hear the strange noises, calling an AC service company in Lafayette, OR is highly recommended. Short cycling is perfectly normal if your air conditioner starts to do that when it gets warmer during the summertime. However, if the outside temperature is not particularly warmer than normal, but your air conditioning unit continues to turn on and off, there may be some type of malfunction going on. Contact an AC service Lafayette, OR repairman for troubleshooting. If you see any type of water leaking in or around your unit, it may be an issue. A small amount of condensation is normal for an air-conditioning unit, but if there is excessive water, it might mean several different problems could be going on. An AC service professional in Lafayette, Oregon is recommended for this type of issue, because your air conditioner has many different electrical components and getting them wet could mean ruining your entire unit. Do you need AC Service in Reedsport, OR? Papa’s Heating & Air is an AC service specialist in the Reedsport area. Summer is a great time of year, but it also means your air conditioning unit needs to be functioning properly. There are many different problems that can go wrong with an air conditioning system, therefore it is very important to keep your AC well-maintained so that you do not end up with unexpected expenses and no cool air for your home. If your air conditioner is not working at all, you want to check to see if all of the settings are correct. Always take a look at your thermostat to confirm it is set to “cool”. Then, you always want to be sure that you have not tripped a breaker, so always go to your electrical panel and double check. If everything looks good, it is time to call an AC service Reedsport, OR professional. When your air conditioner is running, but it is making strange noises that are different than the norm, you should make sure that the settings where they normally are. Also, turn off your air conditioner for a moment, then turn it back on – if you still hear the strange noises, calling an AC service company in Reedsport, OR is highly recommended. Short cycling is perfectly normal if your air conditioner starts to do that when it gets warmer during the summertime. However, if the outside temperature is not particularly warmer than normal, but your air conditioning unit continues to turn on and off, there may be some type of malfunction going on. Contact an AC service Reedsport, OR repairman for troubleshooting. If you see any type of water leaking in or around your unit, it may be an issue. A small amount of condensation is normal for an air-conditioning unit, but if there is excessive water, it might mean several different problems could be going on. An AC service professional in Reedsport, Oregon is recommended for this type of issue, because your air conditioner has many different electrical components and getting them wet could mean ruining your entire unit.
2019-04-19T18:34:40Z
http://papasheatingandair.com/blog/category/ac-service/ac-service-oregon/
One of the things that sometimes happens when living in a city year after year, is that you forget to look up. It’s so easy to get involved with the hustle and bustle of city life down below; forgetting to notice the beauty that’s above you. With pedestrians busy walking while talking on their cell phones or text messaging, and not paying attention to what’s in front of them - often CRASHING into you - looking up seems to be the last thing on most urbanites minds. City life, no matter how long I live it, still excites me because it forces you to get out there and MINGLE with people. I enjoy quiet time alone, but there’s a part of me that equally enjoys interaction time with other people. Also, I’m a very visual person, and city life always gives me something unusual to look at and observe. I love seeing all the various architectural angles and textures of the buildings, as they appear to be a work of art sketched across a canvas sky. I’ve lived in both Philadelphia and Manhattan. Philadelphia is a much smaller city compared to Manhattan, therefore there’s more ‘open space’ above you. Manhattan feels as though you’re walking through a dense jungle of HUGE urban gorilla buildings. Whereas, Philadelphia is much more spread out; not as tight. More like a European city. For me, BOTH cities are architecturally beautiful and enjoyable, but with two completely different feels. Earlier this week, I took my camera into the city streets and snapped several images of what was ABOVE me. And since I adore viewing urban life in black and white, I changed my camera setting to fit my vision. *And don't forget to look up. You might just spot something REALLY cool! Those photos are absolutely breathtaking. I love the way that the buildings fill the frame completely. It does give perspective how massive they are. The black and white is beautiful. Stump and I were downtown in our own city years ago walking around while waiting for his truck to be hand washed by some people who had set up shop in a parking lot. I have lived here almost all of my life but had never looked UP while downtown. I was in awe as I passed the historic buildings that I had passed many timed before, when a woman asked us where we were from! She actually thought we were tourists. I have to admit I did feel like one. FANTASTIC photos, Ron! I especially enjoyed the fire escape (is that the word?) one! Really cool! And talking about looking UP......one of the reasons I love the western U.S. is because when you look up, you can actually see stars and sky! Where I live, it seems as though trees block the sky in most areas (unless you're on the highway). Not that trees are bad, but I'd like to be able to see a constellation or two sometime. You so beautifully used perspective and space. And Philly rocks in b&w. I can see the Liberty towers! Have you tried going up into a building and photographing from say, a roof top deck or coffee shop? That may be interesting. Fabulous shots Ron and I absolute adore the fire escape in the second picture. You don't see those over here very much and I really like them. Gorgeous. I love that these are in black and white, and the angles are superb! You make me want to take my camera around the city...I've thought about it but have enjoyed capturing nature so much I haven't found the time. Thanks for the inspiration. For some reason, I always think a city looks extra special shot in black and white. It gives it a rawness. Especially the cities here on the east coast because of all the historical architecture. " I was in awe as I passed the historic buildings that I had passed many timed before, when a woman asked us where we were from! She actually thought we were tourists. I have to admit I did feel like one." HA! And I know exactly what you mean because whenever I go to Manhattan (or even walking around Philly), I look just like a tourist because I'm forever looking at everything BUG-EYED. Thanks a bunch for stopping by, girl! Have a fantabulous weekend! Yes, that's the word exactly....fire escape. That building was just recently renovated into condos, and I was sooooo happy to see that the architecture KEPT the fire escape (as is), instead of removing it. "one of the reasons I love the western U.S. is because when you look up, you can actually see stars and sky!" I AGREE....the skies out west are AMAZING!!!!! And speaking of skies...I've always had a special affinity for the sky. I love clouds, stars, the sun, and the moon! Thanks so much for stopping by, my friend. Have a glorious weekend, looking up! P.S. and did you see the MOON last night? It was STUNNING! Yes, the fire escape shot is one of favs because I think the wrought iron railings are exquisite! Whenever I see a fire escape, I always think of the movie West Side Story, when Maria and Tony sing, "Tonight" to each other on the fire escape - HA! Thanks so much for stopping by, m'dear! Have a lovely weekend! OH that was YOU pointing and staring up at the sky.... we put a dollar in your cup as we rushed by to get to Christmas Village. haha!! Thank you. I had a feeling (being a lover of Philly) you would enjoy these images. "Most of them are so engrossed in their phones. Each of them is in their own little bubble..." Exactly.....in their own little bubble. "And Philly rocks in b&w." I agree. I also like viewing Philly on a gray and rainy day. It brings out all the wonderful architecture. " Have you tried going up into a building and photographing from say, a roof top deck or coffee shop? That may be interesting." No I haven't, but thank you so much for suggesting that because I will have to try that one day. GREAT suggestion, Barb!!!! "I haven't had the chance to compare NYC & Philly. Of course, I have to to go to NYC one day." They're completely different "energy" feels. Everything about Manhattan is HUGE, whereas, Philly is on a much smaller scale. For me, both are delightful in their own way. Thanks a bunch for stopping by, my friend. Happy weekend to ya! "City life, no matter how long I live it, still excites me because it forces you to get out there and MINGLE with people. I enjoy quiet time alone, but there’s a part of me that equally enjoys interaction time with other people." Same here! That's why living in cities makes us so crazy--we're being pulled in opposite directions. New York has so many fabulous old buildings, but most people don't appreciate them. Thanks for the photos and here's looking--up--at you, kid! Yes, yes, yes. Me, too. I ALWAYS look up. Ceilings in church interiors are my great love but I always try to capture a building from the floor up. And aren't there so many variations. It's a shame to miss them by looking constantly at the floor. Actually I was trying to visualise what sort of position you were in to take that third shot...lol. My fav though is the second one. Beautiful! Thank you. And thank YOU for inspiring me through your AMAZING photography!!! Isn't black and white wonderful? The thing I most enjoy about black and white photography is that it captures all the awesome shadows and highlights, that color doesn't. Black and white is so RAW. "I've thought about it but have enjoyed capturing nature so much I haven't found the time." I know exactly what you mean because I enjoy capturing nature as well. In fact, I plan on taking a day trip out into the burbs this month to capture it's awesome BEAUTY. It's ironic, because as much as I adore city life, I can be equally satisfied spending time in nature as well. Thanks so much for stopping by, my friend! Enjoy your weekend! "OH that was YOU pointing and staring up at the sky.... we put a dollar in your cup as we rushed by to get to Christmas Village." Thank you. I had a feeling (being a Philly admirer and lover) you'd enjoy these images. Isn't Philly gorgeous? " such impeccable grooming. There would be stubble and a bunch of nose hairs flying around if I got a shot of Ron from below." HAHHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA! And it's soooooooooooo funny you said that because on the morning before I shot that photo of myself, I trimmed my beard and groomed my nose hairs!!!! Isn't fire escape cool? It's a condo on the corner of Chestnut and 13th Streets. Thanks so much for stopping by, neighbor. Have a glorious weekend! Thank you, buddy. I love black and white too. Especially when photographing images of city life because it REALLY captures the rawness. "That's why living in cities makes us so crazy--we're being pulled in opposite directions. New York has so many fabulous old buildings, but most people don't appreciate them." I agree...city life can be CRA-ZY! So I must be crazy too, because I LOVE IT! City life is really good for someone like me, because I like walking out my front door in the mornings and throwing myself into LIFE. There is no escaping people when you live in a city because they're ALL around you; forcing you interact with them. " New York has so many fabulous old buildings, but most people don't appreciate them." Yes, it certainly does. I adore NYC with all my heart. I always share with people that I was born in Philly, but my soul lives in NYC. Thanks so much for stopping by, Rob. Have a SUPER weekend! "Yes, yes, yes. Me, too. I ALWAYS look up." "Ceilings in church interiors are my great love." Meeee too! I LOVE photographing church's! Especially the ceilings. "Actually I was trying to visualise what sort of position you were in to take that third shot." I was standing close (and directly under) that building (which is One Liberty Place). Also, the shot below was taken standing directly under the awning of that same building. Yes, the second shot seems to be everyone's favorite. And it's funny, because that was a last minute shot. Thanks oodles for stopping by, dear lady! Have a splendid weekend! Ron, I absolutely MUST have my alone/quiet time, but I also enjoy interacting with people. I like to listen to them speak; watch their mannerisms; finding out what makes them tick. When we take the time to really get to know PEOPLE, they are quite fascinating! I live near the city of Pittsburgh and some of our buildings are just beautiful. One of my favorites is our Court House. I am in awe that it was constructed over 120 years ago! I love your pictures. The 2nd one, with the staircase going up the side of the building, the stairs remind me of continuous Z’s! Thanks for sharing and have a super weekend! OMG....I was JUST thinking of you and getting ready to stop by your blog because I saw that you posted today! "I like to listen to them speak; watch their mannerisms; finding out what makes them tick. When we take the time to really get to know PEOPLE, they are quite fascinating!" Meeeeeeeeeeee too! It must be that LEO quality in the two of us that enjoys both our quiet time AND interaction with others. Having been an actor for so many years, I've learned to be an 'observer' of human nature, in order to duplicate it for a role. I like to watch people, and study their mannerisms; finding out what makes them tick! For as much as I love humor, I also enjoy sitting down with someone and having a deep conversation. "I live near the city of Pittsburgh and some of our buildings are just beautiful. One of my favorites is our Court House. I am in awe that it was constructed over 120 years ago!" I've never been to Pittsburgh, but have seen MANY photographs of the city and LOVE the look of it. It's a lot like Philly - old and historical. " The 2nd one, with the staircase going up the side of the building, the stairs remind me of continuous Z’s!" HA! Hey, you're exactly right....it DOES look like continuous Z's! GREAT observation! Thanks so much for stopping by, dear lady! Always a delight to read your words. Wonderful photographs, Ron! Philadelphia looks so beautiful. And you're right, black and white does have a way of making a city look extra special. It brings out the FEEL of urban life. And as you shared, a rawness. Having been to Europe, I agree, your city does resemble the feel of European life. As many other have stated, I really like the photo of the fire escape. But these are all really nice. Thank you for sharing, Ron. Really liked it. Have a nice weekend. Thank you. Isn't Philly cool-looking? I like how it's a mixture of both modern and old architecture. "Having been to Europe, I agree, your city does resemble the feel of European life." Yes, I think so too. I've never been to Germany, however tourists I've spoken to who have come into the store I work at say that Philadelphia reminds them somewhat of the German cities. Isn't the fire escape interesting? I pass that building every day while walking to work and LOVE looking up at it! "Maybe it has something to do with being born in London and living all of our younger life there, that makes us want to be free of the dirt and traffic fumes." Yes, I can totally understand your feelings about city life. Some people simply get to a point where they say, "Enough." And some people enjoy just visiting a city, but not actually living there. I have a friend who lives in the UK (Wimbledon), and says I would love London. I would LOVE to see photographs of where you live. It sounds delightful! Thanks for stopping by, my friend. Wishing you a faaaaaaabulous weekend! P.S. say Hi to Mo for me, okay? ...Wow, these photos are just awesome! The fire escape (?) on the third photo is artistic metal - beautiful! ...I'm rarely in the city. Ever. So I can't relate to seeing these huge works of art towering above me. It must be awe inspiring to see in person. ...Have a wonderful weekend and thanks for letting us tag along! Thank you, dear lady. It's so nice to finally have some free time to take pictures again. I was so busy last month, I barely even touched my camera. "...I'm rarely in the city. Ever. So I can't relate to seeing these huge works of art towering above me. It must be awe inspiring to see in person." I think you would enjoy Philadelphia because it's a city, but a cozy one. It's not too big, and VERY walkable. Now, NYC on the other hand is GIGANTIC and constantly moving. I LOVE it, but for some people it feels overwhelming. Thanks oodles for stopping by, sweet lady. And thank you for your kind words. Just remember while looking UP all the time, Ron, to occasionally look DOWN. Otherwise you might step in the remains of Fido's breakfast. I'm just sayin'. Also, fantastic pics!! Love the one with the fire escape especially. And great choice going with black and white, too. Have a wonderful weekend, whether you're looking up, down, or sideways! "Just remember while looking UP all the time, Ron, to occasionally look DOWN. Otherwise you might step in the remains of Fido's breakfast. I'm just sayin'." I KNEW you were going to say something to that effect! And thank you for 'catching' that, Mark! You da' man! Yes, I love black and white photography - whether it be still photos or old movies. Somehow black and white film GRABS me. Thanks a bunch for stopping by, bud! Have a spectacular weekend! I'm with you. I still get totally jazzed with the architecture of Cleveland. What fascinates me the most are the old neighborhoods that sadly are far too dangerous to get out of your car and photograph. I just imagine what they must have been like 50 or 60 years ago. Aw...thanks, girl. I had so much fun taking these photos. "I feel like I'm looking up at Philly from my first life in the 1940's. :-)" HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA! And it's funny you said that because Philly has such a VINTAGE feel to it. " I still get totally jazzed with the architecture of Cleveland. What fascinates me the most are the old neighborhoods that sadly are far too dangerous to get out of your car and photograph." The pictures you've shared on your blog in past posts, have GREATLY reminded me of Philly. And we too have areas that are far too dangerous to get out of your car and photograph. It would be safer to take photographs from a HELICOPTER - HA! Thanks oodles for stopping by, Chrissy girl! Always FAB to see ya! P.S. yes, it's around in the 50's here too. No real snow yet, but I'm WAITING!!! This morning this was not letting me leave a comment! :-( I especially love the second one with the fire escapes and the last one. AWESOME photos. Just be careful not to get a "crick" in your neck from all that looking up! "This morning this was not letting me leave a comment! :-(" But THANK YOU for letting me know, my friend. I think Disqus is going through some upgrades right now, because it's doing weird things for me me too, at times. Hopefully, it will fix itself. Disqus works best with Google Chrome. I don't know whether you use it on your computer, but it's a faaaaaaaaaabulous web browser. And it's FAST. " I especially love the second one with the fire escapes and the last one. " Thank you. Most people are saying the same thing about the fire escape, so I'm glad I was guided to take that shot. "Just be careful not to get a "crick" in your neck from all that looking up!" Thanks sooooooooooooooooooo much for stopping back and trying to leave another comment. You're the best! Have a super weekend, Peg! Diane, your comment was so touching. Glad you enjoy my Philly tour posts because I TRULY love to share them. They're so much fun to put together. Philadelphia truly IS a beautiful city. And so brilliantly diverse in it's architecture. It's a joy to photograph. Thanks so very much for stopping by, dear girl. You made my night! Wishing you and Cristybella a faaaaaaaaabulous weekend! P.S. and I can't wait to see what you do with that chair!!! gorgeous photos ron and i totally agree, sometimes i forget to look up, some of the best things to see are because of looking up. i especially love looking up at buildings and trees. a different perspective indeed. thanks for sharing. Thank you. I always think of YOU whenever I take black and white photos because yours are ALWAYS so AWESOME. You have such a talent with a camera, girl! " some of the best things to see are because of looking up. i especially love looking up at buildings and trees. a different perspective indeed." You said it....a different perspective indeed. It's like a whole different outlook. Thanks a bunch for stopping by. Hope you're enjoying this gorgeous Saturday. Happy New Year, Ron! Beautiful pics! I love the black & white used on buildings & leafless trees. It has a classic, yet eerie feel to it. I like to take pics while looking up, too, because the sky is the limit! HAPPY NEW YEAR TO YOU TOO!!!!! It's so fab to see ya! Hope you had an awesome holiday. Can you believe it's 2012!?!? Thank you. Glad you enjoyed the photos. " I love the black & white used on buildings & leafless trees. It has a classic, yet eerie feel to it. " Meeee too! I love the look of leafless trees. That's why I enjoy winter so much. To me, there is something so raw and beautiful about barrenness of winter. "I tend to look down a lot (just in case someone dropped some money ;)" Thanks so much for stopping by, dear lady. Wishing you a happy, healthy, and prosperous 2012! Geeze--I've taken so few photos in the past 30 days, it's scary. But I got out yesterday and did some lookin' up. I'm a lookin' up kinda gal. And when you have eagles chattering around you, you get all sorts of happy! Well, I do anyway. NOT quite the same as the gorgeousness of the city's architecture--but still well worth the adventure and the clicking of the shutter. Smalltown USA--I think we have one three story building in town. (quit laughin'.....) I think the tallest structures are the grain silos. LOLOL Hey! They make for interesting photos, dangit. Maybe I'll try some black and white with them--not that you'd notice the difference when it's a gray day. "What a gentle tune to go with the photos--thanks for sharing that one. I'll have to play it for he-who-slept-in-.....again.....LOL" So glad you enjoyed the tune on my sidebar. And it's so ironic you shared that because I was hoping people would play the music while viewing these photos. I think the music goes well with the images. "But I got out yesterday and did some lookin' up. I'm a lookin' up kinda gal." Yes, I know from viewing your amazing photos on your blog, you're a lookin' up kinda gal. Libra thing perhaps? "NOT quite the same as the gorgeousness of the city's architecture--but still well worth the adventure and the clicking of the shutter." To me, there's beauty to be found looking up whether it be in a city or out in country. Your photos always BLOW ME AWAY! "Smalltown USA--I think we have one three story building in town. HA! And yes....they certainly DO make for interesting photos. I so enjoy looking at the images you share of where you live. It's a BEAUTIFUL place. Thanks oodles for stopping by, dear lady. Hope you're having a super-super weekend! "Look up. Look outside yourself and notice the world. See the beauty in life around us from all angles" I too think that with a full moon! I LOVE the moon! Thanks a bunch for stopping by, my friend. Hope you're enjoying an awesome weekend! OHMYWORD! These photos are stunning!! And you make a very good point. It's hard to remember to LOOK UP in the big city. Thank you for posting and sharing these gorgeous pictures! Aw...thank you, buddy. Glad you enjoyed. I had such a fun time putting this post together. Philly really IS a cool-looking city. And it BEGS to be photographed. Thanks so much for stopping by and for your kind words. Thanks, girl. Glad you enjoyed. It's been so nice to have OFF from work right now, and to have the time for some photography. I enjoy taking photographs. "It's hard to remember to LOOK UP in the big city." It is. I think much of that has to do with having so much going on around you all day. You just forget to look UP. Thanks a bunch for stopping by, my Libra friend. Always a joy to see ya! ron, that staircase or fire escape or whatever made me weak in the knees, it's so beautiful. And so are you! Do you have on fake eyelashes? Come on, you do, don't you!! You are quite a beautiful man. I'd rather look at you. Thank you. Everyone seems to like the fire escape best. And what's really funny, I took that photo LAST and on the spur of the moment. "Do you have on fake eyelashes? Come on, you do, don't you!!" HA! How funny because so many people ask me if I wear mascara - I kid you not. In fact, one day at work a guy I was waiting on asked me, "I hope this doesn't embarrass you, but what kind of mascara do you use because it looks so natural - I want to buy it too. I laughed and said, "Sorry....but I'm not wearing mascara." I have my father's eye lashes. He had dark and very long lashes. Thanks oodles for stopping by, dear friend. Love the b&w. For some reason b&w always makes architecture look amazing, IMO. That one building with the fire escape is fantastic! You totally rock as a photographer, bro! "Love the b&w. For some reason b&w always makes architecture look amazing, IMO." I TOTALLY agree! And I think it's because B&W brings out all the highlights and shadows of the architecture. Thanks so much for stopping by, Sis! And thank you for your sweet and supportive words. Fantastic photos! I'm constantly looking up when I'm in a city. I so love Philly. It does have more of a European feel to it in some ways. I haven't thought about it like that before. Hope you're having a fab week. " I so love Philly. It does have more of a European feel to it in some ways. I haven't thought about it like that before." Yes, I so thought of YOU while taking these photos because I know how much you love Philly. I love that it has a 'European feel' to it, which gives it it's unique charm! I did that about 2 years ago in Kuala Lumpur. but when i take a shot. :) I'd do only 90 degree shots. So if i have to, i would lie on the floor and shoot. Welcome! Thanks so much for stopping by and sharing a comment. So nice to meet you! "I'd do only 90 degree shots. So if i have to, i would lie on the floor and shoot." It's so ironic you shared that because with a few of these shots, I was actually tempted to lie on the street and take the photo supine - it probably would have been easier, but really unsanitary - HA! Have a wonderful day. Please stop by whenever you wish, you're always welcome. You're not going to believe this, Ron, but I have actually started to save photos intending to (one day) start a meme on this very theme. An elderly man once told me to look up and appreciate the architectural details in a city that most people never notice, and so I've always done so - sometimes at the expense of my poor damaged neck! But it's so true, there's wealth of detail up there. I love your photos, especially that wonderfully ornate fire escape! Black and white really suits architecture, doesn't it? "You're not going to believe this, Ron, but I have actually started to save photos intending to (one day) start a meme on this very theme." OMG...how COOL!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! And I hope you do, because I would love seeing it! "An elderly man once told me to look up and appreciate the architectural details in a city that most people never notice, and so I've always done so -....." Excellent advice. And I'll tell ya, I use to NEVER look up as much as I do now.....since getting a camera. Yes....I ADORE black and white! It has such a wonderful feel. Thanks oodles for stopping by, my friend.
2019-04-18T21:18:46Z
http://www.triloquist.net/2012/01/looking-up.html
1As for you, you were dead in your transgressions and sins, 2in which you used to live when you followed the ways of this world and of the ruler of the kingdom of the air, the spirit who is now at work in those who are disobedient. 3All of us also lived among them at one time, gratifying the cravings of our sinful nature and following its desires and thoughts. Like the rest, we were by nature objects of wrath. 4But because of his great love for us, God, who is rich in mercy, 5made us alive with Christ even when we were dead in transgressions—it is by grace you have been saved. 6And God raised us up with Christ and seated us with him in the heavenly realms in Christ Jesus, 7in order that in the coming ages he might show the incomparable riches of his grace, expressed in his kindness to us in Christ Jesus. 8For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith—and this not from yourselves, it is the gift of God— 9not by works, so that no one can boast. 10For we are God’s workmanship, created in Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance for us to do. Grace is one of those basic principles we tend to assume that we know all that it entails and quickly skip over it. The definition I have always heard of grace is that it is ‘God’s undeserved favor’. Indeed it is, but I sense the Holy Spirit saying you need to take a closer look at grace and the part that it plays in your life. The very fact that we could not have even been cognizant and have come to Christ without His grace makes this quality something that deserves a closer look. We might tend to acknowledge it and then quickly dismiss it as a fundamental of our faith. It is kind of like breathing or your heart beating you don’t consciously have these take place, but I’ll guarantee you if they stop working you will be immediately be aware and concerned over it. Grace is like the loving hands of the Father that caresses His humanity. It is grace that provides us fellowship and relationship with our heavenly Father. It was grace in the Father and the Son that extended the sacrifice of Christ’s holy life for our sinful ones. All the benefits we enjoy in Christ we owe to grace. The richness of our salvation is the product of God’s grace. Even the incomparable riches of what God is going to do in and through us in the coming age are the benefits of His grace. The riches of God’s grace are so much more than tangible elements could ever attain or express. They are the fullness of God’s favor, His benefits, His mercies, His good will, loving kindness and His love. Grace is an ocean of God’s blessing directed at mankind. Like salvation, it is so shallow a small child can wade in it and so deep that the most profound and faithful of men will never sounds the depths of it. What is contained in God’s grace is the fullness of Christ Himself. What God has done in and through Christ He is doing in and through us, for the Lord Jesus is our prototype and the image after which our Father has called many sons to glory. Even now the Word says that through grace working in us by faith, God has made us spiritually alive in Christ Jesus, but beyond that, He has raised us up with Christ and seated us in heavenly realms in Christ Jesus. Do we begin to catch a glimpse of the potential power and life of God at work in us even now through this grace that we have received? Grace, by its very virtue, tells us that this is a gift and quality that we could never earn, deserve or merit in our own being. Grace is all about God’s goodness, His undeserved favor and blessing. The faith, that is not even what we possess, but that which He has placed in us, is the key to unlocking the riches of God’s grace. Because God has enabled us to believe through faith in the marvelous thing He has done through Christ, we have the keys of His kingdom. God is an extravagant giver and He has bestowed upon us such extravagant gifts that we still don’t fully comprehend and realize what we have and what has been so freely given to us. It might be kind of like you bringing home and giving to your child a fully loaded Mercedes worth a $190,000. He kind of looks it over and then goes back to playing with his Legos. What we should be saying is Father, teach me how to drive. I can never fully enjoy what God has given me until I know how to use it. The process of our lives is God teaching us about how to drive, how to operate in this grace which He has so richly bestowed upon us. Let us not be content with our Legos and simple toys of this life, when Father has given and promised us so much more. Press in that you might know the riches of this grace through faith. Verse 10 tells us the reason for God bestowing this grace upon us. “10For we are God’s workmanship, created in Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance for us to do.” God has given us grace that He might have a people conformed to His image and the expression of the good works that are in Christ. We are not only the products of God’s grace, we, like Christ, are becoming the expression of God’s grace to the rest of this world. We are the favored of God to express the favor of God. Grace has delivered us from the dimension of condemnation, death and the law. It has brought us into the dimension of Life, liberty and freedom in Christ. It is the freedom to live out of the life God rather than our former life dictated through lust and sin. 2 Corinthians 9:8 tells us, “And God [is] able to make all grace abound toward you; that ye, always having all sufficiency in all [things], may abound to every good work.” Faith is all about the endeavor to operate this vehicle of God’s grace; for it is grace working in us that will abound to God’s glory and praise and honor. It is grace working in us that shows forth God’s strength in the midst of our weakness. Grace must be received in all humility for it not anything that we could ever boast in of ourselves. It is not the product of our being or doing, but the product of God’s loving kindness and mercy. God has called us out of this world and into the grace of Christ. Live out of the richness of the grace, which He has bestowed upon us. Allow that grace to have its perfect work in you. Never take for granted the marvelous riches and wealth of the grace God has bestowed and that now works so wonderfully within us. In Revelations 4:1 the Spirit speaks to John on the Isle of Patmos where he was exiled, “After this I looked, and there before me was a door standing open in heaven. And the voice I had first heard speaking to me like a trumpet said, “Come up here, and I will show you what must take place after this.” Every day there stands before us a door opened that speaks “Come up here.” It is the call of God upon our lives to continue pressing onward and upward into Him. We know that only in pressing onward and upward into Him that we will discover our destiny and calling in Him. Only by continuing our climb will we realize that He is the power and endurance in us to abide, to survive and to accomplish what He has designed our lives to accomplish. In those times when our body wants to give up, when our soul is discouraged, it is the Spirit of the Son that rallies within us and that reminds us that He has called us unto Himself. Where He has called us He has also gone before us and made a way for us. We are reminded that this journey and this climb is not in our ability, but it is in His ability through us as we press on in faith, believing that He is mighty within us. We are a called out people, a chosen generation, a royal priesthood and a holy nation. We are the overcomers of God set apart for the glory of His Name, but we must keep climbing and keep pressing onward, upward and inward. As we climb we are developing agility, wisdom, faith and strength. Even when we slip upon the path, we sense the unseen hand of His grace laying hold of us and helping us back up into the way. It is a principle of God that many times God gives us a promise that we lay hold of and enter into by faith, but we don’t always fully experience the full manifestation until its fullness of time. Abraham had the promises of God, but saw only a small portion of them fulfilled in his lifetime. God has given us principles here and in the Old Testament examples for entering into the Holy of Holies. As we touch upon the entrance of this Dimension we do so with utmost reverence, respect and awe for in this place the very presence of the Almighty God dwells and resides. In the Old Testament tabernacle the glory cloud of the Lord rested over this place. The Holy of Holies was a foursquare room inside of the Holy Place. It contained the Ark of the Covenant with the Mercy Seat that covered it. Within the Ark it contained the ten commandments, the golden pot with manna and Aaron’s rod that budded. In Holy of Holies only the high priest could enter once a year to make a blood atonement for the people of Israel. The high priest had better be right in his heart and life when he entered into this dimension, because he would fall dead if he entered with any defilement. He had bells on the bottom of his robe so they could hear if he was still moving and they would tie a rope around his waist in case he died so they could pull him out. We will continue this in the next session and speak more of Entering In, the Third Dimension. In the tabernacle, the plan that God gave to Moses, there was a blueprint of heavenly order. God works throughout His word in three dimensions. There are many examples of this of which He as Father, Son and Holy Spirit and we, as body, soul and spirit are a primary example. We have talked briefly of the first dimension, the outer court and how the entrance is a type of coming into a relationship with God through our faith in Christ and receiving Him as the sacrifice for our sins. There we confessed with our mouth and believed in our hearts that God did raise Him up from the dead. If we have not yet done this, then this is where relationship with God begins. Now the second dimension in the tabernacle was the Holy Place. This was not a place the general multitudes of Israel came into. It was a place of priesthood ministry. The order of priesthood ministry at the time of Moses was through the tribe of Levi, one of the twelve sons of Jacob, of which Moses and his brother Aaron were a part. The function of this place was for priests to operate from as they did their service between God and man. The requirement of entering this dimension was that you had to be a priest. Off hand we might think, “well, that leaves me out,” but the New Testament order changes what qualifies as the office of a priest. Now understand that in the Old Testament order it paints for us the function and office of priesthood. It was a place of consecration, being set apart for service. The priest washed in a polished brass basin which could be symbolic to us today of washing in the water of the word as it speaks of in Ephesians 5:26, “That he might sanctify and cleanse it with the washing of water by the word.” The priest could see his reflection as he washed, much as the Holy Spirit reveals our heart as it is reflected back to us through the light and truth of His Word. He didn’t dress with regular garments. The garments used for priestly ministry were made of linen, which didn’t cause sweat. Sweat typified the works and efforts of our natural man. The priest’s tasks and duties are to be done with the strength and empowerment of the Lord, not our fleshly or religious efforts. As a priest one would step from the place of expecting to be ministered too, to the place of ministering to others. In order to operate out of the Holy Place, the entrance included ministry horizontally, man to man and vertically from man to God. The call of God on the priests was one of consecration and relationship with Him on a more personal and intimate level. It became less outward and more inward as he learned to minister out of the realm of the Spirit of God and not out of the natural realm. The call to priestly ministry for the believer is not seen in going to seminary and being approved or appointed of men. It is seen first through the call we find in our verse today in 1 Peter, which tells us that we “are built up an holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices. ” It is call upward to increased maturity in our spiritual walk with Christ. The Holy Place was illuminated by the golden candlestick fed by the pure olive oil as opposed to the outer court, which was illuminated by natural sunlight. The Holy Place is a place that we gain spiritual understanding and revelation. It is a place we are baptized into a deeper measure of the Spirit of God. It was a place where the table of shewbread was placed speaking of the life and body of Christ. That, in turn, speaks of our communion with Him and the body of Christ. It is a place of holy things. The entrance into this second dimension of the Holy Place is that place where we begin to walk in the things of the Spirit and seek to be led by the Spirit. We are no longer our own, but begin to mature and learn the place of Holy service and sacrifice where our lives are laid down, we take up our cross and follow Him. It is a place where we become more than followers; we begin to develop and operate out of the spiritual gifts and anointing the Lord has placed upon us. We are learning the place of selfless service to God and to man, but it is not a service of works, it is a service of love and divine direction. And so Peter speaks again of our calling and priest hood in Christ when he says in 1 Peter 2:9, “But ye [are] a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people; that ye should shew forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvelous light:” The priests bear the witness of their testimony and overcome by the blood of the Lamb. The priestly ministry begins within our own lives and families. Let us not neglect and take lightly this office and place the Holy Spirit is calling us to take responsibility for. It is the second entrance in our progression to the Holy of Holies. Stand in the gate of the LORD’S house, and proclaim there this word, and say, Hear the word of the LORD, all [ye of] Judah, that enter in at these gates to worship the LORD. The tabernacle is a very in depth study as God reveals through its structure and protocol an outline of spiritual worship, communion and relationship with God. We could not begin to touch on all these in this brief discourse. What the Lord has impressed is to just look briefly at the entrance to each one. As we come into Christ, the first thing we come to understand is that God is God and that our sin has made a separation whereby we are outside of Him. In that place of the world, ruled by sin and death we come to understand that all that is outside of Him is subject to the judgement of God because it stands in opposition to Him. The good news is that “God so loved the world, that whosoever believes on Him should not perish, but have everlasting life (John 3:16).” Jesus was the perfect lamb, offered upon the altar of the Cross to make atonement for our sins, to bring us into “at-one-ment” with the Heavenly Father. By His blood and faith in Him we now, as strangers, uncircumcised outsiders, could find entrance into the outer court experience of salvation and relationship with God. With that, our relationship with God went from an impersonal, fearful, understanding clouded in ignorance to one where when we received Him into our hearts by faith, He became a personal, loving, Abba (Daddy) God. One where we reverence Him with all awe and respect, but one where we know He is a God who is personally interested in every aspect of our lives and existence. The first thing one encountered when entering the entrance to the outer-court of the tabernacle was the Brazen Altar. This is where the sin offerings were made for the people and the blood of animals was shed as symbol of the life that must sacrificed for sin and it’s consequences. Jesus became that for us. His blood is essential to every dimension that we come into in our spiritual walk with Him. It is our righteousness, it is our covering, protection and sanctification. Without the blood of Christ we have no place in Him. There is wonder working power in the Blood and we can never offer enough praise and thankfulness to our Lord who has provided that for us. Romans 9:10-12 says, “That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved. For with the heart man believeth unto righteousness; and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation. For the scripture saith, Whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed. For there is no difference between the Jew and the Greek: for the same Lord over all is rich unto all that call upon him.” We have found access and entrance into the outer court whether we are Jew or Gentile through the blood of Jesus and by faith confessing His name as the Lord of our lives. This is our salvation entrance. And another also said, Lord, I will follow thee; but let me first go bid them farewell, which are at home at my house. And Jesus said unto him, No man, having put his hand to the plough, and looking back, is fit for the kingdom of God. We have heard a call to respond to Christ in our lives. Some of us have heard the calling to salvation and relationship and others have heard even deeper callings to service and ministry. Whatever our calling we so often don’t want our separation from what we were called from to be without strings and attachments. We still hold affection for those former things. What Jesus speaks in the scripture is a hard thing. Most of us would feel that the man’s request to say farewell before following Jesus was not unreasonable. It makes me think about how many times that the Lord has impressed upon my heart to do something or say something and I’ve hesitated, procrastinated or felt I would do it when I finished doing something else first. The Lord is speaking to our hearts to really come to full and unconditional surrender of all other affections with regards to the kingdom of God. The Lord is asking for a commitment from us where we will not turn around and look back at what we left behind and what we were called out from. He wants our immediate obedience and complete faithfulness. We have been called to press in, press on and prevail through our faith in Christ our Lord. We have come out of death and into life. We can no longer turn back to death that is now behind us. We must press on with faith and obedience into the Life that’s before us. Perhaps it is our hesitancy and lack of full obedience and response to Christ that makes us lukewarm and unpalatable to the Lord that he would spew us out of His mouth. Our love for Christ is demonstrated and seen in our obedience to Him. Today He is calling us to let go of what we are holding onto, the former things of the world that are anchors and hindrances to our relationship and service to Him. Hebrews 12:1-3 exhorts us, “Wherefore seeing we also are compassed about with so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which doth so easily beset [us], and let us run with patience the race that is set before us, Looking unto Jesus the author and finisher of [our] faith; who for the joy that was set before him endured the cross, despising the shame, and is set down at the right hand of the throne of God For consider him that endured such contradiction of sinners against himself, lest ye be wearied and faint in your minds.” A soldier, when he enlists, no longer has an allegiance to himself, but to the one he has enlisted to serve. Our calling is no different. “Surely the day is coming; it will burn like a furnace. All the arrogant and every evildoer will be stubble, and that day that is coming will set them on fire,” says the LORD Almighty. “Not a root or a branch will be left to them. 2 But for you who revere my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its wings. And you will go out and leap like calves released from the stall. 3 Then you will trample down the wicked; they will be ashes under the soles of your feet on the day when I do these things,” says the LORD Almighty. Most of us are aware that we live in troubled times. Often fear and uncertainty will want to grip our hearts. I believe we have entered into the day of the Lord, so these things are to be expected, but Father doesn’t want His children to live in a state of doubt, fear or unbelief. In this hour He has been calling us up into Him that He may hide us in the shadow of His wing. This is the hour for the world to fear not His believers. Are we going to go through tribulation? Of course, Jesus says in the world you will have tribulation, but be of good cheer for I have overcome the world. Let me tell you that by the Spirit He is still overcoming the world through His saints. He has set down at the right hand of the Father until His enemies be made His foot stool. That means that if we are the body of Christ then all enemies must be put under us as well. I was somewhat amazed as God dropped this particular scripture into my spirit this morning and yet I am not surprised. He is bringing such a spirit of encouragement to His people as we watch the clouds building upon the horizon. Why do calves leap when released from the stall? They leap because they have been released from a place of confinement and captivity. They leap for joy because they are experiencing a freedom that they have longed and prayed for. That’s us. While God is bringing judgement upon the evildoer, He is coming to His beloved with healing in His wings. He is ministering life, liberty, freedom, release and Jubilee like we have never experienced before. People of God; rejoice in your Savior, for He is coming with healing in His wings to set you free. Those things that have held you and bound you, it is now time for you to trample them under your feet. Fear not little flock, it is the Father’s good pleasure to give you the kingdom. as soon as they hear me, they obey me. 46 They all lose heart; they come trembling from their strongholds. God is with you even as you fight your battles and experience the hand of the enemy against you. God hasn’t brought you this far to fail you. Even as His anointed David was circling the drain and was for all intents and purposes a goner according to conventional wisdom, it was God alone who rescued Him and preserved His life from destruction. Some of you have felt this kind of onslaught from the enemy. You have cried out to God, but still the enemy advanced against you. Perhaps it looks to you like all is lost, but don’t lose your faith. David says of the Lord, “He reached down from on high and took hold of me; he drew me out of deep waters. 18 He rescued me from my powerful enemy, from my foes, who were too strong for me. 19 They confronted me in the day of my disaster, but the LORD was my support. 20 He brought me out into a spacious place; he rescued me because he delighted in me.” You have been going through the fire and under severe attack. For all practical purposes it would seem the enemy is winning, but it is in our time of greatest weakness that we behold the mighty strength and power of our God. and I am saved from my enemies.” You are passing from your strength into His strength. Even though you can’t go on, He remains mighty in you. You shall prevail if you remain steadfast.
2019-04-22T05:59:19Z
https://tricklesoftruth.wordpress.com/2016/10/page/2/
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2019-04-25T19:56:04Z
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Carrots originated in south Asia, in what is now Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan. By 900 to 1000 A.D. they were being grown from India to the Eastern Mediterranean. By the 1300s purple and yellow carrots had spread as far as western Europe and China. The first appearance of white and orange carrots in Europe was during the 1700s. Orange carrots soon displaced other colors and today predominate throughout the world. Nevertheless, other colors of carrots are commercially available. See the section on Nutritionally Enhanced and Unusually Pigmented carrots under Varieties, below. Carrots are an excellent source of beta-carotene (pro-vitamin A). High-pigment varieties are also an excellent source of antioxidants thought to help prevent cancer. Paris market (approximately 60 days): Round to "top-shaped" roots averaging 2-3" in diameter. Grown for specialty fresh markets. Amsterdam forcing (approximately 65 days): Roots are small to medium (ave. 5"), slender cylindrical shape, blunt tipped, small core and smooth skinned. Foliage and crown are small. Grown for bunching and as a quick maturing crop for market or cello-packing. Also used for freezing and canning especially for "baby carrot" packs where whole-root baby carrots are required. Most baby carrots are "cut and peel" (see below). Nantes (approximately 70 days): Roots are medium in size (ave. 6"), cylindrical, generally with a slight shoulder, blunt tipped but sometimes tending to taper. Intermediate in foliage and crown size. Quality is between Amsterdam forcing and Berlicum. Because of its high sugar content and tenderness, some varieties of this type have a tendency to split under late season western Oregon conditions. Grown for cello-packing, bunching and processing. Imperator (approximately 100 days): Very long (ave. 9-10"), tapered, slender roots, small core, excellent color, smooth skinned. Foliage is intermediate with a small crown. Grown for market, often bunched, and sometimes for processing, primarily for sliced packs. Berlicum (approximately 100 days): Roots are large (ave. 8-9"), cylindrical or only slightly tapering, resembling a large Nantes. Grown mainly for processing. Danvers (approximately 80 days): Roots average 7", intermediate between conical and cylindrical. Upper portion of the root is tapered toward the crown. Pointed or somewhat stumped root tip. Matures about the same time as the Chantenay group. Chantenay (approximately 80 days): Roots are medium size (ave. 5"), conical stump -rooted. Generally good core and flesh color. Moderate skin texture. Usually shorter than Nantes but foliage size is between Berlicum and Autumn King. Used widely for canning, freezing and dehydrating. Processed where a multipurpose carrot is needed for slicing and dicing. Autumn King (approximately 100 days): Roots are very large (ave. 10-12"), tapering, usually with broad shoulders. Core and flesh color are generally inferior. Skin texture is rough. Late ripening and heavy yielding. Foliage and crowns are large and vigorous. Strong flavored. Grown mainly for certain fresh markets. Baby carrot: These are primarily "manufactured" (cut and peeled) from undersized carrots, or pieces of carrots intended for other packs. Because of the large demand for this product, growers are planting high density carrots for this purpose also. True whole "baby" carrots are more costly and difficult to produce, harvest and handle. High Vitamin A: These are 2-5 times higher in beta-carotene, the precursor of vitamin A, than standard carrots. Other "Nutritionally Enhanced or "Unusually Pigmented": High levels of xanthophyll, anthocyanin, lycopene, and other antioxidant pigments. Deep, well-drained, sandy loam and muck soils of pH 5.5 to 7.0 are desirable. A chisel plow is recommended to work these soils to a depth of 12 to 15 inches for good root penetration. Soils should be bedded to obtain optimum drainage and maximum root length and smoothness. Use high quality, size-graded and fungicide-treated, seed for optimum uniformity and performance. Pelletized carrot seed is commonly used with precision spacing, and has been found to be useful in improving size uniformity. A number of pelletizing materials are available, differing in weight, cost and response to soil moisture. Primed seed and seed coatings are also becoming popular. Consult your seed dealer about the availability of primed seed. First fields may be seeded as early as mid-March and the last about the first of July. Generally 2 to 4 lb of seed are needed per acre for fresh market carrots or slicers for processing. For dicing carrots for processing, 1 to 2 lb of seed are needed. Carrot seed numbers about 370,000/lb. Research from Chrisseed in Washington State indicates that carrots grown for the cut-and-peel market should be planted at between 1.5 and 1.75 million seeds/acre. For the cello-pack market, seeding rate should be about 1 million/acre. Foliar diseases may be aggravated at the higher plant populations, and care should be exercised in the choice of varieties when planting at these high populations to select those with appropriate disease resistance and top characteristics. Plant populations per lineal foot of bed containing 2 scatter rows (or 4 to 6 lines), should be 12-(24) for dicing and 30-(40) for slicing and fresh-market carrots. Ideally, raised beds 4 to 6 inches high, on 40 to 42-inch centers should be used. Two scatter rows, or two multiple-line sets of 2 or 3 lines each, are planted l2-l4 inches apart per bed (depending on bed width). Seeds are placed 1.3 to 2 inches apart. The lines of each set are spaced 1.5 to 2 inches apart. In some cases, beds 72 inches apart, with 54-inch tops are used. In such configurations, 4 double or triple-line sets are planted across the bed top. When triple line sets are used increase the distance between seeds in the center row. Wide beds can only be used in conjunction with overhead irrigation. The use of raised beds has been reported to reduce the incidence of cavity spot, a complex disorder recently attributed to Pythium violae and possibly Pythium ultimum. Outbreaks of these fungi are favored by excessive soil moisture and temperatures of 61-72 F. Alfalfa, wheat, cauliflower, broccoli, celery, cucumber, sugarbeet and watermelon also serve as hosts and so should not precede carrot, or be in rotation with it. Long rotations (3-4 years), good water management and prompt harvest are other suggested cultural control measures. Seeding with a precision seeder is recommended. Vacuum seeders such as Stanhay or Gaspardo are becoming popular. The Stanhay belt planter has a special shoe that plants 3 lines l.5 in. apart with each planter unit. The seed belt is punched to drop 7 to 8 seeds per foot of line in the two outside lines and 5 to 6 seeds per foot in the middle line. The Stanhay vacuum planter also has the capability of planting 3 rows per planter unit. Each vacuum plate meters seed to three separate lines. Lines are generally 1.5 to 2 inches apart and seeds are dropped about 1.5 to 2 inches apart down the line, resulting in 4 to 6 seeds per foot of seed-line for dicers and 6 to 8 plants for slicers. When triple line sets are used increase the distance between seeds in the center row. For non-bedded plantings use row spacings of l6 to 30 inches apart and in-row stands of 10 to 20 plants per foot for dicing, or 20 to 30 plants per foot of row for slicing carrots. Use the lower plant populations when planting single rows and the higher populations when planting scatter-rows or multiple sets of rows. Although most "baby" carrots are manufactured from standard carrots as noted above, whole baby carrots may also be produced. To obtain a uniform size and shape of whole baby carrots, seed should be sown at high density and distributed evenly in wide bands or solid beds. The seed need not be pelleted but should be size-graded by the supplier. Pelleting would be too costly at the plant populations required. A precision seeder is not necessary for planting this type of carrot. Adequate results have been obtained by planting with a plate seeder at the rate of 80 to 100 seeds/square foot. At these spacings as much as 20 lb seed/acre may be required. Planting multiple, staggered, scatter-rows 4 inches apart results in a "solid" stand when a 4-inch scatter shoe is used. Staggered planters capable of planting multiple lines per unit (such as Beck or Stanhay) might also be used. Thirty or more lines would be needed on a 54-inch-wide bed. Beds are generally 72 inches center-to-center. beds that are 72 inches "on center" Research in England and at OSU has shown that fresh market carrots respond favorably to the use of floating row covers. These covers are available in widths of up to 40 feet, and lengths suitable for most fields, allowing the covering of about 1 acre per roll. Researchers in England have demonstrated that the covers can be applied immediately after seeding and should be removed at about the 7th true leaf to maximize earliness and yield without generating too much top growth. OSU researchers have demonstrated that herbicides can be applied through the row covers if necessary, and that herbicides applied prior to covering are as effective as if applied without the covers. A soil test is the most accurate guide to fertilizer requirements. Good management practices are essential if optimum fertilizer responses are to be realized. These practices include use of recommended varieties, selection of adapted soils, weed control, disease and insect control, good seed bed preparation, proper seeding methods, and timely harvest. Because of the influence of soil type, climatic conditions, and other cultural practices, crop responses from fertilizer may not always by accurately predicted. Soil test results, field experience, and knowledge of specific crop requirements help determine the nutrients needed and the rate of application. Fertilizer applications for carrots should insure adequate levels of all nutrients. Optimum fertilization is intended to produce top quality and yield commensurate with maximum returns. For the early crop, band half the nitrogen and all the phosphate and disc in the potash. Side dress the balance of the N after the crop is 6 to 8 inches tall. For the later plantings one may broadcast all the fertilizer before seeding. For carrots, fertilizer materials are usually broadcast and worked into the seed bed ahead of planting. The suggested fertilizer applications are based on a 24-inch row spacing and 20 to 25 plants per linear foot of row. Recommended soil sampling procedures should be followed in order to estimate fertilizer needs. The Oregon State University cooperative extension agent in your county can provide you with soil sampling instructions and soil sample bags and information sheets. Rates of 75 to 120 lb of N/A are suggested. Broadcast N before planting or part of the N can be applied as an early season top dressing. Excess N can cause splitting. Carrots require adequate available P for satisfactory growth. Broadcast P and work into the seed bed before planting. For optimum growth carrots require a good supply of available K. Broadcast K and work into the seed bed before planting. Include 15-20 lb S/A in the fertilizer program for carrots. S is sometimes contained in fertilizers used to supply other nutrients such as N, P, and K, but may not be present in sufficient quantity. Sulfur in the sulfate form can be applied at planting time. Some S fertilizer materials such as elemental and ammonium sulfate have an acidifying effect on soil. 1. The application of 15-20 lb S/A in the form of sulfate before planting. 2. Applying 30-40 lb S/A as fine ground (finer than 40 mesh) elemental S the preceding year. 3. Applying coarser ground elemental S at higher rates and less frequently. To date, there have been no observed indications of yield response from applications of Mg to carrots in the Willamette Valley. Trial applications of 10 to 15 lb Mg/A are suggested with soil test values below 1 meq Mg/100g soil. Magnesium can also be supplied in dolomite which is a liming material and reduces soil acidity to about the same degree as ground limestone. Dolomite should be mixed into the seed bed at least several weeks in advance of seeding and preferably the preceding year. Carrots require an adequate supply of B. Apply 2 to 4 lb B/A (broadcast and disk in before planting). Do not exceed the recommended rate of application. Excess B can be toxic to carrots. Boron should be broadcast uniformly on the soil. Never place boron in a side-band close to the seed at planting. Response of carrots to nutrients other than those discussed in this guide have not been observed in western Oregon. At present, lime is not generally recommended for carrots, as carrots in western Oregon are commonly grown on sandy river bottom soils which usually have adequate levels of calcium and magnesium. A lime application is suggested where the soil pH is below 5.6. *Assumes extraction procedures similar to those used by the OSU Central Analytical Laboratory. Specific information on soil test procedures is available from the Dept. of Crop and Soil Science. The liming rate is based on 100-score lime. Lime should be mixed into the seed bed at least several weeks before seeding and preferably the preceding year. A lime application is effective over several years. Some soils may have a fairly high SMP buffer value (over 6.2) and a low pH (below 5.3). This condition can be caused by the application of acidifying fertilizer. In this case the low pH value is temporary and the pH of the soil will increase as the fertilizer completes its reaction with the soil. This temporary "active" acidity from fertilizer is encountered following recent applications of most nitrogen fertilizer materials. Acidifying fertilizers also have a long term acidifying effect on soil that is cumulative and leads to lower SMP buffer readings. Sandy soils to which fertilizers have not been recently applied sometimes record low pH and high SMP buffer values. In such cases, a light application of lime (1 to 2 tons/A) should suffice to neutralize soil acidity. For acid soils low in Mg (less than 0.5 meq Mg/100g soil) one ton/A of dolomite lime can be used as a Mg source. Dolomite and ground lime stone have about the same ability to neutralize soil acidity. These recommendations are based on experiments conducted by Horticulture and Crop and Soil Science departments researchers of the OSU Agricultural Experiment Station and Extension Service as quoted form the OSU Fertilizer Guide FG 29. Carrots grown in western Oregon may require 14 to 16 inches of water depending on seasonal variation, variety, and length of season. Moisture management in carrots is especially important during stand establishment and during root expansion. Since small carrot seeds are unable to emerge when surface crusting occurs and can be burnt off if surface temperatures are too high, irrigation during the pre-emergence period revolves around maintaining a moist, cool, loose soil surface. This often requires frequent, light irrigation. Conversely, deep, excessive irrigation during this period promotes problems with damping off of emerging seedlings. In the remainder of the season, available soil moisture should be depleted by no more than 50 percent1. However, maintenance of excessively moist soil may cause anaerobic soil conditions that can kill the root growing point resulting in misshapen carrots at harvest. As carrot roots develop most of their size in the last half of their growth period, irrigation is especially critical during this time. Water deficit during this period will have the greatest negative impact on yields. A balance must be struck however, between maintaining adequate moisture while minimizing wetness in the canopy which promotes the common fungal diseases alternaria and cercospora. During the last half of the growing period, irrigate only early in the day to allow for rapid canopy drying whenever possible. Soils should also be allowed to dry to 50 percent of available soil moisture during harvest to prevent excessive cracking and damage to roots during harvest. The peak water use for carrots is approximately 0.20 and 0.17 inches per day for April and May plantings respectively. On most soils, weekly irrigation during the peak is adequate, however with sandy and sandy loam soils, irrigation may be required as frequently as every three to four days. 1. Sanders, D.C. 1993. Vegetable Crop Irrigation, Leaflet No: 33-E (North Carolina State University, Raleigh). The University of California-Davis has a file on Minimal Processing of Fresh Vegetables that discusses film wrapping and other topics. Early fresh market carrots are harvested from early July to September. Late market carrots are harvested into December, and, weather permitting, as late as the end of February. The prime harvest season for fresh market carrots in western Oregon is from the first of August to the end of November. Market carrots must be over 5 inches long and between 0.75 and 1.5 inches in diameter. Carrots harvested and handled in hot weather are more likely to decay, and care should be exercised in handling to prevent wilting. Average yields of fresh market and processing carrots combined were reported to be about 500 cwt/acre for 1990, through 1992 in the Pacific Northwest where most of the acreage is for processing. For the same period, California carrot yields (which are mostly for fresh market) averaged about 300 cwt/acre. Processing carrots may be harvested from the first of August to the end of November. The prime harvest period is from the end of August to October 25. For late harvest, carrot fields are limited to well-drained river bottom soils, even so, harvest schedules are often disrupted by the weather. This is the main reason considerable acreage of late carrots has shifted to the lower Columbia Basin sandy soil areas. Generally, custom-built, coulter pick-up, or modified potato harvesters, rather than the belt pick-up Scott-Viner harvesters are used in the harvest of carrots for processing. Scott-Viner types are generally used in harvesting carrots for fresh market or where tops are expected to be suitable. Although carrots can be harvested several ways, single or multiple-row harvesters can be custom built. Carrots for processing are processed immediately after harvest, and not stored. Most are scalped (tops removed) just before digging. A reduction in yield of about 15-20% occurs when carrots are field scalped. Scalped carrots, and those with inadequate, or frozen tops are harvested with a coulter pick-up or a modified potato harvester. Carrots with intact tops are harvested with a belt pick-up harvester that lifts carrots by their foliage and allows tops to be removed in the same operation. Fresh market carrots are washed, sorted, and packed in one or two-pound plastic bags packaged 48 1-lb bags, or 24 2-lb bags per carton; or loose in 50-pound mesh or plastic sacks at a packing house. Research in Michigan evaluating carrots that have been crowned or not, washed or not and stored in a plastic lined bin or unlined bin found that carrots stored best when untopped, unwashed and stored in plastic lined bins. Ideal storage is at 32 F and 99 % relative humidity. Carrots stored in unlined bins can lose 6% to 10% of their weight. Topping carrots and washing them also increased losses from decay. The worst treatment was topping, washing and storing carrots in unlined bins. Carrots for processing are not normally stored. When storing, store carrots at 32 F and relative humidity of 98 to 100 %. Carrots for processing may be given a pre-storage dip treatment in a 0.1 % solution of sodium o-phenylphenate (SOPP) to effectively reduce storage decay. The solution is not rinsed off after treatment. Mature carrots are well adapted for storage and are stored in large quantities during the fall and winter for both the fresh market and processing. Careful handling during and after harvest to avoid bruising, cutting and breakage will help ensure successful storage. Mature topped carrots can be stored 7 to 9 months at 32 to 34 F with a very high relative humidity, 98 to 100 %. However, even under these optimum conditions 10 to 20 % of the carrots may show some decay after 7 months. Under commonly found commercial conditions (32 to 40 F) with 90 to 95 % relative humidity, 5 to 6 months storage is a more realistic expectation. Prompt cooling to 40 F or below after harvest is essential for extended storage. Poorly precooled roots decay more rapidly. Carrots lose moisture readily and wilting results. Humidity should be kept high. Carrots stored at 98 to 100 % relative humidity develop less decay, lose less moisture, and remain crisper than those stored at 90 to 95 % relative humidity. A temperature of 31 to 34 F is essential if decay and sprouting are to be minimized. With storage at 40 to 50 F, considerable decay and sprouting may develop within 1 to 3 months. Pre-storage washing of carrots may be desirable if they are harvested under wet conditions. Many potential decay-causing organisms are removed by washing. Also, clean, washed carrots allow freer air circulation. Air circulation between crates of pallet boxes in which carrots are stored is desirable to remove respiratory heat, maintain uniform temperatures, and help prevent condensation. An air velocity of about 14 to 20 ft/min is adequate at low storage temperatures. Bitterness in carrots, which may develop in storage, is due to abnormal metabolism caused by ethylene. This gas is given off by apples, pears, and certain other fruits and vegetables and from decaying tissues. Bitterness can be prevented by storing carrots away from such products. Also, development of bitterness can largely be avoided by low-temperature storage, as it minimizes ethylene production. Some surface browning or oxidative discoloration often develops in stored carrots. The highest freezing point for carrots is 29.5 F. Severe injury in carrots immediately after freezing is identified by lengthwise cracking and by blistering caused by the formation of ice crystals immediately beneath the surface. After thawing, a darkened and water-soaked skin is observed, and the carrots are soft and flabby. Use of controlled atmospheres to extend storage of carrots has not been promising. Atmospheres containing 5 to 10 % carbon dioxide with reduced oxygen concentrations of 2.5 to 6 % caused a marked increase in mold growth and rotting over that of carrots stored in air. The most important decays of carrots in storage are gray mold rot (Botrytis), watery soft rot (Sclerotinia), crater rot (Rhizoctonia), fusarium rot, rhizopus soft rot, bacterial soft rot, black rot (Stemphylium), and sour rot (Geotrichum). Spoilage losses will be minimized if the following precautions are observed: Use new or disinfected storage containers, handle carefully to prevent injuries, pre-cool carrots, maintain them at a temperature near 32 F and avoid temperature fluctuations.
2019-04-19T20:42:07Z
https://horticulture.oregonstate.edu/oregon-vegetables/carrots-western-oregon-0
It is an important time in our history to do everything possible to help forge a more gender-balanced world. Women have come a long way, yet there's still much more to be achieved. Many larger corporations, as well as local government agencies have diversity programs to work with women-owned companies in order to foster this balance. Some may require a Women Business Enterprise (WBE) certification in order to apply for certain diversity programs. At Artisan Creative, we decided to apply and be recognized as a certified Women Business Enterprise a few years ago. I was fortunate that a friend and fellow member from the Entrepreneurs' Organization had recently gone through the process and shared her wisdom with me. In celebration of International Women's Day 2019 on March 8th, I wanted to share some of the steps we took to de-mystify this process. In order to qualify as WBE, a company must be a majority women-owned enterprise with at least a 51% ownership. As the female owner you must be the majority owner and you must also hold the highest role in the organization, set the strategic direction of the organization and be active in the company’s daily management, and be a US citizen. As part of the certification process, ensure you have the proven documentation needed to establish ownership, and the decision making power such as having signatory responsibilities as well as hiring and terminating staff. Having these key documents ready will help facilitate the process.You can apply for WBE certification after 6 months of being in business. Even if you decide not to go through the certification process, it is a best practice to have your incorporation papers, licenses, leases, resumes, stocks etc. in order and easy to access. It’s also a good idea to have all your information in one place, and make copies for future needs. The certification process is lengthy and requires time and energy to complete. Most business owners are too busy running their business to be able to devote the time needed to gather all the necessary information, and complete the application process so it’s a good idea to rely on a trusted team member or accountant to help with the procedure. If you are a solopreneur or a small company without any available internal support you can hire an outside consultant to guide you. The National Women Business Owner's Council has created a certification kit, to serve as a step-by-step tool for the application process. The Women's Business Enterprise National Council (WBENC), also provides a list of required documentation. If you work with national and/or the federal government, your needs will differ from someone who works with local municipalities, or provides localized services. For example, the Los Angeles World Airports, and the Metropolitan Water District have their own criteria to abide by. Many cities and municipalities also have quotas for working with minority, disabled, veteran- or women-owned businesses, so having a local certification may be beneficial if your company is focused on working with the local government. National certifications such as WBENC are great for those who work primarily with the private sector, or as sub-contractors for the larger entities who work with government entities. It’s important to note that having a certification or being women-owned is not a guarantee for winning more business. As a firm, you must excel in your field, and have stellar products and services. Once you’ve completed the application process and paid the necessary submission fees, you will be contacted within 90 days for an interview and an office visit. Ideally it’s up to you whether or not to seek certification, or what kind is best for you. The services you provide, and who your ideal client is will help you determine what kind of certification you need. At Artisan Creative, we have found this certification to be valuable. Please connect if we can be of any help. We hope you’ve enjoyed the 511th issue of our a.blog. Enhances a resume. Volunteering demonstrates your acumen for leadership roles and being a team player with a passion for a cause. It can also help reduce gaps in a resume if you are in between jobs. Networking & Referrals. Volunteering expands your network. Having more people to reach out to about job opportunities is never a bad thing! Volunteer for an organization which in line with your passions and meet other like-minded individuals who might have connections to other companies. References. Much like expanding your network, volunteer organizers can serve as valuable references, especially for younger job candidates. Demonstrates initiative. Volunteering demonstrates a desire to solve problems, take on new challenges, and remain engaged to the community. Expands skills. Offer your expertise, expand your portfolio and help a great cause. For example if you are graphic designer volunteer to design the logo or an event flyer for a local foundation, pro bono. If you’ve been on the job hunt for a long time, volunteering helps keep your skills sharp and keep you engaged. Tell us about your volunteer experience on Facebook or LinkedIn! Earth Day: How Are You Celebrating Today? Earth Day is a celebration and a recognition to show support for environmental protection. Celebrated in more that 190 countries, the aim is to educate and activate an environmental movement through campaigns. Whether you want to save the bees or take note on climate change, there are a number of ways to get involved. Here in LA the Arts District is having an Earth Day Community Clean Up beginning at 5.30PM today. Will you be participating in Earth Day today? If so, how to you celebrate? Christmas is a little over a week away and we’re betting that most of you have presents wrapped and ready to go. For the small handful of you that have left everything to the last minute, we picked out some of our favorite gifts for your creative team mates or friends. Amazon Prime is a sure way to get your online deliveries before the big day, although many companies are offering last minute shipping. We love giving unique gifts, things that people wouldn’t buy for themselves but will frequently use and appreciate so we picked out gifts we think designers will love. For those designers who love to create their own shirts or graphics, why not buy them a DIY print kit? They have a range of options including gig posters, table printing and shirts. It’s a nifty way to learn the screen printing trade at a relatively cheap price. They are taking orders for Christmas delivery until December 22nd. A biodegradable and environmentally friendly keyboard and mouse made entirely out of bamboo. This is an interesting way to make your desk stand out at work or at a home office. If you really want to go all out, you can even buy a matching calculator. The letters are engraved into the wood, offering a really unique way to get your work done. Tuts is an online resource to help people build upon their creative skills by self-directed learning. You can go at your own pace and learn a multitude of topics across code, design and illustration. If you’ve overheard conversations about wanting to create an app or brush up on photography skills, this is your chance to put the wheels in motion. They have over 18,000 tutorials available online by expert instructors. Find out more on their website. If you watched this week’s viral design video, Lynda’s logo design challenge, you would have spotted the quick mention of Field Notes booklets. Inspired by old school vintage agricultural books, they are made in the USA and include some limited colors and editions. These are a must-have for any creative. We mentioned doc scanners in last week’s blog about managing finances and the need for managing documents. With the Doxie One Scanner you don’t have the hassle of connecting to computers and scanning your work – it sends directly to your favorite apps. A glimpse into the minds of the world’s greatest designers and illustrators, this wonderful book aims to inspire creativity. Informative and visual, you never quite know what each page will bring. Different techniques and ideas are shown along with visual representations of some of the most creative minds. For designers who are always on a quest for new inspiration and ideas, this would be a cherished book. What are your favorite gifts for creatives? What do you think of the gifts we’ve chosen? Share your ideas with us on Twitter @artisanupdates. With the hustle and bustle of the Holidays right around the corner, we’d like to take a moment and express our gratitude to those around us. We spoke with some of our talent and the Artisan team to see what they are grateful for in 2014. To me gratitude means to be appreciative of things on a daily basis. I write down three gratitudes every day. In the rush of daily to-dos, this allows me to focus on the important things in life. Today I’m grateful that my family, friends and Artisan team are healthy, of Artisan’s virtual office setting that allows me to work yet be close to loved ones, and grateful for the beautiful weather in LA. I’m grateful for a job that allows a lot of flexibility, for a husband who I love very much and so lucky to have and a supportive Family who is there for me no matter what. I thank God every day for my family and friends. I am thankful that my children are growing up surrounded by a loving community and I am thankful to share my life with some really kind and wonderful people. For me gratitude is recognizing even the smallest blessing or gesture and not taking anything for granted, especially my health and well-being. I'm thankful for good health, strong friendships, and a happy family. Grateful to work in the creative space where I get to connect with and be inspired by brilliant, passionate, and talented individuals and so lucky that it's through an agency that values people, trust, and respect. I’m grateful to have such a supportive, kind family with a devoted husband. I’m grateful to be in a position to have saved two rescue dogs and work for a company who has integrity and respect. Gratitude is that deeper feeling one is left with after having been a part of contributing to, or being the recipient of, someone’s contribution to a greater good. I am thankful my family is healthy this year. Both my husband and I have some advancement in our career. And I met a great agent, Jen at Artisan around Thanksgiving time! What are you grateful for this Thanksgiving? Share your responses with us on Twitter @artisanupdates. The holiday season is right around the corner but before you start stuffing turkeys and eating pumpkin pie, Artisan has a special event to ease you into the spirit of Thanksgiving. On Tuesday, November 18th we’ll be at our favorite co-working space, Kleverdog in Chinatown, Los Angeles for a meet & greet with job seekers and a drive to benefit two of our favorite charities. We’ll be hosting the Meet & Greet with Artisan from 4PM – 7PM which will give people an opportunity to meet with our team and put faces to names. Bring your resume along and we will chat through open jobs, career advice and resumes to help your job search be a successful one. We’ll have delicious snacks available, too! Our chosen charities are NKLA and Children’s Hospital Los Angeles. As advocates of rescue animals and with some of our team members being parents, we’ve chosen two non-profits close to our hearts. NKLA is a pet adoption center led by Best Friends Animal Society. They’ve been working closely with animal welfare organizations, pet shelters and volunteers to help end the killing of healthy animals. They offer spay/neuter services and hold events across the city to help find forever homes for unwanted animals. They have their own adoption center in Santa Monica so if you’re looking for a furry friend, be sure to check out their available animals or next adoption event. Donations to bring to the Meet & Greet: pet food (unopened and unused), pet treats and toys. A non-profit hospital serving over 100,000 children each year through care, education and research. With only 10 children’s hospitals in the US, CHLA are ranked #5 in the nation. The entire hospital is designed for children and families and they depend on donations to help heal the children. Donations to bring to the Meet & Greet: Books, unused toys, coloring books and more. Check out their wish lists here. Make sure you RSVP and give us a heads-up if you are planning to attend. We look forward to getting into the holiday spirit with you next week and collecting some wonderful gifts for NKLA and CHLA. Even if you work from a home office, it’s nice to get away on occasion. If you need internet access, a coffee shop with wifi is the logical choice for many freelancers. These establishments expect to have some customers bring their laptops along and stake out a claim, but some people take advantage of the conveniences and think of coffee shops as their personal space. How can you be a great coffee shop patron while you work? Buy something--The coffee shop/work relationship shouldn’t be one sided. Spend a little money when you arrive and again later if you stay a while. Tip the staff--Especially if you are a regular at that corner table. You are taking up space in a restaurant and the barista is your server. Share power--You’re probably already scoping out the location of the electrical outlets, but make sure you’re not blocking one if you’re not using it and offer it to the people next to you if you’re the one with the best seat. Go home--Just because you could stay all day doesn’t mean you should. The coffee shop really isn’t your office for an entire workday. Be polite--Loud phone conversations and poor table manners won’t make you any friends. You’ll probably be seeing those people again next week--don’t make them groan when they see you coming. I usually work from a local coffee shop one morning a week, just to get a change of scene and a little bustle to keep me motivated. How about you? It’s competition season all over: for actors and others in the entertainment industry, for Olympians across the globe, and even close to home as show choirs on the west coast have a contest almost every weekend for the next few months. With so many vying for honors, we have been struck with the different ways we can handle competition as creative entrepreneurs. “It’s an honor to be nominated.” But the nominees do a lot of branding and marketing to try to get more votes. The ones who sit back and let the chips fall where they may are more likely to go home emptyhanded unless their work is truly stellar. On the other hand, they never say their competitors’ work is worse than theirs and they seem to generally get along on a personal level. After all, the actor you mocked could be across the table read from you in a month or two. And you hope he will because that means you’re working. As creatives, we need to pay attention to personal branding and marketing and keep it positive, too. You never know whom your next client might--or might not--be. Teenagers can be mean, but I’m around literally hundreds of kids in active competition in the performing arts, and they surprise me all the time. They support and encourage each other. What they don’t like is injustice, for themselves or their competitors. They’ll fight for points, but equally for the deserved points of others. They love to win but they cheer (almost) as loud for other groups. They know that the most important thing in a competition is to do their very best every single time and leave the rest of it to the judges. We all live in a sometimes unjust world where the rules seem to change while the game is still being played. All we can do is our best work and keep our cool and hope things turn out well more often than not. “The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle.” The Olympic Creed says it all. My favorite stories from the Olympics are not the Gold Medals, the perfect scores. My favorites are when the athletes stop and help each other. Wait for an injured athlete to catch up. Share water. The struggle is the same for everyone. Some will win, some will lose. Being human and struggling together is what makes competition a worthy endeavor. As part of a team, and between teams, we can help each other over the finish line. Mentor, network, give advice. You might be the one who needs an arm around your shoulder next time. Competition is exciting--it stirs the blood, motivates us and offers the potential for tangible rewards. If we rely on the quality of our own work, the energy and commitment we put into it and sometimes even the kindness of others, we can all succeed.
2019-04-26T05:50:39Z
http://www.artisancreative.com/artisan-blog/tag/giving_back/
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Creatives are deemed accepted by Client upon delivery. “Data” means Client Data and Customer Data. “Disclosing Party” is defined in Section 5.1. “Documentation” means any end user instructions, information and other documentation related to the Services that Rejoiner provides to Client. “Feedback” is defined in Section 4.2. “Fees” means Subscription Fees and Usage Fees. “Intellectual Property Rights” means all intellectual property rights and related proprietary rights arising under the laws of all jurisdictions worldwide, including: (a) patents and patent applications, including any continuation, continuation-in-part, divisional and provisional applications and any patents issuing thereon and any reissues, reexaminations, substitutes and extensions of any of the foregoing; (b) all registered and unregistered trademarks, service marks, trade or brand names, other proprietary indicia, logos, and symbols and all goodwill associated with any of the foregoing; (c) original works of authorship, registered and unregistered copyrights and copyright applications; (d) designs, inventions (whether or not patentable), marketing and educational tools, formulae, processes, know-how, technology, and business methods; and (e) software and computer rights. “Personal Data” means Data that is personally identifiable information. “Platform” means Rejoiner’s online consumer ecommerce tracking platform. “Receiving Party” is defined in Section 5.1. “Rejoiner Materials” means the Services, Scripting Libraries, Documentation, Creatives, and any derivative works of the Data created by Rejoiner under this Agreement, though excludes any Intellectual Property Rights owned by Client as of the Effective Date and provided to Rejoiner for use in performing the Services. “Scripting Libraries” means the software components of the Platform that Rejoiner provides to Client for use on Client’s website. “Services” means the Platform and the email marketing and related professional services to be provided by Rejoiner under an applicable Service Order. “Service Order” means an order for Services that is entered into by the Parties under this Agreement. “Subscription Fees” means the annual subscription fees for a Service as set forth on an applicable Service Order. “Subscription Term” means the subscription period for one or more Services as set forth on an applicable Service Order. “Term” is defined in Section 6.1. “Usage Fees” means the monthly fees for use of a Service in excess of the base usage included as part of such Service. “Services” Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, Rejoiner shall use commercially reasonable efforts to provide Client with the Services set forth on each applicable Service Order. In the event of any conflict between the terms contained in this Agreement and the terms contained in a Service Order, the terms of this Agreement shall control, unless the Service Order explicitly references a section of this Agreement to be superseded, in which case the terms of the Service Order shall control with respect to such section, but only to the extent of the conflict. Rejoiner reserves the right to change, modify, update, add to, discontinue or retire the Services and any aspect or feature thereof. Rejoiner will provide Client with advance written notice of any material changes to the Services. License to Platform and Services. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, Rejoiner hereby grants Client a non-exclusive, non-transferable, non-sublicensable license during the Subscription Term to (a) access and use the Platform solely for the purpose of receiving the Services for Client’s internal business operations; (b) download, install, and execute the Scripting Libraries in connection with the operation of Client’s website; and (c) make a reasonable number of copies of the Documentation solely as necessary to access and use the Platform and receive the Services in accordance with this Agreement. License to Creatives. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, Rejoiner hereby grants Client a non-exclusive, non-transferable, non-sublicensable, license during the Term to reproduce, distribute, publicly display, publicly perform, and transmit the Creatives for Client’s marketing purposes. License Restrictions. Client shall not (a) modify, alter, translate or create derivative works of the Rejoiner Materials; (b) decompile, disassemble, decode, or reverse engineer the Rejoiner Materials or otherwise attempt to learn the source code, structure, algorithms or internal ideas underlying the Rejoiner Materials; (c) sublicense, export, sell, provide for service bureau use, lease, rent, loan, distribute, make available or otherwise transfer the Rejoiner Materials to any third party; (d) remove or alter any copyright notices or other proprietary notices included in the Rejoiner Materials; or (e) bypass, delete or disable any copy protection mechanisms or any security mechanisms in the Rejoiner Materials. Prohibited Activities. Client shall not use the Rejoiner Materials: (a) in violation of this Agreement, including usage that exceeds storage volume limits or other parameters and restrictions described on the applicable Service Order or on the Rejoiner website; (b) to infringe, misappropriate, or violate the Intellectual Property Rights of any third party or any rights of publicity or privacy; (c) to violate any law, statute, ordinance or regulation (including but not limited to the laws and regulations governing spam and unsolicited bulk email, export/import control, unfair competition, anti-discrimination and/or false advertising); (d) to store defamatory, libelous, threatening, harassing, obscene or pornographic data, or (e) to introduce or propagate any malware, viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, or other malicious or harmful code. Client shall not interfere with or attempt to interfere with or disrupt the integrity, security, functionality or operation of the Services, or access the Services by any means except those provided by Rejoiner. Account Information. Client is responsible for maintaining the confidentiality and security of the Account Information provided to it by Rejoiner or created by Client for its authorized users. Client is fully responsible for all activities that occur under its Account Information (except for activities caused by the gross negligence or willful misconduct of Rejoiner). In the event that Client suspects or becomes aware of any unauthorized use of its Account Information, Client shall immediately notify Rejoiner of the same. Fees. Client shall pay all Subscription Fees annually in advance, and pay all Usage Fees on a monthly basis following the month in which such Usage Fees are accrued. Rejoiner reserves the right to change Usage Fees on thirty (30) days prior written notice to Client. Client agrees that Rejoiner will charge the credit card Client provides in connection with the applicable Service Order for all applicable Fees in accordance with the foregoing payment schedule. All Fees are non-cancelable and non-refundable. Client must email any billing disputes to [email protected] within thirty (30) days of receipt of the applicable billing statement, and Client waives any disputes not made within that time. Taxes. Client will pay all of the following levied upon the delivery or use of Services: (a) sales, use, excise and value-added taxes; (b) import, export, or other duties; and (c) all government permit, withholding or license fees, and customs or similar fees. If Client is required to pay any withholding tax, charge or levy in respect of any payments due to Rejoiner hereunder, Client agrees to gross up payments actually made such that Rejoiner will receive sums due hereunder in full and free of any deduction for any such withholding tax, charge or levy. Late Payments. Late payments will accrue interest at a rate of one and one-half percent (1.5%) per month, or the highest rate allowed by applicable law, whichever is lower. If Rejoiner must initiate a collections process to recover any undisputed Fees due and payable hereunder, then Client shall pay all costs associated with such collections efforts. In the event Rejoiner delivers an invoice for any Fees or interest payments owed hereunder to Client, Client shall pay the invoiced amounts thirty (30) days of the date of such invoice. Ownership of Rejoiner Materials. All right, title, interest, ownership, and Intellectual Property Rights in and to the Rejoiner Materials and all copies, modifications, enhancements, and derivative works of the Rejoiner Materials vest in and belong to Rejoiner and/or its suppliers. This Agreement confers no title or ownership in the Rejoiner Materials or any copies, modifications, enhancements, or derivative works of the Rejoiner Materials and is not a sale of any rights. The structure, organization, and code included in the Rejoiner Materials are the valuable trade secrets and confidential information of Rejoiner and/or its suppliers and constitute Rejoiner Confidential Information. The Rejoiner Materials are protected by law, including without limitation the copyright laws of the United States and other countries, and by international treaty provisions. Except as expressly stated herein, this Agreement does not grant Client any rights in the Rejoiner Materials or any copies, modifications, enhancements, and derivative works of the Rejoiner Materials. Client agrees that it will not take any action that jeopardizes Rejoiner’s proprietary rights or acquire any right in the Rejoiner Materials, including any actions in violation of Section 2.4. To the extent Client obtains any interest in the Rejoiner Materials, or any copies, modifications, enhancement or derivative works thereof, Client hereby assigns all of its right, title and interest in and to the same to Rejoiner. Client shall, upon Rejoiner’s reasonable request, execute any instrument that may be appropriate to assign the foregoing rights to Rejoiner or perfect such rights in Rejoiner’s name. Feedback. Any and all suggestions for correction, change and modification to the Rejoiner Materials and other feedback Client elects to provide to Rejoiner (collectively “Feedback”) are and will remain the property of Rejoiner. Client acknowledges and expressly agrees that any contribution of Feedback does not and will not give or grant Client any right, title or interest in the Rejoiner Materials or in any such Feedback. All Feedback becomes the sole and exclusive property of Rejoiner, and Rejoiner may use and disclose Feedback without further notice or compensation to Client and without retention by Client of any proprietary or other right or claim. Client hereby assigns to Rejoiner any and all right, title and interest that Client may have in and to any and all Feedback. At Rejoiner’s request and expense, Client will execute any document, registration or filing required to give effect to the foregoing assignment. Client and Customer Data. Client authorizes Rejoiner to collect Customer Data via the Services, and acknowledges that Customer Data may include Personal Data. Client hereby grants Rejoiner a perpetual, irrevocable, non-exclusive, transferable, sublicensable, royalty-free, fully-paid license to (a) access, use, process, copy, analyze, display, perform, modify, enhance, and create derivative works of the Data in connection with the provision of Services to Client under this Agreement, and (b) use the Data in anonymized and aggregate form for research, development, and for improving Rejoiner’s products and services, provided that Rejoiner shall not use the Data in a manner that would identify Client, and must obtain Client’s prior written consent to publicly disclose any Data. Rejoiner shall not disclose Data that constitutes Personal Data to any third party without Client’s prior written consent (except to Rejoiner’s third party service providers who are subject to confidentiality obligations with respect to such Personal Data). Rejoiner shall own any derivative works of the Data it creates under this Agreement or otherwise. Rejoiner may transfer Data to its successor or acquirer in a merger, acquisition or other consolidation, including without limitation the sale of all or substantially all of Rejoiner’s stock or assets or business to which this Agreement relates. Personal Data. Client acknowledges that the Services may be used to process information that may be regulated by privacy or data protection laws. Client hereby instructs Rejoiner to take such steps in the processing of Personal Data as are reasonably necessary to the performance of Rejoiner’s obligations under this Agreement, and agrees that such instructions constitute Client’s full and complete instructions as to the means by which Personal Data shall be processed by Rejoiner. To the extent that any privacy or data protection laws impose an obligation upon Rejoiner to comply with an individual’s request for access to or correction of their Personal Data, Rejoiner shall comply with all such laws and Client shall provide Rejoiner, at Rejoiner’s reasonable expense, with reasonable assistance in satisfying such obligation. Client agrees that it may be necessary for Rejoiner to access Client’s data to respond to Client’s request for assistance with any technical problems and/or queries, and all such access will be logged by the Services. Client shall hold Rejoiner, its subcontractors, suppliers and licensors harmless from any and all data protection claims relating to such access. Rejoiner agrees that it shall: (a) implement security measures reasonably designed to safeguard Personal Data against unauthorized access, loss, destruction, damage or disclosure; and (b) provide reasonable support to Client in complying with any legally mandated request or demand made by any court or governmental authority responsible for enforcing privacy or data protection laws. Use and Non-Disclosure. Each Party (“Receiving Party”) will maintain in confidence all Confidential Information disclosed to it by the other Party (the “Disclosing Party”) under this Agreement. The Receiving Party agrees not to use any of the Disclosing Party’s Confidential Information except as expressly authorized by this Agreement, and further agrees not to disclose or grant use of such Confidential Information to any third party without the prior written consent of the Disclosing Party on a case-by-case basis. Notwithstanding the foregoing, either Party may disclose this Agreement to its professional advisors and potential and actual investors and/or acquirers, provided such persons are subject to written confidentiality obligations no less protective than the terms of this Section 5.1. In addition, the Receiving Party will use at least the same standard of care as it uses to protect its own Confidential Information of similar nature to protect the confidentiality of the Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party, and in no event less than reasonable care. The Receiving Party agrees to promptly notify the Disclosing Party upon discovery of any unauthorized use or disclosure of the Confidential Information. The restrictions on disclosure will not apply to Confidential Information which is required to be disclosed by a court, government agency or regulatory requirement, provided that Receiving Party shall first notify the Disclosing Party of such disclosure requirement or order and use reasonable efforts to obtain confidential treatment or a protective order. Exceptions. The obligations of confidentiality contained in Section 5.1 will not apply to the extent that it can be established by the Receiving Party beyond a reasonable doubt that Confidential Information: (a) was already known to the Receiving Party, other than under an obligation of confidentiality, at the time of disclosure by the Disclosing Party; (b) was generally available to the public or otherwise part of the public domain at the time of its disclosure to the Receiving Party; (c) became generally available to the public or otherwise part of the public domain after its disclosure and other than through any act or omission of the Receiving Party in breach of this Agreement; (d) was disclosed to the Receiving Party, other than under an obligation of confidentiality, by a third party who had no obligation to the other party not to disclose such information to others; or (e) was developed independently by the Receiving Party without any use of the Disclosing Party’s Confidential Information. Term. The term of this Agreement commences upon the Effective Date and, subject to earlier termination as set forth herein, continues until the expiration of the last-to-expire Service Order (the “Term”). Each Service Order shall continue for the Subscription Term specified therein, and will automatically renew for subsequent Subscription Terms unless either Party notifies the other of its intent not to renew such Subscription Term at any time prior to such renewal. Termination for Convenience. Client may terminate any Service Order, or this Agreement and all Service Orders, for convenience at any time upon thirty (30) days prior written notice to Rejoiner. Termination for Cause. Either Party may terminate a Service Order, or this Agreement and all Service Orders, effective upon written notice to the other Party, if the other Party materially breaches a Service Order or this Agreement and does not cure the breach within thirty (30) days after the non-breaching Party notifies it in writing of the breach. In addition, either Party may terminate this Agreement and all Service Orders, effective immediately upon written notice to the other Party, if the other Party (a) breaches Section 4.3; (b) infringes, misappropriate or violates the Intellectual Property Rights of the non-breaching Party; (c) becomes the subject of a petition in bankruptcy or any proceeding relating to insolvency, receivership, or liquidation for the benefit of creditors; or (d) commits any breach of this Agreement that is incapable of cure. Rejoiner reserves the right to limit or suspend Client’s access to and use of the Rejoiner Materials if Client fails to pay any undisputed Fees when due, or otherwise breaches this Agreement or any Service Order. Rejoiner shall have no liability to Client for any limitation, suspension or termination of access to or use of the Rejoiner Materials pursuant to this Section 6.3. Effect of Termination. Upon the expiration or any termination of this Agreement, Client shall immediately cease all use of the Rejoiner Materials, and each Party shall return any Confidential Information of the other Party in its possession, or destroy the same and certify completion of the destruction in a certificate of destruction sent to the other Party. The following sections shall survive any expiration or termination of this Agreement: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6.4, 7, 8, 9 and 10. Mutual Warranties. Each Party represents and warrants that (a) it has the full corporate right, power and authority to enter into this Agreement, (b) the execution of this Agreement by and the performance of its obligations and duties hereunder do not and will not violate any agreement to which it is a party or by which it is bound, (c) when executed and delivered, this Agreement will constitute the legal, valid and binding obligation of such Party, in accordance with its terms; and (d) it will comply with all applicable law in the performance of its obligations and duties hereunder. Services Warranty. Rejoiner warrants that the Services, when used in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, will function substantially in accordance with the Documentation (the “Limited Warranty”). Rejoiner’s sole and exclusive obligation and Client’s sole and exclusive remedy for any breach of the Limited Warranty shall be for Rejoiner to use commercially reasonable efforts to promptly correct any failures of the Services to perform in accordance with the Limited Warranty and to refund any Fees for any Services which were not or could not be provided due to the breach of the Limited Warranty. Rejoiner shall have no liability or obligation for any breach of the Limited Warranty resulting from: (a) operating system modifications, changes or updates applied by Client; (b) the use or combination of the Services with any other software or hardware not supported by Rejoiner; (c) causes external to the Services, such as problems with the hardware, network or other infrastructure with which the Services are used; (d) unauthorized or improper use of the Services; or (e) any modification of the Services by anyone other than Rejoiner. Client Data. Client represents and warrants that: (a) it is solely responsible for the Client Data; (b) it has the necessary rights and licenses, consents, permissions, waivers and releases to use the Client Data and provide it to Rejoiner for use in performing the Services under this Agreement; and (c) the Client Data (i) does not infringe, misappropriate or violate any rights of Rejoiner or any third party, (ii) does not constitute defamation, invasion of privacy, violation of publicity rights, or otherwise violate any rights of any third party, and (iii) is not designed for use in any illegal activity or does not promote illegal activities, including, without limitation, in a manner that might be illegal or harmful to any person or entity. Client Indemnity. Client will indemnify and hold Rejoiner, its investors, officers, directors, affiliates, subsidiaries, licensors, agents and employees (collectively, the “Rejoiner Parties”) harmless against any loss, liability, claim, demand, damages, costs and expenses, including reasonable attorney’s fees, resulting from any claim, suit, action or proceeding against a Rejoiner Party, resulting from or arising out of or in connection with (a) claims of infringement of Intellectual Property Rights based on (i) Client’s use or combination of the Services with any other software or hardware not provided or supported by Rejoiner, if such infringement would not have occurred but for such use or combination; (ii) any unauthorized modification of the Services by Client; or (iii) the use by Client of any version of the Services other than the current version of the Services, if such version was made available by Rejoiner at no cost to Client with notice that such version was being provided in order to avoid an alleged or potential infringement; (b) Rejoiner’s collection or use of any Data in accordance with this Agreement; and (c) any breach by Client of any representation, warranty or obligation under this Agreement. Rejoiner Indemnity. Except as set forth in Section 8.1, Rejoiner will defend at its expense any action brought against Client to the extent that it is based on a claim that the Services, when used in accordance with the Documentation and the terms and conditions of this Agreement, infringe a United States patent, copyright or trade secret of any third party, and Rejoiner will pay any costs, damages and reasonable attorneys’ fees finally awarded against Client in, or payable in settlement of, such action which are directly attributable to such claim, provided that (a) Client notifies Rejoiner promptly in writing promptly of the claim, (b) Client permits Rejoiner to assume sole control of the defense, compromise or settlement of the claim, and (c) Client provides to Rejoiner reasonable cooperation, information and assistance in connection therewith. If a final injunction is obtained against Client’s use of the Services by reason of infringement, or if in Rejoiner’s opinion the Services are likely to become the subject of a successful claim of such infringement, Rejoiner may, at its option and expense, (x) procure for Client the right to continue using the Services, (y) modify the Services so that they are non-infringing, (z) replace the Services with other software or services of substantially similar functionality. In the event none of the foregoing options are commercially practicable as determined in Rejoiner’s reasonable discretion, Rejoiner will terminate this Agreement and provide Client a prorated refund of any pre-paid Fees for the remainder of Client’s Subscription Term. This Section 8.2 states Rejoiner’s sole and exclusive obligation, and Client’s sole and exclusive remedy, with respect to any claim that the Services infringe the Intellectual Property Rights of any third party. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, AND EXCEPT FOR A PARTY’S BREACH OF SECTION 5, A PARTY’S INFRINGEMENT, MISAPPROPRIATION OR VIOLATION OF THE OTHER PARTY’S INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS, OR A PARTY’S INDEMNIFICATION OBLIGATIONS UNDER SECTION 8, (A) IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE TO THE OTHER PARTY OR ANY OTHER THIRD PARTY FOR LOST REVENUES, LOST PROFITS OR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT, PUNITIVE, CONSEQUENTIAL, RELIANCE OR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES ARISING FROM OR RELATED TO THIS AGREEMENT, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT OR UNDER ANY OTHER THEORY OF LIABILITY, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES, AND (B) EXCEPT WITH RESPECT TO CLIENT’S PAYMENT OBLIGATIONS, EACH PARTY’S MAXIMUM AGGREGATE LIABILITY UNDER THIS AGREEMENT SHALL NOT EXCEED THE AMOUNTS PAID OR PAYABLE BY CLIENT TO REJOINER IN THE SIX (6) MONTHS THAT PRECEDED THE EVENT THAT GAVE RISE TO LIABILITY. Amendments. No amendment, modification, waiver, termination or discharge of any provision of this Agreement shall be effective unless the same shall be in writing specifically identifying this Agreement and the provision intended to be amended, modified, waived, terminated or discharged and signed by Rejoiner and Client, and each such amendment, modification, waiver, termination or discharge shall be effective only in the specific instance and for the specific purpose for which given. Assignment. Neither Party may assign or transfer this Agreement without the other Party’s prior written consent, and any purported assignment or transfer in violation of this provision is null and void and shall constitute a material breach of this Agreement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, either Party may, without the other Party’s consent but upon notice to the other Party, assign this Agreement to an affiliate or to a successor in interest upon a merger, reorganization, change of control, acquisition or sale of all or substantially all of the assets of such Party to such successor. Subject to the foregoing, this Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties and their respective successors and permitted assigns. Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in counterparts, each of which counterparts when so executed and delivered, shall be deemed to be an original, and all of which counterparts, taken together, shall constitute one and the same instrument. Entire Agreement. This Agreement, together with all Service Orders, constitutes the entire agreement of Rejoiner and Client with respect to the subject matter hereof, and all prior or contemporaneous understandings or agreements, whether written or oral, between Rejoiner and Client with respect to such subject matter are hereby superseded in their entirety. Force Majeure. If either Party is unable to perform any of its obligations hereunder (other than payment obligations) due to any act of God, fire, casualty, flood, war, strike, shortage or any other cause beyond its reasonable control (a “Force Majeure Event”), and if such Party uses reasonable efforts to avoid such occurrence and minimize its duration and gives prompt notice to the other Party, then the affected Party’s performance shall be excused and the time for its performance shall be extended for the period of delay or inability to perform. If a Force Majeure Event continues for more than thirty (30) days, then either Party may terminate this Agreement upon written notice to the other Party. Governing Law; Venue. This Agreement shall be construed, interpreted and enforced in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware without regard to conflict of law principles that would result in the application of any law other than the State of Delaware. The Parties expressly reject any application to this Agreement of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. All disputes, actions, claims or causes of action arising out of this Agreement shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts located in Delaware, and Client hereby consents to the jurisdiction of such courts. Headings; Interpretation. Headings used herein are for convenience only and shall not in any way affect the construction of, or be taken into consideration in interpreting, this Agreement. This Agreement shall be construed without regard to any presumption or rule requiring construction or interpretation against the party drafting an instrument or causing an instrument to be drafted. Marketing. Rejoiner may use Client’s name and trademark in Rejoiner’s marketing materials and web site. Client understands and acknowledges that Rejoiner does not certify nor endorse, and has no obligation to certify or endorse, any of Client’s products or content. If to Client: The address specified on the most recent Service Order. Either Party may also give any notice, request, demand, claim or other communication hereunder using any personal delivery, telecopy, or electronic mail, and the same shall be deemed effectively given upon the earlier of actual receipt or: (i) personal delivery to the Party to be notified; (ii) upon confirmation of receipt, if sent by electronic mail or facsimile. Either Party may change the address to which notices, requests, demands, claims and other communications hereunder are to be delivered by giving the other Party notice in the manner set forth herein. Relationship of Parties. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to create a joint venture, agency, partnership or employer-employee relationship between the Parties. Nothing set forth herein shall empower either Party to enter into any contracts or commitments in the name of, or on behalf of, the other Party, or to bind the other Party in any respect whatsoever. Severability. If any provision of this Agreement (or any portion thereof) shall be held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, the validity, legality or enforceability of the remainder of this Agreement shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby. Third-Party Beneficiaries. Except for Section 8, nothing in this Agreement shall confer any rights upon any person or entity other than the Parties, and each such Party’s respective successors and permitted assigns. Waiver. No failure on the part of Rejoiner or Client to exercise and no delay in exercising any right, power, remedy or privilege under this Agreement, or provided by statute or at law or in equity or otherwise, shall impair, prejudice or constitute a waiver of any such right, power, remedy or privilege or be construed as a waiver of any breach of this Agreement or as an acquiescence therein, nor shall any single or partial exercise of any such right, power, remedy or privilege preclude any other or further exercise thereof or the exercise of any other right, power, remedy or privilege.
2019-04-24T14:56:28Z
https://rejoiner.com/terms
I’d like to write about a particularly dark time in my spiritual journey and how I’ve gradually been coming out of it. Soon after I became a Christian after my junior year of high school, I attended 7:22, a ministry of Passion Conferences. I immediately connected with Louie Giglio’s teaching. Over the next few years, as I struggled with finding a practical basis for my faith, Giglio’s emphasis on worship of God became foundational for me. At college, someone gave me a copy of the messages from one of Passion’s conferences. I listened to John Piper’s sermons God’s Passion for the Supremacy of God / Our Passion for the Supremacy of God, which walked through a foundational concept of Piper’s theology, Christian hedonism. This view emphasizes that God deserves the worship of our hearts, and that even though we can’t make ourselves feel love for him, we are still accountable for it. This all made sense to me. In the meantime, some friends and I started a small group ministry at our Christian college. We got help from a couple who had been involved in Campus Outreach, a smaller campus ministry. Through their invitation, I attended a “summer beach project” for ministry training. But while I was there, I was surprised. This ministry talked about the idea that all true Christians’ lives bear “fruit,” which is to say good works. If you aren’t bearing fruit, that begins to be evidence that you may not have been truly saved in the first place. This was so new and surprising to me—as well as my friends from college who attended with me—that at first we thought Campus Outreach might be a cult. We actually managed to find Louie Giglio at a summer camp he was speaking at and asked him if this view of fruit as evidence of salvation was legitimate. Without giving his exact view on it, Louie affirmed that this view was within the bounds of historical Christianity, so we were somewhat comforted, but still not convinced of the view. For myself, my Christian background had been at North Point Community Church, a nondenominational church with a Baptist background. Their view, the one I had always heard, was that once you trust in Christ, you can know for sure that you’re saved, no matter what sins you struggle with. So I continued to hold that view. A few years later, I was out of college and starting to take seminary classes part time. I began listening to the podcast from Piper’s church. When he preached on Romans 8:29-32, all of a sudden the idea of predestination became compelling to me. I saw the Biblical evidence for it clearly. Wanting to hear both sides, I picked up the book Predestination and Free Will: Four Views of Divine Sovereignty and Human Freedom. In this book, four different theologians presented their views on predestination. The Calvinist view far and away had the best Biblical support, so I came to believe in predestination. With this, my interest in listening to Piper’s sermons grew even more. On his recommendation, I also read Jonathan Edwards’ Religious Affections. Over time, as I learned from those two, their repeated themes of fruit as evidence of salvation began to sink in with me. I heard teaching on verse after verse that suggested that believers’ lives must show external evidence of their salvation. They also painted a picture of what it looks like to embrace this view of the Christian life. The picture I saw of deep dependence on God, seeking him for the strength to stand against sin, was very appealing. And because of how connected this all was to the Christian hedonism I embraced, I became convinced that fruit really was necessary evidence of salvation. My desire to find a way to promote growth was also related to my church and ministry life at the time. I had spent two years as a singles ministry leader and small group leader at North Point Community Church, as well as being on staff as a web developer. In this time, I had had high hopes for impacting others through my ministry. But at the end of the two years, it became clear that I wasn’t seeing the kind of life change I hoped for. In particular, I wasn’t seeing the kind of results I had seen on the beach project with Campus Outreach: people who would testify that their lives were changed by Christ, who fought hard against sin and shared their faith. In comparison, it was difficult for me to even get people to show up for small group! Around this time, I left my job at North Point for a consulting job in Texas, but returned to Atlanta after three months. I took this as an opportunity to switch churches, since I was less interested in returning to North Point because of my lack of ministry results under their model. Instead, I looked for a church that would have more of a focus on teaching doctrine. I looked around for a while and eventually settled on a small Reformed Baptist church—they shared my views on predestination and holiness. However, getting deeply involved in this church was challenging. There were only a few dozen people who attended, and there were no ministries other than the Sunday service—due, at least in part, to the fact that the pastor had another full-time job. There were only a few other people my age, and they were all women who attended the church with their parents, and they took a very conservative view of male-female relationships to the point that any interaction with them felt like courtship. Because of this, I didn’t feel like I could really connect with anyone. Because of both my North Point and Campus Outreach backgrounds, the idea of small groups and Bible studies felt essential, and these were lacking. Not only did being at this church keep me from fellowship, but also from contributing to ministry myself. However, I didn’t feel like I could attend another church because of theological differences. This Reformed Baptist church was the closest to me theologically, but even then there were some significant differences. I also gradually started drifting away from my friends from previous churches. I still hung out with them socially at first, but as my view on the Christian life got stricter, I started judging their own walks with God. Seeing Christian hedonism as foundational, I decided that if God is working in someone’s life, he is certainly leading them to this foundation—so if someone claimed to be learning from God but disagreed with Christian hedonism, I couldn’t believe that. So in addition to lacking fellowship at church, I lacked it in friendships too. At this point I made what turned out to be a disastrous decision—but it was no accident, but rather a culmination of my thought processes up until that time. I decided that instead of finding a ministry or community to join, I would start my own. I figured I had enough practical ministry experience to do it. But, most importantly, I had a combination of theological and ministry views that I felt like was a better combination than others. I thought I had a sense of the strengths and weaknesses of different ministries and that I could form a better combination. I judged any ministry that didn’t agree with me in every detail. Well, anyone who has any experience with ministry can probably guess how that turned out: of course, there were plenty of things about ministry I didn’t understand and needed to learn the hard way. But it would be a while before I realized this. Starting out, I tried a number of different things. I joined a number of Meetup.com groups to try to build relationships. I tutored computer science at a community college and started a prayer group there as well. I started independent Bible studies on worship and on Bible study methods and invited my friends to them. Yet all of these efforts yielded almost no results: no deeper relationships, no one attending. Then I ran into a problem even being able to continue to attend the Reformed Baptist church I had been going to. They decided to begin the process of establishing formal membership, and one of the qualifications was that you agree with their doctrinal statement, which was the 1689 London Baptist Confession of Faith (a Baptist confession closely related to the Westminster Confession of Faith for Presbyterians). However, this confession included significant points I disagreed with. In talking to the pastor about it later, he clarified that my beliefs wouldn’t have disqualified me from membership. But either way, this statement of membership showed me that my involvement at that church would always be limited because of my differences of belief. So I left that church and began searching again, but without another good church option. In the meantime, my personal moral struggles increased, exacerbated no doubt due to a lack of fellowship support and frustration with my circumstances. One major example is anger: the anger struggles I’d always had increased, and I frequently found myself swearing and holding grudges. These moral struggles made me grapple with implications of my “fruit as evidence of salvation” theology. When I felt like I had been doing pretty well seeking God and following him it was an encouragement to me to keep seeking. But when I started struggling morally, all of a sudden this theology made things difficult. Somewhere in fruit-as-evidence circles I got the idea that just because you felt like you wanted to obey God, that didn’t mean that was what you really wanted; you might be deceiving yourself. Your actions showed whether you really wanted to obey God or not. I’m not sure I ever questioned my salvation, but I questioned at what point I should question my salvation. And whereas previously the main approach to combating sin I had been taught was to renew your mind to what God said was true of you in Christ, now I concluded that the more I struggled with sin, the less confidence I could have that any of those promises were really true of me. This feeling of helplessness led to even less resistance to sin and became a downward spiral. It seems to me that the reason God did this was as a warning to me. I was heading down a path of theological pride and judgment of others, and one where reliance on my own moral abilities would take over my reliance on grace. If he had allowed me to have any success in this approach it’s unlikely I would have changed course. So God took away most of my support so that I would have to question what to do. The first thing I did was learn to relax again: I started playing video games before bed to take my mind off of theology. Then I decided to attend Perimeter Church and join their singles ministry to get some fellowship. Even though I disagreed with more things in their theology than in the Reformed Baptist church’s, I knew I needed some way to connect with other believers. Soon after that, I decided to go to a Christian counselor for help with my anger issues. As I worked with him, he helped me narrow down my list of “essential” theological beliefs. Even just downgrading some of those beliefs into an “extremely important” category was difficult for me. Two things helped me make this transition. First, I had always agreed that salvation is based on faith in Jesus, not faith in an entire doctrinal system. And people who don’t think about theology in depth can of course be saved. So the highest-priority category of theology must only be the few things necessary for salvation. After that, I realized that even though I felt like Christian hedonism was so foundational that God certainly couldn’t be working in someone’s life unless he was moving them toward it, I realized that that belief of mine wasn’t explicitly stated in scripture. God’s ways are higher than ours, so although it didn’t make sense to me for God to work that way, I couldn’t presume to know God’s decisions. I had also heard a prominent Calvinist say that the best Calvinists and Arminians have always respected each other as brothers in Christ. If they could accept that God was working in each other’s lives despite their foundational disagreements, I needed to do the same for others. These changes freed me up to get sleep, to be plugged in to a church, and to have the support of friendships. I didn’t have any ministry outlet, but it was clear to me at the time that I needed some more personal stability before I’d be ready for that. I don’t remember exactly when I first started letting go of the belief that fruit is a necessary evidence of salvation, but I remember exactly what realization started it. I continued to pray about what to do with all my uncertainty about my sin struggles and if I should question my salvation. I ran across Romans 5:1—”Therefore, since we have been justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ.” I realized that this was what had changed in my life since I started believing in fruit-as-evidence: with this belief, it was impossible for me to have peace. I knew I would always have some degree of sin in my life. And, because there was no clear Biblical direction about which kind or severity or frequency or attitude of sin is okay and which is too much, I would always have reason to worry about whether I should be questioning my salvation. That meant that experiencing peace with God was impossible. I realized that reasoning about Biblical doctrines should involve not only the passages that directly address doctrine but also the passages that describe the outcome of the doctrine. If one’s doctrine makes it impossible to live the kind of life the Bible describes, that’s a reason to question one’s interpretation of doctrinal passages. That was the point when I decided to let go of the belief in fruit as evidence of salvation, and to return to my original belief of absolute assurance: that if you know there was a moment in time when you entrusted your salvation to Jesus, that you can know for sure that you are saved. However, my mental and emotional transition to that belief has been a very gradual process. I can remember at least three major time periods when I was reading and thinking through it in depth, and each time I thought I was convinced to stop believing in it, but each time eventually I realized I was still conflicted. Partially it’s because I haven’t been fully convinced of the alternative ways to interpret the passages that are used to suggest fruit as evidence of salvation. Partially it’s because I’ve wanted to make sure I’m not condoning sin. My belief in Christian hedonism still remained, though. Although I no longer felt like I might need to question my salvation because of a lack of love for God, I was still convinced that God commands us to feel love for him and that if we don’t we should be seeking that love. Eventually, though, after praying everything I could think to pray and trying every kind of quiet time focus I could think of, it seemed to me that God wasn’t answering my prayer to stir up these emotions. So I gave up on seeking them. I still believe our emotions should be involved in our walk with God, but if I’m not feeling them, I no longer feel a sense of guilt about it. I seek to know and obey God, and when my emotions match with that, that’s great. I think I’ve been hesitant to write about this before because of still feeling conflicted about my view of assurance, and in particular how to interpret some of the passages used to support the fruit view. What changed that this week was hearing about 1 John in the Bible study I’m attending. The teacher and notes said that a true believer’s life will show evidence in terms of obedience, but then they moved on without dealing with any of the thorny issues related to this view. My response showed me I’ve reached a point of feeling strongly about the importance of assurance and wanting to speak out about it. I also realized that it’s been ten years since all of these struggles began, and that seems long enough to feel confident that my new view is well-established. This made me want to write publicly about my experience in hopes that it helps someone else struggling with the guilt caused by the view that fruit is evidence of salvation. Absolutely Free!, a response to lordship salvation. That view is almost identical to the “fruit as evidence of salvation” view, with one exception: the lordship view tends to emphasize a conscious choice to submit to Christ as part of conversion, but the fruit view doesn’t require this. Eternal Security: more directly a response to the view that you can lose your salvation, but there are important points about grace that apply to the “demonstrating you weren’t saved in the first place” view. The Grace Awakening: a general response to any kind of legalism that judges people for their behavior, but the fruit view can fall under that. What’s So Amazing About Grace? and The Ragamuffin Gospel: less doctrinal books focused on illustrating our desperate need for grace and how liberating that truth is.
2019-04-23T09:58:57Z
https://joshjustice.com/2017/03/07/detours-on-my-spiritual-journey.html
Welcome to the December 31, 2008 edition of ACM TechNews, providing timely information for IT professionals three times a week. Please Note: In observance of New Year's, TechNews will not publish on Friday, Jan. 2. Publication will resume Monday, Jan. 5. Security researchers in Europe and California have discovered a vulnerability in the Internet digital certificate infrastructure that could allow attackers to forge certificates that are trusted by all common Web browsers. The weakness makes it possible to impersonate secure Web sites and email servers to perform undetectable phishing attacks. Whenever a small padlock appears in a browser window, the Web site being visited is secured using a digital certificate from a Certification Authority (CA). To ensure the certificate is authentic, the browser verifies the signature using cryptographic algorithms. The researchers discovered that one of these algorithms, known as MD5, can be misused. The first known flaw in the MD5 algorithm was presented in 2004 at the annual Crypto cryptography conference by Chinese researchers, who performed a collision attack and created two different messages with the same digital signature. The initial attack was severely limited, but a much stronger collision attack has been found by the European and California researchers. The new method proves it is possible to create a rogue CA that is trusted by all major Web browsers. A rogue CA, combined with a known vulnerability in the Domain Name System protocol, could allow attackers to launch virtually undetectable phishing attacks. The researchers say MD5 can no longer be trusted as a secure cryptographic algorithm for use in digital signatures and certificates. Arjen Lenstra, head of EPFL's Laboratory for Cryptologic Algorithms, says the developers of the major Internet browsers have been informed of the vulnerability. U.S. President-elect Barack Obama has promised to appoint a U.S. chief technology officer (CTO), but there appears to be a disparity between the Obama transition team's view of what the officer's responsibilities are and what tech enthusiasts would like them to be. As defined on the transition team's Web site, the U.S. CTO will ensure that federal computer networks are secure and that agencies "use best-in-class technologies and share best practices." Others want the CTO to be an Internet evangelist who participates in every practical and policy aspect of government, accorded the same authority and influence as the White House national security adviser. Among the priorities suggested for the officer by scores of people on the maCTO.org site is making the Internet widely accessible and guaranteeing net neutrality, ensuring privacy, rethinking copyright law, and repealing the Patriot Act. Yochai Benkler of Harvard's Berkman Center for Internet and Society says two distinct jobs are being knotted together by the discussion of the CTO's responsibilities: Bringing the federal technology infrastructure up to speed and developing plans across all sectors to cultivate and sustain American technological preeminence in the 21st century. "A lot of people are projecting the second onto the first because there is so much thirst for something like the second," he says. The Obama administration has said that it is dedicated to using technology to share federal data and activities with citizens. Among Obama's campaign promises was the online placement of video and transcripts of agency meetings and the posting of non-emergency legislation on the White House site for five days of public comment prior to signing. Of more immediate concern to the tech community are issues such as the provision of broadband to U.S. citizens and U.S. households without Internet access. The globalization of the Web has inspired a wave of entrepreneurs looking to make the Internet more multi-lingual. For example, Indian engineer Ram Prakash Hanumanthappa has developed Quillpad, an online service for typing in 10 South Asian Languages. Users spell out words of local languages phonetically in Roman letters and the program converts them into the local-language script. Hanumanthappa notes that only about 10 percent of the Indian population speaks English proficiently, and even many college-educated Indians prefer to converse in their native tongues in everyday situations. "You've got to give them an opportunity to express themselves correctly, rather than make a fool out of themselves and forcing them to use English," he says. U.S. technology companies are spending millions of dollars building and developing foreign language Web sites and services. Yahoo! and Google have introduced more than a dozen services to encourage Web users in India to search, blog, chat, and learn in their native languages. Microsoft has built its Windows Live bundle of online consumer services in seven Indian languages. "Gone are the days in which you can launch a Web site in English and assume that readers from around the globe are going to look to you simply because of the content you’re providing," says JupiterResearch analyst Zia Daniell Wigder. Even with a struggling economy and record unemployment, certain IT skills will be in high demand in the coming year. Programming and application development will be the most in-demand skills in 2009, concludes Computerworld's annual Forecast survey. For example, demand for SAP skills remains high because an increasing number of companies want to establish global ERP systems. Help desk and technical support are the second most in-demand skills, especially for people with a variety of technical expertise and customer-service abilities. Project managers with a strong track record also will be in high demand, particularly if they can demonstrate the ability to finish a project on time or under budget. The increasingly widespread use of voice, email, video, instant messaging, and other communications systems will keep networking skills in high demand as well, and network convergence projects will increase demand for workers with network security and data privacy skills. Demand for business intelligence specialists, including people with data mining, data warehousing, and data management knowledge, will be high due to the desire to be able to analyze customer and sales data. IT professionals with security skills also are needed, particularly for those with networking and wireless security skills. Web 2.0 skills also are in demand, thanks to the continuing expansion of business-to-business connections and the increasing use of social networking sites and applications in the corporate environment. U.S. President-elect Barack Obama and Congressional lawmakers want to improve the quality and availability of high-speed Web access in the United States. Some of the issues under consideration include what speed Congress should define as broadband, and whether government money should be used only in areas that have no broadband access or if money should be used to subsidize upgrades to existing networks. Large cable operators want the FCC to increase its definition of broadband download speed to about five megabits per second, about 6.5 times as fast as the current definition. Internet service providers also want to receive incentives to build out next-generation services to underserved areas where there is only a single broadband provider or broadband is not widely available. Download speeds that qualify as next-generation broadband would probably be around 40 to 50 megabits per second, according to sources close to the discussion. Equipment manufacturers also would benefit from widespread network upgrades. Calix CEO Carl Russo says Congress should define broadband as 10 megabits per second so any networks built now will support any broadband-heavy applications that arise in the future, such as high-definition video. "Remember, you only get to do this once, so you want to build the widest highway possible," Russo says. During the next decade U.S. schools are expected to need at least 200,000 new science and math teachers, and many districts already face shortages. In at least 10 states, fewer than six out of 10 middle school science teachers were certified when the Council of Chief School Officers complied a report last year. Recruiting people with an aptitude for science to teach in schools is difficult, and keeping them in school long enough to develop a talent for teaching also is challenging. Angelo Collins, executive director of the Knowles Science Teaching Foundation (KSTF), which offers fellowships for teachers in science and math, says schools are in desperate need of more qualified teachers, partially because of retirement, overcrowded classrooms, and people teaching out of their field. Programs that offer new teachers financial incentives, mentors, and access to other new teachers for advice have been highly successful, and could be available on a larger scale if U.S. President-elect Barack Obama successfully executes his education proposals. Obama wants 40,000 scholarships to draw undergraduates and professionals looking to change their careers into high-need schools, with a special emphasis on math and science education. In addition to tuition assistance and summer stipends, KSTF offers professional-development support for new teachers. Out of the 128 fellowships that KSTF has awarded since 2002, fewer than 20 individuals have left teaching, Collins says. European researchers are developing methods for updating digital map systems and correcting errors and anomalies in existing map databases. The European Union-supported ActMAP project, for example, has developed a system for online, incremental updates of map databases using wireless technology. Meanwhile, FeedMAP, which is designed to work in a loop with ActMAP, uses data from cars on the road to correct errors in existing digital maps. When the roads do not match a digital map, the irregularities are automatically compiled into a report that is sent to roadside sensors and relayed to the digital map supplier. Verification of the irregularity is done by map centers and other information sources, says ERTICO's Maxime Flament. FeedMAP also could be used in advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), including adaptive speed recommendations that advise drivers on speed limits in upcoming sections, and speed deviation detection to update recommendations based on driver behavior. "The complete FeedMAP/ActMAP loop of map data is the next cornerstone for map-based applications, such as navigation and ADAS safety," Flament says. BMW Research and Technology's Jan Loewenau says the various digital map projects build on existing automotive technology. "Automotive manufacturers already offer connected services in their vehicles, therefore the basic communication infrastructure is available for sending and receiving map data," he says. University and government researchers are using virtual worlds to conduct research. "My general perspective is that virtual worlds are at least as real as many parts of the so-called real world," says National Science Foundation human-centered computing program director William Sims Bainbridge. Bainbridge recently held a scientific conference in a World of Warcraft (WoW) virtual world to discuss research in game worlds. None of the participants who attended the conference had to travel or buy any additional hardware, although newer members to WoW were unable to reach some areas due to their low virtual-character level. "Key advantages to virtual world experimentation include the ability to conduct research on sensitive issues, including ethical and even racial dilemmas," says Frost & Sullivan analyst Aimee M. Roberts. "Additionally, due to the nature of virtual worlds, experiments can be conducted with greater flexibility than those conducted in the real world." Research in the virtual world can include experiments that no longer can be ethically conducted in the real world. One such experiment is a modern adaptation of the controversial 1960s psychological experiment conducted by Stanley Milgram, which asked subjects to administer shocks of increasing voltage when an individual, who would fake being shocked, incorrectly recalled a pair of words. Another use of virtual world research is the Children's Memorial Hospital in Chicago's three-dimensional virtual hospital, which is used to practice emergency drills for real-life responses. Computer scientist and mathematician Martin Wattenberg's data visualization research focuses on culturally significant data, ranging from the popularity of baby names to the history of edits on Wikipedia, to create illuminating images. Wattenberg's images will be displayed at the Museum of Modern Art in Boston, and will be the featured exhibition for a two-month installation on outdoor screens in Harvard Square as part of the Lumen Eclipse public art project. In 2002, Wattenberg became a founding member of IBM's Visual Communication Lab, and started exploring the emotional potential of data visualization. "Not all data is interesting," he says. "The art is pointing the telescope at the right set of data." When naming his second child, Wattenberg would propose names and his wife would find statistics on the popularity of those names on the Social Security Web site, which eventually led Wattenberg to create an interactive visualization for a baby-name book his wife wrote to chart name popularity over time. Wattenberg recently started working with an IBM colleague on two large public projects. Many Eyes is a Web site that allows users to upload data and create interactive visualizations to contribute to a cultural conversation. Fleshmap explores the relationship between the body and its visual and verbal representation. Researchers from the University of Texas at Arlington, the University of Texas at San Antonio, and the Southwestern Medical Center have developed Intelligent Eyes, a wearable device that could help sight-impaired people navigate their environment. Intelligent Eyes is a system of cameras, computer chips, software, and audio equipment that could be built for about $100. The researchers say that its low cost could allow it to be widely used, but they need at least $300,000 to develop a demonstration model. Intelligent Eyes users wear glasses that contain a camera in each lens to replicate human eyes. The cameras send information to a digital signal processor in a device worn on the body, which contains software that processes data from the user's surroundings. The information is wirelessly sent to an earphone attached to the glasses, and a verbal description of the surroundings is provided for the user. UT-Arlington professor Jean Gao says the system can identify non-moving and major moving obstacles that most people encounter, such as other people, animals, and vehicles. The system also can tell the difference between a sedan and a SUV. However, it cannot identify some obstacles, such as a glass wall, so canes still would be needed. The current system is too bulky to be worn practically, so the researchers requested a $300,000 National Science Foundation grant to make the system slimmer, but were turned down. The researchers have since made some improvements to the device and plan to request a grant again early next year. University of Wisconsin-Madison psychiatrist Giulio Tononi is working with scientists from Columbia University and IBM to develop software for a thinking computer, while nanotechnology and supercomputing experts from Cornell University, Stanford University, and the University of California-Merced are developing the hardware. The collaborative effort has been awarded a $4.9 million grant from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency for the first phase of DARPA's Systems of Neuromorphic Adaptive Plastic Scalable Electronics project. The goal is to create a computer capable of sorting multiple streams of changing data to find patterns and make logical decisions. The finished cognitive computer must also be no larger than the size of a small mammal's brain and use as little power as a 100-watt light bulb. Although the project draws inspiration from the brain's architecture and function, Tononi says that it not possible or desirable to recreate the entire structure of the brain down to the synapse level. "A lot of the work will be to determine what kinds of neurons are crucial and which ones we can do without," he says. Value and reward systems are important, and learning is crucial because a cognitive computer must be able to learn from experience. Tononi says the artificial brain will need to be able to change as it learns from experience, and the design will most likely convey information using electrical impulses modeled after the spiking neurons found in mammal brains. Rowan University students have developed software that can read facial expressions. Jessica Dennis and Michael Ulrich used photos from the Japanese Female Facial Expression (JAFFE) Database to measure eyebrow height and width, mouth height and width, and other indicators such as how wide eyes open and jaw lines. "A computer can only deal with numbers," says Rowan professor Shreekanth Mandayam. "If you can get a small set of numbers that correspond, for instance, to a happy or angry expression, you can automate the program's decision-making process about future images it is shown." The students trained the software on the photos, then tested it using photos from JAFFE, photos of people at Rowan University, and other recognizable subjects. Dennis and Ulrich say the software has an overall 76.5 percent accuracy rate for recognizing expressions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, neutrality, sadness, and surprise. They say the software has applications in human-computer interactions, face-image compression, synthetic-face animation, videoconferencing, and crowd control. Modifying nanoindentation materials test equipment can help manufacturers determine the mechanical strength of the insulating films of high-performance integrated circuits. Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have given the probe a sharper and more accurate point for pressing and then observing how much pressure it takes to deform materials. They also have used a new fracture mechanics model to account for indentation force, film thickness, film stress, and the elastic properties of the film and the silicon substrate. The approach has enabled the team to assess the fracture toughness as well as film thickness for spontaneous fracture. Insulating films have become more porous with nanoscale voids and fragile as integrated circuit features have gotten smaller, and the inability to measure resistance to fracture has had a negative impact on manufacturing yields and the reliability of devices. NIST says the technique should improve manufacturing, and the semiconductor industry will be able to use the method with current equipment. Experts, market research firms, and others have been sounding warnings about the Internet being overwhelmed by an ever-mounting load of online traffic, barring aggressive infrastructure expansions. Brett Swanson with the Progress and Freedom Foundation says that new technologies capable of producing very large volumes of traffic--video-sharing sites, online gaming, videoconferencing, and IPTV among them--are "swelling tributaries funneling into the exaflood." However, University of Minnesota computer scientist Andrew Odlyzko counters that the rate of online traffic growth actually appears to be on the wane rather than on the rise, as suggested by data collated by the Minnesota Internet Traffic Studies project. Odlyzko says Internet traffic more or less doubled annually until about five years ago, while today the growth rate is closer to 50 percent to 60 percent. He argues that too little Internet traffic growth may turn out to be a bigger threat to the industry than too much, as a continued decline will choke demand for faster connections from operators and new equipment from vendors. Although TeleGeography estimates that international traffic growth surpassed capacity growth for several years after 2002, the reverse was observed in 2007 and 2008 as investment accelerated. In the past couple of years significant investment has been committed to last-mile infrastructure throughout the world, which experts say further reduces the likelihood of an exaflood overload. Researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS have collaborated with European partners on LocON, software that offers automatic gate-free access control for people, vehicles, and other objects at high-risk facilities such as an airport. LocON is designed to permanently locate all persons and objects by radio. "The security staff watches the entire airfield on a huge monitor," says Fraunhofer's Rene Dunkler. "LocON recognizes everything that moves on the airfield and is authorized to do so--in real time." LocON requires that all employees wear an electronic identity badge that transmits a radio signal of their location and identification to the platform, and vehicles, air freight containers, and other objects would be equipped with a tag that emits radio signals as well. The platform is able to process different types of radio positioning signals, including GPS and RFID, Dunkler says. LocON could be combined with video surveillance systems to provide an automatic comparison of motion profiles, such as those of people moving around aircrafts and fueling vehicles. A LocON pilot is slated for airports in Portugal.
2019-04-20T15:33:26Z
https://technews.acm.org/archives.cfm?fo=2008-12-dec/dec-31-2008.html
The safest cookware really needs to be 100% Non-toxic, i.e. not leach any chemicals or metals into food while cooking. All metals are reactive while meals are a biochemical substance. Cooking food involves several reactions that convert raw food into cooked then when this process is done in reactive cookware, the output (cooked food) can not be the same. In this article, let’s learn cookware created from which raw material can be eligible for a this high standard of safety when you’re 100% non-reactive? When you are looking at choosing the safest cookware, you have to not compromise for the raw material. The toxins like lead, cadmium, arsenic are generally found in cookware today and perhaps they are still defined as ‘safe’ because the manufacturers have supposedly followed the prescribed guidelines. 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An alkaline baking soda test (which is often easily done in your house) will prove doesn’t necessarily leach anything like modern cookware (metal, ceramic, enameled etc.). Lab tests have shown it’s totally void of toxins like lead, cadmium, and arsenic. The people that switched to pure clay reported great improvement into their health and some have even claimed to heal diabetes (because nutrients like complex carbohydrates are preserved) with this particular cookware. Not only this, the foodstuff tastes better and is particularly more nutritious when cooked on this all-natural cookware. These are the reasons that produce pure clay pans and pots the safest cookware available. When are you currently switching to this particular safest cookware for the family’s health? Nowadays, you will discover tons of variety in addition to buying cakes on the web is concerned, rendering it easier for you personally to pick the right type depending on the occasion or event type. 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All they should do is generate a website and commence receiving orders from customers. As a matter of fact, this really is one in the most effective options for attracting new clients and keeping the current ones. They can charge extra with this service, making it a win-win situation for both sellers and buyers. Owning a site gives an additional advantage: shop keepers can advertise their products and services totally free of charge. Again, this could get them a wide range of new customers. Are you considering giving a fantastic, useful and inventive gift for a talented cooking friend? Either you may redecorate your personal kitchen with your cool kitchen gadgets, or gift your partner with one of these; to impress them and also to make it all possible for the maker too. Check out of the following gadgets that could bring a smile to your face of those that sweat inside hottest kitchen to give their spouse and children. 1. Fruit slicer: There are many models of fruit slicers available within the market nowadays. The coolest turn out to be those with the correct shape understanding that which is handy. The banana-shaped slicers are the most effective for kids who wish to prepare his or her snack as they possibly be used to slice the entire banana into even pieces without a sharp and dangerous knife. The apple slicers with large, strong and raised handle makes breakfast preparation easier. 2. Multiple bladed herbal scissors: These gadgets are in case you hate knife as being a cutting device. With these scissor-shaped multiple blade gadget, it is possible to cut the herbs into smaller and finer pieces, with little persistence. 3. Customized rolling pins: Custom designed rolling pins would be the best option for cookie and paratha makers. These pins consist of engraved designs so that you are able to create different shapes while rolling your cookie or paratha dough. 4. Mobile connected measuring gadgets: There are many gadgets which help you to appraise the ingredients without making many utensils dirty. There are applications for that phone to connect with one of these gadgets to have the accurate measurements. 5. Boiled egg moulds: Boiled eggs will be the most favoured breakfast option. You can ensure it is more interesting with assorted shaped boiled eggs. There are different kinds of moulds for such creative minds; like square shaped, skull-shaped, etc. Just find your favourite shape and serve the most beneficial breakfast to your loved ones as well as yourself. 6. Ice cube moulds: To serve your friends and relatives with luxurious drinks, utilize the crystal gem shaped ice cube silicone moulds and themed parties you are able to select the brain shaped moulds to impress your son or daughter and their friends. 7. Tea infusers: Differently shaped tea infusers are one more attraction on your decoration while serving. You can impress your guests with some other shapes of tea infusers like leaning man, floating shark or “deep-tea” diver, etc. 8. Roll n pour: This roll n’ pour is from the form of a smaller rocking chair which could hold your juice or water jug. It will help you to definitely easily pour the liquid from jug to glass without straining both hands, effortlessly. 9. Pancake pen: These are suitable for moms with kids to impose creative pancake shapes so your kid benefit from the breakfast to your fullest. Even your kid can try making shapes that comes for their mind with this particular handy gadget. When a occasion is around the corner, people have a tendency to look for solutions to celebrate it because of their loved ones. And most of those buy gifts per other. A couple of years ago, people was required to get out of their houses to venture to the local target buy gifts, like cakes. However, today, you can find online stores which you could place your order and have the gift transported to your given address. You can also readily online cake delivery service, but ensure you consider some essential points at heart. Let’s discuss some ones. First off, before choosing a company, be sure to buy a cake you are sure that your family member or friend likes. Aside from the taste, the gender in the recipient is additionally really important. If your partner dislikes a cake you sent, it does not serve any purpose and might ruin their celebration. So, be sure to know here. Although there is an liberty available a wide variety of ready-made cakes, you may also have one made to order. You can avail this facility if none with the cakes at the bakery appears to be up for the mark. The custom-made cake might a bit more nevertheless the additional charges are worth it. After all, ensure ruin the climate of your family and friends just to save several dollars. If your packet isn’t delivered over time, it is going to lose its importance. You want your cake to stay the hands with the recipient prior to festival day has ended. So, be sure you take necessary precautions, like providing a precise address. If the address is wrong, your parcel is probably not sent to the best recipient. This is significant if you are going to transmit more than one cakes. Make sure you showed right addresses for the correct parcels. In case of question, you could call or send a communication to the recipient, which supports you clear your doubts. Making payment soon enough is important if you need the supplier to process your order without delay. While making payment, you’ll be able to choose from a range of payment options. For instance, you’ll be able to pay together with your credit card, debit card or perhaps cash. If the store is nearby, you may ask your brother or friend for making payment regarding you. This is significant for those who have no experience employing an online cake delivery service. If you are one of those, we recommend that you ask someone or colleague for assistance. When a special festival is approaching, you are able to find many people who can offer help. So, ensure you follow their advice and make the appropriate choice. Conventional cookware constructed from metals, ceramics, glazes, and enamels are brimming with toxins that respond to food while cooking and contaminates it. Lead, Arsenic, Nickel, Molybdenum, Cadmium along with metals & chemicals are normally found in most cookware, which start accumulating inside you when you eat food cooked included. Over time they start having a toll in your body functions and compromise the body’s defense mechanisms – this leads to health problems between minor illnesses to chronic diseases. You may choose your ingredients wisely your cookware can destroy the majority of the essential nutrients within them by cooking it with harsh heat. The food’s delicate nutrients must be cooked with gentle heat so the nutrients and vitamins of the meat stays intact. Releasing steam through vents may seem like perhaps the most common occurrence if you utilize conventional metal or ceramic pots but not many people know steam is actually water-soluble nutrients. The body needs these on a regular basis as they can not be stored like fat-soluble nutrients. But the steam pressure created in conventional pots is very high, the pot might explode should the steam just isn’t released constantly. Switching to pure clay cookware can greatly enhance the health of the food. Pure clay is definitely an all-natural 100% non-toxic material that’s tested negative for those kinds of toxins seen in most conventional cookware. It doesn’t contaminate food and cooks with far infrared heat that is certainly gentle on delicate nutrients – cooks by preserving them intact. They also naturally condense steam – steam is condensed for the inner surface with the lid (mainly because it stays cooler compared to pot during cooking) and keeps falling back into the meals so water-soluble nutrients are preserved right in the pot. The food cooked in pure clay is very healthy and nutritious as compared to the same food cooked in metals or ceramics. When you eat such food regularly, one’s body is nourished with important nourishment on a regular basis as well as the toxins, that happen to be already accumulated, are cleansed out by the body naturally… when it is just not bombarded with a lot more toxins. We all pay for it to celebrate the newest year. Most of us wish to eat a cake about this day with his family and friends. If you want to get a cake that the local store doesn’t make, you could have another option: online cake services. You can order your desired cake with an online store. This store could be located a few miles away from your home town. If you could have never ordered online, our 4 tips may help you feel the process very quickly. Read on. As said earlier, a typical white cake with ice about it can be bought at the local store. If you are perusing this article, you want a special cake. You want something unique, not an issue that will bore the ones you love. But what in case you order? According to experts, you need to order a cake your local store doesn’t always have. This is a simple rule. And this ‘s ordering on the internet is tons of fun. And this is why online stores a terrific place to buy stuff. Not we all have the same taste in terms of cakes are involved. Therefore, we recommend that you don’t pick a flavor depending on your own taste alone. Instead, things to do is escape your comfortable zone and choose a combo of several flavors. It’s better if you pick a combo that you’ve got never tasted before. Chances are that the recipients might not have tasted this combo either. Here, it is advisable to keep in mind that only taste should not be deciding factor. You should consider the appearance of the cake too. Since you are likely to send this cake to someone with a new year, ensure it looks great. It will create an excellent impression about the recipients. If you might be finding tough to choose from a cake in the online bakery, we have an easy approach you could follow. All you need to do is have a look at the types and fashions of cakes for the website with the store and choose ones which have the highest quantity of orders. Apart with this, also you can go to the bestselling section in this cake category. On this section, you will notice what people have already been liking probably the most. If consumers are buying something again and again, it’s almost guaranteed that it has a terrific flavor and type. You can pick a few after which add pick the ones you like by far the most. Lastly, ensure that you consider your financial budget when buying a cake around the Internet. After all, you won’t want to spend an arm along with a leg in order to purchase a cake. While trying to find the safest cookware, a very important factor that is crucial is how reactive the pot’s raw material is? This is because foodis a biochemical entity that may be subject to leaching if cooked in the reactive pot or pan. These compounds which have leached in the pot are of no vitamins and minerals in the body but they can cause many diseases if able to accumulate in your body. Titanium, metal and natural clay -The first 2 are very popular to create cooking pots, the very last one is gaining momentum for the health value over other manmade materials, Let’s find out which would be the safest cookware one of the three? Titanium is metal chemically purchased from its ore rutile, by reduction through chlorides and/or magnesium. Amongst its different uses, it’s also used for producing surgical inserts or bone and cartilage replacements in your body. Because of this reason, this can be a common belief so it can’t inflict harm within your body. First of all, Titanium is really a reactive element and reacts with common elements found in the atmosphere like oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and water in order to create various compounds. Because of this, that is certainly reactive to food, especially during cooking! Because heat can be a catalyst for all those reactions. This alloy comes in different grades, the most popular ones (general purpose) are 304 and 316. The 304-grade stainless-steel contains elements like Chromium, Nickel, Carbon, Manganese, and Silicon. 316 even offers high numbers of Nickel and Molybdenum. All these elements are highly reactive and stop working as ions when your meals are cooked in Stainless steel cookware. These complement nutrients in food and form harmful toxins that are dangerous within the body. For instance, an exceptionally small amount of concentration of nickel could potentially cause kidney dysfunction, low blood pressure levels, muscle tremors, oral cancer, skin problems etc. Obviously, if you are seeking the safest cookware, you do not need to choose Stainless Steel. This material is all-natural which is often referred to as ‘primary clay’ in the purest form. Primary clay is naturally inert plus it doesn’t contain any chemicals or metal toxins like Titanium or Stainless Steel. Natural clay is often a 100% pure ingredient as the name indicated like rainwater also, since it is naturally detoxing, this doesn’t take to itself any contaminants! It also cannot be used by farming as this soil gets very rigid and hard and will not allow the plant’s root system to thrive. A simple baking soda test done on these materials also implies that the pot constructed from unglazed primary clay doesn’t leach anything while cooking. Thus the safest material in making cookware is natural clay – regardless of how much we test out different materials, this all-natural material beats them! Ready to try this healthiest and safest all-natural cookware? Get a pure clay cookware set today! When it comes to celebrating a meeting or occasion, everybody wants to buy cakes. This occasion or event is usually a wedding, birthday, new year or possibly a baby shower. As a matter of fact, this is, cakes are ordered throughout the year. Every year, the requirement for different types of confectionary goods climbs up. This is the trend that produces online cake delivery so well received. Let’s learn why you may want to obtain a cake online this coming year. We are going to share 3 important reasons to you. As technology gets better, look for it easier to obtain our routine items from the Internet. All you should do is order what you look for through your mobile on the comfort of your living space. However, you must consider a few critical indicators before placing the first order. Those regular creamy cakes are common the rage, but they’re not special anymore. At local stores, you may not find a wide range of variety of cakes. They will have some styles only, that you not like. Even when you ask the video store to customize the cake available for you, you’ll not have a great deal of options. Aside from this, may very well not get a great deal of time to move to your local shop and your order. Not all people have a lots of spare time to waste on this stuff. This is where websites can be a big help. As said earlier, for a local store, what you can do will be limited. In other words, you will note a few types of cakes in the shops. You may not manage to find something that you prefer. On one other hand, websites display a large number of cakes on their own websites. When you are trying to find a cream or chocolate version, you will discover a lot of styles from which to choose. This is something your local store can’t offer. Stuff in a bakery is delicious. If you have a very sweet tooth so you like to taste new stuff each time, visiting an online bakery is advisable. On web sites, you can check out a huge selection of confectionary stuff. Placing an order is usually a piece of cake and won’t take more than some minutes. Many folks don’t like to move out in the wintertime when the temperature is below zero degrees. This is true about people who find themselves over the age of 50. So, buying your selected cake online a very good idea, especially should you are a senior citizen. You won’t need to get out to ride to your nearby store using a cold summer day. You just need to place your order on your preferred online cake delivery store and they’re going to take care of the rest. You will find the cake at the doorstep on the same day. Did you know the humble turmeric powder inside your kitchen has miraculous medicinal properties? Unknowingly, we utilize the power of turmeric once we consume it part of our diet. In Asian countries, turmeric is a crucial ingredient of virtually all vegetables and curries. However, almost all of those who put it to use, hardly realize the benefits or health advantages or turmeric or compound, curcumin, that is actually the main compound in turmeric that actually works wonders for several ailments. We’ll also discuss curcumin supplements which might be often suited to various medical conditions and overall well-being. Is raw turmeric or ground turmeric useful to you? If you think that that it is just by adding colour to curries and also other food items, then reconsider or please read on. Though it is valid that it adds colour to food, there are lots of other advantages and many benefits of turmeric. Well, turmeric or Curcuma longa is often a rhizhomatous flowering plant, which basically means a creeping rootstalk. You can read a little more about it on Wikipedia. Here we’ll concentrate on how to utilize it and its health advantages. If you or any loved ones is shivering, a little turmeric will help. Though, its usefulness is dependent within the exact health issue of the patient, there isn’t a harm in trying this home cure that uses the effectiveness of turmeric. Take 1-2 spoonful of ground turmeric and combine it with hot mustard oil to produce a fine paste employing a spoon or ladle. Once the paste is prepared, rub it on both soles on the patient. Care needs to be taken the warmth in the paste just isn’t lost and it also remains bearable to the patient. However the hotter could it be the faster may be the effect. Also make sure which the rest with the body from the patient is protected with warm clothes or maybe a blanket. The effect can result in noticed in a few minutes of by using hot turmeric and mustard oil paste. The shivering will disappear along with the patient will feel safe. Does cooking turmeric robs if off its medicinal properties? Not really should you not overcook it. We all love eating cakes. If you don’t understand how to make a cake, learn it. But if you don’t own the time to know how to bake, you could have another option: you can get one at the local store or in an online store. Now, there’s a chance you’re thinking which choices are better for you. This article will help you create the right choice. As far as convenience is anxious, buying on the web is a good idea. Of course, you can purchase a cake for your nearby store. Without any doubt, you may enjoy tons of benefits in the event you opt for the second route. Let’s take a peek at some of the benefits. the biggest benefit from buying cakes on the web is that you should buy those designs of cakes that can’t be found for a local bakery. Of course, you should purchase the basic varieties at any store. However, should you need an existing or something original, you could have no choice but opt for a special seller. And your best choice is to choose an online seller. Aside from multiply varieties, also you can enjoy various kinds of cake filings and toppings. As a matter of fact, you may be amazed at the initial combo of flavors you could choose from with an online store. For a milestone or occasion, try your desired cake in the comfort of your own home You can also send those cakes on your loved ones with all the seller’s online delivery service. If you would like to decide whether you should get online or with a nearby bakery, you might want to consider the following points. Taking the things mentioned above into consideration is very important, especially in the event you are on an affordable. If you take presctiption a tight budget, buying for a local store is often a better option. In this case, buying online might be a bit expensive. On the other hand, should you are a baker and you intend to order plenty of cakes regularly, then ordering on the web is a great idea. These cakes is going to be high quality and versatile. So, your prospects will like them a good deal, that could grow your business all the more. An online service will deliver top quality cakes. As a matter of fact, they are going to be far greater than the ones you can get at a regular bakery shop. Their cakes are properly designed and baked. The fillings and toppings are delicious. Often, the combo of flavors less complicated better than the fundamental cakes you will discover in any market.
2019-04-23T00:27:22Z
http://www.barcheinrete.com/
Pyromaniacs: Pyro brain trust forum: what Bible version, and why? I use the ESV. A typical example of my reasoning is found in this post: http://www.chrisbrauns.com/2007/08/13/esv-vs-niv-in-philemon-22/ . Our church had NIV pew Bibles when I came and I have gradually made the switch to the ESV. So from my end, the ESV is preferable to the NIV. Full disclosure - - - Dan, your Hebrews skills are so far ahead of mine, I can't even see you. I know this to be the case from reading your books. When I came to CRBC, the Bible used in the pulpit was the NKJV. That was the Bible used in our planting church (of which I was a member.) As our plant was still relatively small and in a growth phase, and as my ministry was new, I felt it was an ideal time to review the issue of Bible translation. I wound up choosing to preach from the ESV. Most of our people have now acquired ESVs, and now that we have our own building we have ESV pew Bibles. The ESV is now our Bible, and I don't think I have sufficient reason to impose the cost on everyone to make another change so soon. That said, the ESV is less and less palatable to me as I read it. Haha, THIS thread got a one-star. Someone should do a documentary on those people. Nah, TC, it's not a derail. When a version has twin marginal notes for textual matters (majority and eclectic), and when that version's notes in Revelation say that the in-text rendering is supported by neither of those Greek texts — you know something is seriously wrong with the philosophy of translation. One of the problems of having so many translations is that we all become critics of our translations. Over time we develop pet peeves regarding whatever we are reading. Personally, I open every new ESV to Romans 3:20 to scratch out the words "human being" and scribble in the word "flesh." Until I have done that, I can't feel comfortable with a copy of my Bible! I mean, honestly! "Human Being"! When the word "flesh" is freighted with so much theological value in the New Testament. I'm glad that I cannot hear their reasoning for this idiotic decision; I'm sure I would once and for all lose all confidence in the ESV and we would have to make the investment in new pew Bibles. Ironically, my main complaint against the ESV is its readability. It is understandable in exactly the way that a technical manual is understandable. I actually think we have gone too far in the direction of precision, if that won't get me attacked. We have politically correct publishers out there who mess with the text to support their customer base, and the conservative Christian world responds with, "We must be precise in our translation." The problem is, of course, that the Bible is beautiful literature, and to translate it with wooden precision is ultimately damaging to the text. Here's an example. In Genesis 37, Joseph's brothers attack him, throw him in a pit to die, then pull him out and sell him as a slave. Too cover this brutal behavior, they take his distinctive coat and dip it in goat's blood, then return it to their father. They seem almost unwilling to tell the lie, but ask Jacob to draw his own conclusions. It is a powerful moment in the story: the brothers (who are wicked but not without love and respect for their father) are halting and careful in their approach, but determined to cover their sin. Jacob himself is about to have his world turned upside down by a deception surpassing that which he perpetrated on his own father. The critical words come in Genesis 37:32. Here it is in the old language of the KJV: And they sent the coat of many colours, and they brought it to their father; and said, This have we found: know now whether it be thy son's coat or no. That's perhaps a touch archaic, but the dignified and moving language fits the moment. Here's the same thing in the NIV (unchanged since 1984): They took the ornamented robe back to their father and said, “We found this. Examine it to see whether it is your son’s robe.” It has lost something, but it's hard to say what. Here's the NASB: and they sent the varicolored tunic and brought it to their father and said, “We found this; please [a]examine it to see whether it is your son’s tunic or not.” "Varicolored"? Really OK, honestly, that's why no one uses the NASB. And now, here's the simply awful rendering of the ESV: And they sent the robe of many colors and brought it to their father and said, “This we have found; please identify whether it is your son's robe or not.” I'm sorry, but I just cannot bring myself to read that in anything but a robotic tone. Every time I look at it I hear the Star Trek (TOS) computer saying, "Please identify," while its mechanical brain clicks and whirs in the background. And that's my point, who tells stories that way? Certainly not Moses. Oddly, my favorite modern rendering of this is the compromised (as you pointed out) NKJV: Then they sent the tunic of many colors, and they brought it to their father and said, “We have found this. Do you know whether it is your son’s tunic or not?” That's not as formal as the old KJV, but the language works. That's what drives me crazy about the NKJV. It coulda been a contenda. In some passages, it is superior to others. But that textual tomfoolery is a deal-killer. Churchgoer: "So, pastor, you're saying that the wording of the text is actually supported by NO Greek manuscripts?" My opinion, FWIW, is that readability with textual concordance are the reasons I use the ESV -- but I say that only to offer the same complaint as Chantry: there needs to be a second round of people who read English well to go over the ESV and simply take the translators to task for making the Bible sound like MacinTalkPro English Bruce. Being a faithful translation does not mean it has to be a failure at bring the full force of the text to the receiving language. And that said, here's the place the whole thread goes to pot: because I am not a reader of the Greek or Hebrew, I need the translator's notes. I need to know what was going through their dusty Grad Student back-stacks minds when they rendered a certain text they way they did. And for that, the best Bible by far is the NET Bible. The translation itself is probably just as nearly-inerrant as the NIV, but the notes take you through the translating committee's perceived choices so you understand what they were trying to accomplish. This is especially useful for the most difficult passages in Scripture. However, to let no good deed go unpunished, the problem with the NET Bible is that those notes are ABOUT 70% complete! ARGH! The church I serve has used NASB for many years, but in the past three to four years, we have seen fewer members utilizing this translation (and fewer visitors who possess a NASB compared to other versions). The ESV is growing in popularity among our people, partly for its readability and partly, on behalf of our teachers, for its use from Crossway, which produces discipleship material that our teachers find helpful. We are in a season of re-evaluation and our two contenders are ESV and The NET Bible. The NET Bible's pro's would be the online accessibility to the text, its original languages, open knowledge of interpretive decisions, and article database. As a pastor who ministers through writing materials for the church, they also grant us permission to use any and all of the text without copyright violation provided our resources remain ministry-centered and free of profit. We have struggled to gain similar permissions from other publishers. The downsides of The NET would be its lack of wide usage in print among our members at this time (compared to the wide circulation of ESV Bibles in our people's homes), and the sometimes painfully obvious attempt to read differently so as to avoid copyright infringement from other publishers, which affects readability. As a pastor, my heart is geared toward helping people take their first and second steps without being encumbered with the world that is textual criticism and linguistics. However, as a doing-the-best-I-can theologian, my heart is also set on helping people see the data that leads to interpretive decisions (especially for our teachers or teachers-in-training). The NET notes are always interesting and often very informative. I would never, ever recommend the translation, however. And I phrase myself carefully about the notes: "interesting" and "informative," but not necessarily correct or persuasive. It would be awesome of some major translation had the fullness and transparency of the NET footnotes. But not the NET. Nyet on NET. 1. No translation will ever perfectly merge the need for fidelity to the letter of the text with the need to convey the spirit of the text as well. Different Bibles do different things. 2. The days are gone when people are perplexed by a pastor reading from a different version than they have in front of them. Everyone knows that there are many translations. We don't have to avoid that fact, and we may as well be open in the pulpit about translational difficulties. (At this point, if the translation is wrong, I simply read a corrected translation and then explain while preaching. For instance, in Romans 3:20 I would read, "For by works of the law no flesh will be justified in his sight, since through the law comes knowledge of sin." Then, when I come to it in the sermon, I would simply say, "I have no idea why they translated it that way, the word is "flesh" and here's why it was important. 3. Given that fact, I am less and less worried about making the "right" decision about a pulpit Bible. I'm thinking that if I have it to do over again, or - in a few more years - when I have it to do over again, I might just decide that I have three or four answers to the question, "Which is the best Bible version?" For all the reasons stated here we have ESV in our church. I would be tempted to switch to the HCSB had we not just (within the last year and a half) switched to ESV...simply because of the accurate rendering of John 3:16 - For God loved the world in this way: He gave His One and Only Son, so that everyone who believes in Him will not perish but have eternal life. Is there even a good, thorough, up-to-date book on modern versions anymore? Comparing, contrasting, critiquing? My chucklesome thought is that perhaps we should do what some suggested doing about hymnals in a recent Facebook thread: have the main hymnal, and a second supplement with it in the racks. Hence, two pew-Bibles. What I did in my younger days was just to include my own translation in the sermon outline. Called the DPUV (Dan Phillips Unauthorized Version). I think Gail Riplinger has one or two out. I've had two-year-olds like you. For the first 20 years of my Christian faith I read and studied from the NASB (original and revised). I chose that translation because, well, that was the version my pastor taught from. I moved to the ESV for the same reason. May I throw a fly in the ointment? Maybe even make a move consistent with a drive-by or a hit & run. I LOATHE (untoward all caps dramatics) the NLT. That the word "translation" is used in the same breath or sentence with the initials "NLT" is a disservice to legitimate Bible translations everywhere. I once did a side-by-side comparison of Romans 8, with the NASB, NIV, KJV, NKJV, NLT, and the Greek text. The first for tranlsations were almost identical. Those who "translated" the NLT must have been using the yet to be publicized "Dan Brown" family of manuscripts. The translation of the chapter, as a whole, wasn't even close to the legitimate Greek manuscripts. May the owners of this blog forgive me is I have driven my finger too far into the eye of anyone. I was at Piper's church for a conference when they were switching from NIV to ESV a few years back, and I suppose that the thought that hit me was, they were something before NIV, so they are at three versions in as many decades. It just seems that the lack of continuity can wear on members who don't have the language or study skills to sort it all out. I'm not sure we do our members much good when the sanctifying agent that the Holy Spirit uses in their lives is switched on them every decade and it becomes impossible to do what we used to do, which is memorize the Word in order to meditate. Please forgive the typos in my last comment. HCSB? Really? I was stunned when they handed it out at T4G this year. I can't read it. NLT may be N, and debatably L, but it is no T. It's just as much a paraphrase as the original LB; the only difference is that the translators may have looked at the original text more than Taylor did before paraphrasing. Last year when Logos/SBL put out a free critical Greek NT (same concept as the free NET but in the Greek), Dr Robinson's text was one of the 4 primary texts used in the apparatus, mostly to say "Oh we agree with UBS and completely disagree with Robinson here". In public speaking, I believe Dr. Robinson uses the NKJV most often but wishes there was a better updated translation (he would do it but has no energy to become a translator on top of being a text critic); I think the World English Bible (WEB) is the majority-text counterpoint to the NET, but it is even a worse translation in other areas. That said, I have made good use of the ESV and wished they held more consistently to their stated translation philosophy. I think Frank nails it in that concordance is an undervalued part of translation - concepts were used by the original authors, yes, but specific words were used to express those concepts. We can argue about where certain concepts appear, but there is less argument about where words appear. It was coincidence that the church I became a member of after moving to a new city also uses ESV, though it has strong correlation to their heavy emphasis on bible teaching and exposition. My 'home' church used a mixture of NKJV and NIV. If I had it to do over again, I would preach from the NKJV, and I would simultaneously tell everyone in the church not to read from the NKJV. Here's my reasoning: Anything I preach will be studied in the original languages. If there is a problem - textual or translational - with our version, I'll be fixing it in the sermon, and that's going to happen with any translation. What I can't fix is the tone which is set for the sermon by the Scripture reading. If one of the Parables of Jesus comes off sounding like an Ikea assembly manual, there's not much I can do with that from the pulpit. So why not preach from a Bible that almost always gets the tone right? On the other hand, the Christian who does not read the original languages needs the Word of God in the most accurate translation possible - even at the cost of tone. Why does that have to be the pulpit Bible? Why can't the church have a list of "recommended" translations - NASB, ESV, maybe Holman (I haven't read that all the way through yet, so I don't know). We could even keep a few lending copies on hand so that a person could do some reading and determine what level of accuracy/readability works for him before he goes out and purchases something for his personal devotions. OK, it's crazy and I know it. Tear it down, Dan. The book I bought to start looking into this is "How to Choose a Bible Version" by Robert L Thomas. I don't know if it what you are looking for, but it has helped me think about the issues. I haven't really reached any conclusion, yet, but it has been interesting. Stephen, I think you misunderstand me. I don't dislike NKJV for its not using the eclectic text exclusively, per se. I dislike it because it includes, in the text, renderings supported by NO Greek edition of the NT. For instance, the NKJV Rev. 22:1 has "And he showed me a pure river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding from the throne of God and of the Lamb." Check the margin, and you see the note "NU-Text and M-Text omit [pure]." So if neither edition has the word, why is it in the text? On what support? I was a little surprised that Dan doesn't like the NIV. In a nutshell, what's the issue with it? Our church is reading through The Daily Bible this year and it is only available NIV. Does it get some major things wrong, or is ti just that some people don't consider it to be very understandable? NIV: No one will ever convince me that there is one valid reason for changing singulars to plurals, as the new NIV does. It does it less than the TNIV did, but it is still an execrable practice driven by cultural faddishness and nothing else, no matter what apologists say. It is purely ideologically driven, and it obscures rather than unveils the text. All explanations are rationalizations. BTW, there are other reasons, but that - as a regular, conscious practice - is pretty much a deal-killer for me. Now to my real job. Y'all behave. Oh good, Dan's gone; now we can talk about "The Message." Oh I do care for the trumpeter, who has instructed and corrected me on many a score, over the years. As to the NIV, I didn't even know that it changes the plurality of words. I will have to google that to see some examples. The Message? That was written by a guy whose last name started with "P," if I recall. Phillips, I think it was! I like the NKJV for most of the Bible, but something else (HCSB, ESV) for Revelation. I wonder, what is the most "Calvinistic" Bible? Which one's translation choices most clearly teach the doctrines of grace? Although The Message is used commonly in congregations, Peterson stated his uneasiness with this in a Christianity Today interview:“When I'm in a congregation where somebody uses [The Message] in the Scripture reading, it makes me a little uneasy. I would never recommend it be used as saying, "Hear the Word of God from The Message." But it surprises me how many do. It's gotta be the NRSV. The way it translates Genesis 1:2, Psalm 2:12 and Acts 20:28 really strengthens the doctrine of the Trinity and the divinity of Christ in the mind of the believer. Hey DJP, why not an article on something that I heard recently, again: that for a Calvinist, the first and foremost working principle is the Sovereignty, or Glory, of God, but for the Lutheran, that principle is justification by faith in Christ and his blood, or, to put it more simply, Christ, and him crucified. The NRSV is HORRIBLE. Gender neutrality gone overboard. Fee and Straus have probably the best most current book on translations "How to Choose a Translation for All it's Worth" I'd not even thought about how the NRSV no longer excludes women from the love of God. Thanks! The Message is kinda like The Soft-Pedaled Version (opposite of the Amplified Version). Sadly, our church doesn't have any pews or for that matter, Bibles in the pews. Everybody brings their own Bible. I've even seen people bring in their copy of the NWT. You're probably thinking of J.B. Phillips, who published an NT in the fifties, which I think some consider a paraphrase. I would just put iPads in all the pews loaded with all of them. I came to my new church, and they use NAS pew Bibles, so I preach from that. Most of the time. There are some places, like you pointed out, that the NAS is so bad is almost unusable, so on those weeks I just preached from the ESV (Isa 52:13-15 being the most egregious example so far in my preaching). I've been told I can preach from whatever translation I want to, and they will switch the pew Bibles if I make a change. I would switch to the CSB just for the use of Yahweh, slave, Messiah, but they are so inconsistent, it is not entirely helpful, and so few people use it that switching to it would be a big deal. I toyed with the NIV, but again, so few people have the new one, that it would be a big deal. The ESV I've found to be so burdonsome in some passages, but is probably my favorite overall, but I'm preaching through Mark and have found several areas, one of which you noted, where it just doesn't work. I completely agree with you about the NKJV...so close, but so far. So now I find myself, back in the NAS simply because it is what was here when I got here. I currently and teach from the ESV because that is what Tony Miano reads, and I love that guy, typos or no typos. I was saved while reading the "execrable TNIV," and I am grateful to God for that. I love the KJV for an unknown reason; but it keeps pulling me back like a homemade ice cream shop in a small town. You would think that now that DJP is in Houston he'd be a fan of the Texas Receptus. Only I think down there they call it the "Texas: Respect-Us." All my Receptus live in Texas. So, how were all the Receptii Received? By Textus message? "In Israel there were no cell phones, each man did as he saw fit, and without constant interruption..." I know Dan wanted only pastors to post here, but the last few comments about my home state and the lack of cell phones in Israel are too funny! Thanks for a good laugh in cubeville. Since no translation seems to "get everything right" does it truly matter so long as they are from the "okay" (read: generally accepted) list? We throw out translations based on a few pet peeves but truth be told (and it should be told) is that our brothers and sisters in Christ in far off lands (read: China, 10-40 window, etc) just might be saddened at our persnicketiness. They’d be happy to get a copy of any translation they could read. I personally know missionaries in Chad who are translating the Scriptures into the native tongue of the Kwong. Will they get everything right, doubtful. Will their efforts be blessed, most assuredly. I’m not trying to throw a wet blanket, but put things in perspective. List “the good” ones, list “the don’t use” ones, and give Him the glory for preserving his word and allowing us to read it in our language (without the use of tongues). Don't forget the slave issue and that the new ESV has chosen, for modern sensibilities, to change all instances of slave to bondservant. So, because other lands have inadequate access to the Bible... we shouldn't care about accuracy? Here's some insight from my Spanish Speaking church. Everyone has the Reina Valera 1960. Pretty much similar to the NKJV. The Reina Valera 1960 is the most popular version in the Spanish speaking world! Problem is there are still many archaic expressions. I've tried to get my folks to adopt the LBLA (La Biblia de las Americas). It's very readable but sometimes the verses (sentences) actually get so long you really have to diagram them in order to understand the flow of argument. Lately I've been trying to use the NIV. However, there are just too many coloquial expressions. Honestly my first impression is that it's a very dumbed down version that cannot compare to the prose in the Reina Valera. I know that the Trinitarian Bible Society is doing a revision of a TR faithful Spanish Bible. Lots of my folks are looking forward to it. Not me...because of the TR. Anyway...we'll see what happens. I also know that Biblica is updating the Spanish NIV. Hopefully they remove lots of the coloquial expressions. idioms in one language are often, if not usually, unique to that language. In Matthew 1.18, the KJV says that Mary was ‘with child’; the NET says she was ‘pregnant.’ But the Greek idiom says, literally, that she was ‘having [it] in the belly’! Every woman who has ever been pregnant knows what that is like! Very graphic, but not particularly appropriate for a translation. Ironically, the most literal translation is probably the worst translation because it fails to communicate the Greek or Hebrew into acceptable English, misleading the reader. Everyone, look up at the post, remember what it was about, return to answering the question, please. Sorry for the confusion. Accuracy is crucially important. My personal list (NASB, ESV, NKJV, and NIV84 in order) is based on accuracy/fidelity and readability. Each brings something to the table. Each also has translational issues, we just choose our issues to “live with.” But what I often fail to do is give thanks to Him for giving us learned men/boards that make these translations possible (1 Thess 5:18). We live in a country and a time where owning a Bible does not result in persecution or death. Other brothers and sisters don’t have choices, they have a single translation that I’m sure the Holy Spirit can use for furtherance of the kingdom despite, and this is an assumption on my part, more “translational issues” than most. Wasn’t trying to stir the pot; just trying to remind myself out loud to give thanks for His great grace even down to “what version” should I choose. All good thoughts, Bill. But (I write with a friendly smile) when you're trying to pick the best English version for your church, it doesn't actually help a lot to say "Oh well, if we were in China we'd just be lucky to have even a bad Bible translation! And if we were in Boogooland we'd just be bonking ourselves with tree limbs!" Yeah but there are more miracles in Boogooland because they expect them to happen. I know it's true because a friend of a missionary's barber told me. Same applies to the little known country of Pie-Romania. My favorite translation is still the NASB, only because it is still one of the most literal out there. My Pastor has NAS in the Pew, and also reads a lot of King James, since we are REC, and still use the Book of Common Prayer. And he also uses ESV. What are y'alls thoughts on the Holman (is it HCSB?)? I am reading through it the first time in my QT, and it seems like a super translation, although I sometimes see it is not perfect. As good or better than anything else out there it seems to me. Spurgeon said, "There are some passages in the present translation that are so dark, that no man can understand them without an explanation," and also said, "Let us quote the words as they stand in the best possible translation, and it will be better still if we know the original, and can tell if our version fails to give the sense," and then also said, "The men are not yet born who will give us a better rendering either of the Old or the New Testament than is to be found in our old English Bibles, and it is my belief that they never will be born." I guess I'm outed. Speaking from the pews as an average church member in small town America, please find a translation and stick to it. I now have three or four translations from which I have memorized verses. Please stick to one and stay there for my poor muddled mind. I know that translations change and the "WORLD"S BEST TRANSLATION!!!" could go south with the change of calendar, but please dig your heels in and stick to one. That said, I vote ESV. I find it easy to read. And for what it's worth, I haven't picked up a pew Bible in years. All digital for me. But I am loyal to read what my pastor preaches from. Dan, I think Brett made a few good comments, and perhaps you could do a second part hearing from church members only, so that we as pastors can get a better perspective from their point of view on the issue. I have read, studied and taught from the NASB95 for the last 7 years. I was saved 8 years ago and read the NLT2004 almost all the way through initially. A few years ago we were given a free ESV at the Shepherds Conference. I left it lay around and later got a JM ESV Study Bible. I was doing a study a few years ago on Divorce and Remarriage when I ran into a mistranslation of Virgin(parthenos)1Cor7:25,28,34,36-38. They had no problem in Matt 1:23;25:1,7,11 or Luke 1:27, Rev 14:4, 2Cor 11:2. I am not the only one who has seen this before but I have not ever heard an explanation for it. I looked into the main translators doctrine a little and saw that one of them held to a no divorce/remarriage view. I guess if you want to believe that the virgin and the unmarried are one person and the virgin and the widow are one person, then you may want to translate a clear Greek word like that one way where it does not matter much and differently where it does. My ESV is a door stop. Just a layman, but you might have noticed the faint glow of me in the pews... I carry a tablet and use mysword to read in parallel as many translations as I see the need for... I start to see more and more congregants bring tablets instead of their physical books. Right now, I can compare 55 versions if need be. I am not a pastor, but I have kept up with my Greek and Hebrew. I am a strong NASB person though I admit to ignorance of the ESV. My big problem with the NIV is not the inclusive language but the games it plays in the Old Testament with the names of God. You need a decoder ring (or a knowledge of Hebrew)to tell what they really mean. I did a little reading yesterday on the NIV and the changing of singulars to plurals and that sort of thing. One thing they seemed to note was that the English of the King James era had a plural form of "you" similar to "y'all," but modern English does not (I think it was "ye" for plural and "thee" for singular, but could be wrong). Am I understanding that ocrrectly? If so, then it would seem to be an argument for the KJV in terms of clarity. Would appreciate any insight on whether I got that right or not, from the erudite people who read the fire-nut blog! As an aside - and yes, from a layman - I'm actually looking forward to the NDPUV. In reading through ProvDJP, and seeing your renditions of OT texts (along with reasoning and notes), I'm becoming spoiled to the DJP Version. Seriously, have you considered being on a translation committee? The kind of translation philosophy that come through in these snippets makes me look forward to more, if for nothing else than to have Yahweh flood the pages of the OT! Unrelated, Nash. TNIV/NIV changes crystal-clear singulars into plurals so as not to say "he," because that makes feminists mad. They'll insist that's not the motivation, and they'll never convince me. For instance at random, Prov 25:17 in NAS: "Let your foot rarely be in your neighbor's house, Lest he become weary of you and hate you." Same verse, NIV: "Seldom set foot in your neighbor's house-- too much of you, and they will hate you." Note, "neighbor's house" (house belonging to A neighbor), "they will hate" (what "they"?). The point is not whether the changing of a singular into a plural has a deep impact on this (or any other) verse. The point is that it is not in the original, and there is no need to insert a plural that is not motivated by an ideology hostile to the Bible — however unintentionally so. Thanks Dan. That is helpful as usual. I wouldn't be too surprised that feminist or other "let's not offend anyone" thinking sneaks its way into Bible translation, especially since the committees used are probably populated with liberally-inclined PhD-types in certain cases. You have straightened my thinking out Biblically on a number of subjects, and I always seem to learn something useful from reading your posts. Thank you. (1) Holds the word as the unit of inspiration (word-for-word). When Jesus makes an argument based solely on a single verb tense of Scripture (Matthew 22:31-32), and Paul makes an argument based solely on one word of Scripture being singular versus plural (Galatians 3:16), I don't know how to get around that. Most of the translations mentioned prominently so far, with the exception of the NIV, pass that test. (2) Holds to the concept of providential preservation, meaning that God did not leave His people without the best manuscripts for many centuries. It is more believable to me that God kept the best texts in use than that even the best and most godly scholars are able to determine which texts are "oldest and best." That knocks out NAS and ESV, though I consult those each week, since their renderings are excellent, helpful, and sometimes superior on the overwhelming majority of the instances where the underlying text isn't in question. As someone who has NOT had seminary training/Hebrew or Greek, I have tended to stick exclusively with the NASB when teaching, as (at least for many of us lay-folks who get charged with teaching now and then), we've always heard it's a word-for-word translation and of good repute (except with the KJV only crowd) (of whom I am shocked that they haven't chimed in yet) (please excuse all these brackets). I find it sad that translators just can't simply translate what the Hebrew and Greek say and mean. I realize that there are some things that might not be easy to express cleanly in English (I experience that often when helping Russian co-workers with English). But I think you could certainly get the correct meaning across without altering the text or the meaning - and that is my biggest fear as an ignoramus on the biblical languages. Someone slipping into a passage a meaning not intended by the writer. Some of these comments are cracking me up. Including, I say almost with shame, Frank's Texas Receptus gag. I was tempted to do a YouTube video of Willie singing "all my exes read the Textus" but I realized how very, very few would get the joke! Frank is a very witty man. Or at least half so. "I'm living by my wits" "Oh well, half a living's better than none!" Before salvation I was given a military Good News Bible with stick figures. As an infant believer I started with the NIV for 3 years, then as a gift to attend Bible college my inlaws gave me a NKJ Ryrie study Bible, which I enjoyed for the same reasons you stated, but alas it was stolen while at school (I hope they enjoyed it as much as I did). I replaced it with an NIV study Bible but never felt confident with the translation and in my first senior pastorate and after much research I bought a KJV. I have preached from this version for 10 years and have enjoyed studying and preaching from it. Most of my flock use it as well but with new believers I can see where the old English is difficult to understand even for common English terms such as "holden" or "concupiscence", let alone doctrinal terms. I wish that Way of The Master would publish their Evidence Bible without the evidence material as an option since it is a "comfort-able" more common vernacular KJV. An excellent read. Stealing a Bible. Just... wow. 1.) It is the most literary of the "essentially literal" translations. 2.) It is the version our pastor preaches from and as a teacher of a 70 member adult Sunday School class, I think it wise to be consistent with the pastor. The problem with the NIV is that it is a commentary within the text, and the separation of that commentary from the text is not transparent. Does the ESV have questionable choices in translation? Of course it does as do all others. It is wise to keep in mind that just as an English word may have multiple definitions (or shades of meaning), so do Greek and Hebrew words. All that being said, I believe the ESV is the best choice. It is essential to know what Scripture says and not what some one says it says. In the military I would give out the NLT because the guys who read it seemed to really grasp the language. Entering the pastorate I went back and forth. I grew up in a church where you either read the NIV or the KJV. There was no controversy involved, but those were the options. I still have my old beat up NIV Study Bible and often use it, though not for preaching. While our pew bibles are KJV I have noted that most of the Bibles carried by members are NIV. I gave a lot of time to considering ESV, NASB and HCSB as well as the NKJV and finally settled on the ESV though recently I have switched to the NASB. I am not up on Greek and Hebrew, but the deciding factor for me was that my NASB puts question marked verses in the text in parentheses rather than in foot notes. Then I don't miss anything in my study. I am sure as I proceed with Greek and Hebrew studies in the coming years my understanding of translation will be flipped upside down. If you don't mind the amateur (lay person) perspective, I often find great edification and (prayerfully) a spiritually lead understanding by using both the NIV and the ESV side by side when studying scripture. My reading of Kevin DeYoung’s book taught me that the ESV is a word-for-word (largely literal) translation; while the NIV is a though-for-thought interpretation; both are of the original Hebrew and Greek. In a way, this ESV/NIV amalgamation (of a sort)creates a synergy of understanding for me when I consider the more literal words of the ESV against the NIV translator’s best guess as to the thoughts of the inspired author. By synergy, I mean that when I read several verses in the ESV, I mentally classify the text as being largely “the words” used in the original language. When the same verses are then read from the NIV; I remind myself I’m reading the NIV translation team’s best guess as to the thoughts and intentions of the inspired author. Using these ESV and NIV lenses together helps me to mentally create a third version (of sorts) in my mind. Always keeping in mind that contradiction is simply impossible. I'm not a pastor, nor am I at all familiar with the original tongues. My kids have been using the NKJV for their National Bible Bee memorization. They chose that version because that's what they had been learning in AWANA. It seems (to this layman) that it's a fairly decent translation. Much more faithful (in my estimation) than the NIV-84, and more readable than the NASB. I do wish they had made the switch to the ESV, since it seems less wordy than the NKJV and could probably be memorized easier. SBFA, that isn't a bad idea, and I've suggested similarly. Read the ESV as a translation, and the NIV as a commentary. I'd rather they call it the "NIT" (New International Targum). I'd love to be a fly on the wall when the instructions are given out to legitimate Greek experts at a new Bible translation launch meeting. "Okay, ladies and gentlemen, here we go. Remember to NOT make your translations correct. "Avoid outright heresy if you can, but throw a little Stephen King or, no, better yet John Grisham in there. He really resonates with those folks who really don't want to read their Bibles. "When deciding between 'flesh' and 'sin nature', use the latter. Nobody knows what 'flesh' means anyway. "And when God breathed 'man', we all know He really meant 'people', so don't get hung up on that ancient language that you've spent 40 years trying to learn the nuances of. "Greek schmeek. What we need is a best seller!" In the Primary for accurate translations, I vote NASB. But if it isn't nominated for the Accurate Party, I'll vote for anything to avoid the Obaminable new NIV in the final election. I wonder if there will be NIV-only people in existence 200 years from now? After all they'll have to have some archaic version to migrate to, once the KJV language is totally inaccessible. Doug Wilson actually preached a sermon on why he uses the KJV. I'd add a link or what not, but that is most certainly my husband's arena. (I think he'd be impressed I knew how to comment anyhow.) I believe you can look up Doug's sermons on canon wired press. And with care not to speak without authority, I do remember one of Doug's several reasons for his KJV choice; It is the only translation that was written under the church's authority. All "modern" translations were translated with input from well educated people, but without the direct oversight and authority of the church. (Hence all the screwy pronouns, word changings, bad idioms, etc.) Now...before someone starts lambasting Wilson, that is what I REMEMBER him saying, not, necessarily what he said verbatim, so if there is fault with the above statement, it is mine. Maybe one of you techie people can look up his sermon and link. The problem with Doug Wilson is not his fondness for KJV (a good, but not the ONLY good English Bible - see James White's discussion on this). The problem with Wilson is his heretical Federal Vision and belief in baptismal regeneration. Sorry, Dan, didn't mean to derail the conversation and bring out the haters. I thought Wilson's input was thoughtful and valuable. Manfred, I didn't pump "solo Wilson gloria," I simply thought he put forth a thorough argument for preaching from KJV. No need to step outside the realm of what Dan is asking for. I pastor a small isolated rural Baptist church of the independent (little i) variety. This area, and many in my church, has a long standing tradition of KJV-Onlyism so I use the KJV as a missionary would a Chinese Bible. Of course I do use other translations for other purposes as do many in the church. I also emphasize the importance of preaching the KJV instead of constantly preaching about the KJV. A fact lost on many good brethren in my neck of the woods. However, there is an increasing use of the ESV.
2019-04-22T07:09:14Z
http://teampyro.blogspot.com/2012/07/pyro-brain-trust-forum-what-bible.html
The ideas of fate and destiny were a consuming topic for the Greeks. Their pantheistic understanding of heaven included gods who toyed with humans for their own covert pleasures. The Greeks built a society which sought to understand the nature of men. Were men free, or did the god's ultimately hold their finger on the pulse of the universe, directing even the most insignificant actions according to some unseen plan? ocrates, Aristotle, Plato... each of these men wrestled with finding a purpose in the randomness of life. Through the concentric events of Oedipus the King, ophocles created his own understanding regarding the subject of fate. Although free, ophocles believed that we were not ultimately the masters of our own ships. Sophocles. OEDIPUS THE KING. Translation by F. Storr. Despite his love of the estate, the future is far better and far more promising than the Russia of the previous era. Another tragic feature of Ranevskaya's character that makes her uniquely 'modern' is that she knows her flaws. She admits that she squanders money, while Oedipus seems unaware of his arrogance until the very end of the play. Chekhov's subtlety as a playwright is that he knows that people can do the wrong thing, 'know' that they are doing wrong, and still act against their best interests in a foolish fashion. Hence, unlike the ancient Greek tragedy of circumstance, Chekov's play is a tragedy of character. The people around Ranevskaya, including her daughter as well as Lopakhin, seem powerless to stop the woman in her path to folly, but Ranevskaya also seems powerless to stop herself, even though she is an apparently intelligent, if prodigal woman. Brantley, Ben. "All alone in a crowded country home." The New York Times. January 16, 2009. Sophocles. Oedipus the King. London: Macmillian and Co, 1885. Print. It is worth noting that in this scene Oedipus also engages in an appeal to force, which is another logical fallacy, and fits quite naturally with his hubris and self-righteousness. Ramfos, Stelious. Fate and Ambiguity. Boston: Somerset Hall Press, 2005. Print. Sophocles. Oedipus the King. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Print. At the beginning of Oedipus the King by Sophocles, Oedipus clearly sees it as his purpose in life to be the best leader he can. In his mind, this meant to be as close to his people as possible, especially when the play opens and the land being in trouble. This is clear in what he says to those who come to him with the problem of their suffering. Oedipus assures then that nobody suffers more than himself as king, because, while each citizen carries only his or her own suffering, Oedipus suffers not only for himself, but for all the others in his land as well. As a result, he flees from Corinth, where Polybus and Merope, are in order for the prophecy not to be fulfilled. The statement "truth has made me strong" is partially false, because while the main character believed that his life was exactly as he made it, it was actually shaped by his fate. A chain of events had lead to the forming of Oedipus as a strong and wise man. Most of the actions performed by Oedipus across his life had contradicted with the Oracle's prophecy. The circumstances that Oedipus found himself in when he murdered his real father, Laius, had come as a result of the lies that he had been told. If Polybus and Merope hadn't had lied to him, telling him that they were his real parents, Oedipus wouldn't have came across Laius. And had Oedipus remained with the parents who raised him, the prophecy would also have been unlikely to come about. On the other hand, one might also argue that Sophocles appears to indicate that, no matter what decisions were made, free will would never have been part of it. Indeed, destiny and prophecy are so overwhelmingly strong that whatever decisions were made would have led to the final and inevitable conclusion. Indeed the way in which the characters make use of their free will indicate that their very personalities contribute to the fulfillment of the prophecy: Oedipus' tendency towards the truth balanced with the opposite urge to hide from the deeper reality, in concomitance with Jocasta's deliberate blindness, lead inevitably towards the tragic conclusion of the play. At this point, no room is left for Oedipus's self-defense. He has dissolved from proud, father-like king to delusional denying maniac to an irrational, sorrowful self-abuser. At Colonus, the reader is given another glimpse into Oedipus's evolving character. Now, he is resigned to his fate, hating the fact that he must often retell his story. Still, he regains some of his pride, insisting his mistakes were not his fault. In addition, Oedipus at Colonus has undertaken almost solely his role as a family man. Here, he is aided by his two daughters, whom he loves, and refuses to take part in the battle between his sons. Knowing that the place of his death will be blessed, Oedipus rationally and calmly chooses to die in the land of his friend Theseus. Oedipus does not show unusual arrogance, no more so than his father did when he abandoned his child to cheat death. Oedipus leaves his natural parents out of a desire to protect them, as any son possessing filial pity should do, in the eyes of the Greeks. Johnson, Ian. "Some Preliminary Observations on Classical Greek Literature." Abner is angry at his society, perhaps because it has categorized him as a second-class citizen. For this reason, he hurts those who have wronged him, in addition to his family. This anger is expressed by his words in the judge's chambers. hen told to go, Abner says, "I aim to. I don't figure to stay in a country among people who..." His inability to articulate his anger suggests that the reason for his refusal to accept society and his inability to be accepted by it is important, too large even to speak. Unlike Oedipus, however, who shows contrition and dismay when he realizes what he has done to Thebes, Abner responds with barn burning. He takes out his anger on society by trying to destroy it, more specifically by trying to destroy the material possessions that separated him from society. Sophocles. Oedipus the King. Trans E.H. Plumptre. Harvard Classics. Vol. VIII, Part 5. Ed. Charles W. Eliot. New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1909-14; Bartleby.com, 2001. Retrieved 10 May 2004. http://www.bartleby.com/8/5/ . In Oedipus this may be defined as the powerlessness of human beings against preordained fate. Diction refers to the expression of meaning through words. Stylistic elements of tragedy for example may include a character's use of metaphor. Oedipus does this very eloquently throughout the play and particularly during the climax, at the end of which he blinds himself. He uses this act as a self-punishment for his foolishness, which in itself might be construed a kind of blindness, throughout the play. Through his blind pursuit of a truth he could not fully fathom, Oedipus arrives at the tragedy that he helped fate to bring over him. Teiresias, as a blind prophet, represented the Fate of Oedipus, who was 'blinded' by his inability to accept his fate; the prophet also symbolized the literal 'blindness' of Oedipus at the end of the novel. As the blind prophet, Teiresias' knowledge about Oedipus' real identity prompted him to allude only, and not directly identify, to Oedipus the identity of Laius' murderer: "Thou art the man / Thou the accursed polluter of this land... thou art the murderer of the man / hose murderer thou pursuest." Sophocles' use of the words "polluter," "murderer," and "pursuest" reflects the role Oedipus plays, which includes being the murdered of Laius, 'usurpation' of the title of King of Thebes, and as the persecutor of Laius' killer (himself). Sophocles. E-text of "Oedipus Rex." Translated by F. Storr. Available at: http://eserver.org/drama/sophocles/oedipus-trilogy.txt. In the edford Introduction to Drama, Lee Jacobus writes, "Greek Tragedy focused on a person of noble birth who in some cases had risen to a great height and then fell precipitately." The modern critic, Kenneth urke expands on this. He developed a pattern for these tragedies. urke believes that that the tragic hero goes through three developmental stages, the first is purpose, the second is passion, and the third is perception. Lastly, Aristotle - perhaps the greatest contemporary of the tragedians - indicates that the tragic hero must bring about his own downfall "by some error or frailty" in his being; today many refer to this as the character's tragic flaw. Sophocles, The Oedipus Plays of Sophocles, trans. Paul Roche. (New York: Penguin: 1991). Lee Jacobus, The Bedford Introduction to Drama, 3rd ed. (Boston: Bedford Books, 1997) 33-39. Both literally and figuratively of noble character, Oedipus is the epitome of tragedy, moving from hubris to his downfall to ultimately tragic hero. In a mental sense, Oedipus realizes his flaw and finds this completely unacceptable. He punishes himself by means of self-mutilation and his removal from kingship. Antigone also suffers from a sense of hubris. She is completely self-sufficient. She fails to rely on others, or indeed to submit to the circumstances around her. In the play, the choir explains her fundamental flaw: "You showed respect for the dead. / So we for you: but power / is not to be thwarted so. / Your self-sufficiency has brought you down." Garrison, Elise P. Groaning Tears: ethical and dramatic aspects of suicide in Greek tragedy. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1995. Kaufmann, Walter. Tragedy and Philosophy. Princeton University Press, 1992. Leinieks, Valdis. The Plays of Sophokles. B.R. Gruner Publishing Co., 1982. Oedipus the King by Sophocles tells the story of a man victimized by prophesy and fate, despite all his own efforts to escape this fate. The tragedy and the irony of Oedipus is that his intentions are perfectly honorable. ecause he is unwilling to succumb to the fate that has been predicted for him, he seeks to escape it, and in this attempt, he walks into the very arms of this fate. Sophocles. Oedipus the King of Thebes. Trans. Bernard M.W. Knows. New York: Washington Square Press, 1959. Novelguide.com. "Metaphor Analysis: Oedipus the King," 1999-2002. 29 Sept, 2003. www.novelguide.com. Sophocles' play edipus Rex is the third play in a trilogy telling the extended story of a Greek ruling family. The ability to see things as they really are is a recurring issue for edipus, who eventually becomes King. To emphasize edipus' ability to see things only as he wanted to see them, Sophocles used the metaphor of vision vs. blindness throughout the play. Oedipus' act of blinding himself could be seen as an attempt to return to the time when he did not know that the oracle's prediction had come true, but he cannot deny the truth. Neither can Jocasta. Her suicide means that she will no longer have to see what has become of her life. Sophocles. Oedipus the King. Translation by D.W. Myatt. Accessed via the Internet 5/27/05. Not on his head alone, but on them both" (Stroph 2, Antistrophe 2, Lines 1276-1280). Sophocles' Oedipus the King is a tragedy containing all the necessary elements of drama. In Oedipus the King, Sophocles carefully creates plot, character, theme, diction, and spectacle that are consistent with a drama. Further, Sophocles' work is created to be performed, rather than read, consistent with a drama. In this sense, the time and setting of these two plays are less significant because each of the two addresses universal questions of fate, destiny, free will, and the meaning of life, which are as current today as they were over 2000 years ago, when Oedipus Rex was written, for instance. Vellacott, P.H. "The Guilt of Oedipus." Greece & Rome 2nd Ser., Vol. 11, No. 2. (Oct., 1964): 137-148. Both men suffer, and both men have to continue living with that suffering, while losing the people they care about the most. That tragedy is even more apparent in Dove's work, with the misunderstanding about Augustus and what he managed to do in the plantation house. His fate seems more tragic, somehow, because he is being commended for something that he did not do, and is being treated as a hero when in fact he is nothing of the sort. He will have to live up to that reputation in the slave community and it is clear that he will not be able to continue that pretense for very long. Bloom, Harold, ed. Black American Women Poets and Dramatists. New York: Chelsea House, 1996. Carlisle, Theodora. "Reading the Scars: Rita Dove's the Darker Face of the Earth." African-American Review 34.1 (2000): 135. Dove, Rita. "The Darker Face of the Earth." American Theatre Nov. 1996: 33+. The Darker Face of Earth. 2nd ed. Brownsville: Storyline P, 1996. Laius may not have been the smartest move, either. This rests on your shoulders, not mine. Oedipus: I love her! What's that got to do with anything? I can't help it if we connected at a shareholders party and sparks flew. Laius was through, and I wasn't - Jocasta likes power, what can I say? Are you boys arguing again? Do you have to make all the company's dirty laundry public? Honestly Oedipus, just take it to the board room, not the street. Oedipus: Thank you dear, he was just leaving. You're fired! The Better King: Oedipus or Creon? "Oedipus Rex," a play by Sophocles, details the life of Oedipus as the tragic king of Thebes. Oedipus, whose greatest flaw was his obsession to control and know his Fate, experienced suffering in the most extreme manner: his insistence to control his Fate has led him to murder his father, take his own mother as his wife, and eventually blinded himself as an act of penance from his sins and faults. 11- 3). The Chorus' summations are necessary for continuity in the play, answering any questions or expounding upon certain thoughts or themes. The Chorus has the last word in the play, leaving a lasting impression with the audience, which includes a message of desolation to all. The Chorus says, "Let none / Presume on his good fortune until he find / Life, at his death, a memory without pain" (Exodus. 298-300). These are examples of how the Chorus reinforces what the audience may already be thinking. The Chorus connects certain aspects of the play and emphasizes Sophocles' themes. Sophocles. Oedipus the King. Fagles, Robert, trans. New York: Penguin Books. 1984. e learn that women are very dependent on the men in their lives for social standing. Creon is more sympathetic than Oedipus. hile he is very straightforward, he does not express the same opinions for Oedipus that Oedipus does to him. hen Oedipus does not hear the answer he wants, he becomes arrogant and then tells Creon he is not a good friend. He even goes on to accuse him of being "evil incarnate" (II.111). Creon actually tries to change Oedipus' mind while Oedipus is nothing but a man on a mission and no one should get in his way. Creon does not change his position throughout the entire play and from this, we can gather that Creon is more stable than Oedipus. Sophocles. Three Theban Plays: Antigone, Oedipus the King, Oedipus and Colonus. Robert Fagles, trans. New York: Penguin Books. 1980. Oedipus Rex was definitely one of Sophocles' best plays as well as one of the foremost of all the Greek tragedies. Oedipus, the King of Thebes, is a classical character for his mix of attributes; wise and courageous yet proud and sometimes ill-tempered. It was Sophocles' ability to show realistic human character flaws along with their positive attributes that made his plays more realistic and well-received by their Greek audiences and those throughout the proceeding ages. This analysis will look at some of the events that occur offstage in Sophocles plays and contrast them with later plays. His physical loss of sight is penance for the lack of insight he had at the start of the play. He has exchanged physical sight for mental insight into the truth. When debating the question if Oedipus is fortune's fool, a pure victim of fate, or responsible for his own density, a reader might be tempted to pose his or her instinctive argument in favor of fate. Firstly, in terms of plot structure, Oedipus actively resists the destiny foretold to him by the Oracle of Delphi. Like a good son, Oedipus tears himself away from the bosom of the adoptive family he calls home, namely the shepherd and his wife he has come to call a father and a mother, to avoid killing his father and marrying his mother. Yet despite this active resistance, the future King of Thebes ends up marrying his biological mother and killing his father without knowing he was doing such a thing. Ford, James H. (ed). The Greek Classics: Sophocles Seven Plays. El Paso Norte Press, 2006. Green, Janet. A review of Oedipus Rex, in the Explicator, Vol. 52, no. 1, Fall, 1993, pp. 2-3. Reprinted in Drama for Students, Vol. 1. Hamilton, Victoria. Narcissus and Oedipus: The Children of Psychoanalysis. London: Karnac Books, 1999. Hogan, James. A Commentary on the Plays of Sophocles. Illinois: Illinois University Press, 1997. Thus, Oedipus' reference to his cursed birth at what is very nearly the end of the play refers back to the very opening lines of the Argument by repeating the image of the prophesied birth, but this time the characters are seeing that image with the same clarity as the audience. Sophocles. Oedipus the King. London: MacMillan & Company, 1885. Davis, Charles. "Jung's Archetypes." Jung Website. Last updated 2003. 8 Dec 2004. Puzo, Mario. The Godfather, Original place and date publication -- New York: Putnam & Sons, 1969. He wanted a little bit more and that desire ruined his life. Fagles, Robert. Sophocles: Three Theban Plays. New York: Penguin Books. 1984. Brown and Company. 1984. pp.721-64. The fact that most men sublimate this feeling, and instead identify with their father to obtain the maternal figure in the form of another woman, is the reason the Oedipus myth was generated in the first place. Freud's theory was popular not only 'on the couch' but in literary theory. Ernest Jones suggested that it is the reason Hamlet cannot bring himself to kill his uncle: "Now comes the father's death and the mother's second marriage. The long 'repressed' desire to take his father's place in his mother's affection is stimulated to unconscious activity by the sight of some one usurping this place exactly as he himself had once longed to do… the two recent events, the father's death and the mother's second marriage . . . represented ideas which in Hamlet's unconscious fantasy had for many years been closely associated" (Jones 98-99). Dunkle, Roger. The Classical Origins of Western Culture, the Core Studies 1 Study Guide. Brooklyn College Core Curriculum Series. Brooklyn College, the City University of New York, 1986. He complains that his name "is now begrimed and black" (3.3.384) and fears that Desdemona has made him a "fixed figure for the time of scorn" (4.2.53). His fears might be those of any man, insecure in his position, concerned about how he is viewed. Thus, both heroes are true to life in that each has his own particular faults, like any man. Aristotle. Poetics. (trans. By Gerald Else). MI: University of Michigan Press, 1970. Oedipus also chose not to ask questions regarding his past, although this might be ascribed to the fact that he did not know to ask in the first place. It was his choice to leave his adopted family to escape the prophesy that he knows about. The adopted family however choose even at this point not to inform Oedipus of the true nature of his fate. Q: There is a good deal in the play about seeing and blindness. What purpose does this serve? How is Oedipus contrasted with Teiresias? How does Oedipus at the beginning of the play contrast with the Oedipus at the end? Why is his blinding himself dramatically appropriate? A: The physical conditions of sight and blindness in the play serve symbolic functions, particularly as these conditions manifest themselves in Oedipus himself. Oedipus begins the play by being physically sighted, but he is blind in terms of knowledge. He does not know the whole truth about his heritage. Nor does he make the connection between the murder of Jocasta's husband, his subsequent marriage to her, and the prophesy he is trying to avoid. In this way, he is mentally blind to the truth of his situation. When the play opens, a plague has overcome Thebes, and so Oedipus has sent Creon to consult the oracle of Apollo to seek a solution. Creon reports that the oracle has declared that Laius's murderer must be found and banished from Thebes, only then will the plague be lifted. Oedipus sends for the blind prophet, Teiresias, to tell him who killed Laius. Teiresias names Oedipus as the killer and says that his marriage to Iocasta is sinful, and reminds him of his parents' curse. Iocasta and Oedipus exchange stories of their pasts. Then a messenger arrives announcing the death of Polybus, King of Cornith. Oedipus is relieved believing that he has escaped the prophecy. However, the messenger tells him that it was he who took Oedipus to Cornith. The servant confirms this, and thus the truth is revealed and the prophecy has been fulfilled after all. Am a child of luck; I cannot be dishonored . . . Oedipus' bad choice begins with arrogance and ends with isolation. Little, Brown and Company. 1984. pp. 1030-1114. Print. Brown and Company. 1984. pp.721-64. Print. In Sophocles' play, Oedipus Rex, Oedipus takes fate into his own hands and demonstrates the power of the human will. Oedipus illustrates how we may not always be in control of our destinies, regardless of our efforts. The play is ironic in this sense because Oedipus already had the best "fate" any man in his position could hope for with a beautiful loving wife and a community that praised him. Some argue that Oedipus was fated to fulfill the prophecy but the truth is that his very actions destroyed the life he had. Oedipus was strong-willed obsessive and arrogant to the point of making huge mistakes. He failed himself and those around him because he thought he knew best. Fagles, Robert. Sophocles: Three Theban Plays. New York: Penguin Books. 1984. Print. Brown and Company. 1984. Print. This is a major departure from the Creon seen in Oedipus Rex and reflects his changed role. In addition, he sees changing one's mind as a weakness, "womanish," an undesireable trait in a king. Once he's made a decision he feels he must stick by it even if he suspects it might have been incorrect. The first decision Creon makes that affects this play is that he will give Etocles a state funeral, but that Polynices' body is to be left out in the open, unsanctified, and left for the animals to eat. This is a terrible fate for a Greek, who must have certain rites performed to move on to the next life. Creon sided with Etocles, but both brothers broke the agreement. Mr. Kapasi and the Dases are all Indian, but in the interpreter's eyes, Mr. And Mrs. Das are foreigners because they dress and speak like Americans. Mina Das sees Kapasi not as a romantic partner, as he desires her to see him as, but as a kind of romantic confessor, who will wash her clean of her sins, much as the citizens of Thebes see their king. Lahiri, Jhumpa. "The Interpreter of Maladies." From the Interpreter of Maladies. New York: Mariner Books, 1999.
2019-04-26T09:59:59Z
https://www.paperdue.com/topic/oedipus-the-king-essays
Carlton has always been newsworthy and here are month-by-month snapshots of what was happening locally. In January 1900, long before the health risks associated with climate change were known, Melbourne welcomed the new year and new century with record temperatures that saw sixteen people die from heat-related illnesses. The heat of the past five days has played havoc among old people, infants, and invalids, no less than 16 deaths from that cause being reported during the 24 hours prior to last evening's change. The deaths actually attributable to sun-stroke, or, more properly, heat apoplexy, number only three. Post-mortem examinations have yet to be made on the bodies of several of the sufferers, but in nearly all these instances there is little doubt that death was accelerated by the excessively high temperature. The popular term for heat apoplexy–sunstroke–is an incorrect one. The seizure is the result of heat only–the sun's direct rays are not necessarily to blame, as is popularly supposed– and an artificial heat is just as dangerous as a flaming noonday sun, assuming both to register the same degree of temperature. During the recent war between the United States and Spain, the stokers of the former navy were compelled to work occasionally in a temperature of 120 deg., and cases of heat apoplexy were frequent, although the weather was at the time mild and temperate. In fatal cases of heat apoplexy death results from heart failure. The heat of the body is regulated by the medulla of the brain, and the extreme heat acts upon the medulla until it can no longer perform its functions. The venous system becomes instantly engorged, the brain and the membranes of the brain are congested, and the right ventricle of the heart is so distended with venous blood that it can no longer pump it through the lungs. It is practically paralysed, and its action ceases. The lungs, liver, kidneys, and spleen are also found congested in fatal cases, and the arterial system is naturally depleted, owing to the congestion of the veins. The use of alcohol heats the system by its own action, and alcoholic excess increases the probability of the patient being exposed to improper heat. Children are more affected by heat than grown persons, because their systems are always more amenable to shock. Aged and infirm people suffer, on the other hand, because their hearts are weaker, and less able to withstand any undue strain. Amongst the sixteen casualties were two Carlton residents, from different age groups. A bricklayer named James Robinson, aged 65, fell senseless in the street and died later at his home in Princes Street, Carlton. A much younger man, Thomas Johnson, aged 32, collapsed at Freeman's Livery Stables and died in hospital without regaining consciousness. The death of a man named Thomas Johnson, about 32 years of age, in the Melbourne Hospital last night, has been reported to the City Coroner. The deceased, who resided at Freeman's Livery Stables, Lygon street, Carlton, was taken suddenly ill at 8 o'clock last night, and sent to the hospital in an unconscious condition. Dr Nattrass, who admitted Johnson to the instituton believes that he suffered from heat apoplexy. The man never recovered consciousness, and died an hour and a half after being admitted to the hospital. Mr Candler has instructed Dr Nattrass to make a post-mortem examination. The heat wave broke on Sunday 7 January 1900, with a dump of rain that lasted for several hours. HEAVY FALL ON SUNDAY MORNING. The heat wave received its quietus yesterday. The fall in temperature at the end of last week was merely comparative, and on several occasions a return of the hot weather was threatened. Sunday morning opened close and sultry. A stiff north wind blew dust and heat into the city, and there was every indication of a sweltering day. But at about a quarter-past 10 o'clock the wind suddenly subsided, and within a few minutes a blast came up the bay, cool and refreshing as a whiff from an ice-chest. Almost immediately, the gathering clouds commenced to drip, and at half-past 10 o'clock there was a steady shower falling all over Melbourne. In 10 minutes the gutters ran full, and a new element was imported into the storm with the banging of thunder. This waged for half an hour, and ceased as the shower increased almost to a deluge. The rain fell heavily until nearly 1 o'clock, when it suddenly ceased, leaving the air cool, the streets clean, and the dust laid. Between half-past 10 o'clock and 1 o'clock 70 points of rain were registered. This is the heaviest fall of rain that has been recorded for many weeks. On 8th November last 70 points were registered in the course of an hour and a half, but since then there has been no rainfall to approach it. The average fall for the month of January is 1 in. [inch] 85 points, and, including yesterday's record, 90 points, or about half, have fallen up to the present time. The storm evidently came from the south, with a westerly tendency, for it veered round to the south-west after the first half-hour. It was also fairly wide, and spread over a large area, for the reports from the country districts indicate that it passed over nearly the whole colony. The heavy rain had unexpected consequences at the Melbourne General Cemetery in Carlton and highlighted ongoing problems with drainage. A. Hamilton, M.L.A., addressed a meeting of his constituents in the Bendigo Town Hall last night. A disgraceful state of affairs is alleged to exist at the Melbourne Cemetery. It appears to be a practice to inter paupers in the northern end of the cemetery and not to fill in the graves until it is filled. On Sunday morning there was a very heavy shower of rain, and this had the effect of filling an open grave, with the result that, the coffin containing a body, which had been buried some days previously, floated and capsized. This disgusting state of affairs (says the Melbourne correspondent of the 'Bendigo Mail') was allowed to exist until some persons who were in the cemetery called the attention of a public officer to the fact. Even then the grave was not properly filled and the floating coffin righted, until between 4 and 5 o'clock in the evening. To add to the disgraceful arrangement, it appears that the drainage in this particular part flows through the greater part of Carlton, and if allowed to continue would prove a menace to the public health. Christmas is traditionally a time of good will, but this was not the experience of Constable J. Allison, who was attacked by hooligans while attempting to make an arrest in Madeline (Swanston) Street on Christmas Day in 1916. The case was heard two weeks later in Carlton Court in January 1917 and resulted in fines for two of the hooligans, who claimed to have no memory of the incident. "As a result of a disturbance in Madeline street, Carlton, on Christmas Day, in the course of which Constable J. Allison had his face so severely injured that he had to go to the Police Hospital, two men appeared before Messrs R. S. Callender and J. Love, J.'s P., at the Carlton Court on January 9. James Seymour, 24, tinsmith, was fined 20/, in default seven days' imprisonment, for offensive behavior ; £15, in default four months' imprisonment, for having thrown a missile; and £10, in default three months, for having resisted arrest. William James Pearson, 20, laborer, was fined £10, in default three months' imprisonment, for having assaulted Constable Allison. Constable Allison stated that on the evening of Christmas Day about 15 or 20 men were creating a disturbance in Madeline street. They had charge of the footpath. Some of them had bottles In their pockets. He ordered them to move away, and they went into Canada lane. Seymour was very offensive, and threw a bottle at witness. On being caught, he resisted, and witness had to throw him twice. While they were struggling, Pearson struck witness on the face, causing a severe injury. Witness's prisoner got away. Seymour and Pearson both said, on oath, that they did not remember anything about the affair." The opportunistic young thief who appeared in Carlton Court in January 1918 was not named, so we are unable to ascertain whether he graduated to a life of adult crime. Given his enterprise, it is also within the realm of possibility that he went on to be successful in business or politics. Prosecutions for Sunday trading were common in the early 1900s, but a case heard by the Carlton Court in February 1900 was the first of its kind. The commodity traded was not alcohol, or any other beverage. It was ice cream, sold by a vendor to children in University Street, Carlton, shortly after 11 o'clock on a Sunday morning. The temperature recorded around the time of the alleged offence was 98.7 degrees Fahrenheit (37.05 degrees Celsius) in the shade, so the ice cream vendor would have done a roaring trade if he had not been apprehended by Constable Robartson. Charles Goldspink, Justice of the Peace and a member of the Bench, lived in Rathdowne Street, near University Street where the alleged breach of Sunday trading took place. He was known to be lenient in low-level cases and he may have recommended the nominal fine of 2 shillings and sixpence imposed on the ice cream vendor. ICE CREAM AND SUNDAY TRADING. Section 31 of the Police Offences Act provides that the police "shall not permit any house, shop, store or 'other place' to be open for the purpose of trade or dealing" and the section was depended on in a prosecution in the Carlton Court to-day when Edward Johnston was proceeded against for selling ice cream during prohibited hours. According to the evidence of Constable Robartson, the informant in the case, the defendant was selling ice cream in University street at 10 minutes past 11 o'clock on the morning of the 28th January. The defendant, who appeared in person, admitted the sales as stated, and urged that he was unaware he was breaking the law. The Bench, which consisted of Messrs H. Edwards, D. Clyne and C. Goldspink, J's.P., decided as the case was the first of the kind that had come before the court to impose a merely nominal fine, and fixed the penalty at 2s 6d. There were several solicitors seated at the table, and much doubt was expressed as to whether the section could be properly applied to the sale of ice cream from a cart on the ground that it could hardly be said to be a "place open for trade or dealing." The Herald, 7 February 1900, p. 1. That was not the end of the matter of Sunday trading. A correspondent to the Geelong Advertiser objected to fruit being sold by Italian shopkeepers on the Sabbath. SIR.—I was much struck with a police court prosecution in the Carlton court reported in the "Herald" relating to Sunday trading, where a vendor of ice cream was fined a nominal penalty of 2s 6d under the following 31st section of the Police Offences Act, which provides that the police "shall not permit any house, shop, store or 'other place' to be open for the purpose of trade or dealing" on Sunday. Since the advent of Italian fruit shop keepers, this system of Sunday trading in fruit, temperance drinks, etc. has become an institution in Geelong, and has enabled the estimable foreigner to almost capture the fruit trade by this unlawful side issue. The Italians are our recognised national allies; they make respectable and reputable citizens with the exceptions that they pay no respect to the Shops and Factories Act regarding holidays to their employes [sic], combine in the way of board and lodging, and work all Sunday. The British shopkeeper who keeps his establishment open all the week days considers himself entitled to the day of rest, and takes it, but to the inevitable injury to his business. It will, no doubt, be argued that in the march of civilisation the public should not be debarred from obtaining these luxuries on Sundays, but at the same time it should be remembered that fruit supplies are easily obtainable on Saturdays, and as regards iced drinks, etc., any Christian community ought and should be able to do without those little luxuries during the few hours of the Sabbath. As a matter of fact, it is not the necessity of the thing but the opportunities offered to indulge in this pernicious habit, which has only grown up during the last couple of years or so. I don't wish to reflect for one moment on the Italian shopkeepers in their unceasing efforts to prosper, but I maintain that the Sunday Trading Act should be administered to its full extent, and thus place all in the trade on an equality. Geelong Advertiser, 9 February 1900, p. 1. The Geelong town council subsequently ruled that section 31 of the Police Offences Act did not apply to ice cream vendors and that fruit sellers were permitted to operate within the prescribed hours on a Sunday. Acting upon a petition from the Protestant Ministers' Association, and another from the shopkeepers, the town council recently decided that section 31 of the Police Offences Act should be enforced in regard to the observance of Sunday by fruiterers and ice cream vendors. It is found, however, that the section does not apply to the latter, and that fruit-sellers are permitted to do business before 9 a.m. and between 1 and 6 p.m. on Sundays. The act, however, is to be enforced to its full extent. The Argus, 9 March 1900, p. 3. Miss Barwell was at home alone one Saturday afternoon in February 1913 when a dashing young man dropped in unexpectedly. He did not enter the house via the usual means, nor was he suitably attired for visiting a lady. The visitor was none other than Zahn Rinaldo, an Austrian aeronaut, who was attempting an emergency landing from a hot air balloon when he was dashed through the upstairs bedroom window of a house in Faraday Street, Carlton. Perhaps the person most startled by the accident was Miss R.M. Barwell, who resides with Miss Dolan at "Bronte", 56 Faraday-street, Carlton. Miss Barwell, when interviewed after the accident said: "I was out in the back yard about quarter to 5 o'clock, when I heard a loud shout from the Exhibition oval. I was the only person in the place at the time. I looked up to see the balloon, but could not see it. I went upstairs to look out of one of the front windows. When I got close to the window I saw a man suspended from a trapeze, apparently coming through the window. The next instant there was a loud crash of broken glass. I received such a shock that I did not see what followed. When I recovered I found that the whole of the glass and woodwork of the window had been smashed by the force of the collision." When the lower part of the balloon struck the window, the balloon fell over the roof of Miss Dolan's house (No. 56) and carried away a portion of the top of one of the chimneys, and then fell, partly into Murchison square and into the City Council's store-yard. When the collision took place, Rinaldo released his hold of the trapeze and fell a distance of 18ft on to the footpath. In the days before there was a Family Court to rule on issues between husband and wife, decisions were made in the Police Court or, as in this case, the Insolvency Court. Clara Armitage (sometimes Bridget) had been bringing legal actions against her husband Cornelius since at least 1901, eleven years after they married. But this February 1917 ruling looks like the end of the legal road. It sounds as if it was close to the end for him too but, in fact, he lived another thirty years to the age of 80. "Appeals against maintenance orders were heard on Wednesday in General Sessions jurisdiction by Judge Johnston in the Insolvency Court. In the case of Cornelius Armitage, who appealed against a direction by the Carlton bench that he should pay 10/ per week towards the support, of his wife, Clara Armitage, evidence was given by appellant that he was very poor, that he only worked about one day a week selling crumpets, and that he was disabled through being deaf and almost blind. His Honor reduced the amount of maintenance to be paid on the order, to one farthing per week." The month of March 1890 was not a good one for William Dummett's business. Mr Dummett (Dummitt) sold boots, shoes and slippers from a shop on the corner of Lygon and Faraday Streets, Carlton. He shared the premises with Arthur Day, a watchmaker and jeweller. On 4 March, Dummett was a victim of shoplifting by two local women. A subsequent police investigation uncovered a hoard of stolen footwear at a house in nearby University Street. A RAID ON BOOT SHOPS. RECOVERY OF THE STOLEN PROPERTY. This morning, at the Carlton Police Court, two young women, named Jane Rainsberry [Rainsbury] and Margaret Osborne alias Cochrane, were placed in the dock on several charges of shoplifting. It appears that yesterday afternoon the two women, who had a child with them, were seen to go to the boot shop of Mr Dummett, at the corner of Lygon and Faraday street, and remove several pairs of slippers which were hanging near the entrance. A little girl who had noticed what had occurred immediately gave the alarm, and the women were seen to go to a house in University street, which it was afterwards ascertained was occupied by a Mrs Walker. The police were informed of the occurrence, and Constable Coghlan was soon on the spot and went to the house referred to. Here he found the two women in hiding, also the stolen slippers. On a search of the premises being made a quantity of other boots, shoes, slippers, etc., were found, which it was at once supposed had been stolen. Subsequent inquiries revealed the fact that the supposition of the police was quite correct, as the boots and shoes were afterwards identified by Madame Thomas, of Drummond street, and Mr D. Linklater, of Lygon street, as having been stolen from their shops. There is a quantity of other stuff which the police still require an owner for. When the prisoners were brought before the Bench Constable Coghlan briefly referred to the arrest, and Sergt. Doyle immediately asked for a remand, which the Bench (Messrs J. H. C. Sutherland, chairman, and J. Robertson, J's. P.) granted. The woman Osborne still had the child with her, and there was rather a distressing scene outside the Court whilst the prisoners were being removed, the child refusing to leave its mother, although the father was present and used every endeavor to pacify it. The women were remanded in custody and made another court appearance on 10 March. They were found guilty and sentenced to one month's imprisonment, despite their defence counsel's plea for a fine instead of a custodial sentence, on the grounds that the otherwise respectable women were under the influence of liquor at the time and had no prior convictions. This morning, at the Carlton Police Court, the two women, Margaret Osborne aud Jane Rainsbury, were charged with stealing a quantity of boots, etc., were placed in the dock to answer the charges. Mr Leonard appeared for the defence. A young woman named Annie Harding, a saleswoman in the employ of Madame Thomas, stated that on the 4th inst. the two women came into the shop at about half-past 5 p.m., and asked to see some boots. They did not make any purchase. After they went out she missed three pairs of boots. Those produced were the same. She did not see the prisoners take the boots. They were valued at 25s. Constable Coghlan stated that he and Constable Sanders had arrested the woman in a house in University street. They had the boots in their possession, which were subsequently identified by the last witness. There were two other charges against the prisoners, viz., of stealing boots from the shops of Messrs Dummett and Linklater, but in neither case the parties could not positively identify the goods, but they were exactly similar to boots and shoes stolen from their places of business. Mr Leonard stated that there was no doubt that the mat [sic] had been stolen by prisoners from Madame Thomas, but he pleaded in mitigation that both women were under the influence of liquor. They had both borne respectable characters, and had never been before a court. He thought the Bench might take advantage of the Amended Justices of the Peace Act, and inflict a fine, which, he considered, would meet the case, as the women had already been in gaol six days. The Bench sent both prisoners to gaol for one month. A few days later, in the early hours of 13 March, Mr Dummett suffered another misfortune when fire broke out in his shop. The local police were quickly on the scene and managed to extinguish the flames before the Carlton District Volunteer Fire Brigade arrived. Were the two events — the shoplifting case and the fire — simply co-incidental, or did the woman have an accomplice to avenge their imprisonment? A fire broke out at about 20 minutes to 5 this morning in a boot shop, situate at the corner of Faraday and Lygon streets, occupied by W. Dummett. The shop is a double-fronted one and divided into two, the other portion being occupied by Arthur A. Day, a watchmaker and jeweller. The fire was first noticed by a man named Galbert, an employe [sic] of the Corporation, who saw smoke issuing from the tops of the shutters and windows. He called "Police!" and almost immediately Constables Quinn, Miller and Mclntyre arrived on the scene. They burst open the front door, and discovered the window to be on fire, it having apparently originated between the lining boards. They immediately set to work to extinguish the flames, which they succeeded in doing, with the aid of a few buckets of water, before any considerable amount of damage was done, although a number of pairs of boots were destroyed, but probably L10 [£10] will cover the whole of the damage. The Carlton District Fire Brigade were in attendance but their services were not required as the constables had put out the fire by the time of their arrival. The cause of the outbreak is unknown. With the summer of 1917 over, moral issues were a prominent topic. Members of the Erskine Presbyterian Church, which then stood on the south west corner of Grattan Street, were concerned with the wellbeing of boys from the country. "An institute for young men has been opened by the Erskine Presbyterian Church in a delicensed hotel at 118 Barkly street, Carlton. The institute has been created for the purpose of providing a home, under religious influence, for lads coming from the country and is under the leadership of the Rev. L.C.M. Donaldson, minister of the church. There are four distinct divisions, namely, religious, social, educational, and domestic, these departments being under the management of four qualified superintendents. The institute also aims at another great object in the cause of boy life, and that is gathering in those Carlton youths who live chiefly in the streets and whose companions are most undesirable. This work is being carried on by the Young Men's Bible class of the Erskine Church, the members of which are contributing 10/- a week toward the upkeep of the Institute. There are already eight lads in residence, and vacancies for others." Another church group was active too at St Michael's in Macpherson Street, North Carlton. They warned of the moral dangers of mixed bathing and must have had some influence, because mixed bathing was not introduced at the Carlton Baths until 1930. The St Michael's, Carlton, branch of the Church of England's men's society discussed "what ought to be a Christian's attitude to mixed bathing. A motion was carried affirming that mixed bathing as it has been carried on in the last few years has helped to lower the morals of the community and this branch is strongly of opinion that stricter supervision of dress and conduct is urgently required." The Advocate of 2 March 1918 noted the passing of Sister M. Cyril, Sister Superior of St. Joseph's Receiving Home in Grattan Street, Carlton. The Receiving Home for unmarried pregnant women was first established in Barkly Street, Carlton, in 1902 by Margaret Goldspink, a well known charity and welfare worker. Within a few years, it moved to the larger premises in Grattan Street. The Receiving Home closed in 1985. One of the most beautiful of lives has ended here on earth in the passing to her heavenly reward of Sister M. Cyril, late Sister Superior of St. Joseph's Receiving Home, Carlton … Her work during the eight years she spent as Sister in charge of St. Joseph's Receiving Home, 101 Grattan Street, Carlton, was simply marvellous, and in itself would constitute the toil of a lifetime. No one could have been better fitted for her trying position, no one could have wielded the mighty influence this gentle religious did, upon the varying dispositions of its inmates. The poor girls under her care could testify to the unceasing attention she gave to every detail that concerned not only their spiritual welfare, but their physical comfort … A long personal acquaintance with Sister Cyril, through her sublime deeds of charity, filled me with ever increasing admiration of her magnificent and quietly executed rescue work. The call of anguish from a soul standing on the very brink of despair never reached her ears in vain. At once the trembling, shuddering soul was snatched from the awful abyss that threatened it, the lamp of hope was lit, the wandering feet were safely brought into an abode of peace and faith and love divine. In the same month Mr R.H. Solly, for whom Solly Avenue in Princes Hill was later named, protested against the reduction by £50 of government funding to St. Joseph's Receiving Home. In the Legislative Assembly, in the course of last night's long sitting. Mr R.H. Solly protested against the grant to St. Joseph's Home, at Grattan street. Carlton, being reduced from £300 to £250. He said that if the Government had to conduct the institution it would have to pay a large sum in salaries, but the sisters were purely voluntary workers. Unmarried women who are about to become mothers are treated in this institution prior to maternity, with the object of assuring the good health of mother and baby. Love makes the world go round, but for Gwendoline Bate the amorous attentions of her "dearest Romeo" turned her world upside down. In April 1906, she applied to the Carlton court for a warrant to arrest Romeo Truda (Trudo), an Italian musician, for threatening her life. A young woman of prepossessing appearance attended at the Carlton court yesterday, and applied to Messrs. Edwards and Goldspink, J's.P., for a warrant for the arrest of Romeo Truda, an Italian musician for threatening her life. She stated that her name was Gwendoline Francis [sic] Bate and that she lived in Barkly-street. Truda had, she said, threatened her life on several occasions. She had known him for nine months, and he wanted to force her into marrying him against her will. On the previous night and the night before that he broke windows in the house where she was residing. He said, "Sooner than see another man marry you I'll shoot you dead." She was certain he would carry out his threat if he got the chance. He carried a six-chambered revolver about with him, and was in the habit of getting very excited. About a fortnight ago he pulled it out, and pointed it at her head. On the previous night she heard him [at] the house, but kept in the background. He said he would break every window in the house and shoot everyone he found. She did not think he was right in his mind, and was afraid to venture out. Susan Beamish stated that she lived the house with her mother. She had known Truda for ten months, but had refused to let him into the house during the past four weeks. The complainant had taken the revolver from him twice, a witness had locked it up. She heard Truda threaten complainant. He said would treat her worse than Jack the Ripper treated his victims; that he would cut her from the head down, and across her body. On the previous night he smashed the front stained-glass window, causing damage to the extent of �2, and she proposed to summon him for damaging property and abusive language. He said he would bring all the blackfellows in Melbourne to get the girl out of the house and that when he got hold of her he would finish her. He walked the verandah for two hours, at times wringing his hands and flourishing his walking stick. The bench granted a warrant for the arrest of Truda on the charge of using threatening words. Truda appeared in Carlton Court the following week and was fined 40 shillings, in default fourteen days' imprisonment, for using threatening words. He was bound over in a surety of £50 to keep the peace for six months. Gwendoline, who thought that Romeo was not quite right in his mind, may have wished for a custodial sentence for her own peace of mind. The case in which Romeo Trudo [sic], musician, was charged with having used threatening words to Gwendoline Francis [sic] Bate, of "Bon Accord" House, Barkly street, Carlton, was called on at the Carlton Court, before Messrs Edwards and Clyne. J.'sP., this afternoon. There was also an application by informant to have defendant bound over to keep the peace, and Marceline Moss, occupier of the house, charged accused with wilful damage. Mr W. J. Tucker appeared for the prosecutrix, and Mr Fyfe for the defence. A further charge of threatening to inflict grevious bodily harm had also been entered against accused. Mr Tucker drew attention to some remarks by Mr Panton, P.M. to the effect that the offence was of a trivial character, and said it was a very serious matter, as would be proved in evidence. The Chairman (Mr Edwards) said the facts of the case were placed before him, and he considered that he was fully justified in issuing the warrant. Gwendoline Bate stated that she had known defendant for nine months. On 17th Inst. he rang the bell at the door, and said they were keeping his girl (meaning witness) from him. He added that he would break every window in the house, and bring all the blackfellows to take her out and finish her by shooting her dead. On one occasion he broke the door of her bedroom in, pulled out a revolver, and said, "Look, I'll shoot you dead." Witness was going to throw herself from the upstairs window, but Mrs Beamish stepped her and took the revolver from accused. It was loaded in six chambers. Mrs Beamish kept it that night. She was afraid of accused, and could not go out because of him. To Mr Fyffe: He never had a chance to strike me. He attempted to shoot me by pointing a revolver at my brains. I do not make it a rule to have any photo taken with those who come to the house. I know the photo produced. I wrote the words, "To my darling boy, from Gwendoline." He asked me to write them. I also wrote the words, "To my dearest Romeo, with fond love from Gwendoline". On one occasion he threatened to shoot a cabman, but when the cabman got down from his vehicle defendant was nowhere in be seen. (Laughter). Susan Beamis [sic], daughter of Marcelina Moss, stated that on 17th inst, defendant drove up in a hansom, and sent the driver to ask if the informant was in. Witness said "No." The girl was trembling. Defendant said. "You are keeping my girl from me. By God, I'll have her. She is my property. I'll bring all the blackfellows in Melbourne to get her out, and then I'll finish her. I'll chop her down to the middle, and twice across." (Laughter.) Three weeks before that he rushed upstairs past witness, and burst in the informant's door. Witness found him with the loaded revolver in his hand, and the girl getting out of the window. She made peace with him, and informant handed her the revolver. To Mr Fyffe: He said a member of Parliament had given him permission to carry the revolver. Witness never knew him to hurt anybody. Accused was fined 40s, in default fourteen days' imprisonment, for using threatening words; and was bound over in one surety of L50 [£50] to keep the peace for six months. The charge of wilfully damaging property was withdrawn. The Herald, 26 April 1906, p. 4. In 1915 Dr J.A. Leach, of the Teachers' Training College in Grattan Street, Carlton, came up with an unusual scheme to relieve the suffering of patients in local hospitals and, at the same time, feed the starving people of Belgium. He set a target of 8,000 striped leeches to be collected by school children throughout Victoria. The timing of the collection in autumn was important to ensure an adequate supply of medicinal leeches over the winter months, when the slippery creatures were known to hibernate. The appropriately named Dr Leach offered to receive postal consignments of leeches at his address in Carlton and deliver them to the Melbourne Hospital, where a fee of 10 shillings per 100 would be paid. This money would go towards the Belgian Relief Fund. The appeal was run again in 1916, but the price had dropped to 5 shillings per 100 leeches. 8,000 LEECHES WANTED BY DR. LEACH. RELIEVE THE SUFFERING OF SICK VICTORIANS AND ASSIST STARVING BELGIANS. Dr J.A. Leach, of the Education Department, has initiated a scheme to help the Melbourne Public Hospital, in addition to assist the Children's War Fund, and finally to send food to heroic Belgians. 8,000 leeches are needed by the Hospital, and each school is invited to send as many as possible in small tins, containing damp grass, and posted to Dr. Leach, Teachers College, Carlton. He will deliver to the hospital authorities, and will forward the cash to the schools for the Belgian Relief Fund. He warns children not to go near deep water, nor to run any risk. DR. LEACH'S PLAN OF CATCHING LEECHES. Sink loose meshed sack, such as a potato-bag, baited with a scrap or two of raw meat, in a shallow water hole where leeches abound. After some hours the harvest may be gathered in safety. The price is 10s per 100. So that even 100 leeches mean 10s for Belgium. In each town, where there is a hospital, leeches are wanted. In each Australian State there are scores of hospitals, so that immediate action by school children, in senior grades should mean the salvation of hundreds of Belgians. The Black leech is not used. Hirudo quinquestriata fills the bill. Hirudo, &c., is full of beautiful meaning to Dr Leach and party; but the ordinary youngster who has fished for them with his bare legs, knows the breed as "The Striped leech." It is the Five striped leech which is needed at once before the frost causes them to hibernate. The postal address of each school sending must be plainly stated. Medicinal leeches are still in use today, mainly for plastic and reconstructive surgery, and for some alternative health therapies. They are no longer collected by school children and are specially farmed for the purpose. In December 2013, ABC Radio National reported that 3,000 leeches, well below Dr Leach's 1915 target, were farmed in Echuca in country Victoria. As this extract from an article entitled "Streets in Slumdom" indicates, long before the pioneering work of Frederick Oswald Barnett in the 1930s and the wholesale destruction wrought by the Housing Commission in the 1960s, there was concern about inner city housing conditions. "Off Cardigan street, Carlton, there is a cobbled lane, which is a network of blind alleys. The lane contains two rows of cottages facing each other across a 'street' width of 20 feet. The doors of the houses open directly on the lane. Two or three of the ten houses in the alley have yards about 10 feet square. The others are built over the whole allotment with rough wooden outhouses. The only place for the housewife's washing line is the lane itself. On the very lowest assumption thirty or forty people live in this lane, and it is one of the 'desirable residential quarters' of the district. The houses are by no means dilapidated. They are small, hopelessly cramped, confined, but they are stoutly built of brick, and it is only the back portions with their rotting timber additions that are actively objectionable. Imagine what such a lane must be like on a Saturday or Sunday in the heat of summer. That 20 feet of rough cobbled space is the only refuge for men, women and children from the heat of the dolls' houses they live in. The rents of these houses are only a few shillings less than the rent of a brick villa in the great open suburbs of Melbourne. Off Queensberry street there is a 12-foot lane leading into a whole labyrinth of narrow streets and blind alleys, scarcely one of which is more than 14 feet in width. Little Queensberry street so doubles upon itself that it is front and back to the same houses. It contains a nest of slum dwellings, one or two of which have fallen to pieces, or have been demolished. The ruins are left to rot on the allotments they were built upon. Some of the best of the houses actually possess front gardens, 8 feet is a fair average size, and then of course the tenants have to pay for the luxury by having 8 feet deducted from what would otherwise be a 10-foot back yard. The typical house in such an alley is a wooden structure, of four or five rooms, often not more than 9 feet by 9 feet." The article continues with descriptions of nearby "streets", Queensberry Place, Magenta Place, Ormond Place and Rodney Place. Nearly every suburb has had at least half-a-dozen plague scares during the last ten days. The process of originating a scare is the easiest thing in the world. It is only necessary for Mrs. Jones to mention to Mrs. Brown over the back gate that her "old man" has not been feeling well, and has a casual swelling, and in about two hours another plague case will have developed, and local rents will have taken a downward tendency. Carlton offers a case in point. Last Sunday afternoon half the suburb knew that the plague had broken out in a certain house in a certain street. Before 4 o'clock about a third of the population of Carlton had drifted past the house at a respectful distance, and the occupants noted the interest displayed in their home with growing wonder; two families had packed up hastily with the intention of shifting at daylight on Monday morning, and the neighbors were all coldly distant. Then came two officials in a cab. "It is reported that the plague has broken out in your house," said one to the woman who opened the door. The woman screamed at the idea, and a hunt failed to disclose the sign of sickness anywhere, and nobody could tell how or why the report had grown, but as the men were leaving again the housewife ran to the cab, "I know how it is," she said. "This morning I told Mrs. —, at No. 5, that my husband had been plagued with a sick horse all night." Leader, 19 May 1900, p. 22. Funerals were big occasions 100 years ago and the final journey of James Denham, chief inspector of the Melbourne Tramway Board, in May 1917 was accompanied by 900 tram gripman and conductors in uniform. The questions remains: With so many staff attending the funeral, did Melbourne's tramway system grind to a halt? "This Memorial was Erected by his Late Fellow Employees of the Tramway Board" "The funeral of the late Mr. James Denham, chief inspector of the Melbourne Tramway Board, yesterday morning was a striking testimony of the affectionate regard in which he was held, not only by everybody connected with the tramway undertaking, but also by citizens in every walk of life. The cortege, which left his residence, 'Allandale,' Amess-street, North Carlton, at 10.30 a.m., was over a mile long. It was headed by the Tramway Band, playing the Dead March, about 900 gripmen and conductors in uniform, about 70 other employes [sic] in plain clothes, and about 30 members of the police force in uniform. Following the hearse, laden with flowers and containing a polished oak coffin enclosing the remains, was a floral car and a long line of motor cars and other vehicles. All the members of the Tramway Board were present, and other bodies represented were the Melbourne Benevolent Asylum committee, Heatherton Sanatorium committee, Victoria Bowling Club, Caledonian Society, Victorian Football League, Tramways Mutual Benefit Society, Railway department, Victorian Bowling Association, Victorian Naval and Military Lodge (Masonic), V.R.C. committee, Australian Tramway Employees' Association, Overseas Club and Lodge of Concord. The pallbearers were Messrs. A.E. Laver, J. Ellis, E Hart, J.G. Currie, E.L. Wilson, J.G. Roberts and J.V. O'Connor. After the burial service, Rev. H. Balcke, Presbyterian church, said the large concourse around the grave afforded strong evidence of the esteem and affection in which the deceased was held by all who knew him, especially by the employes, of the Tramway Board, who always had in him an officer who was sympathetic and just in his dealings with them." Note: 'Allandale' was at 272 Amess Street, North Carlton. Elizabeth Livingston (aka Madame Zephy), a fortune teller of Drummond Street, North Carlton, failed to foresee that the woman who came to consult her in April 1917 was, in fact, a police agent gathering evidence for her arrest and conviction. The case was heard in Carlton court in May 1917 . "Anxiety in regard to near and dear relations at the war has caused many people to consult fortune tellers, and, according to a statement made by Sub-Inspector Brady at Carlton court yesterday, the menace had become so great that police action was necessary. The remark was made during the hearing of a case in which Elizabeth Livingston was charged on two counts with having unlawfully used certain subtle craft to impose on Madge Conner and Kathleen V. Conner respectively. Witness paid defendant 2/6. She had no husband. He was dead. She had no son. In reply to Mr. J. Barnett, who appeared for the defence, witness said she was not imposed upon. Kathleen V. Conner, daughter of the last witness, said she visited defendant's place on 19th ult., and was told by the latter, among other things, that her father went to the war six months before his son, and they met in France. Witness paid her 2/6. Her father was dead. He was never at the war. She had no brother. To Mr. Barnett: I think I was imposed upon. Defendant, against whom there was a prior conviction under the name of 'Madam Zephy' in 1915, was fined £2 10/, with £2 12/6 costs, on each charge." At the Carlton Court today Egedio Dirago, an Italian, described as a laborer, was fined �20, with �4/4/ costs, in default distress, for having on or about April 26 distributed printed matter connected with the present war without having first submitted it to the censor. On another charge of having dispersed certain papers on April 26 without the printer's name, Dirago was fined �5. Thirteen years later, in May 1931, another man by the name of Dirago made an unpleasant discovery, which disputed the popular saying "an apple a day keeps the doctor away." When eating an apple yesterday, William Dirago of Drummond Street, North Carlton, grated his teeth on steel - and narrowly missed swallowing a needle. The fruit was purchased at the Victoria Market. The needle was disclored [sic] and evidently had been in the apple for some time - possibly thrust in as a "joke." "When plainclothes Constable I.G. Stock mounted the footboard of a motor car driven by Martin John Shelley in Toorak Road on May 26 he counted on dismounting in a few moments, he told the Prahran Court yesterday. But instead he was carried to Carlton. Stock said he was an unwilling joy-rider. He simply mounted the footboard to obtain Shelley's name. For having refused to give his name and address to the police after an accident on Toorak road, Shelley was fined £7 10s, with 1 shilling costs. The costs represented the money which Stock expended in tram fares on his return from Carlton to Toorak road. Mr. E. Notley Moore, P.M., said that Shelley's conduct had been impertinent, aggressive and illegal. According to the evidence a collision occurred between the car driven by Shelley and a car driven by Dr. Julian Smith. Stock and Constable A.C. Rice were on duty nearby watching for offenders against the motor laws. Constable Rice told the court that after the collision he said to Shelley, "I am a police constable. I want your name." He produced his badge. Shelley did not answer, but said to R.L. Connard, one of his passengers, "Crank her up." Witness prevented Connard from starting the engine. Connard replied, "You can take the number of the car. I know who you are." Shelley said again, "Crank her up." Witness again prevented Connard from starting the engine, and asked Connard his name. Shelley said to Connard, "He cannot put his hands on you." Connard then cranked the car, which almost knocked witness down. Witness jumped aside and pulled Connard with him. The mudguard of the car hit him. The car stopped after travelling a few yards. Witness said to Shelley, "What is your name?" Shelley did not reply, nor did not take any notice (sic). Witness said to Stock "I think this man is drunk." Shelley then drove away, and Stock jumped on to the footboard of the car, which was running from one side of the road to the other. The registered owner of the car was Charles Dopkins, of Drummond St., North Carlton. Describing his unlooked-for ride, Stock said that Shelley drove up Toorak road at a fast pace, swerving all over the road. Witness directed Shelley to pull up at the St. Kilda Road police station. Shelley made no reply. He drove down Walsh Street, South Yarra, then into Domain Road, up Anderson Street, across the bridge, back to Punt Road, through Richmond, and then through a number of other streets. Finally he stopped the car at his back gate in Rathdown Street, Carlton. It was then 5.53 p.m. Witness had jumped on the car soon after 5.30 p.m. In the course of the drive Shelley said to him, "Get into the car. You will be more comfortable." Witness asked Shelley to give his name. On arriving at his back gate, Shelley said to two men who were sitting in the back of the car, "I want you as witnesses. This man (pointing to Stock) said I was drunk. I am going to sue him for defamation of character." Shelley, who said he was a motor mechanic, told the court that he was guilty under provocation. The constables had no right to say he was drunk. He gave up his Saturday afternoons to driving sick soldiers about. When the collision occurred he was returning from the Caulfield hospital. For having obstructed Constable A.C. Rice in the execution of his duty, Richie Lindsay Connard was fined £1. Mr. Moore (to Connard) Had you been drinking? Connard: No. Mr. Moore: I cannot understand your conduct. You ought to be ashamed of yourself. A charge against Shelley of having driven a motor-car at a speed dangerous to the public was dismissed." Martin Shelley was no young tearaway. When this escapade occurred he had been running his cycle-building business in Rathdowne Street for some twelve years. The back gate where his unwilling passenger finished his ride was at no. 430, close to Fenwick Street and today the Feathered Bower. As his business grew, he had moved to that building in 1911 from a smaller shop in the same block. By 1921 he was to move again, this time to no. 520-522, a custom-built workshop and garage on one of the few remaining double blocks of vacant land in that part of Rathdowne Street. He traded there until 1940 when the building, with only minimal alterations, became Pullars Dry Cleaners. In this form it survived until 2013 when it was demolished to make way for an apartment block. At this time traces of Martin Shelley's garage were still clearly visible in the building. More information on the development of 520-522 Rathdowne Street. Today the average number of births to Australian woman is fewer than two and discussions of motherhood focus on helicopter parenting, mum's taxi and the guilt felt by many women juggling the demands of family and job. One hundred years ago, motherhood seems to have been very different. The following two items, published in June 1918, celebrate fertility and stress the importance of very simple social events to women who, on the whole, spent most of their lives in their homes. In an unpretentious way, The Women's Own Sunshine, a group which meets every Thursday afternoon in the Palmerston street Methodist school hall, Carlton, is doing good work, letting light in dark places and spreading good cheer in quarters where sinister influences generally have free play. On Thursday it had a Baby Day; about 100 babies, not one more than 12 months of age, were brought in by their mothers. The prize for the mother who had had the largest number of children was won by a mother with 11. Two hundred and sixty women were present. There were 23 first babies and three soldiers' babies - the father of one of whom had been killed; three babies were baptized. The Rev. G. F. Dyson (superintendent) presided. In the second item, considering that the event took place in Carlton, there is very low representation of non-British families; perhaps language was a problem. A gathering of 28 great-grandmothers took place recently in the Methodist school room, Palmerston street, Carlton. The old ladies had as descendants 300 children, 700 grandchildren and 260 great-grandchildren, making a total of 1260 persons. All but four of the great-grandmothers were natives of the British Isles. The oldest lady present was aged 90 years, and the youngest 65. The one with most descendants showed a list of 13 children, 45 grandchildren and 46 great-grandchildren. Three complete sets of four generations were in attendance at the gathering, which was presided over by the Rev. G. F. Dyson. A constant supply of clean, dry socks was essential for troops fighting in the muddy trenches of France, their only defence against the dreaded condition, trench foot. Thousands of Australian schoolchildren and women, working at home or in community groups coordinated by the Australian Comforts Fund, rose to the knitting challenge. Specialised pattern books were available and socks had to meet a strict standard. There was to be no seam which could rub against the soldier's skin and the socks had to be big enough to allow for shrinkage. The women of the North Carlton Presbyterian Church 1 would have been particularly aware of the need as their minister, the Reverend John Lelean Cope, had just returned from a period of service as a chaplain in France. During the course of World War 1 Australians knitted over 1 million pairs of socks as gifts for the troops. It has been estimated that, at 10 hours of work per pair, that would be an extraordinary 10 million hours of work. The Australian population then numbered less than five million. 1 This church, now demolished, was in Nicholson Street near the corner of Princes Street. The manse, in Princes Street, survives and today houses the Carlton Neighbourhood Learning Centre. An Australian soldier has had the experience of wearing a pair of socks, knitted by a member of the North Carlton Presbyterian Knitting Club, after they had been at the bottom of the sea for several weeks. The members of the club have received a letter, dated 5th April, from Miss Mabel R. Bishop, of Weymouth, Dorset, England, in which she states that the vessel conveying the socks to England was torpedoed. All the men on board were saved, but the cargo went to the bottom of the sea. Her uncle, a British sailor, was assisting to salve the vessel, when he came across a pair of socks, with a note pinned to them, stating that they were knitted by the club. She sent them to an Australian soldier in the big Anzac camp at Wareham, England. They were none the worse the worse for their immersion. Miss Bishop has written the history of the socks for members of the club. It is understood that the whole of the cargo which was on the vessel has been salved, so that all the socks on board will have reached the soldiers. The Melbourne Trades Hall Council's decision in July 1918 to fly the red flag at the Trades Hall in Carlton proved to be a "red rag to a bull". Australia had been at war for four years and flying the red flag was seen by some as a symbol of anarchy and communism, and an act of contempt for the British Empire and those Australians who were fighting abroad. RED FLAG AT TRADES HALL. Not satisfied with flying the red flag on Labour days, the Melbourne Trades Hall Council has decided that it shall fly every day from the flagpole at the Trades Hall. This decision was reached at a meeting of the council last week. A motion that the decision of the council be submitted to the individual unions was defeated. Recently the council agreed that the flag should be flown to mark special occasions in the history of the Labour movement. This, however, did not suit the peace-at-any-price section of the council, the members of which regard the Union Jack with undisguised contempt and a successful effort was made to publicly exhibit the feelings of this section by the constant display of the red flag. In the minds of these men the flying of the red flag proclaims that the Trades Hall has cut itself adrift from the British Empire and has no sympathy with the aims of the Allies in the war. According to an official Labour publication the triennial conference of the Australian Labour party at Perth adopted the red flag as the emblem of the party. The mother of a serving soldier expressed her opinion in a letter to The Herald. Help us to protest against the Red Flag flying at the Trades Hall on any occasion. It is an insult to Australian mothers whose sons are fighting for freedom at the front, while these men who want the red flag to fly are living in comfort. Fly the Union Jack or nothing! Let us go hand in hand with our boys. Meanwhile, Victorian Government officials considered whether flying the red flag was sufficient grounds for the original crown land grant, dating back to 1875, to be cancelled. Mr F. G. Clarke. Minister for Lands, stated today that he did not propose to take any action because the Trades Hall Council had decided to fly the red flag on its building, which was erected on a site that was a Crown grant. Expert State officers explained today that as the site of the Trades Hall is a Crown grant vested in trustees, the present occupants can only be disturbed by passing an Act of Parliament. Official records show that the Crown grant held is dated October 11, 1875 … Under the terms of the Crown grant a trustee can only be removed from the register in case of death, residence outside the State, or refusal or inability to act on the trust. When a vacancy occurs for any of these reasons, the Governor-In-Council can appoint a new trustee. It is also provided in the grant that should the trustees permit or suffer the land and premises to be used for any purposes other than those for which the land was granted (Trades Hall and Literary Institute); allow premises to become out of order or repair; alienate, or attempt to alienate, the land, it shall be lawful for the Crown to re-enter upon the site, and hold it as if no grant had been made. In the opinion of expert land officers the flying of a red flag, while it may possibly furnish a Government with a reason for asking Parliament to revoke or vary a grant, is not sufficient to enable a Ministry to cancel the Crown grant. Individual unions were not given the opportunity to vote on the proposal to fly the red flag and some, like the Lift Attendants' Union, decided to vote with their feet and withdraw their affiliation with Trades Hall. It was rumoured that the Tent and Sailmakers' Union had refused to make the flag, but this was denied by Trades Hall Council President, Mr E.F. Russell. Mr E.F. Russell, President of the Trades Hall Council, said today that it was not true that Tent and Sailmakers' Union had refused to make the Red Flag which the Trades Hall Council has decided is to be flown from the flagpole at the Trades Hall. Mr Russell stated that the delay which had occurred In procuring the flag was due to the fact that the special material required was difficult to obtain. The order had been placed, however, and it was expected that the flag would be ready shortly. There were calls for the Commonwealth Government to intervene and new regulations under the War Precautions Act were introduced in September 1918. A remarkable story of assault was told to the police on Thursday by a married woman named Dorothy Cantlon, who now lies in Melbourne Hospital with injuries to the head. According to the statement she made to the police, Mrs. Cantlon left her home at 528 Drummond-street, Carlton, about 2 p.m. yesterday to draw her pension at the orderly rooms. Near the Woolpack Hotel she met Mr. Shaw, a butcher, talking to a man seated in a motor car. Mr. Shaw, it is said, told his friend to drive Mrs. Cantlon wherever she wanted to go. The man drove her to several places, and finally they went to an hotel some distance from the city. On the return journey to Melbourne along Plenty-road, it is alleged, the driver suddenly turned to his companion and said, "Are you Mrs. Joe Cantlon?" And when she replied in the affirmative he added "I'll fix you up, because Joe Cantlon separated me from my wife." With that Mrs. Cantlon asserts that the man threw her out of the car, and she was rendered unconscious on striking the ground. The next chapter of the story was supplied to the police by a cattle dealer named Edwin Lynch, of South Morang, who was yesterday droving some cattle along Plenty-road to the city. He noticed a man driving a car along the road at a very fast pace, and he called out to the driver to slacken speed. The car, however, struck one of the beasts, and then swerved into three others. Lynch spurred his horse and overtook the car and obtained the number. On inspecting the cattle, he saw a woman lying on the road, bleeding from a wound in the head. Lynch informed the Heidelberg police that he heard the woman, who gave the name of Mrs. Cantlon, say that she was struck on the head when she fell out of the car. The injured woman was admitted to Melbourne Hospital. An early arrest of the driver is probable. Homelessness has always been an issue in Carlton, but in recent years it has become a more visible presence, with people sleeping rough under shop verandahs or begging in Lygon Street. The reasons for homelessness are many and varied and there is no "one size fits all" solution. However, the basic human need for food and shelter is always present. In August 1954, Herald reporter Desmond Zwar went undercover as a "hobo for a day". One of the places he visited on that day was St Anne's Hall, a Roman Catholic girls' hostel on the corner of Rathdowne and Victoria Streets, Carlton. The Daughters of Charity, who managed the hostel, offered a midday handout of food to people in need. Already a queue was forming outside the grey hostel. Shabby men on a seat near us, three other dead-beats were drinking wine out of a bottle. Dotted about the gardens, shabby men were watching the door of St. Anne's and the clock across the road. By 11.45 a.m. I was getting hungry again. Archie said. "When we go over to the queue, watch out for plain-clothes coppers. A young bloke like you should be registered with the Employment." On the seat a few yards away one of the wine drinkers suddenly staggered to his feet and lunged at his mate. The punch missed and the mate pulled the man down to the ground, swearing at him. Oblivious of the scuffle, the third man went on drinking. The hands of the clock said 12 noon, so we joined the queue – 22 of us. Old men with beards … young men with thin, haggard faces and blood-shot eyes … a well-dressed fat man, reading a paper. At 12.10 p.m. the queue moved forward. A middle-aged woman in a pink smock handed out parcels. Each man touched his hat as he reached her, muttering thanks. I touched my dripping hat, and clutched the warm newspaper-wrapped parcel. Like the others I quickly shoved it into my pocket and made for the gardens. Inside the paper were two thick slices of bread with a generous helping of stew in the centre. It tasted good. Bright sunshine was warming my back. I looked over to the other seat and the three wine-drinkers had resumed their swilling. Note: The report includes a photo of people standing in the queue outside St Anne's. Their faces have been crossed out to prevent identification. Desmond Zwar had food and shelter for a day and a night, then he filed his report and returned to a relatively comfortable life. The memory that stayed with him was the generosity of the people he had met and their willingness to share what little they had. In September 1917 the Weekly Times reported on the annual meeting of the Victorian Association of Crèches. "Carlton Crèche states that everything is satisfactory. Mothers benefited, 85; children's attendances, 3730. The committee has purchased a piece of land in Neil street, Carlton, to build a new crèche later on, as the present premises are unsuitable." By June 1916, after two years of operation, the committee had cleared all its debts including £900 for the land and building. Now its intention was to raise funds for new accommodation. As reported above, this goal had been reached by September 1917. The foundation stone was laid in June 1919 and the new crèche opened before the end of that year. It is believed to be the first purpose-built creche constructed in Melbourne and was to serve the mothers and babies of Carlton into the 21st century, when the building was converted to apartments. The furore caused by flying the red flag at Trades Hall in Carlton had a resolution of sorts in September 1918, when new regulations under the War Precautions Act were introduced. The far-reaching regulations prohibited "the exhibition or use, without the permission of the Minister in writing, of any red flag on any building, or on any land used in connection there-with, or on any ship or other vessel, or in any public place, or in connection with any procession or demonstration." The only exemption allowed was the official use of the red flag for signalling or to denote danger. The flying of the red flag, or any flag, may be prohibited under a War Precautions Regulation issued yesterday. The regulation provides that the Minister for Defence may, by notice the "Commonwealth Gazette," either absolutely or subject to such conditions and restrictions as are from time to time specified by him in writing prohibit the exhibition or use of any flag on any building, any land in connection with a building, vessel, or public place, or in connection with any procession or demonstration. The exhibition or use of a flag in contravention of any condition or restriction specified by the Minister shall be deemed to be in contravention of the regulation. Any person who exhibits, uses, authorises, or permits the exhibition or use of any such flag, in contravention of the regulation shall be guilty of an offence. Where any building or land on which a flag is exhibited or used in contravention of the regulations is owned, managed, or controlled by any association, society, or committee of management, the trustees, executive council, president, secretary, and other officers of the association, society, or committee shall be severally guilty of an offence. The Trades Hall Council at a "special call" meeting last night considered the question of flying the red flag on the Trades Hall. A resolution providing for the flying of the flag every day was rescinded, and a substitute motion approving of flying the flag on special labour anniversaries agreed to. The decision of the council will be conveyed to the Acting Prime Minister (Mr. Watt), and a desire expressed to fly the flag on occasions to be specified. Following the recent issue of a regulation under the War Precautions Act, a proclamation was issued on Saturday over the signature of the Minister for Defence (Senator Pearce) prohibiting the display of the red flag. The notice applies the prohibition to "the exhibition or use, without the permission of the Minister in writing, of any red flag on any building, or on any land used in connection there-with, or on any ship or other vessell, or in any public place, or in connection with any procession or demonstration." The only exemption is in the case of the official use of the red flag for signalling or to denote danger. Soldier settlements schemes were in their infancy in 1917 but problems were already being encountered. There were many complaints like this one about lengthy bureaucratic processes, unsuitable land being bought and soldiers being offered previously unworked land which would require many years of labour before it produced a financial return. Sir,- I earnestly beg you will grant me space to show the serious delay that occurs where returned soldiers are endeavoring to get settled on the land. I gave the only son available to fight for country and Empire. He is returned wounded, and useless for trade for which he was apprenticed. We spent much time in travelling, eventually finding a property at Hurstbridge. Orchard in full profit, the owner of which, through ill-health, desires to sell at a price £200 less than shire valuation. It is now seven weeks since all papers, duly signed, were placed in the hands of the department. Up to now nothing further has been heard. Private buyer wish for it, but from patriotic motives the owner desires to sell to returned soldier: but even patience has its limits. If private firm were selling, it would be settled in a week. If the 3 per cent who apply for improved property out of the few who have returned are to experience such slow methods, what will happen when war ceases and our boys come back in hundreds of thousands, apart from others who no doubt will leave the old home to settle on land? I am afraid the Angel Gabriel will sound the trumpet on the day of judgment before they are fixed up. 301 Nicholson-street, Carlton, 23rd October. John Butler's comments on his son's situation are restrained but the reality was quite stark. When he enlisted in January 1916, Ernest William Butler was 19 years and 8 months old and had been apprenticed as a cutter to a Bourke Street tailor for five years. He left Australia on RMS Malwa in March 1916 and joined his unit of the 24th battalion in France on 5 August of that year. His active service lasted less than a month. He was wounded on August 24, his injuries including damage to his right arm, and was almost immediately evacuated to hospital in England. In February 1917 he sailed on the Benalla, apparently for a home furlough, but was discharged medically unfit in Melbourne in June 1917. Carlton was a lawless place in the 1920s, with members of rival push gangs fighting for their share of the territory. "The Push" was implicated in the bombing of the Carlton Picture Theatre on a Saturday night in October 1926. CARLTON THEATRE DAMAGED. WAS "PUSH" RESPONSIBLE? Carlton "pushes," who have terrorised business people of the suburb for months past, staged a dastardly outrage at the Carlton Picture Theatre, Faraday-street, Carlton, on Saturday night. What is believed to have been either a "home-made" bomb, or several sticks of gelignite were thrown into two outhouses at the rear, of the theatre, completely wrecking them, and causing damage to the concrete floor of the stage. There were few people in the theatre when the explosion occurred, and they showed admirable coolness in refraining from a wild dash from the premises. The explosion resembled the booming of large cannon, and brought shopkeepers running into the street. Constable G. L. Browne was travelling along Lygon-street in a cable tram, when the report sounded. Windows rattled in the vicinity, and a distinct tremor passed along the line of shops near the theatre. Browne jumped from the tram, and investigating the cause, quickly located it. When he raced down a narrow lane at the rear of the picture theatre he saw smoke issuing from one of the doors. At first he thought it was a fire, until he smelt the acrid odor of gelignite. When the smoke cleared Browne noticed that two of the outhouses were in ruins, and there was a large crack in the concrete floor of the theatre stage. Hundreds of people surrounded the theatre, but the constable says that he saw nobody running away from the scene of the outrage. Mr. Z. Markov, Eildon-road, St. Kilda, the theatre manager, was not present when the explosion occurred. Naturally he was very much incensed at the attack made on the property. Mr. Markov made some startling allegations against several pushes in the locality which should be thoroughly investigated by the police. "For months past we have been receiving threatening letters from the pushes," said Mr. Markov. "I have often found notes thrust under the door of my office warning me that unless members of the push were not interfered with in the theatre I would be dealt with. Attendants, who have been obliged to eject disorderly young men during the performance, have also been challenged to 'come outside and fight.' Of course, I never took the threats seriously, believing that it was all a big bluff. I never dreamed that the pushes would go to such lengths. The damage to the theatre is only slight, and it is covered by insurance, but there might have been loss of life." Mr. G. Roatley, Forrest-street, Collingwood, assistant manager, said that he unlocked the doors of the outhouses at 7 p.m. and switched on the electric light. The place was then in order, and there were no suspicious characters in the lane at the time. Some twenty minutes later the theatre shook beneath the impact of a terrific explosion. The report was such a severe one that he was surprised that the damage was not more extensive. The Age, 25 October 1926, p. 9. The lane at the rear of the theatre, where Constable G. L. Browne raced to locate the source of the blast, is now called Faraday Lane. It is a closed laneway, but in the 1920s it joined Cardigan Lane and ran along the rear of houses on the west side of Dorritt Street, coming out near Grattan Street at the southern end. Cardigan Lane was discontinued when the land was acquired for expansion of the Royal Women's Hospital in Cardigan Street. Snakes are known to be active in the warmer months of the year, when they come out of hibernation. In November 1900 the Carney family of Faraday Street, Carlton, fell victim to a snake attack of a very different kind. 1 Dr William Ostermeyer had a practice at 60 Elgin Street, Carlton, in 1900. In July 1901, the Australian Town and Country Journal published a recipe for "Pharaoh's Serpents' Eggs", with a warning that the fumes are poisonous. The alternative "non-poisonous" recipe, using bichromate of potash and nitrate of potassa, would be considered toxic by today's standards. Dissolve mercury in moderately diluted nitric acid by means of heat, taking care that there is always an excess of metallic mercury remaining; decant the solution, and pour into it a solution of sulpho-cyanide of ammonium or potassium. Equal weights of the two solutions should be thus mixed. A precipitate will fall to the bottom of the beaker or jar. This is collected on a filter, and washed two or three times with water, and then put in a warm place to dry. Take for every pound weight of this material an ounce of gum tragacanth which has been soaked in hot water. When the gum is completely softened it is to be transferred to a mortar, and the pulverised and dried precipitate gradually mixed with it by means of a little water, so as to present a somewhat dry pill mass, from which pellets of the desired size are formed by hand, put on a sheet of glass and dried again. They are then ready for use. The fumes from these pills are poisonous. Pulverise separately two parts bichromate of potash, one part nitrate of potassa, and three parts of white sugar. When well pulverised mix intimately. Make small paper cones of the desired size, and press the mixture into them. They are then ready for use, and must be kept away from moisture and light." Underage enlistment was common in World War 1. The record appears to be held by an English boy, Sidney Lewis, born in 1903, twelve years old when he enlisted and 13 when he fought at the Battle of the Somme in 1916. The best known Australian boy soldier is Private James Charles Martin who was 14 years and 9 months when he died at Gallipoli. When Queen Mary was in Melbourne in 1901, on the occasion of the opening of the first Federal Parliament, she visited the Women's Hospital, Carlton, and was photographed with a baby in her arms. The baby is now Private J. A. Wharton, of the Victorian Infantry. His parents live in Richmond. He is a husky fighter, aged 16 years, with 14 months active service to his credit. He enlisted when 14½, giving his age as 18, and came scatheless through the terrible fighting at Bullecourt and in other engagements. Recently he sent a cutting of the photograph mentioned from the Melbourne "Herald" to the Queen, and was immediately invited to Buckingham Palace, where he spent last Sunday, dined with the King and Queen, and the Queen acted as mother to him, personally showing him over the Palace. The incident has revealed Private Wharton's age, and it is improbable that he will be again sent to the front. It makes a great story but does not entirely stand up to scrutiny as indicated in a more detailed account of Private Wharton's escapade, published in the Weekly Times in November 1917. He actually enlisted early in 1917 and sailed from Melbourne on May 11, his 16th birthday. By November his parents had not received word that he had been to the front. In any case he could not have fought at Bullecourt, the battle for which took place some months before. A letter received recently showed that he was still in England at the beginning of September. The background to Private Wharton's enlistment, however, is a reminder of the fervour with which many Australians joined the conflict. Jack's father, now Corporal Joseph John Arthur, enlisted with the Australian Imperial Force early in the war, and Jack, the eldest of eight children, shared with his mother the task of helping to keep the home together. He was employed as a lorry driver, and was earning £2/2/ a week, but was anxious to get to the front. "He gave me no rest," says Mrs Arthur, who lives at 12 Shelley street, Richmond. "He pestered me for over twelve months. I told him that he was my sole support, and I could not let him go. At last he worried me so much that I promised that if his father came back he could go. His father did come back, having been wounded in the leg, and sure enough Jack kept me to my promise. As he was only 15, and did not want the authorities to find this out, he enlisted under the name of Wharton, which was my maiden name and I signed his papers." Mrs Arthur's husband, Corporal Arthur, fought on the Somme, at Pozieres, and elsewhere. He was wounded and returned to Australia, but in November 1917 he re-enlisted, found fit for home service only. Corporal Arthur died in 1952. His boy soldier son outlived him by only 4 years. The armistice of 11 November 1918 brought to an end the bloody war that saw over 60,000 Australians killed and 156,000 wounded, gassed, or taken prisoner. When the news reached Melbourne, crowds of people flooded into the city to celebrate. Some wild scenes were reported and a Carlton tram became a casualty of the celebrations. " … As the evening wore on and the crowds increased some remarkable pranks were played by the more boisterous elements. In their first flush of enthusiasm groups of youths and men were content to sit on the top of the tram cars as they crawled through the city. But later, after the traffic had been stopped and the cars were lying stationary on the various route bases, crowds of men and women seized the cars and lifted them bodily off the tracks. At the intersection of Collins and Lonsdale streets [a geographical impossibility, as the streets run parallel to each other] the crowd, after marching up the street gathering a volume of recruits on the way, attacked a Carlton tram. [They] dragged the dummy into Lonsdale-street along the slight decline that leads to Elizabeth-street. Then cheering and shouting they started the journey. Inside and on top of the car were excited men and hysterical women. The tram gained momentum, and after travelling some distance attained a speed which was nearly dangerous for the adventurous passengers. They, apparently, did not care. The solitary constable on the scene set after the flying tram. It was too much for the crowd. They seized the policeman and hoisting him shoulder high ran after the car, which was stopped before any damage was done …" The mood was jubilant, but more sedate, when the first contingent of returning Anzacs marched through the city streets on Saturday 23 November. Locally, as reported by The Argus, "Carlton wore a subdued aspect, as all who could possibly do so found their way to the city and joined in the general jubilations there. In the streets of Carlton and on many of the houses flags were flown in profusion." The Australian flag was seen flying from public and private buildings everywhere, but at Trades Hall in Lygon Street, the divisive issue of flying the red flag was once again raised. The Trades Hall Council has decided that unless permission is granted by the Federal Government for the flying of the red flag on the Trades Hall no flags at all be flown from the building. The proposal caused a long debate at the council meeting. The moderate section of the members fought the suggestion strenuously but fruitlessly. The decision of the council is said to have been prompted by resentment in the action of the Federal Government in refusing permission for the flying of the red flag on certain days. A delegate stated yesterday, "We are against giving preference to other flags over our flag, which is the red flag." Several amendments were moved at the council meeting. One of these was that only one of the two poles at the Trades Hall be left flagless as a protest. Another was that the question should be referred to the unions. Both amendments were defeated, and the decision for "red flag or none" was declared agreed to on the voices. Many leading union officials deplore the decision, which carries the implication that the Australian flag, which has been flying over the hall since the armistice was signed, must be be hauled down. The emblem was still mast high yesterday, and a leading member of the council asked if it was intended to lower it, enigmatically replied: "It's flying yet, anyhow." Later that day, The Herald reported that the Australian flag had been lowered and both flagpoles were bare. In pursuance, apparently, of the decision of the Trades Hall Council that no flags shall be flown from the poles at the Trades Hall until such time as the Federal Government gives permission for the red flag to be flown, a caretaker of the Trades Hall this morning removed from one of the poles the Australian flag, which had been flying there since the announcement of the signing of the armistice. Both flagpoles on the twin towers of the Trades Hall are now bare. When the red flag was flown at the hall on the occasion of days of Labor events, the Australian flag was also flown from the other flagpole. Feelings were running high during the conscription referendum campaign of 1917 and support for the "Yes/No" vote was often seen as divided along religious lines. According to some newspaper accounts, Carlton was under mob rule on the evening of Saturday 15 December 2017, when a disturbance at a meeting of the Victorian Protestant Federation at St Judes church hall in Lygon Street morphed into a "Yes/No" stoush a few blocks away in Faraday Street. MOB RULE IN CARLTON, FABRICATION OR FACT? POLICE SAY THERE WAS NONE. Last night's Herald, with the signature appended of one of its reporters, relates some riotious proceedings at Carlton on Saturday evening. Our Melbourne correspondent has endeavored to obtain verifying particulars of the incident but the Carlton police say that they know nothing of it, because it never took place. The matter will, no doubt, be further investigated by the police authorities. The Herald's report reads as follows: - That organised bands are taking advantage of the general unrest to set law and order at defiance, was indicated at St. Jude's Parish Hall, Lygon street, Carlton, on December 15, when a mob entered, interrupted the proceedings, and assaulted those who had attended. The meeting was called by circular, which announced that a meeting would be held in the hall at 8 o'clock, with the object of establishing a branch or branches of the Victorian Protestant Federation in Carlton. The motto of the Federation, "For God, King and Empire" was quoted, and the statement embodied that it would be "an opportunity for all Protestants to link up and show a united front in preserving the rights and liberties enjoyed by them under the British flag." It was noticed that when the National Anthem was sung a large number of people at the back of the hall remained sitting and silent. As soon as the chairman, Mr T. Lewis, opened the proceedings by reading the circular convening the meeting, an uproar arose. "We have no God, no King, no Empire!" they shouted, and continued to interrupt by ribaldry and choruses. The assertion of the chairman that the meeting had no political significance whatever was replied to by three cheers for Dr. Mannix. Hoots, catcalls, and general clamor prevented the chairman from continuing, so he introduced the principal speaker, the Rev. T.S.B. Woodfull. Mr Woodfull fared no better than the chairman. He was howled down and cheers were again given for Dr. Mannix. "Surely Protestants have some right to meet together," Mr Woodfull said, but only those close by could hear him. "We Protestants do not interrupt the meetings of those of other faiths. Why cannot you go away and leave us in peace?" As appeals for fair play were useless Mr Woodfull said the police would be asked to remove interrupters, and the police were called. Several men were put out, but still the uproar continued. Eventually the police ejected all those who were hostile, and the business of the meeting went through, though the noise of the roaring, surging mob without made hearing difficult. When those inside left the hall they were pelted with stones and eggs and struck with sticks. Several women who were afraid to leave by the front door were let out at the back into Keppel street. They were immediately assailed by a crowd of angry women and roughly handled. Mr Woodfull fought his way through the crowd and reached a tram. His ability to give, as well as take, hard knocks seemed to keep the cowardly mob back. He was pelted from a distance, however. Eggs and stones were thrown at the Rev. E.S. Watsford, and the Rev. J. Good was chased through the streets and forced to seek shelter in a private house after he had been struck with stones. Here he was besieged until the women in whose house he had taken shelter made her way out with a basket on her arms as if going shopping. In reality she went to ring up the police. When the mounted troopers appeared the besiegers dispersed. One man who had attended the meeting was pursued right round the Melbourne Cemetery by rioters, and only his fleetness saved him. Finally he was rescued by a soldier who, with a lady, was driving past in a jinker. The soldier took him up, and, whipping up the horse, dashed through the crowd amid a shower of missiles. This did not satisfy the malice of the mob, for on Sunday afternoon several young women who were recognised as having attended the meeting, were assailed and chased through the University grounds, and had to appeal to the police for protection. As the mob followed they shouted, "There go two of the Protestant dogs in Good's mob!" J.T. Beckett, 159-162 Flinders St. The Bendigo Independent, 18 December 1917, p. 10. Despite The Bendigo Independent's claim that the police knew nothing about the alleged riot on the Saturday night, several arrests were reported in Melbourne newspapers the following Monday. Carlton footballer William "Mickey" Dunn was charged with offensive behaviour and fined 20 shillings, while two women from Carlton and Abbotsford were fined twice the amount of £2 each. William Leslie Dunn, aged 20 years, a felt hatter, was charged in the Carlton Court on Thursday, before Messrs. D.E. Hayes (chairman) and W. Brunton, J.P.'s with having behaved in an offensive manner on Saturday night last. Sergeant Stallard prosecuted and Mr. W.J. Tucker appeared for the defence. Constable H.G. Hinkley said: -At 10 minutes past 11 o'clock last Saturday night there was a mob of about 200 people on the corner of Faraday and Cardigan streets. Accused was prominent among the mob and he started an argument with a man named Hobden, saying to the latter, 'I'll have you on," at the same time assuming a fighting attitude Dunn also acted in a threaten-ing manner, yelling and calling out, also boo-hooing. He was subsequently arrested. To Mr Tucker -I am not making a mistake as to Dunn taking part in the disturbance and rushing through the crowd. Constable R. Ballantine said: -Dunn was among the crowd, and he behaved in an offensive manner, and wanted to fight anyone. Hobden was a "Yes" man and Dunn "No," and it was over this question an argument started. Constable T.D. Morgans gave corroborative evidence. Accused, who said he was a prominent Carlton football player, denied the charge. To Sergeant Stallard. -I was wearing a "No" button but had no argument in connection with the referendum. The police were telling deliberate falsehoods. A fine of 20/ was imposed, in default seven days imprisonment. Mr Tucker said that his client wished the Court to know that he (Dunn) had nothing whatever to do with the disgraceful proceedings which occurred at St Jude's Hall earlier in the same evening, and the magistrates said that there was no reason to suppose that he had. In the Carlton Court on Friday, before Messrs. R. S. Callender (chairman) and H. J. Love, J.P.'s, Julia Mary Hart, 508 Drummond street, Carlton, and Mary Richardson, 8 Albert street, Abbotsford, were charged with having behaved in an in-sulting manner on December 15. Sergeant C. Stallard prosecuted. Both women pleaded guilty. Constable R. Ballantine said that at half past 10 o'clock on the evening in question a crowd of about 150 persons had assembled on the comer of Cardigan and Faraday streets. The two women were there, calling out in a loud tone of voice, "Come out, all you Billie Hughes rotters and wasters, and we'll give you the same as we gave old Good." This remark had reference to a disturbance which took place earlier in the evening, when the Rev. J. Good, vicar of St. Jude's Anglican Church, Carlton, was chased and stoned by a mob. A number of persons in the crowd had pieces of roadmetal in their hands. Mounted troopers and other members of the police force arrived and dispersed the crowd. Constable H.G. Hinkley said that Hart and Richardson were calling out loudly, and boohooing and behaving in an insulting manner. The two women were each fined �2, in default 14 days' imprisonment. The Argus, 29 December 1917, p. 9. The weeks leading up to Christmas are traditionally the busiest time for retail sales, but also a time of increased shoplifting activity. In 1954, two North Carlton housewives went on a shoplifting spree that landed them in court. Their husbands would have found out about their exploits when their names were published in the newspaper. Two respectable Melbourne mothers, tempted by Christmas goods displayed in the city, robbed six leading stores, the City Court was told yesterday. Mr. C. J. McDonald, for the women, said that the husbands, who held good jobs, did not know about the thefts. There were young children in both families. Each woman was fined a total of £30 on six charges of larceny. They were Mrs. Ellen Horton, 29, of McIlwraith st., North Carlton; and Mrs. Melvia Eppongstall [sic], 25, of Richardson st., North Carlton. Senior-constable Raymond Solin said he was called to Woolworths, Bourke st., store on November 21, at 12.30 p.m. He said the store supervisor told him she had caught Mrs. Horton and Mrs. Eppongstall [sic] stealing goods. Constable Solin said both women admitted the theft, and made statements that they had taken socks, ties, gloves, handkerchiefs, polish, toothpaste, a jumper, scarf, and material from Snows, Treadways, Woolworths, Rockmans, Sharpes, and Paynes. Constable Solin said they admitted they began by taking a piece of green material from Rockmans. They said after that it was easy, and they just kept on taking stuff from the shops. One woman would pick it up, and the other would put it into her shopping bag, said Constable Solin. Mr. McDonald asked Mr. Mohr, S.M., for three months for payment of the fines. Mr. Mohr: Do you mean without their husbands knowing? Mr. Mohr said they could each pay £10, and the remainder over six weeks. Note: Electoral rolls for 1954 confirm that Ellen Dora Horton lived at 20 McIlwraith Street and Melvia Doreen Eppingstall lived at 221 Richardson Street. Decades earlier, in December 1889, a self-confessed kleptomaniac appeared in Carlton Court to answer a charge of stealing two rolls of silk, valued at £15, the property of Ball & Welch of Drummond Street, Carlton. Mary Ann Wilkie, a "respectable looking" married woman, had an extensive record of theft going back to the 1870s. She had served time in gaol on several occasions, but she continued to offend. SAYS SHE IS A CONFIRMED KLEPTOMANIAC. "I CANNOT HELP IT." HAS BEAUTIFUL HOME. Rather a respectable looking woman named Mary Ann Wilkie was charged, before the Carlton-Bench, this morning, with stealing two pieces of silk valued at L15, the property of Messrs Ball and Welch. It appears that at about 9 o'clock this morning the woman went to Messrs Ball and Welch's, and sat down in a chair whilst she made some purchases. The assistant had occasion to leave for a few moments to go to a different part of the establishment, and on his return he noticed that two rolls of silk were missing. Suspicion at once fell upon the prisoner, and observing that the woman was endeavoring to conceal something beneath her dress, the assistant moved the skirt on one and found the missing goods. The services of Senior-constable Cassidy were called in, and the woman was given into custody. On being searched at the local watchhouse it was discovered that the woman had a large bag, or pillow-slip, fixed under the skirt of her dress, which appeared to have been placed there as a sort of receptacle for goods stolen in this way. In asking for a remand Senior-constable Cassidy stated that the woman was a notorious shop-lifter, and had been previously convicted for similar offence. In answer to a question from the Bench as to whether she had anything to say, the prisoner said, "I couldn't help it, your Worships. I've got a beautiful home, and my husband holds a high position. I have a large family. My husband, who is a contractor, lives in Little Collins street. I get a sort of mania, and cannot help taking things, especially if I take a drop of drink." The prisoner was then remanded for a week, bail being allowed in one surety of L50, and the prisoner in her own recognisance of a like amount. Mrs Wilkie was subsequently sentenced to 12 months' gaol and she was back in custody again in August 1894 for a similar offence. Her last reported theft was ten years later in August 1904, when she was convicted of stealing articles of wearing apparel and household linen from her employer, Harry Walting of Macarthur Square, Carlton. Mary Ann Wilkie, aged 58, was charged at Carlton court yesterday with stealing various articles of wearing apparel and household linen, valued at 20/, the property of Harry Walting, an inspector in the employ of the City Council. From 9th ult. until 22nd inst. accused was employed by prosecutor to look after his house, and wait on his wife, who was ill. On 17th inst. his wife died, and the burial took place at Bacchus Marsh, accused being present at the funeral. On 23rd inst. she was removing her boxes from prosecutor's house in Macarthur-square, but they were brought back from the van, and, on a search being instituted by Constable Mills next day, some of the stolen property was found in a trunk that was about to be removed. The remainder was recovered at a house in which accused resided in Powlett-street, East Melbourne. The defence was that before her death Mrs. Walting informed accused that she could have whatever she cared for in the house, and that some of the things were taken home by prisoner for the purpose of being ironed. Accused was fined £5, in default of distress a month's imprisonment.
2019-04-24T08:32:33Z
http://cchg.asn.au/carltonnews.html
Cool. So it’s pretty clear that it’s a success. How do you re-invent the product to make sure it stays that way? Tara: Well, fortunately we have a vast font of ideas. So I think it’s not hard to maintain the momentum that we started with, getting this kind of kooky mix of novelty characters. I think it’s also helped our energy a bit to intersperse it with some IPs, because those can be kind of fun to work on in a different way, and then it just leaves the anticipation for the classic series that now only come out once a year or so. That’s injected some new life into it, and also working with the movies, which is a bit of a hybrid between IP and us, that’s been a lot of fun. Because it is quite varied, you get to alternate between regular characters and other stuff. Austin: Going back to the classic figures, even if we’ve already released 441 characters, there are still so many things to cover. Luckily for us, the world is so huge, there are still multiple roles for us to make. How far out do you plan the series? Tara: We usually work a little over a year in advance, and we try to look at a whole year at a time. So what we’re working on now will be out in 2019. And when it comes to numbers of series, do you do three a year, or four a year…? Tara: That’s been the tradition. Internally, we have different milestones where we are proposing concepts, and quite often we’ll come up with “what if we did six different series” or “what if we did something only in this one country” or whatever. The way that it’s shaken out for the last few years has worked out to about three series, but that’s never guaranteed. It could be more, it could be less. Every year, we have to kind of make our pitch internally and see what comes our way. Sure. But that means that what you’re currently working on is something that’s quite possibly about three series ahead of what’s out now. Sometimes the series have more than 16 figures. Why is that? And then you also had the Team GB series, which was only nine. Tara: That I think had a lot to do with the nature of the project. We had to turn it around so quickly that we couldn’t develop new elements, so it was really the best characters that we could put forth that represented Summer Olympic athletes, given what we had. Now you have a costume series, and you have had a monster series. Apart from that, have you considered other genre themed series? Tara: We kick it around all the time, and I think it’s fun to mix between the two, the mix-and-match classic and a more themed thing. This one was… we really wanted to celebrate the anniversary of the minifigure, so that was the best way we could think of doing it, that was a natural fit. And with the monsters, I think it was falling close to Halloween and that’s always been an inspiration for us, too. So that one was also natural. I don’t want to say any of the other ones we’ve considered, in case we do them in the future! Probably something like sci-fi or fantasy or a historical theme is something you would consider then? How do you decide how many licensed and how many non-licensed minifigures you release each year? Tara: It has to do more with the broader LEGO portfolio. So of course, if we have other lines going on that make sense to pair a minifigure series with, then of course that’s what we’ll do. Certainly the movies is a case of that, and we love to get as many characters as we can into the movies, so why not let them have a life in physical form? So usually, it’s from a broader perspective. And also sometimes, as in the case of the Simpsons, we have a theme that doesn’t lend itself to a broad play theme assortment, it’s more character rich, and then we also had the opportunity to do the Simpsons House and the Kwik-E-Mart. So there’s a few properties that really are a good fit that way, in that it’s character, character, character, and maybe a big set. And then we manage the bigger sets, too, for those properties. But how does that work? Does that mean that you’re working on your stuff, and then at some point somebody comes along and says, “you’re going to have to put that on hold, that’ll have to be the next series, because we need this now”? Tara: Normally the decisions are all made at once, so we’ll get the landscape of what’s coming in a certain year. Sometimes we get surprises, like Team GB – which I wish hadn’t been such a surprise, because it’s not like the Olympics haven’t been happening for the last two thousand years – but it was somebody’s brain child that came along, “why didn’t we think of that? Yeah, we’ve got to do something…” and it can be tricky, there’s a lot that has to do with legal and licensing and people making agreements and contracts, and sometimes things fall through at the last minute, and we have to figure out how to fill that gap. But in general, we have a pretty good idea of what licenses are coming our way and where we’re going to fill in with a product. Do you consciously try to balance it so you will have one of the classic series in between the IPs? Tara: Absolutely. We don’t want there to be too much of a drought, but we have to remember that there’s fans of everything, so some people really live for the particular licensed properties that we put out, and others are just waiting for this one and don’t care at all about the other one. So we have to consider everybody. And the kids! At New Elementary, we love new parts and new uses for existing parts – and from that point of view, the CMF line is particularly interesting for one specific reason, and that’s the accessories. What makes you decide whether to use an existing part or create a new one? Tara: Well, we’ll use an existing part if that is the right part for the character. So we’re looking at it from a character design perspective. We are also given more or less a budget, you could say, of elements, you know, “you can have X number of elements to work with”, and we’ll try to figure out the best way to spend that. So deciding which characters really need a new element. Tara: Yes, which ones really need it. Where are we filling a gap? We’ve never had a cactus costume before, for example. But if the character doesn’t need it, we don’t force it. We try to use them very judiciously and bring out the ones that are fun and new and will excite kids and fans the most. What kind of constraints do you then face, from a moulding point of view? Tara: I’d say that we’re redefining that all the time, so I have to hand it to our moulding and element development department for being extremely innovative and agile. In the past we weren’t able to so easily make moulds that could use two different kinds of plastic, or two different colours of plastic, that’s something that we can do more and more now, so we try to take advantage of that, like with the flower costume in the latest series. We could have done the colour with a print, but it would have been really hard to achieve that level of quality. That’s not an easy mould, but it’s one they’re willing to do because quality is paramount for LEGO. And they’re looking into new and more flexible moulding processes with interchangeable parts and… they’ve got stuff going on all the time. There are certainly limitations, we can’t mould things that can’t come out of the mould! Austin: Yeah, we need to make sure that the product can actually be made. Tara: And other times we’ll ask for the impossible, and we usually can find a compromise. Prototype of the rocket suit element. The colours were swapped in the final version. I would have guessed that in particular the big costumes must be relatively intricate moulds. Tara: They are, and we test them extensively. They have thin parts because of the way they have to fit over the shoulders of the minifigures, so we are really rigorous, and we start work on those costumes early in the process so we can make test moulds and product safety test them to make sure they don’t break and leave sharp points. Those are subject to a lot of tender love and care. Austin: I think the last one that had so many loops was the banana suit, because that one they were constantly changing to make sure that it could work, and that it could actually get out of the mould. How do you decide which plastic to use? Sometimes you use a more flexible kind. Tara: We do, and that is usually for product safety reasons. The default is ABS, and that’s what we have the most belief in, but if that’s going to either be too sharp or too brittle, then we’ll consider the soft one. Sometimes we use the soft plastic for more than one reason, like the soft tail on the mouse from the costume series – that’s for expression purposes, we like the way it feels and looks, but also because we couldn’t get it that thin if it were in a hard plastic. So there’s various reasons for doing that. But the mouse, for example, is actually a really complicated mould, to get the two different types of plastics to work together. Would you say that in the CMF line, you’re probably at the cutting edge of what the moulding department can actually do? Tara: Yes. We are definitely the ones giving them a lot of headaches. There are some building elements that will really stress them, because they of course have to then make sure that all the connections are working within tolerance and all that stuff. For us, most of our stuff has only a few simple connecting points, a head connector and so on. So it’s less strenuous on them that way, but as far as actual shapes go, and allowing it to be decorate-able and all those things, we definitely are one of the more complex projects for them. When you come up with a new mould, how does that work? Do you have a specific idea or almost a specific drawing, and then send it over to the moulding department? ...I’ll go to Austin and say, “let’s do an elephant girl”, and he’ll doodle that up and we’ll go brief the sculptors. And it’s usually not just out of thin air, we’ve done some other animal helmets before, so we’ve got some experience with that. We’ll have a rough wish, but we know that we’ll have limitations, and we go to the sculptors and they come back with their proposal, and we always have a mould engineer sitting in on our weekly design meeting so that they can flag things right away. But our sculptures are actually very good at knowing what we can get in and out of a mould. Tara: They’ll say “I see an issue here, there’s an undercut, we need a draft angle here,” and everybody’s sitting around the table early on in the process so we can work together and get the right design. But fortunately, the company as a whole, I have to say, really values design input. They don’t overrule things just to make a simpler mould. We will invest in moulds with more sliders if that gives us an expression that we really need for the character. You work with a very specific and very iconic figure here. For the LEGO Group, this is basically the one thing that nobody has yet been allowed to copy. Tara: It’s a fiercely protected trade mark. But in this line, you also do a lot of experimenting with alternative attachment points. You attach accessories like a tail to the hips, you attach wings to the neck, more so than probably any other line. Is there anything that you wouldn’t do when it comes to experimenting with what a minifigure should look like? Tara: Never say never, right? But could you potentially get told, “Sorry, you can’t do that, because that’s not a minifigure anymore”? Tara: That’s a good question. Let me think… there are things we wouldn’t do based on playability and play value. I think it’s more about that. We wouldn’t pile up a bunch of hip elements to the extent that when you pick up the figure, the torso pops off. We’re thinking about things more from a play perspective. I would assume, for example, that you were getting close to a bit of rule-bending with the semi-transparent base for the ghosts, or the faun legs. Tara: That’s true. There are, and I can’t go into too much detail, but there are some legal restrictions in order to call a minifigure a minifigure. A certain number of parts. And we… almost always adhere to that. I won’t point out where we don’t, because I don’t want to get in trouble. But we generally try to stick to that, and there’s a good reason for that, because if you replace all the parts, then obviously it doesn’t look like a minifigure. We do want it to still appear like an iconic minifigure. Austin: And any time we make a new element, such as the faun legs, we make sure that it’s still in the DNA of the minifigure. It’s still blocky and curves the right way. So as long as it still feels and reads as a minifigure, it’s all good. It sounds like you’re saying that it has happened, and you sort of got away with it? Tara: No, we’ve had legal exceptions. We haven’t done anything illegal. I can’t go into details about what the restrictions were, what the rules were that were broken, but everything was done above board! The amount of detail that you’re now putting into these minifigures is insane – not just the printing, but the actual moulding, as we’ve talked about. But there’s one thing missing from a practical perspective: By now you would have thought that you’d have moving short legs. Does that have something to do with the iconic look of the minifigure? Tara: Any time we get close to a minifigure part, the more sensitive we are about how it’s designed and how it’s handled from a legal perspective. There’s a lot of people who suddenly get very interested if we want to change a part of the minifigure. That’s not to say it’s not possible to make pieces like that, and we certainly have a lot of good design reasons to try to do stuff like that. It would be great to have short poseable legs, it would be great to have kids that could actually sit down, it has a lot of good reasons going for it. But it hasn’t happened yet because of how true we try to stay to the minifigure form. So making a skirt is easier than changing the legs? Austin: I would say so. Tara: I think that’s safe to say. We have a baby mould now. Can we expect to see child-sized torsos then, something in between the baby and the adult? Or would that also be in that same grey area? Tara: That would be in the same area, and I can say that of all of the parts, if I had to rank them – and this is purely from a design perspective, I’m not speaking legally here – the head and the torso are probably tied for the most important shapes and icons to preserve in order to communicate that this is a minifigure. So I would think doing anything where we would severely modify the torso would require a total regime change. I’m not saying it’s impossible, and we as character designers love to have as many tools as possible in our tool boxes, but in some ways it’s the limitations that make it look like LEGO. How do you decide which minifigures get back printing and dual-moulded arms? Tara: I guess it’s whether or not we feel it’s needed. Certainly if a figure is covered up, then we’re not going to do it, but… Austin, this comes more into your camp. Austin: Usually, it comes down to cost and then seeing what figures really need the back printing. Take the elephant girl, for example: It’s grey. You don’t need detail there, really. But there are certain characters that are a bit more challenging, and then it becomes a puzzle game of how to make sure that we get enough details in the back. Sometimes that means looking at another figure and removing a bit of detail from there, so we can put it on another one. But now that the animal characters and the costumes have evolved, they usually involve less decorations, so that means we can at least bump it up elsewhere. You mentioned that the costume party idea was to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the minifigure. Did you have any alternative ideas for the series? Tara: I always wish we had more marketing campaigns for the Minifigures line. This is one of those under-the-radar projects that doesn’t have a lot… we don’t get TV commercials, and we certainly don’t have a TV show supporting us, it’s just our little figures. Some local markets had some fun with it, but I felt that we could do more with it. Fortunately, I think that some of the LEGOLAND parks and stuff have jumped onto it, and realised what potential there is, so they’re creating events around it. To me, it was more about, “let’s just make a big noise”, and I think we went above and beyond as far as character design goes. There’s been a lot of controversy in the AFOL community about the police officer being so hard to get. Does the inclusion of these “chase figures” really help sales? Tara: That’s a good question and I’m not on that end of things, so I can’t confirm or deny that. I don’t know. But there must be a reason for them to want to do it. Tara: I think that in this case we know we wanted to pay homage to the fact that this was the 40th anniversary special, and we know that people would be interested in it, but of all of the characters, this one we thought maybe would be more interesting to the fans than it would be to kids. And we are primarily selling these to kids. So it was a bit of a compromise, a strategic decision to say, “we want to include it, we don’t want to have too much of it, how do we do this?” Obviously, there was pluses and minuses to doing something extremely rare, like Mr. Gold, that we’ve done in the past, so we felt that this was a little more fair. To me, the police officer is particularly cool, because I was born in 1977, and my first LEGO sets are from 1978. Tara: You bought a box! Well thank you. Do you have a favourite minifigure, or a favourite series, so far?Tara: Well, favourite series… Series 4 I liked a lot, but that’s a million years ago. There’s a couple of series that have versions of my husband in them, so there’s good reason for me to be into those! I was asked this in a previous interview, and for the favourite figure I picked the sailor, but maybe I get to pick another one now. I think I’ll say the artist! The face was based on my husband Jason, and I love the colours of the paint splashes, and I made both the palette and the paintbrush pieces, which both surprisingly proved to be extremely stressful to figure out how to mould and decorate – they look like they should be so straight-forward, but they presented some really interesting challenges, and I was very new to plastic moulding, so I learned a lot working on that. I also love the beret that Gitte Thorsen designed. The artist is a classic one for me. Austin: It’s harder for me to choose a minifigure, but out of the series, the birthday series is definitely my favourite. It was undoubtedly the most fun to work on, the amount of people that worked together on it was phenomenal, doing the sketches for it was fun, and there were just so many great stories attached to it. Seeing it come out in the box was amazing. And it was probably the most exciting series to receive test prints back from. When it comes to a favourite minifigure, it’s more tricky. I actually usually go back to the more classic stuff, so as an all-time favourite minifigure I would probably, out of nostalgia, pick Captain Redbeard, because when I was younger, Pirates was such a big line for me, and that was definitely the figure that I carried around the most as a child. Buying a box of LEGO Minifigures Series 16? Buy from Amazon and help New Elementary! Wonderful interview! Lots of great insights, including both things I had sort of assumed (i.e. why series like Simpsons are chosen even when they don't get a wide range of accompanying sets) and things I hadn't (it honestly never even occurred to me that the minifigures don't get TV advertisements like other themes). Personally, one of my favorite figs in recent years has been the Spy, which is a pretty amazing redesign of Dash from the original Lego Alpha Team. I'd love to see more figs like that, that don't just remake older figs like the classic policeman but go the extra mile to update their entire look to modern standards! It's funny that they thought the retro policeman would be fun for the adults. That's the one that given the scalpers snapping them up actually made me slow down my purchases of CMFs. It became less fun and more of a chore to collect. I guess I'm in the minority as Lego has done it again with a one-per-box Harry Potter CMF series. Funny you should mention that. By the time I actually saw my first sealed case of S1, I'd already bought a ton of them, so I did end up passing on that. But starting with S2, I bought sealed cases plus extras (S4 I ended up buying two). I even bought a sealed case of Team GB, shipped to the US. It was Mr. Gold from S10 that killed that. I bought a sealed case of S10, but having failed to get Mr. Gold, I ended up just buying a complete set of S11 plus a handful of extras. I mean, right there my purchasing dropped about 75%. S12 on, I only bought a few select minifigs here and there for a few years. Disney I bought a lot of, but I think I skipped around half of them, so I was really building up large amounts of select characters. TLBM1 was the first time since S11 that I completed a set, and the first time since S10 that I bought a sealed case. I have a complete set of TLBM2 but still need to buy a case. S14 I bought a lot of, but still passed on a few so I never did complete that wave. S18 is the first numbered series that I actually own 100%. I still skipped the case (no plans to buy one), but the first time I ran across them I was able to find all of the common minifigs, and by a stroke of luck (which I will not explain here), I ended up being able to add a Policeman to the pile and get the _full_ series in my initial purchase. But there are five numbered series that I barely touched, as well as the two Simpsons series and TLM/TLNM. I don't own a single German Soccer minifig. And it's pretty much all because of one thing: Mr. Gold. I probably would have passed on the cop as well, if I'd had to actually invest any effort/money into tracking one down. One thing that I think should be added to this is pieces transferring from CMF to regular retail sets. At Brickworld, I was able to sit in on a seminar being run by one of the Friends designers. I asked her what the process involves for transitioning a CMF-exclusive element to European production for use outside of the CMF line. She said that it's definitely something that they have to justify, so there will always be elements that are going to remain exclusive to the CMF theme. But if they make a part that's got a wide variety of uses, or that fills a core need, they can pitch the idea of tooling up a second mold for regular production outside of China. Some of the accessories that have made the jump are the S1 raygun (with some modifications to the design), the S2 Spartan shield/weightlifting weight/microphone/ski & pole/surfboard/minifig trophy, the S3 snowboard/goggles/longbow/boombox/bat, and a lot of hairstyles originated in the CMF theme (I'd say new hairstyles have a better chance of being approved than the handheld accessories). Stuff like the mascot costumes almost never show up outside of the CMF theme (the hotdog costume is the only one I can think of that has). I very much doubt we'll see much of the S18 molds being used again even in the CMF theme, given how many of them are mascot costumes (with the unicorn being the only straight-up repeat I can think of). Great interview. My favourite minifigure remains "Warrior Woman" (aka Xena: Warrior Princess). It's a shame that they still haven't made an Amazon Princess (aka Gabrielle) to accompany Warrior Woman on her adventures! An interesting interview and great to see the designers with just as much enthusiasm for the products as the collectors. I have lost a lot of interest in the series since more and more licensed themes have been introduced. It does seem that Lego currently just churn out products to appease comic book fanboys/girls and these rarely have any use for other purposes. One of the bright points about the non-licensed series is the variety of themes, meaning there is always something for everyone. In addition, the non-licensed series have always introduced parts that wouldn't usually appear in sets of bricks, like new animals (the skunk, rabbit, penguin), sports equipment (hockey stick, tennis racquet, baseball bat), musical instruments (guitar and saxophone). Hopefully they will revert back to making more non-licensed series so that original fans of Lego can see more unique accessories. I agree. While I understand why TLG need to release licensed stuff to draw new people in, I think it would be even better if they had a model similar to Bearbrick. For example, in every series one character is from Marvel, one DC, one Star Wars, one from another recent movie, one is from an invited artist/designer (different each series, could be like a graffiti artist, t-shirt company etc), one Ninjago, one from some other Lego theme (Chima, etc), and the rest is "normal" Lego minifigs. This way, everyone would have a reason for buying every series. They seem to be skirting around the "chase figure" question, claiming here that it's to make a less desirable fig more popular, but all it does is encourage scalping. There was a clearly logical way to arrange the Harry potter box, with 3 sets of Harry Potter and 2 sets of Fantastic Beasts equaling 60 figs, yet they chose to include the chase fig. I personally know many people that would have purchased and split a case, me being one of them, yet due to the inability to split a case evenly, will not be getting any of the Harry potter figs as we don't want to bother with trying to find a fig that has been scalped from relatively every box. If Lego continues to do this, I will lose a bit of faith in how much Lego actually cares about their customer base, and will continue to not purchase any cmf series as I have for the last two. At least from my perspective, it feels like the CMF chase figs are just an attempt to make more sales, at the benefit of scalpers and the harm of everyone hoping to collect a complete set. I think you're misunderstanding what they said about the chase figure—it's not about making a less desirable figure more popular so much as about fitting a much more niche figure into the series whatsoever. For most of the kids who make up most of the audience of the CMFs, the classic policeman holds no special value due to a lack of nostalgia for that period, so it'd be harder to justify adding as many of those as they have similar figures. Including a single one per box is their way of getting it into the series at all. And ultimately, that means fans who get it are lucky and those who don't are no worse off than if the fig had not gotten released at all. As for the Harry Potter set, they probably didn't address it because this interview was done far in advance of when they were even announced (hence them playing coy about the shorter moveable legs as well). But 22 figures is a lot, and a distribution like you suggest would hardly make any difference (two figures instead of one per box merely doubles your chance to get a fig).
2019-04-21T08:53:57Z
http://www.newelementary.com/2018/08/lego-minifigures-interview-designers-tara-wike-austin-carlson.html
"MEMS" redirects here. For other uses, see MEMS (disambiguation). Proposal submitted to DARPA in 1986 first introducing the term "microelectromechanical systems" Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS, also written as micro-electro-mechanical, MicroElectroMechanical or microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems and the related micromechatronics and microsystems) is the technology of microscopic devices, particularly those with moving parts. It merges at the nano-scale into nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) and nanotechnology. MEMS are also referred to as micromachines in Japan, or micro systems technology (MST) in Europe. MEMS are made up of components between 1 and 100 micrometers in size (i.e., 0.001 to 0.1 mm), and MEMS devices generally range in size from 20 micrometres to a millimetre (i.e., 0.02 to 1.0 mm), although components arranged in arrays (e.g., digital micromirror devices) can be more than 1000 mm2. They usually consist of a central unit that processes data (the microprocessor) and several components that interact with the surroundings such as microsensors. Because of the large surface area to volume ratio of MEMS, forces produced by ambient electromagnetism (e.g., electrostatic charges and magnetic moments), and fluid dynamics (e.g., surface tension and viscosity) are more important design considerations than with larger scale mechanical devices. MEMS technology is distinguished from molecular nanotechnology or molecular electronics in that the latter must also consider surface chemistry. The potential of very small machines was appreciated before the technology existed that could make them (see, for example, Richard Feynman's famous 1959 lecture There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom). MEMS became practical once they could be fabricated using modified semiconductor device fabrication technologies, normally used to make electronics. These include molding and plating, wet etching (KOH, TMAH) and dry etching (RIE and DRIE), electro discharge machining (EDM), and other technologies capable of manufacturing small devices. An early example of a MEMS device is the resonistor, an electromechanical monolithic resonator patented by Raymond J. Wilfinger, and the resonant gate transistor developed by Harvey C. Nathanson. The fabrication of MEMS evolved from the process technology in semiconductor device fabrication, i.e. the basic techniques are deposition of material layers, patterning by photolithography and etching to produce the required shapes. Silicon is the material used to create most integrated circuits used in consumer electronics in the modern industry. The economies of scale, ready availability of inexpensive high-quality materials, and ability to incorporate electronic functionality make silicon attractive for a wide variety of MEMS applications. Silicon also has significant advantages engendered through its material properties. In single crystal form, silicon is an almost perfect Hookean material, meaning that when it is flexed there is virtually no hysteresis and hence almost no energy dissipation. As well as making for highly repeatable motion, this also makes silicon very reliable as it suffers very little fatigue and can have service lifetimes in the range of billions to trillions of cycles without breaking. Even though the electronics industry provides an economy of scale for the silicon industry, crystalline silicon is still a complex and relatively expensive material to produce. Polymers on the other hand can be produced in huge volumes, with a great variety of material characteristics. MEMS devices can be made from polymers by processes such as injection molding, embossing or stereolithography and are especially well suited to microfluidic applications such as disposable blood testing cartridges. Metals can also be used to create MEMS elements. While metals do not have some of the advantages displayed by silicon in terms of mechanical properties, when used within their limitations, metals can exhibit very high degrees of reliability. Metals can be deposited by electroplating, evaporation, and sputtering processes. Commonly used metals include gold, nickel, aluminium, copper, chromium, titanium, tungsten, platinum, and silver. The nitrides of silicon, aluminium and titanium as well as silicon carbide and other ceramics are increasingly applied in MEMS fabrication due to advantageous combinations of material properties. AlN crystallizes in the wurtzite structure and thus shows pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties enabling sensors, for instance, with sensitivity to normal and shear forces. TiN, on the other hand, exhibits a high electrical conductivity and large elastic modulus, making it possible to implement electrostatic MEMS actuation schemes with ultrathin membranes. Moreover, the high resistance of TiN against biocorrosion qualifies the material for applications in biogenic environments and in biosensors. One of the basic building blocks in MEMS processing is the ability to deposit thin films of material with a thickness anywhere between one micrometre, to about 100 micrometres. The NEMS process is the same, although the measurement of film deposition ranges from a few nanometres to one micrometre. There are two types of deposition processes, as follows. Physical vapor deposition ("PVD") consists of a process in which a material is removed from a target, and deposited on a surface. Techniques to do this include the process of sputtering, in which an ion beam liberates atoms from a target, allowing them to move through the intervening space and deposit on the desired substrate, and evaporation, in which a material is evaporated from a target using either heat (thermal evaporation) or an electron beam (e-beam evaporation) in a vacuum system. Chemical deposition techniques include chemical vapor deposition ("CVD"), in which a stream of source gas reacts on the substrate to grow the material desired. This can be further divided into categories depending on the details of the technique, for example, LPCVD (Low Pressure chemical vapor deposition) and PECVD (Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition). Oxide films can also be grown by the technique of thermal oxidation, in which the (typically silicon) wafer is exposed to oxygen and/or steam, to grow a thin surface layer of silicon dioxide. Patterning in MEMS is the transfer of a pattern into a material. Lithography in MEMS context is typically the transfer of a pattern into a photosensitive material by selective exposure to a radiation source such as light. A photosensitive material is a material that experiences a change in its physical properties when exposed to a radiation source. If a photosensitive material is selectively exposed to radiation (e.g. by masking some of the radiation) the pattern of the radiation on the material is transferred to the material exposed, as the properties of the exposed and unexposed regions differs. This exposed region can then be removed or treated providing a mask for the underlying substrate. Photolithography is typically used with metal or other thin film deposition, wet and dry etching. Sometimes, photolithography is used to create structure without any kind of post etching. One example is SU8 based lens where SU8 based square blocks are generated. Then the photoresist is melted to form a semi-sphere which acts as a lens. Electron beam lithography (often abbreviated as e-beam lithography) is the practice of scanning a beam of electrons in a patterned fashion across a surface covered with a film (called the resist), ("exposing" the resist) and of selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ("developing"). The purpose, as with photolithography, is to create very small structures in the resist that can subsequently be transferred to the substrate material, often by etching. It was developed for manufacturing integrated circuits, and is also used for creating nanotechnology architectures. The primary advantage of electron beam lithography is that it is one of the ways to beat the diffraction limit of light and make features in the nanometer range. This form of maskless lithography has found wide usage in photomask-making used in photolithography, low-volume production of semiconductor components, and research & development. The key limitation of electron beam lithography is throughput, i.e., the very long time it takes to expose an entire silicon wafer or glass substrate. A long exposure time leaves the user vulnerable to beam drift or instability which may occur during the exposure. Also, the turn-around time for reworking or re-design is lengthened unnecessarily if the pattern is not being changed the second time. It is known that focused-ion beam lithography has the capability of writing extremely fine lines (less than 50 nm line and space has been achieved) without proximity effect. However, because the writing field in ion-beam lithography is quite small, large area patterns must be created by stitching together the small fields. Ion track technology is a deep cutting tool with a resolution limit around 8 nm applicable to radiation resistant minerals, glasses and polymers. It is capable of generating holes in thin films without any development process. Structural depth can be defined either by ion range or by material thickness. Aspect ratios up to several 104 can be reached. The technique can shape and texture materials at a defined inclination angle. Random pattern, single-ion track structures and aimed pattern consisting of individual single tracks can be generated. X-ray lithography is a process used in electronic industry to selectively remove parts of a thin film. It uses X-rays to transfer a geometric pattern from a mask to a light-sensitive chemical photoresist, or simply "resist", on the substrate. A series of chemical treatments then engraves the produced pattern into the material underneath the photoresist. A simple way to carve or create patterns on the surface of nanodiamonds without damaging them could lead to a new photonic devices. Diamond patterning is a method of forming diamond MEMS. It is achieved by the lithographic application of diamond films to a substrate such as silicon. The patterns can be formed by selective deposition through a silicon dioxide mask, or by deposition followed by micromachining or focused ion beam milling. There are two basic categories of etching processes: wet etching and dry etching. In the former, the material is dissolved when immersed in a chemical solution. In the latter, the material is sputtered or dissolved using reactive ions or a vapor phase etchant. Wet chemical etching consists in selective removal of material by dipping a substrate into a solution that dissolves it. The chemical nature of this etching process provides a good selectivity, which means the etching rate of the target material is considerably higher than the mask material if selected carefully. Etching progresses at the same speed in all directions. Long and narrow holes in a mask will produce v-shaped grooves in the silicon. The surface of these grooves can be atomically smooth if the etch is carried out correctly, with dimensions and angles being extremely accurate. Some single crystal materials, such as silicon, will have different etching rates depending on the crystallographic orientation of the substrate. This is known as anisotropic etching and one of the most common examples is the etching of silicon in KOH (potassium hydroxide), where Si <111> planes etch approximately 100 times slower than other planes (crystallographic orientations). Therefore, etching a rectangular hole in a (100)-Si wafer results in a pyramid shaped etch pit with 54.7° walls, instead of a hole with curved sidewalls as with isotropic etching. 2, also known as BOX for SOI), usually in 49% concentrated form, 5:1, 10:1 or 20:1 BOE (buffered oxide etchant) or BHF (Buffered HF). They were first used in medieval times for glass etching. It was used in IC fabrication for patterning the gate oxide until the process step was replaced by RIE. Hydrofluoric acid is considered one of the more dangerous acids in the cleanroom. It penetrates the skin upon contact and it diffuses straight to the bone. Therefore, the damage is not felt until it is too late. Electrochemical etching (ECE) for dopant-selective removal of silicon is a common method to automate and to selectively control etching. An active p-n diode junction is required, and either type of dopant can be the etch-resistant ("etch-stop") material. Boron is the most common etch-stop dopant. In combination with wet anisotropic etching as described above, ECE has been used successfully for controlling silicon diaphragm thickness in commercial piezoresistive silicon pressure sensors. Selectively doped regions can be created either by implantation, diffusion, or epitaxial deposition of silicon. 2, silicon nitride, and various metals for masking. Its reaction to silicon is "plasmaless", is purely chemical and spontaneous and is often operated in pulsed mode. Models of the etching action are available, and university laboratories and various commercial tools offer solutions using this approach. Modern VLSI processes avoid wet etching, and use plasma etching instead. Plasma etchers can operate in several modes by adjusting the parameters of the plasma. Ordinary plasma etching operates between 0.1 and 5 Torr. (This unit of pressure, commonly used in vacuum engineering, equals approximately 133.3 pascals.) The plasma produces energetic free radicals, neutrally charged, that react at the surface of the wafer. Since neutral particles attack the wafer from all angles, this process is isotropic. Plasma etching can be isotropic, i.e., exhibiting a lateral undercut rate on a patterned surface approximately the same as its downward etch rate, or can be anisotropic, i.e., exhibiting a smaller lateral undercut rate than its downward etch rate. Such anisotropy is maximized in deep reactive ion etching. The use of the term anisotropy for plasma etching should not be conflated with the use of the same term when referring to orientation-dependent etching. The source gas for the plasma usually contains small molecules rich in chlorine or fluorine. For instance, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) etches silicon and aluminium, and trifluoromethane etches silicon dioxide and silicon nitride. A plasma containing oxygen is used to oxidize ("ash") photoresist and facilitate its removal. Ion milling, or sputter etching, uses lower pressures, often as low as 10−4 Torr (10 mPa). It bombards the wafer with energetic ions of noble gases, often Ar+, which knock atoms from the substrate by transferring momentum. Because the etching is performed by ions, which approach the wafer approximately from one direction, this process is highly anisotropic. On the other hand, it tends to display poor selectivity. Reactive-ion etching (RIE) operates under conditions intermediate between sputter and plasma etching (between 10–3 and 10−1 Torr). Deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE) modifies the RIE technique to produce deep, narrow features. In reactive-ion etching (RIE), the substrate is placed inside a reactor, and several gases are introduced. A plasma is struck in the gas mixture using an RF power source, which breaks the gas molecules into ions. The ions accelerate towards, and react with, the surface of the material being etched, forming another gaseous material. This is known as the chemical part of reactive ion etching. There is also a physical part, which is similar to the sputtering deposition process. If the ions have high enough energy, they can knock atoms out of the material to be etched without a chemical reaction. It is a very complex task to develop dry etch processes that balance chemical and physical etching, since there are many parameters to adjust. By changing the balance it is possible to influence the anisotropy of the etching, since the chemical part is isotropic and the physical part highly anisotropic the combination can form sidewalls that have shapes from rounded to vertical. Deep RIE (DRIE) is a special subclass of RIE that is growing in popularity. In this process, etch depths of hundreds of micrometres are achieved with almost vertical sidewalls. The primary technology is based on the so-called "Bosch process", named after the German company Robert Bosch, which filed the original patent, where two different gas compositions alternate in the reactor. Currently there are two variations of the DRIE. The first variation consists of three distinct steps (the original Bosch process) while the second variation only consists of two steps. 6 anisoptropic etch for floor cleaning. In the 2nd variation, steps (i) and (iii) are combined. 2) etches the substrate. The polymer is immediately sputtered away by the physical part of the etching, but only on the horizontal surfaces and not the sidewalls. Since the polymer only dissolves very slowly in the chemical part of the etching, it builds up on the sidewalls and protects them from etching. As a result, etching aspect ratios of 50 to 1 can be achieved. The process can easily be used to etch completely through a silicon substrate, and etch rates are 3–6 times higher than wet etching. After preparing a large number of MEMS devices on a silicon wafer, individual dies have to be separated, which is called die preparation in semiconductor technology. For some applications, the separation is preceded by wafer backgrinding in order to reduce the wafer thickness. Wafer dicing may then be performed either by sawing using a cooling liquid or a dry laser process called stealth dicing. Bulk micromachining is the oldest paradigm of silicon based MEMS. The whole thickness of a silicon wafer is used for building the micro-mechanical structures. Silicon is machined using various etching processes. Anodic bonding of glass plates or additional silicon wafers is used for adding features in the third dimension and for hermetic encapsulation. Bulk micromachining has been essential in enabling high performance pressure sensors and accelerometers that changed the sensor industry in the 1980s and 90's. Surface micromachining uses layers deposited on the surface of a substrate as the structural materials, rather than using the substrate itself. Surface micromachining was created in the late 1980s to render micromachining of silicon more compatible with planar integrated circuit technology, with the goal of combining MEMS and integrated circuits on the same silicon wafer. The original surface micromachining concept was based on thin polycrystalline silicon layers patterned as movable mechanical structures and released by sacrificial etching of the underlying oxide layer. Interdigital comb electrodes were used to produce in-plane forces and to detect in-plane movement capacitively. This MEMS paradigm has enabled the manufacturing of low cost accelerometers for e.g. automotive air-bag systems and other applications where low performance and/or high g-ranges are sufficient. Analog Devices has pioneered the industrialization of surface micromachining and has realized the co-integration of MEMS and integrated circuits. Both bulk and surface silicon micromachining are used in the industrial production of sensors, ink-jet nozzles, and other devices. But in many cases the distinction between these two has diminished. A new etching technology, deep reactive-ion etching, has made it possible to combine good performance typical of bulk micromachining with comb structures and in-plane operation typical of surface micromachining. While it is common in surface micromachining to have structural layer thickness in the range of 2 µm, in HAR silicon micromachining the thickness can be from 10 to 100 µm. The materials commonly used in HAR silicon micromachining are thick polycrystalline silicon, known as epi-poly, and bonded silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers although processes for bulk silicon wafer also have been created (SCREAM). Bonding a second wafer by glass frit bonding, anodic bonding or alloy bonding is used to protect the MEMS structures. Integrated circuits are typically not combined with HAR silicon micromachining. Measuring mechanical properties of a gold stripe (width ~1 µm) using MEMS inside a transmission electron microscope. Inkjet printers, which use piezoelectrics or thermal bubble ejection to deposit ink on paper. Accelerometers in modern cars for a large number of purposes including airbag deployment and electronic stability control. Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs): MEMS Accelerometers and MEMS gyroscopes in remote controlled, or autonomous, helicopters, planes and multirotors (also known as drones), used for automatically sensing and balancing flying characteristics of roll, pitch and yaw. MEMS magnetic field sensor (magnetometer) may also be incorporated in such devices to provide directional heading. MEMS are also used in Inertial navigation systems (INSs) of modern cars, airplanes, submarines and other vehicles to detect yaw, pitch, and roll; for example, the autopilot of an airplane. Accelerometers in consumer electronics devices such as game controllers (Nintendo Wii), personal media players / cell phones (virtually all smartphones, various HTC PDA models) and a number of Digital Cameras (various Canon Digital IXUS models). Also used in PCs to park the hard disk head when free-fall is detected, to prevent damage and data loss. MEMS microphones in portable devices, e.g., mobile phones, head sets and laptops. The market for smart microphones includes smartphones, wearable devices, smart home and automotive applications. Precision temperature-compensated resonators in real-time clocks. Bio-MEMS applications in medical and health related technologies from Lab-On-Chip to MicroTotalAnalysis (biosensor, chemosensor), or embedded in medical devices e.g. stents. Micro-scale energy harvesting including piezoelectric, electrostatic and electromagnetic micro harvesters. The global market for micro-electromechanical systems, which includes products such as automobile airbag systems, display systems and inkjet cartridges totaled $40 billion in 2006 according to Global MEMS/Microsystems Markets and Opportunities, a research report from SEMI and Yole Developpement and is forecasted to reach $72 billion by 2011. Companies with strong MEMS programs come in many sizes. Larger firms specialize in manufacturing high volume inexpensive components or packaged solutions for end markets such as automobiles, biomedical, and electronics. Smaller firms provide value in innovative solutions and absorb the expense of custom fabrication with high sales margins. Both large and small companies typically invest in R&D to explore new MEMS technology. The market for materials and equipment used to manufacture MEMS devices topped $1 billion worldwide in 2006. Materials demand is driven by substrates, making up over 70 percent of the market, packaging coatings and increasing use of chemical mechanical planarization (CMP). While MEMS manufacturing continues to be dominated by used semiconductor equipment, there is a migration to 200 mm lines and select new tools, including etch and bonding for certain MEMS applications. Cantilever - one of the most common forms of MEMS. ^ Gabriel, Kaigham; Jarvis, John; Trimmer, William (1988). Small Machines, Large Opportunities: A Report on the Emerging Field of Microdynamics : Report of the Workshop on Microelectromechanical Systems Research ; Sponsored by the National Science Foundation. AT&T Bell Laboratories. ^ Waldner, Jean-Baptiste (2008). Nanocomputers and Swarm Intelligence. London: ISTE John Wiley & Sons. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-84821-009-7. ^ James B. Angell; Stephen C. Terry; Phillip W. Barth (April 1983). "Silicon Micromechanical Devices". Scientific American. 248 (4): 44–55. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0483-44. ^ Wilfinger, R.J.; Bardell, P.H.; Chhabra, D.S. (1968). "The Resonistor: A Frequency Selective Device Utilizing the Mechanical Resonance of a Silicon Substrate". IBM J. 12: 113–8. doi:10.1147/rd.121.0113. ^ Nathanson, H. C.; Wickstrom, R. A. (15 August 1965). "A Resonant-Gate Silicon Surface Transistor with High-Q Band-Pass Properties". Applied Physics Letters. 7 (4): 84–86. doi:10.1063/1.1754323. ^ R. Ghodssi; P. Lin (2011). MEMS Materials and Processes Handbook. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-47316-1. ^ T. Polster; M. Hoffmann (2009). "Aluminium nitride based 3D, piezoelectric, tactile sensors". Proc. Chem. 1: 144–7. doi:10.1016/j.proche.2009.07.036. ^ M. Birkholz; K.-E. Ehwald; P. Kulse; J. Drews; M. Fröhlich; U. Haak; M. Kaynak; E. Matthus; K. Schulz; D. Wolansky (2011). "Ultrathin TiN membranes as a technology platform for CMOS-integrated MEMS and BioMEMS devices". Adv. Func. Mat. 21 (9): 1652–1654. doi:10.1002/adfm.201002062. ^ McCord, M. A.; M. J. Rooks (2000). "2". SPIE Handbook of Microlithography, Micromachining and Microfabrication. ^ Marc J. Madou, Fundamentals of Microfabrication and Nanotechnology, Volume III: From MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Manufacturing Techniques and Applications, p. 252, CRC Press, 2011 ISBN 1439895244. ^ Williams, K.R.; Muller, R.S. (1996). "Etch rates for micromachining processing" (PDF). Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems. 5 (4): 256. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.120.3130. doi:10.1109/84.546406. ^ a b Kovacs, G.T.A.; Maluf, N.I.; Petersen, K.E. (1998). "Bulk micromachining of silicon" (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE. 86 (8): 1536. doi:10.1109/5.704259. ^ Chang, Floy I. (1995). "Gas-phase silicon micromachining with xenon difluoride". Microelectronic Structures and Microelectromechanical Devices for Optical Processing and Multimedia Applications. Microelectronic Structures and Microelectromechanical Devices for Optical Processing and Multimedia Applications. 2641. p. 117. doi:10.1117/12.220933. ^ Chang, Floy I-Jung (1995). Xenon difluoride etching of silicon for MEMS (M.S.). Los Angeles: University of California. OCLC 34531873. ^ Brazzle, J.D.; Dokmeci, M.R.; Mastrangelo, C.H. (2004). "Modeling and characterization of sacrificial polysilicon etching using vapor-phase xenon difluoride". 17th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems. Maastricht MEMS 2004 Technical Digest. p. 737. doi:10.1109/MEMS.2004.1290690. ISBN 978-0-7803-8265-7. ^ Laermer, F.; Urban, A. (2005). "Milestones in deep reactive ion etching". The 13th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, 2005. Digest of Technical Papers. TRANSDUCERS '05. 2. p. 1118. doi:10.1109/SENSOR.2005.1497272. ISBN 978-0-7803-8994-6. ^ Bustillo, J. M.; Howe, R. T.; Muller, R. S. (August 1998). "Surface Micromachining for Microelectromechanical Systems" (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE. 86 (8): 1552–1574. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.120.4059. doi:10.1109/5.704260. ^ Hosseinian, Ehsan; Pierron, Olivier N. (2013). "Quantitative in situ TEM tensile fatigue testing on nanocrystalline metallic ultrathin films". Nanoscale. 5 (24): 12532–41. doi:10.1039/C3NR04035F. PMID 24173603. ^ Cenk Acar; Andrei M. Shkel (2008). MEMS Vibratory Gyroscopes: Structural Approaches to Improve Robustness. pp. 111 ff. ISBN 978-0-387-09535-6. ^ By Peter Clarke, EE Times Europe. “Smart MEMS microphones market emerges.” May 31, 2016. Retrieved June 1, 2016. ^ "DS3231m RTC" (PDF). DS3231m RTC Datasheet. Maxim Inc. Retrieved 26 March 2019. ^ Louizos, Louizos-Alexandros; Athanasopoulos, Panagiotis G.; Varty, Kevin (2012). "Microelectromechanical Systems and Nanotechnology. A Platform for the Next Stent Technological Era". Vasc Endovascular Surg. 46 (8): 605–609. doi:10.1177/1538574412462637. PMID 23047818. ^ Hajati, Arman; Sang-Gook Kim (2011). "Ultra-wide bandwidth piezoelectric energy harvesting". Applied Physics Letters. 99 (8): 083105. doi:10.1063/1.3629551. ^ Hajati, Arman (2012). "Three-dimensional micro electromechanical system piezoelectric ultrasound transducer". Applied Physics Letters. 101 (25): 253101. doi:10.1063/1.4772469. ^ Hajati, Arman (2013). "Monolithic ultrasonic integrated circuits based on micromachined semi-ellipsoidal piezoelectric domes". Applied Physics Letters. 103 (20): 202906. doi:10.1063/1.4831988. ^ Worldwide MEMS Systems Market Forecasted to Reach $72 Billion by 2011. Azonano.com (2007-07-17). Retrieved on 2015-10-05. (2004) Geschke, Klank & Telleman, eds.: Microsystem Engineering of Lab-on-a-chip Devices, 1st ed, John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 3-527-30733-8. Wikimedia Commons has media related to MEMS. This page was last edited on 14 April 2019, at 18:04 (UTC).
2019-04-26T01:40:06Z
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We ensure every video production makes what is in front of the camera look great, while the rest of the creative team relies on steady but unique camera angles, with the jib or panning on the tracks. Capture the right mood for your project be it Video or Photography through solid composition and expert lighting. Integrating video into your marketing campaigns proves more powerful than ever. Every project requires a different approach and style. Let us come up with a concept that suits your brand best. Connect with customers, whether a product or a professional service. Take advantage of video thanks to YouTube™ Vimeo™ and others. Include video into your Social Media Campaigns, web slider and use Mobile Device Technology to reach the fastest growing audiences today! Our Lloyd’s Studio Photography Video Production Promo above, is showcasing sample spinets of Video Production work we have done for several of our clients. If you are considering communicating your product or service using video, Contact us today! Our Lloyd’s Studio Product Video 01 above, depicts how a motorized TV cabinet opens and closes, also known as a product demo or how to Video. Have a product or service that would benefit from a demo video? Our Video Production work can help. Contact us today! Our In Studio Video Resume above, can be very useful for people in need of standing out above the competition with a Resume that says something more than just words on a page. Making use of a teleprompter makes your presentation very natural and unrehearsed. Recruiters will be very impressed and feel like they have met you already. Book your Video Resume now, Contact us today!  Our Bawell Water Ionizer Product Promo Video above, was a lively demonstration of how easy and fun it is to use the water filter products. Our Organikits Product Promo Video above, was a lively demonstration of how easy and fun it is to use Organikits products, especially by and for kids! Have a similar product or service that needs to be explained visually? Contact us today! Whether you are a small business or a Fortune 500 company, video production services can benefit your company in so many ways. Creating compelling video content is a necessity in today’s digital world, and the power of video to promote your brand is unequaled in terms of effective marketing tools to promote your business. Are you looking for the best corporate video production company in Boca Raton? Well, look no further! Lloyd’s Studio Photography is home to Boca Raton’s most exceptional business videographers. With over 20 years of experience, we are no strangers to creating professional corporate videos for use on websites, digital promotional materials, business pitches and more. Professional corporate video is an amazing medium for storytelling and informing, and we love helping clients realize their goals through exceptional corporate videography. If you are looking to win new business, attract employee applications, or to expose your brand’s values to the world, professional corporate videography is a great option for your company. Our corporate video production projects have included video production of business meetings, seminars, company training sessions, video bios of corporate offices, teleprompter videos, client testimonials, commercials, viral videos, interviews, and You Tube marketing videos. Our video production team has produced corporate videos for all types of companies and organizations such as large businesses, law firms, real estate agencies, restaurants, marketing companies, advertising agencies, boutique shops, and hotels large and small. Testimonials are another area in which video production can greatly enhance your corporate image. What better way to highlight the great job your company does for your clients than a few short video of client testimonials? Although written testimonials are great to have, video testimonials will be significantly more effective. Some of the best videos we have created were of happy clients promoting companies they were very pleased them. If you have clients that you have been doing business with for a long time, one of the best ways they can thank you for a job well done is to promote your company with a video testimonial. Testimonials go a long way to show potential customers how happy your clients are, and speak much louder than a written review. Boca Raton video production companies can also produce short videos to serve as commercials for your company. Again, these videos shouldn’t be long in length, and also shouldn’t take too long to produce once you have designed the concept for the video and prepared the script. A good video production company should be able to help guide you in the concept design for the video as well as the preparation. A great Boca Raton video production company will have a portfolio of many video commercials they have created for other companies, so you shouldn’t have to “reinvent the wheel” to create a compelling corporate video for your company. Whether your video commercial starts with a company bio, testimonials, or exciting video of your company products or services, don’t forget to include a call to action at the end of your corporate videos. Make sure you make the most of your next corporate event with video production that will serve valuable long after the event has concluded. Corporate video for events is expanding at a rapid pace, and is a great way to show customers or potential customers great footage of your company booth or exhibit. Event video production can also serve as a great marketing tool for branding, and you can incorporate video of corporate events into other videos to be added to your marketing program. Event video production companies will be able to shoot video of your event without disrupting the event or getting in the way of your attendees, and videos are one of the best ways to show how successful the event was and illustrate the great event attendance, etc. Corporate events are a large undertaking for both small and large companies, so make sure you capture the value of your company events with interesting and compelling corporate event videos. Potential clients viewing your corporate videos are rarely interested in minute details about your company—these customers want to hear what your company can do to immediately benefit them. This means that information which is not contributing to your business’ selling proposition does not merit a large focus in your company’s video. Not only should you focus less on unimportant details, but you should work to emphasize what makes your business unique. By highlighting your unique selling proposition, you clearly express to viewers the exact reasons why your business is preferable to your competitors’. These kinds of strategies—highlighting your business’ unique selling proposition—are very common in advertising. Take sub sandwich chains as an example: one popular chain stresses its fresh ingredients while another boasts about its freakishly quick delivery times. In both situations, the companies are clearly expressing their distinct advantages. Brand positioning such as this is amazingly beneficial in corporate videos. Modern consumers value easily accessible and consumable information. This is especially true for potential clients as they shop around online. Understanding and reacting to this fact is a great first step to better promoting your business. One easy way to give clients the information they want in the method they prefer is through digital business video. In these corporate videos, your business can tell its story in a captivating way which is equal-parts digestible and informational. The most significant benefit of video is its ability to blend audio and visuals; this combination enriches your brand’s story. As your brand’s video truly engages consumers, they garner a much greater familiarity with your business. This customer-business familiarity is essential in setting your company apart from its competition. Another notable benefit of digital business videos is the fact that they reflect extremely well on your company. Hosting professional, custom videos on your website shows consumers that your business is staying current and that it understands the needs of modern businesses. This impression comforts consumers as it leads them to trust that other aspects of your business are equally updated and consumer-oriented. If one of your employees is going to be speaking in your video, their speech should be fairly well-rehearsed. An employee stumbling over their words or someone unsure of what they’re talking about reflects poorly on your business. This tip has a few meanings. For one, it means that the employees in your video should wear something that they would typically wear to work. Some employees overdress on days when video is shot, and viewers can usually tell that they look out of place. Additionally, this means that employees’ wardrobes shouldn’t be distracting. In a corporate video, the state of your company’s business space is very telling. Many companies prefer to have very tidy spaces in their videos, as this demonstrates organization and professionalism. However, some businesses may prefer a messier space. Creative businesses sometimes favor videos which highlight their atypical workplaces. Either way, the state of your business space should be considered before a videography team comes in to begin filming. Videos are a great way to add to your company’s SEO strategy. A great search engine optimization strategy is to add unique, compelling content to your website on a regular basis. Video production will not only engage your target audience, but will carry a lot of weight in how your website fares in the website ranking on Google. It’s always helpful to remember that Google owns YouTube, so posting your corporate videos to YouTube in addition to your website is always a good idea. When posting your company videos to YouTube, make sure to tag them correctly with the appropriate keywords; this serves as a guide for Google in terms of what your video was about and how they should classify it. Lloyd’s Studio Photography has a wealth of experience not only shooting videos, but also how to format them for SEO when uploaded to your company website or as YouTube videos. When deciding how you want to approach the ideation phase of your video, let the creative juices flow! Be as passionate about creating the best corporate videos for your company as you can. Try to really take the time to create a corporate video that is unique, compelling and fun. If you have an idea for a video that is especially interesting and unique, there’s always a possibility you will create a video that will go viral. Once this happens, it will drive a huge amount of traffic to your website, which will result in enormous brand awareness which will likely result in more sales. While the primary goal of your video production strategy should not always be to create a viral video, doing so certainly won’t hurt your company as long as the video is in good taste and went viral for the right reasons. Businesses that publish video content see 41% more traffic to their websites than those who do not. That’s one of the many benefits to employing a professional video company that you might be missing out on. Depending on your industry, you may be facing a lot of competition. This competition is even fiercer if you are a new company just starting out. How can you possibly compete against established businesses with reliable customers? You need to be able to carve a niche within your market while giving people clear incentives to become your customers. Unique, clever, and poignant video content can help you accomplish this. Video content produced by a professional Videographer in Boca Raton can have so many benefits! Video has recently become a focal point for marketing departments and corporations are realizing it’s advantages; this is your chance to position yourself as an innovative company that understands how fresh content marketing can help you build your consumer base from scratch. It’s all about giving your brand a voice. Traditional marketing techniques like print advertisements and commercials are still effective, but they do not allow you the same freedom and possibilities that digital marketing using professional video can. Cultivating a unique voice is key to your sales strategy because people are more receptive to brands that resonate with them. Using strategic digital marketing with compelling video content, you control how your brand is perceived. If you can communicate your brand’s message in an appealing way, people will be more likely to want to use your product or service. Videos give you the best opportunity to communicate this unique voice through visuals. Put your star employees in front of the camera and have them say a few positive words about your company. Showcase new products in anticipation for their launch. Film customers interacting with your products and get their opinions on your company in the form of a testimonial. Do a tour of your office space and show your customers how you conduct business or manufacture your products. You can use high quality videos by a professional video company in Boca Raton to promote any aspect of your company you desire. Rise above your competitors by embracing unique video content as a way to stand out in your market. Building meaningful relationships with your customers is very important to ensuring the long-term success of your business. But this is not something that is easy to accomplish. If you are entering a market that already has a lot of players, it’s hard to imagine that customers would immediately migrate toward your products, especially if you haven’t conducted any outreach initiatives. High-quality video content can help you build these connections with customers that so many corporations covet. In your next brainstorming session, develop content ideas with your Boca Raton video company that you think your customers will care about. Answer common questions about your products or services. Address talking points that are relevant to your industry. Try your best to be a resource for your customers. The more useful information you can provide for them, the more they will trust you and what you have to offer. Of course, it doesn’t make sense to try and create video content without the proper equipment or expertise. No one wants to watch a marketing video taken on your cell phone, no matter how high quality your camera is. A professional videographer in Boca Raton can help you visually articulate your content ideas. When your videos are complete, it’s time to make sure your customers watch them! Your social media accounts are the best place to publish your videos because you’ll be able to reach your customer base instantly, while potentially gaining some new customers in the process. When it comes to your video content, you want to make sure that you can give your customers the most professional product possible. Employing high quality videography in Boca Raton shows your customers that you take your services seriously. The best videographer in Boca Raton will provide post-production services like editing moments together, adding title cards, and putting in background music. This is the stage where your video will really start to take shape and come alive. If you try to film the content yourself or employ an amateur company with no experience, it will reflect poorly on your products and the way you conduct business. A video that seems to be haphazardly put together can only affect your sales negatively. If your video is too long, your audience will lose interest before you get to your main points. If your video is not filmed in high resolution, your audience will assume you can’t afford better production values or simply do not want to allocate the resources. When conducting research for a video company in Boca Raton, it’s important that they can handle the scale of the project you want to entrust them with. They should have state of the art equipment, years of experience, and the ability to travel to trade shows, photo shoots, and film sets. They should be able to work within a previously agreed upon timeframe while being realistic about costs and turnaround times. It’s also crucial that they are able to successfully articulate your content vision. Hiring a video company in Boca Raton doesn’t mean you are just paying them to film. They have to be able to help tell your story. Ideally, they’ve done videos for companies like yours before, and they can help you come up with the most effective way to turn your ideas into a visual masterpiece. It helps if they’re easy to work with as well. If you can build a great working relationship with them, then you can potentially cultivate a long-term partnership. This will allow you to focus on video content as a major part of your marketing strategy. Finally, they should be excellent at communication. You should be aware of the status of your video project every step of the process so you can make sure it’s headed in the right direction. You should never feel as though your video project is out of your control. Are you a marketing agency or digital marketing agency in Boca Raton in need of video services? We can help!Lloyd’s Studio Photographyhas worked with all types of marketing agencies in Boca Raton and the surrounding area. Boca Raton video production is significantly increasing in demand, we can partner with your agency to shoot professional video for your clients. Lloyd’s Studio Photography has a team of professional videographers that specialize in creating some of the best corporate videos for our clients. Corporate photography and corporate event photography is one of our specialties, and we have over 20 years of experience creating original corporate video for all types of companies. Lloyd’s Studio Photography is the premiere corporate video production company in the city. Our eye for detail, storytelling ability and years of experience provide us with the ability to create truly exceptional business videos. Our ability to collaborate also ensures that your videos are in line with your company’s artistic vision. Also, because of our downtown Boca Raton location, Lloyd’s Studio Photography will happily film anywhere in the Boca-Delray area. With decades of experience, competitive pricing, and a wide range of services offered, Lloyd’s Studio Photography can fulfill all your photo and video needs, from digital marketing, event coverage, and product showcasing. We know how to make your company look good for your customers with high quality videography in Boca Raton. We’ve helped with the branding efforts for companies in a variety of industries, including healthcare, real estate, law firms, manufacturing, and food services. We are one of the best professional video companies in Boca Raton, and our videos will help your company increase your exposure and build your brand! All of our professional videographers are in house, so we do not outsource the video shoots or the post-production editing. Do you have questions about Corporate Video Production? Want to know more about our experience? Feel free to call us up at 561-394-8399, or Contact Us Here.
2019-04-26T16:34:06Z
https://lloydsstudio.com/video-production/